Title: COCA-2K-4K

Word: merely
Front: merely
[ˈmɪəli] (高研四六 1988/1273 -K3)
Vocabulary: merely
(once / 57 pages)
adv
Merely means "only." If you say "I was merely trying to help," your efforts were probably not appreciated and you're likely to be stalking off with your nose in the air.
Merely comes from the Latin merus, ("undiluted"). But "undiluted" is positive — as in, "that's the undiluted truth" — in a way that merely is not. When you use merely, it always has a negative, disapproving tinge to it: You might say, "She was merely a minor player in that drama," but if you said, "She was merely the star of the show," you would mean it ironically, since being the star is the most important role.
WORD FAMILY
mere: merely, meres, merest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Leaving him with a mouthful of condemned teeth that would likely deteriorate merely stacked the odds against him.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
His email abstention is not merely about information security or limiting his legal liability, however.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The plot is only a little bit of what matters in a Manual Cinema show; the performers are entrancing merely doing what they do.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 仅仅，只不过; 只是; 纯粹; 全然
分布：仅仅(62%)，只不过(38%)
→来自mere,纯粹的，仅仅，只不过。
adv.仅仅,只不过Therefore, the atmosphere is merely a sphere.因此大气层只不过是一个球体.
US ['mɪr-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■used to emphasize that you mean exactly what you are saying and nothing more 仅仅，只，不过
• I wasn't complaining, I merely said that I was tired. 我不是抱怨，我只不过是说我累了。
• The medicine won't cure her - it merely stops the pain. 这种药不能治愈她的病——只能止痛罢了。
adv. 仅仅，只不过；只是
 - simply, just, only, but, barely

Word: mass
Front: mass
[mæs] (高研四六托雅 1989/1857 -K4)
Vocabulary: mass
(once / 78 pages)
nadjv
Anything that has weight and shape has mass. In fact, mass is the quality that gives things weight anywhere there's gravity.
If you think about mass being about weight and shape, you can see how many of its meanings are related. If something is very big we say it has great mass — or is massive. If we talk about a large group of people, we talk about a mass demonstration or a mass of demonstrators. We refer to poor or common people as the masses — there are a lot of them. Doctors refer to tumors inside our bodies as masses.
WORD FAMILY
mass: massed, masses, massing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“They want to mobilize the masses, not just within China.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said the mass questioning of North Africans happened "because we recognised corresponding aggressive behaviour amongst them".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s a curse for companies that aim at a mass market, America’s traditional strength.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 大量，大多; 块，堆，团; [物理学]质量; 弥撒曲
vt. & vi. （使）集中，聚集
adj. 群众的; 大规模的; 整个的; 集中的
vi. 聚集起来
vt. 使集合
时态：massed, massing, masses
分布：大量(34%)，块(21%)，大规模的(14%)，群众的(9%)，集中(7%)，弥撒(6%)，弥撒曲(5%)，众多(4%)
→来自拉丁语missa,解散，遣散，词源同mission,emit.宗教词义弥撒来自弥撒仪式后的解散语”Ite,missa est”,即走吧，解散了，ite,走，离开，词源同exit,missa,解散，词源同emit,est,是，词源同is,essence.mass 团，块，堆，物质质量
n.大量,众多;团,块;(pl.)群众,民众;质量There was a mass of children in the yard.在庭院里有很多孩子.
verb intransitive
■to come together in large numbers 集中，聚集
• Thousands of troops have massed along the border in preparation for an invasion. 数千大军已经集结在边境上，准备入侵。
[mæs] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■having an effect on or involving a large number of people or forming a large amount 大量的；大规模的；大批的
• weapons of mass destruction 大规模毁灭性武器
• a mass murderer 杀人狂
• mass starvation 饥荒成灾
• Opposition groups plan to stage mass demonstrations all over the country. 反对派计划在全国发起大规模游行示威。
[mæs] noun
LARGE AMOUNT 大量
 ADVANCED only singular
■a large amount of something that has no particular shape or arrangement 大量；大批；众多
• The explosion reduced the church to a mass of rubble. 爆炸使教堂变成一堆瓦砾。
• The forest is a mass of colour in autumn. 秋季的森林色彩斑斓。
■(also Mass) countable or uncountable
■a religious ceremony in some Christian churches based on Christ's last meal with his disciples , or music written for the parts of this ceremony 弥撒；弥撒曲
• to go to Mass 参加弥撒
⇒ See also Communion
masses
[plural] mainly UK informal
■a lot 许多，大量
• [+ to infinitive] I've got masses to do at the weekend. 我周末有许多事要做。
• There were masses of people in town today. 今天城里人很多。
the mass of sth
■most of something …的主要部分，…的主体；…的大多数
• The mass of the people support the government's reforms. 大多数人支持政府的改革。
[mæs] noun
SOLID LUMP 固体块状物
countable
■a solid lump with no clear shape 团，块，堆
• The sauce was now a sticky mass at the bottom of the pan. 酱汁现在成了黏稠的一团，黏在平底锅锅底。
[mæs] noun
ORDINARY PEOPLE 平民
the masses
■the ordinary people who form the largest group in a society 群众，平民
• He was popular with the aristocracy but failed to win the support of the masses. 他很受贵族阶层的欢迎，但未能赢得民众的支持。
[mæs] noun
PHYSICS 物理
countable specialized
■(in physics) the amount of matter in any solid object or in any volume of liquid or gas 质量
• The acceleration of a body equals the force exerted on it divided by its mass. 物体所受外力除以其质量等于其加速度。
mass, folk
mass: 大众的
folk: 人们，民间的
n. 块，团；群众，民众；大量，众多
 - piece, block, lots of, wealth, ocean, sea
adj. 群众的，民众的；大规模的，集中的
 - concentrated, intensive, wholesale
vi. 聚集起来，聚集
 - concentrate, collect, crowd

Word: emphasize
Front: emphasize
[ˈemfəsaɪz] (研四六托雅 1975/3599 -K3)
Vocabulary: emphasize
(once / 527 pages)
v
To emphasize is to make something important, or stress it, like when you were little and your parents would always emphasize the importance of looking both ways before crossing the street. They told you again and again and again. And again.
The verb emphasize works when you really want to stress a point or give extra weight to an issue. Emphasize comes from words that mean “significance” and “to present or show.” A player who finally makes the varsity team might emphasize this achievement by always wearing his practice jersey — even off the field, or you might emphasize the importance of being on time by locking the door on latecomers.
WORD FAMILY
emphasize: de-emphasize, emphasized, emphasizes, emphasizing, overemphasize, re-emphasize +/de-emphasize: de-emphasized/ emphasis: emphases, emphasise, emphasises, emphasize, overemphasis/emphasise: de-emphasise, emphasised, emphasising, overemphasise, re-emphasise/overemphasise: overemphasised, overemphasising/overemphasize: overemphasized, overemphasizes, overemphasizing/ re-emphasize: re-emphasized
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the Democratic governor emphasized that the decision will rest with a parole board.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schippers did not reveal any new marketing plans to emphasize racing, but did stress what they think sets their casino apart from other area casinos.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fernyhough is not only a psychologist; he also writes fiction, and in describing this work he emphasizes the role of hearing voices.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 强调，着重; 加强语气; 使突出
时态：emphasized, emphasizing, emphasizes
分布：强调(91%)，着重(8%)，使突出(1%)
→em-, 进入，使。-phas, 显现，词源同phase, photo, phantasm.
v.(emphasise)强调In occasional case the phrase emphasizes the importance of the phase to the laser.在偶然情况下该短句强调了相位对于激光的重要性.
(UK usually emphasise) ['emp.fə.saɪz] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to show or state that something is very important or worth giving attention to 强调；重视
• [+ question word] I'd just like to emphasize how important it is for people to learn foreign languages. 我只是想强调一下学习外语的重要性。
• [+ that] He emphasized that all the people taking part in the research were volunteers. 他强调所有参加这项研究的人都是志愿者。
• You can use italics or capitals to emphasize a word in a piece of writing. 你可以用斜体或者大写来强调文章中的某个词。
 IMPROVER
■to make something more obvious 使突出；使明显
• Tight jeans will only emphasize any extra weight that you are carrying. 紧身牛仔裤只会使你身上的赘肉更明显。
stress, emphasize, focus, highlight
stress: 重读（某音节）
emphasize: 加强…的语气
focus: 使…集中于一点
highlight: 对…予以特别的注意；将（头发）染成浅色使之有光泽
vt. 强调，着重
 - stress, highlight

Word: experiment
Front: experiment
[ɪkˈsperɪmənt] (中高研四六雅 1990/1651 -K3)
Vocabulary: experiment
(once / 106 pages)
nv
If you see your science-loving neighbor headed home with a power cord, a handful of test tubes, a stopwatch, and a bag of potatoes, there’s probably no need to be alarmed. There’s a good chance he’s only conducting an experiment, a scientific test conducted under controlled conditions.
To refer to a scientific test, use the noun experiment. If you want to describe the work done in conducting such a test, experiment will do the trick as well, since it can also act as a verb, as in "scientists experiment with helium." You can also use it more generally to describe trying a new method or idea. For example, you could experiment with a new hairstyle or different routes to get to school or work.
WORD FAMILY
experiment: experimental, experimentation, experimented, experimenter, experimenting, experiments+/ experimental: experimentalism, experimentally/experimentation: experimentations/experimenter: experimenters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Consider some of these thought experiments, if nothing else.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 170 House Republicans signed a recent letter of which Mr. Price was an author, urging the administration to “stop experimenting with Americans’ health.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Kangas said the basic income experiment may be expanded later to other low-income groups such as freelancers, small-scale entrepreneurs and part-time workers.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 实验，试验; 尝试
vi. 做实验，进行试验; 尝试
时态：experimented, experimenting, experiments
分布：实验(65%)，试验(24%)，尝试(6%)，做实验(5%)
→ex-, 向外。-per, 尝试，试验，词源同peril, empiricism.
实验(ex出+per+I+ment)[per=try,表示"尝试"]
n.实验;试验v.(on)进行实验;做试验From the experiment the experienced expert gained an unexpected expertise.有经验的专家从实验中获得一项意外技能.
noun countable or uncountable /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/
 ESSENTIAL
■a test done in order to learn something or to discover whether something works or is true 实验；试验；试用
• Some people believe that experiments on animals should be banned. 有些人认为应该禁止拿动物做实验。
• [+ to infinitive] Scientists are conducting/carrying out/doing experiments to test the effectiveness of the new drug. 科学家们正在做实验来检验这种新药的疗效。
• I've bought a different kind of coffee this week as an experiment (= in order to see what it is like). 这个星期我买了不同牌子的咖啡来尝试。
• We can only find the best solution by experiment. 我们只能摸石头过河，寻找最好的解决办法。
verb intransitive /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.ment/
 ADVANCED
■to try something in order to discover what it is like or find out more about it 进行实验；做试验；试用
• Things would never change if people weren't prepared to experiment. 如果人们不愿意去尝试，事情就永远不会有转机。
• The school is experimenting with new teaching methods. 这间学校正在尝试新的教学法。
• Experimenting on mice can give us an idea of the effect of the disease in humans. 在老鼠身上做实验可以使我们了解这种疾病对人类的影响。
test, experiment, trial, try
这组词都有“试验”的意思，其区别是：
test: 普通用词，含义广，指用科学方法对某物质进行测试以估价其性质或效能等。
experiment: 多指用科学方法在实验室内进行较系统的操作实验以验证、解释或说明某一理论、定理或某一观点等。
trial: 指为观察、研究某事物以区别其真伪、优劣或效果等而进行较长时间的试验或试用过程。
try: 普通用词，多用于口语或非正式场合，指试一试。
vi. 尝试；进行实验
 - have a try, try one's hand
n. [试验] 实验，试验；尝试
 - stroke, proof, try, go

Word: definitely
Front: definitely
[ˈdefɪnətli] (四六托 1991/2589 -K3)
Vocabulary: definitely
(once / 382 pages)
adv
Use definitely to describe something you don’t have any doubt about. If you are certain you're going to see your friend's band play, you can assure him that you'll definitely be there.
The adverb definitely is used to emphasize the certainty of whatever word it modifies. If you are sure you want apple pie, you could say you definitely want it. The base word definite can also mean "a certain limit," like the definite size a shelf must have to be. You wouldn't say "the carpenter definitely cuts the wood," to describe the exactness of the work; use precisely instead. AND, yes, definitely definitely has an e before the ly!
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
definitely / definitively
Use definitely and definitively when there's no doubt, but save definitely for emphasis and definitively for the final say. If you definitely want to go to a party, but your mom definitively says no, then you aren't going. Quit asking.
Definitely means something is definite — it's unmistakable and clearly defined. It's definitely getting warmer on this planet. It can also mean, "Sure" or "Yes" in response to a question. Would you like cake? Definitely! If you forget how to spell it, just think definite plus -ly (keep the e). Here are some examples of definitely in action:
'No, you don't fail,' he assures her. 'You definitely pass.' (Washington Post)
It's best to wear comfy footwear, and definitely not heels, as their spikes can get stuck in the wooden walkway. (Washington Post)
I definitely felt like a little child again, doing the things I love to do, which is play hockey. (Los Angeles Times)
Definitively is a stronger word — anything definitive is official or conclusive. If a doctor gives you a definitive diagnosis, you know exactly what's wrong. It's not a promise that something will happen; it's a done deal. Just add -ly for definitively (once again, keep the e), to say things like, The court has ruled definitively in favor of the defendant. Here are more examples:
They are obsessed with them—especially the kind that are never definitively solved. (Time)
Since 2007, the government has eluded its responsibility and has now invented this farce of a discovery to definitively seize the property. (Los Angeles Times)
It is hard to say definitively, because Apple didn't provide exact figures for comparison. (Wall Street Journal)
As you can see, while there are definitely similarities between these two words, they are at heart definitively different! And that's final.
WORD FAMILY
definite: definitely, definiteness, definitive, indefinite +/ definitive: definitively/ indefinite: indefinitely, indefiniteness, indefinity
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s in a different area, completely the other side. Hurt a lot less when it happened, so I’m definitely encouraged.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It was definitely a leap of faith,” Robinson said after a recent game at Michigan’s Crisler Arena.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“That list is probably 50 long, and this is definitely on that list.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 明确地; 确切地; 一定地; 肯定地
int. （表强烈的肯定）当然
分布：明确地(53%)，肯定地(39%)，当然地(8%)
明确地(definite明确的)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■without any doubt 肯定，当然，毫无疑问
• Have you definitely decided to go to America? 你已经决定肯定去美国了吗？
• He definitely said he'd be here. 他肯定地说了他会到这里来的。
• "Are you going to have children?" "Oh, definitely (= without any doubt)." “你们打算要孩子吗？”“噢，当然了。”
• "Is she not coming, then?" "No, definitely not." “这么说她不会来吗？”“对，肯定不会来了。”
['def.ɪ.nət.li] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  definitelyWarning: Check your spelling! Definitely is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
adv. 清楚地，当然；明确地，肯定地
 - certainly, surely, specifically, particularly, plain

Word: bomb
Front: bomb
[bɒm] (高研四六 1992/2266 -K4)
Back: n. 炸弹; 彻底的失败; [橄榄球] 长传; 高压贮罐
vt. 轰炸，投弹于
vi. 投弹; [俚语] 惨败; [俚语] 涂鸦
时态：bombed, bombing, bombs
分布：炸弹(85%)，轰炸(9%)，投弹(3%)，失败(2%)，投弹于(1%)
→拟声词，模仿炸弹爆炸的声音。
n.炸弹v.投弹于,轰炸With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb.我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动.
US [bɑ:m] noun
WEAPON 武器
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a weapon that explodes and is used to kill or hurt people or to damage buildings 炸弹；爆炸装置
• A 100-pound bomb exploded/went off today, injuring three people. 今天一枚100磅的炸弹爆炸了，导致三人受伤。
• The terrorists had planted a bomb near the police station. 恐怖分子在警察局附近设置了一枚炸弹。
• During the Second World War, the British dropped a huge number of bombs on Dresden. 二战期间，英国在德累斯顿城投下了大量炸弹。
the bomb
■one or more atom bombs 原子弹
• The US was the first country to have the bomb. 美国是第一个拥有原子弹的国家。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] noun
FAILURE 失败
only singular US informal
■something which has failed 失败的东西
• The play was a real bomb. 这部戏彻底演砸了。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] noun
MONEY 钱
a bomb UK informal
■a lot of money 大笔钱
• That coat must have cost a bomb. 那件外套一定花了很多钱。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] noun
go (like/down) a bomb UK informal
■to be very successful or popular 大获成功；极受欢迎
• The party's really going a bomb, isn't it? 派对真的很成功，对吧?
• Your fruit punch went down a bomb. 你的水果潘趣酒真好喝。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] noun
go like a bomb
■to move very quickly 疾行；飞速行驶
• His new car goes like a bomb. 他的新汽车跑起来飞快。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] verb
USE WEAPON 使用武器
 IMPROVER transitive
■to drop bombs on something 轰炸，投弹于
• Planes bombed the city every night. 飞机每晚都轰炸该市。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to destroy something by exploding a bomb inside it 炸毁
• This pub was bombed a few years ago. 这家酒吧几年前被炸毁了。
• The building was completely bombed out (= completely destroyed by a bomb). 这座大楼被彻底炸毁了。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] verb
GO FAST 疾行
intransitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to travel very fast in a vehicle 疾行；飞驰
• He was bombing along on his motorbike. 他正骑着摩托车飞驰。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] verb
FAIL 失败
intransitive US informal
■to fail 失败
• Her last book really bombed. 她最近这本书一败涂地。
vi. 轰炸，投弹；失败
 - founder, fail in
n. [军] 炸弹
 - crump

Word: enormous
Front: enormous
[ɪˈnɔ:məs] (研四六托雅宝 1994/2120 -K3)
Vocabulary: enormous
(once / 145 pages)
adj
When something is very, very, VERY big, it can be called enormous. “Good heavens, that pimple on your cheek is absolutely enormous; it covers half your face!”
The word enormous contains within it, if you look closely, the root norm, as in normal. So what you’re saying when you call something enormous is that it’s beyond what is normal; you’re trying to convey a sense of exaggerated difference. You may also have heard the word ginormous, which people try to use as enormous with a dramatic flair. But, trust us: ginormous is not a good word; it’s just a blend of two words — gigantic and enormous.
WORD FAMILY
enormous: enormity, enormously, enormousness+/ enormity: enormities
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the past, the presidents’ siblings and sons, while holding no official titles, often wielded enormous power as “junior presidents.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Halfway through his term, the Indian prime minister’s popularity is still enormous, measured at 81% by a Pew poll in September.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Either one of those teams—Washington, Ohio State or Clemson—will pull off an enormous upset.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 巨大的; 庞大的; 极恶的; 凶暴的
分布：巨大的(87%)，庞大的(13%)
→e-, 向外。-norm, 正常，见normal. 即超出正常的，巨大的。
巨大的(e出+norm+ous→出了正常状态→巨大的,过分的)[norm=rule,norm,表示"规则,规范"]
a.巨大的,庞大的Normally, enormous deformation is abnormal.通常,巨大的变形是不正常的.
US [-'nɔ:r-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■extremely large 极大的；巨大的；庞大的
• an enormous car/house 大轿车／大房子
• He earns an enormous salary. 他工资极高。
• I was absolutely enormous when I was pregnant. 我怀孕的时候，身体十分臃肿。
• You've been an enormous help. 你真是帮了大忙。
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的，庞大的”的意思，其区别是：
tremendous: 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。
colossal: 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge: 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic: 指面积或体积的巨大，但多用于引申意义。
massive: 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
vast: 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
enormous: 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense: 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant: 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
adj. 庞大的，巨大的；凶暴的，极恶的
 - huge, tremendous, massive, macro, vast

Word: tone
Front: tone
[təʊn] (研四六 1995/1813 -K3)
Vocabulary: tone
(once / 45 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4nv
A tone is the kind of sound you hear in a musical note, or in a person's voice live or in writing. A newspaper article should be objective, but a poem can bring up all kinds of emotions, depending on the tone.
The word tone often refers to sound, as in music, or the feeling conveyed by the way someone speaks: "His tone of voice told me I was in trouble." It can also be used to describe the atmosphere of a place — its flavor or spirit — or the shades of meaning in a work that might reveal the larger intentions of an author. If your body has tone, its muscular structure is strong and appears well defined.
WORD FAMILY
tone: intonate, overtone, semitone, tonal, toned, toneless, toner, tones, tonic, toning, undertone+/ atonal: atonalism, atonality, atonally/atonalism: atonalistic/atonality: atonalities/ intonate: intonated/overtone: overtones/semitone: semitones/supertonic: supertonics/tonal: atonal, tonality, tonally/tonality: tonalities/toned: toneder, tonedest/toneless: tonelessly/toner: toners/ tonic: supertonic, tonically, tonicity, tonics/tonicity: hypertonicity/undertone: undertones
USAGE EXAMPLES
The episode would set the tone for the administration that would follow.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But while there I sunk into the atmosphere, tone, reality of the place.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Looking at my toned muscles after work is a reward in itself.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: n. [语]声调，语调; [画]色调，色泽，明暗; [乐]乐音，全音，全音程; [医]（正常的）健康状态
vt. 使更健壮; 定调; 使变调子; [摄影术]给…上色
vi. 带有某种腔调; 呈现某种色彩; （颜色）调和（与 with 连用）
时态：toned, toning, tones
分布：语气(41%)，音调(20%)，色调(19%)，调子(7%)，定调(3%)，使更健壮(3%)，风气(3%)，调色(2%)，装腔作势地说(2%)
→来自拉丁语 tonus,声音，单调，来自希腊语 teinein,延伸，延展，来自 ten,延伸，延展， 词源同 tenure,extend,tune.引申诸相关词义，并用于指皮肤柔韧性等。
n.音调,音色;风气,气氛;腔调,语气;色调I tuned the tone of the stone phone with a bone.我用骨头调整了石质耳机的音调.
US [toʊn] noun
VOICE EXPRESSION 话语表达
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a quality in the voice which expresses the speaker's feelings or thoughts, often towards the person being spoken to （常指对听话人的）语气，腔调，口吻
• I tried to use a sympathetic tone of voice. 我试着用一种同情的语气说话。
• Don't speak to me in that tone of voice (= angrily) , young lady! 小姐，别用那种语气跟我说话！
• It wasn't so much what she said that annoyed me - it was her tone. 令我生气的不是她所说的话，而是她说话的语气。
tones [plural] literary
■the quality of someone's voice 语气；语调
• She recounted the story to me in shocked tones (= in a shocked voice). 她用震惊的语气向我叙述这个故事。
• For more than half a century, the reassuring tones of BBC newscasters have informed British television viewers about world events. 半个多世纪以来，英国广播公司的播音员用沉稳的语调向英国电视观众报道世界大事。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] noun
GENERAL MOOD 总体气氛
 ADVANCED only singular
■the general mood or main qualities of something 风格；基调，格调；气氛
• I didn't like the jokey tone of the article - I thought it inappropriate. 我不喜欢这篇文章的搞笑风格——我觉得这不恰当。
• Trust you to lower the tone of the evening by telling vulgar jokes, Martin! 马丁，你讲粗俗的笑话肯定会把晚会的格调降下去！
• Well, I thought it might raise the moral tone of the evening if I invited a vicar to the party. 哦，我以为如果邀请牧师参加晚会，可能会提高晚会的道德品位。
• He was in a very bad mood when he arrived, and that set the tone for the whole meeting. 他到的时候情绪很不好，这就决定了整个会议的气氛。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] noun
COLOUR 色彩
countable
■a form or degree of a colour 色调
• warm tones of brown and yellow 棕色和黄色这种暖色调
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] noun
TIGHTNESS 紧张性
uncountable
■the healthy tightness of the body, especially the muscles （尤指肌肉的）坚实，结实
• After you've had a baby you lose the muscle tone in your stomach. 你生完孩子后，腹部的肌肉就失去了弹性。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] noun
DIFFERENCE IN SOUND 声音的差异
countable (US also step)
■the largest difference in sound between two notes which are next to each other in the western musical scale 全音（指西洋音阶中相邻两音符之间最大的音差）
• The interval from G to A is a whole tone. 从 G 到 A 的音程是一个全音。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] noun
MUSICAL QUALITY 音质
countable or uncountable
■the quality of sound of a musical instrument or singing voice 音色；音质
• the beautiful rich tones of his tenor voice 他那美妙浑厚的男高音
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] noun
TELEPHONE NOISE 电话音
countable
■one of the sounds that you hear on a telephone line when you pick up the receiver 电话音
• I've called him several times but I keep getting the engaged tone. 我已经给他打了几次电话，但每次听到的都是忙线中。
• Please wait until you hear the UKdialling / USdial tone (= the sound that a telephone makes when it is ready to be used) before inserting your money. 请听到拨号音后再投币。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] verb transitive (also tone up)
■If you tone a part of the body, you make it firmer and stronger, usually by taking physical exercise （通常透过锻炼）使（身体部位）更强健
• This is a good exercise for toning up the thighs. 这种锻炼对增强大腿肌肉有好处。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] verb transitive (also tone up)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tone sth down
■to make something less forceful or offensive, usually a piece of writing or a speech 使（通常指文章或讲话）缓和；使温和
• Some of the language in the original play has been toned down for the television version. 这部戏被拍成电视后，原剧中的一些语言已经被改得不那么激烈了。
UK [təʊn] US [toʊn] verb transitive (also tone up)
  Phrasal Verbs  tone in
■When colours tone in, they match and look pleasant together （颜色）相配
• The green of your scarf tones in with your shoes. 你的绿围巾与鞋子正好相配。
tone, dialect, accent
这三个名词意思相近，容易混淆。
tone: n.语气，音调，指说话人的口气或声音的高低、轻重等。
 • He speaks to his baby in soft tones.   他用柔和的语调和他的婴儿说话。
dialect: n.方言，土语，地方话，指一个地区人们所使用的语言。
 • the Yorkshire dialect   约克郡方言the Sichuan dialect四川方言
accent: n.口音，指某一地区语言的发音特征；重音。
 • He speaks English with a Spanish accent.   他讲英语带有西班牙口音。
n. 语气； [光] 色调； [声] 音调；音色
 - mood, hues
vt. 增强；用某种调子说
 - enchance, to increase

Word: liberal
Front: liberal
[ˈlɪbərəl] (研四六托雅 1993/1737 -4)
Vocabulary: liberal
(once / 111 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj
A liberal is someone on the left wing of politics — the opposite of a conservative. Also, a liberal attitude toward anything means more tolerance for change.
There are many meanings for liberal, but they mostly have to do with freedom and openness to change. A teacher with a liberal policy toward attendance is going to be forgiving of missed days. A bank with a liberal attitude toward your money would probably be bad: some things are awful if they're loose and free. But no one will give you a hard time if you use a liberal amount of catsup on your fries.
WORD FAMILY
liberal: illiberal, liberalise, liberalism, liberality, liberalize, liberally, liberalness, liberals, neoliberal+/ illiberal: illiberality, illiberally/illiberality: illiberalities/liberalise: liberalisation, liberalised, liberalising/ liberalism: liberalisms, liberalist, liberalistic, neoliberalism/liberalist: liberalists/liberality: liberalities/ liberalization: liberalizations/ liberalize: liberalization, liberalized, liberalizes, liberalizing/neoliberal: neoliberals
USAGE EXAMPLES
This timely novel captures every character in the worst light, and the grudge matches among Brooklyn’s liberal parentocracy are nastier than any playground brawl.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Maybe he hopes Mr. Putin will see him as a kindred spirit: Big hombre, instinctive nationalist, zero use for liberals and their pieties.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Some rightwing outlets interpreted the row as evidence of liberal overreach.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 自由主义者; 自由党党员
adj. 开明的; 自由的; 慷慨的; 不拘泥的
分布：自由主义者(36%)，自由主义的(27%)，开明的(18%)，慷慨的(11%)，大方的(5%)，开明的人(3%)
→来自leu-dhero,来自*leu,人民，自由人，词源同eleutherian,自由人的，-dhero,工具格后缀，引申词义自由的，开明的，大方的，无私的，高贵的。现主要用于自由的，词义演变比较frank.
自由的;慷慨的(liber+al)[liber=free,表示"自由"]
a.慷慨的,大方的;富足的;自由的,思想开放的The church has become more liberal in this century.本世纪教会变得不那么守旧了.
US [-ɚ-] adjective
SOCIETY 社会
 ADVANCED
■respecting and allowing many different types of beliefs or behaviour 自由开放的，开放的，开明的
• a liberal society/attitude 自由开放的社会／态度
• Her parents were far more liberal than mine. 她父母比我父母开明得多。
Opposite illiberal or intolerant
UK ['lɪb.ər.əl/ UK [-rəl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
POLITICS 政治
 ADVANCED
■(of a political party or a country) believing in or allowing more personal freedom and a development towards a fairer sharing of wealth and power within society （指政党或国家）自由的，开放的
UK ['lɪb.ər.əl/ UK [-rəl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
GENEROUS 慷慨的 formal
■giving or given in a generous way 慷慨的，大方的，毫不吝啬的
• He was very liberal with the wine. 对于酒他毫不吝啬。
UK ['lɪb.ər.əl/ UK [-rəl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
NOT EXACT 不确切的
■not exact; without attention to or interest in detail 不确切的，模糊的，笼统的
• a liberal interpretation of the law 对法律的笼统解释
UK ['lɪb.ər.əl/ UK [-rəl] US [-ɚ-] noun countable UK [ˈlɪb.ər.əl]
    UK [-rəl] US [-ə˞-/
■someone who respects many different types of beliefs or behaviour 自由主义者
• He's a good old-fashioned liberal. 他是个老式的自由主义者。
adj. 自由主义的；慷慨的；不拘泥的；宽大的
 - generous, handsome
n. 自由主义者
 - latitudinarian

Word: massive
Front: massive
[ˈmæsɪv] (研四六托雅宝 1996/2037 -K3)
Vocabulary: massive
(once / 294 pages)
1adj 2adj
Massive means enormous. Obviously, Mt. Everest is massive, but a massive budget cut isn't necessarily big in physical mass; it's something that is imposing in scale or power. A massive budget cut can do a lot of damage.
Unless someone is referring to your intellect, massive is not a word you want used in a description of your attributes. Massive is a nice one to trot out when huge, gigantic, and enormous sound too over-the-top. Politicians use it often. Massive could also be the best way to describe the wave you surfed on your Hawaiian vacation or the size of the fish you nearly caught on that trip with your friends.
WORD FAMILY
massive: massively, massiveness+/massiveness: massivenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
A massive $6 billion redevelopment project includes apartments, hotels and a ferry terminal.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the blast touched off a massive fireball and caused extensive damage, including the loss of a commercial satellite.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Over the past two decades, China transformed itself into an economic superpower through massive industrialization.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 大的，重的; 大块的，大量的; 魁伟的，结实的; 大规模的
分布：巨大的(43%)，大规模的(28%)，大量的(25%)，大范围的(2%)，严重的(2%)
→来自mass,大块，大团。引申词义大量的。
a.大而重的,厚实的,粗大的;大规模的,大量的It was not the aluminum but the massive brass and bronze on the grass that embarrassed me.让我为难的不是铝而是草地上厚重的黄铜和青铜.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■very large in size, amount or number 巨大的；大量的
• They've got a massive house. 他们有一座很大的房子。
• She died after taking a massive overdose of drugs. 她在吸食过量毒品后死亡。
• If the drought continues, deaths will occur on a massive scale. 如果旱情持续，将有大批人死亡。
inclusive, extensive, massive, exhaustive
inclusive: 包括……的；…….也算入的（inclusive of）
extensive: 大量的，广泛的；
massive: 巨大的，大批的；
exhaustive: 全面的，详尽的；
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的，庞大的”的意思，其区别是：
tremendous: 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。
colossal: 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge: 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic: 指面积或体积的巨大，但多用于引申意义。
massive: 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
vast: 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
enormous: 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense: 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant: 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
adj. 大量的；巨大的，厚重的；魁伟的
 - huge, extensive, macro, substantial, tremendous, enormous

Word: engineer
Front: engineer
[ˌendʒɪˈnɪə(r)] (中高研四六雅 1997/1889 -K3)
Vocabulary: engineer
(once / 145 pages)
1nv 2n
An engineer is someone who possesses the knowledge or expertise to create and implement plans or build machines. Even if you're not an engineer, when you engineer you make plans and solve problems.
An interesting part of the word engineer is the suffix -eer, which turns a word into one that means someone who does something indicated by the base it is affixed to — a mountaineer climbs mountains, an auctioneer presides at auctions, an engineer designs, coming from the Old French engin, which means "skill or cleverness." If you want to become an engineer, you'll have to study all kinds of mechanical systems, not just engines.
WORD FAMILY
engineer: engineered, engineering, engineers+/ engine: engineer, enginery, engines/ engineering: engineerings/enginery: engineries
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We’re still fighting the battle, and still trying to be good Samaritans and good neighbors to everybody,” said Shalaby, who is also a civil engineer.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Singapore's TeleRadio Engineering uses RF signals in its SkyDroner device to track and control drones and a video feed to confirm targets visually.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Who is talking about this: It is shortlisted for the 2017 Royal Academy of Engineering Africa Prize.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 工程师，技师; （轮船的）机师; 〈美〉（火车的）司机，; （陆军的）工兵
vt. 设计，策划; 安排或处理; 改变…的基因（或遗传）结构
时态：engineered, engineering, engineers
分布：工程师(85%)，设计(10%)，建造(3%)，策划(2%)
→来自engine, 机械装置，引擎，即设计机械的人。
工程师(engine发动机)[-eer表名词"…人员"]
n.工程师The engineer examined the engine of the mining machine for stomach.工程师检查采矿机的发动机是否有肚子痛.
US [-'nɪr] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person whose job is to design or build machines, engines or electrical equipment, or things such as roads, railways or bridges, using scientific principles 工程师；工程（或机械）设计人员
• a civil engineer 土木工程师
• a mechanical/structural engineer 机械／结构工程师
• a software engineer 软体工程师
 IMPROVER
■a person whose job is to repair or control machines, engines or electrical equipment 机修工；技师；技工；机械师
• a computer engineer 电脑工程师
• The engineer is coming to repair our phone tomorrow morning. 技工明天上午来修我们的电话。
US * an engine driver
UK [ˌen.dʒɪ'nɪər] US [-'nɪr] verb transitive
ARRANGE 安排
■to arrange cleverly and often secretly for something to happen, especially something that is to your advantage （尤指为自己的利益）密谋策划，精心安排
• Left-wing groups engineered a coup against the military government. 左翼集团密谋策划了一场反军政府的政变。
• I'm trying to engineer a meeting between them. 我正在尽力谋划，好让他们见面。
UK [ˌen.dʒɪ'nɪər] US [-'nɪr] verb transitive
BUILD 建立
■to design and build something using scientific principles 设计制造
n. [经管] 工程师；工兵；火车司机
 - gineer, sapper
vt. 设计；策划；精明地处理
 - design, style, project, frame, scheme
vi. 设计；建造
 - project, design

Word: wheel
Front: wheel
[wi:l] (中高研四六雅 1999/2175 -K3)
Back: n. 轮子; 旋转; Wheels 汽车; 有…轮子的汽车（或自行车等）
vi. 转动，旋转; 突然转变方向
vt. 推; 拉（车）; 使变换方向; （使）迅速转身
时态：wheeled, wheeling, wheels
分布：车轮(38%)，方向盘(22%)，转动(21%)，旋转(15%)，用车运(3%)，周期(1%)
→来自古英语hweol,轮子，来自kwel,转，圈，词源同cycle,collar。引申义轮子。
n.轮,车轮The feeble man feels an ache on his heels and knees when he kneels on the steel steering wheel.当虚弱男子跪在钢舵轮上时他的脚跟和双膝感到疼痛.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a circular object connected at the centre to a bar, which is used for making vehicles or parts of machines move 轮子；车轮
• I got my bag caught in the wheel of my bicycle. 我的书包被绞进了脚踏车车轮里。
• He lost control of his car when a front/rear wheel hit a stone as he approached the first bend. 在快到第一个转弯处时，他的汽车前／后轮碰到了一块石头，失去了控制。
⇒ See also Ferris wheel;flywheel;waterwheel
on wheels
■Something that is on wheels has wheels under it so that it can be pulled or pushed along 装有轮子的
• My suitcase is on wheels so that makes life a little easier. 我的旅行箱装有轮子，所以用起来省力一些。
• I bought my niece one of those toy dogs on wheels. 我给我侄子买了个那种带轮子的玩具狗。
the wheel
■a steering wheel (= a wheel inside a vehicle, which the driver turns to make the vehicle go in a particular direction) （车辆的）方向盘
• Keep your hands on the wheel!, 手不要离开方向盘！
• I never feel safe with Richard at/behind the wheel (= driving). 李察开车我就从没有放过心。
• Do you think you could take the wheel (= drive) for a couple of hours? 你能不能来开几个小时车？
countable
■a wooden or metal wheel which is turned to make a ship go in a particular direction （船的）舵轮
wheels [plural] old-fashioned informal
■a car 汽车
• I've got to get some wheels - this public transport system's a joke! 我得买辆车了——这公共交通系统真是糟糕！
[wi:l] noun
a fifth/third wheel US
■someone who is in a situation where they are not needed or are ignored by most people 冗员，不需要的人；无足轻重的人
[wi:l] noun
set the wheels in motion
■to do something which will cause a series of actions to start 使运作起来
• I thought a phone call to the right person might set the wheels in motion. 我想，给管事的人打个电话或许就会起作用。
[wi:l] noun
wheels within wheels
■hidden or unknown things that influence a particular situation, making it more complicated than it at first seems 错综复杂的事物
[wi:l] verb
PUSH 推
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to push an object that has wheels so that it moves in a particular direction 推，推动（有轮子的东西）
• I saw her last night wheeling a buggy along Green Lane. 昨天晚上，我看见她推着婴儿车沿着格林小道走过。
• Halfway through the talk someone wheeled in a trolley laden with drinks. 会谈进行到一半，有人推进来一辆装满饮料的手推车。
• Doctors put her on a respirator and wheeled her downstairs to intensive care. 医生给她戴上呼吸器，把她推到楼下的特别护理病房。
[wi:l] verb
FLY IN CIRCLES 盘旋
intransitive
■to fly repeatedly in a circular pattern 盘旋
• She watched a flock of seagulls wheeling high above her. 她注视着一群在她头顶盘旋的海鸥。
[wi:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wheel sth out disapproving
■to use something or someone that you have used many times before in a way that is boring for other people 反复使用（致使他人厌烦）；重施故技
• Every time we have this argument you wheel out the same old statistics, and I'm still not convinced! 每次我们争论这个问题你都搬出那一套老掉牙的数据，我还是不服气！
• Year after year they wheel out the same third-rate celebrities to entertain us. 年复一年，他们一直让那群三流明星为我们演出。
[wi:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  wheel round UK (US wheel around)
■to turn round quickly 快速转身
• She wheeled round to face him and saw him take out a gun. 她快速转身面对他，看到他掏出了手枪。
n. [车辆] 车轮；方向盘；转动
 - cartwheel, steering control
vt. 转动；使变换方向；给…装轮子
 - turn, roll
vi. 旋转；突然转变方向；盘旋飞行
 - circle, spin

Word: female
Front: female
[ˈfi:meɪl] (高研四六雅 1396/1563 -K4)
Vocabulary: female
(once / 77 pages)
adjn
The female animals are the ones who can have babies. They’re not males. Girls and women are female humans, but there are male and female animals of all kinds. Just ask Noah.
Female animals are those that produce ova, which are fertilized by the spermatozoa of males. The main difference between females and males is that females bear the offspring — and that goes for dogs, chickens, catfish, and anything in between. There are even male and female squash flowers. The word female is used equally as a noun and an adjective. For example, the female lead in a play is inevitably a female.
WORD FAMILY
female: femaleness, females
USAGE EXAMPLES
The driver abandoned the car and fled on foot; his female passenger was detained and questioned by authorities, and later released, Nicholson said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition, Rossello pledged to provide female government employees with the same pay as their male counterparts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She will be the third artistic director in the history of PS122, which was founded in 1980, and is its first female leader.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 女性的; 雌性的; 能结果实的; 电气设备阴的
n. 女人; 雌性动物; 雌性植物，雌株
分布：女性(83%)，女性的(9%)，雌性的(5%)，雌性动物(3%)
→来自拉丁词根fe, 吮吸，吸奶，乳汁，词源同felicity, fecund. -m, 鼻音字母。即喂奶的人，女人。
[fem女,妇女]女性的,妇女的;女子[女(1)gyn(o);gynec(o)(2)fem;femin]
n.女性;女人;雌兽a.女性的;雌的;柔弱的The males think the females have talent for telling stale tales.男人认为女人有讲陈腐故事的才能.
adjective
SEX 性别
 ESSENTIAL
■belonging or relating to women, or the sex that can give birth to young or produce eggs 女性的；妇女的；雌的；母的
• She was voted the best female vocalist. 她当选最佳女歌手。
• Female lions do not have manes. 母狮没有鬃毛。
⇒ See also feminine
■describes plants which produce flowers that will later develop into fruit （植物）能结果实的
['fi:.meɪl] adjective
CONNECTING PART 连接部分 specialized
■describes a piece of equipment that has a hole or space into which another part can be fitted （设备）阴的，内孔的
• a female plug/connector 母插头／内孔式连接器
Compare male
['fi:.meɪl] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a female animal or person 雌性动物；女子
• The kitten was actually a female, not a male. 这只小猫的确是母的，不是公的。
• Females (= women) represent 40% of the country's workforce. 女性占全国劳动力的40%。
■used to refer to a woman in a way that shows no respect 女人（不尊重的说法）
• I suspect the doctor thought I was just another hysterical female. 我猜那个医生认为我只不过是另一个歇斯底里的女人罢了。
female, woman, lady
这组词都有“女性”的意思，其区别是：
female: 与male“男(性)的，公的，雄的”相对，强调性别，可指人或动物，但除用于科学和统计上外，大多含贬义。
woman: 与man相对，侧重成年妇女的特点，系成年妇女的通称。
lady: 与gentleman相对，强调所谓高贵的气质、品德和教养等。也指对女性的礼貌称呼。
female, feminine
这组词都有“女性的”的意思，其区别是：
female: 仅指性别的分类，指人、动物或植物，甚至无生命的东西均可。
feminine: 强调女性所特有的或同女性有关的特质、特征。
adj. 女性的； [生物] 雌性的；柔弱的，柔和的
 - delicate, feminine
n. 女人； [植] [动] 雌性动物
 - she, jenny

Word: decline
Front: decline
[dɪˈklaɪn] (高研四六托雅宝 2000/2190 -K4)
Vocabulary: decline
(once / 97 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
When something declines, it goes downhill. If you stop working out, your health may decline. If you want it to improve, you should start climbing inclines instead of coasting down declines.
The verb decline means refuse to accept, but the noun decline means a downward slope (the opposite of an incline), or a decrease in quality. At the gym, the treadmill has an incline button to control how steep your climb is. Sadly, there's no button for decline, which would be much easier. Both words contain cline, or "to bend." The prefix tells you which way the bend goes. Decline implies a going, or turning, down.
WORD FAMILY
decline: declension, declination, declined, declines, declining+/declension: declensions/declination: declinations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Fiji government imposed a temporary ban on turtle harvesting in 1995 to halt the decline.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Through a spokeswoman, Mr. Prendergast declined a request to discuss his departure.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schmidt declined to discuss the alleged role of a third person who was arrested, a 27-year-old woman, citing the ongoing investigation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 下降; （力量、健康、品格、权力、价值等的）衰退; 下倾; （人、生命等的）衰退期
vt. & vi. 辞谢，谢绝（邀请等）
vi. （道路、物体等）下倾; （太阳）落下; （在品格、价值上）降低; 衰落，谢绝
vt. 谢绝，婉拒
时态：declined, declining, declines
分布：下降(68%)，减少(18%)，拒绝(11%)，倾斜(1%)，跌落(1%)，衰微(1%)
→de-, 向下，离开。-clin, 弯，转，词源同lean, incline. 即向下转开，引申义婉言拒绝。
倾斜;衰退[clin,cliv=lean,slope,表示"倾斜,斜坡"]
v.下降,衰落;拒绝n.下降;斜面,倾斜,衰落Under the guideline, the output of streamlined seamless liners declines linearly.在该方针的指引下,流线型无缝班机的产量直线下降.
verb
GO DOWN 下行
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to gradually become less, worse, or lower （逐渐）减少，衰落，降低
• His interest in the project declined after his wife died. 妻子死后，他对该企划案的兴趣逐渐淡薄了。
• The party's popularity has declined in the opinion polls. 民意调查显示该党的支持率已经下滑。
• formal The land declines sharply away from the house. 地势从房屋那边开始大幅度向下倾斜。
[dɪ'klaɪn] verb
REFUSE 拒绝
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive formal
■to refuse 拒绝，谢绝
• I invited him to the meeting but he declined. 我邀请他参加那次会议，但他谢绝了。
• He declined my offer. 他拒绝了我的提议。
• [+ to infinitive] They declined to tell me how they had got my address. 他们拒绝透露是如何得到我的地址的。
[dɪ'klaɪn] verb
GRAMMAR 文法
intransitive or transitive specialized
■If a noun, pronoun or adjective declines, it has different forms depending on whether it is the subject or object, etc. of a verb and whether it is singular or plural, etc. If you decline such a word, you list its various forms. 词类变化；使（名词，代词或形容词）的数和格发生变化［如果一个名词、代词或形容词有词类变化，则需根据它是一个动词的主词或受词，或根据它是单数或复数，来选择适用的形式；如果你让这样一个词（名词、代词或形容词）的词类有变化，即是你让这个词的数或格发生变化，你会列出它的不同形式］
• In Latin we learnt how to decline nouns. 学习拉丁语要了解名词的变格规则。
[dɪ'klaɪn] verb
sb's declining years
■the last years of someone's life （某人的）晚年，风烛残年
• He became very forgetful in his declining years. 他晚年的时候非常健忘。
[dɪ'klaɪn] noun [S or U]
 IMPROVER
■when something becomes less in amount, importance, quality or strength 衰落；衰弱，衰退
• industrial decline 工业的衰落
• Home cooking seems to be on the/in decline (= not so many people are doing it). 自己在家做饭的人似乎越来越少了。
• a decline in the number of unemployed 失业人数的下降
• She seemed to be recovering and then she went into a decline. 她的身体似乎开始恢复了，但后来却又变得越来越虚弱。
refuse, reject, deny, decline, protest, object
refuse: 拒绝，回绝，不肯，不愿
reject: 拒绝接受，抛弃，抵制
deny: 否认，否定
decline: 谢绝，decline sth
protest: 抗议，反对，protest about/against/at sth
object: 不赞成，抗议，object to sb/sth
reject, deny, decline, repel, frfuse
这组词都有“拒绝”的意思，其区别是：
reject: 多指由于某物某事某行为不能让人满意而被当面直截了当地拒绝。
deny: 指坚决地拒绝接受、给予或承认。
decline: 指婉言谢绝他人的帮助或邀请等。
repel: 作“拒绝”解时，语气比reject强。
frfuse: 语气较重，指态度坚决，肯定无疑的拒绝。
diminish, decline, alleviate, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，减轻”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: v.指因为不断消耗，在数量方面缓慢减少，也指在素质或者价值的下降。
 • The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.   由于战争石油的供应减少了。
decline: v. (数目、价格、比率)下降；谢绝，婉言推辞；衰退，衰落。
 • Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.   去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。
 • He declined our invitation to dinner.   他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。
alleviate: v.在痛苦方面的减轻，缓和
 • The painkiller alleviated the pain.   止疼药减缓了疼痛。
decrease: v.指数量上的减少；力量或者强度的减弱。
 • The population decreased a lot last year.   去年人口数量急剧下降。
reduce: v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。
 • He reduced the amount of money they could spend.   他缩减了他们的开销。
n. 下降；衰退；斜面
 - reduction, recession, fall
vi. 下降；衰落；谢绝
 - go down, slump
vt. 谢绝；婉拒
 - excuse oneself from

Word: invest
Front: invest
[ɪnˈvest] (研四六雅 2001/2329 -K3)
Vocabulary: invest
(once / 63 pages)
1v 2v
When you invest, you put time or money into something, hoping that there will be returns greater than what was originally put in.
You commonly hear talk of investing money, but you can invest time in a project as well. You can invest your hopes or emotions in a person. The money, time, or hope is called the investment. Invest can also mean to endow with a power or quality. Laws invest police officers with abilities that regular citizens do not have. Invest originally meant to clothe. In fact, there is a room in some churches still called a vestry where priests get into their garb.
WORD FAMILY
invest: disinvest, invested, investing, investiture, investment, investor, invests+/disinvest: disinvestment/ investiture: investitures/ investment: investments/ investor: investors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wrap fragile ornaments in leftover tissue paper or newspaper, or invest in storage containers like archival ornament boxes from the Container Store.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
U.S. companies are preparing to invest again after years on the sidelines, and rising interest rates are unlikely to impede them.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He might want to invest in a cap.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 投资; 花费
vt. 授予，使就职; 给…穿衣，装饰; 使充满; 覆盖
时态：invested, investing, invests
分布：投资(91%)，投入(9%)
→in-,进入，使，-vest,衣服，词源同wear,vest.来自衣服的象征意义，特别是来自1610年大英帝国东印度公司，即使钱换一种形式，给钱改头换面，让投入的钱产生利润，通过购买股份的方式参与东印度公司的投资。
投资(in进+vest→把衣服中的钱放进事业中→投资)[uest=clothes,表示"衣服"]
vt.投资,投入(精力,时间等)Frankly speaking, I don't think it any good to invest in real estate.坦白地说,我不觉得投资房地产有什么好处.
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to put money, effort, time etc. into something to make a profit or get an advantage 投（资），投入
• The institute will invest 5 million in the project. 该机构将在这个专案上投资500万。
• He's not certain whether to invest in the property market. 他拿不定主意该不该投资房地产市场。
• You have all invested significant amounts of time and energy in making this project the success that it is. 你们都为这个专案的成功投入了大量的时间和精力。
[ɪn'vest] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  invest in sth
■to buy something because you think it will be useful, even if you think it is expensive 购买
• We've decided it's time to invest in a new computer. 我们觉得该买新电脑了。
[ɪn'vest] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  invest sb with sth formal
■to give authority or power to someone 授（权）给（某人）
• Our government has invested the minister for trade with all the necessary powers to resolve the dispute. 我国政府已授予贸易部长一切必要的权力来解决此次争端。
[ɪn'vest] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  invest sb/sth with sth literary
■to make someone or something seem to have a particular characteristic 赋予…以…，使…似乎具有（某种特征）
• In his poems everyday reality is invested with a sense of wonder and delight. 在他的诗歌里，现实生活被赋予了一种奇妙和快乐的感觉。
vt. 投资；覆盖；耗费；授予；包围
 - fund, award, give, house, sheet
vi. 投资，入股；花钱买
 - invent money in, plow into

Word: promise
Front: promise
[ˈprɒmɪs] (中高研四六托雅 1438/1478 -K4)
Vocabulary: promise
(once / 32 pages)
nv
A promise is an agreement to do or not do something. Also, when you have potential, you show promise.
If your parents say you can go for ice cream and then it doesn't happen, you'll probably say, "But you promised!" People promise small things, like to visit someone, and big things, like marriage: “Til death do us part” is a promise many people make on their wedding day. Another meaning is to make a prediction, as in, "You'll regret this, I promise!” Also, if you show promise playing the violin, maybe someday you'll play in an orchestra.
WORD FAMILY
promise: promised, promisee, promiser, promises, promising, promisor, promissory +/promised: unpromised/promiser: promisers/ promising: promisingly, unpromising /promisor: promisors/ unpromising: unpromisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, as it will be called, promises hundreds of jobs and a high-profile attraction — and it’s essentially free.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
You can’t promise to be the president for all Americans and then taunt the 54 percent of Americans who didn’t vote for you.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But the GOP’s top promise — to end Obamacare — remains a tough haul.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 允诺，许诺; 给人以…的指望或希望
vi. 许诺; 有指望，有前途
n. 许诺; 希望，指望; 允诺的东西
时态：promised, promising, promises
分布：诺言(44%)，答应(39%)，允诺(8%)，发誓(4%)，有希望(3%)，预示(1%)，约定(1%)
→来自古法语promesse,承诺，保证，来自拉丁语promissum,承诺，来自pro-,向前，-miss,送出，词源同mission,emit.
答应;保证(pro前面＋mise→在做事前送出的话→允诺)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
v.允许,答应;有...可能n.承诺;希望,出息The promising singer underwent mysterious misery.那位有前途的歌手遭受了神秘的痛苦.
US ['prɑ:.mɪs] verb
SAY CERTAINLY 肯定地说
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to tell someone that you will certainly do something 允诺，答应；保证
• [+ to infinitive] He promised faithfully to call me every week. 他信誓旦旦地保证每周都打电话给我。
• [+ that] The government have promised that they'll reduce taxes. 政府已承诺要减税。
• [+ (that)] Promise me (that) you won't tell him. 答应我你不会告诉他。
• I'll have a look for some while I'm at the shops but I'm not promising anything. 我逛街的时候找找，但不敢保证能买到。
• Can I have that book back when you've finished because I've promised it (= I have said I will give it) to Sara. 那本书你看完后能还给我吗，因为我答应莎拉要给她了。
• [+ two objects] Her parents promised her a new car if she passed her exams. 她父母答应如果她通过考试就送她一辆新车。
• I've promised myself a long bath when I get through all this work. 做完所有这些工作后我要好好洗个澡。
• [+ speech] "I'll come round and see you every day, " she promised. “我会每天来看你的。”她保证道。
• "I won't do anything dangerous." "You promise?" "I promise." “我不会做任何危险的事。”“你保证？”“我保证。”
• "I won't have time to take you shopping this afternoon." "But you promised!" “今天下午我没时间带你去购物了。”“但你答应过的！”
UK ['prɒm.ɪs] US ['prɑ:.mɪs] verb
BE EXPECTED 预计
promise to be good/exciting, etc.
■to be expected to be good/exciting, etc 预计会很好／刺激等
• It promises to be a really exciting match. 预计这会是一场非常精彩的比赛。
UK ['prɒm.ɪs] US ['prɑ:.mɪs] verb
promise sb the Earth/moon informal
■to say that you will do much greater things than you will ever be able to achieve 向（某人）作无法兑现的承诺
• Like most governments in their first term of office, they promised the Earth. 像大多数处于第一个任期内的政府一样，他们也作了无法兑现的承诺。
UK ['prɒm.ɪs] US ['prɑ:.mɪs] noun
SAY CERTAINLY 肯定地说
 ESSENTIAL countable
■when you say that you will certainly do something 允诺；诺言；保证
• I'll tidy my things away tonight - and that's a promise! 今晚我要把我所有的东西都收拾好——说到做到！
• I'll try to get back in time, but I'm not making any promises. 我会尽量及时回来，但我不能保证。
keep/break a promise
 IMPROVER
■to do/not do what you said that you would do 遵守／违背诺言
• If I make a promise, I like to keep it. 如果我作出了承诺，我会遵守的。
UK ['prɒm.ɪs] US ['prɑ:.mɪs] noun
EXPECTED 预计
uncountable
■when someone or something is likely to develop successfully and people expect this to happen （成功的）迹象，征兆；（有）出息，（有）前途
• His English teacher had written on his report that he showed great promise. 英语老师在他的成绩单中写说他前景看好。
• As a child I was quite a good dancer, but I didn't fulfil my early promise. 我小时候舞跳得相当好，但我并没有成为舞蹈家。
UK ['prɒm.ɪs] US ['prɑ:.mɪs] noun
Promises, promises! informal
■something that you say when someone says they will do something and you do not believe them 保证，又是保证！（用于表达不相信对方的承诺）
• "When I've got some time I'll show you everything." "Promises, promises!" “有时间的话我保证把全部都拿给你看。”“保证，又是保证！”
expect, urge, promise, intend
expect: 要求，指望
urge: 敦促，力劝（某人做某事）
promise: 承诺，答应，保证
intend: 打算，计划，想要（做某事）
insure, promise, pledge, guarantee, assure, ensure
这组词都有“保证”的意思，其区别是：
insure: 常与ensure换用，但前者多指经济方面的保证、保险。
promise: 侧重表自己的主观意向，设法用语言使人感到稳当可靠。
pledge: 正式用词，指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。
guarantee: 指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。
assure: 侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感，但不如ensure普通。
ensure: 侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果。
n. 许诺，允诺；希望
 - wish, hope, pleasure
vt. 允诺，许诺；给人以…的指望或希望
 - pledge, vouchsafe

Word: cable
Front: cable
[ˈkeɪbl] (研四六托雅 2003/3033 -K3)
Vocabulary: cable
(once / 226 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n
A cable can be a strong and thick hemp or steel rope, or a conductor for sending electrical or optical signals.
Cable has a bunch of meanings — ranging from communication cables to steel cables. With new online services that stream your favorite show on demand, cable television may become a thing of the past. If your adventurous kids have convinced you to install a zip line, then you better find a steel cable. In the age of email, chances are you'll never have a reason to send someone an overseas cable.
WORD FAMILY
cable: cabled, cables, cabling
USAGE EXAMPLES
She also recommends selling what you don’t need and cutting unnecessary expenses, such as premium cable.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The fall campaign was an unending national nightmare, broadcast relentlessly on cable TV.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In 1985, two people died at Keystone Resort after the welding on the large wheel used to pull the cable failed.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 缆绳，绳索; [电学]电缆; （系船用的）缆绳; （船只、桥梁等上的）巨缆
vt. 发电报至; 电传; 固定系牢
vi. 拍发电报
时态：cabled, cabling, cables
分布：缆(48%)，电缆(37%)，索(9%)，电报(5%)，发电报(1%)
→来自词根cap, 抓，拿，握，词源同accept, capture. 原指抓动物的绳索。
n.电报;电缆;缆,索,钢丝绳v.拍电报It's a fable that the cable enables the disabled man to be able to walk.电缆使得残疾人能够行走是天方夜谭.
noun
WIRE 电线
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a set of wires, covered by plastic, that carries electricity, telephone signals, etc. （传输电、电话讯号等的）电缆
• a length of cable 一根电缆
• The road has been dug up in order to lay cables. 道路已被挖开，以便铺设电缆。
• overhead power cables 高架电缆
['keɪ.bl] noun
SYSTEM 系统
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the system of sending television programmes or telephone signals along wires under the ground （电视节目或电话讯号的）有线传输系统
• The office has gone over to cable. 办公室改用有线系统了。
• cable TV 有线电视
• This channel is only available on cable. 这个频道只有透过有线电视才能收到。
cable, telegraph, telegram
这组词都有“电报”的意思，其区别是：
cable: 通常指通过海底电缆打的电报，也可指广义的电报。
telegraph: 侧重指通信方式和电报业各，不可数名词，表想象概念。
telegram: 常用词，指通过电报系统发出的信息，尤指具体的一份份电报。
n. [电] 电缆；海底电报
 - electrical conduit, electric line

Word: towards
Front: towards
[təˈwɔ:dz] (四六 2004/317 -K5)
Back: prep. 朝，向; 对于; 接近; 为了
分布：向(72%)，朝(24%)，关于(2%)，有希望的(1%)，在即的(1%)
→toward,朝向，-s,副词所有格。
US [tʊ'wɔ:rdz] mainly UK (mainly US toward)
preposition
MOVEMENT 移动
 ESSENTIAL
■in the direction of, or closer to someone or something 向，朝；对着
• She stood up and walked towards him. 她站起身来，向他走去。
• He leaned towards his wife and whispered, "Can we go home soon?" 他侧过身子轻声问妻子：“我们快点回家好吗？”
• She kept glancing towards the telephone. 她不停瞄着电话那头。
• The country seems to be drifting towards war. 这个国家似乎正慢慢走向战争。
• There is a trend towards healthier eating among all sectors of the population. 目前各行各业的人都有一种追求健康饮食的趋势。
UK [tə'wɔ:dz] US [tʊ'wɔ:rdz] mainly UK (mainly US toward)
preposition
RELATION 关系
 ESSENTIAL
■in relation to something or someone 对，对于；关于
• They've always been very friendly towards me. 他们对我总是很友好。
• There has been a change in government policy towards energy efficiency. 政府针对能源效益的政策有所变动。
• He feels a lot of anger/hostility/antagonism/animosity towards his father. 他很生父亲的气／对父亲怀有很大的敌意／对父亲心怀极大怨恨。
• A lot of people think that most newspapers are biased towards one particular political party. 许多人认为大多数报纸都偏袒某一政党。
UK [tə'wɔ:dz] US [tʊ'wɔ:rdz] mainly UK (mainly US toward)
preposition
POSITION 位置
 ESSENTIAL
■near to, just before or around a time or place 接近，靠近；将近
• Our seats were towards the back of the theatre. 我们的座位靠近剧院的后排。
• I often get hungry towards the middle of the morning. 将近中午时，我常常感到饿。
• We're getting towards winter and it's getting dark earlier. 快到冬天了，天黑得越来越早。
UK [tə'wɔ:dz] US [tʊ'wɔ:rdz] mainly UK (mainly US toward)
preposition
PURPOSE 目的
 ADVANCED
■for the purpose of buying or achieving something 为了
• I'm saving up to buy a car, and Dad has given me some money towards it. 我正在存钱买车，爸爸也资助了我点钱。
• Would you like to make a contribution (= give some money) towards a present for Linda? 你愿意为给琳达买礼物出点钱吗？
• The work that students do during the term counts towards their final grade. 学生平时的功课对期末成绩很重要。
prep. 朝，向；对于；有助于
 - at, unto, for, on, to

Word: expose
Front: expose
[ɪk'spəʊz] (高研四六托雅 2005/2577 -K3)
Vocabulary: expose
(once / 98 pages)
1v 2v 3vn 4v
To expose means to uncover or allow to be in the open air. If you take off your coat and expose your bare arms to the terrible cold, your tattoos might freeze off. (Note: We don’t actually know if this is physically possible.)
When you pronounce expose as it’s spelled, it can mean to leave out in the air, to put in peril (when you expose someone to danger), or to uncover. All of those examples are actions. However, when you pronounce it as though there is a French accent on the final "e," ex-poh-ZAY, it means the unmasking or exposure of something hidden (and usually bad or fraudulent), as when you watch an expose on 60 Minutes about the evils of frozen orange juice or some other toxic substance.
WORD FAMILY
expose: exposed, exposes, exposing, exposure, overexpose, underexpose+/ exposure: exposures/ overexpose: overexposed, overexposes, overexposing, overexposure/overexposure: overexposures/underexpose: underexposed, underexposing, underexposure
USAGE EXAMPLES
There were five other people exposed to the gas who were in stable condition at an Amarillo hospital, the newspaper said citing fire officials.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
There are animal onesies, glittery blazers and suspenders, exposed bras and flip-flops.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The “Point in Time” numbers also exposed a generational calamity.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 揭露，揭发; 使暴露; 使遭受; 使曝光
时态：exposed, exposing, exposes
分布：揭露(83%)，使曝光(7%)，使暴露(5%)，使面临(5%)
→ex-, 向外。-pos, 放置，词源同pose, component.即展开，引申义暴露。比较同源词exponent.
暴露(ex+plse放→放出去→暴露)[ex-①表示"出,出去"②表示"前面的,前任的"]
暴露;揭露(ex出+pose→放出来→暴露)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
v.(to)使暴露,受到;使曝光Suppose you were exposed in the opposite position by your opponent, …假设你被对手暴露在相反的位置,....
US [-'spoʊz] verb transitive
UNCOVER 暴露
 IMPROVER
■to remove what is covering something so that it can be seen 暴露；露出；使曝光
• The plaster on the walls has been removed to expose the original bricks underneath. 墙上的灰泥已经抹去，露出了里面的墙砖。
• He damaged his leg so badly in the accident that the bone was exposed. 他的脚在车祸中受了重伤，骨头都露了出来。
• This photograph was under-/over- exposed (= too little/too much light was allowed to reach the film). 这张照片曝光不足／过度。
expose yourself
■If a man exposes himself, he shows his sexual organs in a public place to people he does not know. （男性由于病态心理在公共场合）裸露性器官，露阴
UK [ɪk'spəʊz] US [-'spoʊz] verb transitive
MAKE PUBLIC 使公开
 IMPROVER
■to make public something bad or dishonest 揭露，揭发，揭穿坏事或不诚实之事：
• The review exposed widespread corruption in the police force. 这篇评论文章揭露了警界盛行的腐败现象。
• The newspaper story exposed him as (= showed that he was) a liar. 报纸上的这篇报道揭发他是个骗子。
UK [ɪk'spəʊz] US [-'spoʊz] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] expose sb to sth
■to make it likely that someone will experience something harmful or unpleasant 使某人遭受（有害或不快的遭遇）；使（某人）暴露于（险境）
• About 800,000 children are exposed to poisons each year. 每年有大约80万儿童中毒。
• It is feared that people living near the power station may have been exposed to radiation. 人们担心居住在发电站附近的居民可能已经受到辐射。
reveal, expose, disclose, uncover
这组词都有“揭露、暴露”的意思，其区别是：
reveal: 多指揭露一直隐藏或隐秘的东西，或启示超乎常人领导能力的真理。
expose: 多指揭露丑闻、坏人坏事或各种阴谋。也可指某物暴露在外。
disclose: 侧重指揭露或泄露鲜为人知或保密的事。
uncover: 主要指移去遮盖物，让东西显露出来。也可指揭露阴谋、秘密等。
vt. 揭露，揭发；使曝光；显示
 - reveal, prove, make clear, disclose

Word: rural
Front: rural
[ˈrʊərəl] (研四六托雅宝 2006/1519 -K3)
Vocabulary: rural
(once / 348 pages)
adj
Rural means "relating to or characteristic of the country or the people who live there." If you move to a rural area, you won't see a lot of skyscrapers or taxis — but you'll probably see a lot of trees.
You may have known people who live on country roads––mail to their houses must be addressed to a rural route, abbreviated as RR. Rustic is a near synonym but emphasizes the supposed qualities of country people: being simple, awkward, and even rude and rough. The adjective rural descends from Middle English, from Old French, from Latin rūrālis, from rūs "the country."
WORD FAMILY
rural: ruralism, rurality, rurally+/ruralism: ruralist/ruralist: ruralists/rurality: ruralities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But some lawmakers, particularly Republicans and those representing more rural parts of the state, say they are not enthusiastic about increasing child-care aid.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Getting people in rural areas onto the national grid is proving too difficult and traditional solar panels generate meagre amounts of energy.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Three of the four will spend time in prison for the fires in rural parts of Wood County south of Toledo.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 乡下的，农村的; 田园的; 地方的; 农业的
分布：形容词(83%)，名词(17%)
→来自拉丁语 ruralis,乡村的，来自 rus,开阔地，乡村，来自 reue,展开，词源同 room,rustic.
乡村的[rust,rur=country表示"农村"]
乡村的(rur乡村+al)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
a.乡下的,田园的,乡村风味的In the rural the naturally matured tomatoes have this nature.在乡下自然成熟的番茄具有这种性质.
US ['rʊr.əl] adjective
 IMPROVER
■in, of or like the countryside 乡村的，农村的；似乡村的
• The area is still very rural and undeveloped. 这个地区仍是一片乡村景象，没有被开发。
Compare urban
adj. 农村的，乡下的；田园的，有乡村风味的
 - country, sylvan

Word: AIDS
Front: AIDS
[eɪdz] (高雅 1793/3757 -4)
Back: abbr. 获得性免疫缺乏综合征；爱滋病（Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome）
分布：爱滋病(100%)
(also Aids) [eɪdz] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED abbreviation for
■Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: a serious disease caused by a virus which destroys the body's natural protection from infection, and which usually causes death 爱滋病，获得性免疫缺损综合症
• In Britain, AIDS tests are now performed on all people who offer to become blood donors. 在英国，现在所有志愿捐血的人都要进行爱滋病病毒检测。
• Don had full-blown AIDS for over a year before he died. 唐在确诊患了晚期爱滋病一年后死去。
Compare HIV

Word: Jew
Front: Jew
[dʒuː] (1794/3310 -3)
Vocabulary: Jew
(once / 86 pages)
n
A Jew is someone who believes in the Jewish faith or has a cultural connection to Judaism. If your parents are Jewish, you're likely to describe yourself as a Jew.
If you're a Jew, you most likely share a religious and ethnic background with other Jewish people. While some people convert to Judaism, most Jews trace their heritage back to common ancestors. Observant Jews worship on Saturdays and celebrate many holidays throughout the year. The Greek root of the word Jew is Ioudaios, from Aramic and Hebrew. The Hebrew word for Jew, y'hudi, comes from the name Y'hudah, or Judah.
WORD FAMILY
Jew: Jewish, Jews, non-Jew+/Jewish: Jewishly/non-Jew: non-Jews
USAGE EXAMPLES
You will not see us accusing them of hating Jews.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
“I wanted to show that Jews were part of the fabric of life in the New World,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Yoram Zara, an Israeli lawyer representing Sephardic Jews from all over the world, said the reasons for the rise in applications were self-evident.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 犹太人；犹太教徒；守财奴
vt. 欺骗；杀价
分布：犹太人(88%)，犹太教徒(12%)
→来自古法语giu,来自拉丁语Iudaeum,来自希伯来语yehudah,即Judah.字面意思为颂扬的，赞美的，为雅各布的第四子，犹太人的祖先。Jew ’s harp 口弦，口簧
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a member of a race of people whose traditional religion is Judaism 犹太人；犹太教徒
• Although my family is Jewish, we're not practising Jews (= actively involved in the religion). 虽然我们全家都是犹太人，但并不信奉犹太教。
n. 犹太人；犹太教徒；守财奴
 - Israel, Jewry
vt. 杀价；欺骗
 - sell, fox

Word: narrow
Front: narrow
[ˈnærəʊ] (高研四六托 2007/1725 -K4)
Vocabulary: narrow
(once / 67 pages)
1adjvn 2adj 3adj
Narrow means less wide or to make less wide. When you narrow down your choices, you decrease the number of choices. A road might be too narrow for a car.
When used to describe something physical such as a street or hips, narrow simply means not wide. Similarly, with quantities it means not much like when you win your basketball game by a narrow margin. But if you use it to describe an attitude, it has the negative meaning of not wide or open enough. If you're narrow-minded, you don't see the big picture –– sometimes it means you think in narrow stereotypes.
WORD FAMILY
narrow: narrowed, narrower, narrowest, narrowing, narrowly, narrowness, narrows+/narrowing: narrowings/narrowness: narrownesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
At that point, Mr. Trump, otherwise expansive and genial, sat with narrowed eyes and pursed lips, like a schoolboy who’d just been lectured.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In what too quickly became the consensus view, all of the above were put in their place by Donald Trump’s narrow electoral victory.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Narrow your list down to half a dozen candidates and call them.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 狭隘的; 狭窄的; （种类或数目）有限的; 仔细的，精确的
vt. 限制，限定; （使）变窄; 变得更窄; 收缩
n. 海峡; 狭路，隘路; 狭窄的水道
vi. 变窄
时态：narrowed, narrowing, narrows
分布：狭窄的(71%)，变窄(13%)，海峡(5%)，有限的(5%)，隘路(3%)，精密的(1%)，度量小的(1%)，狭窄部份(1%)
→来自古英语nearu,狭窄的，压抑的，来自sner,弯，转，扭曲。引申词义狭窄的。
a.狭窄的,狭的,狭隘的I threw a row of arrows, which narrowly passed the narrow-minded man's eyebrows.我掷了一排箭,箭紧擦心胸狭窄的人的眉毛而过.
US [-oʊ] adjective
SMALL WIDTH 狭窄的
 ESSENTIAL
■having a small distance from one side to the other, especially in comparison with the length （尤指与长度相比）狭窄的
• a narrow bridge/passage/gap 狭窄的桥梁／通道／缝隙
• a narrow face 瘦长的脸
• narrow feet 瘦脚
• The little village has very narrow streets. 小村子里的街道很窄。
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
LIMITED 狭隘的 mainly disapproving
■limited to a small area of interest, activity or thought （兴趣、活动或思想）狭隘的，有局限性的
• They are unable to see beyond the narrow world of the theatre. 他们看不到狭小的戏剧界以外的天地。
• It was regarded as a very narrow interpretation of the law. 这被认为是对法律非常狭隘的诠释。
⇒ See also narrow-minded
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
ONLY JUST 勉强／刚好
■If you achieve a narrow result, the result could easily have been different because the amount by which you failed or succeeded was very small 勉强的；差距微小的
• The election was won by the very narrow margin of only 185 votes. 仅以185票的微弱优势赢取选举。
• The opposition had a narrow defeat. 反对派险些胜出。
• We won a narrow victory. 我们险胜。
a narrow escape
■a situation in which you only just avoid danger 死里逃生
• We got out in time but it was a narrow escape. 我们险些未能及时逃脱。
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
a narrow squeak UK informal
■a success that was almost a failure 险胜，侥幸成功
• We caught the ferry but it was a narrow squeak. 我们险些没赶上度船。
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to become less wide or to make something less wide （使）变窄，（使）缩窄
• The road narrows after the bridge. 过桥之后道路变窄了。
• He narrowed his eyes in suspicion. 他猜疑地眯起眼睛。
• They have narrowed the focus of the investigation, to concentrate on younger adults. 他们把调查的重点范围缩小，集中在年轻人身上。
• figurative We must strive to narrow the gap between rich and poor. 我们必须努力缩小贫富差距。
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] narrow sth down
■to make a number or list of things smaller and clearer, by removing the things that are least important, necessary or suitable 把…缩减，压缩
• We narrowed the list of candidates down from ten to three. 我们把候选人从十位筛选至三位。
adj. 狭窄的，有限的；勉强的；精密的；度量小的
 - nice, limited, finite, exact, precision
n. 海峡；狭窄部分，隘路
 - neck, channel, sound
vi. 变窄
 - straiten

Word: cream
Front: cream
[kri:m] (高研四六雅 2008/2546 -K3)
Vocabulary: cream
(once / 233 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4v 5v
Cream is the part of milk that's especially rich, creamy, and fatty. Many people like to add cream to their coffee.
Heavy cream can be whipped until it's thick, and light cream might be added to a soup or sauce to add richness. Another kind of cream is a thick lotion, like a skin cream or a night cream. When you cream ingredients together, you mix them until they're fluffy. Calling someone "the cream of the crop," means they're the very best at what they do, and when you cream someone in a game of tennis, you win easily.
WORD FAMILY
cream: cream-colored, creamed, creamer, creamery, creaming, creams, creamy +/creamer: creamers/creamery: creameries/ creamy: creamier, creamiest, creamily, creaminess, creamy-colored
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some poor families spend large sums on expensive creams to fight the disease.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The extra height of the lid accommodates whipped cream or cappuccino foam, and its inner ring reduces “dribble at the rim,” the company’s website says.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
This crunchy boat of a potato was fried to a crisp and then topped with sour cream and some veggies like radishes and broccoli dust.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 乳霜; 精英; 奶油色; 乳脂，奶油
vt. 把…搅成糊状（或奶油状）混合物; 彻底打败，狠揍
时态：creamed, creaming, creams
分布：奶油(77%)，面霜(11%)，乳酪(5%)，精华(5%)，米色(1%)，使成糊状(1%)
→来自拉丁词chrisma（油膏，词源同Chrism）和cramum（奶油）的合成词。
n.乳脂,(鲜)奶油;奶油色"Ice-cream!" he screamed in dream."冰淇淋!"他在梦中惊叫道.
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the thick yellowish-white liquid that forms on the top of milk 忌廉；鲜奶油
• strawberries and cream 加鲜奶油的草莓
• Do you like cream in your coffee? 你的咖啡要加鲜奶油吗？
• UK a cream cake (= cake with cream in it) 鲜奶油蛋糕
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the colour of cream 奶油色，淡黄色，米黄色
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a soft substance that you rub into your skin 护肤霜
• face/hand cream 面霜／护手霜
• moisturizing cream 润肤霜
• Put some sun cream on to protect your face. 抹点防晒霜保护脸部。
countable
■a type of sweet which is soft inside 奶油夹心糖
• chocolate/peppermint creams 巧克力／薄荷忌廉夹心糖
uncountable
■a thick liquid used for cleaning things 清洁乳液
• cream cleaner 乳液清洁剂
cream of mushroom/tomato, etc. soup
■soup that has been made into a smooth thick liquid and usually has cream in it 鲜奶油蘑菇／番茄等汤
[kri:m] noun
the cream of sth
■the best of a particular group of things or people …的精华；…的精英
• The cream of this year's graduates have gone abroad for jobs. 今年的优秀毕业生都出国谋职去了。
• These artists are the best of our students - the cream of the crop. 这些艺术家是我们学生中的佼佼者——是他们之中的精英。
[kri:m] adjective
 ADVANCED
■having a yellowish-white colour 奶油色的，淡黄色的，米黄色的
• a cream shirt 淡黄色的衬衫
[kri:m] verb transitive
■to make food into a smooth thick liquid 把…搅成糊状
• Cream the butter and sugar together. 将奶油和糖混合起来搅成糊状。
[kri:m] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cream sth/sb off
■to remove the best part of something or the best people in a group and use them for your own advantage 提取（精华）；选取（最好的人或物）
• They had a plan to cream off the brightest children and put them in separate schools. 他们计划挑出最聪明的孩子，把他们送进专门的学校。
n. [食品] 奶油，乳脂；精华；面霜；乳酪
 - essence, elite, flower, prime, distillation

Word: secretary
Vocabulary: secretary
(once / 68 pages)
n
If you handle the correspondence and clerical work for your boss or your company, you are a secretary. One of your duties as a secretary is to open the mail.
Today, the preferred term for the kind of secretary who works in an office is administrative assistant. The noun secretary can also refer to the person who is in charge of an administrative department in the government, like the Secretary of Defense. A secretary can also be a piece of furniture — specifically, a type of writing desk.
WORD FAMILY
secretary: secretarial, secretaries, secretaryship, undersecretary+/secretaryship: secretaryships/undersecretary: undersecretaries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Andrew Puzder, a restaurant executive set to serve as labor secretary, will face scrutiny for past comments on the minimum wage, among other policies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Its study, by general secretary Andrew Harrop, was based on recent election results and polling.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Culture Secretary Karen Bradley said it was important to remember the "horrors" of the Ypres battlefields, and honour the memories of the many who died.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: gate
Front: gate
[geɪt] (中高 2010/1707 -K3)
Vocabulary: gate
(once / 74 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A gate is a moveable barrier that closes or opens a gap in a wall or fence. A garden gate might swing on rusty hinges, when closed helping to keep deer away from your vegetables.
A pasture gate keeps cattle or horses safe inside a fence, and if you visit someone who lives in a gated community, you'll have to be buzzed in before the gate opens to allow you inside. You'll also find gates at the airport — they're the areas with doors leading out to the airplane. The Old English source of gate is geat, "gate, door, opening, or passage."
WORD FAMILY
gate: gated, gates, gating
USAGE EXAMPLES
There will also be a smaller ballot for a limited number of tickets for the event at the Menin Gate memorial.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s just so many checks and balances, it just doesn’t surprise me that he got caught before this plane was able to leave the gate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The statement says once at the gate, an employee of the airline’s ground handling vendor was found in the cargo area.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 门; 闸门; 登机门; 入场费
vt. 给…装大门; [电子学] 电波传送
时态：gated, gating, gates
分布：大门(84%)，登机门(6%)，出入口(4%)，门票收入(3%)，解雇(2%)，常表示政治丑闻(1%)
→来自ghed, 排便，衍生自ghe，走，释放，词源同go.
n.大门;入口;观众人数,门票收入The fateful up-to-date data of the gate have a fatal error.大门的决定性最新数据有一个致命错误.
noun countable
STRUCTURE 建筑物
 ESSENTIAL
■a part of a fence or outside wall that is fixed at one side and opens and closes like a door, usually made of metal or wooden strips （通常由金属条或木头条板做的）大门，栅栏门，围墙门
 ADVANCED
■a similar device that slides across an opening, often folding into a smaller space as it is opened （可滑动伸缩的）推拉门，活动门，卷帘门
• The lift won't move if the safety gate isn't shut properly. 如果防护门没有关好，电梯不会开动。
 ADVANCED
■a part of an airport where travellers are allowed to get on or off a particular aircraft （机场大楼的）登机门，登机口
• All passengers for flight LH103 please proceed to gate 16. 搭乘 LH103号班机的乘客请前往16号登机口登机。
[geɪt] noun countable
PEOPLE 人 UK informal
■the number of people that go to see a sports event or other large event, or the amount of money people pay to see it 观众人数；门票收入
• Gates at football matches were lower than average last season. 上个赛季观看足球比赛的人数低于平均水准。
door, gate
这组词都有“门”的意思，其区别是：
door: 指建筑物的大门或房间的门，一般有墙有顶，也指车辆等的门。
gate: 指校园、公园、工厂、城市或庭院等的大门，通常有墙无顶。
n. [建] 大门；出入口；门道
 - portal, main entrance

Word: solid
Front: solid
[ˈsɒlɪd] (中高研四六 2011/2417 -K3)
Vocabulary: solid
(once / 127 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adj
A solid, as opposed to a liquid or gas, has a size and shape to it. It doesn't flow like water or disappear into the air.
At first glance, solid appears to be a simple word, but it really offers shades of meaning. A solid friend is dependable. If you give a solid performance, it was very good, though not quite great. Likewise, if you achieve a solid win, you win by a large, but not huge, majority. In a less figurative use, if a piece of chocolate is solid — as opposed to hollow — it is chocolate throughout.
WORD FAMILY
solid: semisolid, solid-colored, solidest, solidify, solidity, solidly, solidness, solids+/solidification: solidifications/ solidify: solidification, solidified, solidifies, solidifying/solidity: solidities
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is a true tossup of a game between solid teams and accomplished quarterbacks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Official data on Sunday also showed China's manufacturing sector expanded in December, indicating the world's second-largest economy is entering 2017 on solid footing.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Every year, humans generate more than a billion tons of solid waste, and that number will be closer to 4 billion by 2100.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 固体的; 实心的; 结实的，可靠的; 可信赖的
n. 固体; 立体图形; 立方体
分布：固体(78%)，可靠的(7%)，固体的(4%)，实心的(4%)，结实的(4%)，立体图形(2%)，一致地(1%)
→来自拉丁语 solidus,整个的，完整的，健全的，来自 sol,整个的，词源同 hologram,safe. 引申诸相关比喻义。
a.固体的;结实的,稳固的,可靠的n.固体The man who broke the sole solid lid is solemnly condemned.打破这个仅有的实心盖子的人受到庄严谴责.
US ['sɑ:.lɪd] adjective
HARD 坚硬的
 ESSENTIAL
■hard or firm, keeping a clear shape 坚固的；坚硬的
• solid ground 坚硬的地面
• a solid object 坚固的物体
• a solid structure 坚固的结构
 ESSENTIAL
■completely hard or firm all through an object, or without any spaces or holes 实心的，无空隙的
• solid rock 实心的石头
• a solid oak table 质地坚实的橡木桌子
• solid doors/walls 实心门／墙
• a solid line of traffic 拥挤不堪的车流
• The lecture hall was packed solid (with students). 演讲大厅里挤满了（学生）。
 IMPROVER
■describes a metal or a colour which is pure, and does not have anything else mixed together with it 纯的，无杂质的
• solid gold/silver candlesticks 纯金／银烛台
• a white rose on a solid blue background 纯蓝色背景下的一朵白玫瑰
UK ['sɒl.ɪd] US ['sɑ:.lɪd] adjective
NOT LIQUID/GAS 非液体／气体
 IMPROVER
■not liquid or gas 固体的，固态的
• Liquid and solid waste is collected in the tank. 液体和固体废弃物集中在箱罐里。
• Freeze the mixture for about 3 hours or so until solid. 把混合物冷冻三小时左右，直到其变成固体。
■describes food which is not in liquid form, especially when given to babies or people who are ill （尤指给婴儿或病人吃的食物）固体的
• That rice pudding was the first solid food he's eaten since his operation. 那种大米布丁是他手术后吃的第一种固体食物。
UK ['sɒl.ɪd] US ['sɑ:.lɪd] adjective
CERTAIN 确定的
 ADVANCED
■certain or safe; of a good standard; giving confidence or support 确定的；扎实的；可信赖的
• This provided solid evidence that he committed the crime. 这提供了确凿证据，证明他犯了罪。
• The drama course gives students a solid grounding in the basic techniques of acting. 戏剧课为学生们的表演基本功打下了扎实的基础。
UK ['sɒl.ɪd] US ['sɑ:.lɪd] adjective
CONTINUOUS 持续的
■continuing for a period of time without stopping 持续的，不间断的
• I slept for eleven solid hours. 我整整睡了11个小时。
• The hotel was booked solid all of December. 整个12月份该旅馆的客房都被订光了。
UK ['sɒl.ɪd] US ['sɑ:.lɪd] noun
OBJECT 物体
countable specialized
■an object that has a height, width and length, and is not flat 立体；立体图形
• A cube and a pyramid are both solids. 立方体和棱锥体都是立体图形。
UK ['sɒl.ɪd] US ['sɑ:.lɪd] noun
NOT LIQUID/GAS 非液体／气体
countable
■a substance that is not liquid or gas 固体物质
countable usually plural
■a food not in liquid form 固体食物
solid, firm, hard
这组词都有“坚定的，结实的”的意思，其区别是：
solid: 着重质地紧密、坚实和无间隙，含有在外部压力下仍可保持原有形状的意味。
firm: 侧重指质地坚硬、不易切割或有弹性，一旦变形会很快恢复原形。
hard: 侧重有抗拒压力或拉力的性质，但不一定有弹性。
adj. [物] 固体的；可靠的； [数] 立体的；结实的；一致的
 - responsible, honest, united, consistent, reliable
n. [物] 固体； [数] 立方体
 - cube

Word: hill
Front: hill
[hɪl] (中高 1800/1134 -K3)
Vocabulary: hill
(once / 86 pages)
nv
A hill is a high ridge or mound of land, not as tall as a mountain. A house on a hill has a great view of the surrounding countryside, and very little chance of being flooded.
You can hike or drive up a hill — a gentle upward slope, in either case. An accidental or deliberate mound of stuff is another kind of hill, like a hill of snow in your yard, or a hill of trash at the dump. What's considered a hill in mountainous India — a height of up to 10,000 feet — is absolutely a mountain in Great Britain, where a hill is defined as an elevation of less than 2,000 feet.
WORD FAMILY
hill: hilled, hilling, hills, hilly +/ hilly: hilliness, hillyer
USAGE EXAMPLES
SHILOH, West Bank — Through eight years of escalating criticism from the world’s most powerful leader, Israeli construction in these sacred, militarily occupied hills never stopped.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Coleridge believed the clean air on the hill at Highgate was beneficial in his attempts to cure himself of opium addiction.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
State highway officials say the department plans to place new signs in the area warning of the steep hills.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 小山，山冈; 斜坡
v. 把…堆成小山; 培土于…周围
时态：hilled, hilling, hills
分布：小山(73%)，斜坡(12%)，山冈(7%)，丘陵(6%)，堆起(1%)，培土(1%)
→来自古英语hyll,小山，来自kel,上升，升起，突出，词源同column,culminate,excel.其高度并没有准确的定义和规定。
n.小山,山岗,高地;[pl.]丘陵(地带)Nowadays the once unknown snowy hill is well-known for snowstorm.如今那座曾经不出名的多雪小山因暴风雪而出名.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an area of land that is higher than the surrounding land 小山，丘陵
• Hills are not as high as mountains. 丘陵不像山脉那样高大。
• Their house is on the top of a hill. 他们的房子在小山顶上。
• In the summer, the shepherds move their sheep up into the hills (= an area where there are hills). 夏天，牧羊人把羊群赶到丘陵地带放牧。
■a slope in a road （路的）斜坡
• That hill's far too steep to cycle up. 那个坡太陡了，脚踏车根本骑不上去。
[hɪl] noun countable
over the hill often humorous
■used for describing someone who is old and no longer useful or attractive 过了巅峰期；年老不中用
hill, volcano, mountain, range, mount, peak
这组词都有“山”的意思，其区别是：
hill: 通常指小的土山、石山或浅丘。有时也指高山，复数表群山。
volcano: 特指主要由喷出的熔岩和火山灰堆积而成的圆锥形火山。
mountain: 通常指比hill高而陡的高山、山岳。但这种区别不是绝对的，“大”与“小”常常是相对而言。
range: 形成的山脉或岭。
mount: 常用于地名之前， 即一般放在专用名词前，书面用词。
peak: 指山峰，也可指山顶。
n. 小山； [地理] 丘陵；斜坡；山冈
 - slope, rises

Word: typically
Front: typically
[ˈtɪpɪkli] (2013/3411 -K2)
Vocabulary: typically
(once / 887 pages)
adv
Use the adverb typically when something happens in a general or usual way. The winner of the Miss America pageant, for example, is typically a very tall, slender young woman with long hair.
You might say that it typically takes a year to get a driver's license in your state — in other words, that's how long it takes as a general rule or on average. Or you could say that while you don't typically enjoy short stories, you read one recently that you can't get out of your mind. The adjective typical is at the root of typically, from the Late Latin typicus, "of a type," and the Greek typos, "impression."
WORD FAMILY
typical: antitypical, atypical, typicality, typically, untypical+/ atypical: atypicality, atypically/typicality: untypicality/untypical: untypically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even the National Rifle Association, which typically frames any gun control effort in apocalyptic terms, was sometimes underwhelmed.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Governors typically use the speech to outline their priorities and introduce new programs and initiatives, sending ripples cascading across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
These drugs are trained to target fast-growing cells in the body because cancer cells typically divide much more quickly than healthy tissue.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adv. 典型地; 代表性地; 通常
分布：典型地(50%)，代表性地(40%)，不出所料地(10%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a way that shows all the characteristics that you would expect from the stated person, thing or group 典型地；有代表性地
• She has that reserve and slight coldness of manner which is typically English. 她像典型的英国人那样态度矜持，略显冷淡。
• Paul, in typically rude fashion, told him he was talking rubbish. 保罗以惯有的粗鲁方式说他废话连篇。
 IMPROVER
■used when you are giving an average or usual example of a particular thing 一般地；通常
• Typically, a doctor will see about thirty patients a day. 医生通常每天要看大约30位病人。
• Tickets for such events will typically cost around thirty dollars. 这种活动的票价通常在30美元左右。

Word: noise
Front: noise
[nɔɪz] (中高雅 2012/1667 -K3)
Vocabulary: noise
(once / 74 pages)
nv
A noise is any sound. Often, it means a sound people don't like, like the noise of traffic or a barking dog.
When someone yells "What is that noise?!" you can be sure they're not happy about what they're hearing. They mean noise as anything too loud or annoying. When it comes to music, people often disagree on what's noise and what isn't. Your noise might be another person's lullaby. A car siren will wake you up, but some noises can be soothing. "White noise" is an electronically generated sound often used to help someone fall asleep.
WORD FAMILY
noise: noised, noiseless, noises, noising, noisy +/noiseless: noiselessly, noiselessness/ noisy: noisier, noisiest, noisily, noisiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Above the noise, a man I’ll call Ivan, a new friend, began chatting with me about something he was working on.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some residents wrote on social media that their windows shook from the noise.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Such a minor delay may be caused by any minimal distraction: a sudden noise, a quick glance at the phone or a random thought.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 噪音; 嘈杂声，喧闹声; 声音，声响; 杂音
vt. 谣传; 哄传; 传说
vi. 发出声音; 大声议论
时态：noised, noising, noises
分布：噪声(59%)，响声(18%)，喧闹声(14%)，谣传(7%)，发出噪音(1%)，大声说话(1%)
→词源不详，通常认为来自nausea,晕船，恶心。引申词义呕吐声，大叫，后用于指噪音。
n.喧闹声,噪声,吵嚷声There is too much noise in this class.这课堂太嘈杂了.
noun
SOUND 声音
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■(a) sound, especially when it is not wanted, unpleasant or loud 噪声；杂音；嘈杂声；喧闹声
• The noise out in the street was deafening. 外面街道上的喧闹声震耳欲聋。
• I heard a loud noise and ran to the window. 我听见一声巨响，于是向窗户跑去。
• traffic/background noise 交通噪音／背景杂音
• dangerously high noise levels 达到危险水准的高噪音级
[nɔɪz] noun
SIGNAL 信号
uncountable specialized
■any bad change in a signal, especially in a signal produced by an electronic device （尤指电子设备的）干扰，干扰讯号
• Using a single chip reduces (the) noise on the output signal by 90%. 使用单晶片可使对输出信号的干扰降低90%。
[nɔɪz] noun
make (all) the right / correct , etc. noises UK
■to say the things you are expected to say, sometimes when you do not mean them 故作踊跃；随声附和
• He made all the right noises about my audition but I couldn't tell if he was genuinely impressed. 他不停说我的试唱好，但我判断不出他是否真的这样觉得。
[nɔɪz] noun
make a noise about sth informal
■to talk about or complain about something a lot 对…说个不停；不停地抱怨
• She's been making a lot of noise about moving to a new house. 她一直唠叨要搬新家的事。
[nɔɪz] noun
make noises UK informal
■to show what you think or feel by what you say, without stating it directly （在言语间）透露，暗示；放出风声
• She made very positive noises at the interview about me getting the job. 她在面试中明确暗示我能获得这份工作。
(also make a noise)
■to complain or make trouble 抱怨；惹麻烦
• If things start going badly again, our members are sure to make noises. 如果事态再次恶化，我们的成员肯定会抱怨。
voice, sound, noise
voice: 人的嗓音,
sound: 自然界各种各样的声音,
noise: 噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
n. 噪音；响声； [环境] 杂音
 - row-de-dow, klang
vt. 谣传
 - rumor
vi. 发出声音；大声议论
 - make a sound

Word: grass
Front: grass
[grɑ:s] (中高雅 2014/2003 -K3)
Back: n. 草，青草; 草地，草坪; 告密者; 〈俚〉龙须菜
vt. 用草覆盖; 使…长满草; 使…吃草
vi. 渐渐被草覆盖; 放牧
时态：grassed, grassing, grasses
分布：草(77%)，草地(22%)，告发(1%)
→来自ghre, 生长，变绿，词源同grow, green.
n.草,草地It was not the aluminum but the massive brass and bronze on the grass that embarrassed me.让我为难的不是铝而是草地上厚重的黄铜和青铜.
US [græs] noun
PLANT 植物
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a low green plant which grows naturally over a lot of the Earth's surface, having groups of very thin leaves which grow in large numbers very close together 草，青草
• a blade of grass 一片草叶
• cut the grass 割草
• a vase of dried flowers and grasses (= different types of grass) 插着干花草的花瓶
uncountable slang * cannabis
UK [grɑ:s] US [græs] noun
PERSON 人
countable UK slang
■a person, usually a criminal, who tells the police about other criminals' activities 告密者，通风报信者（通常指告发其同伙的罪犯）
⇒ See also supergrass
UK [grɑ:s] US [græs] noun
The grass is always greener on the other side (of the fence). saying
■something that you say which means that other people always seem to be in a better situation than you, although they may not be （总是觉得别人的处境好）邻家的草分外青；这山望着那山高
• I sometimes think I'd be happier teaching in Spain. Oh well, the grass is always greener on the other side! 我有时会觉得在西班牙教书会更开心。嗨，真是的，这山望着那山高啊。
UK [grɑ:s] US [græs] noun
put sb out to grass informal
■to make someone stop work permanently because they are too old （因为年老而）将（某人）免职，迫使（某人）退休
UK [grɑ:s] US [græs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  grass on sb UK slang
■If a person grasses on somebody else, they tell the police or someone in authority about something bad that that person has done 向警方告密；向警方告发（某人）
• Dan grassed on them to the local police. 丹向当地警方告发了他们。
UK [grɑ:s] US [græs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] grass sth over
■to grow grass on an area of land 在…上种草；使长满草
herb, grass, weed
这组词都有“草”的意思，其区别是：
herb: 指可供药用或生产食物调料用的草。
grass: 指一般的青草或牧草。
weed: 指混在作物中的杂草或园中的野草。
n. [植] 草；草地，草坪
 - lawn, herba
vt. 放牧；使……长满草；使……吃草
 - feed, range

Word: unfortunately
Front: unfortunately
[ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənətli] (高研四六托 2016/1910 -K3)
Vocabulary: unfortunately
(once / 246 pages)
adv
Use unfortunately to describe an event that is unlucky or bad in some way. Unfortunately, life is full of chances to use this word.
Someone who's fortunate has good luck. Unfortunately is the adverb form of unfortunate — so unfortunately means "unluckily." If someone asks you whether you have to go to work tomorrow when you'd rather go to the beach, you might answer, "Unfortunately." You might also use unfortunately when you give someone bad news, as in "Unfortunately, we cannot accept your dog to obedience class at this time” or “Unfortunately, you have the flu.”
WORD FAMILY
unfortunate: unfortunately, unfortunates+/ fortunate: fortunately, fortunatest, misfortunate, unfortunate / fortune: fortunate, fortunes, misfortune /misfortunate: misfortunately/ misfortune: misfortunes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Well, unfortunately, many times the colors of the promotional lipsticks or eye shadows are just not your shade.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Unfortunately, Robinson converted just 73 of those targets into receptions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Unfortunately, he was greeted at the emergency room doors by a priest, Grogan said, because nobody believed she would be survive.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 不幸地，遗憾地; 可惜; 不巧
分布：不幸地(64%)，遗憾地(36%)
ad.不幸地He was unfortunately caught in the shower.他运气不好遇到这场阵雨.
US [-'fɔ:r-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used to say that something is sad, disappointing or has a bad effect 不幸地；倒楣地
• Unfortunately, I didn't have my credit card with me or I'd certainly have bought it. 很不凑巧，我没带信用卡，否则我肯定早买了。
UK [ʌn'fɔ:.tʃən.ət.li] US [-'fɔ:r-] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  unfortunatelyWarning: Common word-building error! If an adjective ends with 'te', just add 'ly' to make an adverb. Don't write 'unfortunatly' or 'unfortunatelly', write unfortunately.
adv. 不幸地
 - unhappily, unluckily

Word: hat
Front: hat
[hæt] (中高雅 2015/2209 -K3)
Back: n. 帽子; （帽子所表示的）职位，职务
vt. 给…戴上帽子，为…提供帽子
vi. 供应帽子; 制造帽子
时态：hatted, hatting, hats
分布：帽子(96%)，制造帽子(2%)，提供帽子(1%)，给 ... 戴帽子(1%)
→来自kadh,覆盖，保护，词源同hood,heed.引申词义帽子。
n.帽子(一般指有边的帽子)On the flat platform the bat will pat whatever hat it likes.在平坦的站台上,蝙蝠会拍打它喜欢的任何帽子.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a covering for the head that is not part of a piece of clothing 帽子
• a straw hat 草帽
• a woolly hat 羊毛帽
• a wide-brimmed hat 宽边帽
■used to refer to one of the various jobs or responsibilities that someone has 职位；职责
• A couple of the kitchen staff are on holiday so I'm wearing my chef's hat tonight. 有几位厨师休假了，所以今晚我来掌厨。
• This is me with my manager's hat on talking. 我这是以经理的身份在讲话。
[hæt] noun countable
hats off to sb old-fashioned
■said to praise and thank someone for doing something helpful 向（某人）致敬，表示感谢
• Hats off to Connie for finding such a splendid venue for a party! 感谢康妮找到了这个理想的派对场地！
[hæt] noun countable
take your hat off to sb
■If you say that you take your hat off to someone, you mean that you admire them for an achievement 向（某人）脱帽致敬
• So Emma actually manages to juggle two small children and a full-time job, does she? Well, I take my hat off to her. 这么说艾玛在照顾好两个小孩子的同时还做着一份全职工作，是吗？我可真佩服她。
[hæt] noun countable
throw your hat into the ring
■to announce your intention of entering a competition or election 宣布参赛；宣布参选
cap, hat
这组词都有“帽子”的意思，其区别是：
cap: 指无边的便帽，呀表示职业的帽子，如运动帽、军帽等。
hat: 指有边的帽子，尤指礼帽。
n. 帽子
 - cap, chapeau, titfer

Word: legislation
Front: legislation
[ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃn] (研四六托雅宝 2017/1365 -3)
Vocabulary: legislation
(once / 242 pages)
n
Legislation is the act or process of making or enacting laws. Some people think there should be more legislation in the area of education and some people think there should be less — governments debates the matter periodically.
The noun legislation refers to the actual law enacted by a legislative body at the national, state, or local level. There has been some very odd legislation over the years. In one state it was illegal to kiss on a train; in another, it was illegal to take a bath on Sunday. The sweeping legislation made radical changes to tax law, health care, and immigration law.
WORD FAMILY
legislation: legislations+/ legislate: legislated, legislates, legislating, legislation, legislative, legislator, legislature / legislative: legislatively/ legislator: legislators, legislatorship/ legislature: legislatures
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said he hoped the case would spark renewed efforts towards enacting anti-discrimination legislation to protect more people like him.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Mr. Pratt also vouched for the concealed carry legislation from Rep. Richard Hudson, the North Carolina Republican who introduced the bill in the House.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“With the legislation currently in place, it’s incredibly difficult for law enforcement to track down guns that emerge from the secondary market.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 立法，制定法律; 法律，法规
分布：立法(68%)，法律(18%)，法规(14%)
立法(legislate+ion)[leg,legis=law,表示"法律"]
n.法律(规);立法,法律的制定(或通过)This is a significant piece of legislation.这是一项重要立法.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament 法律；立法
• [+ to infinitive] The government has promised to introduce legislation to limit fuel emissions from cars. 政府承诺将透过立法来限制汽车废气排放。
n. 立法；法律
 - lawmaking, lex

Word: succeed
Front: succeed
[səkˈsi:d] (中高研四六托 2018/1741 -K4)
Vocabulary: succeed
(once / 35 pages)
v
When you succeed at something, you reach a goal or do really well. If you practice speaking Arabic every day, you are likely to succeed at becoming fluent in this language.
When you succeed, you achieve the result you hope for, but another way to use succeed is to describe taking over a position. A prince who will inherit his father's kingdom will succeed his father one day, and a new high school principal can be said to succeed the old one. The Latin root of succeed is succedere, come close after.
WORD FAMILY
succeed: succeeded, succeeder, succeeding, succeeds, succession, successive, successor +/succeeder: succeeders/succeeding: succeedingly/ succession: successions/ successive: successively, successiveness/ successor: successors
USAGE EXAMPLES
It succeeded just once in eight attempted launches last year.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Domestically, an attempted army coup last summer almost succeeded in toppling Erdoğan.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“What we need is a great national cleanup,” said Moon Jae-in, an opposition leader who is the leading candidate to succeed Ms. Park.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 成功; 继承
vt. 继承，继任，继位; 随…之后
时态：succeeded, succeeding, succeeds
分布：成功(91%)，继承(8%)，接着发生(1%)
→suc-,在下，在后，-ceed,走，词源同 accede,proceed.即跟在后面走，引申词义接替，继任，达 成目的，成功。
成功(suc+ceed走→从下走到上面→成功)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在…下面"]
成功;继续(suc随后＋ceed→随后跟上→继续→继续做→成功)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
vi.成功;继承,接替vt.接替;继...之后The accessory successor never made concessions to difficulties, so he succeeded in accessing successive successes.附属继承人从未向困难妥协,因此在走向连续的成功之路上
verb
ACHIEVE SOMETHING 取得某物
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■If you succeed, you achieve something that you have been aiming for, and if a plan or piece of work succeeds, it has the results that you wanted 成功；实现目标；达到目的
• She's been trying to pass her driving test for six years and she's finally succeeded. 六年来，她一直努力想通过驾照考试，终于得偿所愿。
• You need to be pretty tough to succeed in the property world. 要想在地产界出人头地，你必须要坚忍不拔。
• The campaign has certainly succeeded in raising public awareness of the issue. 毫无疑问，这项活动成功唤起大众对这问题的关注。
• humorous Richard succeeded in offending (= managed unintentionally to offend) just about everybody in the room! 理查把房间里的所有人都得罪光了！
  Common Learner Errors  succeedRemember: succeed is usually followed by the preposition in. Don't say 'succeed something', say succeed in something :
✗ I hope you will succeed your new job. I hope you will succeed in your new job. When succeed in is followed by a verb, that verb is usually in the -ing form: Don't say 'succeed to do something' or 'succeed doing something', say succeed in doing something : They finally succeeded in catching the killer.
[sək'si:d] verb
FOLLOW 跟随
intransitive or transitive
■to take an official job or position after someone else 接替，继任；继承
• He succeeded his father as editor of the paper. 他接替父亲成为报纸主编。
• When the Queen dies, her eldest son will succeed to the throne. 女王去世后，将由其长子继承王位。
■to come after another person or thing in time 随后出现；接着发生
• In the weeks that succeeded, five more patients showed similar symptoms. 接下来的几周里，又有五名患者出现类似的症状。
• Almost from its beginnings, New York has produced succeeding generations of intellectuals. 几乎是从存在之日开始，纽约就孕育了一代又一代的知识分子。
[sək'si:d] verb
If at first you don't succeed , try , try again. saying
■said to encourage someone who has failed at something to try to do it again 一次不成，再试一次（这样说是鼓励做某事失败的某人再尝试做一次）
succeed, prosper, thrive, flourish
这组词都有“兴旺，成功”的意思，其区别是：
succeed: 表示成功，强调完成某件想往或企图去做的事，与fail相对。
prosper: 指持续不断地成功，也指越来越成功。
thrive: 指蓬勃发展，常指显而易见的成功。
flourish: 指处于成功、繁荣、进步的顶盛阶段。
resume, succeed, continue, go on
这组词都有“继续”的意思，其区别是：
resume: 指中断后的继续。
succeed: 侧重指有规律地连续。
continue: 普通用词。或指持续而不停止，或有一段中断后又继续下去。
go on: 通俗用词，多用于口语中。go on+-ing表暂停后继续做原事，即后继续的内容与原来的内容相同。go on+不定式指做完某事后，接着做不同的另一件事。
vi. 成功；继承；继任；兴旺
 - arrive, win, make good
vt. 继承；接替；继…之后
 - to inherit, take sth over

Word: either
Front: either
[ˈaɪðə(r)] (中高 558/437 -K5)
Vocabulary: either
(once / 26 pages)
adv
Either usually signals a choice between two things. Either we go to the movies or the park: we can't do both.
Either is used in many comparisons, as in: "I'm not young, but I'm not old either" or "I'm no Martha Stewart, but I'm not a slob either." A choice between two things is often called an either/or choice. You can vote for either the Republican candidate, the Democratic candidate, or an independent candidate. You can't vote for two of them or all three. When you see the word either, you're probably going to have to make a choice.
WORD FAMILY
either: eithers
USAGE EXAMPLES
There was no immediate comment from either North or South Korea on Mr. Trump’s latest remarks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Whether he's sentenced to death or not, it's unlikely Roof would be executed any time soon, in either jurisdiction.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Brown said the team would prefer not to use franchise tags on either player.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: pron. （两者之中）任何一个
adj. （两者中）任一的; 非此即彼的，两者择一的
adv. （否定句中）也; [用于否定句或否定词组后]也（不…），亦，而且; [口语] [用于否定句或否定词组后以加强语气]根本; 当然
conj. [通常用于“either…or…”结构中]或者，要么[在“either…or…”结构中，动词的人称和数一般与离得最近的主动响应，但有时用第三人称单数，在口语中也有把两个主语合在一起用作复数的]
分布：任一(66%)，任一的(26%)，两方的(8%)
→缩写自古英语aeghwaether, 来自ae, 词源同each. hwaether,同whether. 即两者中永远有一个。
ad.也(不)pron.两者之一a.(两者中)任一的There's coffee or tea - you can have either.咖啡或茶──你可以任选一种.
UK ['i:-] US [-ðɚ] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used in negative sentences instead of 'also' or 'too' （在否定句中代表 also 或 too）也
• I don't eat meat and my husband doesn't either. 我不吃肉，我丈夫也不吃。
• "I've never been to the States." "I haven't either." “我从没去过美国。”“我也没有。”
• They do really good food at that restaurant and it's not very expensive either. 那家餐厅饭菜做得很好，而且价格也不太贵。
UK ['aɪ.ðər] UK ['i:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner pronoun conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■used when referring to a choice between two possibilities （两种可能性的选择）要么…要么，不是…就是，或者…或者；（两者中）任何一个
• Either candidate would be ideal for the job. 这两个人任何一个都是做这项工作的理想人选。
• "Do you prefer pork or beef?" "I don't like either." “你喜欢吃猪肉还是牛肉? ” “任何一样我都不喜欢。”
• "Would you like the metal or plastic one?" "Either will do." “你是要金属的，还是塑胶的？”“哪种都行。”
• You can get there by train or bus - either way/in either case it'll take an hour. 去那里你想坐火车和大巴士都行——怎么去都得花一个小时。
• We can either eat now or after the show - it's up to you. 我们可以现在吃饭，也可以在演出后吃——由你决定。
• Either you leave now or I call the police! 要么你现在离开，要么我就叫员警！
UK ['aɪ.ðər] UK ['i:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner
 IMPROVER
■both （两者中）每个，各方
• Unfortunately I was sitting at the table with smokers on either side of me. 真倒楣，餐桌上坐在我两边的人都抽烟。
either, likewise, as well, also, too
这组词都有“也”的意思，其区别是：
either: 用于否定句，放在句末，之前加逗号。
likewise: 是书面语用词。
as well: 一般不用否定句，通常放在句末，强调时可放在句中。
also: 比too正式一些，语气较重，只用于肯定句，一般紧靠动词。
too: 语气较轻，多用于口语，在肯定句中使用，通常位于句末。
conj. 或者
 - or, vel
adv. 也（用于否定句或否定词组后）；根本
 - too, also, ultimately, likewise

Word: celebrate
Front: celebrate
[ˈselɪbreɪt] (中高研四六托 2019/2443 -K3)
Vocabulary: celebrate
(once / 100 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To celebrate means to mark a special day, event, or holiday. You might celebrate a birthday, a religious holiday, or even the anniversary of a famous battle.
Use celebrate for festive, happy occasions. If the special day, event, or holiday is more solemn or introspective, a verb like observe is often used. After we observe Memorial Day, we look forward to celebrating the Fourth of July. The verb can also mean to honor or praise — "The book celebrated the life of the actress who had given so much to worthy causes."
WORD FAMILY
celebrate: celebrated, celebrater, celebrates, celebrating, celebration, celebrator, celebratory+/celebrater: celebraters/ celebration: celebrations/celebrator: celebrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
The junior confidently drilled the Rose Bowl winner, sprinting away to celebrate amid pandemonium in the packed stadium.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
I was celebrating the end of the semester.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Here are a few facts to consider while celebrating the new year:
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 庆祝; 祝贺; 举行宗教庆典; 歌颂
时态：celebrated, celebrating, celebrates
分布：庆祝(91%)，庆贺(6%)，颂扬(3%)
→来自拉丁词celeber, 拥挤的，出名的。可能最终来自sker, 转，围，词源同ring, crowd. 即围起来的一群人。该词原指宗教弥撒，后指庆祝各种活动。
庆祝[celebr=honor(荣誉)]
vt.庆祝;颂扬,赞美vi.庆祝,过节He will celebrate his birthday on Friday.他周五将庆祝自己的生日.
verb
ENJOY AN OCCASION 庆祝某一活动
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to take part in special enjoyable activities in order to show that a particular occasion is important 庆祝，庆贺；祝贺
• We always celebrate our wedding anniversary by going out to dinner. 每年的结婚纪念日我们都出去吃饭庆祝。　
• If this plan works, we'll celebrate in style (= in a special way). 要是这个计划奏效，我们就隆重地庆贺一下。
['sel.ɪ.breɪt] verb
PRAISE 赞扬
 ADVANCED transitive formal
■to express admiration and approval for something or someone 赞扬，赞美；歌颂
• His work celebrates the energy and enthusiasm of the young. 他的作品赞颂年轻人的活力和热情。
['sel.ɪ.breɪt] verb
LEAD A CEREMONY 主持仪式
transitive
■to lead or take part in a religious ceremony 主持，参加（宗教仪式）
• to celebrate Mass 主持弥撒
congratulate, celebrate
这组词都有“庆祝，祝贺”的意思，其区别是：
congratulate: 指对他人祝贺为目的，希望他人幸福或走运。
celebrate: 通常指举行盛大隆重的仪式庆祝或纪念有意义的日子或某件事情，多暗示节日般的欢乐场面。
vt. 庆祝；举行；赞美；祝贺
 - stage, praise, bless, commemorate
vi. 庆祝；过节；举行宗教仪式
 - rejoice, whoop it up

Word: achievement
Front: achievement
[əˈtʃi:vmənt] (高四六托雅 2021/1978 -K2)
Vocabulary: achievement
(once / 312 pages)
n
Achievement is another word for accomplishment. My greatest achievement to date is the time I won the annual hay-stacking contest at the county fair. That was twenty darn years ago, but I still look back fondly on that moment and the trophy I got to take home.
A noun used to describe something finished successfully or the act of accomplishing, achievement comes from the similarly spelled Middle French achievement “a finishing.” For some people, just being able to make it to work every day on time could be considered an achievement, but the word is usually applied to feats of more heroic proportions. Ralph Waldo Emerson once said, “Every great achievement is the victory of a flaming heart.”
WORD FAMILY
achievement: achievements, nonachievement+/ achievable: achievability, unachievable/ achieve: achievable, achieved, achievement, achiever, achieves, achieving, overachieve, underachieve/achiever: achievers, nonachiever/nonachiever: nonachievers/overachieve: overachieved, overachievement, overachiever, overachieves, overachieving/overachiever: overachievers/unachievable: unachievably/underachieve: underachievement, underachiever, underachieves, underachieving/underachiever: underachievers
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said it’s also grown the achievement gap for those students who struggle in class.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Second Avenue line – technically a four-stop extension of the Q – is a substantial achievement for the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Lamar Jackson’s achievement as Louisville’s first Heisman Trophy winner raised expectations for him to lead the Cardinals into national championship contention.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 完成，达到; 成就，成绩
分布：成就(76%)，成绩(14%)，达到(5%)，完成(5%)
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■something very good and difficult that you have succeeded in doing 成就，成绩；功绩
• An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young. 对于如此年轻的选手而言，夺得奥运会银牌是个了不起的成就。
• The Tale of Genji has been described as the greatest achievement of Japanese literature. 《源氏物语》一直被称作是日本文学最伟大的成就。
• It gives you a sense of achievement if you actually make it to the end of a very long book. 如果你能真正读完一本厚书，就会有一种成就感。
n. 成就；完成；达到
 - effort, completion, success, execution, accomplishment

Word: fishing
Front: fishing
[ˈfɪʃɪŋ] (雅 2022/2594 -K3)
Back: n. 捕鱼，钓鱼; 渔业; 捕鱼术; 捕鱼权
v. 捕鱼(fish的现在分词)
adj. 钓鱼的; 钓鱼用的
分布：钓鱼(74%)，渔业(19%)，渔场(7%)
渔业(fish鱼)[-ing 1.表名词"状态"2.表名词"行业"3.表形容词"正…的","令人…的"]
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the sport or job of catching fish 钓鱼；捕鱼
• My dad loves to go fishing. 我爸爸喜欢钓鱼。
• a fishing UKrod/ USpole 钓竿
• salmon/trout fishing 钓鲑鱼／鳟鱼
• fishing tackle (= equipment used for catching fish) 钓具
• Fishing is still their main source of income. 捕鱼仍是他们主要的收入来源。
n. 渔业；捕鱼（术）；试探；装配
 - assembly, fabrication

Word: drink
Front: drink
[drɪŋk] (中高 1232/1284 -K4)
Vocabulary: drink
(once / 43 pages)
1vn 2n 3v
To drink is to sip, slurp, or gulp a liquid. On extremely hot days, it's important to drink plenty of water.
When you ingest any liquid, you drink it, although the verb drink is very often used to refer specifically to the sipping and swallowing of alcoholic beverages. If a bartender asks, "Do you drink?" she probably means "Do you drink alcohol?" A drink, likewise, can mean any beverage — tea, water, or lemonade — or it can mean an alcoholic one. The Old English root, drincan means both "to drink" and "to engulf."
WORD FAMILY
drink: drank, drinkable, drinked, drinker, drinking, drinks+/drinkable: drinkables, drinkably, undrinkable/drinker: drinkers, nondrinker/drinking: drinkings/nondrinker: nondrinkers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or you decide to cut down on alcohol but you keep drinking.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Investigators believe the Tunisian cook, 26, confronted Daniel R after he and another Pole stole two bottles of drink from the premises on Saturday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Implementing the Place of Last Drink program.The program requires that offenders disclose where they were served their last drink.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 喝（酒）; 饮; 喝酒; （尤指）酗酒
vt. 吸收，吸入
n. 酒，饮料; 酒宴; 一杯或一份酒
时态：drank, drunk, drinking, drinks
分布：喝(43%)，饮(21%)，酒(17%)，饮料(14%)，喝酒(5%)
→可能来自dhreng, 喝，吸，来自dhreg的鼻音化形式，拉，词源同drag, draw.
v.(drank,drunk)喝,饮n.饮料;喝酒While sinking into thinking, the shrinking linkman drank the pink ink sprinkled on the wrinkly paper.陷入沉思时,退缩的联络员喝掉了洒在皱纹纸上的粉红色墨水.
noun countable or uncountable
LIQUID 液体
 ESSENTIAL
■(an amount of) liquid which is taken into the body through the mouth 饮料；一杯，一份（饮料）
• Would you like a drink of water/tea/juice? 你想喝点水／茶／果汁吗？
• They'd had no food or drink for two days. 他们已经两天没吃没喝了。
[drɪŋk] noun countable or uncountable
ALCOHOL 酒精
 IMPROVER
■alcoholic liquid 酒精饮料，酒
• Have we got time for a quick drink? 我们有没有时间喝杯小酒？
• Whose turn is it to buy the drinks? 该轮到谁请喝酒了？
• UK We ran out of drink at the party. 在派对上我们把酒都喝光了。
drinks [plural]
■a party at which you have drinks, especially alcoholic drinks 酒会
• Come for drinks on Saturday. 周六来参加酒会吧。
• UK We're having a small drinks party for one of our colleagues who's leaving next week. 我们正在为下周即将离开的一个同事开小型酒会。
[drɪŋk] noun countable or uncountable
take to drink old-fashioned
■to start drinking alcohol often, sometimes because of a personal problem （通常指因个人问题而）开始酗酒
• He took to drink after his wife left him. 妻子离他而去之后他开始酗酒。
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
LIQUID 液体
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to take liquid into the body through the mouth 饮料；一杯，一份（饮料）
• He drank three glasses of water. 他喝了三杯水。
• The animals came down to the waterhole to drink. 动物们下到那个水坑去喝水。
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
ALCOHOL 酒精
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to drink alcohol 喝酒
• "Would you like a glass of wine?" "No thanks, I don't drink." “想喝杯酒吗?”“不，谢谢，我不喝酒。”
• I didn't drink at all while I was pregnant. 怀孕期间我滴酒未沾。
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
drink like a fish informal
■to drink too much alcohol 豪饮，饮酒过度
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
drink sb under the table informal
■to drink a lot more alcohol than someone else 比（某人）喝得多，喝得过（某人）
• Now I like a few beers but Lucy can drink me under the table. 现在我喜欢喝点啤酒，但是露西比我能喝得多。
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drink sth in
■to listen to, look at, or experience something with great interest and enjoyment 如饥似渴地倾听；饶有兴趣地关注；兴致勃勃地参与
• They drank in the words of their leader. 他们认真听领导讲话。
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  drink to sth
■If two or more people drink to something or someone, they hold their glasses up at the same time and then drink from them as a celebration, or to show respect or good wishes 为…干杯，为…举杯庆贺，为…举杯祝愿
• "Here's to a prosperous future then." "I'll drink to that !" “那这么一杯就为了美好的未来吧。”“我愿为此干杯！”
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drink (sth) up
■to finish your drink completely 喝光，喝完
• Drink up! It's time to go. 该走了，都喝了吧！
vt. 喝，饮；吸收；举杯庆贺
 - eat, absorb
vi. 喝酒；饮水；干杯
 - wine, liquor
n. 酒，饮料；喝酒
 - wine, liquor, beverage

Word: accuse
Front: accuse
[əˈkju:z] (高研四六托雅宝 2024/1893 -K4)
Vocabulary: accuse
(once / 94 pages)
v
If you charge someone with misdeeds or misconduct, you accuse that person. If the last piece of devil's food cake is missing, your sister may accuse you of eating it — especially if you have chocolate on your mouth.
The verb accuse comes from the Latin word accusare, which itself is formed from the roots ad, meaning toward, and causa, reason or lawsuit. "Cause," "excuse," and even "ruse" are all from that same root word. Today, if you're accused of a crime, you may still be headed toward a lawsuit. However, to accuse someone of a crime doesn't necessarily make them guilty — plenty of people have been falsely accused.
WORD FAMILY
accuse: accusal, accusation, accusative, accusatory, accused, accuser, accuses, accusing, accusive+/accusal: accusals/ accusation: accusations, accusatorial, self-accusation/accusative: accusatives/accusatorial: accusatorially/accuser: accusers/accusing: accusingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The councilman accused media outlets of incorrectly reporting his proposal, which he said emulated similar laws in Santa Monica, New York and Miami Beach.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He says 10 arrests were of motorists accused of driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs - up from six last year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Jackson newspaper reports that an indictment accuses Calloway of trying to get accused murderer Marvin Banks away from the scene of the officers’ shootings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 指责，谴责; 指控
时态：accused, accusing, accuses
分布：指责(76%)，控告(13%)，谴责(11%)
vt.控告,指责vi.指控,指责I refuse to accuse Fuse of diffusing confusion.我拒绝控告导火索散播混乱.
【参】accused（adj 被控告的；n 被告）；excuse（n 借口）
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to say that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal or unkind 指控，控告；指责；谴责
• "It wasn't my fault." "Don't worry, I'm not accusing you." “不是我的错。”“别担心，我不是在指责你。”
• He's been accused of robbery/murder. 他被指控犯有抢劫／谋杀罪。
• Are you accusing me of lying ? 你是在指责我撒谎吗？
• The surgeon was accused of negligence. 这名外科医生被控怠忽职守。
stand accused of sth formal
■If you stand accused of doing something wrong, people say that you have done it 被指控…；因为…受谴责
• The government stands accused of eroding freedom of speech. 政府受到侵犯言论自由的谴责。
reproach, accuse, criticism, blame
reproach: 责备，指责从个人感受出发责难别人，责难的内容不一定正确，可能是吹毛求疵的话
accuse: 指责，控告 用法be……of
criticism: 批评，评论表示辨明某一个人的优缺点
blame: 责备，批评以贬低他人的方式说话，还表示批评
reproach, accuse, charge, rebuke, denounce, scold, condemn, blame
reproach: 侧重指因他人粗心、自私等引起不满而去指责、找岔。
accuse: 正式或非正式场合，私人或法律上均可用，被指控的情节可轻可重，常与of连用
charge: 常与accuse换用，但charge多指较严重的错误或罪行，而且往往向法庭提出正式起诉。与with连用
rebuke: 多指上级对下级进行的公开、强烈、严正而不宽容的责备。隐含一定权威的意味。
denounce: 与condemn同义，但着重公开性。
scold: 普通用词，多指上级对下级、长辈对后辈或雇主对雇员的态度粗暴、言词激烈的数落。
condemn: 正式用词，表示谴责，有较强的司法意味，侧重从道义或原则上的谴责。
blame: 普通用词，语气较弱，仅是一般的责难、归咎于，不含用语言责骂之意。
sue, accuse, charge
sue: 常与for 搭配。如：Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.
accuse: 指责，指控，常与of 搭配。如：His boss accused him of carelessness.
charge: 常与with搭配。如：The police charged the driver with reckless driving.
vt. 控告，指控；谴责；归咎于
 - blame, law
vi. 指责；控告
 - law, come in for blame

Word: hand
Front: hand
[hænd] (中高雅 174/163 -K4)
Vocabulary: hand
(once / 6 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4n 5n 6n 7n 8n 9n
Your hand is the appendage with fingers at the end of your arm. When you clap your hands, you loudly smack their palms together to express your appreciation and enthusiasm.
Human hands have 27 bones, as well as extremely dextrous thumbs that make it possible for us to do things that very few animals can do. Your hands enable you to pick up small things, hold a baby, pet a cat, speak in American Sign Language, chop vegetables for a salad, and many other things. When you clap, you give someone a hand, or applaud them — and another way to lend a hand is to help someone out.
WORD FAMILY
hand: forehand, handed, handful, handing, handless, hands, overhand, overhanded, underhand, underhanded, unhand+/forehand: forehandedly, forehands/handed: forehanded, handeder, handedest, handedly, handedness/ handful: handfuls/underhand: underhandedly/unhand: unhanded, unhands
USAGE EXAMPLES
I am used to these questions, so I answer politely about cars with hand controls.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Two men, in flannel and jeans and overalls, holding hands.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Juries deciding sentences handed down punishments of life in prison about twice as often as the death penalty.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 手; 协助，帮助; （工具等的）把，柄; 掌管
vt. 传递，交给; 搀扶; 支持
时态：handed, handing, hands
分布：手(90%)，给(5%)，手艺(2%)，传(2%)，协助(1%)
→词源不详。
n.手,人手,雇员;专门业人员;指针v.交The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand.大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里.
noun
BODY PART 身体部位
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the part of the body at the end of the arm which is used for holding, moving, touching and feeling things 手
• All their toys are made by hand. 他们所有的玩具都是手工制作的。
• I delivered her invitation by hand (= not using the postal service). 我亲自把她的请帖送去。
• informal Get your hands off (= Stop touching) my bike! 别碰我的脚踏车！
• He can mend anything - he's so good with his hands. 他甚么都会修——他的手可真巧。
• You have to hold my hand when we cross the road. 我们过马路的时候你要拉着我的手。
• They walked by, holding hands. 他们手挽着手从这里经过。
• Hold your fork in your left hand and your knife in your right hand. 左手拿叉，右手拿刀。
• She sat, pen in hand (= with a pen in her hand) , searching for the right words. 她手拿钢笔坐在那里，在脑海中搜寻合适的词。
• They can't keep their hands off each other - they never stop kissing and cuddling. 他们的手就是离不开对方——他们不停地接吻拥抱。
• "Congratulations!" she said and shook me by the hand] shook my hand] shook hands with me. “恭喜你！”她握着我的手说道。
• She took me by the hand and led me into the cave. 她拉着我的手，把我带进了洞里。
• a hand towel 手巾
  Common Learner Errors  on the one hand... on the other handWarning: the correct preposition to use in this expression is on. Don't say 'in/at the one hand', say on the one hand.
✗ In the one hand mobile phones are convenient, but in the other hand they are expensive. On the one hand mobile phones are convenient, but on the other hand they are expensive.
[hænd] noun
CLOCK/WATCH 钟表／手表
 ADVANCED countable
■one of the long, thin pieces that point to the numbers on a clock or watch （钟表或手表的）指针
• Does anyone have a watch with a second hand? 谁戴的表有秒针？
[hænd] noun
CARDS 牌戏
countable
■a (single part of a) game of cards, or the set of cards which a player has in a game 一局牌；一手牌
• Who's for a hand of poker? 谁想玩一局扑克牌？
• You dealt me an appalling hand in that game. 你发了那么一手坏牌给我。
[hænd] noun
HELP 帮助
only singular
■help with doing something that needs a lot of effort 帮助，帮忙
• [+ -ing verb] Would you like a hand carrying those bags? 需要帮忙搬这些提包吗？
• Could you give/lend me a hand with (= help me to move) the table, please? 你能帮我搬一下这张桌子吗？
• I think Matthew might need a hand with his maths homework. 我看马修可能需要人帮他做数学功课。
• I could really use a hand with these accounts if you could spare a moment. 如果你有空，我还真需要人帮忙清点这些账目。
[hænd] noun
PERSON 人
countable
■a person who does physical work or is skilled or experienced in something 体力劳动者；熟练工人
• How many extra hands will we need to help with the harvest? 我们还需要多少人来帮忙收割？
• I joined the firm as a factory hand and gradually worked my way up to the top. 我刚进公司的时候本来是个工人，透过努力逐渐升到了高层。
⇒ See also farmhand
countable
■a sailor 船员，水手
• All hands on deck! 全体水手到甲板集合！
[hænd] noun
CONTROL 控制
uncountable
■control or responsibility 控制；负责，责任
• Things got a little out of hand (= the situation stopped being controlled) at the party and three windows were broken. 派对的场面有点失控，有三扇窗户被打破了。
• In my first year at college my drinking got completely out of hand. 我大学第一年酗酒很厉害。
• The police have the situation in hand (= under control). 警方已经控制了局面。
• How come there's a problem? I thought you had everything in hand (= arranged and organized). 怎么会出问题？我以为你全都安排好了。
• Their youngest child needs taking in hand (= they should start to control her) if you ask me. 我认为他们应该管教一下他们最小的孩子。
hands [plural]
■control or responsibility 控制；负责
• I'm worried about confidential information falling into the wrong hands (= being received by people who could use it against us). 我很担心最高机密落入敌手。
• Are you sure your money's in safe hands? 你确信你的钱很安全吗？
• You're in excellent hands with her - she's a very good doctor. 她来治疗你可以完全放心——她是一位非常好的医生。
• Unless I receive a satisfactory response from you within a month I shall put this matter in(to) the hands of (= make it the responsibility of) my solicitor. 除非你能在一个月内给我满意的答覆，否则我就把这件事交由我的律师处理。
• They're trying to get old stock off their hands by cutting prices. 他们试图透过降价来抛售存货。
• We get Daryl off our hands one evening a week when my mother looks after him. 我们每周有一个晚上不必去管达里尔，而由我的母亲来照顾他。
• The court will decide how much money you get - the decision is out of our hands (= is not our responsibility). 将会由法庭来决定你能拿到多少钱，对此我们无法插手。
• He's got a real problem on his hands (= he has something difficult to deal with). 他这次真的有麻烦了。
• I don't have enough time on my hands (= I do not have enough time) to work and look after the children. 我没有足够的时间一边工作一边照顾孩子。
[hænd] noun
INVOLVEMENT 参与
only singular
■involvement in or influence over an event 参与，卷入；影响
• It is not thought that terrorists had a hand in the explosion. 人们并不认为恐怖分子与此次爆炸有关。
[hænd] noun
CLAP 鼓掌
only singular
■clapping for a performer 鼓掌，拍手喝彩
• So please give a big hand to (= welcome with clapping) your host for the evening, Bill Cronshaw! 请热烈鼓掌欢迎今晚的主持比尔‧克朗修！
[hænd] noun
WRITING 笔迹
only singular old use
■a person's writing （某人的）笔迹
• an untidy hand 潦草的笔迹
[hænd] noun
MEASUREMENT 测量
countable
■a unit for measuring the height of a horse up to its shoulder 一手之宽（用来测量马匹的高度）
• One hand equals 4 inches (= 10.16 centimetres). 一手之宽相当于四吋。
[hænd] noun
at hand
■near in time or position （时间上）临近；在附近
• We want to ensure that help is at hand (= easily available) for all children suffering abuse. 我们想确保所有遭受虐待的儿童都能随时得到帮助。
[hænd] noun
at the hands of sb
■If you suffer at the hands of someone, they hurt you or treat you badly 被（某人）折磨
• How many people have died at the hands of terrorist organizations? 有多少人死在恐怖组织手中？
[hænd] noun
get/lay/put your hands on sb informal
■to catch someone 抓住（某人）
• I'll kill him if I ever get my hands on him. 如果我抓住他，就会杀了他。
[hænd] noun
get/lay/put your hands on sth informal
■to find something 把…弄到手，得到
• I can never lay my hands on a stapler in this office. 在这间办公室里我永远也找不到钉书机。
[hænd] noun
go hand in hand with sth
■If something goes hand in hand with something else, it is closely related to it and happens at the same time as it or as a result of it 与…关系密切
• Prosperity goes hand in hand with investment. 繁荣与投资密切相关。
[hænd] noun
hand in glove (US also hand and glove)
■working together, often to do something dishonest 密切合作（常指干坏事）；相勾结
• It was rumoured at the time that some of the gangs were working hand in glove with the police. 当时有谣传说一些匪徒和警方勾结。
[hænd] noun
hand in hand
■holding each other's hand 手牵手
• I saw them walking hand in hand through town the other day. 那天我看见他们手牵手走过小镇。
[hænd] noun
hand over fist
■If you make or lose money hand over fist, you make or lose a lot of money very quickly 迅速大量地（赚钱或赔钱）
• Business was good and we were making money hand over fist. 生意很好，我们很快发了大财。
[hænd] noun
sb's hands are tied
■If someone's hands are tied, they are not free to behave in the way that they would like 受到限制，受到束缚
• I'd like to raise people's salaries but my hands are tied. 我是想提高人们的工资，但我受到重重限制。
[hænd] noun
have your hands full
■to be so busy that you do not have time to do anything else 忙得不可开交
• I'd love to help but I've got my hands full organizing the school play. 我愿意帮忙，可是我正忙着筹划学校的戏剧演出，挪不出时间来。
[hænd] noun
have sth in hand mainly UK
■If you have something in hand, you have not yet used it and it is still available …在掌握中；拥有
• I've got enough money in hand to buy a new car. 我手头有足够的钱买一辆新汽车。
• Italy are three points behind France in the championship, but they have one game in hand (= one game more than France still to play). 义大利队在锦标赛里落后法国队三分，但义大利队还有一场比赛。
[hænd] noun
have sth on your hands
■If you have a difficult situation on your hands, you have to deal with it 手头有（麻烦事）要处理
■1. If the police carry on like this they'll have a riot on their hands. hand 1 如果警方继续这样下去，那么他们将要面临一场暴乱。
[hænd] noun
hold/put your hands up
■to admit that something bad is true or that you have made a mistake 承认（不愉快的事实或自己的错误）
• I know I'm bossy and I hold my hands up to that. 我承认我有点专横。
[hænd] noun
in hand
■being worked on or dealt with now 在进行中，在处理中
• They've had plenty of time to prepare, so the arrangements should be well in hand (= almost ready). 他们有足够的时间去准备，所以应该安排就绪了。
[hænd] noun
the job/matter in hand UK (US the job/matter at hand)
■the job or matter that is important at the present moment 当前重要的事务
• Could you just concentrate on the job in hand? 你能不能集中精力做手头的工作？
• If we could return to the matter in hand, we can discuss other issues later. 如果我们能够回到眼前的事情上，其他事情我们可以稍后再讨论。
[hænd] noun
keep your hand in
■to practise a skill often enough so that you do not lose the skill 经常练习（以免技艺荒废）
• I do a bit of teaching now and then just to keep my hand in. 我有时教一点书，只是不想让自己荒废了。
[hænd] noun
keep a firm hand on sth
■to control something or someone carefully 有力地控制
• Susan keeps a firm hand on everything that goes on in the office. 苏珊牢牢掌控着办公室里的一切事情。
[hænd] noun
live (from) hand to mouth
■to have just enough money to live on and nothing extra 仅够糊口，勉强度日
• My father earned very little and there were four kids, so we lived from hand to mouth. 父亲赚得很少，家里又有四个孩子，所以我们的日子过得紧巴巴的。
[hænd] noun
on hand (UK also to hand)
■near to someone or something, and ready to help or be used if necessary 在跟前，在旁边
• A 1200-strong military force will be on hand to monitor the ceasefire. 将有一支1200人的部队在现场监督停火。
• For those of you who don't have an atlas to hand, Newcastle is a city in the north-east of England. 谨向手上没有地图册的人说明，纽卡素是英格兰东北部的一座城市。
[hænd] noun
on the one hand... on the other hand IMPROVER
■used when you are comparing two different facts or two opposite ways of thinking about a situation 一方面…，另一方面…
• On the one hand I'd like a job which pays more, but on the other hand I enjoy the work I'm doing at the moment. 一方面我想要一份薪水更高的工作，但另一方面我也喜欢现在的工作。
[hænd] noun
out of hand
■If you refuse something out of hand, you refuse it completely without thinking about or discussing it 不假思索地（拒绝）
• Moving to London is certainly a possibility - I wouldn't dismiss it out of hand. 搬到伦敦去当然也是一种可能的选择——我不会断然拒绝考虑。
[hænd] noun
put your hand in your pocket
■to give money to someone or to charity (= organizations that collect money to give to poor people, ill people, etc.) （为某人或慈善机构）捐钱
• People are more inclined to put their hands in their pockets to help children. 人们更倾向于捐款帮助儿童。
[hænd] noun
a safe pair of hands
■someone who you can trust to do an important job well, without making mistakes 信得过的人
[hænd] noun
win (sth) hands down (also beat sb hands down)
■to win something/beat someone very easily 轻松取得（对…的）胜利，轻松击败（某人）
• She won the debate hands down. 她轻松获得了这场辩论的胜利。
• The last time we played squash he beat me hands down. 我们上一次打壁球时他轻松将我击败。
[hænd] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to put something into someone's hand from your own hand 将…交给，将…递给
• [+ two objects] The waiter smiled politely as he handed me my bill/handed my bill to me. 侍者彬彬有礼地微笑着递给我帐单。
• Please read this memo carefully and hand it on (to your colleagues). 请仔细阅读这则备忘录并（交给你的同事们）传阅。
[hænd] verb transitive
have (got) to hand it to sb
■If you say you have (got) to hand it to someone you mean that they have been very successful or skilful 不得不佩服（某人）
• I mean you've got to hand it to her, she's brought up those three children all on her own. 我的意思是你不得不佩服她，她一手带大了三个孩子。
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hand sth around (UK also hand round) ADVANCED
■to pass or offer something to all the people in a group 分发
• Ben, could you hand round the biscuits? 班，你能分发一下饼干吗？
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hand sth back
■to return something to the person who gave it to you 递还
• [+ two objects] "No, I've never seen him before," I said, handing her back the photograph. “不，我以前从来没见过他，”我说着把照片交还给了她。
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hand sth down
OBJECT
■to give something to someone younger than you in the family because you want them to have it or because you no longer need it 将…传给，将…留给
• This necklace was handed down to my mother by my grandmother. 外祖母把这条项炼传给了我妈妈。
TRADITION
■to pass traditions from older people to younger ones 把…传下去
• a custom handed down through the generations 世代相传的习俗
DECISION formal
■to announce an official decision, often a decision about how someone should be punished 宣布（正式决定，常为处罚）
• The court handed down an eight-year sentence. 法庭宣布判处其八年徒刑。
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  hand sth in ADVANCED
■to give something to someone in a position of authority 上交，提交
• Have you handed in your history essay yet? 你的历史论文交了没有？
• I've decided to hand in my resignation (= tell my employer I am leaving my job). 我已决定递交辞呈。
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hand sth out ADVANCED
■to give something to each person in a group or place 分发，发放
• The teacher asked her to hand out the worksheets. 老师让她分发活页练习题。
• They stood on the street corner handing out leaflets. 他们站在街角发放宣传单。
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hand sth over ADVANCED
■to give something to someone else 把…交给，把…送交
• We were ordered to hand over our passports. 有人命令我们交出护照。
⇒ See also handover
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hand sth/sb over
■to give another person control of someone or something, or responsibility for dealing with them 移交（控制权、责任等）
• The hijacker was handed over to the French police. 劫机者被移交给法国警方。
• If you'll hold the line a moment I'll hand you over to someone who might be able to help. 请稍等一会儿，我帮你转接给或许能帮上忙的人。
⇒ See also handover
n. [解剖] 手，手艺；帮助；指针；插手
 - assistance, craft, aid, index, finger
vt. 传递，交给；支持；搀扶
 - encourage, carry, second, back, transfer

Word: useful
Front: useful
[ˈju:sfl] (中高研四六雅 2026/986 -K4)
Vocabulary: useful
(once / 108 pages)
adj
If you can use something, it's useful. Useful things are handy for whatever you're doing.
If something is just what you need or you just find it helpful, then it's useful. A hammer is useful in building many things. Coasters are useful if you don't want a coffee table to get stains. College degrees are useful — or necessary — for many careers. MacGyver would tell you that just about anything can be useful at some point: it all depends what you need to do.
WORD FAMILY
useful: usefuler, usefulest, usefully, usefulness+/ disuse: disused, disuses/misuse: misused, misuses, misusing/ overuse: overused, overuses, overusing/ reuse: reusable, reused, reuses, reusing/ usable: unusable, usability, usableness/ usage: ill-usage, usages/usance: usances/ use: disuse, ill-use, misuse, overuse, reuse, usable, usage, usance, useable, used, useed, useful, useless, user, uses, using/useable: unuseable, useableness/ used: ill-used, unused, useder/usefully: usefullys/usefulness: unusefulness, usefulnesss/ useless: uselesser, uselessest, uselessly, uselessness/ user: users/using: usings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Couriers may be useful if you and your intended recipient are in the same city.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The IP address information alone is not useful, experts noted.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The British government ranks universities on how useful their work is to industry and society, tying government grants to their assessments.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 有用的，有益的，有帮助的; 令人满意的
分布：有用的(82%)，有益的(15%)，实用的(3%)
a.有用的,实用的;有益的,有帮助的They provided some useful statistical information.他们提供了一些有用的统计信息.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■effective; helping you to do or achieve something 有用的，有效的；有助益的
• A good knife is probably one of the most useful things you can have in a kitchen. 一把好刀应该是厨房里最有用的物件之一。
• Do the exercises serve any useful purpose? 这些练习有甚么用处吗？
['ju:s.fəl] adjective
come in useful UK
■to be useful and help someone to do or achieve something 派上用场，有帮助
• You should keep that paint - it might come in useful one day. 你应该留着那些油漆——说不定哪天会派上用场。
['ju:s.fəl] adjective
make yourself useful
■a way of telling someone to start being helpful 别闲着
• Now you're here you might as well make yourself useful - there's a lot of clearing up to do. 既然你来了，那就别闲着——有很多清理工作要做。
['ju:s.fəl] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  usefulWarning: Common word-building error! Adjectives which end in the suffix -ful have only one 'l'. Don't write 'usefull', write useful.
adj. 有用的，有益的；有帮助的
 - helpful, beneficial, advantageous, conducive, assistant

Word: land
Front: land
[lænd] (中高托雅 566/472 -K5)
Vocabulary: land
(once / 26 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v 5v
Use the noun land to talk about the solid ground under your feet. It's nice to put your feet on dry land after a long trip in a sailboat.
People who are afraid of flying are usually overjoyed to land on the land after hours in the sky — land is also a verb meaning "to settle down on the ground." You can use the word land, as well, to describe a government or ruler's territory: "He rules over the land between those mountains and the rocky coast." The words for land are the same in English, German, and Dutch, as the root is the Germanic landom.
WORD FAMILY
land: foreland, landed, lander, landing, landless, lands, midland, overland+/foreland: forelands/lander: landers/landing: landings/midland: midlands/overland: overlander
USAGE EXAMPLES
So as soon as that throw landed in the arms of Giants defensive back Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie, the decision-making process began.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She landed on the Facebook profile for the most vile of her harassers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Sunday and landed at Dulles International Airport about 90 minutes later.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 陆地; 国家; 地产; 土地
vt. & vi. （使）登岸; 降临; 使陷于（困境）; 使不得不应付
vt. 自船上卸下; 获得; 捕到; 钓到（鱼）
vi. 跳落，跌落，被抛落（地面）
时态：landed, landing, lands
分布：土地(71%)，陆地(12%)，着陆(7%)，国土(3%)，得到(3%)，靠岸(1%)，使靠岸(1%)，使着陆(1%)，跌落地面(1%)
→来自landh,土地，荒野，词源同lawn.
n.陆地,土地,国家v.(使)靠岸(登陆,降落)The landlord's land on the highland of the mainland expanded a lot.地主在大陆高原上的土地扩张了很多.
noun
DRY SURFACE 干燥的表面
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the surface of the Earth that is not covered by water 陆地，地面
• It is cheaper to drill for oil on land than at sea. 在陆地上钻探石油比在海上更经济。
• The treaty has led to a dramatic reduction in the number of land -based missiles in Europe. 该条约的签订导致了欧洲陆基导弹的数量大幅减少。
• The military commanders won't deploy their land forces until they're satisfied that the air attacks have done their job. 军队指挥官们将一直等到他们觉得空中打击奏效了之后才会开始部署地面部队。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■an area of ground, especially when used for a particular purpose such as farming or building 地，土地
• This sort of land is no good for growing potatoes. 这种地不适合种马铃薯。
• I always prosecute people who trespass on my land. 对擅自闯入我的领地的人我一律都要告上法庭。
• We want to buy a plot of land to build a house. 我们想买一块地盖房子。
the land
■farms, farming and the countryside 农场；务农；农村
• Most of the families lived off the land (= grew their own food etc.). 大多数家庭靠种田过活。
• My parents worked (on) the land. 我父母都务农。
[lænd] noun
COUNTRY 国家
 ADVANCED countable literary
■a country 国家
• a land of ice and snow 冰雪的国度
• The group want to promote their ideas in schools throughout the land. 该团体到全国各地的学校去宣传他们的理念。
⇒ See also fatherland;homeland;motherland
[lænd] noun
be in the land of nod old-fashioned informal
■to be sleeping 正在睡觉，在睡梦中
• Jamie's in the land of nod at last. 杰米终于睡着了。
[lænd] noun
be in the land of the living humorous
■to be awake or to be alive 醒着；活着
• She was partying till the early hours, so I don't imagine she'll be in the land of the living before lunchtime. 她在晚会上一直玩到后半夜，所以我想午饭之前她是不会睡醒的。
[lænd] noun
find out / see how the land lies
■to wait until you have all the available information about a situation before you take any action （采取行动之前）弄清情况，摸清形势
[lænd] noun
land of milk and honey
■a country where living conditions are good and people have the opportunity to make a lot of money 鱼米之乡，富饶的国度
• Many Mexicans regard the United States as a land of milk and honey. 许多墨西哥人把美国看作是富裕的乐土。
[lænd] noun
the land of the midnight sun
■the part of Norway, Sweden and Finland inside the Arctic Circle where the sun is in the sky very late at night in the summer 午夜太阳国（指挪威、瑞典、芬兰等国位于北极圈内的国土）
[lænd] noun
the Land of the Rising Sun
■Japan 日不落国（指日本）
[lænd] verb
ARRIVE 到达
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) arrive at a place after moving down through the air （使）着陆，（使）落地，（使）降落
• We should land in Madrid at 7am. 我们将于早上7点钟飞抵马德里。
• You can land a plane on water in an emergency. 紧急情况下飞机可以迫降在水上。
• figurative The report first landed on my desk this morning. 这份报告最初是在今天早上出现在我的桌上。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to arrive in a boat 到岸，到港
• We landed at Port Said in the early evening. 傍晚时分我们乘船抵达赛伊德港。
[lænd] verb
UNLOAD 卸下
transitive
■to unload people or things from a ship or aircraft onto the ground 使上岸；使下飞机；（从船或飞机上）卸下（货物）
• The general's plan involved landing troops behind enemy lines. 将军的计划包括向敌人后方空投部队。
[lænd] verb
CATCH 抓住
transitive
■to catch a fish with a hook (= curved piece of wire) or net and remove it from the water 钓到，网到（鱼）
• He landed a huge salmon. 他钓到了一条很大的鲑鱼。
[lænd] verb
ACHIEVE 取得
transitive
■to get or achieve something good, especially in a way which seems easy or unexpected （尤指轻而易举或意外地）获得，得到，赢得
• He's just landed a senior editorial job. 他刚刚轻而易举地得到了一份资深编辑的工作。
[lænd] verb
land on your feet
■to return to a good situation after experiencing problems, especially because of good luck rather than skill or hard work 时来运转，峰回路转，柳暗花明
• She's really landed on her feet with this new job. 她找到这份新工作后真是时来运转了。
[lænd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  land sb in sth
■to cause someone to be in a difficult situation 使（某人）陷入困境
• Revealing confidential information to a rival company could land you in serious trouble with your boss. 向竞争对手泄露公司秘密的话，你的老板不会轻饶了你。
• The demonstration outside the embassy landed some of the protesters in jail overnight. 在使馆外举行抗议示威活动导致一些抗议者被拘留了一夜。
• He landed himself in deep/hot water (= in a very difficult or unpleasant situation) by lying to the tax office about his earnings. 他因向税务部门谎报收入而惹上了大麻烦。
[lænd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  land up informal
■to finally be in a particular place, state or situation, especially without having planned it （尤指在事先未作计划的情况下）最终到达（某位置）；结果处于（某种处境）
• When we accepted that lift in Paris, we never expected to land up in Athens. 我们在巴黎搭那趟便车时根本没想到会来到雅典。
• He'll land up in hospital if he carries on drinking like that. 如果他继续那么喝酒，他最终准会被送进医院。
[lænd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  land sb with sth
■If someone or something lands you with something, they cause problems for you 给（某人）惹下（麻烦），给（某人）出（难题）
• I hope you don't mind me landing you with the children at such short notice. 希望你不会介意我这么急着把孩子们交给你来照顾。
• Alan's gone off on holiday and I've been landed with the job of sorting out his mistakes. 艾伦去渡假了，结果改正他的差错的差使就落到了我头上。
land, state, power, nation, country
这组词都有“国家”的意思，其区别是：
land: 常用于文学中，侧重国土，带感情色彩。
state: 正式用词，指政治概念上的国家，即由政府所代表的国家。
power: 特指拥有强大军事力量，在国际事务中有较强权威或影响的国家，即强国、大国。
nation: 普通用词，指在某一国土定居的人民、民族，强调人民。
country: 普通用词，侧重国土与人民。
clay, mud, dust, ground, land, earth, dirt, soil
这组词都有“土地，土，泥”的意思，其区别是：
clay: 特指潮湿时发粘，而火烤后变坚硬的泥土。
mud: 指湿土，尤指雨后稀泥、污泥。
dust: 特指土壤干燥后，飞扬于空中的细微泥土。
ground: 通常指大地的表面，也可指土壤、泥土或场地。
land: 含义笼统。指与河流、海洋相对的陆地，也指可耕种的土地。
earth: 多指地表带有水分的泥土，较具体。
dirt: 指地表的干松泥土。
soil: 特指适宜栽种农作物或生长各种植物的泥土。
n. 国土； [地理] 陆地；地面
 - floor, continent
vi. 登陆；到达
 - come in, get in

Word: secret
Front: secret
[ˈsi:krət] (中高研四六托 1868/2375 -K4)
Vocabulary: secret
(once / 39 pages)
1adjn 2adjn
A secret is something you don’t want everybody to know, like your secret crush on the bus driver. A secret can also be a mystery known to only a few — the secret of the lost pyramid.
There might be a secret passageway in your basement that only you know about. You could have a secret passion for Japanese anime comics and share that secret with only your closest friends. If you're "in on a secret" — plans for a surprise birthday party, for instance — that means you're in the inner circle of people in the know. Everybody has to keep the secret, or the party won't be a surprise.
WORD FAMILY
secret: secrecy, secretest, secretly, secrets+/ secrecy: secrecies
USAGE EXAMPLES
And to her secret distress, Ruby is in the 25th percentile for height and the 80th for weight.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Or trade secrets, and valuable inside information about mergers or drug trials.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 秘密，机密; 秘诀; 奥秘
adj. 秘密的，机密的; 神秘的; 隐秘的
分布：秘密(80%)，秘诀(10%)，秘密的(7%)，机密的(2%)，奥秘(1%)
→来自拉丁语 secretus,分开的，隐藏的，过去分词格于 secernere,分开，隐藏，来自 se-,分开， cernere,分开，词源同 crisis,discern,critical.后形容词过名词使用，引申诸相关词义。
秘密的(se分开＋cret区别→分开来放→秘密的)[cern,cert,cret=sure,separate,表示"搞清,区别"]
a.秘密的,机密的n.秘密The notorious man's noted notation denotes a notable secret.那个臭名昭著的男子的著名符号代表一个值得关注的秘密.
【反】bruit（v 散播）；divulge（v 泄露）；promulgate（v 发布；传播）－keep secret（保守秘密）
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a piece of information that is only known by one person or a few people and should not be told to others 秘密
• Why did you have to go and tell Bob about my illness? You just can't keep a secret, can you? 你为甚么一定要跑去把我生病的事告诉鲍勃？你就是不能保守秘密，是吗？
• A close couple should have no secrets from each other. 关系亲密的夫妻之间应该是没有秘密的。
• Aren't you going to let me in on (= tell me) the secret? 难道你不打算告诉我这个秘密？
• There's no secret (= everyone knows) about his homosexuality. 他是同性恋，这已不是秘密了。
• She makes no secret of (= makes very clear) her dislike of her father. 她毫不掩饰自己对父亲的反感。
• That restaurant is one of the best-kept secrets in London. 那个餐厅是伦敦最鲜为人知的地方之一。
 ADVANCED countable
■a fact about a subject that is not known 奥秘
• the secrets of the universe 宇宙的奥秘
 ADVANCED only singular
■the particular knowledge and skills needed to do something very well 秘诀；诀窍
• So what's the secret of being a good cook? 那么要成为好厨师，有甚么秘诀吗？
['si:.krət] noun
in secret IMPROVER
■in a private place with no one else present and without other people knowing 秘密地，暗地里
• The negotiators were meeting in secret for several months before the peace agreement was made public. 在和平协定公布以前，谈判秘密地进行了几个月。
■only in someone's thoughts, without telling other people 在内心里；在脑海里
• He says he loathes her, but I think in secret he really likes her. 他说他恨她，但我认为他心里其实是喜欢她的。
['si:.krət] noun
your secret's safe with me
■used to say that you will not tell anyone what you have just been told 我会守口如瓶的
• "I'd appreciate it if you kept quiet about this." "Don't worry - your secret's safe with me." “如果你对此保密，我将非常感谢。”“放心，我会守口如瓶。”
['si:.krət] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■If something is secret, other people are not allowed to know about it 秘密的，保密的
• The President escaped through a secret passage underneath the parliament building. 总统从议会大厦下的秘密通道逃跑了。
• We ought to keep these proposals secret from the chairman for the time being. 目前，这些提案我们应该先瞒着主席。
• This is top (= extremely) secret information. 这是绝对机密。
• Do you think we'll manage to keep the surprise party secret from Mum until her birthday? 你认为我们能把这个惊喜派对一直瞒到妈妈生日那天吗？
[before noun]
■describes someone who has a particular habit, hobby or feeling but does not tell or show other people that they do （习惯或爱好）不为人知的，秘而不宣的；隐瞒感觉的
• a secret drinker 偷偷喝酒的人
• a secret admirer 暗恋者
n. 秘密；秘诀；机密
 - privacy, confidence, mystery, tips, stealth
adj. 秘密的；机密的
 - classified, underground, chamber, inside, confidential

Word: reject
Front: reject
[rɪˈdʒekt] (高研四六托 2029/1485 -K4)
Vocabulary: reject
(once / 143 pages)
1vn 2v
When you reject something, you rule it out or dismiss it. If you're trying to pick a fancy restaurant to go to for your birthday, you'll probably reject the diner you went to just yesterday.
The verb reject has several shades of meaning Reject can mean to refuse to accept or agree with something. If you don't believe space aliens are living on earth, you reject the idea — you just don't believe it. Reject can also mean to turn down something with contempt. If the "cool kids" in your high school reject you, they'll ignore you in the halls and also show contempt by making fun of you behind your back.
WORD FAMILY
reject: rejected, rejecting, rejection, rejective, rejects+/ rejection: rejections
USAGE EXAMPLES
Park was impeached by parliament early last year, a decision that must be upheld or rejected by the Constitutional Court.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s different than four years ago when the village board rejected a similar plan.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rejecting wooden skis, he was the first skier to win an Olympic gold on metal skis.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 拒绝; 抛弃，扔掉; 排斥; 吐出或呕吐
n. 被拒绝或被抛弃的人或事物
时态：rejected, rejecting, rejects
分布：拒绝(79%)，排斥(11%)，驳回(5%)，丢弃(3%)，不合格产品(1%)，被拒之人(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-ject,扔，词源同 project,jet.比喻用法。
拒绝,驳回(re回+ject→扔回来→拒绝)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
v.拒绝,抵制,丢弃,排斥,退掉n.落选者The projector is subject to rejection and may be ejected from the project.投影机有遭到否决的倾向并可能被逐出工程.
【记】re反，ject扔－反过来把你扔了－抛弃；拒绝
verb transitive /rɪˈdʒekt/
 ESSENTIAL
■to refuse to accept, use or believe something or someone 拒绝接受；拒收；不录用；不相信
• The appeal was rejected by the High Court. 上诉被最高法院驳回。
• Coin-operated machines in England reject Irish money. 英格兰的投币机不接受爱尔兰钱币。
• The prime minister rejected the suggestion that it was time for him to resign. 首相拒绝了他该辞职的建议。
• I applied for a job as a mechanic in a local garage, but I was rejected (= I was not offered the job). 我到当地一间汽车修理厂求职，想做个技工，但被拒绝了。
• The football coach rejected him for the first team (= He was not offered a place in the team). 足球队的教练拒绝接收他加入一线队。
■to not give someone the love and attention they want and are expecting from you 拒绝…的求爱；嫌弃；冷落；怠慢
• When she was sent to boarding school, she felt as though her parents had rejected her. 当她被送到寄宿学校时，她觉得好像遭到了父母的抛弃。
■specialized
■If your body rejects an organ that has been put in during a medical operation, it fails to accept it and tries to attack and destroy it. 排斥，排异（移植的器官）
noun countable /ˈriː.dʒekt/
■a product which is damaged or not perfectly made 残品；次品
■a person who has not been accepted by an organization or by society 被拒绝的人；不合格者；被拒收者
• He considered himself as one of life's rejects. 他自认为是被生活抛弃的人。
refuse, reject, deny, decline, protest, object
refuse: 拒绝，回绝，不肯，不愿
reject: 拒绝接受，抛弃，抵制
deny: 否认，否定
decline: 谢绝，decline sth
protest: 抗议，反对，protest about/against/at sth
object: 不赞成，抗议，object to sb/sth
reject, deny, decline, repel, frfuse
这组词都有“拒绝”的意思，其区别是：
reject: 多指由于某物某事某行为不能让人满意而被当面直截了当地拒绝。
deny: 指坚决地拒绝接受、给予或承认。
decline: 指婉言谢绝他人的帮助或邀请等。
repel: 作“拒绝”解时，语气比reject强。
frfuse: 语气较重，指态度坚决，肯定无疑的拒绝。
relieve, reveal, reject, release
relieve: 援助，接替
reveal: 透露，暴露
reject: 拒绝，抛弃
release: 释放，解除
vt. 拒绝；排斥；抵制；丢弃
 - refuse, negative
n. 被弃之物或人；次品
 - inferior, degraded product

Word: talent
Front: talent
[ˈtælənt] (高研四六托 2030/2694 -4)
Vocabulary: talent
(once / 144 pages)
n
If you are especially good at something, you have a talent. You can have a talent for singing or a talent for getting others to talk about themselves. People who work in creative professions are often called "the talent."
In Biblical times, a talent was a unit of money, and a New Testament parable tells of a master punishing a servant for hiding, rather than investing, a bag of talents in the master's absence. The interpretation of this parable to mean that you should not hide your "God-given talents" has led to the current meaning of the word as the special qualities a person possesses.
WORD FAMILY
talent: talentless, talents+/talentless: talentlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Scot McCloughan’s toughest job of the offseason involves finding the most effective way to overhaul a defense that’s sorely lacking in talent.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In that regard, his talents will be a good fit for Cantor’s trading and hedge fund businesses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The depth of talent at golf’s summit means Woods will always be overawed and outplayed in such environments now.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 天资，才能; 天才，人才; 塔兰特，古代的一种计量单位，可用来记重量或作为货币单位; <旧，非正式>性感的人
分布：人才(58%)，天赋(24%)，天才(18%)
→来自拉丁语 talentum,重量，一定数目的钱，来自希腊语 talanton,称量，一定的重量，一定数 目的钱，来自 tele,举起，称重，词源同 extol,tolerate.据考证，1 talent 为 6000 古希腊货 币 drachma,在当时为一大笔钱。现词义来自圣经的一则寓言，讲得是主人要出远门，按能力 给了三个奴隶一个 5 talenta,一个 2 talenta,一个 1talent,很久以后主人回来了，前两个奴隶用钱 投资钱生钱，最后一个奴隶把钱埋在地底下，主人生气的说，即使你不会投资，你把钱存入 银行至少也有利息啊，我要没收你的钱，把钱交给有能力的人。后引申词义天才，天资等。
n.才能,天资;人才The males think the females have talent for telling stale tales.男人认为女人有讲陈腐故事的才能.
noun
NATURAL ABILITY 天分
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■(someone who has) a natural ability to be good at something, especially without being taught 天分，天赋；天才，有天分者
• Her talent for music showed at an early age. 她小时候就表现出了音乐天赋。
• His artistic talents were wasted in his boring job. 他的艺术天分被枯燥乏味的工作消磨殆尽。
['tæl.ənt] noun
ATTRACTIVE PEOPLE 有吸引力的人
uncountable UK slang mainly humorous
■people who are sexually attractive 尤物
• There was plenty of talent at the party last night. 昨晚的派对上有许多佳丽。
gift, genius, aptitude, talent, capacity, capability, faculty, ability, competence
这组词都有“能力，才能”的意思，其区别是：
gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
genius: 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability: 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
ability: 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
competence: 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
n. 才能；天才；天资
 - capability, ability, quality, genius, endowment

Word: taste
Front: taste
[teɪst] (中高研四六托 2031/2077 -K4)
Back: n. 体验; 滋味; 味觉; 风味
vt. & vi. 尝，品尝
vt. 吃; 喝; 浅尝
vi. 尝味; 略进（饮食）; （少量地）吃; 有某种味道
时态：tasted, tasting, tastes
分布：味道(49%)，品尝(20%)，品味(13%)，味觉(6%)，爱好(5%)，体验(5%)，尝试(1%)，有 ... 味道的(1%)
→来自拉丁语 tangere,接触，触摸，-st,过去分词反复格，词源同 tangent,tax.引申词义品尝，引 申词义味道，滋味等。
v.品尝;(of)有...味道;体验n.滋味;味觉I don't like the taste of this meat.我不喜欢这块肉的味道.
noun
FLAVOUR 味道
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the flavour of something, or the ability of a person or animal to recognize different flavours 味道；味觉
• I love the taste of garlic. 我喜欢蒜味。
• I didn't like red wine before but I acquired a taste for it (= started to like it as I became familiar with it) while I was living in France. 我以前不喜欢喝红酒，但在法国生活期间我渐渐喜欢上了它。
• Olives are perhaps an acquired taste (= you only like them after you have become familiar with their taste). 橄榄的味道可能要慢慢习惯才会喜欢。
⇒ See also aftertaste
 ADVANCED only singular
■a small amount of food 少许，一点
• Have a taste of the sauce and tell me if it needs salt. 尝尝酱汁，看看是否需要加盐。
[teɪst] noun
JUDGMENT 判断
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a person's approval of and liking for particular things （个人的）兴趣，爱好
• I've never really cared much for flash new cars - old vintage cars are more to my taste (= what I like). 我一向不怎么喜欢豪华的新款车——倒是更喜欢老式汽车。
 ADVANCED uncountable approving
■a person's ability to judge and recognise what is good or suitable, especially relating to such matters as art, style, beauty and behaviour 鉴赏力，审美力；品味
• He has the most awful taste so you can probably imagine what his house looks like. 他的品味极差，你大概可以想像出他家是甚么样子。
• His taste in clothes leaves a little to be desired. 他的着装品味实在不怎么样。
• He told a joke about death that I thought was in rather poor taste considering that Steve's father had just died. 他讲了一个关于死亡的笑话，我觉得在史蒂夫的父亲刚去世不久就说这样的笑话很不得体。
tastes [plural]
■the things a person likes 爱好，（个人）喜欢的事物
• I'm afraid I have expensive tastes (= I like expensive things). 我看来是喜欢奢华的东西。
[teɪst] noun
EXPERIENCE 经历
only singular
■a short experience of something 短暂的体验
• I had a taste of office work during the summer and that was quite enough. 那年夏天我体验了一下在办公室工作的滋味，可真够我受的。
[teɪst] verb transitive
FOOD/DRINK 食物／饮料
 ESSENTIAL
■to put food or drink in your mouth to find out what flavour it has 尝…的味道
• Taste this sauce and tell me if it needs seasoning. 尝尝酱汁，看看要不要加佐料。
• Whatever's this? I've never tasted anything like it. 这究竟是甚么东西？我从没吃过这种东西。
taste good/bad/sweet, etc.
 IMPROVER
■to have a particular flavour 吃起来好吃／难吃／甜等
• This sauce tastes strange. 这种酱汁味道很怪。
• The bread tastes of onions. 这面包有股洋葱味。
• This coffee tastes like dishwater! 这咖啡的味道简直像洗碗水！
[teɪst] verb transitive
EXPERIENCE 经历
■to experience something for a short time （短暂）体验，经历，领略
• Once you've tasted luxury it's very hard to settle for anything else. 你一旦体验过奢侈的滋味，就很难将就了。
n. [食品] 味道；品味；审美
 - uner, aesthetic appreciation
vt. 尝；体验
 - experience, degustate

Word: characteristic
Front: characteristic
[ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk] (高研四六托雅宝 2032/1811 -K3)
Vocabulary: characteristic
(once / 127 pages)
1adjn 2n
If something is a characteristic of someone or something, it is a feature you would expect. A characteristic of classical-style architecture is large stone columns. A characteristic of poodles is their pom-pom like tails.
A characteristic feature needn't just be a something physically apparent, it can describe a type of personality or atmosphere as well, as in: "The characteristic of all funeral homes is their gloomy air." As their spelling and meaning implies, there is a close link between the words characteristic and character, meaning the essential nature of a thing, and in fact both words come from the ancient Greek kharackter, meaning a "symbol or imprint on the soul."
WORD FAMILY
characteristic: characteristically, characteristicly, characteristics, uncharacteristic+/ character: charactered, charactering, characterise, characteristic, characterize, characterless, characters/characterisation: characterisations/characterise: characterisation, characterised, characterises, characterising/ characterization: characterizations/ characterize: characterization, characterized, characterizes, characterizing/uncharacteristic: uncharacteristically
USAGE EXAMPLES
What are some examples and characteristics of the opposite of a weapon of math destruction?
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Film language is well equipped to convey the dislocated shifts in time that are characteristic of grieving.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
State media reported that Yu called on Catholic churches to adhere to “socialism with Chinese characteristics.”
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 特有的; 独特的; 表示特性的; 显示…的特征的
n. 特性，特征，特色，[数]（对数的）首数; 独特性; 性质
分布：特性(40%)，特点(21%)，特色(20%)，特有的(14%)，典型的(5%)
a.(of)特有的,独特的n.特征,特性In this chapter, the capture characterized the characteristics of the characters.俘虏在本章描述了字符的特性.
【参】characterization（n 描绘，刻画）；characterize（v 描述或刻画某人或某事物的特点）
US [ˌker-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a typical or noticeable quality of someone or something 特色，特点，特征
• Unfortunately a big nose is a family characteristic. 不幸的是，大鼻子是家族特征。
• Sentimentality seems a characteristic of all the writers of that period. 多愁善感似乎是那个时期所有作家的特征。
• The male bird displays (= has) several characteristics which distinguish him from the female. 雄鸟有几个有别于雌鸟的特征。
UK [ˌkær.ɪk.tə'rɪs.tɪk] US [ˌker-] adjective
■typical of a person or thing 特有的，典型的
• With the hospitality so characteristic of these people, they opened their house to over fifty guests. 这些人生性好客，他们敞开家门接待了五十多位客人。
• She behaved with characteristic dignity. 她表现出自己特有的尊严。
• The creamy richness is characteristic of the cheese from this region. 有着浓郁的奶香是该地区出产的起司的特色。
distinctive, peculiar, individual, characteristic
这组词都有“特有的，显示特征的”的意思，其区别是：
distinctive: 突出与众不同的或令人称赞的个性或特征。
peculiar: 侧重指某人或某物本身与众不同；也可指种族、民族或性别，着重有其无可争议的特点。
individual: 指特指的人或物，着重其与众不同，强调可将其区别出的品质与特性。
characteristic: 侧重指具有区别能力，典型的或本质的事物。
peculiarity, properity, quality, attribute, feature, characteristic, character, trait
这组词都有“特性、特点、品质”的意思，其区别是：
peculiarity: 指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩。
properity: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人。
quality: 最普通用词，既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征。
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物。
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征。
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征。
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征。
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征。
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
adj. 典型的；特有的；表示特性的
 - typical, representative, proper, very, own
n. 特征；特性；特色
 - quality, identity, tang, specific, distinction

Word: milk
Front: milk
[mɪlk] (中高雅宝 2033/1881 -K3)
Vocabulary: milk
(once / 197 pages)
nv
Milk is the white liquid that female mammals produce for feeding their babies. Nursing human mothers feed their infants milk, and so do mother goats, cows, dogs, and cats.
If you love to drink milk, you're probably a fan of the kind that comes from cows on farms and is sold in grocery stores. However, if you're allergic to this kind of milk, you might drink one of the beverages also known as milk that are made from soaking beans, nuts, rice, or even coconut in water until it becomes rich, white, and milky. To milk is to extract or draw milk from a plant or animal.
WORD FAMILY
milk: foremilk, milked, milker, milking, milkless, milklike, milks, milky +/milker: milkers/ milky: milkier, milkiest, milkily
USAGE EXAMPLES
A product with more than 50 percent foreign milk must say where it was collected and turned into the product being sold.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While cheese may be, as the legendary editor Clifton Fadiman called it, “milk’s leap toward immortality,” here it is death on a plate.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
“America is a great nation, a kind nation, a nation of greener pastures and milk and honey and endless possibilities,” Mr. Canunayon said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 奶; 乳液; 母乳
vt. 挤奶; 榨取
时态：milked, milking, milks
分布：奶(57%)，牛奶(40%)，榨取(1%)，乳汁(1%)，产乳(1%)
→来自melg,挤奶，奶，词源同emulsion.可能来自mel,磨，磨软，软的，词源同mild,mill.由磨引申词义抚摸，刮，挤奶，奶。
n.牛奶;(植物流出的)白色乳液v.挤奶The silly spilled the milk on the silver silk.傻子把牛奶溅到银白色的丝绸上.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the white liquid produced by cows, goats, and sheep and used by humans as a drink or for making butter, cheese, etc 奶；牛奶；羊奶
• a glass/carton of milk 一杯／盒牛奶
• cow's/goat's milk 牛／羊奶
• skimmed/pasteurized milk 脱脂奶／经高温杀菌的牛奶
• a milk bottle 奶瓶
■the white liquid produced by women and other female mammals as food for their young （女性及雌性哺乳动物的）奶，乳汁
• Breast/Mother's milk is the best nourishment for a baby. 母乳是婴儿最好的营养品。
■the white liquid produced by some plants and trees （植物的）乳液，白色汁液
• coconut milk 椰汁
[mɪlk] noun uncountable
the milk of human kindness
■good, kind qualities 人类的恻隐之心；人类的善良天性
• She's full of the milk of human kindness. 她本性仁慈善良。
[mɪlk] verb
GET MILK 挤奶
intransitive or transitive
■to get milk from an animal 挤…的奶；挤（奶）
• Milking a cow by hand is a skilled process. 挤牛奶是一项需要专门技术的工作。
• Some goats seem to milk (= produce milk) better than others. 有些山羊似乎比其他山羊更容易产奶。
[mɪlk] verb
GET MONEY/INFORMATION 榨取金钱／消息
transitive disapproving
■to get as much money or information out of someone or something as possible, often in a selfish or dishonest way 榨取，勒索
• [+ obj + adj] The newspapers milked the story dry. 报纸利用这个故事大做文章。
• The directors milked the company of several million pounds. 几个董事榨取了公司数百万英镑的钱财。
n. [食品] 牛奶； [化学] 乳状物
 - lait, creamery
vt. 榨取；挤…的奶
 - extract, ream

Word: escape
Front: escape
[ɪˈskeɪp] (高研四六托 2034/1697 -K4)
Vocabulary: escape
(once / 41 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4n 5v
To escape is to break free, to get out of a situation you don’t want to be in. It’s also a noun, as in an escape from a dull party that might involve a ladder and an upstairs window.
It’s hard to pin down the word escape. An escape can be the act of escaping, like an escape from prison, but an escape can also be a calming retreat, like a vacation that gets you away from the stress of everyday life. As a verb, escape also means, "to fail to experience or know.” If the humor escapes you, you don't find the joke funny.
WORD FAMILY
escape: escaped, escapee, escapes, escaping, escapism, inescapable +/escapee: escapees/ escapism: escapist / escapist: escapists/ inescapable: inescapably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police said the women escaped shortly before 6 p.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Celtics use Nets’ No. 1 pick to draft Lonzo Ball, who is compared to Jason Kidd, who also escaped Brooklyn.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State public security secretary Sergio Fontes said that in addition to the deaths, some inmates escaped, but he did not say how many.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 逃脱; 逃离; 躲过; 泄露
n. 逃走; 逃跑工具或方法; 野生种; 泄漏
adj. 使逃避困难的; 使规避问题的
时态：escaped, escaping, escapes
分布：逃跑(34%)，逃避(32%)，逃脱(31%)，被忘掉(1%)，泄露(1%)，度假(1%)
→来自拉丁语*excappare, 逃跑，ex-, 向外，-cap, 帽子，斗篷。即被抓住的时候，从斗篷里钻出来逃跑。
n.逃跑,逃脱v.逃跑;避开,避免After a fortnight's torture, the unfortunate man got an opportunity to escape the misfortune.经过两星期的拷打后那个不幸的人得到了逃脱不幸的机会.
【参】escapism（n 逃避现实；空想）
verb
GET FREE 避开
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to get free from something, or to avoid something 逃走，逃脱，逃离；逃避，避开
• Two prisoners have escaped. 两个犯人逃走了。
• A lion has escaped from its cage. 一头狮子逃出了兽笼。
• She was lucky to escape serious injury. 她真是万幸，逃过一劫，没有受重伤。
• He narrowly (= only just) escaped a fine. 他差一点被罚款。
• His name escapes me (= I have forgotten his name). 我记不起他的名字了。
• Nothing important escapes her notice/attention. 任何重要的事情都不会逃过她的眼睛／注意。
[ɪ'skeɪp] verb
COMPUTER 电脑
intransitive specialized
■to press the key on a computer keyboard which allows you to leave a particular screen and return to the previous one or to interrupt a process 退出，结束（运行程式）
• Escape from this window and return to the main menu. 从这个视窗退出，返回主功能表。
[ɪ'skeɪp] verb
There's no escaping the fact
■used to mean that something is certain 不可否认的是；毫无疑问
• There's no escaping the fact (that) we won't be able to complete these orders without extra staff. 不可否认的是，如果不增添人手，我们将无法完成这些订单。
[ɪ'skeɪp] noun
GET FREE 逃离
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when someone succeeds in getting out of a place or a dangerous or bad situation 逃脱，逃离
• He made his escape on the back of a motorbike. 他骑上摩托车逃之夭夭。
• an escape route 逃匿路线
• They had a narrow escape (= only just avoided injury or death) when their car crashed. 撞车事故中，他们九死一生，逃过一劫。
countable
■a loss that happens by accident 漏出；泄漏；溢出
• an escape of radioactivity 放射线外泄
[ɪ'skeɪp] noun
FORGET 忘记
only singular
■something that helps you to forget about your usual life or problems （对现实的）逃避，回避；解脱之物：
• Romantic novels provide an escape from reality. 浪漫小说提供了一种逃避现实的方式。
[ɪ'skeɪp] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
uncountable (also escape key) (written abbreviation Esc) specialized
■the key on a computer keyboard which allows you to leave a particular screen and return to the previous one or to interrupt a process （电脑键盘上的）退出键
• Press Esc to return to the main menu. 按逸出键返回主功能表。
flee, avoid, escape
flee: 逃走（但不一定逃脱）
avoid: 在……之前有意避开；
escape: 从……之中逃脱；
flee, fly, get away, run away, escape
这组词都有“逃跑、逃脱”的意思，其区别是：
flee: 书面用词，侧重指逃跑时动作匆忙，多含惧怕之意。
fly: 含义与flee相同，但系非正式用词。
get away: 口语用语。侧重指犯罪分子从现场逃跑或被捕时逃走。
run away: 口语用语，强调动作迅速。
escape: 侧重逃跑的结果，不强调逃跑时的匆忙或危险情况。
vt. 逃避，避免；被忘掉
 - get out of, shun
vi. 逃脱；避开；溜走
 - get away, keep clear of
n. 逃跑；逃亡
 - hijra, desertion

Word: cast
Front: cast
[kɑ:st] (高研四六托雅宝 2035/2328 -K4)
Vocabulary: cast
(once / 56 pages)
1vn 2v 3nv 4vn 5v 6v
A cast is the group of actors who make up a film or stage play. And the act of being chosen for the part? Well, they were cast by the director. That's showbiz for you.
Cast also refers to various types of actions a person can take: if you throw out a fishing line in a particular way, you are said to cast it; if you fancy your chances in Vegas, you cast the dice at the craps table. And if you break a limb and they bandage it up in solid plaster for your friends to write all over? That, too, is a cast.
WORD FAMILY
cast: caster, casting, casts, miscast, precast, recast +/caster: casters/casting: castings, recasting/miscast: miscasting, miscasts/ recast: recasted, recasts/recasting: recastings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many readers will feel the same way about “Testimony,” which by detailing a legendary time in musical creativity, casts its own magic.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He is casting global capitalism as an inextricably racial enterprise, one built specifically on racial slavery and its analogues around the world.
Slate(Dec 01, 2016)
Lamarre says he will reopen the show once psychologists say that the cast and crew are ready.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 铸造; 投掷; 投射; 脱落，脱皮
n. 铸型; 演员表; 轻微的斜视; 投，掷骰
vi. 掷，投; 计算，加
时态：cast, casting, casts
分布：投(41%)，铸造(19%)，抛(17%)，掷(9%)，演员阵容(8%)，投掷(2%)，预测(2%)，加起来(1%)，指定演员(1%)
→词源不详。
v.投,扔,掷,抛;铸造;投票;n.演员表The forecaster contrasted the cast castle with the vast desert.预言者将铸造的城堡与广阔的沙漠作了对比.
【反】tout（v 极力赞扬）－cast aspersions on（诽谤）
US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
ACTORS 演员
 ADVANCED transitive
■to choose actors to play particular parts in a play, film or show 挑选…扮演
• He was often cast as the villain. 他经常演反面角色。
• In her latest film she was cast against type (= played a different character than the one she usually played or might be expected to play). 在最近拍的电影中，她改变了戏路。
• figurative They like to cast the opposing political party as (= to say that they are) the party of high taxes. 他们喜欢把敌对政党说成是征收高额税收的政党。
⇒ See also typecast
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
LIGHT 光
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to send light or shadow (= an area of darkness) in a particular direction 把（光或阴影）投向；投射
• The moon cast a white light into the room. 皎洁的月光洒进房间里。
• The tree cast a shadow over/on his face. 树影投在他的脸上。
• figurative Her arrival cast a shadow over/on the party (= made it less pleasant). 她的到场给聚会投上了一丝阴影。
cast light on sth
■to provide an explanation for a situation or problem, or information that makes it easier to understand 使更易理解；有助于说明
• The discovery of the dinosaur skeleton has cast light on why they became extinct. 恐龙骨架的发现使人们对于恐龙灭绝的原因有了一些认识。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
LOOK 看
cast a look/glance/smile etc.
■to look, smile etc. in a particular direction 看一眼／瞅一眼／向…一笑等
• She cast a quick look in the rear mirror. 她迅速看了一眼后视镜。
cast an/your eye over sth
■to look quickly at something 迅速地看；匆匆浏览
• Could you cast an eye over this report for me? 你能替我看一眼这份报告吗？
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
THROW 扔
transitive + adverb or preposition literary
■to throw something 扔；投；抛；掷
• The knight cast the sword far out into the lake. 骑士将剑远远地扔进湖中。
transitive
■(in fishing) to throw something, such as a line, into the water to catch fish with （钓鱼时）抛，扔（钓线）；撒（网）
• He cast the line to the middle of the river. 他把钓线抛向河中央。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
DOUBT 疑虑
cast doubt/suspicion on sb/sth
■to make people feel less sure about or have less trust in something or someone 使对…产生怀疑
• New evidence has cast doubt on the guilty verdict. 新的证据让人们对判罚有罪的裁决产生了怀疑。
cast aspersions on sb/sth formal
■to criticize or make damaging remarks or judgments about someone or something 使对…产生怀疑
• His opponents cast aspersions on his patriotism. 反对者诋毁他的爱国精神。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
REMEMBER 记起
cast your mind back
■to try to remember 回想；追忆
• If you cast your mind back, you might recall that I never promised to go. 回想一下，你或许会记得我从未答应过要去。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
VOTE 投票
cast a/your vote
■to vote 投票
• All the votes in the election have now been cast and the counting has begun. 这次选举的投票现已全部结束，计票工作已经开始。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
SHAPE 形状
transitive
■to make an object by pouring hot liquid, such as melted metal, into a shaped container where it becomes hard （用熔化的金属等）浇铸，铸造
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
MAGIC 魔法
cast a spell
■to use words thought to be magic, especially in order to have an effect on someone （尤指为对某人产生效力而）施魔法，念咒语；使…入魔
• The old woman cast a spell on the prince and he turned into a frog. 老太婆对王子施了魔法，他变成了一只青蛙。
• figurative At 17 jazz cast its spell on me (= I started to like it very much). 我17岁的时候对爵士乐着了迷。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
SKIN 皮肤
transitive
■If a snake casts its skin, the outer layer of old skin comes off its body. （蛇）蜕（皮）
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
be cast in the same mould
■to be very similar in character to someone else 如出一辙；非常相似
• Everyone who works for that firm seems to be cast in the same mould. 为那家公司工作的人好像都是从一个模子里造出来似的。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
cast your net wide
■to include many people or things when you are looking for something 撒开大网；广泛搜罗
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
cast pearls before swine
■to offer something valuable or good to someone who does not know its value 把有价值的东西给不识货的人；明珠暗投，对牛弹琴
• I'm afraid you're casting pearls before swine with your good advice - he won't listen. 恐怕你给他忠告就好比对牛弹琴——他不会听的。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  cast around/about
■to look around for something 四处寻找
• Fashion editors are always casting around for words to describe colours. 时尚杂志的编辑总是挖空心思找字眼来描述各种颜色。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cast sb/sth aside/off formal
■to get rid of someone or something 抛弃；摆脱；把…丢在一旁
• You must cast aside all thoughts of revenge. 你必须打消所有报复的念头。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  cast off
LEAVE
■If a boat casts off, it leaves the shore （船）解缆启航
• The ship was scheduled to cast off at 8pm. 这艘船定于晚上八点启航。
FINISH specialized
■in knitting , to use special stitches to finish the thing you are making （编织时）收针
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  cast on specialized
■in knitting , to make special stitches to start the thing you are making （编织时）起针，放针
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cast sb/sth out literary or old use
■to get rid of someone or something, especially forcefully 把…赶走；驱逐
• Cast out by his family, he was forced to fend for himself. 他被家里人赶了出来，不得不自谋生计。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] noun
ACTORS 演员
 ADVANCED countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■the actors in a film, play or show （一部电影、戏剧或演出的）全体演员
• After the final performance, the director threw a party for the cast. 最后一场演出过后，导演为全体演员举办了一个聚会。
• Part of the film's success lies in the strength of the supporting cast (= the actors who were not playing the main parts). 影片的成功部分归功于强大的配角阵容。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] noun
SHAPE 形状
countable
■an object made by pouring hot liquid into a container and leaving it to become solid 铸件，铸造品
countable * a plaster cast
fling, throw, cast, heave, toss, hurl, pitch
这组词都有“抛、投、掷”的意思，其区别是：
fling: 指用力投掷，或因感情激动而粗暴地或漫无目的地扔东西。
throw: 普通用词，使用广泛，仅指用力抛掷，不涉及动作方式或感情色彩。
cast: 常可与throw互换，指迅速扔出一个重量较轻的物体。
heave: 指把重物举起后扔出。
toss: 指无什么目的地、轻轻地、随意地掷或扔，所扔掷的东西一般都比较轻。
hurl: 通常指用力投掷，动作迅猛，所投掷的距离也较远。
pitch: 指随意地、轻轻地掷或扔，侧重方向性和有明确的目标。
vt. 投，抛；计算； [印刷] 浇铸；投射（光、影、视线等）
 - throw, pitch, mould, figure
n. 投掷，抛； [机] 铸件， [古生] 铸型；演员阵容；脱落物
 - putting, throw
vi. 投，抛垂钓鱼钩；计算，把几个数字加起来
 - figure, shy

Word: sentence
Front: sentence
[ˈsentəns] (中高研四六托 2036/1168 -K4)
Vocabulary: sentence
(once / 91 pages)
1n 2nv
A sentence can be a group of words that communicate a complete thought, or it can be the punishment in a criminal case. Did your pen pal in prison write a sentence or two about the length of his sentence?
Actually, both meanings of sentence — words and punishment — are linked, coming from the Latin sententia, meaning "thought or judgment," derived from the verb sentire, "to feel or perceive." If you put some words before a period, you should give some thought to your sentence. If you receive a lengthy prison sentence, you will certainly feel it.
WORD FAMILY
sentence: sentenced, sentences, sentencing, sentential+/sentencing: re-sentencing/sentential: intrasentential, sententially
USAGE EXAMPLES
They recommended harsher sentences for gun crimes and for the use of high-capacity magazines.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He is serving a 19-month prison sentence for bribery and obstruction of justice.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Justice Department is seeking a death sentence for more than half of the 33 counts Roof was convicted of.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 句子; 宣判
vt. 宣判，判决
时态：sentenced, sentencing, sentences
分布：句子(72%)，判决(18%)，宣判(10%)
→来自古法语 sentence,裁决，判断，决定，来自拉丁语 sententia,裁决，决定，表达思想，现在 分词格名词形式于 sentire,感觉，感知，发表意见，来自 sent,感觉，词源同 sense.引申词 义教条，训导，格言等。后主要用于语法格指句子，即一个完整的表达。
n.句子;判决,宣判v.宣判,判决The absent-minded student consents to the sentence in the presence of me.心不在焉的学生在我面前同意这份判决.
noun countable
WORD GROUP 词的组合
 ESSENTIAL
■a group of words, usually containing a verb, which expresses a thought in the form of a statement, question, instruction or exclamation and starts with a capital letter when written 句，句子
• He's very impatient and always interrupts me mid-sentence. 他很不耐烦，总是在我说到一半的时候就打断我。
• Your conclusion is good, but the final sentence is too long and complicated. 你的结论没错，但最后一句话太长太复杂。
['sen.tənts] noun countable
PUNISHMENT 惩罚
 IMPROVER
■a punishment given by a judge in court to a person or organization after they have been found guilty of doing something wrong 判决；宣判；判刑
• He got a heavy/light sentence (= He was severely/not severely punished). 他被判以重刑／轻判。
• The offence carries a jail/prison/life/5-year sentence. 该违法行为可判监禁／终身监禁／五年徒刑。
• He was given a non-custodial/suspended sentence. 他被判监外执行／缓刑。
pronounce sentence
■(of a judge) to say officially what a punishment will be （法官）宣布判决，宣判
• The judge will pronounce sentence on the defendant this afternoon. 今天下午法官将对被告作出宣判。
['sen.tənts] verb transitive legal
 IMPROVER
■to decide and say officially what a punishment will be （法官）宣布判决，宣判
• He was sentenced to life imprisonment. 他被判无期徒刑。
convict, judge, sentence, doom, condemn
这组词都有“判决、宣判”的意思，其区别是：
convict: 法律用词，指审判后判定有罪，但未作最后判决。
judge: 指对案件作出审理判决，但判决内容较笼统，不如sentence和condemn使用广泛。
sentence: 法律用词，指根据罪犯所犯罪行的轻重而宣判处罚。
doom: 书面用词，指郑重他宣判某人有罪。
condemn: 普通用词，指法院对审理结束的案件做出的定罪判刑。
n. [语] [计] 句子，命题； [法] 宣判，判决
 - award, proposition
vt. 判决， [法] 宣判
 - determine, adjudge

Word: unusual
Front: unusual
[ʌnˈju:ʒuəl] (高研四六雅 2037/2152 -K3)
Vocabulary: unusual
(once / 134 pages)
adj
Something unusual is uncommon. It's odd, weird, or out of the ordinary in some way.
Unusual is the opposite of usual, thanks to the prefix un, meaning "not." Unusual things are noteworthy: you don't see them every day. A dog chasing a squirrel is usual. A squirrel chasing a dog would be unusual. Unusual can mean strange and bizarre, or just things that are rare. If someone is always absent, showing up would be unusual. Most surprising things are unusual.
WORD FAMILY
unusual: unusually, unusualness+/usual: unusual, usualest, usually, usualness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunwing’s gate agents found the pilot’s behavior to be unusual and alerted the co-pilot.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A look at some unusual situations from years past:
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The victories of these unusual candidates speak to the depth of Brazilian discontent with politics.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 不常见的，不普通的，难得的，罕有的; 异乎寻常的，例外的，奇异的; 独特的; 与众不同的
分布：独特的(41%)，与众不同的(33%)，异常的(26%)
异常的(un不+usual通常的)[us,ut=use,表示"用"]
a.不平常的,与众不同的I used to abuse the unusual usage, but now I'm not used to doing so.我过去常滥用这个不寻常的用法,但我现在不习惯这样做.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■different from others of the same type in a way that is surprising, interesting or attractive 不同寻常的，非比一般的；独特的
• "Do you like the new settee?" "Very much, it's most unusual." “你喜欢这新的沙发吗？”“非常喜欢，它太特别了。”
• [+ to infinitive] It 's unusual to have adult conversation like that with such a young child. 和这么小的孩子进行这么成人化的交谈，真不寻常。
• I was actually on time, which is unusual for me. 我竟然很准时，这对我来说是少有的事。
typical, unique, particular, unusual
typical: 典型的
unique: 独一无二的，其同类中唯一现存的
particular: 特别的 一整体或类别中单一可区分的部分或个体，侧重同类中某一个有别于其他的独特性质，或在一般情况下所有的独特性质
unusual: 不同寻常的
abnormal, unusual
abnormal: 变态的，反常的
unusual: 不常见的，不普通的，难得的
striking, remarkable, unusual, prominent, outstanding, extraordinary
striking: 引人注意的，饶有兴趣的；（因相貌好）吸引人的，惹人注目的
remarkable: 值得注意的，不寻常的；独特的
unusual: 罕见的，异乎寻常的；独特的，与众不同的
prominent: 凸出的,显著的，惹人注目的,杰出的，重要的
outstanding: 杰出的，优秀的；地位显著的，为人瞩目的，（报酬、工作、问题等）未偿付的，未完成的，未解决的
extraordinary: 不平常的，不普通的，非常的，格外的，；（安排、会议等）特别的，（官员）特命的，特派的
adj. 不寻常的；与众不同的；不平常的
 - different, distinctive, apart

Word: closely
Front: closely
['kləʊslɪ] (四 2038/1715 -K)
Back: adv. 接近地; 紧密地; 严密地; 亲近地
分布：接近地(30%)，紧密地(28%)，亲近地(21%)，严密地(21%)
US ['kloʊ-] adverb
RELATIONSHIP 关系
 IMPROVER
■in a way that is directly connected or has a strong relationship 紧密地，密切地，直接相关地
• English and German are closely related. 英语和德语的亲缘关系很密切。
• Both politicians have been closely associated with the movement for some time. 这两位政界人士与这场运动有密切关系，而且都已经有一段时间了。
• We are working closely with the police. 我们正与警方密切合作。
UK ['kləʊ.sli] US ['kloʊ-] adverb
CAREFULLY 谨慎地
■carefully and paying attention to details 小心谨慎地，仔细地
• Pollution levels are closely monitored. 污染水准受到严密的监控。
• He looked again more closely at the marks. 他又看了看分数，比上一次更加仔细。
UK ['kləʊ.sli] US ['kloʊ-] adverb
SIMILAR 相似地
■without a big difference between two people, groups or things 相似地，不相上下地
• The two teams are closely matched. 两队的实力平分秋色。
• It was a closely fought election. 竞选相当激烈，各候选人势均力敌。
UK ['kləʊ.sli] US ['kloʊ-] adverb
SECRETIVE 秘密地
■in a way that tries hard to keep something secret 秘密地，暗中地
• a closely guarded secret 严格保守的秘密
UK ['kləʊ.sli] US ['kloʊ-] adverb
NEAR 接近
■not far in time or position （时间或位置上）接近地，不远地
• The Swiss boat is in the lead, followed closely by the French. 瑞士队的船领先，紧随其后的是法国队。
closely, close
closely: 紧紧地,紧密地 closely connected,
close: 接近,靠近, stand close
adv. 紧密地；接近地；严密地；亲近地
 - hard, cheek by jowl

Word: convince
Front: convince
[kənˈvɪns] (高研四六托雅宝 2039/3203 -K3)
Vocabulary: convince
(once / 89 pages)
v
"How again was it that you convinced me to do this?" the boy said to his friend before they jumped out of the plane on their first sky dive. Convince means to talk someone into something, or win someone over.
A person convinces by making an argument—you can convince your parents to let you go to the movies by promising you'll do all your homework the next day. A thing can convince as well. The cash prize convinced me to enter the contest. The threat of failure convinced the kids to study.
WORD FAMILY
convince: convinced, convinces, convincible, convincing +/ convinced: convincedly, unconvinced / convincing: convincingly, convincingness, unconvincing/ unconvinced: unconvincedly/unconvincing: unconvincingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deadly riots the following year in China’s far west left authorities even more convinced that it was time to step up their controls over society.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He added, “We kind of tell them, ‘It’s your job to convince them.’”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s over,” Gruden said, almost as if he needed to convince himself.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使相信，说服，使承认; 使明白; 使确信; 使悔悟，使认错[罪]
时态：convinced, convincing, convinces
分布：说服(93%)，使确信(4%)，使信服(3%)
→con-, 强调。-vince, 胜利，词源同evince, victory. 即战胜，使信服。
说明,使确信(con全部+vinc+e→彻底征服对方→使[人]确信)[vict,vinc=conquer,overcome,表示"征服,克服"]
v.(of)使信服,使确信I'm convinced that the provincial government will provide provisional provisions.我深信地方政府将提供临时供应品.
【反】cogent（adj 有说服力的）－unconvincing（adj 不令人信服的）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to persuade someone or make them certain 说服；使相信；使信服
• He managed to convince the jury of his innocence. 他使陪审团相信他是无辜的。
• [+ (that)] It's useless trying to convince her (that) she doesn't need to lose any weight. 要让她相信她无需减肥是徒劳的。
• [+ to infinitive] I hope this will convince you to change your mind. 我希望这会说服你改变主意。
persuade, advise, convince
这组词都有“劝说”的意思，其区别是：
persuade: 指用感情说服某人去做某事。如：I persuaded him to go back to work. (我说服他回去工作了。)
advise: 表建议，规劝某人应该做某事或如何做。如：He advised me to put my money in the bank. (他劝我把钱存入银行。)
convince: 指向某人陈述事实，运用推理或逻辑证明使某人信服。如：We convinced Smith to go by train rather than plane. (我们说服了史密斯乘火车而不乘飞机前往。)
coax, urge, persuade, induce, counsel, convince
这组词都有“劝说，劝导，劝诱”的意思，其区别是：
coax: 指用好话善意或耐心劝诱、哄骗某人做某事。
urge: 语气强，指不断地热情地规劝诱导。
persuade: 普通用词，指通过劝说、感情交流等而使对方做劝说者所希望的事。
induce: 指用讲道理来使某人做某事。
counsel: 较正式用词，指对一些较重大事情所提出的劝告。有时也用于非正式场合，但仍强调严肃的一面。
convince: 指凭行动、事实或言语使他人从思想感情上信服。
vt. 说服；使确信，使信服
 - assure, reason, satisfy, argue

Word: height
Front: height
[haɪt] (中高研四六托雅 2040/1913 -K3)
Vocabulary: height
(once / 84 pages)
n
The noun height can mean the measurement of something from bottom to top. A pediatrician will measure the height of a child to make sure they are growing at a normal and healthy rate.
Height derives from the Old English word hehthu, meaning "top of something." To measure your height, you measure the distance from the floor to the top of your head. The height of a mountain is its elevation above sea level (the height of Mt. Everest, for instance, is 29,029 feet). Height can also mean the most extreme or intense part of something: The height of cherry blossom season in Japan is late March through early April.
WORD FAMILY
height: heights+/ high: height, higher, highest, highly, highness, highs/highness: highnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tens of thousands lost power in Louisiana and Mississippi at the height of the storm, according to utilities.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And to her secret distress, Ruby is in the 25th percentile for height and the 80th for weight.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
They’ve been working with county officials for two years now on the building’s height, lighting and parking on the parcel of land they bought.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 高度，海拔; 高地; 身高; 绝顶，顶点
分布：高度(86%)，高处(8%)，顶点(6%)
→来自high的名词形式。
n.高,高度;(常pl.)高地,高处My neighbor knows the height and weight of the highjacked freight.我邻居知道被劫持货船的高度和重量.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the distance from the top to the bottom of something, or the quality of being tall 高度；高
• The sheer height of New York's skyscrapers is so impressive. 纽约的摩天大楼光高度就气势非凡。
• She's about average height (= neither short nor tall). 她大约中等个子。
■the particular distance that something is above a surface （距离某平面的）高度
• The bullet entered the body at chest height. 子弹从胸部的高度进入身体
heights
■high places, or the top of hills 高地；山顶
• Don't go up the tower if you're afraid of heights. 如果你惧高的话，就不要到塔上去。
• Machine guns were mounted along the heights behind the town. 该城镇后面的高地上架设了机关枪。
■a high level of success （成功的）高峰，巅峰
• He reached the heights of his profession at the age of 35. 他在35岁时达到了自己职业生涯的巅峰。
• Share prices scaled new heights yesterday. 股票价格昨天又创新高。
• Her husband rose to the dizzy/lofty heights of transport minister. 她丈夫晋升到交通部长这高位。
the height of sth
■the time when a situation or event is strongest or most full of activity …的高潮（或高峰）
• August is the height of the tourist season. 八月是旅游旺季。
• At the height of the violence/crisis we were left without any help. 在暴动／危机最严重的时候，我们孤立无援。
■an extreme example of something （…的）极致（或极端）
• the height of fashion 时尚的极致
■the time when you are most successful in what you do （事业的）巅峰
• She was at the height of her career when he first met her. 他第一次见到她时，她正处于事业巅峰期。
height, altitude, elevation
这组词都有“高度”的意思，其区别是：
height: 普通用词，指任何物体可测量到的高度，不管物体本身的高低如何。
altitude: 指海拔高度，也指离开地面的高度。
elevation: 主要指山丘或耸立在地面上物体的海拔高度。
n. 高地；高度；身高；顶点
 - altitude, raise, sky, summit, peak

Word: physician
Front: physician
[fɪˈzɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 2041/6142 -2)
Vocabulary: physician
(once / 164 pages)
n
A physician is a doctor. If you wake up and your eyes are red, your skin is yellow, and your tongue is swollen, find a physician, soon!
When we use the word physician, we typically mean a doctor that practices general healing, as opposed to a surgeon. Physician is a very old word, coming from both Greek and Latin roots for physic, meaning "natural science and medicine."
WORD FAMILY
physician: physicians
USAGE EXAMPLES
“As physicians, our main job is to reassure patients.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Dr. Michael E. Busha, a primary care physician at IU Health in Indianapolis, asked quietly as he updated Mr. Johnson’s electronic record.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He is wrong and that view endangers children, write two physicians.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 医生，内科医生; <口>医学博士; （精神创伤的）医治者，抚慰者
分布：内科医生(100%)
→来自physic,医学，医冶，-ian,人。
n.内科医生The physician made a physical examination to the sophisticated philosopher and physicist.医生给世故的哲学家和物理学家作了体检.
[fɪ'zɪʃ.ən] mainly US or formal (UK usually doctor)
noun countable
■a medical doctor, especially one who has general skill and is not a surgeon 医生；（尤指）内科医生
dentist, surgeon, physician, doctor
这组词都有“医生”的意思，其区别是：
dentist: 指专门从事治牙的医生。
surgeon: 指专修外科或专修人体某个部分的外科专科医生，这种医生一般需对患者进行手术治疗。
physician: 指医院的内科医生。
doctor: 普通用词，泛指各科医生，即一切有行医资格的人。
n. [医] 医师； [内科] 内科医师
 - medical doctor, medico

Word: assess
Front: assess
[əˈses] (高研四六托雅宝 2042/1488 -4)
Vocabulary: assess
(once / 460 pages)
v
Before you try to sell your car, you should ask an expert to assess its value––once you know what it's worth, it's easier to find a fair price. When you assess a matter, you make a judgment about it.
The verb assess has the general meaning of determining the importance or value of something. It also has a few specialized uses having to do with amounts of money, such as fines, fees, and taxes. It can mean to set the value of property for purposes of taxation, or to charge a person or business a tax or fee. This verb came through French from Latin assidēre "to sit as a judge."
WORD FAMILY
assess: assessable, assessed, assesses, assessing, assessment, assessor, reassess +/ assessment: assessments/ assessor: assessors/ reassess: reassessed, reassesses, reassessing, reassessment / reassessment: reassessments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Barker believes it’s time to assess how much it would cost to engage more men.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
After assessing the damage, airport authorities announce that departing flights will be delayed an average of four months, nearly twice as long as usual.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
DeAngelo was assessed a game misconduct for abuse of officials.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 评定; 估价; 对（财产、收入等）进行估价（作为征税根据）; 确定（损害赔偿金、税款、罚款等）的金额
时态：assessed, assessing, assesses
分布：评估(90%)，评定(9%)，估算(1%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. 词根sess, 坐，词源同sit, session.
vt.(为征税)评估(财产,收入);征税;评价Small town banks have to assess the relative riskiness of their loans.小城市的银行必须预估他们贷款相当的冒险.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to judge or decide the amount, value, quality or importance of something 评价；评定；对…估价
• The insurers will need to assess the flood damage. 保险公司需要对洪水造成的损失进行评估。
• They assessed the cost of the flood damage at £1500. 他们估计洪水造成的损失为1500英镑。
• Examinations are not the only means of assessing a student's ability. 考试并不是评定学生能力的唯一手段。
• It's too early to assess the long-term consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union. 现在来估测苏联解体的远期后果还为时尚早。
• [+ question word] We need to assess whether the project is worth doing. 我们需要评估一下这个企划案是否值得去做。
evaluate, rate, value, assess, estimate, appraise
这组词都有“估价，估计”的意思，其区别是：
evaluate: 与appraise相似，指使判断绝对准确，但多用于对人物的某方面的评价，很少用于评价某物的市场价值。
rate: 专指评定价值等级的高低。
value: 侧重指一般人对某物的价值或价格所作的估计。
assess: 原义指对为确定交多少税而估计，引申指通过估价以便更好利用。
estimate: 通常指由个人作出的主观估价。
appraise: 指以专家身份作了最终精确的估价。
tax, duty, tariff, assess, dues, impose
tax: 普通用词，指用各种不同方法向个人或单位征收所得税、房地产税等各种税款。侧重实际征收金钱。
duty: 责任
tariff: 关税
assess: 指一般情况下，征收房地产税、罚款或其它费用。
dues: 会费
impose: 指在决定个别案件中的处罚或罚款，尤指政府征收某种税收的决定。
vt. 评定；估价；对…征税
 - evaluate, rate, value, prize

Word: sleep
Front: sleep
[sli:p] (中高雅 1172/1408 -K4)
Vocabulary: sleep
(once / 28 pages)
nv
If you're tired, you probably need to sleep so lie down and close your eyes. When you wake up, you'll feel much better.
Everyone needs sleep and most of us get some at least once a day. Maybe that's why sleep is used in so many expressions. If you “sleep on it” you'll wait to make a decision until tomorrow. If you “sleep over,” you stay at someone's place for the night. A person who “lets sleeping dogs lie” knows when not to stir up trouble. If you slip into eternal sleep, you won't be needing any more naps.
WORD FAMILY
sleep: oversleep, sleeper, sleeping, sleepless, sleeps, sleepy, slept+/ oversleep: oversleeping, oversleeps, overslept/ sleeper: sleepers/sleepiness: sleepinesses/sleeping: sleepingly, sleepings, unsleeping/sleepless: sleeplessly, sleeplessness/sleepy: sleepier, sleepiest, sleepily, sleepiness/unsleeping: unsleepingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In one case, he was chided for spending $127,000 in public funds for a special sleeping cabin on a flight to London.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
The text message arrived on Koa Farmer’s phone as Penn State ’s third-year sophomore slept the morning after Christmas.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Two occupants in the first house who were sleeping at the time were awakened by the loud crash, but weren’t hurt.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. & link-v. 睡，睡觉
vi. 睡，睡觉; 睡眠状态
vt. 为…提供床位; 提供住宿; 以睡觉打发日子
n. 睡眠
时态：slept, sleeping, sleeps
分布：睡觉(52%)，睡眠(48%)
→来自古英语 slaepan,睡觉，来自 Proto-Germanic*slepana,睡觉，可能来自 sleu,无精神的， 虚弱的，疲倦的，词源同 slumber,slow,slack.
v.(slept,slept)睡n.睡眠Step by step, the sleepy creeper crawled into my sleeve to sleep.昏昏欲睡的爬虫一步一步爬进我的袖子里睡觉.
noun
NOT AWAKE 睡觉
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the resting state in which the body is not active and the mind is unconscious 睡觉，睡眠
• I must get some sleep - I'm exhausted. 我必须睡一会儿——我太累了。
⇒ See also sleepwalker
get/go to sleep
 IMPROVER
■to succeed in sleeping 睡着
• I couldn't get to sleep at all last night for worrying. 昨晚我担心得无法入睡。
• You'll find that your baby usually goes to sleep after a feed. 你会发现你的孩子通常吃饱后就睡了。
 IMPROVER countable
■a period of sleeping 一段时间的睡眠
• You must be tired after all that driving - why don't you have a little sleep? 开了那么长时间的车你一定累了——为甚么不小睡一会儿？
• He fell into a deep sleep. 他睡得很沉了。
[sli:p] noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
uncountable informal
■a yellowish substance sometimes found in the corners of the eyes after sleeping 眼屎
[sli:p] noun
could do sth in their sleep
■If someone could do something in their sleep, they can do it very easily, usually because they have done it so often 梦里也能做（如果某人可在梦里做某事，表示他可非常容易地做此事，通常是因为他常常做此事）
• I've done this recipe so many times I could do it in my sleep now. 我做这个食谱很多次了，现在我在梦里也能做它。
[sli:p] noun
Go back to sleep! informal
■used to tell someone off for not paying attention （用于批评注意力不集中的人）回去睡觉去吧！
• "Sorry, what did you say?" "Oh, go back to sleep!" “对不起，你刚才说甚么？” “噢，你回去睡觉算了！”
[sli:p] noun
go to sleep informal
■If your arm or leg has gone to sleep, you cannot feel or control it, often because you have been sitting or lying for too long in a strange position. （手臂或腿）麻木，发麻
[sli:p] noun
put sth to sleep
■to kill an animal that is very ill or very old so that it does not suffer any more 让（生病或很老的动物）无痛苦地死去
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to be in the state of rest when your eyes are closed, your body is not active, and your mind is unconscious 睡，睡觉；入睡
• I couldn't sleep because of all the noise next door. 由于隔壁的噪音我无法入睡。
• I slept late on Sunday morning. 我星期天早上睡过头了。
• How can Jayne sleep at night with all those worries on her mind! 心里有那么多担心的事，杰恩晚上怎么能睡得着？
• We had dinner with Ann and Charles and slept the night (with them) (= at their home). 我们与安和查尔斯共进晚餐并在他们家过夜。
⇒ See also oversleep;sleepout
transitive
■If a vehicle, tent, etc. sleeps a particular number of people, it provides enough space or beds for that number of people to be able to sleep in it （车辆、帐篷等）躺得下，可供…睡觉
• The caravan sleeps four comfortably. 旅行车足以容纳四个人舒服地睡觉。
sleep like a log informal
■to sleep very well 睡得很香
• I went to bed early and slept like a log. 我早早上了床，睡得很香。
sleep on sth
■to delay making a decision about something important until the next day so that you have time to consider it carefully 把…留到第二天再作决定，延迟对…作出决定
• "Can I sleep on it, and tell you my decision tomorrow?" “我能不能延迟一下作决定，明天再告诉你?”
sleep rough UK
■to sleep outside because you have no home and no money 餐风露宿
• Hundreds of kids are sleeping rough on the streets of London. 伦敦有成百上千的孩子露宿街头。
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  sleep around informal disapproving
■to have sex with a lot of different people without having a close or long relationship with any of them 到处乱搞男女关系，随便跟人上床
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  sleep in informal
■to sleep until later in the morning than you usually do 睡过头；睡懒觉
• I usually sleep in at the weekends. 我周末通常睡到很晚才起床。
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sleep sth off
■If you sleep off something, especially a hangover , you go to sleep so that you will feel better when you wake up. 靠睡觉消除（尤指饮酒后的不适）
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  sleep over informal
■to sleep in someone else's home for a night 在别人家过夜，留宿
• If you don't want to catch a train home at that time of night, you're welcome to sleep over. 如果你不想那么晚赶火车回家，欢迎你在这里过夜。
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  sleep through sth
■If you sleep through a lot of noise or an activity, it does not wake you or keep you awake 不被（噪音等）吵醒；在…过程中睡着
• I never heard the storm last night - I must have slept through it. 昨晚我没有听到暴风雨声——我肯定睡得死死的。
• I was so bored that I slept through the second half of the film. 我觉得电影很乏味，看到一半就睡着了。
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  sleep together informal
■If two people sleep together, they have sex （两人）睡在一起，发生性关系
• I don't think they sleep together any more. 我认为他们俩不再住在一起了。
[sli:p] verb (slept, slept)
  Phrasal Verbs  sleep with sb informal
■to have sex with someone 和（某人）发生性关系，和（某人）上床
• He found out that his wife had been sleeping with his best friend. 他发现妻子和他最好的朋友上了床。
nap, slumber, doze, sleep
这组词都有“睡”的意思，其区别是：
nap: 指白天的小睡。
slumber: 多指人安详地或长时间地睡。
doze: 多用于口语中，指轻微的小睡或处于半睡状态。
sleep: 普通用词，指一般的睡眠。可用作引申指长眠或静止不动。
vi. 睡，睡觉
 - sack out, to go to bed
n. [生理] 睡眠
 - morpheus, shut-eye

Word: plenty
Front: plenty
[ˈplenti] (中高研四六 2044/1977 -K3)
Vocabulary: plenty
(once / 92 pages)
nadv
If you've eaten your fill at a big meal, you know by your full stomach that you have had plenty. In fact, if you had more than plenty, you might even get the feeling you've had too much!
The word plenty usually refers to more than just enough, and this comes, via Middle French plenté, from the Latin word plēnitās, "fullness," from plenus, "full, complete." The meaning is apparent in the following quote by English novelist George Eliot: "I think I should have no other mortal wants, if I could always have plenty of music." May you have plenty of what you need, and some of what you want as well.
WORD FAMILY
plenty: plenteous, plenties, plentiful +/ plenteous: plenteously, plenteousness/ plentiful: plentifuler, plentifully, plentifulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now I am sure that plenty of you right now are thinking: What an idiotic column.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Blatant body checking is banned, but there is plenty of contact.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now that Trump is the President-elect, plenty of prominent conservatives are hoping that he will govern as a reliably conservative Republican.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 富裕; 充裕
adv. 大量; 十分; 很多; 足够有余
det. 很多; 大量
pron. 大量; 众多; 充足
分布：大量(29%)，充足(22%)，丰富(22%)，充分(12%)，非常(5%)，充足的(5%)，相当多的(5%)
→plen-,全体的，全部的，-ty,名词后缀。引申词义大量，众多。
大量,丰富(plen+ty)[ple,plen,plet,pli=full,fill,表示"满,填满"]
n.丰富,大量Please release that pleasant peasant teaser who brings us plenty of pleasure.请释放那个带给我们巨大快乐的友好的农民逗趣者.
US [-tˌi] pronoun noun adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■(the state of having) enough or more than enough, or a large amount 丰富，充足，大量
• "Would you like some more wine?" "No thanks, I've had plenty." “还想要点酒吗？”“不，谢谢，已经足够了。”
• Don't grab at the balloons, children - there are plenty for everyone. 孩子们，别抢气球——气球还很多，每人都有。
• We've got plenty of time before we need to leave for the airport. 去机场前我们有的是时间。
• They've always had plenty of money. 他们总是有很多钱。
• There's plenty to do here. 这里有很多事要做。
• US informal This car cost me plenty (= a lot of money). 这辆车花了我很多钱。
• There's plenty more beer in the fridge. 冰箱里还有很多啤酒。
UK ['plen.ti] US [-tˌi] pronoun noun adverb
be plenty more where sb/sth came from informal
■to be a lot more things or people of the same type available …多的是
• Have another sandwich - there's plenty more where that came from. 再吃一块三明治——还有很多呢。
n. 丰富，大量；充足
 - abundance, lots of, wealth, ocean, sea
adj. 足够的，很多的
 - sufficient, numerous, competent

Word: ride
Front: ride
[raɪd] (中高 1283/1796 -K4)
Vocabulary: ride
(once / 32 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5v 6v
To ride is to be carried in a car, on a bike, or on an animal. When you ride a horse for the first time, it's often surprising how far off the ground you are.
You can ride in the back of a taxi or on a Ferris wheel at the fair. You can also ride — and control — a pony or a bicycle. As a noun, ride means "a trip in a vehicle," or a roller coaster or other amusement park entertainment. In the U.S., ride has also been an informal name for a car since about 1930: "Check out my new ride!"
WORD FAMILY
ride: override, ridden, rider, rides, riding, rode+/ override: overridden, overrides, overriding, overrode/overriding: overridingly/ rider: riders/riding: ridings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later that evening, I watched as a tiny boy riding a grown man’s bicycle was bumped by a car.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
But just like the cavalry used to ride to the rescue, Air Force Major Troy Gilbert miraculously appeared from over the horizon.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
The 7-year-old girl was riding in the van and died at a hospital.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 乘，骑，驾
n. （乘坐汽车等的）旅行; 乘骑; （乘车或骑车的）短途旅程; 供乘骑的游乐设施
vt. （骑马、自行车等）穿越; 搭乘; 飘浮
时态：rode, ridden, riding, rides
分布：骑(70%)，乘(23%)，乘车(4%)，搭便车(2%)，交通工具(1%)
→来自古英语 ridan,骑马，乘坐，来自 Proto-Germanic*ridan,骑行，来自 reidh,骑行，词源 同 road,raid.
v./n.骑,乘Do you mean to say you don't know how to ride a bicyle?难道说你自行车都不会骑吗?
verb (rode, ridden)
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to sit on a horse or a bicycle and travel along on it controlling its movements 骑（马或脚踏车）
• I learned to ride a bike when I was six. 我六岁学会了骑脚踏车。
• I ride my bicycle to work. 我骑脚踏车去上班。
• I ride to work on my bicycle. 我骑脚踏车去上班。
• The hunters came riding by/past on their horses. 猎人们骑马飞驰而过。
• He rides well/badly (= He can ride horses well/badly). 他骑术很好／差。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to travel in a vehicle, such as a car, bus or train 乘（车），坐（车）；乘搭
• mainly US We rode the train from Sydney to Perth. 我们坐火车从雪梨到柏斯。
• He hasn't got a car so he rides to work on the bus. 他没有私家车，所以就坐公车去上班。
transitive US
■to try to control someone and force them to work 驾驭，试图控制某人并强迫其工作
• Your boss is riding you much too hard at the moment. 你的老板此时把你管得太严了。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
be riding for a fall
■to be behaving in a way that is likely to lead you into trouble 自讨苦吃；自找麻烦
• She spends far more than she earns and she's riding for a fall. 她入不敷出，早晚会有麻烦。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
be riding high
■to be very successful 大获成功；一帆风顺
• riding high in the polls/charts 在选举中大获成功／在流行音乐排行榜上名列前茅
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
let sth ride informal
■to not take any action to stop something wrong or unpleasant, thinking that action may not be necessary or is not yet necessary 听之任之；放任自流
• Don't panic about the low sales - let it ride for a while till we see if business picks up. 销售额低迷也不必惊慌——先观望一阵子，看看生意能不能有起色。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
ride (on) a wave of sth
■If you ride (on) a wave of a feeling, you get an advantage from it 乘…之势；借…的东风
• The Prime Minister is riding (on) a wave of popularity. 首相深得人心，大获其益。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
ride herd on sb/sth US
■to be responsible for controlling a group of people and their actions 看管，监督
• The new editor will ride herd on the staff, checking on the overall policy and tone of the paper. 新编辑将要管理全体职员，检查该报的整体政策和风格。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
ride (out) the storm
■to manage not to be destroyed, harmed or permanently affected by the difficult situation you experience 渡过难关；走出困境
• The government seem confident that they'll ride out the storm. 政府好像很有信心渡过难关。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
ride roughshod over sb/sth
■to do what you want without giving any attention to other people or their wishes 不管…而一意孤行
• They accused the government of riding roughshod over parliamentary procedure. 他们指责政府藐视议会程式一意孤行。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
  Phrasal Verbs  ride on sth/sb
■When something important, such as your reputation or money, rides on a particular person or thing, it will be won or achieved if that person or thing is successful 依赖，依靠，指望
• The future of the company now rides on the new managing director. 公司的未来现在就指望新任经理了。
• I have a lot of money riding on that horse (= I will win or lose a lot of money if that horse wins or loses the race). 我在那匹赛马上押了很多钱。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ride sth out
■to continue to exist during a difficult situation and until it ends, without serious harm 安然渡过（难关）
• Many companies did not manage to ride out the recession. 经济衰退时期，许多公司没能渡过难关。
■If a ship rides out a period of bad weather, it continues to float during it, without serious damage （船）平安渡过（暴风雨）
• The ship managed to ride out the storm. 这艘轮船平安渡过了风暴。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
  Phrasal Verbs  ride up
■If a piece of clothing rides up, it moves up out of position （衣服）向上收，缩上去
• Your skirt has ridden up at the back. 你的裙子后面缩上去了。
[raɪd] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a journey on a horse or bicycle, or in a vehicle （骑马、骑车或乘坐车辆的）旅行，行程
• It's a short bus ride to the airport. 坐公共汽车去机场很近。
• I went for a (horse) ride last Saturday. 上周六我（骑马）去兜了一圈。
• Do you want to come for a ride on my motorbike? 你想坐我的摩托车去兜兜风吗？
 IMPROVER
■a free journey in a car to a place where you want to go 乘便车；搭乘免费车
• He asked me for a ride into town. 他请求搭我的便车进城。
■a machine in an amusement park which people travel in or are moved around by for entertainment （游乐园里）供人乘坐的游乐装置
• My favourite ride is the Ferris wheel. 我最爱坐摩天轮。
[raɪd] noun countable
a rough ride
■a difficult time 一段艰苦时期
• Government plans to cut sick pay had a rough ride in the House of Commons. 政府削减病假工资的计划受到了下议院的阻挠。
• The construction industry is in for a rough ride this year. 建筑业今年将面临一段艰苦时期。
[raɪd] noun countable
take sb for a ride informal
■to deceive or cheat someone 欺骗（某人）；愚弄（某人）
• Be careful or he'll take you for a ride. 小心点，不然他会骗你的。
ride, drive
这组词都有“乘、骑”的意思，其区别是：
ride: 通常指骑在车、马上行驶。
drive: 指乘坐在有轮子的交通工具之内，控制其行驶。
vi. 骑马；乘车；依靠；漂浮
 - horse, trust, swim
vt. 骑；乘；控制
 - possess, regulate, contain, manage, bottle
n. 骑；乘坐；交通工具；可供骑行的路
 - vehicle, embarkation

Word: virtually
Front: virtually
[ˈvɜ:tʃuəli] (研四六托雅 2046/2034 -K3)
Vocabulary: virtually
(once / 443 pages)
adv
Use the adjective virtually to mean almost. If your economics homework is nearly complete, it is virtually done.
Virtually also means in essence, or for all intents and purposes. If you virtually ran the German club bake sale by yourself, it means that even though you weren't officially in charge, you might as well have been. In computer science, the word virtually has the extended sense of being part of the simulated computer world. Your character in a computer game might excel virtually at sports even though you're not particularly athletic in real life.
WORD FAMILY
virtual: virtually
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its former customers now roam the aisles of Walmart and Target, or fill their carts virtually.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
A victory would’ve virtually guaranteed a playoff berth pending the late result from Green Bay at Detroit.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He completed six passes for 21 yards, missing virtually every throw downfield.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 实际上，实质上，事实上，几乎; 无形中; 无形
分布：几乎(57%)，实际上(43%)
US ['vɝ:-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■almost 几乎；实际上；实质上
• Their twins are virtually identical. 他们的双胞胎长得几乎一模一样。
• That wine stain on my shirt has virtually disappeared. 我衬衣上的那块酒渍几乎已经看不见了。
realistically, practically, virtually
realistically: 写实地，逼真地
practically: 几乎，实事求是地
virtually: 差不多地，事实上，实际上
adv. 事实上，几乎；实质上
 - actually, really, almost, nearly, most

Word: first
Front: first
[fɜ:st] (中高 86/79 -K5)
Vocabulary: first
(once / 6 pages)
1adjnadv 2adj 3n 4n 5n
First is number one, prior to, or before. First comes first, then comes everything else. It's always good to be first in line or in first class. Who wants to be second? Or worse — last?
Whether it’s a noun, adjective, or adverb, you’ll find first at the beginning and opposite from last. And whether you’ve won first place or have just become the First Lady, first usually indicates a good thing — unless of course you're first to be fired. That doesn’t answer the Abbott and Costello question “Who's on first?” though.
WORD FAMILY
first: firstly, firsts
USAGE EXAMPLES
And even George Washington, so renowned for his composure, quivered during his address to the Senate after nervously improvising in his first inauguration.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
This is the same approach the Obama administration adopted in its first term.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
On Monday, he caught 13 passes for 164 yards and three touchdowns, including the first of the game and the last.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 第一，最初; 头等; 一号，; [乐]高音部
adv. 最早，最初; 首次; 宁愿; 优先
adj. 第一流的; 最初的，最早的; 基本的，概要的; 高音的
num. 第一
分布：第一(82%)，首先(13%)，最初(3%)，第一的(1%)，最初的(1%)
→来自pre-isto, *pre, 向前，穿过，词源同far, forth. *isto, 最高级后缀。
a./ad.第一;最初;首次n.开始pron.第一名The lace placed in the palace is replaced first, and displaced later.放在皇宫的带子先被替换,后来被转移.
US ['fɝ:st] ordinal number determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■(a person or thing) coming before all others in order, time, amount, quality or importance 第一（的）；首先；最初；首要（的）
• This is my first visit to New York. 这是我第一次到纽约。
• I fell in love with him the first time I saw him. 我对他一见钟情。
• I'm always nervous for the first few minutes of an exam. 考试开始的头几分钟我总是很紧张。
in the first place
■in or at the beginning (of a series of events) 最初，原本
• The trousers shrank when I washed them, but they weren't really big enough in the first place. 这条长裤洗过后缩水了，但是它原本就不够大。
• Thankfully, he wasn't hurt, but he never should have been there in the first place. 谢天谢地他没受伤，但是他原本就不应该到那里去。
in the first instance UK
■as the first attempt or effort 首先
• Enquiries about the post should be addressed in the first instance to the personnel manager. 询问职位事宜应该首先咨询人事经理。
first thing
■at the earliest time in the day 一大早
• He said he'd phone back first thing tomorrow. 他说明天一大早他会回电话的。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] ordinal number determiner
be in the first flush of
■to be at the start of something 在…之初，在…的最初阶段
• He's no longer in the first flush of youth. 他已不再青春年少。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] ordinal number determiner
first things first
■used to tell someone that more important things should be done before less important things 重要的事情先做
• First things first, let's have something to eat. 要紧的是，我们先吃点东西吧。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■before all others in order, time, amount, quality or importance 第一；首先；最初；首要
• Tom came first in the race. 汤姆在比赛中获得第一。
• Who finished first? 谁先完成的？
• If you get home first, can you put the kettle on? 你如果先到家，能烧壶水么？
 ESSENTIAL * for the first time
• When did you first meet each other? 你们初次见面是甚么时候？
• The company was still very small when I first joined. 我最初加入时，这家公司还很小。
 ESSENTIAL
■used at the beginning of a list of things you want to say or write; firstly 首先（用于想说或想写的一连串事物的开头）
• First, I want to thank my parents. 首先，我要感谢我的父母。
• First (of all) (UK alsoFirst off)(= Before anything else) , I'd like to ask you a few questions about your childhood. 首先，我想问几个有关你童年的问题。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] adverb
at first ESSENTIAL
■in or at the beginning 起初，起先
• At first I thought he was joking but then I realized he meant it. 起初我以为他在开玩笑，后来才意识到他是认真的。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] adverb
first among equals UK
■a member of a group who is officially on the same level as the other members but who in fact has slightly more responsibility or power 第一人（同级别中地位最高者）
• The British Prime Minister is first among equals in the Cabinet. 英国首相是内阁中的地位最高的人。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] adverb
first and foremost
■more than anything else 首要的是，首先
• In spite of being elected to office, she remains first and foremost a writer. 尽管获选担任公职，写作仍然是她的首要工作。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] adverb
first and last
■as the most important fact 最重要的是
• Don was, first and last, a good friend. 最重要的是，唐是个好朋友。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] adverb
first come , first served
■used to mean that people will receive something or be dealt with in the order in which they ask or arrive 先到先得；先到先接待
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] noun
THING OR PERSON 事物或人
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the first person or thing to do or be something, or the first person or thing mentioned 第一个人或事物
• [+ to infinitive] She was one of the first to arrive. 她是其中一个最先抵达的人。
• He is the first (= very willing) to admit that much of his success is due to his good looks. 他非常愿意承认，他的成功很大程度上归功于他帅气的外表。
• Tonight sees the first of three documentaries about cancer. 今晚播放有关癌症的三部纪录片中的第一部。
from the (very) first
■from the beginning 从一开始
• I've opposed the proposal from the very first. 我从一开始就反对那项提议。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] noun
NEVER BEFORE 从来没有
only singular
■something that has never happened or been done before 从未发生过的事，开创先例的事
• This new surgical technique is a first for (= has never been done before in) Britain. 这项外科手术新技术在英国是首次应用。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] noun
QUALIFICATION 资格
countable (also first class degree) UK
■the best possible degree qualification you can get from a British university （英国大学学位）最高成绩，优等成绩
• She has a first in English from Newcastle University. 她从纽卡索大学毕业，获英语头等成绩学位。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
uncountable (also first gear)
■(in a vehicle) the gear used when starting to drive forward or when driving up a steep hill （车辆的）第一档，一档
adv. 第一；首先；优先；宁愿
 - primarily, soon, initially, rather
n. 第一；开始；冠军
 - threshold, conception, beginning, opening, title
adj. 第一的；基本的；最早的
 - elementary, premier, fundamental, basic, essential

Word: addition
Front: addition
[əˈdɪʃn] (高研四六雅宝 2048/2841 -K4)
Vocabulary: addition
(once / 63 pages)
1n 2n
An addition is the act of adding something new, like a baby — a new addition to your family — or what you do in math class: the addition of columns of numbers to get the sum.
The noun addition comes from the Old French word adition, meaning "that which is added." A new room built onto your house, a new item in a store's inventory, even another baseball cap in your collection — all of these are additions. Usually thought of as improvements, you may have heard the phrase "welcome addition" to describe a new cast mate to a television show that has lost its creative spark or a new ball field at your local park.
WORD FAMILY
addition: additional, additions+/ add: addable, added, adder, addible, adding, addition, additive, adds/adder: adders/ additional: additionally/additive: additively, additives
USAGE EXAMPLES
In addition to her daughter, she is survived by two sons, Mark Lansburgh and Frank Bell Appleby, and four grandchildren.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition, Rossello pledged to provide female government employees with the same pay as their male counterparts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State public security secretary Sergio Fontes said that in addition to the deaths, some inmates escaped, but he did not say how many.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 加，增加，附加; [数]加法; 增加的人或事物
分布：加法(48%)，增加(42%)，附加物(10%)
→来自add的名词形式。
n.加,加法;附加部分,增加(物)In addition to the thick fog, there was a heavy swell.除浓雾之外又有滚滚大浪.
【记】add增加，ition名词后缀
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the process of adding numbers or amounts together 加法
• Twice a week the children are tested in basic mathematical skills such as addition (= calculating the total of different numbers put together) and subtraction. 孩子每周要参加两次加减法等基础数学能力的测试。
in addition (to)
 IMPROVER * as well (as)
• In addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland. 除了在伦敦拥有一层公寓外，他在义大利还有一座乡间别墅，在苏格兰有一座城堡。
countable
■something that has been added to something else 增加的人或物
• A secretary would be a welcome/useful addition to our staff. 多聘一名秘书对于我们全体工作人员来说是好消息／会有助于我们全体工作人员的工作。
• humorous I hear you're expecting a small addition to the family (= you are going to have a baby) ! 我听说你家里要添一名小成员了！
countable
■the act of adding a substance or thing to something else 增加，添加
• Most working environments are improved by the addition of (= adding) a few plants and pictures. 多数情况下，只要摆上几盆花、几幅画，工作环境就能得到改善。
accessory, supplement, appendix, attachment, addition
这组词都有“附加物、增加物”的意思，其区别是：
accessory: 作“附件”解时，与attachment同义，可互换，但还指增加美观的附属品。
supplement: 主要指使书、报等正广更完善而额外增加的部分。
appendix: 指书末的附录。
attachment: 指用于扩大原物用途的附件。
addition: 仅强调数量的增加。
n. 添加； [数] 加法；增加物
 - add, accretion

Word: sharp
Front: sharp
[ʃɑ:p] (高研四六托雅 2049/2035 -K4)
Vocabulary: sharp
(once / 52 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adjadv 6adjn
Something with a thin edge or a fine point that can cut is sharp. It's painful when your dog climbs into your lap, poking you with his sharp toenails.
A knife and a pointed stick are sharp, since they can pierce or cut, and a piercing pain in your neck is also sharp. You can also use sharp to describe a smart person or clever decision — or someone who dresses well, or the clothes such a person wears. Sharp also means clear, like sharp images in a book of black and white photography, or sudden, like a sharp turn in a mountain road.
WORD FAMILY
sharp: sharpen, sharper, sharpest, sharply, sharpness, sharps+/sharpen: sharpened, sharpener, sharpening, sharpens/sharpened: unsharpened/sharpener: sharpeners/sharper: sharpers/ sharply: sharplys/sharpness: sharpnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
At her workbench, she uses a microscope while cutting and removing tiny bits of metal with a sharp blade called a graver.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“He didn’t let anything around him bother him. He was in the zone and seemed pretty sharp those games.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Twin girls born at Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women & Newborns were delivered at 11:56 p.m.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 敏锐的; 锋利的; 狡猾的，聪明的; 尖锐的
adv. 猛烈地; 尖锐地; 尖利地; 偏高地
n. 升半音; 尖头; 骗子; 内行，专家
vt. [音乐]把（音调）升高（半音）
vi. [音乐]升音演奏（或演唱）
分布：锋利的(57%)，明显的(13%)，突然地(8%)，偏高地(8%)，准时地(7%)，灵敏的(3%)，辛辣的(3%)，突然的(1%)
→来自古英语 scearp,锋利的，来自 Proto-Germanic*skarpaz,切割，来自 sker,剪，切，砍， 词源同 shear,share.引申诸相关词义。
a.锋利的;轮廓分明的;急转的ad.(指时刻)正The slave safely saved the sharp shavers in a cave nearby the cafeteria.奴隶将锋利的剃刀安全地保存在自助餐厅附近的洞穴里.
US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
ABLE TO CUT 能切断
 ESSENTIAL
■having a thin edge or point which can cut something or make a hole in something 锋利的；尖的
• a knife with a sharp edge/blade. 刀刃锋利的刀子
• sharp teeth/claws/fingernails 锋利的牙齿／尖锐的爪子／尖尖的指甲
• The point of this pencil isn't sharp enough. 这支铅笔的头还不够尖。
 ADVANCED
■producing or describing a quick strong pain that makes you feel like you have been cut （疼痛）迅速而剧烈的
• She nudged me with a sharp elbow, to tell me to be quiet. 她狠狠地用手肘捅了我一下，要我安静点。
• I have this sharp pain in my chest, doctor. 医生，我的胸口感到刺痛。
■describes a part of someone's face which is very pointed （脸部部位）尖尖的
• a thin face with a sharp nose 长着尖尖鼻子的一张瘦脸
■If someone is sharp or makes a sharp statement, they speak or act in a severe and angry way, which can hurt other people （言行）尖刻的，尖锐的，严厉的
• He was rather sharp with me when I asked him to help. 我请他帮忙时，他对我的态度相当刻薄。
• The government's proposals came in for some sharp criticism. 政府的提议遭到了尖刻的批评。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
SUDDEN 突然的
 ADVANCED
■happening suddenly, quickly and strongly 突然的；急剧的；猛烈的
• a sharp drop in temperature 气温的遽降
• a sharp decline in the standard of living 生活水准的骤降
• a sharp rise/increase in the number of cases of this illness 该病发病人数的急遽上升
• a sharp bend in the road 公路的急转弯
• to suffer a sharp blow to the head 头部遭到一记猛击
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
TASTE 味道
■ acidic (= containing acid) or sour in taste 很酸的
• Lemons have a sharp taste. 柠檬的味道很酸。
• This cheese is rather sharp. 这种起司很酸。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
CLEAR 清楚的
■clear; easy to see or understand 清晰的；清楚的
• This TV gives a very sharp picture. 这台电视机影像非常清晰。
• The mountains stood in sharp contrast to the blue sky. 群山与蓝天形成了鲜明的对比。
• There is a sharp distinction between crimes which involve injury to people and those that don't. 造成人身伤害的犯罪和未造成人身伤害的犯罪两者之间有明显的界线。
• It was a sharp reminder of how dangerous the world can be. 这清楚地提醒人们这个世界有多么危险。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
CLEVER 聪明的 mainly approving
■clever or quick to notice things 聪明的；精明的；敏锐的
• Bird-watchers need to have sharp ears and eyes. 赏鸟者必须有敏锐的耳朵和眼睛。
• She has a sharp eye for a bargain. 她非常擅长发现便宜货。
• Our new director is very sharp. 我们的新主任非常精明。
• She manages to combine a sharp mind/intellect with a sympathetic manner. 她既有机敏的头脑，又能做到善解人意。
• He was a man of sharp wit /sharp -witted man who always spoke his mind. 他是一个思维敏捷、说话从不拐弯抹角的人。
• The play was full of sharp one-liners. 这出戏充满了机智风趣的俏皮话。
• US He may be old but he's still as sharp as a tack. 他也许是上了年纪，但他仍然思维敏捷。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
FASHIONABLE 时髦的 informal
■fashionable 时髦的，时尚的
• Tony is a very sharp dresser. 汤尼衣着很时尚。
• a sharp -suited business executive 衣着时髦的企业主管
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
have a sharp tongue (also be sharp-tongued)
■to be someone who often criticizes and speaks in a severe way 说话尖刻，有一张刀子嘴
• Jane has rather a sharp tongue, I'm afraid. 恐怕简说话很刻薄。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adverb
SUDDENLY 突然地
■suddenly or immediately 突然地，立刻地
• After the church, turn sharp left/right. 过了教堂，向左／右急转弯。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adverb
EXACTLY 恰好地
■exactly at the stated time 正好，准时地
• The performance will start at 7.30 sharp. 演出将于7：30准时开始。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective adverb
■higher than the correct or stated musical note （音）偏高（的），升半音（的）
• The E string on my guitar is a bit sharp. 我吉他上 E 弦的音有些偏高。
• This concerto is in the key of C sharp the set of musical notes a semitone higher than the one based on the note C. 这支协奏曲是升C调的。
• to sing sharp 唱得偏高
Compare flat ; natural
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] noun countable
■(a symbol for) a note that is a semitone higher than the stated note 升半音；升半音号
sharp, keen, acute, shrewd
这组词都有“锐利的、敏锐的、机敏的”的意思，其区别是：
sharp: 指人头脑精明、敏锐或机警。
keen: 多指对复杂艰深的事物或问题有敏锐的观察和敏捷的理解。
acute: 侧重感觉敏锐，能分辨出一般人难以觉察的细微区别。
shrewd: 指有头脑，善于判断分析，精明过人。
adj. 急剧的；锋利的；强烈的；敏捷的；刺耳的
 - intense, grinding, burning, cutting, quick
adv. 急剧地；锐利地；突然地
 - suddenly, abruptly
n. 尖头；骗子；内行
 - fraud, cusp
vt. 磨快；把音调升高
 - grind
vi. 打扮；升音演奏
 - dress oneself, trick up

Word: creative
Front: creative
[kriˈeɪtɪv] (研四六 2050/3029 -3)
Vocabulary: creative
(once / 400 pages)
adj
Do you like to make art? Do you like to write? Would you like to design clothes or buildings? Then you are a creative person.
Creative has to do with new things coming into being: creative is the opposite of destructive. Art class and art schools are good places to be creative. All the artists in a place are known as the "creative community." But being creative isn't just about art — to make anything new or come up with any kind of an idea takes creativity and is therefore creative. Whenever you're making something worthwhile, you're being creative.
WORD FAMILY
creative: creatively, creativeness, creativity, uncreative+/ create: created, creates, creating, creation, creative, creator, creature, miscreate, re-create, recreate /created: re-created/ creation: creationism, creations, re-creation/ creator: creators/ creature: creatures/miscreate: miscreated, miscreating, miscreation/miscreation: miscreations/re-create: re-creating/ recreate: recreated, recreates, recreating, recreation / recreation: recreational, recreations/ recreational: nonrecreational, recreationally/uncreative: uncreatively, uncreativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Reynolds and the Deadpool creative team are hard at work on the upcoming sequel, with John Wick’s David Leitch on board to direct.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
“We need to be as creative as the inventors of the internet,” says Paul Fehlinger of Internet & Jurisdiction, which is organising the Paris conference.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Producing a game involves software development, creative and artistic skills, project management and marketing, to name a few.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 创造性的，有创造力的; 有创意的，创新的，创造的
n. （非正式）创意人士
分布：创作的(100%)
有创造性的(create+ive)[cre,creas=grow,make,表示"增长,产生"]
a.有创造力的,创造性的Human beings are creative animals.人类是有创造力的动物.
US [-tˌɪv] adjective
 IMPROVER
■producing or using original and unusual ideas 有创造力的；创造性的；有创意的
• a creative person/artist/designer/programmer 有创意的人／艺术家／设计师／程式设计员
• creative talents/powers/abilities 创造才能／能力
• creative thinking 创造性思维
UK [kri'eɪ.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] noun countable specialized
■an employee whose imagination and artistic skills are very important for a company 有创造力的员工；创意人员
• Several leading creatives are involved in the advertising campaign. 好几位顶级创意人员参与策划了这次广告宣传运动。
creative, original, imaginative
这组词都有“有创造力的”的意思，其区别是：
creative: 侧重指具有把本来不存在的事物创造出来的能力。
original: 强调具有与众不同，有独到之处的创造能力。
imaginative: 指想象大异于现实，近乎或等于虚构。强调富有幻想能力。

Word: lower
Front: lower
[ˈləʊə(r)] (研四 2052/2932 -3)
Vocabulary: lower
(once / 47 pages)
1vn 2v
To lower is to move something downward. When you go to sleep at night, you lower your head onto your pillow (unless you are a horse; in that case, you don't lower anything and sleep standing up).
After cleaning your house's gutters, you'll climb down, lower the ladder, and put it away. After you've raised your hand in class and been called on, you will lower your hand again. Another way to lower something is to decrease the volume: "Will you please lower the sound on the TV? It's way too loud!" A less common meaning of lower is to scowl or glower, or to look stormy and dark.
WORD FAMILY
lower: lowered, lowering, lowermost, lowers+/ low: lowed, lower, lowest, lowing, lowness, lows/lowering: loweringly, lowerings/lowest: lowests/lowness: lownesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sharfstein said statewide efforts also lowered Maryland’s relatively high infant mortality rate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
However, our modern, sedentary lifestyles mean that our secondary hearts tend to weaken, which permits excessive fluid pooling into the lower body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Solution: Bitpesa uses Bitcoin to significantly lower the time and cost of remittances and and business payments to and from sub-Saharan Africa.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 下方的; 在底部的; 较低级的
v. 降低; 减少; 缩小
时态：lowered, lowering, lowers
分布：降低(73%)，低的(21%)，减弱(2%)，跌落(2%)，下级的(1%)，下层的(1%)
→来自low的比较级。lower 天空变昏暗，变阴沉
a.较低的,下级的,下游的v.降下,放低I lowered flowing flowers below the table.我把飘垂的花降低到桌子之下.
US ['loʊ.ɚ] verb transitive
MOVE 移动
 IMPROVER
■to move something into a low position 降低，使下降
• They lowered the coffin into the grave. 他们把棺材放入了墓穴。
• [R] Heavily pregnant by now, she lowered her self carefully into the chair. 因为现在重孕在身，她小心翼翼地在椅子上坐下。
• He lowered his eyes (= looked down) in embarrassment when he saw me. 他看到我后尴尬地垂下了双眼。
UK ['ləʊ.ər] US ['loʊ.ɚ] verb transitive
REDUCE 减少
 IMPROVER
■to reduce something 减少，降低
• Interest rates have been lowered again. 利率又降了。
• Boil for 5 minutes, then lower the heat and simmer for half an hour. 煮上五分钟，然后调到小火再炖半小时。
• Please lower your voice (= speak more quietly). 请说话小声点。
 IMPROVER
■to make something worse than it was before 使下降，降低
• a lowering of standards 标准的降低
• humorous Dale lowered the tone of the evening (= made it less socially acceptable) by telling a dirty joke. 戴尔讲了一个黄色笑话，破坏了晚会的气氛。
UK ['ləʊ.ər] US ['loʊ.ɚ] verb transitive
BEHAVE BADLY 举止不端
lower yourself
[R]
■to behave in a way that makes people lose respect for you 降低身份
• [+ to infinitive] I wouldn't lower myself to respond to his insults if I were you. 我要是你就不会贬低自己的身份，理睬他的辱骂。
UK ['ləʊ.ər] US ['loʊ.ɚ] adjective
■positioned below one or more similar things, or of the bottom part of something 下面的；底部的，底层的
• the lower deck of a ship 轮船的下甲板
• Her lower lip trembled as if she was about to cry. 她的下嘴唇颤抖着，好像要哭的样子。
• I've got a pain in my lower (= the bottom part of my) back. 我的后背下方有点痛。
Opposite upper
vt. 减弱，减少；放下，降下；贬低
 - take the edge off, feather out
vi. 降低；减弱；跌落
 - bring down, play down
adj. 下游的；下级的；下等的
 - junior, inferior

Word: behind
Front: behind
[bɪˈhaɪnd] (中高 421/489 -K5)
Vocabulary: behind
(once / 24 pages)
1advadj 2n
When one thing is behind another, it's at the rear or the far side of it, possibly even hidden by it. Your shy dog might tend to stand behind you when you meet a friend on your walk.
When the sun hides behind a cloud, the cloud is in front of it, and when there's fear lurking behind your cheerful smile, the grin is disguising, or covering, your anxiety. Behind can also mean "supporting," as when you're a hundred percent behind your sister's campaign for school president; or "lagging," as when you say: "Slow down! I'm way behind in this race!" Finally, behind is a gentle slang term for "buttocks."
WORD FAMILY
behind: behinds
USAGE EXAMPLES
It worked: Karjakin got behind on time and flailed about looking for counterplay, but the bind proved strong.
Slate(Dec 01, 2016)
“The motivations behind the recount are questionable and ultimately costly,” Tom Evenson, a spokesman, said in an email.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“College sport remains behind professional sports regarding opportunities for women and people of color for the top jobs,” Lapchick said.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: prep. （表示位置）在…的后面; 支持; （表示顺序）在身后; （表示比较）落后于
adv. 在后面; 向后; 在后面较远处; （落）在后面
n. 〈口〉屁股
分布：落后于(38%)，迟(22%)，不如(17%)，在...之后(6%)，追赶(5%)，基于(3%)，迟于...(3%)，落后地(3%)，在后面地(3%)
→前缀be-, 强调。hind, 后面，见hindsight, 后见之明。
prep.在...的背后,(遗留)在..后面;落后于It's acertained that the certificate is behind the curtain of the stainless steel container.经查实证书在不锈钢容器的帘子后面.
preposition adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■at the back (of) 在（…的）后面
• Look behind you! 往后看！
• I hung my coat behind the door. 我把大衣挂在门后了。
• Alex led, and I followed along behind. 亚历斯带头，我紧随其后。
• mainly UK As hard as she tried, she always fell behind the other swimmers in the races. 比赛时不管她怎样努力，总是落在其他游泳选手的后面。
• figurative I knew that behind (= hidden by) her smile was sadness. 我知道她在用微笑掩饰着内心的忧伤。
[bɪ'haɪnd] preposition adverb
be behind sb (all the way)
■to support someone (completely) in what they are doing （全力）支持（某人）
[bɪ'haɪnd] preposition adverb
Behind every great / successful man there stands a woman. saying
■said to emphasize that men's success often depends on the work and support of their wives 每个成功的男人背后都有一个女人。
[bɪ'haɪnd] preposition adverb
behind the wheel
■driving a motor vehicle 开车
• I'm a different person when I'm behind the wheel. 我一开车，就完全变成另一个人。
[bɪ'haɪnd] adverb
PLACE 地方
 ESSENTIAL
■in the place where someone or something was before 在某人或某物以前所在的地方
• I was annoyed to discover that I'd left my bag behind. 当我发现留下了袋子，感到很气愤。
• After the party a few people stayed behind to help clear up. 派对结束后，一些客人留下来帮忙收拾打扫。
[bɪ'haɪnd] adverb
SLOWER 迟缓
 ADVANCED
■slower or later than someone else, or than you should be 比别人迟或慢，落后（于）
• The old woman was behind with (= late paying) the rent. 老妇人迟迟未交房租。
[bɪ'haɪnd] preposition
■responsible for or the cause of 是…背后的原因
• He wondered what was behind his neighbour's sudden friendliness. 他不明白为何邻居的态度突然变得友善。
• Marie Curie was the woman behind enormous changes in the science of chemistry. 居礼夫人使整个化学领域发生了巨变。
[bɪ'haɪnd] noun countable informal
■the part of the body on which a person sits; bottom 屁股
• He tripped and fell on his behind. 他绊了一跤，一屁股摔在地上。
• Why don't you get off your behind (= stand up) and do something! 你为何不起来做些事情！
hind, backward, behind, back
这组词都有“在后，向后”的意思，其区别是：
hind: 指成对并且分前后的东西的“后面的”。
backward: 可用于人或物，指向后的，落后的或迟钝的。
behind: 指一物同它物相对的位置或场所。
back: 作为副词或形容词时，强调所修饰物的位置以及动作运动方向。
after, behind, at the back of
这些词均有“在……后面”之意。
after: 和behind用来表地点时，前者强调的是顺序的先后，而后者侧重方向和位置的前后关系。请比较：The student sat after me.那个学生坐在我后面。(我坐在他前面)。The student sat behind me.那学生坐在我背后。after与behind用于指时间时，前者强调时间的先后顺序，而后者则着重于表示“落后……”或“迟于……”的概念。试比较：Who ruled after James I?詹姆斯一世之后是谁统治的?You are forty minutes behind schedule.你比规定的时间迟了40分钟。after多用于表示因时间上的先后而造成顺序的前后场合，behind则常用于仅指位置上的前后关系。请比较：Please shut the door after you.请随手关门。Please shut the door behind you.请关上你身后的门。
at the back of: 这个前置词短语既可指具体的位置的先后，又可用于指抽象的概念。
prep. 落后于；支持；晚于
 - with, past
n. 屁股
 - ass, rear, pratt

Word: approve
Front: approve
[əˈpru:v] (高研四六托 2053/1762 -K4)
Vocabulary: approve
(once / 77 pages)
v
When you take your new love to meet your parents, you hope that they approve of your choice in partners, but when your date starts eating with his hands at dinner, chances are pretty slim.
Approve was first used like to mean "prove" or "show"––think, "The proof is in the pudding." Now, approve means to officially agree. You might need the principal to sign off on, or approve, any purchase of new materials for the classroom. Congress can also approve a bill or budget in this way. It’s important to remember that, like apple and appropriate, approve is spelled with a double “p.”
WORD FAMILY
approve: approbative, approbatory, approval, approved, approver, approves, approving, disapprove +/approbative: approbatively/ approval: approvals/approver: approvers/approving: approvingly/ disapproval: disapprovals/ disapprove: disapproval, disapproved, disapproves, disapproving / disapproving: disapprovingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those numbers fall well short of the goals in the city’s ambitious climate action plan, which was approved a year ago.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Goldmark also last month approved expanding nearby Devil’s Lake Conservation Area from 80 acres to 495 acres.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Federal officials said last week that the Valles Caldera National Preserve would become the 17th U.S. park unit with designated thermal features if approved.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 赞成，同意
vt. 批准; 认可; 核准; 为…提供证据
vi. 赞同; 称许; 称赞; 满意、喜欢(of)
时态：approved, approving, approves
分布：批准(48%)，赞成(36%)，同意(15%)，称许(1%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. prove, 证明。
赞成;承认(ap+prove→证明可行→赞成)[prob,prov=test表示"测试,证明"]
v.(of)赞成,赞许,同意;批准,审议,通过It's proved that the approver improved waterproof roof.经证实,赞同者改善了防水屋顶.
【记】ap一再，prove测试，证明－证明可行－赞成
【反】substantiate（v 证实）－disapprove（v 不赞成）
verb
GOOD OPINION 好的看法
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to have a positive opinion of someone or something 赞成；同意；称许
• She doesn't approve of my friends. 她不喜欢我的朋友。
• He doesn't approve of smoking. 他反对抽烟。
• I thoroughly approve of what the government is doing. 我完全赞成政府现在的做法。
Opposite disapprove
[ə'pru:v] verb
AGREE 同意
 IMPROVER transitive
■to accept, allow or officially agree to something 批准，核准；认可
• We had to wait months for the council to approve our plans to extend the house. 我们要等几个月，直到政务委员会批准我们扩建房屋的计划。
• The court approved the sale of the property. 法院批准卖掉这处房产。
approve, sanction, confirm
这组词都有“批准”的意思，其区别是：
approve: 普通用词，常指正式的或官方的批准。
sanction: 语气最强，多指官方的同意或批准，是书面用词。
confirm: 强调按法律程序提请确认或批准。
approve, conform, conceive, agree
approve: 赞同 ~ of
conform: 符合，与……相一致 ~ to
conceive: 设想，一位，怀有 ~ of
agree: 同意 ~with/to/on
prove, approve
prove: 和approve词形相似，prove是“证明”，“表明是”等。
approve: (1)赞成，同意。如：I don’t approve of wasting time.(我不赞成浪费时间。) (2)批准，通过。如：The minister approved the building plan. 部长批准了建筑计划。
approve, consent, subscribe, comply, agree
这组词都有“同意、赞同”的意思，其区别是：
approve: 侧重对认为正确或满意的事表示赞同或批准。作不及物动词用时，常与of连用。
consent: 指同意别人的请求、建议或满足他人的愿望，着重意愿或感情，常和to连用。
subscribe: 指完全地赞成已阐明的立场。多用于比较愿意支持一种立场或为一种立场所辨护的情况。
comply: 指答应某人已经提出或可能要求做的某事，与with连用。
agree: 普通用词，侧重指对某事同其他人有相同的意见或想法。
vt. 批准；赞成；为…提供证据
 - confirm, agree, uphold, authorize
vi. 批准；赞成；满意
 - to ratify, give someone the green light

Word: explanation
Front: explanation
[ˌekspləˈneɪʃn] (高研四六 2054/1492 -K3)
Vocabulary: explanation
(once / 121 pages)
n
An explanation is a statement about how or why something is the way it is. If you're failing math, you'd better come up with a good explanation to give to your parents.
Explanation is from the same Latin word as explain: explanare, which means make clear. Because explanation and explain are so closely related, people often try to shoehorn an extra i into the spelling of explanation. Don't. You might think that explanation has the odd spelling, but it is really the more regular of the two because there is no i in explanare.
WORD FAMILY
explanation: explanations+/ explain: explainable, explained, explaining, explains, explanation, explanatory, re-explain/explainable: explainably, unexplainable /explained: unexplained/ explanatory: explanatorily, self-explanatory/ unexplainable: unexplainably/unexplained: unexplainedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We’re not a political organisation,” he says by way of explanation for why his group was able to keep operating for so long.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Here they are, with a bit of explanation from a Seattle expert.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Contemporary neurologists offer alternative explanations for hearing celestial speech.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 解释; 说明; 辩解; （消除误会后）和解
分布：解释(87%)，说明(13%)
→来自explain, 解释。
n.解释,说明His explanation stands to reason.他的解释合情合理.
【参】explanatory（adj 说明的；解释性的）
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the details or reasons that someone gives to make something clear or easy to understand 解释；说明；给出的原因
• Could you give me a quick explanation of how it works? 你可以向我简要说明一下它的运作原理吗？
• What was her explanation for why she was late? 她是如何解释她迟到的原因的？
• [+ that] The judge didn't believe his explanation that he had stolen the money in order to give it to charity. 他解释偷钱是为了捐给慈善机构，但是法官并不相信。
• He said, by way of explanation, that he hadn't seen the traffic light change to red. 他解释说他没有看到红灯亮起。
exposition, definition, description, explanation, interpretation
这组词都有“解释”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 通常指对论点、假设、理论等的重点作详尽的阐述。
definition: 主要指对某一词、短语或专门术语的含义作解释、下定义。
description: 指对某一事物的重要方面进行详细叙述，常含教育与启迪意味。
explanation: 普通用词，指使人明白未知或不清楚的事。
interpretation: 多指对文字上较难的段落，或难于理解，令人迷惑的问题作出解释或说明。
n. 说明，解释；辩解
 - notes, interpretation, construction, legend, account

Word: outside
Front: outside
[ˌaʊtˈsaɪd] (中高 809/857 -K5)
Vocabulary: outside
(once / 46 pages)
1nadjadv 2nadjadv 3adj
The outside of something is the part that's visible to the world. A neighbor who's used to the tidy outside of your house might be shocked by the mess inside.
Your perfect chocolate chip cookies might be crunchy on the outside, but soft inside, and when your friends eat them, they'll look as happy on the outside as they feel inside. Outside is also an adjective, for talking about the outside temperature or your outside lights that automatically turn on at dusk. If you're on the outside of some group, you don't feel like you belong, and if someone talks about "an outside chance," they mean a very unlikely possibility.
WORD FAMILY
outside: outsider, outsides+/ outsider: outsiders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Also called pneumococcus, this pathogen is the most common perpetrator of community-acquired pneumonia, which is pneumonia that people get outside hospitals and nursing homes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And maybe there’s a lesson to be learned here: to move outside myself, to move beyond nausea; to focus on the other, not on self.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
To live outside the tiny cosmos of our own desires.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 在外面; 向外面; 在户外; 露天
n. 外面; （弯曲路面或轨道的）外道; （靠近路中央的）外侧; （建筑物等的）周围
adj. 外部的; 集团外的; （选择余地、可能性等）非常小; 可能性最大的
prep. （表示位置）在[向]…的外面; （表示范围）超出…的范围; （表示排斥）除了（某人）
分布：外面(72%)，在外面(20%)，外部的(7%)，在 ... 外边(1%)
→out-,向外，side,边。
在外面(out+side旁边→在外边)[out-①表示"超过,过度"②表示"出去,过时"]
ad.向外面n.外部a.外部的prep.在...外Considering considerable spiders outside, I stay in the president's residence.考虑到外面有相当多的蜘蛛,我呆在总统的住宅里.
adjective adverb preposition]ˌaʊtˈsaɪd/ /ˈ--]
 ESSENTIAL
■not inside a building 在外面（的），在室外（的）；在…外面
• It was a lovely day outside. 外面的天气真好。
• Since it's such a nice day shall we eat/sit/go outside? 既然天气这么好，我们到外面吃饭／坐坐／走走好吗？
• an outside light/toilet 室外灯／厕所
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■coming from another place or organization 外来的（地）；来自外地（或组织外）的（地）；…以外
• The company has called in outside experts. 公司已外请专家。
outside call/line
■a telephone call or connection going outside the place where you are （电话）外线
[before noun]
■the most that would be allowed 最大限度的；最高限度的
• The outside limit/figure would be £350. 最大限度／最高价格会达到350英镑。
adjective adverb preposition]ˌaʊtˈsaɪd/ /ˈ--]
the outside world (also the world outside)
■things that are common in normal society, but which you have no experience of 外界，外部世界
• An over-protected childhood meant that at the age of 22 she had no idea about the outside world. 童年时期受到过分保护，意味着到了22岁的她对外面世界仍然一无所知。
adverb preposition]ˌaʊtˈsaɪd/ /ˈ--/ not in a particular building or room, but near it 在（…）外面
• She sat for two hours on the floor outside his room. 她在他房间外的地上坐了两个小时。
■not in a particular place 不在某地，在（…）外面，…以外
• Nobody outside this room must ever know what we have discussed. 除了这间屋子里的人，决不能让任何人知道我们讨论过的内容。
■not within or part of something 超出；不属于
• I'm afraid that would be outside my job description. 恐怕这超出了我的职责范围。
outside of mainly US
■except for 除了，除…之外
• Outside of us three, no one knows anything about the problem, yet. 除了我们三个，别人对这个问题都还毫不知情。
noun countable usually singular /ˌaʊtˈsaɪd/ /ˈ--]
OUTER PART 外部
 ESSENTIAL
■the outer part or side of something 外部，外面
• The outside of the house needs painting. 房子的外部需要粉饰一下。
• The house looks larger when looked at from the outside. 这幢房子从外面看显得更大些。
• The company needs to get help from outside (= from people who work for other organizations). 公司需要获得外界的帮助。
Compare inside
noun countable usually singular /ˌaʊtˈsaɪd/ /ˈ--]
LARGEST AMOUNT 最多
at the outside
■used to say that an amount is the most possible in a situation 最多，顶多
• The job will take about ten days at the outside. 这工作顶多需要十天左右。
adjective [before noun] /ˈaʊt.saɪd/
■slight 微小的，极小的
• There's still an outside chance/possibility that Scotland will get through into the World Cup. 苏格兰队进入世界杯决赛圈仍有一线希望。
outward, outer, exterior, external, outside
这组词都有“外部的”的意思，其区别是：
outward: 多指空间关系或方向上向外的。
outer: 主要提离开中心或内部较远的，或指比较在外的。
exterior: 强调位于事物的外表以上，但仍是该事物的一部分，较正式。
external: 指与其他物体分离或没有关系的外部，不涉及内容，只说明全然是外部的。
outside: 指超出某种界限之外的。
adj. 外面的， [计] 外部的；外来的
 - outer, external, out
n. [计] 外部；外观
 - without, surface, face, garment
adv. 在外面，向外面；在室外
 - without, ectad
prep. 在…范围之外
 - beyond the pale

Word: gay
Front: gay
[geɪ] (高研四六 2056/4231 -4)
Vocabulary: gay
(once / 99 pages)
nadj
Gay is a word with many meanings. A gay person is homosexual, but if we describe something like a scene or a party as gay, that means it's bright, merry, and happy.
Gay originally meant excited, festive and merry. Skipping down the street is something you'd do in a gay mood. A fun dinner party could be described as full of laughter and gaiety. Gay really only came to mean homosexual in the last century. The fight for gay rights doesn’t mean a fight for the right to be festive, it means a fight against discrimination.
WORD FAMILY
gay: gaily, gayer, gayest, gayly, gayness, gays
USAGE EXAMPLES
The epidemic began among marginalized populations, including gay men, IV drug users and sex workers.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Taipei’s annual gay-pride parade is a lively celebration that draws 80,000 people or so a year, including gay people from all over Asia.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Associate Commissioner Gay Wilkinson says it wouldn’t be the county.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 快乐的，愉快的; 同性恋的; 艳丽的，华丽的; 放荡的，无法无天的
n. 同性恋者（尤指男性）
分布：同性恋的(61%)，快乐的(15%)，鲜艳的(15%)，放荡的(9%)
→词源不详，可能同joy, gaudy. 原义为欢乐的，因与同性恋联系在一起，该词义现已少用。同性恋义来自同性恋行话，据说是来自gay cat，快乐猫咪。
a.快乐的,愉快的,色彩鲜艳的n.同性恋"The gay mayor maybe lay in the hay by the Baby bay," he says in dismay.他沮丧地说:"快活的市长大概躺在婴儿湾边上的干草中."
adjective
HOMOSEXUAL 同性恋的
 ESSENTIAL
■homosexual 同性恋的
• gay rights 同性恋者的权益
• Mark knew he was gay by the time he was fourteen. 马克到14岁时知道了自己是同性恋。
• the lesbian and gay community 男女同性恋者群体
[geɪ] adjective
HAPPY 快乐的 old-fashioned
■happy 欢快的，愉快的，快乐的
• We had a gay old time down at the dance hall. 我们在下面舞厅玩得开心极了。
■old-fashioned
■If a place is gay, it is bright and attractive 五光十色的；鲜艳的；吸引人的
• The streets were gay and full of people. 大街上色彩缤纷，熙熙攘攘。
[geɪ] adjective
BAD QUALITY 品质差 slang
■Something that is gay is not very good quality or is not clever, sensible or suitable 品质差的；愚蠢的；没有意义的；不合适的
• These seats are so gay. I can't even see what's happening on stage. 这些座位实在太差了，我就连舞台上在演甚么都看不到。
[geɪ] adjective
just gay enough informal
■A heterosexual man who is just gay enough has some of the qualities typical of gay men that many women like, such as an interest in clothes or being able to talk about emotions. 像同性恋的，奶油小生的，脂粉气的
[geɪ] noun countable
■a homosexual person, especially a man （尤指男性）同性恋者
joyful, glad, delightful, merry, gay, happy, agreeable, jolly, nice, pleasant, cheerful
这组词都有“愉快的，高兴的”的意思，其区别是：
joyful: 语气较强，强调心情或感情上的欣喜。
glad: 最普通用词，语气较弱，表示礼貌的惯用语。指乐于做某事或因某事而感到满足，常表愉快的心情。
delightful: 指能带来强烈的快乐，激起愉快的情感，用于非常愉快的场合。
merry: 指精神情绪的暂时高涨，表示欢乐、愉快的心境或情景，侧重充满欢笑声和乐趣。
gay: 侧重无忧无虑、精神昂扬、充满生命的快乐。
happy: 侧重感到满足、幸福或高兴。
agreeable: 指与感受者的愿望、情趣或受好等和谐一致而带来的心情上的快意。
jolly: 通俗用词，多指充满快乐与喜悦的神情。
nice: 语气较温和，泛指任何愉快或满意的感觉。
pleasant: 侧重给人以“赏心悦目”或“愉快的，宜人的”感受。
cheerful: 多指因内心的愉快而表现出兴高采烈，是强调而自然的感情流露。
adj. 快乐的；放荡的；艳丽的
 - festival, cheerful, enjoyable
n. 同性恋者
 - homosexual person, homophile

Word: campus
Front: campus
[ˈkæmpəs] (研四六托雅 2059/8068 -2)
Vocabulary: campus
(once / 702 pages)
n
The land and various buildings that make up a college are its campus. If you live on campus, you'll be close to your classes.
When you hear the word campus, you generally think of a college or university, which include libraries and labs and classrooms and dormitories, all of which make up a campus. Other institutions, including hospitals, high schools, and some companies' office buildings, also have campuses. The word campus is Latin for "a field" or "an expanse surrounded."
WORD FAMILY
campus: campuses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead of mini-moneymakers, though, the entire campus — potholed parking lots and all — needs anchors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Digital Future Lab works as an in-house internship opportunity for students studying on the Bothell campus, said Pace, the lab director.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She also remembers a time when Dominic called her while she was on campus to assure her that she would ace another exam.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 校园; 校区
分布：校园(93%)，校园的(6%)，场地(1%)
→来自camp, 平地，平原，后指校园。-us, 拉丁词阳性格。
校园(camp+us)[camp=field表示"田野"]
n.(大学)校园On the camp of the campus the campaign champion put the camera on the camel.在校园的营地上运动冠军将摄影机放在骆驼上.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the buildings of a college or university and the land that surrounds them （大学）校园，校区
• There's accommodation for about five hundred students on campus. 校园内可供约500名学生食宿。
n. （大学）校园；大学，大学生活；校园内的草地
 - schoolyard, college life

Word: proper
Front: proper
[ˈprɒpə(r)] (中高研四六托 2058/1458 -K4)
Vocabulary: proper
(once / 45 pages)
adj
Something proper is correct or right. There's a proper fork to use for salad, and a proper way to dress for a wedding.
Things that are proper fit the situation — they're the right thing to do, because of custom or manners. A swear word is the opposite of proper language. Wearing a hat indoors isn't proper, as your grandparents have probably reminded you. Getting proper medical care means you've received the appropriate medical care. When things are proper, they're correct and suitable: they fit.
WORD FAMILY
proper: improper, properer, properest, properly, properness+/ improper: improperly, improperness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Riley exhibited the proper form: lowering his shoulder, wrapping his arms around the dummy, then wrestling it to the ground.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
There is more wiggle room with species categorized under Appendix II and Appendix III, as long as the traveler obtains the proper permit or certificate.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
In the north, a separate army unit pressed toward the border of Mosul proper after recapturing several outlying villages in recent days.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 适当的，相当的，正当的，应该的，正式的，正常的; 固有的，特有的，独特的; 本来的，真正的，严格意义上的; 〈古〉漂亮的，优美的
adv. 〈方〉适当地，好好地，非常，很，完完全全地，彻底地
n. [宗教][常用P-]特定节日等用的仪式，弥撒（祈祷、礼仪等）书的章节，特赞
分布：合适的(65%)，正当的(20%)，真正的(15%)
→来自古法语propre,自己的，合适的，来自拉丁语proprius,自己的，来自拉丁短语pro privo,个人所有，来自privus,个人的，私人的，词源同private.引申诸相关词义。
a.适合的;合乎体统的;固有的;有礼貌的The rope is proper property to the prospering rope maker.绳子对成功的制绳者来说是真正的财产.
US ['prɑ:.pɚ] adjective
REAL 真正的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■real, satisfactory, suitable or correct 适合的；适当的；恰当的；正确的
• This is Sara's first proper job - she usually does temporary work just for the money. 这是莎拉的第一份正式工作——她通常只是为了赚钱而打零工。
• If you're going to walk those sort of distances you need proper walking boots. 如果你要走那么远的路，就需要一双合脚的健步鞋。
• I would have done the job myself but I didn't have the proper equipment. 这工作我倒是想自己来，只是没有合适的工具。
• I've had sandwiches but I haven't eaten a proper meal. 我吃了三明治，但还没有好好吃一顿饭。
• She likes everything to be in its proper place. 她喜欢所有东西都各有其所，放置妥当。
UK ['prɒp.ər] US ['prɑ:.pɚ] adjective
SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE 可被社会接受的
■showing standards of behaviour that are socially and morally acceptable 合乎体统的，规矩的
• [+ to infinitive] In those days it was considered not quite proper for young ladies to be seen talking to men in public. 在那个年代，年轻女子被人看见在公共场合与男子谈话会被认为不成体统。
• She was very proper, my grandmother - she'd never go out without wearing her hat and gloves. 我祖母非常讲究仪表——出门时总要戴上帽子和手套。
UK ['prɒp.ər] US ['prɑ:.pɚ] adjective
MAIN 主要的
[after noun]
■belonging to the main, most important or typical part 严格意义上的；属于最重要（或最典型）部分的
• It's a suburb of Manchester really - I wouldn't call it Manchester proper. 这实际上是曼彻斯特郊区——严格来讲我不会称它是曼彻斯特。
UK ['prɒp.ər] US ['prɑ:.pɚ] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
[before noun] UK informal
■complete 完全的，彻底的
• I've got myself into a proper mess! 我把自己搞得一团糟！
UK ['prɒp.ər] US ['prɑ:.pɚ] adverb UK not standard
■sometimes used instead of the adverb 'properly' to describe how someone speaks 合适地，得体地（有时代替副词 properly，用于描述某人说话的方式）
• She was an educated lady so she talked proper. 她是位有教养的女士，因此谈吐很得体。
fit, appropriate, suitable, apt, proper, fitting
这组词都有“适当的”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 指具有适合于某个目的，某种工作或某种用途等必需的品质或条件。
appropriate: 指专门适合于某人或某事，语气较重，强调“恰如其分”。
suitable: 指具有适合于某种特定场合、地位或情况等的品质。
apt: 专指性质或构造适合达到某一目的或得到某种结果的要求。
proper: 往往侧重于符合某个标准或习惯。
fitting: 指与当时的目标、情绪状态、气氛、场合等相适应。
adj. 适当的；本身的；特有的；正派的
 - suitable, appropriate, adequate, typical, becoming
adv. 完全地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully

Word: live
Front: live
[lɪv] (中高雅 210/267 -K3)
Vocabulary: live
(once / 12 pages)
1vadj 2v 3v 4adjadv 5adj
The verb live means remain alive. If you hope to live until you're 100, start eating vegetables.
When live rhymes with give, it's a verb that has to do with existing — being or staying alive, or making your home in a particular place, like when you say, "I live on the planet Earth for the time being." When live rhymes with hive, it is an entirely different word with a very similar meaning, an adjective that means "not dead", or "living". So you could describe your two pet fish by saying, "The one on the left, floating upside down, is the dead fish, and the one on the right is the live fish."
WORD FAMILY
live: livable, liveable, lived, liveness, living, livingly, relive, unlive+/ livable: livably/ living: livings, non-living, nonliving/relive: relived, relives, reliving/unlive: unlivable, unliveable, unlived, unliving
USAGE EXAMPLES
They just think the beasts lived alongside humans on a planet that’s only about 6,000 years old.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
I am remembering how my mother lived with breast cancer for 14 years, through two mastectomies and repeated chemotherapy and radiation.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
While we need to move around a bit to complete the tasks of daily living, in modern life we tend not to move very much.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 生存; 居住; 生活，过活; 在生活中得到享受
vt. 经历; 度过
时态：lived, living, lives
分布：现场(46%)，居住(18%)，活的(12%)，活着(11%)，带电的(4%)，过着(3%)，直播的(3%)，当前的(1%)，现场的(1%)，燃烧着的(1%)
→来自life的动词形式。
v.活着,生活,居住a.活的,生动的,直播的He lived to the age of 70.他活到70岁.
verb[lɪv/
HAVE LIFE 活着
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■(to continue) to be alive or have life 生存；活着
• He only lived a few days after the accident. 出事后他只活了几天就死了。
• I hope I live to see my grandchildren. 我希望我能活到看见我孙儿女的那一天。
• [+ to infinitive] Her granny lived to the ripe old age of 94. 她祖母活到了94岁高龄。
• Can the right to live ever be denied to any human? 人的生存权可以剥夺吗？
• She lived on well into her nineties. 她一直活到了90多岁。
verb[lɪv/
HAVE A HOME 居住
live in/at, etc.
 ESSENTIAL
■to have your home somewhere 住，居住
• Where do you live? 你住在哪里？
• We live in London. 我们住在伦敦。
• Some students live on the University campus. 有些学生住在大学校园里。
• He lives with four other people in a shared house. 他和另外四个人同住在一所房子里。
intransitive informal
■to be kept usually in a particular place 放，放置，保存
• Where do the knives live in your kitchen? 刀具放在厨房的甚么地方了？
• I'm not sure where this bowl lives. 我不知道这只碗该放在哪里。
verb[lɪv/
SPEND LIFE 生活
 ESSENTIAL intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive
■to spend your life in a particular way 生活，过活
• After a while you get used to living alone. 过一段时间你会适应一个人生活的。
• When you retire, you want to live a comfortable life. 退休的时候，大家都希望能过着舒适的生活。
• So the prince and princess got married, and lived happily ever after. 于是王子和公主成了亲，从此他们过着幸福的生活。
• He simply wants to live (out) (= experience) the rest of his days in peace. 他只想能安度余生。
• The TV's broken - we'll just have to live without (= not have) it for a while. 电视机坏了 ——这段时间我们只好不看电视了。
• She certainly lived her life to the full (= was always doing something interesting). 她当然活得非常充实。
• figurative The US is living beyond its means (= spending more than it earns). 美国人过的是借钱享乐的日子。
verb[lɪv/
STAY ALIVE 活着
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to stay alive, especially by getting enough money to pay for food, a place in which to stay, clothing, etc 活着；（尤指靠…）过活，生活
• For several years she lived by begging. 她以乞讨为生过了好几年。
• She has an inheritance to live off (US alsolive off of)so she doesn't need to work. 她可以靠遗产生活，不必工作。
• He only agreed to marry her so he could live off her (money). 他同意和她结婚只是为了她的钱。
verb[lɪv/
CONTINUE 继续
intransitive
■(of things which can not be alive) to exist or continue to exist （指逝去的事物）继续存在，留存
• The memory of those terrible days lives on. 对那些恐怖的日子的记忆挥之不去。
verb[lɪv/
INTERESTING LIFE 有趣的生活
intransitive
■to have an interesting life 享受生活的乐趣，尽情地享受生活
• I want to live a bit before I settle down. 在安定下来之前我要好好享受一下生活。
• If you haven't seen Venice, you haven't lived. 如果你没到过威尼斯，就等于白活了一场。
verb[lɪv/
live (on) in the memory
■If something lives (on) in the memory, it has such an effect that it is remembered for a long time. 留在记忆中
verb[lɪv/
live your own life
■to spend your life doing what you want usually because something is no longer stopping you from doing so 以自己的方式生活；自由自在地生活
• Now that the children have left home I can live my own life again. 现在孩子都不在家了，我终于能再次以我自己的方式生活了。
verb[lɪv/
live a lie
■to live in a way that is dishonest because you are pretending to be something that you are not, to yourself or to other people 过着骗人的生活；过着双面人的生活
• She doesn't know you're married? You have to stop living a lie and tell her. 她不知道你结了婚吗？你不能再骗人了，必须告诉她实情。
verb[lɪv/
live and breathe sth
■When a person lives and breathes something, it is extremely important to them 对待…像生命一样重要，视…为生命
• He lives and breathes music. 他视音乐为生命。
verb[lɪv/
live and let live
■said to mean that people should accept the way other people live and behave, especially if they do things in a different way 自己活也让别人活；互相宽容
verb[lɪv/
live by your wits
■to make money in a clever and usually dishonest way 靠耍小聪明赚钱，靠玩花招赚钱
verb[lɪv/
live in sin humorous
■to live with someone that you are having a sexual relationship with but are not married to （有性关系但并未结婚的人）一起居住；姘居；未婚同居
• Last I heard, they'd moved in together and were living in sin. 我听到的最新消息是，他们已经搬到一起同居了。
verb[lɪv/
live it up informal
■to have an exciting and very enjoyable time with parties, good food and drink 享乐，玩乐
• He's alive and well and living it up in the Bahamas. 他活蹦乱跳的，正在巴哈马群岛吃喝玩乐呢。
verb[lɪv/
live like a king/lord
■to have a luxurious (= spending a lot of money) way of life 过着奢华的生活
verb[lɪv/
live to fight another day
■to have another chance to fight in a competition 下次再分高低，还有机会较量
• We didn't win this time, but we live to fight another day. 这次我们没有获胜，但下回我们再论输赢。
verb[lɪv/
live to tell the tale
■to successfully deal with or continue to live despite a difficult situation or experience 熬过来，挺过来
• We had a horrific journey, but we lived to tell the tale. 这段旅程太恐怖了，但我们终于熬了过来。
verb[lɪv/
lived in
■regularly used and comfortable 常用的，舒适的
• I like a room to look lived in. 我喜欢房间里看上去像有人常住的样子，舒适惬意。
verb[lɪv/
never live sth down
■to be unable to stop feeling embarrassed about something you have done 对…感到尴尬不已，一直对…感到难堪
• I wish I'd never opened my mouth in the meeting - I'm never going to live it down! 我真希望自己在会上甚么都没说——我一辈子都会为此感到难堪的！
verb[lɪv/
within living memory
■If something has happened within living memory, it can be remembered by some people who are still alive 记忆犹新，依然留在记忆中
• There is possibly less chance of another World War while the last one is within living memory. 当人们对上一次世界大战还记忆犹新的时候，爆发新的世界大战的可能性会很小。
verb[lɪv/
you live and learn
■said when you hear or discover something which is surprising （表示对得知的东西感到惊讶）真想不到
• I had no idea they were related. Oh well, you live and learn. 我一点都没想到他们之间还有联系。唉，真是想不到啊。
verb[lɪv/
  Phrasal Verbs  live for sth/sb ADVANCED
■to have something or someone as the most important thing in your life 为…而活着
• She just lives for music. 她就是为音乐而活的。
verb[lɪv/
  Phrasal Verbs  live on sth
MONEY
 ADVANCED
■If you live on an amount of money, that is the money that you use to buy the things that you need 依靠（…钱）生活
• We lived on very little when we first got married. 我们刚结婚的时候日子过得很紧。
FOOD
 ADVANCED
■to only eat a particular type of food 靠（…食物）生存；只吃
• I more or less live on pasta. 我基本上只吃义大利面。
verb[lɪv/
  Phrasal Verbs  live together ADVANCED
■If two people live together, they share a house and have a sexual relationship but are not married （未婚）同居
• Nowadays many young people live together before they get married. 现在许多年轻人都婚前同居。
verb[lɪv/
  Phrasal Verbs  live up to sth ADVANCED
■to be as good as something 与…一样好
• The concert was brilliant - it lived up to all our expectations. 音乐会很棒——一点都没有让我们失望。
verb[lɪv/
  Phrasal Verbs  live with sb ADVANCED
■to share a home with someone and have a sexual relationship with them although you are not married 与（某人）未婚同居
verb[lɪv/
  Phrasal Verbs  live with sth
■to accept a difficult or unpleasant situation 接受，容忍（困境或令人不快的情形）
• I can't change the situation so I'm going to have to learn to live with it. 既然无法改变这种状况，我只好试着去接受它。
adjective]laɪv/
HAVING LIFE 活的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■having life 活的
• Millions of live animals are shipped around the world each year. 每年有数百万只动物被运到世界各地。
• There was a tank of live lobsters in the restaurant. 餐厅里有一箱活龙虾。
adjective]laɪv/
AS IT HAPPENS 在其发生的同时
 IMPROVER
■(of a performance) broadcast, recorded or seen while it is happening 现场直播的，现场录制的；实况转播的
• This evening there will be a live broadcast of the debate. 今晚将现场直播这场辩论。
• a live recording 现场录音
adjective]laɪv/
ELECTRICITY 电
■(of a wire) carrying or charged with electricity （电线）带电的
• a live wire 火线
adjective]laɪv/
ABLE TO EXPLODE 可爆炸的
■able to explode 可爆炸的
• live rounds of ammunition 数发实弹
• live shells 实弹
adjective]laɪv/
BURNING 燃烧的
■(of a fire, coals or a match) still burning or able to burn （火、煤炭或火柴）燃烧的，可燃的
• There are live coals in the fireplace. 壁炉里的煤还在燃烧。
adverb
■broadcast as it happens or performing in front of an audience 直播地；现场播出地
• I've got two tickets to see them (perform) live. 我有两张看他们现场演出的门票。
go live live 1 * If a new system, especially a computer system, goes live, it starts to operate
（新系统，尤指电脑系统）开始运行；开始工作
• Our new payments system will go live at the beginning of next month. 下个月初我们新的付费系统将开始运作。
dwell, inhabit, reside, settle, lodge, live
这组词都有“居住、定居”的意思，其区别是：
dwell: 文学上的用词，口语中通常用live代替。
inhabit: 强调人或动物居住在某个地区并已适应某种特殊环境。
reside: 书面用词，指合法的永久性居住，也指在豪华的住宅里居住。
settle: 侧重指某人定居于城市、国家或地区，而不指居住的住所。
lodge: 指短时间或临时住宿。
live: 最普通用词，指固定的居住，可以是长期的，也可以是临时的。
lively, alive, living, live
lively: 意为活波的
alive: 活着的,定表均可,定语后置, all the people alive
living: 活着的,定表均可, all the living people
live: 活着的,只能做定语,
exist, live, be
这组词都有“存在”的意思，其区别是：
exist: 通常指可观察到的或众所周知的存在现象。
live: 多指有生命的东西的存在。指无生命事物时，强调可联想起生命的那些特点。
be: 指某时某地确存在的事物或现象，多与there连用。
adj. 活的；生动的；实况转播的；精力充沛的
 - telling, vivid, vigorous, energetic
vt. 经历；度过
 - spend, suffer, experience, undergo, last
vi. 活；居住；生存
 - exist, belong, room, harbor, dwell

Word: guilty
Front: guilty
[ˈgɪlti] (高研四六宝 2061/2126 -K3)
Vocabulary: guilty
(once / 134 pages)
adj
Someone guilty has done something wrong or illegal. And when you do something wrong, you feel guilty — bad or sorry — about it.
The police are responsible for finding out who’s guilty of a crime so they can be arrested, convicted, and punished. But you can also be guilty of smaller, more legal things, like cheating on a test, breaking the rules of a game, or thinking awful things. If you’ve done it, then you’re guilty of it: so if someone asks if you have a crush on your swim instructor, you can say “guilty!”
WORD FAMILY
guilty: guiltier, guiltiest, guiltily, guiltiness+/ guilt: guiltless, guilts, guilty /guiltless: guiltlessly, guiltlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once they’re inside, it becomes extraordinarily difficult to try the guilty or release those who are no longer a threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Tsang pleaded not guilty to three charges of bribery and misconduct, relating to a luxury flat in China.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof was found guilty on 33 federal charges, including hate crimes and obstruction of the practice of religion.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 内疚的; 有罪的
分布：有罪的(72%)，内疚的(28%)
a.(of)有罪的,内疚的The guide disguised his guilty of mixing the liquor with a liter of liquid.导游把酒与一公升液体混合的罪过掩饰起来.
【反】exonerate（vt 免除；证明无罪）－prove guilty（证明有罪）
US [-tˌi] adjective
FEELING 感觉
 ESSENTIAL
■feeling guilt 内疚的；愧疚的；自责的
• I feel so guilty about forgetting her birthday. 我忘了她的生日，深感内疚。
• She must have done something wrong, because she's looking so guilty. 她一定是做错甚么事了，因为她一脸愧疚。
• You've got a guilty conscience - that's why you can't sleep. 你问心有愧——所以会睡不着觉。
UK ['gɪl.ti] US [-tˌi] adjective
RESPONSIBLE 承担责任的
 ESSENTIAL
■responsible for breaking a law 犯了罪的；有过失的；有罪责的
• The jury has to decide whether a person is guilty or innocent of a crime. 陪审团必须就一个人是否有罪作出裁决。
• A person accused of a crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty. 一个被指控犯罪的人在被证明有罪之前是假定无罪的。
• The company pleaded guilty (= They formally admitted their guilt in court) to the charge of manslaughter. 这家公司在法庭上认罪，承认了对其过失杀人罪的指控。
Compare innocent
the guilty party
■the person who has done something wrong or who has committed a crime 有过错的一方；犯罪的一方
criminal, guilty
这组词都有“犯罪的”的意思，其区别是：
criminal: 侧重指某种行为是违犯法律的，因而应受到惩罚。
guilty: 主要指某种行为违反道德标准，也可指违犯法律。
adj. 有罪的；内疚的
 - sinful, culpable

Word: living
Front: living
[ˈlɪvɪŋ] (高研四六 1329/1950 -K3)
Vocabulary: living
(once / 36 pages)
1adjn 2n 3adj 4adj
Someone who's living is alive. You might talk about your living grandparents to distinguish them from the ones who died before you were born.
When you talk about animals and people, you can call them living beings. and you can also use this adjective to mean "used" or "active," like a living language that continues to be spoken. As a noun, living means the state of being alive or "enough money to live." You might say, for example, that you write poetry for fun, but you work cleaning hotel rooms to earn a living.
WORD FAMILY
living: livings, non-living, nonliving+/ livable: livably/ live: livable, liveable, lived, liveness, living, livingly, relive, unlive/relive: relived, relives, reliving/unlive: unlivable, unliveable, unlived, unliving
USAGE EXAMPLES
While we need to move around a bit to complete the tasks of daily living, in modern life we tend not to move very much.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Mr. Shapira reprimanded the prime minister again that same year, saying living and hospitality expenses for both his official residence and private home were exorbitant.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He is among the last living physicists who helped usher in the nuclear age.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 活（着）的; 现存的; 在使用中的; 逼真的
n. 生计; 生活方式; 生存之道
v. 活( live的现在分词); 居住; 以…为生; （按照规矩）管理生活
分布：生活(90%)，生计(4%)，活着的(3%)，生动的(2%)，动词live的现在分词.(1%)
a.活的,有生命的,天然的,逼真的n.生活,生计The living olive keeps the deliverer's liver alive.活橄榄使发货人的肝脏继续存活.
adjective
HAVING LIFE 活的
 IMPROVER
■alive now 活着的，在世的；现存的
• living organisms 活（的生物）体
• He is probably the best known living architect. 他很可能是目前健在的最著名的建筑师。
['lɪv.ɪŋ] adjective
CONTINUING 持续的
■still existing 留下来的，依然存在的
• The pyramids are a living monument to the skill of their builders. 金字塔是其建造者高超技艺的传世纪念碑。
['lɪv.ɪŋ] noun
JOB 工作
 ADVANCED countable
■the money that you earn from your job 收入；生计
• What do you do for a living (= What is your job) ? 你靠甚么谋生？
• I mean, I don't like my job but at least it's a living (= a way of earning money). 我的意思是我虽然不喜欢自己的工作，但它起码是一种谋生手段。
• You can make a good living (= earn a lot of money) in sales if you have the right attitude. 如果你有良好的心态，当销售会赚很多钱。
⇒ See also livelihood
countable old-fashioned
■in the Church of England, the job, given to a priest, of being in charge of a particular area （英格兰圣公会的）牧师职位
['lɪv.ɪŋ] noun
SPENDING LIFE 生活
uncountable
■the way in which you live your life 生活（方式）
• country/healthy living 乡村／健康的生活方式
⇒ See also cost of living
['lɪv.ɪŋ] noun
PEOPLE 人
the living [plural]
■people who are still alive 生者，活着的人
• On this anniversary of the tragedy we remember the living as well as the dead. 在那场悲剧的周年纪念之际，我们既要缅怀死者也不能忘记生者。
lively, alive, living, live
lively: 意为活波的
alive: 活着的,定表均可,定语后置, all the people alive
living: 活着的,定表均可, all the living people
live: 活着的,只能做定语,
adj. 活的；现存的；活跃的；逼真的
 - realistic, existing, active, excited, going
n. 生活；生存；生计
 - life, existence, livelihood, keep, subsistence
v. 生活；居住（live的ing形式）；度过
 - spending, dwelling

Word: acquire
Front: acquire
[əˈkwaɪə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2063/1407 -K3)
Vocabulary: acquire
(once / 86 pages)
1v 2v
To acquire means to get or come to own something. You acquire an education by your own effort. You acquire a painting by paying for it, or when someone gives it you. You acquire a sense of calm in crisis through experience.
The list of things you can acquire includes: an object, a trait, a skill, or an ability. An acquired taste is something that people usually don't like when they first experience it, but later they come to enjoy it, such as raw clams or marmite. The verb acquire was borrowed from Latin acquīrere "to add to," from the prefix ad- "at, toward" plus quaerere "to seek, get."
WORD FAMILY
acquire: acquirable, acquired, acquirer, acquires, acquiring, acquisition, acquisitive +/ acquired: acquiredly/acquirer: acquirers/ acquisition: acquisitions/ acquisitive: acquisitively, acquisitiveness, unacquisitive
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said the conservancy's ultimate plan is to acquire the property — whose market value is a matter of dispute — and manage it for public use.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
‘We are seeing new attempts by China to acquire companies and technology based on their government’s interests—not commercial objectives.’
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The state Department of Natural Resources says it will seek money from lawmakers to help acquire land.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 获得，取得; 学到
时态：acquired, acquiring, acquires
分布：获得(77%)，取得(14%)，学到(9%)
→前缀ac-同ad-, 去，往。词根quir, 追求，同question, 追问，问题。
获取(ac加强动作+quire寻求得到→获取)[quest,quir,quis,quer=seek,search,表示"寻求,询问"]
v.获得;学到(知识等);养成(习惯)Squirrel inquired an acquaintance and acquired the requirements.松鼠询问了一位熟人,得知了那些要求.
US [-'kwaɪɚ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to get something 取得，获得；购得；学到
• He acquired the firm in 1978. 他于1978年收购了这家公司。
• I was wearing a newly/recently acquired jacket. 我穿的夹克衫是新买的。
• I seem to have acquired (= have got although I don't know how) two copies of this book. 这本书我好像重复买了。
• During this period he acquired a reputation for being a womanizer. 这期间他得了个玩弄女性的名声。
UK [ə'kwaɪər] US [-'kwaɪɚ] verb transitive
an acquired taste
■something that you dislike at first, but that you start to like after you have tried it a few times 养成的嗜好
• Olives are an acquired taste. 橄榄这种东西吃得多就爱吃了。
inquire, acquire, achieve, require
inquire: 打听，询问。如：inquire a person’s name(问一个人的姓名)
acquire: 取得，获得，学到。如：acquire knowledge (获得知识)
achieve: (成功地)完成，实现。如：He will never achieve anything unless he works harder. (如他不努力工作，将会一事无成。)
require: 需要。如：We require more help. (我们需要更多的帮助。)
acquire, obtain, get, secure, win, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得、取得、得到”的意思，其区别是：
acquire: 强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
obtain: 较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
get: 普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
secure: 强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。
win: 主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
earn: 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
gain: 侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
attain, acquire, obtain, secure, achieve, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得，取得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。
 • The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.   这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
acquire: v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调"一经获得就会长期持有"的含义。
 • It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.   正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
obtain: v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。
 • He obtained the property with a bank loan.   他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
secure: v.得到；把……拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为"安全的"。
 • A million signatures have been secured.   已征集到了100万人的签名。
 • He secured the office before leaving it for the night.   他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。
achieve: v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
 • The movie star achieved success and wealth.   这个影星取得了成功和财富。
earn: v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
 • How much do you earn a week?   你一星期挣多少钱？
gain: v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
 • An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.   投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。
attain, acquire, obtain, get, achieve, gain
这组词都有“获得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: 为正式用词，多用于庄重场合，主要指通过努力达到重要目的或得到珍贵的东西。如：The scientist attained great fame by a new discovery.(那科学家由于一次新发现而出了名。)
acquire: 指通过本身的努力逐渐获得知识、能力和荣誉等。如：acquire knowledge(获得知识)。
obtain: 多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。如：Howard had failed to obtain a scholarship.(霍华德没能得到奖学金。)
get: 用得最广，可指以各种方式获得各种东西。如：Where can I get enough information?(我从哪儿能得到足够的资料？)
achieve: 多指克服困难后取得胜利，成功，强调“得到”这一结果。如：He achieved his ambition in the end.(他最终实现了他的抱负。)
gain: 多指付出极大努力后获得或赢得给自己带来优势的东西。如：They gained the victory after a bloody battle.(浴血奋战后他们赢得了胜利。)
acquire, procure, obtain
acquire: 努力获得，更强调在原来基础上的自然增加
procure: 为获得某物而“小心、仔细，想出计策或施展手腕”的意思
obtain: 获得，得到
vt. 获得；取得；学到；捕获
 - earn, buy, score, find, make

Word: compete
Front: compete
[kəmˈpi:t] (高研四六托宝 2065/2583 -K3)
Vocabulary: compete
(once / 89 pages)
v
In sports you compete against the opposing team. At work you compete for a promotion. With siblings, you compete for everything. Compete means to vie for a goal.
The urge to compete is universal and human, from kids who say "Race ya!," to great athletes who manage to achieve the impossible when faced with a worthy opponent. Some people are more inclined to compete than others. They are viewed as competitive and may be accused of turning everything into a competition.
WORD FAMILY
compete: competed, competes, competing, competition, competitive, competitor +/ competition: competitions/ competitive: competitively, competitiveness, noncompetitive, uncompetitive/ competitor: competitors/noncompetitive: noncompetitively/uncompetitive: uncompetitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beyond defining its scope, there are competing ideas about what a convention should tackle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Smith left Beard with the ingredients needed to compete in the Big 12.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The distinction between fact and fiction was erased, creating a sprawling universe of competing claims.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vi. 竞赛; 竞争; 比得上; 参加比赛（或竞赛）
时态：competed, competing, competes
分布：竞争(78%)，比赛(19%)，对抗(3%)
→com-, 强调。-pet, 追逐，渴望，词源同feather, petition. 追逐同一个目标的，竞争。
比赛(com+pete追求→一起追→比赛)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
竞争,竞赛(com共同+pete→共同追求[一个目标]→竞争)[pet=seek,表示"追寻,寻求"]
vi.比赛;竞争;对抗You will have to compete with others for this position.你要和别人竞争这个职位.
【记】com共同，pet追求－共同追求一个目标－竞争
【参】competition（n 竞赛）；competitive（adj 竞赛的）；competence（n 胜任，能力＝ability）；competent（adj 指人能干的；不错的＝good）
verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to try to be more successful than someone or something else 竞争
• It's difficult for a small supermarket to compete against/with the big supermarkets. 小超市很难与大超市竞争。
• Both girls compete for their father's attention. 两个女孩在父亲面前争宠。
• figurative Turn the music down - I'm not competing against/with that noise (= I can't/won't try to speak louder than that music) ! 把音乐调小声一点——我可不想跟那噪音较量！
 IMPROVER
■to take part in a race or competition 参加赛跑；参与竞争；争夺
• Are you competing in the 100 metres? 你参加100米赛跑吗？
• The two athletes are competing for the gold medal. 这两位选手在争夺金牌。
contend, rival, contest, compete
这组词都有“竞争”的意思，其区别是：
contend: 指为战胜或击败对手进行不懈努力，强调拼搏。也可指口头上进行有对立情绪或严重分歧的争论。
rival: 指在两方或多方的竞争或比赛中，谁都想战胜或比得上对手。
contest: 指为争夺土地、阵地、权力或荣誉等而展开的竞争。
compete: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指体育活动等活动中争取优胜的相互竞争，也可指为了自己的利益与他人竞争。
vi. 竞争；比赛；对抗
 - contest, war, cope

Word: technical
Front: technical
[ˈteknɪkl] (高研四六托雅 2064/1394 -K3)
Vocabulary: technical
(once / 272 pages)
1adj 2adj 3n 4n
Technical describes a specific art or science, or training for a particular job. If you have trouble with your new computer, you might call for technical support, but a technical school teaches you a certain craft, like how to weld.
Technical comes from the Greek tekhno, which means "art or skill." Anything technical requires both art and skill. If you're an Olympic gymnast, you have technical abilities. You might go to a technical school to learn how to be a chef, a mechanic, or a massage therapist. While being technical can be a positive trait, you don't want to overwhelm someone with technicalities. For example: If you're trying to explain how a car works to a kid and you start talking about manifolds, you're getting too technical.
WORD FAMILY
technical: nontechnical, technicality, technically, technicals, untechnical+/ technicality: technicalities/untechnical: untechnically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This work is really hard. It’s very technical, and it involves a lot of emotion and a lot of technical skill,” Adams said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“That report offered no technical value for defenders,” Lee said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Finding consensus on technical problems, where one solution often is clearly better than another, is easier than on legal and political matters.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: adj. 技术（性）的，工艺的，学术（上）的，专门（技术）的，艺术的; [法]根据法律的，法律上的; [商]人造的，用工业方法制造的，由市场内部因素（如投机等）引起的; 〈美俚〉外表的，表面上的，浅薄的
分布：技术的(43%)，专业的(32%)，工艺的(25%)
→techn-,技术，科技，-ical,形容词后缀。
技术上的[techn=skill,ability,表示"技术,能力"]
a.技术(性)的,工艺的;专门性的,专业性的You must have technical ability.你们必须有技术能力.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to the knowledge, machines or methods used in science and industry 技术的
• a few technical problems 几个技术问题
■relating to the knowledge and methods of a particular subject or job 专门性的
• Personally, I found some parts of the book a little too technical to follow. 我个人认为，书中有些部分过于专业化，一般人不易看懂。
■relating to practical skills and methods that are used in a particular activity 技能的，技巧的
• In her performance as the Snow Queen she showed great technical brilliance. 她演冰雪女王时表现出了高超的演技。
technological, technical
这是一组形近易混词。
technological: a.技术上的。
 • a major technological breakthrough   主要技术性突破
technical: a.技术的，工艺(学)的；专门的，深奥的。
 • The banker made some technical points about the economy in his speech.   银行家在他的关于经济的演说中提出了几个很专业的论点。
adj. 工艺的，科技的；技术上的；专门的
 - specialized, express

Word: plus
Front: plus
[plʌs] (高研四雅 2066/1357 -K4)
Vocabulary: plus
(once / 299 pages)
adjn
A plus is an “advantage” or an “asset.” You might look silly walking around with flippers all day, but if you lived underwater, they would definitely be a plus.
In Latin, the route plus means “more.” The word plus in English can have many senses, all relating to this idea of more, addition, or positive. This noun sense of the word means “a positive quality.” In the same way a number above zero on a number line is positive, and can use a plus sign, a plus is "a positive asset," like a superhero’s ability to fly or a spy’s ability to speak several languages.
WORD FAMILY
plus: nonplus, pluses+/ nonplus: nonplused, nonpluses, nonplussed, nonplusses, nonplussing
USAGE EXAMPLES
A judge ordered Hamell to pay $1,875 in fines plus an additional amount in surcharges for operating while intoxicated and carrying weapons.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On the plus side, Bush did get 90 yards receiving on seven catches.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Electronic toys and games played outside school plus the availability of knockoff German army clothes may stoke curiosity about the Nazis, Liang said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. （表示运算）加; （表示包容）外加; [口语]和; （表示数目）在零（度）以上
n. 加号; [数学]正量; 好处; 附加物
adj. 加的; 正的; 附加的; 比所示数量多的
分布：加(66%)，加上(21%)，加号(6%)，并且(3%)，正的(2%)，优势(1%)，正数(1%)
→来自拉丁语plus,更多，更大，来自pele,装满，填满，词源同fill,full.用于数学名词加号，引申词义优势，长处。
prep.加上a.正的,加的n.加号,正号The maximum plus or minus the minimum makes minute difference.最大值加上或者减去最小值只产生极小的差异.
preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■added to 加，加上
• What is six plus four? 6加4等于几？
• The rent will be £75 a week, plus (= added to the cost of) gas and electricity. 加上煤气和电费，每周租金为75英镑。
[plʌs] preposition conjunction
 IMPROVER
■and also 并且，而且；加上
• There will be two adults travelling, plus three children. 旅行时将有两个大人，外加三个小孩。
• informal Let's not go on holiday in August - it'll be too hot - plus it'll be more expensive. 我们不要在八月份去度假——天气太热，而且开销会更大。
[plʌs] noun countable
ADVANTAGE 优势
 ADVANCED (plural pluses or plusses) informal
■an advantage or a good feature 优势，好处，长处
• Your teaching experience will be a plus in this job. 你的教学经验对从事这项工作是个有利条件。
[plʌs] noun countable
ADDITION SIGN 增加符号 (also plus sign)
■the + sign, written between two numbers to show that they should be added together 加号；正号
[plʌs] adjective
ADDITION 增加
[before noun]
■describes a stated number or amount more than zero 正的；零上
• Plus 8 is eight more than zero. +8比0大8。
• The temperature is expected to be no more than plus two (degrees). 温度预计只有零上2度。
[after noun]
■more than the number or amount mentioned 略大的，略高的；以上的
• temperatures of 40 plus 40度以上的温度
• Those cars cost £15 000 plus. 那些车总价在1.5万英镑以上。
[after noun]
■used by teachers after a letter, such as B or C, to show that the standard of a piece of work is slightly higher than the stated mark 略高于标准的
• I got C plus/C+ for my essay. 我作文得了C+。
[plʌs] adjective
ADVANTAGE 优势
[before noun] informal
■describing an advantage 优势，好处，长处
• The house is near the sea, which is a plus factor for us. 房子离海边近，这对我们来说是个有利因素。
• UK The fact that the flight goes from our nearest airport is a real plus point. 班机从离我们最近的机场起飞，这一点对我们真的是非常有利。
n. 正号，加号；好处；附加额
 - benefit, good
adj. [数] 正的；附加的
 - additional, attached, positive, more, second

Word: mind
Front: mind
[maɪnd] (中高雅 469/385 -K3)
Vocabulary: mind
(once / 12 pages)
1nv 2v 3v 4n
Your mind is where your thinking happens. If you've made up your mind, you've come to a decision.
Mind can also mean "pay attention to" or "watch." If someone tells you to "mind your manners," they want you to be polite. If you tell them to "mind their own business," maybe they'll leave you alone. When I ask, "Would you mind if I open a window?" I'm asking if this would bother you.
WORD FAMILY
mind: minded, minder, mindful, minding, mindless, minds+/minded: mindedest, mindedly/minder: minders/ mindful: mindfully, mindfulness, unmindful/mindless: mindlessly, mindlessness/unmindful: unmindfully, unmindfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Although these ideas are easy to debunk, he adds, even analyzing the evidence for himself wasn’t enough to change his mind.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Would any nation in its right mind support the positions of a neighboring entity calling for the nation’s destruction?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Not a fancy car, mind you—a fifteen-year old Civic with 170,000 miles on it—but a car nonetheless.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 心，精神，心力，知，智力，智慧; 心胸，头脑，人; 愿望，目的，意向，意志，决心，见解，意见; 记忆，记性，记忆力，回想
vi. 介意; 注意
vt. 专心于; 介意; 愿意做; 照顾
时态：minded, minding, minds
分布：心(41%)，介意(24%)，头脑(11%)，想法(6%)，注意(5%)，精神(4%)，记忆(3%)，理智(2%)，专心于(2%)，意见(1%)，照顾(1%)
→来自men,思想，思考，记忆，词源同man,mental,monitor.引申词义思维，头脑等。mind 思想，思维，头脑
n.精神,理智,意见,记忆力v.注意,介意,反对He has a creative mind.他具有创造力的头脑.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the part of a person that makes it possible for a person to think, feel emotions and understand things 头脑；大脑
• Her mind was full of what had happened the night before, and she just wasn't concentrating. 她脑海里满是前一天晚上所发生的事情，根本无法集中精神。
• Of course I'm telling the truth - you've got such a suspicious mind! 我当然是在说实话——你太疑神疑鬼了！
• I just said the first thing that came into my mind. 我只是想到甚么就说甚么。
• I'm not quite clear in my mind about what I'm doing. 我没太意识到自己在做甚么。
■a very clever person 聪明人，有才智的人
• She was one of the most brilliant minds of the last century. 她是上世纪才智最为出众的人物之一。
all in the/ your mind
■describes a problem that does not exist and is only imagined 全是心理作用的；只是凭空想像的
• His doctor tried to convince him that he wasn't really ill and that it was all in the mind. 医生努力想让他相信他其实没有生病，只是心理作用罢了。
bear/keep sth in mind
■to remember a piece of information when you are making a decision or thinking about a matter 记住
• Bearing in mind how young she is, I thought she did really well. 别忘了她年纪是那么小，我认为她做得很棒了。
• Of course, repair work is expensive and you have to keep that in mind. 当然，维修费很昂贵，你必须记住这一点。
go over sth in your mind (also turn sth over in your mind)
■to think repeatedly about an event that has happened 反覆思考
• She would go over the accident again and again in her mind, wishing that she could somehow have prevented it. 她不断地想起那次意外，希望当时要是能做点甚么来避免就好了。
[maɪnd] noun countable
be bored/drunk, etc. out of your mind informal
■to be extremely bored/drunk, etc. 非常厌烦／喝得烂醉
[maɪnd] noun countable
be of sound/unsound mind legal
■to not be mentally ill/to be mentally ill 心智健全／精神失常
[maɪnd] noun countable
be of the same mind (also be of one mind)
■to have the same opinion 意见一致，想法相同
• We're of the same mind on most political issues. 在大多数政治问题上我们意见一致。
[maɪnd] noun countable
bring/call sth to mind
■to remember something 想起，记起
• I can see his face, but I just can't bring his name to mind. 我能认出他的脸，只是我记不起他的名字了。
[maɪnd] noun countable
get your mind round something
■to succeed in understanding something difficult or strange 弄懂（复杂或奇怪的事）
• I find it hard to get my mind round such complex issues. 我发现自己很难弄懂这样复杂的问题。
[maɪnd] noun countable
get sth out of your mind
■to make yourself stop thinking about something 忘掉，不再去想
• I can't get that dreadful moment/image out of my mind. 我忘不了那可怕的一刻／景象。
[maɪnd] noun countable
have sth on your mind
■to be worrying about something 有心事；牵挂；担心
• Paul's got a lot on his mind at the moment. 保罗此刻心事重重。
[maɪnd] noun countable
have a mind of its own mainly humorous
■A machine or other object can be said to have a mind of its own if it seems to be controlling the way it behaves or moves, independently of the person using it （机器或其他物品）有主见，自行其事
• This shopping trolley has a mind of its own. 这辆购物手推车自己还挺有主意的。
[maɪnd] noun countable
have half a mind /a good mind to do sth
■to think that you might do something, often because something has annoyed you 可能会做…／真想做…
• I've a good mind to go without him if he's going to be such a bore! 如果他这么令人厌烦，我真不想让他一起去。
[maɪnd] noun countable
have something in mind
■to have a plan or intention 想好，考虑到
• Did you have anything in mind for Helen's present? 你想好为海伦准备甚么礼物了吗？
[maɪnd] noun countable
in your mind's eye
■in your imagination or memory 在（某人）脑海中；在（某人）记忆里
• In my mind's eye, she remains a little girl of six although she's actually a grown woman. 尽管实际上她已是成年女子，但在我的心目中她仍是个六岁的小女孩。
[maɪnd] noun countable
a load / weight off your mind
■when a problem which has been worrying you stops or is dealt with 卸下了思想上的重负，放下了心头大石
• I'm so relieved that I don't have to do the after-dinner speech - it's such a weight off my mind! 饭后不必作演讲使我舒了一口长气——我终于放下了心头大石！
[maɪnd] noun countable
make up your mind (also make your mind up) ADVANCED
■to decide 下定决心，打定主意
• I haven't made up my mind where to go yet. 我还没打定主意去哪里。
[maɪnd] noun countable
your mind is a blank/goes blank
■When your mind is a blank/goes blank, you cannot remember a particular thing, or you cannot remember anything 脑海里一片空白；记不起
• I tried to remember her name, but my mind went a complete blank. 我努力想记起她的名字，但脑袋里一片空白。
[maɪnd] noun countable
your mind is on sth
■When your mind is on something, you think about it or give attention to it 心思在…上
• I couldn't concentrate on my work - my mind was on other things. 我无法集中精神工作——我的心思在别的事情上。
• My mind wasn't on what he was saying, so I'm afraid I missed half of it. 我的心思并不在他所说的话上，所以恐怕漏听了一半的内容。
[maɪnd] noun countable
mind over matter
■the power of the mind to control and influence the body and the physical world generally 精神高于物质
• He announced what he called 'the ultimate test of mind over matter' - a woman walking over hot coals. 他宣布将进行他称为“精神高于物质的终极测试”——让一名女子在炙热的炭火上行走。
[maɪnd] noun countable
out of your mind
■unable to behave or deal with things normally because something has made you very worried, unhappy or angry （因忧虑、不高兴或愤怒而）精神错乱，发狂
• She was out of her mind with grief. 她因悲伤而精神错乱。
• I'd go out of my mind if I had to do her job all day! 要是让我整天做她的工作，我会发疯的！
informal
■extremely stupid or mentally ill 犯傻的；发疯的
• You must be out of your mind paying £200 for one night in a hotel! 花200英镑在饭店住一晚，你一定是发疯了！
[maɪnd] noun countable
put you in mind of sth
■to cause you to remember something 使（某人）想起
• The mention of skiing holidays put me in mind of a travelogue that I saw last week. 提到滑雪假期使我想起上周看过的一部旅行纪录片。
[maɪnd] noun countable
put sth out of your mind
■to force yourself not to think about something 把…忘掉，把…抛诸脑后
• It's over, put it out of your mind. 一切都结束了，把它忘掉吧。
[maɪnd] noun countable
set / put sb's mind at rest / ease
■to stop someone from worrying about something 让（某人）放心，使（某人）安心
• Chris phoned to say they'd arrived safely, so that really put my mind at rest. 克里斯打电话来说他们已经安全抵达，这下子我真的放心了。
[maɪnd] noun countable
set/put your mind to sth
■to decide you are going to do something and to put a lot of effort into doing it 决心要，一心想
• If you'd just put your mind to it, I'm sure you could do it. 如果你一心一意的去做，我肯定你能完成。
[maɪnd] noun countable
sb's state/frame of mind
■the way someone feels about their life or situation at the moment （某人）的精神状态
• He's in a much more positive state/frame of mind these days. 近来他的精神状态好多了。
[maɪnd] noun countable
take sb's mind off sth
■to stop you from worrying or thinking about a problem or pain, often by forcing you to think about other things 使（某人）暂时忘记（忧虑之事）；转移（某人）对（问题、疼痛等）的注意
• The good thing about running is that it takes my mind off any problems I've got. 跑步的好处在于它能使我暂时忘记自己遇到的问题。
[maɪnd] noun countable
to my mind
■in my opinion 我认为，在我看来
• He's got pink walls and a green carpet, which to my mind looks all wrong. 他把墙壁刷成了粉红色，铺了一块绿色的地毯，我觉得这根本不相配。
[maɪnd] verb
OPPOSE 反对
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■(used in questions and negatives) to be annoyed or worried by something （用于疑问句和否定句）介意，反对
• Do you think he'd mind if I borrowed his book? 你认为他会介意我借他的书吗？
• [+ -ing verb] I don't mind having a dog in the house so long as it's clean. 我不反对房里有只狗，只要它干净就行了。
• informal I wouldn't mind (= I would like) something to eat, actually. 其实我不介意吃点东西。
• Would you mind turning (= Please would you turn) your radio down a little please? 请你将收音机的声音调小一些好吗？
• Do you mind if (= May) I put the television on? 你介意我打开电视吗？
• [+ obj + -ing verb] Do you mind me smoking ? 我抽烟你介意吗？
• [+ question word] I don't mind wh at you wear so long as it's not that awful pink shirt. 你穿甚么我都不介意，只要不是那件难看的粉红色衬衫就好了。
• I'd prefer to stay in tonight, if you don't mind. 如果你不反对，今晚我宁愿呆在家中。
• mainly UK "Would you like tea or coffee?" "I don't mind - either." “你喝茶还是咖啡？”“随便──都可以。”
Do you mind?
■said to someone when you feel annoyed with them for what they have just done or said （对某人的言行表示恼火）你怎么回事？你别这样好不好？
• Do you mind? That's my seat you're sitting on! 你怎么回事？你坐了我的座位！
■ mind 1 Common Learner Errors  mind
Remember: mind is usually followed by a verb in the -ing form. Don't say 'mind to do something', say mind doing something :
✗ Would you mind to send me an up-to-date catalogue? Would you mind sending me an up-to-date catalogue?
[maɪnd] verb
BE CAREFUL 小心
 ADVANCED transitive mainly UK
■to be careful of, or give attention to something 小心，当心；注意
• [+ (that)] Mind that box - the bottom isn't very strong. 小心那个盒子——盒底不是很牢固。
• Mind (that) you don't bang your head on the shelf when you stand up. 站起来时小心头别撞到架子上。
• Mind (= Make certain that) you take enough money with you. 确保一定要带上足够的钱。
• old-fashioned Mind your language (= Don't use swear words) , young lady! 注意你的措辞，小姐！
Mind (out)! mainly UK
■used to tell someone to move or be careful, or to warn them of danger 当心！
• Mind out! We're coming through with the stretcher. 当心！我们正抬着担架走过来。
• 'Hey, mind!' he said when she trod on his foot. 当她踩到他的脚时，他说：“嘿，小心点！”
• Mind out for falling rocks on this part of the trail. 走这段小路时要当心落石。
mind how you go mainly UK UK informal
■said when you say goodbye to someone, meaning 'take care' （道别用语）您慢走，您走好
[maɪnd] verb
TAKE CARE OF 照顾
transitive
■to take care of someone or something 照料，照顾；看管
• She asked me if I'd mind the children for an hour while she went shopping. 她问我她去买东西时我能否照顾孩子一个小时。
• Could you mind my bag for a moment while I go to the toilet? 我去洗手间时你能看管一下我的袋子吗？
[maɪnd] verb
don't mind me
■said to tell someone who is in the same room as you not to pay any attention to you, because you do not want to interrupt what they are doing 不用管我，当我不在眼前好了
• Don't mind me - I'm just sorting out some files here. 不用管我——我只是在这里整理些档。
[maɪnd] verb
I don't mind if I do
■said to politely accept an offer of food or drink （用于礼貌地接受）可以吃点，可以喝些
• "There's plenty more cake if you'd like another piece." "I don't mind if I do." “如果你想再吃一块，这里还有很多蛋糕呢。”“那我就不客气了。”
[maɪnd] verb
if you don't mind me saying
■used as a polite way to begin a criticism （用于礼貌地提出批评）如果你不介意我说
• If you don't mind me saying (so), I think the curry could be a little hotter next time. 如果你不介意的话，我认为下次煮咖喱不妨煮得更辣一点。
[maɪnd] verb
mind (you)
■used when you want to make what you have just said sound less strong （用于缓和刚才说过的话）尽管如此，不过嘛，请注意
• He's very untidy about the house; mind you, I'm not much better. 他很不注意房子的整洁，不过呢，我也不比他好多少。
• I know I'm lazy - I did go swimming yesterday, mind. 我知道我很懒——可我昨天确实去游泳了。
[maɪnd] verb
mind your own business (abbreviation MYOB) informal mainly humorous
■used to tell someone in a rude way that you do not want them to ask about something private 多管闲事，管好你自己的事
• "Where have you been?" "Mind your own business!" “你去哪里了？”“多管闲事！”
[maɪnd] verb
mind your p's and q's old-fashioned
■to make an effort to be especially polite in a particular situation 注意自己的言谈举止
• I have to mind my p's and q's when I'm with my grandmother. 和我祖母在一起时，我不得不特别注意自己的言谈举止。
mind, intellect, intelligence, brains, wit, wisdom
这些名词均有“智力，智慧”之意。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
care, mind
这组词都有“介意，在乎”的意思，其区别是：
care: 指对某事感到关切、操心或忧虑，主要用于否定句或疑问句。
mind: 通常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。也可用在答复询问的肯定句中。指因某事打扰、感到不满而表示反对。
intellect, wit, wisdom, mind, brain, intelligence
这组词都有“智力，智慧”的意思，其区别是：
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
attend, remark, mind, notice, note
这组词都有“注意”的意思，其区别是：
attend: 一般用词，侧重专心于某事。
remark: 一般指经过思维活动而注意到。
mind: 指用心地去观察，了解某人或某物以达到某一目的。常用于命令句中。
notice: 指对所见所闻所感的人或事作出的反应，侧重结果。
note: 语气比notice强，指不仅注意到，而且记录下来，侧重注意的认真与仔细。
n. 理智，精神；意见； [心理] 智力；记忆力
 - opinion, intelligence, energy, memory, spirit
vt. 介意；专心于；照料
 - devote one's attention to, concentrate upon
vi. 介意；注意
 - take care of, take notice

Word: potential
Front: potential
[pəˈtenʃl] (高研四六托雅宝 1260/1438 -K4)
Vocabulary: potential
(once / 190 pages)
adjn
If you can describe something as possible but not yet actual, choose the adjective potential. Companies try to reach potential customers through advertising.
Potential, from the Latin potentia "power," sounds more complicated than it is. It describes something or someone that has the power to become something. A potential success is not yet a success but could be if circumstances are right. When a situation has the potential for disaster, it could turn bad easily. You have potential if you have a natural but undeveloped ability to do something and a building with potential will be really nice once it's fixed up.
WORD FAMILY
potential: potentiality, potentially, potentials+/ impotence: impotences/impotency: impotencies/ impotent: impotence, impotency, impotenter, impotently/ potency: potencies, potential, prepotency/ potent: impotent, potency, potenter, potentest, potently/potentiality: potentialities
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say all potential revenue increases should be on the table, including raising the gas tax and imposing tolls.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Decoding a genome now runs between a few hundred to a few thousand dollars, spawning a flurry of potential new applications.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Occasionally, the drugs provoke a severe auto-immune response, resulting in potential toxicities including inflammatory lung, liver and thyroid disorders.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adj. 潜在的，有可能的; [语法学]可能语气的，表示可能性的; 有能力的
n. 潜力，潜能; [物]电位，势能; 潜能的事物; [语]可能语气
分布：潜在的(42%)，潜力(35%)，潜能(9%)，可能的(7%)，电位(5%)，电势(2%)
→来自potent,强大的，有力的，-al,形容词后缀。引申词义潜力，潜在的，可能的。
潜力(由"能力"引申为"潜力")[poten=powerful,表示"有力的"]
a.潜在的,可能的n.潜能,潜力I'm intent on tentative retention of potential patents.我热衷于潜在专利权的暂时保留.
US [poʊ-] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■possible when the necessary conditions exist 潜在的，可能的
• A number of potential buyers have expressed interest in the company. 一些潜在的买主表达了对该公司的兴趣。
• Many potential customers are waiting for a fall in prices before buying. 很多潜在的顾客都在等着降价再购买。
• The accident is a grim reminder of the potential dangers involved in North Sea oil production. 该意外残酷地提醒人们生产北海石油可能会出现的危险。
UK [pəʊ'ten.tʃəl] US [poʊ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■someone's or something's ability to develop, achieve or succeed 潜力，潜能
• The region has enormous potential for economic development. 该地区经济发展潜力无穷。
• I don't feel I'm achieving my full potential in my present job. 我觉得目前的工作没有完全发挥我的潜力。
• [+ to infinitive] You have the potential to reach the top of your profession. 你有潜力达到事业的顶峰。
• I think this room has got a lot of potential (= could be very good if some changes were made to it). 我觉得这个房间有很多改善空间。
latent, potential
这组词都有“潜在的”的意思，其区别是：
latent: 指存在但看不见的现象或潜在的性质。
potential: 强调潜在的可能性或能力。
n. 潜能；可能性； [电] 电势
 - possibility, probability, feasibility, maybe, chance
adj. 潜在的；可能的；势的
 - feasible, possible, underlying, latent

Word: immigrant
Front: immigrant
[ˈɪmɪgrənt] (研四六托雅 2069/6097 -3)
Vocabulary: immigrant
(once / 567 pages)
n
The United States is a country of immigrants — people who come to one country from another country, in hopes of having a better life. If you didn't immigrate to the United States yourself, it is extremely likely that you have at least one recent ancestor who did.
Don't confuse the words immigrant and emigrant. If you come to a country, you are an immigrant and you emigrate from somewhere else. Ireland has many emigrants to America; America has many immigrants from Ireland. If your parents were immigrants to the United States, but you were born here, you are a citizen automatically.
WORD FAMILY
immigrant: immigrants+/ migrant: immigrant, migrants
USAGE EXAMPLES
She is interested in immigrants’ rights and women’s rights but also income inequality and improving public education.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
She added that cities in the Rust Belt are “all looking at how immigrant integration plays a part in that revitalization of a city.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At Jo-Ann Fabric, the sewing aisle, a beacon of immigrant industriousness, was humming.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 移民，侨民; 从异地移入的动物[植物]
adj. 移民的，移来的; 侨民的
分布：移民(97%)，侨民(3%)
→来自immigrate,移民，移居。
a.(从国外)移来的,移民的n.移民,侨民The merciful merchant wants to grant some merchandise to the panting immigrants.仁慈的商人要给喘气的移民们一些商品.
['ɪm.ɪ.grənt/ (Australian also migrant)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who has come to a different country in order to live there permanently （外来的）移民
• a large immigrant population 庞大的外来移民人口
• Illegal immigrants are sent back across the border if they are caught. 非法移民如果被抓住就会从边境被遣返。
stranger, foreigner, alien, immigrant
这些名词均有“陌生人，外人”之意。
stranger: 指对当地的生活习惯、语言等不熟悉，或为某团体不熟的人，也指不认识的人。
foreigner: 指在异国作短期访问或长期居住的外国人。
alien: 指没有成为侨居国正式公民的移民。
immigrant: 指在别国定居并取得所在国国籍的外国人。
adj. 移民的；迁入的
 - emigratory
n. 移民，侨民
 - migration, transplantation

Word: weak
Front: weak
[wi:k] (中高研四六 2070/1990 -K4)
Vocabulary: weak
(once / 46 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4adj
Weak is the opposite of strong. Muscles, arguments, defenses, and coffee can all be weak — and when they are, it's not good.
Anything weak is lacking in strength or power. If your muscles are weak, you can't lift much. If your will power is weak, you give up easily. Food and drinks with little flavor are weak, and an argument that is flimsy is weak. Whenever anything is lacking or not what it should be, it's weak. And if you come across something really lame — like a dumb TV show — you could say, "That's so weak."
WORD FAMILY
weak: weaken, weaker, weakest, weakly, weakness +/weaken: weakened, weakener, weakening, weakens/weakener: weakeners/weakening: weakenings/weakly: weaklier, weakliest/ weakness: weaknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
She became so weak that she couldn’t walk from the front door to the sidewalk.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
They say limited hunting allows for a controlled elimination of weak animals, while earning funds for fodder and other care for the herds.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Strengthening Iowa’s ignition interlock laws, which are among the weakest in the nation, according to Mothers Against Drunk Driving.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 柔弱的，虚弱的; 无力的，软弱的; 不中用的，愚钝的; 淡薄的
级别：weaker, weakest
分布：弱的(55%)，虚弱的(19%)，无力的(12%)，差的(9%)，淡薄的(5%)
→来自weik,弯，转，词源同week,wench.引申义柔软的，没有力量的，瘦弱的。
a.虚弱的,软弱的;不够标准的;淡薄的,稀的The weak speaker made a speech on the bleak peak.虚弱的讲话者在荒凉的山峰上发表了演说.
adjective
NOT STRONG 不强壮的
 ESSENTIAL
■not strong; not strong enough to work, last, succeed, persuade or be effective 弱的，无力的；无能的；不坚强的；不能说服人的；无影响力的
• It's not surprising you feel weak if you haven't eaten properly for days. 如果你好几天都吃得不好的话，觉得虚弱无力是不足为奇的。
• The electromagnetic field strength becomes weaker as you move further away from high voltage cables. 当你远离高压线时，电磁场强度就会变弱。
• He was a weak king surrounded by corrupt advisers. 他是个软弱无能的国王，身边都是些腐败的顾问。
• Any evidence that exists to support the hypothesis is fairly weak. 现有能够支持这种假设的证据都相当缺乏说服力。
• He gave the weakest of excuses when asked why he was late. 当被问及为何迟到时，他给出一个极其牵强的理由。
■describes a drink that contains a lot of water compared to its other contents, so that it does not have a strong flavour （饮品）稀的，味淡的
• I can't stand weak coffee/tea. 我喝不了淡咖啡／清茶。
■specialized
■describes an acid, alkali or chemical base that does not produce many ions (= atoms with an electrical charge) when it is dissolved in water 弱电解的，弱电解质的（形容酸、碱或其他化学物质在水中微弱电离出阴阳离子）
[wi:k] adjective
BELOW STANDARD 不合标准
■below standard; not good enough, especially in ability, skill or quality 不符合标准的；不够好的；能力不够的
• He was always weak at/in languages but strong at/in science. 他一向在语言方面不擅长，但理科很拿手。
• Our quiz team is a bit weak on sport. 我们的竞答小组在体育运动方面有点弱。
• In the end I think the film was spoilt by a weak story line. 最后，我认为这部电影被糟糕的故事情节给毁了。
[wi:k] adjective
weak at the knees
■If you go weak at the knees, you lose your strength and feel you are going to fall over, usually because of seeing or talking about either someone you are very attracted to or because of something unpleasant or frightening （通常指因看到或谈到非常喜欢的人或让人害怕的事而）膝盖发软的，腿发软的
• The thought of kissing him made me go weak at the knees. 吻他的念头令我膝盖发软。
fragile, weak, frail, feeble
这组词都有“虚弱的，乏力的”的意思，其区别是：
fragile: 可与frail换用，但语气强，侧重脆弱，指人容易生病，指物容易破碎。
weak: 普通用词，指缺乏应有的力量，可用于身体、意志或精神。
frail: 多指因经常生病而身体纤弱。
feeble: 指身体衰弱无力，精力几乎耗尽，含令人怜悯的意味。
faint, fragile, weak, feeble
faint: a.虚弱的，眩晕的，指人在特定场合感觉到的虚弱，通常不是天生体质上的虚弱而是由于某种原因造成的暂时的情况。
 • The summer sun was so strong that she felt faint.   夏天的阳光太强烈了，她感觉到眩晕。
fragile: a.脆弱的，易碎的，指物体容易打碎，或人体质虚弱、容易受伤害。
 • That dish is fragile, so be careful.   那个盘子容易碎，所以千万小心。
weak: a.这组词中应用范围最广的一个，既可以指身体虚弱的，无力的，也可引申为在力量、权力、技能、影响等方面有欠缺或软弱。
 • The patient is losing blood and becoming weak.   病人在失血，身体开始虚弱下去。
feeble: a.虚弱的，无力的，常用来形容人的声音或行为。
 • The elderly lady has become feeble and unable to care herself.   这个老太太已经很虚弱了，无法照顾她自己。
adj. [经] 疲软的；虚弱的；无力的；不牢固的
 - loose, work-out

Word: illegal
Front: illegal
[ɪˈli:gl] (高研四六雅宝 2071/3103 -K3)
Vocabulary: illegal
(once / 387 pages)
adj
Something illegal is against the law or breaks the rules. If you're reading this in jail, you've probably done something illegal, and if you're not in jail, there's plenty of time to obey the law.
You can use the adjective illegal to describe breaking the rules, as when you head-butt someone in a game. Acts that go against the law, such as robbing a bank, are also illegal. There is a wide range of things called illegal, from small acts to big ones, but no matter the seriousness, if it is against the law, it is illegal. This adjective also describes people who enter countries without official government approval, they are called "illegal immigrants" or "illegal aliens."
WORD FAMILY
illegal: illegalise, illegality, illegalize, illegally+/ illegality: illegalities/ illegalize: illegalized/ legal: illegal, legaler, legalise, legalism, legality, legalize, legally, nonlegal/legalise: legalisation, legalised, legalises, legalising/legalism: legalisms/ legality: legalities/legalize: legalization, legalized, legalizes, legalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Israeli settlements may be illegal in the eyes of the U.N.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“China became quite aware that even in their ‘legal market’ there was tremendous laundering through an illegal system,” Ms. Lieberman said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 不合法的，违法的; 违反规则的
n. 非法移民，非法劳工; 间谍
分布：非法的(50%)，非法移民(27%)，不合法的(23%)
→il-,不，非，来自in-在以字母l开头前的拼写异化形式，legal,合法的。
非法的(il+legal合法的)[il-,ir-①放在同辅音词根前表示"不,无"②表示"使…成为,进入"]
不合法的(il不+legal合法的)[leg,legis=law,表示"法律"]
a.不合法的,非法的The one-legged beggar begins to beg eggs illegally.独腿乞丐开始非法讨蛋.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■against the law; not allowed by law 非法的，违法的
• a campaign to stop the illegal sale of cigarettes to children under 16 禁止向16岁以下儿童非法销售香烟的运动
• Prostitution is illegal in some countries. 卖淫在某些国家是不合法的。
• It is illegal to drive a car that is not taxed and insured. 驾驶未上税、未上保险的汽车是违法的。
• Cocaine, LSD and heroin are all illegal drugs/substances. 古柯碱、迷幻药和海洛因都是非法毒品。
illegal, improbable, illogical, improper
illegal: 非法的
improbable: 不大可能发生的
illogical: 不符合逻辑的
improper: 不适当的
adj. [法] 非法的；违法的；违反规则的
 - unauthorized, unlawful
n. 非法移民；间谍
 - espionage, secret agent

Word: hi
Front: hi
[haɪ] (高 2072/6210 -K3)
Vocabulary: hi
(once / 3013 pages)
n
Hi is a common greeting, more casual than "hello." When you walk down the street in a small town, it might seem like everyone you pass says "hi."
The word hi is a good, nearly all-purpose greeting — it's appropriate in all but the most formal circumstances, so you might want to skip saying, "Hi" to the Queen when you meet her. When you greet someone, you have a lot of words to choose from, including "hey," "hello," "hiya," and "howdy," but hi is probably the most common. The first mention of hi attributes it to a Kansas native American in the 1800s.
WORD FAMILY
hi
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though instantly recognisable, he still rises from the sofa and offers a firm handshake and an unnecessary but polite, “Hi, I’m Ben.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
If you see Feminism in that labyrinth of heaven, please say hi to her for me.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
"Hi, what's your name? Will you marry me?" he says, parodying your average, somewhat-over-enthusiastic Mormon suitor.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: int. （用作问候语）嘿，喂
abbr. 夏威夷群岛的书面缩写; （=high intensity）高强度
分布：嗨(引人注意时的喊声(50%)，打招呼)(50%)
→美式英语感叹语，可能来自英式英语hey的变体。
interj.(hey)嗨!喂!
exclamation informal
 ESSENTIAL
■used as an informal greeting, usually to people who you know （通常用作熟人间的问候语）嗨，喂
• Hi, there! 喂，那里的
• Hi, how're you doing? 嗨，你好吗？
int. 嗨！（表示问候或用以唤起注意）
 - come, heigh

Word: alternative
Front: alternative
[ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv] (高研四六托雅 2073/1752 -K4)
Vocabulary: alternative
(once / 293 pages)
nadj
When you're facing a fork in the road, you have two possibilities, or alternatives. You could take the left fork and see where it leads, or you could choose the path that goes to the right.
Whenever there is an alternative, it involves a choice. A wealthy student has the choice of going to a public school, or the alternative, a private school. Alternative can also refer to a different way of doing things, outside the norm. You might say that a hermit who lives in remote a cave with a pet turtle is living an alternative lifestyle.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
alternate / alternative
To alternate is to take turns; an alternative is an option. When you wear your checkered blazer, the black and white squares alternate. But if you're not feeling like an '80s guitar hero, the green plaid jacket is a nice alternative.
Alternate can act a noun, verb, or an adjective, that nut. As a noun, it's a substitute, like the alternate who takes over for you in a game or in a jury:
Several, including alternates, have taken notes and kept lists of evidence. (Washington Post)
As a verb it refers to the act of something going back and forth:
So it went on all day—heavy showers that lasted for a few minutes alternating with brief, bright intervals. (Mrs. Herbert Strang)
As an adjective, it describes two options taken in turns:
The alternate jersey will have an interlocking SD on the left chest. (Washington Post)
Alternative can be an adjective or noun, too. As an adjective it describes something available as another choice, including alternative lifestyles. As a noun, it means one of two or more choices. Here are some alternative sentences:
Some harriers have evolved an alternative lifestyle — cross-dressing. (New York Times)
Diaspora, an alternative to Facebook, was founded by four New York University students in 2010. (Washington Post)
People often say alternate when they mean alternative, maybe because it's shorter. No one's going to freak out if you mix them up, but use alternate for what those checkerboard squares do on your rock star blazer, and save alternative to describe the music it makes you want to crank up.
WORD FAMILY
alternative: alternatively, alternatives+/ alternate: alternated, alternately, alternates, alternating, alternatingly, alternation, alternative /alternation: alternations
USAGE EXAMPLES
With few alternatives, the passengers sat hoping their flight would eventually depart.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Six years demanding immediate repeal, and no alternative to replace it,” Mr. Hoyer said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That means doctors must either refer patients elsewhere or at least provide information on alternatives.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 替代的; 备选的; 其他的; 另类的
n. 可供选择的事物
分布：供选择的(57%)，两者择一的(17%)，非主流的(12%)，供替代的选择(10%)，二者择一(4%)
二者择一(的)(来自alternate交替,交替选择的方法)[alter,altern,ali=other,to change表示"其他的,改变状态"]
n.二选一;供选择的东西;取舍a.二选一的I had no alternative but to accept his offer.我除了接受他的提议之外,别无选择.
【记】alter改变－改变方式做事－二选一
US [ɑ:l'tɝ:.nə.tˌɪv] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■something that is different from something else, especially from what is usual, and offering the possibility of choice （尤指不同于平常事物的）可供选择的事物；可供选择的解决办法
• an alternative to coffee 咖啡代用品
• There must be an alternative to people sleeping on the streets. 一定要想办法解决街头露宿者的问题。
• I'm afraid I have no alternative but to ask you to leave (= that is what I have to do). 恐怕我别无选择，只有让你离开。
UK [ɒl'tɜ:.nə.tɪv] US [ɑ:l'tɝ:.nə.tˌɪv] adjective
 IMPROVER (US also alternate)
■An alternative plan or method is one that you can use if you do not want to use another one （计划或方法）可替代的；可供选择的
• The opposition parties have so far failed to set out an alternative strategy. 反对党到目前为止还没有提出其他的策略。
• An alternative venue for the concert is being sought. 正在寻找其他可举办音乐会的地方。
■describes things that are considered to be unusual and which often have a small but enthusiastic group of people who support them 非传统的；另类的
• alternative comedy 另类喜剧
election, preference, choice, alternative, selection, option
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
election: 强调目的和达到目的判断能力。
preference: 侧重因偏见、爱好或判断等而进行选择。
choice: 侧重指自由选择的权利或特权。
alternative: 指在相互排斥的两者之间作严格的选择，也可指在两者以上中进行选择。
selection: 指作广泛的选择，着重选择者的识别力或鉴赏力。
option: 着重特别给予的选择权利或权力，所选物常常相互排斥。
adj. 供选择的；选择性的；交替的
 - selective, vicissitudinary

Word: interaction
Front: interaction
[ˌɪntər'ækʃn] (四六托宝 2075/2517)
Vocabulary: interaction
(once / 2602 pages)
n
If you interact with someone––by talking, looking, sharing, or engaging in any kind of action that involves the two of you––you can be said to have had an interaction with that person.
Interaction comes from Latin inter, meaning between, and ago meaning to do or to act––any “action between” is considered an interaction, like the interaction between a teacher and a student, two countries, or even baking soda and vinegar (boom!).
WORD FAMILY
interaction: interactional, interactions+/ act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive/ activity: activities/ actor: actors/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/ enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts/ interactive: interactively/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pelowski points to reforms that ended social interaction among lawmakers as the start of a partisan shift.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Among the other brain regions that were activated, however, were some associated with our interactions with other people.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
By creating interactions that encourage consumers to understand the objects that serve them as women, technologists abet the prejudice by which women are considered objects.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 一起活动; 合作; 互相影响; 互动
分布：相互作用(87%)，相互影响(12%)，互动交流(1%)
相互影响(inter+action行动→相互行动→影响)[inter-表示"在…之间,相互"]
【记】intel相互，action作用－相互作用＝interplay
US [-tˌɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
■when two or more people or things communicate with or react to each other 交流，交往；相互作用，相互影响
• There's not enough interaction between the management and the workers. 管理部门与工人之间的沟通不足。
• Language games are usually intended to encourage student interaction. 语言游戏通常用来鼓励学生间的交流。
• The play follows the interactions of three very different characters. 该剧以三个性格迥异的人物之间的交往为主线展开情节。
n. [数] [物] 相互作用；交互作用
 - reciprocity, mutual effect

Word: column
Front: column
[ˈkɒləm] (研四六雅 2074/2007 -K3)
Vocabulary: column
(once / 107 pages)
1n 2n
Someone who writes a column for a newspaper provides an article that expresses his or her viewpoint on a regular basis, such as a column about local politics which appears in the Sunday edition.
If your boss says, “I’m going to give you a column!” you may be getting a regular writing gig, or you may be getting a large pillar typically used to support a building. (You’ll know which it is when you see it.)Column also refers to something that resembles a pillar or stack, such as a column of smoke, or columns of numbers that must be added. Column also describes lines of text that form long rectangles on a page, separated by a thin line of space.
WORD FAMILY
column: columnar, columniation, columnist, columnlike, columns+/columniation: columniations/ columnist: columnists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now I am sure that plenty of you right now are thinking: What an idiotic column.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
And yes, Mark, this annual dinner column is fake news, but please don’t filter it!
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There is a sumptuous mosaic ceiling, with marble columns and copper clay friezes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 纵队，列; 圆柱; 专栏
分布：列(56%)，栏(18%)，柱(13%)，专栏(10%)，圆柱(2%)，柱形物(1%)
→来自kel, 伸出，柱子，词源同hill. -mn, 名词后缀。
n.圆柱,柱状物;列;(报刊中的)专栏The columnist holds the colorful column of the colonial newspaper.那位专栏作家主持殖民地报纸的多彩专栏.
US ['kɑ:.ləm] noun countable
PRINTING 印刷
 IMPROVER
■one of several vertical blocks of print into which a page of a newspaper or magazine is divided （报纸、杂志上的）栏
• I didn't have time to read the whole article - just the first column. 我没有时间读整篇文章——只看了第一栏。
 IMPROVER
■a piece of writing in a newspaper or magazine which is always written by the same person and which appears regularly, usually on a particular subject （报纸、杂志上的）栏目，专栏
• She writes a weekly fashion/gossip column for the Evening Standard. 她每周都在《旗帜晚报》的时尚／漫谈专栏中发表文章。
■any vertical block of words or numbers （词或数字的）纵列
• Add the column of figures and divide the sum by three. 把这列数字相加，再将总数除以3。
UK ['kɒl.əm] US ['kɑ:.ləm] noun countable
BUILDING 建筑物
 ADVANCED
■a tall vertical stone post which is used as a support for a roof or in classical (= in the style of ancient Greece or Rome) buildings for decoration, or which stands alone as a monument (= as a symbol of respect for a special person or event) 石柱；纪念柱
• The roof of the temple was held up by a row of thick stone columns. 这座寺庙的屋顶由一排粗大的石柱支撑着。
• Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square 特拉法加广场上的纳尔逊纪念柱
⇒ See also spinal column
column of sth
■something with a tall narrow shape …柱
• A column of smoke rose from the chimney. 烟里冒出了一柱烟。
■a line of moving people or vehicles 一队，一列（移动的人或车辆）
• a column of refugees 一队难民
n. 纵队， [数] 列；专栏；圆柱，柱形物
 - pillar, tier

Word: personality
Front: personality
[ˌpɜ:səˈnæləti] (研四六托雅 2076/2326 -K3)
Vocabulary: personality
(once / 245 pages)
n
Your personality is what makes you "you" — the combination of characteristics that make you unique.
Despite sharing some of the same genes, your siblings may have different personalities from you. You may be outgoing and upbeat, your sister may be quiet and reserved, and your brother may be a perennial pessimist. A personality can also refer to someone who is well known in a certain field — such as a sports or television personality.
WORD FAMILY
personality: personalities+/depersonalise: depersonalisation, depersonalising/depersonalize: depersonalization, depersonalized, depersonalizing/ impersonal: impersonally/ interpersonal: interpersonally/nonperson: nonpersons/ person: foreperson, nonperson, personable, personal, personhood, personify, persons, unperson/ personable: personableness, personabler, personably/ personal: impersonal, interpersonal, nonpersonal, personalise, personality, personalize, personally, personals/personalise: depersonalise, personalised, personalising/personalize: depersonalize, personalized, personalizes, personalizing/ personification: personifications/ personify: personification, personified, personifies, personifying/unperson: unpersons
USAGE EXAMPLES
You are looking for someone who is a good fit with your personality.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
For the Seahawks, though, this season marked a somewhat stunning change in offensive personality.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At worst, Pickens’ remarks “reflect a non-racial personality conflict and amount to discourtesy, rudeness or lack of sensitivity,” they wrote in recent court filings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 生而为人; 人格，人品，个性; 人物; 名人
分布：个性(93%)，名人(5%)，特色(2%)
→来自personal,个人的。引申词义个性，特征。
人格,个性(person人)[-ality表名词"状态,性质"]
n.人格,个性He has a strong personality.他性格坚强.
US [ˌpɝ:.sən'æl.ə.tˌi] noun
CHARACTER 性格
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the type of person you are, which is shown by the way you behave, feel and think 个性，性格；人格
• She has a very warm personality. 她个性非常热情。
• He is well qualified for the job, but he does lack personality (= he is a boring person). 他非常胜任这份工作，但他确实缺乏个性。
UK [ˌpɜ:.sən'æl.ə.ti] US [ˌpɝ:.sən'æl.ə.tˌi] noun
FAMOUS PERSON 名人
 ADVANCED countable
■a famous person 名人，名流
• The show is hosted by a popular TV personality. 该节目由一位广受欢迎的电视名人主持。
nature, complexion, personality, disposition, character, temper
这组词都有“性格、气质、性情、习性”的意思，其区别是：
nature: 指天生的、不可改变性格。
complexion: 指由思维方式、态度和情绪所决定的本质特征。
personality: 主要指一个人稳定的心理特征。
disposition: 书面用词，指人的主要爱好或思想、精神方面的重要习性、气质。也可指短暂的情绪。
character: 指对个性或人格所作出的客观评价，常常与道德有关。
temper: 指从感情方面体现出来，决定处理问题或应付形势的方式的性格或性情，这种性情可以是暂时的也可以长久的。
n. [心理] 个性；品格；名人
 - being, kidney, lion, individuality

Word: signal
Front: signal
[ˈsɪgnəl] (高研四六雅宝 2078/1960 -K3)
Vocabulary: signal
(once / 118 pages)
nadjv
A signal is a gesture or message that people use to communicate with each other. The wave you give a good friend to call her over from across the room and the impulse that transmits your voice through the telephone to your mother are both signals.
In the course of a single day, you probably send and receive thousands of different signals. When you want to cross the street, you wait for the green light — a signal that it's safe to cross. If you're in a relationship and you're not sure whether you like the person you're dating, you could be sending mixed signals — first acting like you're interested, and then acting uninterested. If your date finally gets tired of your mixed signals while you're at a restaurant, you'll need to signal to your server that it's time for the check.
WORD FAMILY
signal: signaled, signaler, signaling, signalise, signalize, signalled, signaller, signalling, signally, signals+/signaler: signalers/signaling: signalings/signalise: signalisation, signalised, signalises, signalising/signalize: signalization, signalized, signalizes, signalizing/signaller: signallers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But just as he predicts, cars accelerate through, hoping to cross the signal as the yellow flashes.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Trump signaled more protective U.S. trade policies, raising concerns about the impact on developing markets.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Singapore's TeleRadio Engineering uses RF signals in its SkyDroner device to track and control drones and a video feed to confirm targets visually.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 信号，暗号; 预兆，征象; 动机; 导火线
vt. 向…发信号; 用动作（手势）示意; 以信号告知
vi. 发信号
adj. 显著的，优越的; 暗号的，作信号用的
时态：signalled, signalling, signals
分布：信号(96%)，标志(3%)，显著的(1%)
→sign,标记，记号，-al,名词后缀。引申词义信号，暗号等。
信号[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
n.信号,暗号v.发信号,用信号通知A red lamp is used as a danger signal.红灯用作危险信号.
【记】晚上的信号灯是很明显的。
【参】signatory（n 签字者）；signify（v 表示；意味）
【反】unremarkable（adj 寻常的；不明显的）
noun countable
ACTION 行动
 IMPROVER
■an action, movement or sound which gives information, a message, a warning or an order 信号
• When she gave (them) the signal, they all cheered. 她发出信号后，他们都欢呼起来。
• [+ that] The firework was a signal that the festival had started. 烟火是节日已经开始的信号。
• [+ to infinitive] The police officer gave us a signal to stop. 员警示意我们停下。
• The signal for a race to start is often the firing of a gun. 赛跑常以发令枪响作为开始的信号。
US for * indicator
['sɪg.nəl] noun countable
WAVE 波
 ADVANCED
■a series of electrical or radio waves which are sent to a radio or television in order to produce a sound, picture or message （用于传输声音、图像或其他资讯的）电波信号
['sɪg.nəl] noun countable
SHOWING 表现
■something which shows that something else exists or is likely to happen 迹象
• The poor result is a clear signal of his deteriorating confidence. 糟糕的结果清楚地显示他信心日渐不足。
• The changing colour of the leaves on the trees is a signal that it will soon be autumn. 树叶颜色的改变代表秋天即将来临。
['sɪg.nəl] noun countable
EQUIPMENT 设备
■equipment, especially on the side of a railway or road, often with lights, which tells drivers whether they can go, must stop or should move more slowly （尤指铁路或公路上的）号志灯
• a railway signal 铁路号志灯
• a traffic signal 交通号志灯
• a road signal 道路号志灯
['sɪg.nəl] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
ACTION 行动
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to make a movement, sound, flash, etc. which gives information or tells people what to do 发信号；示意
• Flashing lights on a parked car usually signal a warning (to other motorists). 停着的车辆上闪烁的车灯通常是警告（其他驾车者）的信号。
• He signalled left, and turned the lorry slowly. 他打开左转方向灯，然后将卡车缓慢转弯。
• He was signalling (= giving a signal) with a red flag. 他正用红色旗子发信号。
• She signalled for help. 她发出了求救信号。
• [+ that] She signalled to the cars behind that they were going the wrong way. 她示意后面的车辆走错了路。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The children's mother signalled them to be quiet. 孩子们的母亲示意他们安静。
• [+ to infinitive] The children's mother signalled to/for them to be quiet. 孩子们的母亲向他们示意保持安静。
['sɪg.nəl] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
SHOW 表现
transitive
■to show that you intend or are ready to do something 表达，表示；显示
• [+ that] The union has signalled that the workers will strike. 工会表示工人们将会罢工。
• The union has signalled the workers' intention to strike. 工会已表示工人们打算罢工。
• The death of Chairman Mao signalled (= marked) the end of an era in Chinese history. 毛主席的去世标记着中国历史上一个时代的结束。
['sɪg.nəl] adjective [before noun] formal
■noticeable; not ordinary 显著的；不寻常的
• a signal success/failure 重大胜利／失败
sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge
这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是：
sign: 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。
emblem: 指选定象征一个国家、民族或家庭等的图案或实物。
symbol: 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。
token: 语气庄重，指礼品、纪念物等作为表示友谊、爱情等的象征或标志。
attribute: 指人或物及其地位、属性的象征。
mark: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。
signal: 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
badge: 一般指金属证章或写有姓名的带状标志物。
n. 信号；暗号；导火线
 - high sign, alarm-word
vt. 标志；用信号通知
 - mark
adj. 显著的；作为信号的
 - obvious, prominent, marked, noted, outstanding
vi. 发信号
 - semaphore

Word: curriculum
Front: curriculum
[kəˈrɪkjələm] (高研六托雅宝 2077/1694 -2)
Vocabulary: curriculum
(once / 1833 pages)
n
A curriculum is a set of courses designed to give expertise, like the shoemaking curriculum at Shoe U: Advanced Cutting, Hammering, and Stitching; History of the Heel; and A Cultural History of Walking.
Curriculum comes from the Latin word for "running course," or "career," but when we talk about curriculum it's always about school. If you go to a school with a Liberal Arts curriculum, you'll get an education in the humanities with some science, but if you go to a technical school with a hard-core astrophysics curriculum, you probably won't have to take any courses on poetry.
WORD FAMILY
curriculum: curricula, curricular, curriculums+/curricular: curricularly, extracurricular
USAGE EXAMPLES
Teachers and literacy organizations often decry such moves as censorship that erase important literature from curriculums.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The curriculum will also include some vocational skills.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The reason for his visit, he said, was to discuss “multicultural issues”, including “bullying, supporting teachers, modernising curriculums and violence in Chicago”.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 全部课程，课程
分布：课程(98%)，全部课程(2%)
→来自current, 流动的，流通的。
课程(表)(curr+iculum表名词→学员跑来跑去的[依据]→课表)[cur(r),curs,cours=run,表示"跑,发生"]
n.(pl.curricula)课程,(学校等的)全部课程The currency curriculum made the excursionist incur loss of time and money.货币课程使短途旅游者招致时间和钱的损失.
【记】curr跑，iculum表名词－学员跑来跑去的依据－全部课程
[kə'rɪk.jʊ.ləm] (plural curricula or curriculums)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the group of subjects studied in a school, college, etc. 课程
• the school curriculum 学校课程
⇒ See also the national curriculum

Word: list
Front: list
[lɪst] (中高研四六雅宝 761/716 -K5)
Vocabulary: list
(once / 57 pages)
1nv 2nv
To make a list is to put things in order or to name them, like a grocery list or a wish list. Listing is also leaning over, creating a slant called a list.
List can also be a verb used to describe what you do when you make a list. You could list all the state capitals, people's names, your favorite movies, or pretty much anything. Listing can be done numerically, alphabetically, or randomly. Also, a line or surface that leans or tilts has a list, like a sagging bookcase that's overloaded. To lean in this way is to list: the Leaning Tower of Pisa is listing.
WORD FAMILY
list: delist, enlist, listed, lister, listing, listless, lists+/delist: delisted, delisting/ enlist: enlisted, enlistee, enlisting, enlistment, enlists/enlistee: enlistees/enlisting: enlistings/enlistment: enlistments, reenlistment/listed: unlisted/lister: listers/ listing: listings/ listless: listlessly, listlessness/reenlistment: reenlistments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pneumonia and flu together are on the top 10 list of causes of death, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Texas Christian product spent the final 11 weeks of this season on the injured reserve list.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly 4,000 children whose family income should qualify them for subsidies were on the wait list as of November, according to state data.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 清单，目录; 倾斜; 布边，布头; 狭条
vt. 列出，列入; 把…编列成表; 记入名单内
vi. 列于表上
时态：listed, listing, lists
分布：列出(62%)，名单(25%)，目录(9%)，倾斜(3%)，明细表(1%)
→来自中古英语liste,布条，带子，来自leizd,带子，可能进一步来自skel,切，割，词源同scale,shell.由布条引申词义纸片，清单，目录。
n.表,目录,名单v.把...编列成表,列入表内In the faithful waiter's waist exists a list of the ten listeners.在忠实的侍者的腰里存有那十位听众的名单.
【反】be upright（直立）
verb
MAKE RECORD 做记录
 IMPROVER transitive
■to make a list, or to include something in a list 将…列成单子；把…列入名单
• I've listed some useful reading material on the handout. 我在发给大家的讲义上列出了一些有用的阅读材料。
[lɪst] verb
LEAN 倾斜
intransitive
■(of a ship) to lean to one side, especially as a result of damage （尤指船因遭到损害向一侧）倾斜，歪斜
• The tanker is listing badly and liable to sink at any moment. 油轮严重倾斜，随时都可能会沉没。
[lɪst] noun
RECORD 记录
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a record of short pieces of information, such as people's names, usually written or printed with a single thing on each line and often ordered in a way that makes a particular thing easy to find 名单，目录；清单
• a shopping list 购物单
• Is your name on the list? 名单上有你的名字吗？
• I've made a list of places I'd like to visit while we're in Paris. 我把我们在巴黎期间我想去的地方列了一个单子。
[lɪst] noun
LEAN 倾斜
■If a ship has a list, it leans to one side
[lɪst] noun
a list as long as your arm informal
■a very long list 极长的单子
• I've got a list as long as my arm of the things we need to do before we go on holiday. 去渡假之前我把我们要做的事情列了一个长长的单子。
rgeister, schedule, roll, form, catalog(ue), chart, list, table
这组词都有“名单、目录、表格”的意思，其区别是：
rgeister: 多指官方对人或事作出的正式书面记录或详细清单。
schedule: 既可指时间或计划的安排表，又可指详细列出的所有分类项的清单或细表。
roll: 多指人员的姓名名单，尤指属于团体或军事单位的全体人员名单。
form: 指上面印有横线或格让人填写规定内容的表格。
catalog(ue): 指列出有全部队名、物名或项目等的目录，有时附有简要说明的分类名单或一览表。
chart: 指把资料制成表格等形式供人看的图表。
list: 最普通用词，含义广。指按字母顺序、时间先后或类别等排列的姓名或项目等的单子。
table: 普通用词，一般指易于迅速查阅使用，具有特定编排方法的目录或表格。
n. [计] 列表；清单； [图情] 目录
 - statement, directory, bill, content

Word: honor
Front: honor
[ˈɒnə(r)] (研托 2057/27977)
Vocabulary: honor
(once / 51 pages)
nv
Honor has many uses, all of them good. If you are called a man of honor, you are respected. If someone honors you, they recognize and award you for your achievements.
The term honor has always been a word used to describe men and women of high moral worth or great achievement. It can be used as either a noun or verb, and in many different settings. People graduate from college with honor, meaning they have outstanding grades. A woman of honor is pure and decent. Soldiers are buried with full military honors, which means they are given gun salutes and trumpet calls and the nation's fullest respect.
WORD FAMILY
honor: dishonor, honorable, honorary, honored, honoree, honoring, honors+/ dishonor: dishonorable, dishonored, dishonoring, dishonors/ dishonorable: dishonorableness, dishonorably, dishonourably/ honorable: honorableness, honorablest, honorably/ honorary: honorarily/honoree: honorees
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was recently honored by Liverpool for his work.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition to his football exploits, Kaaya was tapped into Miami's “Iron Arrow” honor society earlier this year.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many floats honored the natural world and the benefits of science.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 尊敬; 光荣; 节操; 荣誉
v. 尊敬; 给予表扬; 信守; 执行
时态：honored, honoring, honors
分布：荣誉(56%)，荣幸(23%)，尊敬(11%)，信用(3%)，正直(3%)，兑现(2%)，对...表示敬意(1%)，贞洁(1%)
n.(honour)尊敬,敬意;荣誉,光荣v.尊敬He's an honor to his parents.他的父母以他为荣.
US ['ɑ:.nɚ] noun US for honour
fame, honor, reputation
这些词都可表名声。
fame: 是常用词，一般指好的名声。如：He was not anxious for fame.(他并不渴望成名。)
honor: 荣誉，尊敬，指受到公众崇敬的荣誉和光荣。如：This is an honor more than I can deserve.(这光荣我受之有愧。)
reputation: 名誉，指公众对某人的看法，可好可坏。如：He has a reputation for laziness.(他的懒惰出了名。)
n. 荣誉；信用；头衔
 - glory, credit, title
vt. 尊敬（等于honour）；给…以荣誉
 - regard, esteem, worship

Word: passenger
Front: passenger
[ˈpæsɪndʒə(r)] (中高研四六 2080/2001 -K3)
Vocabulary: passenger
(once / 155 pages)
n
A passenger is a person who rides in a vehicle. If you grab a ride home from school with your best friend, you are a passenger in her car.
Everyone riding in a train, plane, bus, or any other vehicle is a passenger — except the driver, pilot, or crew. A passenger's only job is to ride along. In the fourteenth century, a passenger was simply a "passer-by," from the Old French passagier, "passing, fleeting, or traveling." The first instance of the modern use was recorded in the early 1500s.
WORD FAMILY
passenger: passengers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Expect delays in passenger processing until the system is restored.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
At Miami International Airport, thousands of passengers from more than 30 international flights were delayed from entering the country, a spokesman said.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Most of the passengers were Indonesians celebrating the New Year’s holiday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 乘客，旅客; 行人，过路人; 碍手碍脚的人
分布：乘客(66%)，旅客(34%)
→来自法语passer,走过，经过，-enger,人，词源同messenger.引申词义旅客，乘客。
乘客,旅客(pass+enger人→通过的人→乘客)[pass=passthrough表示"通过"]
n.乘客,旅客In the passage the passenger passed a cassette of message to messenger.在过道里,乘客给信差传递了一盒带信息.
US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who is travelling in a vehicle but is not driving it, flying it or working on it 乘客，旅客
• airline/rail/train/car passengers 飞机／火车／汽车乘客
passenger train
■a train carrying people rather than goods 客运火车
• The two passenger trains involved in the accident had both come from south-west London. 这次意外中的两列客运火车都是从伦敦西南部开出的。
passenger, client, guest, customer, visitor
这组词都有“客人，访问者”的意思，其区别是：
passenger: 主要指乘坐交通工具的游人或旅客。
client: 与customer同义，多指进入商店被店员接待或购物的人。
guest: 多指事先受到激请而来，并受到欢迎与招待的宾客。也可指付钱居住者。
customer: 主要指交易一方的买主、主顾。
visitor: 普通用词，指出差、访问、旅游、参观或到旅馆投宿的人。
n. 旅客； [交] 乘客；过路人；碍手碍脚的人
 - traveler, viator

Word: assistance
Front: assistance
[əˈsɪstəns] (高研托雅 2081/2096 -K3)
Vocabulary: assistance
(once / 131 pages)
n
If you see a blind man having trouble crossing the street, offer him some assistance. Lending a hand is just one way of providing assistance.
Assistance is a noun that means to help or aid. It's the noun form for the verb to assist. Homes for the elderly are sometimes called "assisted living facilities" because they provide assistance to older folks who might need assistance getting in and out of bed, or feeding themselves. If you're in a store and no one is helping you, call a manager and ask for assistance. However, if you like to shop, you probably won't need any assistance spending money.
WORD FAMILY
assistance: assistances+/ assist: assistance, assistant, assisted, assisting, assistive, assists/ assistant: assistants/assisted: unassisted
USAGE EXAMPLES
But they should also leverage the opportunity to ask higher-level questions about the state’s long reliance on the managed-care model for medical assistance.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The family receives $68 in monthly food stamps and no other public assistance.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Part of that is likely to be focused on kicking people off public assistance sooner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 帮助，援助; 〈古〉出席，出席者; 辅助设备
分布：帮助(56%)，援助(44%)
n.协作;援助;帮助Can I be of any assistance to you?我能帮你什么忙吗?
【反】interference（n 冲突，干涉）
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■help 帮助；协助；援助
• The company needs more financial assistance from the Government. 这间公司需要政府提供更多的财政援助。
• A £1 billion investment would be of considerable assistance to the railways. 十亿英镑的投资将帮上铁路公司的大忙。
• Can I be of any assistance, madam (= Can I help) ? 小姐，我可以帮上甚么忙吗？
• Teachers can't give pupils any assistance in exams. 考试中老师不能以任何形式帮助学生。
come to sb's assistance
■to help someone 来帮助（某人）
guidance, assistance
guidance: 指导，领导
assistance: 帮助，协助
help, support, assistance, aid
这组词都有“帮助，支持”的意思，其区别是：
help: 最普通用词，可以与aid和assistance换用。help强调使受助者达到目的或侧重受助者对帮助的需要。
support: 强调在迫切需要时给予支持或鼓励。
assistance: 正式用词，通常指帮助完成不太重要的那一部分工作。
aid: 比help正式，侧重受助者处于困难或危险境地急需救助。
n. 援助，帮助；辅助设备
 - aid, hand, help, boost

Word: forever
Front: forever
[fərˈevə(r)] (高研四六 2082/3798 -K2)
Vocabulary: forever
(once / 167 pages)
adv
Things that last forever never come to an end — they continue endlessly. An experience that changes you forever alters you in ways that will last the rest of your life.
The adverb forever literally means "eternally," so when you promise, "I'll love you forever." you mean it. You can also use forever in a less literal, more exaggerated way: "It is taking forever for the bus to get here," or to mean "without stopping," as when you comment that the rain can't continue forever. The word combines for and ever, which stems from the Old English æfre, "always."
WORD FAMILY
forever
USAGE EXAMPLES
They fought and fought and then, in their final breaths they hit Penn State with a force that USC football lore will remember forever.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It's seared into his memory as the day his life changed forever.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Montgomery County Judge Mary Wiseman said Meno would be “forever disqualified’ from holding any public position of trust in Ohio.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 永远; 不断地，无休止地; 老是，经常
n. 永恒; 极长的一段时间
分布：永远(100%)
→for, 因为，为了。ever, 永远。
adv.(forever)永远;总是However, Lever never fevers; nevertheless, he is clever forever.无论如何,杠杆从未发烧;尽管如此,他始终机灵.
US [fɔ:'rev.ɚ] adverb
 IMPROVER
■for all time 永远
• I like the house but I don't imagine I'll live there forever. 我喜欢那栋房子，但是我想我不会在那里永远住下去。
 IMPROVER informal
■very often 频繁地，老是
• She's forever telling him she's going to leave him but she never actually does. 她老是跟他说要离开他，但实际上从未那样做过。
 IMPROVER
■for an extremely long time or too much time 长久地
• We'd better walk a bit quicker - it's going to take forever if we go at this pace. 我们最好走快一点——如果以这个速度走下去，我们要走很久。
adv. 永远；不断地；常常
 - always, constantly, continually, unceasingly, straight

Word: fun
Front: fun
[fʌn] (中高 1888/2497 -K4)
Vocabulary: fun
(once / 88 pages)
1n 2n
When you are having fun, you are having a good time. Watching little kids jump around inside an inflatable bouncy house, you can instantly tell how much fun they're having.
There is no mistaking fun when you're having it, and it's generally used to mean exactly what it sounds like, some activity or experience that's purely enjoyable. When fun takes the form of an adjective, it's informal, not strictly grammatically correct. So while you can say, "Being with her is so much fun," you can't correctly say, "She is such a fun girl." Fun turns a little bit mean when you're making fun of, or teasing, your friend. In this case, it might be fun for you, but it's probably not very much fun for him.
WORD FAMILY
fun: funning, funny, funs+/ funny: funnier, funnies, funniest, funnily, funniness, unfunny/unfunny: unfunnily
USAGE EXAMPLES
She describes her sound as "really bassy, full of fun and full of energy".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“Acting with a green screen is really fun and interesting,” Proksch said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said she likes the program because it’s fun.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 乐趣; 娱乐活动; 嬉戏，嬉闹; 有趣的事
adj. 使人愉快的; 开心的
vi. 嬉闹; 开玩笑
分布：乐趣(49%)，有趣的(46%)，玩笑(5%)
→可能来自fonnen, 傻瓜，糊弄，词源同fond. 引申词义享乐。
n.玩笑,娱乐;有趣的人(或事物)I wasn't serious; I only did it for fun.我不是当真的,我只不过是闹着玩.
noun uncountable
PLEASURE 快乐
 ESSENTIAL
■pleasure, enjoyment, entertainment 乐趣；快乐；享受
• Have fun (= Enjoy yourself) ! 玩个痛快！
• Having fun (= Are you enjoying yourself) ? 玩得痛快吗？
• I really enjoyed your party - it was such good fun. 参加你们的派对我很开心——真是好玩。
• She's great fun to be with. 跟她在一起你会觉得很有意思。
• Mark was ill for most of the holiday so that took all the fun out of it. 假期里大多数时间马克一直在生病，所以没甚么乐趣。
• It's no fun] not much fun (= not enjoyable) having to work on Saturdays. 星期六还得工作真是让人不痛快。
• a fun -loving girl 爱玩闹的小姑娘
• "We're going on a picnic at the weekend." " What fun (= how enjoyable) !" “本周末我们要去野餐。”“真开心！”
• The relationship was never going to work, but it was fun while it lasted. 这段感情是注定不会有结果的，不过过程很开心。
See common learner error at funny
for fun (also for the fun of it)
 ESSENTIAL
■for pleasure 为了好玩
• I ran but just for fun. 我跑步只是为了好玩。
make fun of sb/sth
■to make a joke about someone or something in a way that is not kind 取笑；拿…开玩笑
• The other children were always making fun of him because he was fat and wore glasses. 别的孩子总是取笑他，因为他胖而且还戴着眼镜。
[fʌn] noun uncountable
PLAYFUL ACTIVITY 好玩的活动
 IMPROVER
■playful and often energetic activity 嬉戏；玩闹
• The children are always full of fun. 孩子们永远是活泼可爱的。
• I didn't mean to upset her - it was just a bit of fun. 我并不想惹她生气——只是闹着玩而已
• I didn't mean what I said, it was only in fun (= a joke). 我说的不能当真，只是开个玩笑。
[fʌn] noun uncountable
have fun and games humorous
■to have difficulty doing something 有困难
• We had real fun and games trying to bath the dog. 给这条狗洗澡可难坏了我们。
[fʌn] noun uncountable
not be all fun and games
■If an activity is not all fun and games, parts of it are difficult or unpleasant 不是随便闹着玩的
• It's not all fun and games being a tour representative. 做旅游代理可不是闹着玩的。
[fʌn] adjective [before noun]
■enjoyable 有趣的；令人愉快的
• There are lots of fun things to do here. 这里有很多有趣的事可做。
fun, recreation, entertainment
fun: 嬉戏，玩耍
recreation: 多指在工作之后通过逗乐或刺激的活动使某人的身心得到恢复，强调自身的放松和消遣；
entertainment: 娱乐（业），供消遣的事物（尤指公众娱乐活动），侧重别人的款待或表演使你得到娱乐；
enjoyment, joy, pleasure, fun, rapture, dlight
这组词都有“愉快、快乐、高兴”的意思，其区别是：
enjoyment: 比pleasure, joy和delight的语气轻，但更着重行为或乐事的本身，而不是感情。
joy: 语气弱于rapture，强于pleasure，多指情感充溢，喜形于色的强烈的欢乐情绪。
pleasure: 最普通常用词，常指不表露出来的满意或喜悦情绪，也指强烈的愉快或兴奋感。
fun: 普通用词，指任何能给予喜悦的娱乐，或指娱乐本身。
rapture: 书面语用词，指极端的欣喜、大喜或狂喜。
dlight: 指强烈的、活泼的、显而易见的快乐和高兴。
n. 乐趣；玩笑；有趣的人或事
 - joke, joy, sport, sweet, enjoyment
vi. 开玩笑
 - fool, kid around, to play a joke, to joke

Word: regard
Front: regard
[rɪˈgɑ:d] (中高研四六托 2084/945 -K4)
Vocabulary: regard
(once / 27 pages)
1n 2vn 3v 4n
When you give someone a good, long look, you regard them. It can also mean "to believe," as in "I regard her as my best friend."
Regard often means respect and admiration, as in "I have the greatest regard for my grandmother." Sometimes it's a greeting: you can send someone your regards, which means to tell them you said hello and wish them well. There's a famous song called, "Give My Regards to Broadway." On the other hand, you can use it as a sign-off on a letter. Instead of "Sincerely" or "Yours Truly," you can close with "Regards."
WORD FAMILY
regard: disregard, regarded, regardful, regarding, regardless, regards, self-regard+/ disregard: disregarded, disregarding, disregards/regardful: regardfully/ regardless: disregardless, irregardless, regardlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Regarding the Dec. 27 Metro article “In Bethesda, more height but less light? ”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Experts also expressed concerns regarding the report released by DHS and the FBI on the Russian hacking operation.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
"The relatively wide range for the forecast reflects the higher-than-normal degree of uncertainty regarding the prospects for the UK economy next year," he says.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 认为; 注视; 涉及; 尊敬
vi. 凝视; 留意
n. 凝视; 留意; 尊敬; 问候
时态：regarded, regarding, regards
分布：视为(22%)，尊敬(18%)，注意(15%)，考虑(15%)，注视(10%)，关心(7%)，留意(7%)，致意(5%)，和 ... 有关(1%)
→re-,再，重新，-gard,看，看护，词源同 guard,ward.引申诸相关词义。
v.(as)把...看作为;考虑n.(pl.)敬重,问候This problem regards every student in the school.这个问题与全校学生都有关系.
【记】作为“看作”讲大家比较熟悉，例：I regard him as a fool 但是主考“尊敬”的意思。
US [-'gɑ:rd] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
 IMPROVER
■to consider or have an opinion about something or someone 考虑，思考；将…认为；看待
• Local people regard this idea of a motorway through their village with horror. 当地居民对修建横穿他们村庄的高速公路这一计划感到惶惶不可终日。
• Her parents always regarded her as the cleverest of their children. 她父母一贯把她看作是所有子女中最聪明的。
■formal
■to look carefully at something or someone 注视；凝视
• The bird regarded me with suspicion as I walked up to its nest. 我走向鸟巢的时候，那只鸟怀疑地注视着我。
as regards formal
■in connection with 关于；至于
• There is no problem as regards the financial arrangements. 资金筹备方面毫无问题。
UK [rɪ'gɑ:d] US [-'gɑ:rd] noun uncountable formal
 IMPROVER
■respect or admiration for someone or something 尊敬，尊重；关心，关注
• The company holds her in high regard. 公司很器重她。
• He has no regard for other people's feelings. 他毫不尊重别人的感情。
in/with regard to
■in connection with 关于；至于
• I am writing to you with regard to your letter of 15 March. 兹覆3月15日贵函。
in this/that regard
■in this particular way 在这／那方面；在这／那一点上
• The union is the largest in the country and in this/that regard is best placed to serve its members. 这个工会是全国最大的，从这方面说，它可为其成员提供最好的服务。
regards [plural] formal
■greetings 问候；致意
• Please give/send/convey my regards to your mother if you see her. 如果见到你母亲，请代我问候她／代我向她问好／向她转达我的问候。
admiration, honour, esteem, regard, respect
这组词都有“尊敬、尊重、敬意”的意思，其区别是：
admiration: 指除表示尊敬外，还常伴随有一种真挚的倾慕之情。
honour: 指对长辈或有地位、有名望、有功劳的人公开表示极大敬意或软佩。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此可而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，与respect和honour近义。
respect: 指对年长、地位较高的人的尊敬，对他人成就、行为或见解等经过仔细评估后而表示尊重，暗示在上述人面前表现谦恭和有礼貌。
honour, esteem, regard, admire, respect
这组词都有“尊重、钦佩”的意思，其区别是：
honour: 侧重指对某人或某物表示极大的敬意。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，含义不很明确，一般需用修饰语加强或明确其意。
admire: 侧重指对某人或某物的仰慕、钦佩，并含欣赏爱慕之情。
respect: 指对人的行为、品德、才华或成就等的仰慕尊重。尤指对年长或地位高的人的尊敬。
discern, deem, regard
discern: 发现，看清，辨认
deem: 以为，相信，较正式，常用于法律、文学作品中，强调判断而非思考；
regard: 以为，认为，侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断，多强调观点
reckon, think, count, consider, deem, regard, believe
这组词都有“认为”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 指对人或事作全面“权衡”，把各方面意见考虑进去后得出结论。
think: 普通用词，指按照自己的意见提出看法。
count: 指作出判断后而得出的看法等。
consider: 指经过考虑和观察后得出的结论。
deem: 正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考。
regard: 侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断。多强调观点。
believe: 通常指根据一定的证据，经思考后而认为属实。
n. 注意；尊重；问候；凝视
 - estimation, respect, notice, publicity
vt. 注重，考虑；看待；尊敬；把…看作；与…有关
 - view, study, honor, think about
vi. 注意，注重；注视
 - take care of, watch

Word: Israeli
Front: Israeli
[ɪz'reɪli] (2085/4446)
Back: n. 以色列人
adj. 以色列的；以色列人的
分布：以色列的(69%)，以色列人(31%)
adjective
■from, belonging to or relating to Israel 以色列的
• Israeli exports 以色列的出口产品
• an Israeli newspaper 以色列报纸
[ɪz'reɪ.li] noun countable (plural Israelis)
■a person from Israel 以色列人

Word: association
Front: association
[əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 1859/742 -K4)
Vocabulary: association
(once / 96 pages)
n
Association has to do with things that are together, whether in a formal group like the National Basketball Association or just two things that are related, like the association between dogs and parks.
Any time people or things are connected, there are associations. The National Basketball Association is an example of the business meaning of association — a formal organization or group that works together. If you ask, "What is your association with Bill?" That just means, "How are you connected to Bill?" You can also make mental associations — you might make an association between the smell of fresh bread and your grandmother's kitchen, for example.
WORD FAMILY
association: associational, associationism, associations+/associability: associabilities/associable: associability, associableness/ associate: associable, associated, associates, associateship, associating, association, associative, associatory, disassociate/associateship: associateships/associational: associationally/ associative: associatively, nonassociative/disassociate: disassociated, disassociates, disassociating, disassociation/disassociation: disassociations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead the Volkswagen Golf topped sales, according to the country's carmakers association.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The president of the FBI Agents Association asked for its removal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Associations representing hospitals, doctors and other health care providers are among those joining the suit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 协会，社团; 联合，联系; 联想
分布：协会(57%)，联合(14%)，联想(12%)，交往(7%)，社团(7%)，结合(3%)
社团;联合(associate+ion)[soc=companion表示"同伴",引申为"社会"]
n.联盟,协会,社团;交往,联合;联想I have association with the socialists of the society.我与协会内的社会主义者有交往.
US [-ˌsoʊ-] noun
GROUP 团体
 IMPROVER countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who work together in a single organization for a particular purpose 协会；社团；联盟
• The Football Association 足球协会
• The British Medical Association is/are campaigning for a complete ban on tobacco advertising. 英国医学协会正发起一项全面禁止烟草广告的运动。
UK [əˌsəʊ.si'eɪ.ʃən] US [-ˌsoʊ-] noun
INVOLVEMENT 关联
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you are involved with or connected to someone or something 联系；关系；关联
• her association with the university 她和这间大学的联系
• This event was organized in association with the Sports Council. 这场赛事由体育委员会协办。
countable or uncountable
■a feeling or thought that relates to someone or something 联想
• The south of France has positive associations for me as I used to holiday there as a child. 法国南部总能给我一种美好的联想，因为我童年时代常去那里渡假。
institute, society, association, union, club, league
这组词都有“社团，会社，协会”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指为专门的目标而建立的学会或研究所。
society: 可与association换用，但前者的宗旨更严格，会员之间联系更紧密，活动更积极。
association: 指较为正式的组织，强调兴趣和需要的一致性。
union: 多指工会，也指学会或协会。
club: 表俱乐部或会社，其成员因志同道合，有共同兴趣、爱好而组织到一起进行社交、娱乐或体育等活动。
league: 指为了共同的目的和利益而组成的社团、同盟或联合会。
n. 协会，联盟，社团；联合； [心理] 联想
 - union, alliance, society, corporation, unity, combination

Word: twenty
Front: twenty
[ˈtwenti] (中高 2086/605 -5)
Back: n. 二十，二十个; 二十多岁; 二十年代; 许多，大量
num. 二十
adj. 二十的
分布：二十(100%)
→来自 two,二，-ty,十，词源同 ten.
num.二十pron./a.二十(个,只...)His room is twenty square metres.他的房间有二十个平方米.
US [-tˌi] number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 20 （数字）20
• nineteen, twenty, twenty-one 19，20，21
• space for twenty people 可容纳20个人的空间
⇒ See also score
n. 二十；二十年代
 - score

Word: knock
Front: knock
[nɒk] (中高 2087/1958 -K3)
Vocabulary: knock
(once / 101 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
When you knock, you bump or strike someone or something. When you hear a knock at the door, someone on the other side is thumping it with their knuckles.
You can accidentally knock your grandmother's special glass bowl off the table, and you can also knock softly on her door — or tap with your knuckles — before you go in and tell her how sorry you are. If a car engine knocks, it makes a rattling or rapping sound. Colloquially, to knock something is to reject or criticize it, and if you do, you may hear the phrase, "Don't knock it until you try it!"
WORD FAMILY
knock: antiknock, knocked, knocker, knocking, knocks+/knocker: knockers/knocking: knockings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bartolo Colon, playing first base for Braves, knocks 20th homer of season.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The first time, other inmates broke her nose, and the second time, they stomped on her and knocked her unconscious, she said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At the snap, defensive end Jonathan Allen slanted inside and knocked down both the offensive tackle and the guard.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 短促的敲打（声）; 爆震声; 敲击声; 敲门（或窗等）声
vi. 猛烈敲击; 与某物相撞; 撞到了桌子
vt. （心）怦怦跳; 把…撞击成（某种状态）; 批评
时态：knocked, knocking, knocks
分布：敲(59%)，敲门(32%)，敲击(5%)，敲打(3%)，攻击(1%)
→拟声词，敲打东西的声音。比较click,clock.
v.敲,敲打,碰撞n.敲,击The mocker knocked the stock with the knots on the stocking and sock.嘲笑者用长袜和短裤上的结鼓打存货.
US [nɑ:k] verb
MAKE NOISE 发出声响
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to repeatedly hit something, producing a noise （反覆地）敲，击，打
• She knocked on the window to attract his attention. 她敲窗想引起他的注意。
• There's someone knocking on/at the door. 有人在敲门。
• Please knock before entering. 进来前请先敲门。
intransitive specialized
■If an engine is knocking, it is producing a repeated high sound either because the fuel is not burning correctly or because a small part is damaged and is therefore allowing another part to move in ways that it should not. （引擎）发出爆震声，砰砰作响
intransitive
■If something such as a pipe knocks, it makes a repeated high sound. （管子等）发出碰撞声
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
HIT 击打
 IMPROVER intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to hit, especially forcefully, and cause to move or fall 碰，撞；碰倒；撞倒
• He accidentally knocked the vase off the table. 他不小心把花瓶碰下了桌子。
• She knocked her head against the wall as she fell. 她跌倒时头撞在墙上。
• Who knocked over that mug of coffee? 谁打翻了那杯咖啡？
• [+ obj + adj] Some thug knocked him unconscious/senseless. 有个恶棍把他打晕了。
• She took a hammer and knocked a hole in the wall. 她拿锤子在墙上砸了一个洞。
knock into each other/knock through
■If you knock two rooms into each other or knock two rooms through, you remove the wall between them so that they form one room. 把（两个房间）打通
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
CRITICIZE 批评
transitive UK informal
■to criticize, especially unfairly 指责；挑剔
• Don't knock him - he's doing his best. 别对他鸡蛋里挑骨头了——他已在竭尽全力了。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
be knocking (on) 60/70, etc. informal
■to have almost reached a particular, usually old, age 快60／70岁等（通常指高龄）
• She was knocking on 80 when she died. 她去世时快80岁了。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock sb's block off informal
■If you say that you will knock someone's block off, you are threatening to hit them very hard, especially on the head 要把（某人）揍扁，要痛打（某人）
• I'll knock his block off if he tries anything with me! 要是他敢对我怎么样，我会让他好看！
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock sb off their pedestal See at pedestal
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock sth on the head UK informal
■to prevent something from happening, or to finally finish something 制止…发生；最终完成
• It's nearly done - another couple of hours should knock it on the head. 快做完了——再过几个小时就完成了。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock (some) sense into sb informal
■to forcefully teach someone not to be silly 让（某人）懂道理
• A couple of years in the army will knock some sense into him. 在军队里留上几年会让他懂些道理。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock sb sideways/for six UK informal
■to shock or upset someone very much, or to make someone very ill 使（某人）惊呆；使（某人）大病一场
• That flu really knocked me sideways. 那次流感使我大病一场。
• The news of his death knocked me for six. 他的死讯令我震惊。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock (on) wood US for
■ touch wood See at touch
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
Knock 'em dead! informal
■used to tell someone to perform or play as well as they can 尽力做好！全力以赴！
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock it off informal
■used to tell someone to stop doing something which annoys you 住口；住手
• Oh, knock it off Alex, I'm really not in the mood for your jokes. 哎，别说了，亚历克斯，我真的没心情听你说笑话。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock spots off sth UK informal
■to be much better than something or someone else 远远胜过
• It knocks spots off that restaurant in Cotswold Street. 这家餐馆远远胜过科茨沃尔德街上的那家。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
knock the bottom out of sth
■to damage something severely, especially by destroying its support 破坏…的基础；严重损害
• The rise in mortgage rates really knocked the bottom out of the housing market. 按揭利率上升确实严重打击房地产市场。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
'Knock, knock!'
■a way of describing the sound made when you hit a door. It is sometimes used as the first line of a joke. 咚咚的敲门声；有时指“敲敲门玩笑”（玩笑的第一句话是：“敲门，敲门”）
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
You could have knocked me down / over with a feather. saying
■said when you are extremely surprised 惊讶得目瞪口呆；令人大跌眼镜
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock sb about/around informal
■to behave violently towards someone and hit them 粗暴对待，虐待（某人）
• Her husband used to knock her about. 她的丈夫过去常常虐待她。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock about/around (sth) informal
■to be in a place which is not exactly known or in various places especially over a long period of time （尤指长时间地）漫游，游荡；散置在（某处）
• I'm sure I've got a copy of 'Time's Arrow' knocking about somewhere. 我肯定我有一本《时间之箭》，但不知道放哪里去了。
• He spent years knocking around the Far East before World War One. 第一次世界大战前，他在远东漫游了多年。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock around/about informal
RELAX
■to spend time relaxing and doing very little 悠闲地打发时间
• I spent the weekend just knocking about the house. 我周末就在家里闲着。
BE WITH SOMEONE
■to spend a lot of time with someone （和某人）长时间在一起
• I used to knock around with him at school. 我过去在学校里常和他在一起。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock sb back (sth) UK informal
■to cost someone a large amount of money 让（某人）花费（一大笔钱）
• I bet that computer knocked you back a few thousand. 我敢说那台电脑花了你几千元。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock back (sth) UK informal
■to quickly drink something, especially a lot of alcohol 一下子喝下（尤指很多酒）
• She was knocking back the champagne at Maria's party. 她当时正在玛丽亚的派对上畅饮香槟。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] knock sb down UK
■to hit someone with a vehicle and injure or kill them （驾车）撞倒（某人）
• She was knocked down by a bus. 她被一辆公共汽车撞倒了。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sb/sth down
HIT
■to cause someone or something to fall to the ground by hitting them 击倒，打倒
REDUCE PRICE informal
■to reduce a price, or to persuade someone to reduce the price of something they are selling 降价；说服（某人）降价；杀（某人的）价
• She wanted £200 but I knocked her down to £175. 她开价200英镑，我还价到175英镑。
⇒ See also knockdown
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sth down
■to destroy a building or part of a building 拆掉，拆毁（建筑物等）
• The Council plans to knock the library down and replace it with a hotel complex. 市政会计划拆除图书馆，改建饭店综合大楼。
• figurative She easily knocked down every argument he put up. 她轻而易举地驳倒了他提出的各个论点。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock off (sth) informal
■to stop working, usually at the end of the day 停止（工作）；下班
• I don't knock off until six. 我要到六点才下班。
• What time do you knock off work? 你几点下班？
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sth off (sth) informal
■to take a particular amount away from a price （从价格中）减去，除去
• The manager knocked £5 off because it was damaged. 因为有破损，经理将价格降低了五英镑。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sth off
STEAL (US knock sth over) slang
■to steal something 抢劫；偷
• He has a stack of computer equipment he's knocked off from various shops. 他有一大堆从各个商店偷来的电脑配件。
• Terrorist groups are knocking off (US alsoknocking over)banks to get money. 恐怖组织打算抢劫银行来谋财。
• He was caught selling knocked-off car radios in the pub. 他在酒吧里出售偷来的汽车音响时，被当场抓住。
PRODUCE informal
■to produce something quickly and easily 迅速而轻松地完成
• She can knock off (= write) a novel in a couple of weeks. 她能在几周内赶出一部小说。
⇒ See also knock out
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sb off
MURDER slang
■to murder someone 杀死，谋杀，干掉（某人） knock 1 1. He hired a hit-man to knock off a business rival.
他雇了杀手来杀死一个商业对手。
HAVE SEX offensive old-fashioned
■to have sex with someone 与（某人）性交
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sb out
MAKE UNCONSCIOUS
■to hit someone so that they become unconscious 击昏（某人）；使（某人）不省人事
• [R] She hit her head on the ceiling and knocked herself out. 她的头撞到天花板，昏了过去。
⇒ See also knockout
MAKE SLEEP
■If a drug or alcohol knocks you out, it makes you go to sleep （药物或酒精）使（某人）入睡
• The sleeping tablets knocked him out for 18 hours. 安眠药使他睡了18个小时。
DEFEAT
■to defeat a person or a team in a competition so that they can no longer take part in it （在竞赛中）淘汰（某人或某队）
• The champion was unexpectedly knocked out (of the tournament) in the first round. 冠军在比赛的第一轮中被意外淘汰出局。
IMPRESS old-fashioned slang
■to cause enjoyment or admiration in someone 给（某人）留下深刻印象；使（某人）钦佩
• We were all really knocked out by the film. 我们对这部电影留下了深刻的印象。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] knock yourself out informal
■to make yourself ill with tiredness 使筋疲力尽
• If you carry on working like this, you'll knock yourself out. 如果你继续这么做下去，会累垮的。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sth out
PRODUCE informal
■to produce something quickly without spending time thinking about the details 仓促完成；草草拟出
• I've knocked out a first draft of the report which we can amend at a later date. 我已粗略写好了报告的第一稿，日后我们可作修改。
⇒ See also knock off
DESTROY
■If something such as a piece of equipment is knocked out by something else, it stops working or is damaged or destroyed 使（设备等）无用；毁坏
• The surge in the power supply knocked out all the computers. 电源供应器的突波毁坏了所有的电脑。
• Enemy aircraft have knocked out 25 tanks. 敌机摧毁了25辆坦克。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock sth out of sb
■If a quality is knocked out of someone, they lose that quality because the situation they are in does not allow it to exist 使（某人）丧失（某种素质）
• Any creativity I had was soon knocked out of me at school. 在学校，我所拥有的所有创造力都很快丧失殆尽。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sth over US for knock sth off(= steal something) 偷
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M usually passive] knock sb over
■to hit someone with a vehicle and injure or kill them （驾车）撞倒（某人）
• She got knocked over by a taxi as she ran for the bus. 她赶公车时被一辆计程车撞倒。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sth together/up informal
■to make something quickly and without much care 匆匆拼凑成，草草做成
• I could knock together a quick lunch if you like. 如果你愿意，我可以很快做好一顿午餐。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  knock up
■Players knock up before beginning a game of tennis or similar sport by hitting the ball to each other （网球等运动中）赛前练习，赛前试打
• The players have a couple of minutes to knock up before the match starts. 开赛前，运动员有几分钟时间练球。
knock-up
    UK [ˈnɒk.ʌp] US [ˈnɑːk-] noun countable usually singular
• Shall we have a quick knock-up before the game? 我们是不是应该在比赛前赶紧练练球？
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] knock sb up
WAKE UP UK informal
■to wake someone up by knocking on the door of their house or bedroom 敲门叫醒（某人）
• I'm sorry to have to knock you up in the middle of the night. 很抱歉，我不得不半夜敲门叫醒你。
MAKE PREGNANT slang
■to make a woman pregnant 使（某人）怀孕
• You don't want to get knocked up by some guy you hardly know. 你也不想让你几乎不认识的家伙搞大肚子吧。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] noun countable
NOISE 声音
■a sudden short noise made when someone or something hits a surface 敲击声
• There was a knock at/on the door. 有敲门声。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] noun countable
HIT 碰撞
■when something hard hits a person or thing （重重的）一击，敲击
• He received a nasty knock on the head from a falling slate. 一块石板掉下来，把他的头重重地砸了一下。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] noun countable
the knock at/on the door
■when the police or soldiers come to take you away from your house 员警或士兵到家里把某人带走
• During the dictatorship people had come to fear the knock at the door in the middle of the night. 独裁时期人们害怕半夜时员警或士兵敲门抓人。
UK [nɒk] US [nɑ:k] noun countable
take/have a knock
■to be damaged because of a bad experience 遭受挫折
• Her confidence took a hard knock when her application was rejected. 申请被拒绝了，她的自信心受到严重打击。
knock, beat, strike, hit
knock: 敲门；
beat: 打鼓;连续打；
strike: 敲锣，钟敲几点，猛的一击；
hit: 击中，打一下
pat, knock, rap, tap
这组词都有“敲、击”的意思，其区别是：
pat: 指用手轻拍以示同情、赞同或爱抚。
knock: 指用拳头或其它器械猛敲或猛打；也指用手轻敲某物。
rap: 指用手指或木棒等快速地轻敲或急拍。
tap: 多指慢慢地连续地轻击或轻拍。
vi. 敲；打； [动力] 敲击
 - strike, hit
vt. 敲；打； [动力] 敲击；批评
 - strike, stroke, dong
n. 敲；敲打； [力] 爆震声
 - beating

Word: review
Front: review
[rɪˈvju:] (中高研四六托雅 1384/1128 -K4)
Vocabulary: review
(once / 102 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n 5nv
To review means to look back over something for evaluation or memory. "The year in review" is a popular form of news feature near the end of December.
If your boss wants to give you a review, she wants to look over the history of your job performance. A doctor might review your medical record to help diagnose your sickness. The review of a book or movie often evaluates the work in question based on its strong and weak points, sometimes ending with a recommendation (or a dismissal). Before a big test, you might want to review ("brush up on") your notes.
WORD FAMILY
review: reviewed, reviewer, reviewing, reviews+/ interview: interviewed, interviewee, interviewer, interviewing, interviews/interviewee: interviewees/interviewer: interviewers/ overview: overviews/ preview: previewed, previewing, previews/reviewer: reviewers/ view: interview, overview, preview, review, viewable, viewed, viewer, viewing, viewless, views/viewer: viewers/viewing: viewings/viewless: viewlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The case is one of several that led to reviews of the state Division of Children, Youth and Families.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A flag was thrown immediately, and the call was upheld on review.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The conservancy then appealed to the state Supreme Court, which agreed to review the case.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 复习; 回顾; （报刊的）评论; [法]复审
vt. 检验; 复查; 复习; 评论
vi. 复习功课; 写评论
时态：reviewed, reviewing, reviews
分布：回顾(28%)，复习(22%)，评论(14%)，检讨(11%)，评审(9%)，检阅(8%)，温习(6%)，写评论(2%)
→re-,向后，往回，view,看。引申诸相关词义。
v.回顾,复习n.回顾,复习;评论The interviewer reviewed the newspaper and renewed his viewpoint on the news.采访者再次查看了报纸并更新了他对该新闻的看法.
verb transitive
THINK AGAIN 审核
 IMPROVER
■to consider something in order to make changes to it, give an opinion on it or study it 审查；仔细审核
• The committee is reviewing the current arrangement/situation. 委员会正在审查目前的安排／研究当前的形势。
• Let's review (= talk about) what has happened so far. 我们谈谈到目前为止发生的事情吧。
• He reviewed (= thought about) his options before making a final decision. 他在最后作出决定之前，对各种选择进行了斟酌权衡。
[rɪ'vju:] verb transitive
BOOK/FILM 书／电影
 IMPROVER
■If critics review a book, play, film, etc. they write their opinion of it 评论
• I only go to see films that are reviewed favourably. 我只去看那些获得好评的电影。
[rɪ'vju:] verb transitive
MILITARY 军事
■When an important person reviews a large group of military forces, they formally visit and look at them 检阅（部队）
• The Queen reviewed the troops on her recent visit. 在最近的访问中，女王检阅了部队。
[rɪ'vju:] verb transitive
STUDY 学习 US for revise (STUDY) 学习
[rɪ'vju:] noun
THINK AGAIN 审查
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you consider something again in order to make changes to it, give an opinion of it or study it 审查；仔细审核
• an annual review of company performance 对公司业绩每年一度的审核
• a review of the year's top news stories 评审年度重大新闻事件
• Salary levels are under review at the moment. 目前正对工资水准进行评审。
• Your licence will come up for review every July. 你的执照每年七月要接受审核。
[rɪ'vju:] noun
BOOK/FILM 书／电影
 IMPROVER countable
■a report in a newspaper, magazine, or programme that gives an opinion about a new book, film, etc 评论
• Derek writes film/theatre/book reviews for the newspapers. 德里克为报纸写影／剧／书评。
• The play got excellent reviews when it was first seen. 这部剧首演就获得了极高的评价。
countable usually singular
■a (part of a) newspaper or magazine that has articles on films, books, travel, famous people, etc 评论性报纸；评论杂志；（报刊的）评论栏目，评论版
• Could you pass me the review (section of the paper), please? 把评论版部分递给我好吗？
[rɪ'vju:] noun
MILITARY 军事
countable
■a formal military ceremony in which forces are reviewed by an important person 检阅；阅兵，阅兵式
• Many diplomats attended a naval review to mark the anniversary of the end of the war. 很多外交官参加了在战争结束周年纪念上举行的海军阅兵式。
[rɪ'vju:] noun
THEATRE 戏院
countable
■a revue
[rɪ'vju:] noun
STUDY 学习
countable US
■information or a practice exercise about a subject to be studied （一门课程的）材料，练习，习题
• Their teacher distributed a review for the exam. 老师给他们发了一套考试复习题。
journal, magazine, press, periodical, review, newspaper, publication
这组词都有“出版物或定期刊物”的意思，其区别是：
journal: 本义为“日报”，现在可指定期发生的周刊、月刊、季刊等或指学术团体出版的刊物、杂志或学报。
magazine: 指刊登各种文章、小说、诗歌、评议的杂志。
press: 系报刊总称，也指报界或报业。
periodical: 通常指除日报以外的定期出版刊物。
review: 多指登载评论性文章或讨论重大事件的文章的刊物。
newspaper: 一般指每日出版的报纸。
publication: 指出版物，发行物。
n. 回顾；复习；评论；检讨；检阅
 - comment, retrospection
vt. 回顾；检查；复审
 - examine, inspect
vi. 回顾；复习功课；写评论
 - look back to, look back on

Word: wrap
Front: wrap
[ræp] (研四六托雅 2090/3118 -K3)
Back: vt. 包; 缠绕; 用…包裹（或包扎、覆盖等）; 掩护
n. 膝毯，披肩，围巾，围脖，头巾，罩衫，外套，大衣; 包装纸; 〈俚〉机密
vi. 缠绕，盘绕（通常与 over, around 等连用）; 包上，裹上; 穿上（衣服等）
时态：wrapped, wrapping, wraps
分布：包(72%)，裹(19%)，围巾(3%)，覆盖(2%)，披肩(2%)，包装材料(1%)，隐藏(1%)
→词源有争议，来自werp,弯，转，缠绕，来自wer的扩大形式，弯，转，词源同versus,environment。引申词义裹住，包裹。
v.裹,缠,卷,包n.披肩,围巾She wrapped her shawl closer about her.她用披肩紧裹住身体.
verb transitive (-pp-)
 ADVANCED
■to cover or surround something with paper, cloth or other material （用纸、布或其他材料）包，裹
• She wrapped the present and tied it with ribbon. 她把礼物包起来，并用丝带扎紧。
• Wrap the chicken in foil and cook it for two hours. 用锡纸将鸡肉包起来，加热两个小时。
 ADVANCED
■to cover someone with material in order to protect them 用…包裹；用…覆盖
• She wrapped the baby in a blanket. 她用一块毯子把婴儿包起来。
• He wrapped a towel around his shoulders. 他用毛巾裹住他的肩膀。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
be wrapped up in sth/sb informal
■If you are wrapped up in someone or something, you are very interested in them and ignore other people or things 全神贯注于…
• She's always been completely wrapped up in the children. 她一直把所有精力都放在孩子身上。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
wrap sb (up) in cotton wool UK
■to try to protect someone too carefully 娇惯（某人）；过分保护（某人）
• You can't wrap (up) your children in cotton wool for ever. 你不可能永远娇惯自己的孩子。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
wrap sb around/round your little finger
■to persuade someone easily to do what you want them to do 轻而易举地说服（某人）
• She could wrap her father round her little finger. 她能轻松说服她父亲。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
wrap yourself in the flag slightly disapproving
■to show great loyalty and support for your country in a way that does not ask questions 表达强烈的爱国情感
• Although national pride is important to the prime minister, he does not wrap himself in the flag as his predecessor used to do. 虽然国家自豪感对总理来说至关重要，但他并没有像前任总理那样表达强烈的爱国情感。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
wrapped (up) in secrecy
■If something such as plan is wrapped (up) in secrecy, the details about it are kept secret. 处于保密状态
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  wrap sth around/round sb/sth UK (US wrap sth around sb/sth)
■to put a piece of clothing or material around someone or something, usually to keep them warm （通常为了保暖）用…裹住…
• It was so cold that he wrapped a scarf tightly around his face. 太冷了，他便用一条围巾紧紧裹住自己的脸。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  wrap sth around/round sth UK (US wrap sth around sth)
■to put part of your body, such as your fingers or arms, around something tightly （用身体的一部分，如手指或胳膊）环绕，抱住
• She wrapped her arms around her knees. 她用双臂抱住膝部。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wrap (sb) up
■to dress in warm clothes, or to dress someone in warm clothes （使某人）穿得暖和
• Wrap up well - it's cold outside. 穿暖和点——外面很冷。
[ræp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wrap sth up
COVER
■to cover or surround something in paper, cloth or other material （用纸、布或其他材料）包，裹
• Have you wrapped up Jenny's present yet? 你把珍妮的礼物包起来了吗？
FINISH informal
■to complete something successfully 圆满完成
• That just about wraps it up for today. 这就差不多给今天画了个圆满的句号。
[ræp] noun
COVERING 包裹
countable (US also wrapper)
■a loose piece of clothing which is worn tied around the body 宽松外套；浴衣
• a towelling wrap 毛巾布浴衣
• a beach wrap 沙滩浴衣
countable
■a long piece of cloth which a woman wears around her shoulders to keep her warm or for decoration （女式）披肩，围巾
• a chiffon/silk wrap 雪纺／丝绸披肩
uncountable
■material which is used to cover or protect objects 包裹物；覆盖物
• plastic wrap 塑胶包装布
• gift wrap 礼品包装纸
[ræp] noun
FOOD 食物
countable
■a sandwich made with one piece of very thin bread which is folded around a filling 卷饼
[ræp] noun
take the wraps off sth
■to allow people to know about something 使公开；透露秘密
[ræp] noun
under wraps
■secret 秘密的
• They tried to keep the report under wraps. 他们试图将该报告保密。
vt. 包；缠绕；隐藏；掩护
 - wind, lock
vi. 包起来；缠绕；穿外衣
 - wind
n. 外套；围巾
 - outerwear, outer coat

Word: lab
Vocabulary: lab
(once / 1272 pages)
n
A lab is a room or building where science experiments, tests, and research are done. Most high schools have science labs for biology and chemistry classes.
Lab is shorthand for laboratory, with its Medieval Latin root laboratorium, "a place for labor or work," from the Latin laborare, "to work." Many scientists and researchers go to work each day in a lab (often wearing a "lab coat," a white smock that protects their clothes). Some labs are equipped for studying the way plants grow and reproduce, while in others scientists study the brainwaves of human subjects or the traits of a virus. If you are a scientist, chances are you hang out in a lab.
WORD FAMILY
lab: labs
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the founders of the lab was born and trained in China before immigrating to the United States.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The lab designed most of the arms now in the nation’s nuclear arsenal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Digital Future Lab works as an in-house internship opportunity for students studying on the Bothell campus, said Pace, the lab director.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: offer
Front: offer
[ˈɒfə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 373/307 -K5)
Vocabulary: offer
(once / 24 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5n
You make an offer when you present your willingness to do something. People selling a house wait for the best offer.
One person offers something, and another person accepts or rejects it. It's polite to offer guests something to drink and to offer a friend some space under your umbrella. A marriage proposal is a type of offer. A threat of violence is "an offer you can't refuse" in The Godfather. This word can mean a religious act as well, or — more grossly — the kind of offering a cat makes when it offers a dead mouse to its owner.
WORD FAMILY
offer: counteroffer, offered, offerer, offering, offeror, offers+/counteroffer: counteroffers/offerer: offerers/ offering: offerings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also offers a list of all legislators, their phone numbers and their email addresses.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Many utility companies offer free energy audits to their customers.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Jurors would later see a video of Roof confessing to the crime — “Well, I killed them, I guess,” he said — and offering a racist rationale.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 提供，给予; 提出，提议; 出价，开价; 表示愿意
vi. 提议; 企图，想要; 供奉
n. 提议; 出价，开价; 试图; 求婚
时态：offered, offering, offers
分布：提供(78%)，提议(6%)，提出(5%)，出价(4%)，贡献(3%)，求婚(2%)，出现(2%)
→of-,向前，朝向，-fer,携带，词源同bring,infer.引申词义提出，给予等。
提供,提出(of一再+fer→一再带来→提供)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
v.提供,提议,出现n.出价,提议,意图I infer that he is indifferent to differentiating the offers in different conferences.我推断他对区分不同会谈中的报价漠不关心.
US ['ɑ:.fɚ] verb
AGREE TO GIVE 答应给予
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to ask someone if they would like to have something or if they would like you to do something 主动给予；主动提出；提议
• [+ two objects] I feel bad that I didn't offer them any food/offer any food to them. 没有给他们提供任何食物，我觉得很过意不去。
• She was offered a job in Paris. 她在巴黎得到了一份工作。
• Can I offer you (= Would you like) a drink? 你要一杯饮料吗？
• "Would you sell me that painting?" "What are you offering (= What will you pay) for it?" “你能把那幅画卖给我吗？”“你出价多少？”
• [+ to infinitive] My father's offered to take us to the airport. 我父亲提议送我们去机场。
• [+ speech] "I'll do the cooking, " he offered. “我来做饭，”他主动提议。
• "I could help." "No, it's all right, thanks." "Well, don't say I didn't offer." “我可以帮忙。”“不，不用了，谢谢。”“好吧，别说我没主动帮忙。”
transitive (also offer up)
■to say a prayer or make a sacrifice (= an act of killing or giving up something) to a god （向神）祈祷，祭献
• Dear Lord, we offer up our prayers... 亲爱的主，我们向您祈祷…
UK ['ɒf.ər] US ['ɑ:.fɚ] verb
PROVIDE 提供
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to provide or supply something 提供；供给
• It's an organization that offers free legal advice to people on low incomes. 这是一个向低收入人群提供免费法律咨询的组织。
• It says in the guide that this area of the countryside offers some of the best walks in England. 旅行指南上说这一乡村地区有几条英格兰最好的徒步线路。
• [+ two objects] We are now offering you the chance to buy the complete set of pans at half price. 我们现在为大家提供半价购买全套煎锅的机会。
• Did he offer any explanation for his strange behaviour? 他有没有对自己的怪异行为作出任何解释？
• It doesn't have much to offer as a town - its shops are fairly poor and there's only one cinema. 这个城镇没有甚么可说的——商店很破旧，只有一家电影院。
UK ['ɒf.ər] US ['ɑ:.fɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone asks you if you would like to have something or if you would like them to do something 提议；主动帮忙
• "If you like I can do some shopping for you." "That's a very kind offer." “如果你愿意，我可以替你买点东西。”“那个提议太好了。”
• I must say the offer of a weekend in Barcelona quite tempts me. 我得说到巴塞罗那度周末的提议对我很有诱惑力。
• informal One day I'll take you up on (= accept) that offer. 总有一天我会让你接受那项提议。
make an offer (also put in an offer)
■to state that you would like to buy something, especially a house, at a particular price （尤指为购买房产）出价，报价
• They were asking one hundred and eighty thousand for the place, so I put in an offer of one hundred and seventy. 这个地方他们要价18万，所以我出价17万。
• I've made an offer on a house in the town centre. 我已出价购买市中心的一所房子。
on (special) offer UK
■If goods in a shop are on (special) offer, they are being sold at a lower price than usual. 削价出售的，特价销售的，特惠出售的
under offer UK
■If a house is under offer, someone has already suggested a particular price at which they would be willing to buy it. （房子）已有人出价的，在洽售中的
equip, furnish, present, provide, volunteer, propose, supply, offer, afford
equip: 侧重提供与技术有关的装备或设备等
furnish: 多指添置家具等供给生活的必需品或为生活舒适提供所需的服务设施
present: 既可指提出意见建议等，又可指拿出某物供人欣赏或赠送
provide: 与supply近义，但强调人的深谋远虑，侧重用贮备等方法作充分准备
volunteer: 侧重出于自愿，而不是奉命做某事
propose: 指直接而主动地提出问题或建议等，也指在讨论或争辩中提出具体意见或建议
supply: 普通用词，指提供任何所需求的东西
offer: 多指主动提出或提供意见或东西等，但是否接受由对方自行决定
afford: 一般只用于对抽象事物提供，也可指经济能力上的供给或支付
vt. 提供；出价；试图
 - afford, undertake, try, tender, lend
n. 提议；出价；意图
 - proposal, intention, meaning, will, bid
vi. 提议；出现；献祭；求婚
 - occur, figure, come out

Word: display
Front: display
[dɪˈspleɪ] (研四六托雅 2092/1683 -K4)
Vocabulary: display
(once / 99 pages)
nv
When you display something, you show everyone. If you run up to someone in the street, throw your arms around her, and plant a big kiss on her face, you're displaying your affection for all the world to see.
Besides public displays of emotion, a display can also be common and lifeless. Department store windows often have elaborate displays of the latest fashions, and your computer screen can also be called a display. If you’re especially proud of your butterfly collection, you can put it on display in your office. When showing off for the ladies, peacocks fan out their colorful tail feathers, and that, too, is called a display — a word for male animal courtship behavior.
WORD FAMILY
display: displayed, displaying, displays
USAGE EXAMPLES
His was an astonishingly more cosmopolitan world-view than that displayed by today’s Chinese leaders.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
They say when officers entered the home, the man displayed a gun before police fired.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fortunately, it usually ends up on display somewhere.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 展览，陈列; 陈列品，展览品; 显示器; 炫耀
vt. 显示; 陈列; 展开，伸展; 夸示，炫耀
vi. （计算机屏幕上）显示
时态：displayed, displaying, displays
分布：显示(85%)，陈列(6%)，炫耀(4%)，表现(4%)，夸示(1%)
→来自拉丁语displicare, 展开，dis-, 不，非，使相反，-plic, 卷入，卷进，词源同complicate, deploy. 即使展开，陈列。
v./n.陈列,展览,显示(器)Lay a layer of clay on the displayed layout before the relay race.接力赛之前在展示的陈设上铺一层黏土.
verb transitive
ARRANGE 安排
 IMPROVER
■to arrange something or a collection of things so that they can be seen by the public 布置，排列，陈列
• Family photographs were displayed on the wall. 墙上挂着全家人的照片。
[dɪ'spleɪ] verb transitive
SHOW 表现
■to show a feeling 显露，表露，表示（某种情感）
• The British traditionally tend not to display much emotion in public. 传统上，英国人不太喜欢在公开场合表露感情。
[dɪ'spleɪ] noun
ARRANGEMENT 陈列
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a collection of objects or pictures arranged for people to look at, or a performance or show for people to watch 陈列品，展览品；陈列，展示，展览；表演
• There's an Egyptian art collection on display (= being shown) at the museum at the moment. 埃及艺术收藏展正在博物馆举行。
• a firework display 烟花表演
countable
■when something is shown electronically such as on a computer screen （电脑萤幕等的）显示
• The display problems might be due to a shortage of disk space. 显示问题可能是硬碟空间不足造成的。
[dɪ'spleɪ] noun
SHOW 表示
countable or uncountable
■when someone shows how they feel 流露情感，显露情绪
• There's never much (of a) display of affection between them. 他们之间从来都没怎么表示过爱慕之情。
exposition, display, show, exhibition, fair, exhibit
这组词都有“展览”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 多指大型博览会或国际博览会。
display: 指展销会，商店橱窗或柜台上的陈列品。
show: 指艺术品、农产品、工业品或商品等的任何形式的公开展览。
exhibition: 一般指较正规的展览会。
fair: 侧重指为促销商品而举办的展览会或商品交易会。
exhibit: 多指个人或团体陈列的展览品，规模可大可小。
demonstrate, manifest, display, show, exhibit
这组词都有“显示、显露、展现”的意思，其区别是：
demonstrate: 指明显地表露感情。也指用实例、实验推理等手段表演证明，或论证某一问题。
manifest: 书面正式用词，指明确地表明。
display: 多指将某物陈列在显眼之处以便让发现其优点，侧重有意识地显示。
show: 最普通用词，泛指任何有意或无意地把东西给别人看的行为。
exhibit: 指公开或正式地展示，以便引人注目或让人检查。
n. [电子] 显示；炫耀
 - exhibition, manifestation
vt. [电子] 显示；表现；陈列
 - reveal, make clear, conduct oneself, prove, represent

Word: criticism
Front: criticism
[ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm] (研四六 2093/1587 -K4)
Vocabulary: criticism
(once / 174 pages)
1n 2n
If you dye your hair bright blue, you're likely to get some criticism from people who just don't understand your personal style. When you're on the receiving end of criticism, you are being judged in a disapproving way.
The noun criticism is most often used to describe negative commentary about something or someone, but it's just as correct to use criticism to mean "an examination or judgment." Critics who review books and movies consider their reviews to be criticism, whether they're positive or negative. So the criticism you receive doesn't have to be all about your faults; it can actually be a pleasant experience.
WORD FAMILY
criticism: criticisms, self-criticism+/ critic: critical, criticise, criticize, critics/ critical: acritical, criticality, critically, criticalness, criticism, hypercritical, noncritical, overcritical, supercritical, uncritical/criticise: criticised, criticises, criticising/ criticize: criticized, criticizes, criticizing/ hypercritical: hypercritically/overcritical: overcritically/uncritical: uncritically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The chief of one British firm at the Las Vegas event said the criticism was well-founded.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Berger’s methods, influenced by the ideas of Walter Benjamin, tended to attract either ardent admiration or seething criticism, with little in between.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They’re answering the public criticisms of U.S. experts,” said Joshua Pollack, editor of the U.S.-based Non proliferation Review.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 批评，批判; 鉴定，审定，考证，校勘; 苛求，[哲]批判主义; 评论，评论文章
分布：批评(93%)，评论(7%)
→词源同criterion, 标准。即使其达到标准的，批评使其改正的。
批评[crit,cris=judge,discern,表示"判断,分辨"]
n.评论性的文章,评论;批评,指责,非难The critic's criticism is critical to the crisis.评论家的批评对这场危机至关重要.
【反】accolade（n 赞美）；encomium（n 赞美（话））
US ['krɪtˌ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■when you say that something or someone is bad; disapproval 批评，批判；指责，反对
• The designs for the new mosque have attracted widespread criticism. 人们普遍对新清真寺的设计不满意。
• I have a few criticisms to make of/about your speech. 对于你的讲话我有几点不能苟同。
 ADVANCED
■when you give your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone, especially books, films, etc （尤指对书、电影等的）评论，评价
• literary criticism 文学评论
• If you've got any constructive (= positive) criticism of the project, I'd be glad to hear it. 如果你对这个方案有甚么建设性的意见，我很乐意听一听。
reproach, accuse, criticism, blame
reproach: 责备，指责从个人感受出发责难别人，责难的内容不一定正确，可能是吹毛求疵的话
accuse: 指责，控告 用法be……of
criticism: 批评，评论表示辨明某一个人的优缺点
blame: 责备，批评以贬低他人的方式说话，还表示批评
n. 批评；考证；苛求
 - comment, animadversion

Word: asset
Front: asset
[ˈæset] (研六托雅宝 2094/1498 -4)
Vocabulary: asset
(once / 315 pages)
n
An asset is something you have that is positive. It can mean a piece of property, a piece of equipment, an ability, or even a quality.
"Her facility with math is an asset when it comes to figuring out the restaurant tab. She is an asset to the group." A person's overall financial picture is determined by lining up everything they own in the asset column, and everything they own in the liability (or debit) column.
WORD FAMILY
asset: assets
USAGE EXAMPLES
But growth did slow slightly more than expected, in a sign that government measures to rein in soaring asset prices are affecting the broader economy.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“We urge you to preserve this critical U.S. strategic asset,” the letter read.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
During downturns, businesses typically cut capital investment—spending that increases or improves physical assets like buildings, equipment and computers.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 资产，财产; 有价值的人或物; 有用的东西; 优点
分布：资产(95%)，优点(4%)，有用的东西(1%)
n.(pl.)资产,财产;有价值的物品;天赋Good health is a great asset for me.对我来说,健康是最大的财富.
【反】liability（n 负债）
noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a useful or valuable quality, skill or person 优点，长处；有用的人
• He'll be a great asset to the team. 他将会成为球队的得力主将。
• Her eyes are her best asset (= most attractive feature). 她的眼睛是她最迷人的地方。
• Knowledge of languages is a real asset in this sort of work. 做这项工作，通晓数种语言确实是一种优势。
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■something valuable belonging to a person or organization which can be used for the payment of debts 资产；财产
• A company's assets can consist of cash, investments, buildings, machinery, specialist knowledge or copyright material such as music or computer software. 一间公司的资产可包括现金、投资、房屋、机器设备、专业技术以及诸如音乐、电脑软体之类的版权物。
• liquid assets (= money or things which can easily be changed into money) 流动资产
Compare liabilities at liability
n. [经] 资产；优点；有用的东西；有利条件
 - substance, virtue, advantage, finances

Word: depression
Front: depression
[dɪˈpreʃn] (研四六托雅宝 2095/3114 -3)
Vocabulary: depression
(once / 760 pages)
n
The act of pressing down on something is called making a depression, and when people suffer from psychological depression that is often what it feels like — the world itself is pressing down on them.
Depression can be a persistent mood (rotten), an economic situation (the worst), or just the geography (low). The Great Depression was when poor policy and economic circumstances combined to create a long period of time everyone struggled to even get food on the table.
WORD FAMILY
depression: depressions+/ antidepressant: antidepressants/ depress: depressant, depressed, depresses, depressing, depression, depressive, depressor/depressant: antidepressant, depressants/ depressed: depressedly/ depressing: depressingly/depressive: depressives/depressor: depressors
USAGE EXAMPLES
That is the substance, in many cases, of depression.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
FDR’s confidence deserted him as the economy lost a breathtaking four million jobs, leaving Roosevelt’s team to bemoan the “depression within a depression.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“For most patients,” said Dukakis’ psychiatrist, Dr. Charles Welch, “depression is a chronic and recurring illness that requires good lifetime management.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 萎靡不振，沮丧; 下陷处，坑; 衰弱; 减缓
分布：萧条(61%)，沮丧(39%)
沮丧;萧条(depress+ion)[press=press表示"挤压"]
【反】surfeit（n 过量；过度）
noun
UNHAPPINESS 不快乐
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the state of feeling very unhappy and without hope for the future 忧郁，抑郁；消沉，沮丧
• I was overwhelmed by feelings of depression. 我万念俱灰。
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a mental illness in which a person is very unhappy and anxious (= worried and nervous) for long periods and cannot have a normal life during these periods 抑郁症
• Tiredness, loss of appetite and sleeping problems are all classic symptoms of depression. 乏力、没有食欲和失眠都是抑郁症的典型症状。
• If you suffer from depression, it's best to get professional help. 如果你患有抑郁症，最好向专业人士求助。
⇒ See also clinical depression
[dɪ'preʃ.ən] noun
NO ACTIVITY 没有活动
countable
■a period in which there is very little business activity and not many jobs （经济）萧条（期），不景气（时期）
• The stock market crash marked the start of a severe depression. 股市大跌标志着大萧条的开始。
[dɪ'preʃ.ən] noun
WEATHER 天气
countable specialized
■an area where the air pressure is low 低气压区
• The deep depression over the mid-Atlantic will gradually move eastwards during the day. 今天白天大西洋中部上空的低压将逐渐向东移动。
[dɪ'preʃ.ən] noun
HOLE 洞
countable
■a part in a surface which is slightly lower than the rest 凹陷，浅坑
• There was a depression in the sand where he'd been lying. 他躺过的沙滩上留下了一个凹坑。
disappointment, despair, desperation, depression
这组词都有“绝望、沮丧”的意思，其区别是：
disappointment: 多指愿望或期望的落空。
despair: 普通用词，指因灾难等因素而丧失希望和信心，陷入沮丧，绝望的境地。
desperation: 语气强烈，指因绝望而使人采取无所顾忌的疯狂行动。
depression: 侧重指因遭受重大失利或挫折而产生的低落情绪。
n. 沮丧； [地理] 洼地； [经] 不景气；忧愁
 - recession, disappointment

Word: spiritual
Front: spiritual
[ˈspɪrɪtʃuəl] (高研四六托雅宝 2096/3233 -K3)
Vocabulary: spiritual
(once / 99 pages)
adjn
Spiritual things are concerned with sacred matters or religion, affecting the spirit or the soul. Spiritual entities like ghosts lack a material body or substance.
Spiritual is the adjective form of the word spirit, which comes from the Latin word for "breath," and means the thing that animates life. Spiritual can be used to talk about anything that goes beyond mere physical existence, from ghost spirits to religious feelings. As a noun, spiritual describes a religious song originating in the African-American culture of the American South.
WORD FAMILY
spiritual: spiritualise, spiritualism, spirituality, spiritualize, spiritually, spirituals+/dispirit: dispirited, dispiriting, dispirits/ dispirited: dispiritedly, dispiritedness/dispiriting: dispiritingly/ spirit: dispirit, spirited, spiriting, spiritise, spiritism, spiritize, spiritless, spirits, spiritual /spirited: spiritedest, spiritedly, spiritedness/spiritless: spiritlessly, spiritlessness/spirits: spiritous, spirituous/spiritualise: spiritualisation, spiritualised, spiritualises, spiritualising/spiritualism: spiritualisms, spiritualist, spiritualistic/spiritualist: spiritualists/spiritualistic: spiritualistically/ spirituality: spiritualities/spiritualize: spiritualization, spiritualized, spiritualizes, spiritualizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe it’s the refreshing lack of jargon, either medical or spiritual.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There is almost a spiritual quality to it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s almost what you would do in some spiritual practice,” she said.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 精神的; 心灵的; 高尚的，崇高的; 宗教的
n. 圣歌（尤指美国南部黑人的）; 教会事物
分布：精神的(64%)，心灵的(32%)，与上帝有关的(4%)
→spirit,精神，灵魂，-al,形容词后缀。
精神的;宗教的[spir=breathe表示"呼吸"]
a.精神(上)的,心灵的The old call for spiritual tend.老人有很大的精神上的需要.
【记】源于：spirit（n 精神；灵魂）
【反】corporeal（adj 肉体的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■relating to deep feelings and beliefs, especially religious beliefs 精神的，心灵的；（尤指）宗教的
• Traditional ways of life fulfilled both economic and spiritual needs. 传统的生活方式满足了经济和精神的双重需求。
['spɪr.ɪ.tju.əl] noun countable (also negro spiritual)
■a type of religious song, originally developed by African Americans in the US 灵歌（源自美国黑人的一种宗教歌曲）
spiritual, mental
这组词都有“精神的”的意思，其区别是：
spiritual: 侧重人内心深处的思维对客观事物的反映，而不是人的身体对事物的反应而构成人的精神因素。
mental: 侧重指某人对周围环境所具有的内心，情绪上及智力方面的反映。
n. 圣歌（尤指美国南部黑人的）
 - motet, canticle
adj. 精神的，心灵的
 - mental, inner

Word: musical
Front: musical
[ˈmju:zɪkl] (高研四六雅 2097/2771 -K3)
Vocabulary: musical
(once / 174 pages)
adjn
Anything musical has to do with music. Tra la la! If you’re really musical, try out for a musical so you can sing on the big stage. And, if you’re playing musical chairs, better find a seat before the music stops!
Musical things have a tune or rhythm, like a robin’s song or “La Cucaracha.” Musical instruments, like clarinets and guitars, make music. Or hope to. The bands you’re into reflect your musical tastes. If your parents are musicians, you come from a musical family. When musical is a noun, it's short for “musical drama.” The Sound of Music is a musical (film) about a the musical (talented singing) Von Trapp family. Guess what they’re into.
WORD FAMILY
musical: musicality, musically, musicalness, musicals, nonmusical, unmusical+/ music: musical, musician, musics/ musician: musicians, musicianship/unmusical: unmusicalest, unmusically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The winners will tour the UK with the new musical for a year.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It included 15,000 fireworks and was accompanied by music from some of the city's most famous musical exports.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
How instrumental was he in your musical education?
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 音乐的，用于音乐的; 喜爱[精通]音乐的; 音调优美的; 悦耳的
n. （社交性的）音乐会; [影视]歌舞片; 音乐（喜）剧 = musical comedy
分布：音乐的(59%)，悦耳的(21%)，音乐片(16%)，喜欢音乐的(4%)
→来自music,音乐，乐曲。
a.音乐的;有音乐才能的n.音乐片She's not at all musical.她根本不喜欢音乐.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■related to or connected with music 音乐的；用于音乐的
• musical instruments 乐器
• Mozart's musical compositions include symphonies and operas. 莫劄特的音乐创作包括交响乐和歌剧。
 IMPROVER
■If you are musical, you have a skill in or great liking for music 有音乐天赋的；爱好音乐的
• The family all play instruments - they're all very musical. 这家人都会演奏乐器——他们都很喜欢音乐。
['mju:.zɪ.kəl] noun countable
■a play or film in which part of the story is sung to music 音乐剧；音乐（影）片
adj. 音乐的；悦耳的
 - harmonious, sweet

Word: journalist
Front: journalist
[ˈdʒɜ:nəlɪst] (高研四六托雅 2099/2607 -K4)
Vocabulary: journalist
(once / 281 pages)
n
A journalist is a person whose job involves writing nonfiction stories for newspapers, magazines, or online news sites. If you are reading or hearing a news story, you have a journalist to thank for providing that story.
One type of journalist is a reporter, who researches topics and interviews people before writing a story or producing a piece for TV. Editors, photographers, and columnists can also be described as journalists, particularly if they work for a newspaper. Another kind of journalist is a person who regularly writes in a journal or diary. Journalist comes from the Old French jornel, "day" or "day's work," which became journal, "daily publication."
WORD FAMILY
journalist: journalists+/ journalism: journalisms, journalist, journalistic / journalistic: journalistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Twitter last month, he suggested that journalists were manufacturing controversy about the issue.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"This was another chapter in the silent and ruthless war of drug trafficking," state public security secretary, Sergio Fontes, told journalists.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Performed in Russian with English subtitles, the play centers on three real Belarussian women — two journalists and an activist — jailed during the 2010 presidential elections.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 新闻工作者，新闻记者; 记日志者
分布：记者(93%)，新闻工作者(7%)
→来自journal,新闻，-ist,人。即从事新闻工作的人。
记者(journal+ist人)[journ=day,表示"日期"]
n.记者,新闻工作者The honourable journalist spent an hour on the journey of tour.可敬的新闻记者在观光旅程上花了一个小时.
US ['dʒɝ:-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who writes news stories or articles for a newspaper or magazine or broadcasts them on radio or television 新闻记者；报纸撰稿人；广播员
• a freelance political journalist 政论文章自由撰稿人
n. 新闻工作者；报人；记日志者
 - newspaperman, jounalist

Word: prayer
Front: prayer
[preə(r)] (高研四六 2098/2644 -K2)
Vocabulary: prayer
(once / 71 pages)
n
A prayer is something you say to a god or deity. Your prayer can be silent words of thanks or a plea for help that's spoken out loud.
Most religious believers say a prayer from time to time. While some people might use prayer as part of their plan for recovering from an illness, others bend their heads in prayer whenever they attend church or temple services. You can also say a non-religious prayer, just an entreaty or request for help. Prayer, from the Old French prier, has a Latin root: precaria, "obtained by prayer or given as a favor."
WORD FAMILY
prayer: prayerful, prayers+/ pray: prayed, prayer, praying, prays/prayerful: prayerfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
The day is full-fledged production, complete with corsages for lawmakers, prayers and judges swearing them in.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
About 200 Muslims who hold their prayers in rented hotel space in Manassas want to build their own space.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She told him she believed in the power of prayer and in miracles.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 祈祷; 祈祷（习惯）; 祈祷文; 经文
分布：祈祷(56%)，祷告(40%)，祷文(3%)，祈祷者(1%)
n.祈祷,祷告,祷文The X-rayed prayer preyed a gray tray.照过X光的祈祷者捕获了一个灰色盘子.
US [prer] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■the words that someone says or thinks when they are praying 祷文，祷词
• a prayer of thanks 表示感谢的祷文
• She always says her prayers (= prays) before she goes to sleep. 她睡前总要念祷文。
• We thought he'd been killed, but our prayers were answered when he arrived home unexpectedly. 我们以为他已经死了，但我们的祷告实现了，他出人意料地回家了。
• a prayer book 祈祷书
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the act or ceremony in which someone prays 祈祷；祈祷仪式
• I found her kneeling in prayer at the back of the church. 我发现她正跪在教堂后面祈祷。
• The prisoners find their only solace in prayer. 犯人们从祈祷中寻求仅有的慰藉。
UK [preər] US [prer] noun
not have a prayer
■to have no chance of succeeding （做…）没有成功的机会
• She hasn't a prayer of winning the competition. 她没有机会赢得这场比赛。
n. 祈祷，祷告；恳求；祈祷文
 - suit, blessing

Word: suspect
Front: suspect
[səˈspekt] (高研四六托雅宝 2100/2155 -K4)
Vocabulary: suspect
(once / 43 pages)
vnadj
A suspect is a person who is believed to be guilty of a crime. If you leave the scene of a murder with blood on your hands and a weapon in your pocket, you’re likely to become a prime suspect.
If others believe you have committed a crime, you are a suspect. The word can also be used as a verb and an adjective. To suspect someone of something is to believe that they probably did it. Do you ever suspect your parents of taking some of your Halloween candy? If something such as someone's excuse or motive is suspect, it seems a bit off. That bad-smelling piece of fish is suspect — you'd better not eat it.
WORD FAMILY
suspect: suspected, suspectedly, suspecting, suspectingly, suspects, suspicion +/suspected: unsuspected/suspecting: unsuspecting/ suspicion: suspicions, suspicious / suspicious: oversuspicious, suspiciousest, suspiciously, suspiciousness, unsuspicious/unsuspected: unsuspectedly/unsuspecting: unsuspectingly/unsuspicious: unsuspiciously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Transit police say they don’t suspect foul play was involved.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
County police are investigating but do not suspect foul play, according to a statement on the county’s Facebook page.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Any suspect who steps forward would face a misdemeanor trespassing charge —  a penalty equivalent to “a slap on the hand,” Ramirez said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 猜疑（是）; 怀疑，不信任; 怀疑…有罪
n. 嫌疑犯
vi. 怀疑
时态：suspected, suspecting, suspects
分布：怀疑(54%)，嫌疑犯(33%)，猜想(6%)，可疑的(5%)，不可信的(2%)
→sus-,在下，向上，-spect,看，词源同 spectate,respect.引申词义怀疑。
怀疑(sus+pect看→在下面看一看→怀疑)[sus-表示"在…下面"]
怀疑(sus下面+spect→在下面看→怀疑)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
v.猜想;怀疑;察觉a.可疑的n.嫌疑犯Two suspicious aspects are suspected respectively.两个可疑的方面分别受到怀疑.
verb transitive /səˈspekt/
THINK LIKELY 认为可能
 IMPROVER
■to think or believe something to be true or probable 怀疑，猜想，认为（某事有可能）
• So far, the police do not suspect foul play. 目前，员警没有怀疑是谋杀案件。
• [+ (that)] We had no reason to suspect (that) he might try to kill himself. 我们没有理由认为他会自杀。
• "Do you think she'll have told them?" "I suspect not/so." “你认为她会不会已经告诉他们？”“我想不会／会的。”
verb transitive /səˈspekt/
THINK GUILTY 认为有罪
 IMPROVER
■to think that someone has committed a crime or done something wrong 怀疑…有罪，认为…有嫌疑
• No one knows who killed her, but the police suspect her husband. 没有人知道谁杀了她，但是警方认为她丈夫有嫌疑。
• The police suspect him of carrying out two bomb attacks. 警方怀疑他发动两宗爆炸案。
• Three suspected terrorists have been arrested. 三名嫌疑恐怖分子已经被捕。
verb transitive /səˈspekt/
DOUBT 怀疑
■to not trust; to doubt 不信任；怀疑
• I have no reason to suspect her honesty/loyalty. 我没有理由怀疑她的诚实／忠诚。
• We suspected his motives in making his offer. 我们对他提出这个建议的动机表示怀疑。
noun countable /ˈsʌs.pekt/
■a person believed to have committed a crime or done something wrong, or something believed to have caused something bad 嫌疑犯，可疑分子
• Police have issued a photograph of the suspect. 警方已经发布疑犯的照片。
• The prime suspect in the case committed suicide. 这宗案件的主要嫌疑人自杀了。
• No one knows what caused the outbreak of food poisoning, but shellfish is the main suspect (= is thought to have caused it). 没有人知道造成这宗食物中毒事件的原因，但怀疑很可能是吃贝类食品造成的。
noun countable /ˈsʌs.pekt/
the usual suspects
■the people you would expect to be present somewhere or doing a particular thing 意料中会出现的人；经常做某事的人
• "Who was at Adrian's party?" "Oh, Paula, Roz, Lucy and gang - the usual suspects." “谁参加了阿德里安的聚会?”“哦，宝拉、罗兹和露西那些人——都是些常客。”
adjective]ˈsʌs.pekt/
■possibly false or dangerous 不可靠的，不可信的，可疑的；危险的
• The study was carried out with such a small sample that its results are suspect. 这项研究选取的样本这么少，因此结果并不可靠。
• A suspect parcel was found at the station. 在车站发现了一个可疑的包裹。
doubt, suspect, distrust
这组词都有“怀疑”的意思，其区别是：
doubt: 普通用词，多指因证据不足或仅凭证据还不能肯定而产生怀疑，多含否定意味。
suspect: 指猜疑、疑心，肯定意味较多。
distrust: 指疑惑、猜疑，不信任。
n. [法] 嫌疑犯
 - sus
adj. 可疑的；不可信的
 - doubtful, questionable
vt. 怀疑；猜想
 - dispute, imagine, wonder, question
vi. 怀疑；猜想
 - wonder, imagine, question, suppose

Word: scholar
Front: scholar
[ˈskɒlə(r)] (高研四六托 2101/3858 -2)
Vocabulary: scholar
(once / 143 pages)
n
Someone who learns is a scholar, though the word also means someone with a lot of knowledge in one subject. If you know a lot about books, you could be called a literary scholar.
It doesn't take a Latin scholar to understand the word scholar. It probably reminds you of school, scholastic, and scholarship. That's because they all share the Latin root schola which means school. A scholar in the academic sense usually has his or her area of specialty in the humanities as opposed to the sciences.
WORD FAMILY
scholar: scholarly, scholars, scholarship +/ scholarly: unscholarly/ scholarship: scholarships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Other Nixon scholars called Mr. Farrell’s discovery a breakthrough.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She was a major scholar of Thomas Jefferson and wrote a brief biography of him, published in 2003.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lewis said the group aims to expand to serve 100 scholars by 2018.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 奖学金获得者; 学者; 聪颖勤奋的学生; 〈俚〉有文化的人，有某种文科知识的人
分布：学者(99%)，获奖学金的学生(1%)
→来自 school,学校，-ar,人。引申词义学生，学者。
n.学者The scholar foolishly took the school cooling pool for swimming pool.学者愚蠢的把学校的冷却池当成游泳池.
US ['skɑ:.lɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who studies a subject in great detail, especially at a university （尤指大学的）学者
• a classics/history scholar 研究古典文学／历史的学者
• Dr Miles was a distinguished scholar of Russian history. 迈尔斯博士是一位研究俄国历史的著名学者。
■informal
■someone who is clever or good at learning by studying 聪颖好学者；善于学习者
• David's never been much of a scholar. 戴维从来不是一个善于学习的人。
student, learner, pupil, scholar
这组词都有“学生”的意思，其区别是：
student: 普通用词，可指中学生，但主要指高等学校或专科学校的学生。
learner: 通俗用词，指某一门学问上的初学者，尤指成年的初学者。
pupil: 特指中小学生，尤其是小学生。
scholar: 可指一切学生，尤指学识渊博的某一学科的学者。
n. 学者；奖学金获得者
 - student, academic

Word: warning
Front: warning
[ˈwɔ:nɪŋ] (高六 2102/1911 -K3)
Vocabulary: warning
(once / 132 pages)
nadj
A warning is a caution against something dangerous. When there's a shark warning at the beach, the lifeguards will order everyone out of the water.
When you receive a warning, you get an official advance notice of some impending problem. A crow might caw loudly as a warning when it sees a cat, and a traffic cop might give a first-time speeder a warning instead of an expensive ticket. You can also use warning as an adjective: "The warning light came on in her car as it started to overheat."
WORD FAMILY
warning: warningly, warnings+/ forewarn: forewarned, forewarning, forewarns/ forewarning: forewarnings/ warn: forewarn, warned, warner, warning, warns/warner: warners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Warning about the use of chemical weapons, President Obama tells Syria’s Assad regime that there is a “red line” that must not be crossed.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
A total of 24 cities are under a pollution “red alert,” the highest warning level in China’s four-tiered system.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The White House is warning Trump officials not to reverse course and says Cubans are worried about the next administration’s intentions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 警告; 征候，预兆; 前车之鉴
adj. 警告的; 告诫的; 引以为戒的
v. 警告( warn的现在分词); 提醒; 告诫; 预先通知
分布：警告(84%)，警报(9%)，警告的(4%)，预兆(2%)，告诫的(1%)
US ['wɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that makes you understand there is a possible danger or problem, especially one in the future 警告；告诫；提醒
• Completely without warning he turned up on my doorstep with all four children! 事先都没说一声，他就带着全部四个孩子出现在我的门口！
• There's a warning on the cigarette packet that says 'Tobacco seriously damages health'. 香烟的包装盒上有一则警告：“烟草严重危害健康。”
• I'm not surprised you feel ill - let it be a warning to you! 你感觉不舒服我一点也不意外——就权当是对你的一个警告吧！
• Just a word of warning - restaurants in this area can be very expensive. 只是提醒一句——这一带的餐厅都特别贵。
• formal The government have today issued a warning about the dangers of sunbathing. 政府今天就日光浴的潜在危险发布了一则警告。
• They can't dismiss you just like that - they have to give you a written warning first. 他们不能那样就把你解雇了——他们必须事先给你一份书面警告。
• The police fired warning shots but the protesters took no notice. 警方鸣枪示警，但示威者根本不予理会。
warning sign
■a physical condition that shows the presence of a disease （预示体内有某种疾病的）警示症状，预兆
• The warning signs of the illness are respiratory problems and dizziness. 预示可能患有这种疾病的症状是呼吸困难和头晕。
UK ['wɔ:.nɪŋ] US ['wɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
hear warning bells (also warning bells start to ring/sound)
■used to describe a situation when people see signs that something bad has started or is going to happen 察觉不祥之兆；警钟已经敲响
• For me, the warning bells started to ring when she stopped eating properly and lost all that weight. 她不再正常进食且体重下降那么严重时，我就觉察到不对劲了。
n. 警告；预兆；预告
 - admonition, caveat
adj. 警告的；引以为戒的
 - cautionary, admonitory

Word: climate
Front: climate
[ˈklaɪmət] (高研四托 2103/2643 -K3)
Vocabulary: climate
(once / 151 pages)
n
The climate is the general weather in a particular region. Florida is known for its temperate climate. The word climate is also used figuratively to mean "the usual conditions," as in "It's a favorable climate for school reform."
Climate descends from Greek klima "region, surface of the earth," and from klinein "to slope." The original use of the word climate in English was in reference to one of the sloping zones of the earth from the equator toward the poles. This meaning was often used to refer to weather conditions in a zone of the earth, which developed into the current meaning of "the weather."
WORD FAMILY
climate: acclimate, acclimatise, acclimatize, climates, climatic, climatical+/ acclimate: acclimated, acclimates, acclimating, acclimation /acclimatise: acclimatisation, acclimatised, acclimatises, acclimatising/ acclimatize: acclimatization, acclimatized, acclimatizes, acclimatizing/ climatic: climatically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The zoning changes proposed along the trolley will allow relatively intense commercial and residential development there, which fits with the city’s climate action plan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
In a rapidly changing climate, they may get it.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At the same time, for their role in driving this climate change, fossil fuels are increasingly becoming fuel source non-grata.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 气候; 氛围; 状况; 局势
分布：气候(96%)，风气(4%)
→来自klei,倾斜，词源同lean,incline.原指从赤道到两极的区域，地域，后指各不同区域 的气候。
n.气候;风气,社会思潮In this climate, the climber climbed up the cliff with his stiff limbs.在这种气候下,攀登者用僵硬的四肢爬上悬崖.
noun
WEATHER 天气
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place 气候
• a hot/dry/harsh climate 炎热／干燥／恶劣的气候
• The Mediterranean climate is good for growing citrus fruits and grapes. 地中海气候适宜柑橘属水果和葡萄的生长。
• When we retire, we're going to move to a warmer climate. 我们打算退休后搬到气候比较暖和的地方去。
['klaɪ.mət] noun
SITUATION 情形
 ADVANCED countable
■the general development of a situation, or the situation, feelings and opinions that exist at a particular time 形势，趋势；（某一时期的）风尚，风气，思潮
• the political/social climate 政治／社会气候
• I don't think we should expand our business in the current economic climate. 我认为在当前的经济形势下，我们不应该扩展业务。
• Terrorism creates a climate of fear. 恐怖主义制造了一种恐惧气氛。
weather, climate
weather: 一天内具体的天气状况,
climate: 长期的气候状况 The climate here is not good for you.
surroundings, environment, circumstance, context, atmosphere, climate
surroundings: 特指自然环境（地理概念）
environment: 指对人的感情、品德、思想等或动植物生存产生影响的环境
circumstance: 特指经济状况，表示环境，状况时常用复数
context: 上下文
atmosphere: 气氛，氛围
climate: 气候，风气，思潮
n. [气候] 气候；风气；思潮；风土
 - weather, terroir

Word: cheese
Front: cheese
[tʃi:z] (中高研四雅 2104/2717 -K3)
Vocabulary: cheese
(once / 361 pages)
1n 2v 3n 4v
Cheese is a dairy product that's made from milk solids. Many delicious foods are made even more delicious with melted cheese, including pizza and nachos.
Cheese is made from the milk of cows, goats, sheep, or buffalo, and it's acidified before the solids are separated and pressed. There are many kinds of cheese, ranging from soft, spreadable cream cheese to hard parmesan. An old fashioned meaning of cheese is "stop" — you might say, "Cheese it!" This comes from 1800s thieves' slang, while the instruction a photographer gives, "Say cheese!" dates from the early 20th century.
WORD FAMILY
cheese: cheesed, cheeselike, cheeses, cheesing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tiger Woods misses cut at British Open, eats processed cheese.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Shortly after 5 a.m., a vendor selling chicken and cheese tamales wheeled her cart up to the group.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said that distinguishes the brand from standard wine advertising, which involves bottles “in the kitchen with cheese.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 奶酪; <俚>微笑
vt. <俚>停止
时态：cheesed, cheesing, cheese
分布：奶酪(55%)，干酪(24%)，乳酪(20%)，使停止(1%)
→来自拉丁词ceseus, 奶酪。
n.干酪,乳酪The loosened goose chooses the cheese to eat.被解开的鹅挑选奶酪吃.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a food made from milk, which can either be firm or soft and is usually yellow or white in colour 起司；乳酪；芝士
• Would you like a slice/piece of cheese with your bread? 你想要块起司配面包吃吗？
• goat's cheese 山羊起司
• You need 250g of grated cheese for this recipe. 按照这张食谱，你需要250克磨碎的起司。
• I like soft French cheeses such as Brie and Camembert. 我喜欢法国软起司，比如布里起司和卡芒贝尔起司。
• I prefer hard cheeses, like Cheddar. 我比较喜欢硬起司，比如切德起司。
• cheese and biscuits 起司夹心饼干
[tʃi:z] noun countable or uncountable
Hard/Tough cheese! UK (US Stiff cheese!) informal
■something that you say to or about someone who has had something bad happen to them in order to show that you have no sympathy for them （表示不同情）抱歉啦！真倒楣！
• So he's fed up because he's got to get up early one morning in seven, is he? Well hard cheese! “因为那天早上七点就要起床，他烦透了，是不是？”“嗯，真倒楣！”
[tʃi:z] noun countable or uncountable
say cheese
■something that someone who is taking a photograph of you tells you to say so that your mouth makes the shape of a smile 说“茄子”（要求照相的人说 cheese 使口形呈微笑状）
[tʃi:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cheese sb off UK informal
■to annoy someone 惹恼（某人）；使（某人）感到厌烦
• Her attitude to the whole thing really cheeses me off! 她对这整件事的态度真是把我烦透了。
n. 奶酪； [食品] 干酪；要人
 - personage, fromage
vt. 停止
 - quit, cease from, desist from, come to a stop, to stop
adj. 叛变的；胆小的
 - timid, scary

Word: observation
Front: observation
[ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn] (研四六托雅 2105/1842 -K2)
Vocabulary: observation
(once / 110 pages)
n
When you take a good look at something, noticing facts or taking measurements, you are engaging in observation, something a little more intense than just a quick glance. When you share an observation, you communicate an insight.
The Latin verb observāre, "to attend to," is the foundation for our word observation, which requires that you pay attention. If a hospital holds you overnight for observation, they want to keep an eye on your condition. If you have a lot of funny or interesting observations on a topic, maybe you should write a book. Scouts founder Robert Baden-Powell once said, "If you make listening and observation your occupation you will gain much more than you can by talk."
WORD FAMILY
observation: observational, observations+/ observable: observably, unobservable/ observance: nonobservance, observances/ observant: nonobservant, observantly, unobservant/observational: observationally/ observatory: observatories/ observe: observable, observance, observant, observation, observatory, observed, observer, observes, observing/ observed: unobserved/ observer: observers/observing: observingly/unobservable: unobservably/unobservant: unobservantly/unobserved: unobservedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
These observations are especially poignant considering Karen’s profession.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Our training, experiences and observations align, both here and in low-income nations: vaccines save lives.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That prediction was spectacularly undone by observations, however.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 观察; 观察力; 评论; 观察所得
分布：观察(91%)，注意(4%)，观察力(3%)，评论(2%)
→来自observe,观察，监视。
观察(observe+ation)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
n.观察,观测,监视;(pl.)观察资料;观察力Keep him under observation.监视他.
US [ˌɑ:b.zɚ-] noun
WATCHING 观察
uncountable
■when you observe something or someone 观察；观测；监视
• close observation of nature/human nature/animal behaviour 对自然／人性／动物行为的认真观察
• The police are keeping the suspect under observation. 警方监视着犯罪嫌疑人。
• She was admitted to hospital for observation (= so that doctors could watch her and see if anything was wrong with her). 她被收治入院接受观察。
UK [ˌɒb.zə'veɪ.ʃən] US [ˌɑ:b.zɚ-] noun
NOTICING 观察
uncountable
■when you notice or see something 观察
• She has remarkable powers of observation (= is very good at noticing things). 她具有非凡的观察力。
countable formal
■a remark about something that you have noticed 评论，评述；言论
• The book is full of interesting observations on/about the nature of musical composition. 这本书里有许多关于音乐创作本质的有趣评论。
• May I make an observation? 我可以发表一下评论吗？
n. 观察；监视；观察报告
 - view, monitoring, surveillance, watch

Word: childhood
Front: childhood
[ˈtʃaɪldhʊd] (高研四 2107/2746 -3)
Back: n. 童年，儿童时代; 早期
分布：童年(96%)，幼年(4%)
童年[-hood表名词"时期,性质等"]
n.幼年,童年Her early childhood was very happy.她的童年生活的初期曾是很幸福的.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the time when someone is a child 童年；孩童时期，孩提时代
• She had an unhappy childhood. 她的童年很不幸。
• Childhood is not always a happy time. 童年并不总是快乐的时光。
Compare boyhood ; girlhood

Word: payment
Front: payment
[ˈpeɪmənt] (研四六托雅 2106/1009 -K4)
Vocabulary: payment
(once / 181 pages)
1n 2n
Payment is the process of either giving money to someone, or of receiving money from someone. If you borrow money to buy a car, you'll be expected to make a monthly payment for several years.
Your paycheck itself is a payment, and so is the act of your boss handing you that paycheck. There are also types of payment that don't involve money, like when your payment for watching your little cousin one afternoon consists of a big piece of your uncle's famous apple pie. Payment, from the verb pay, is rooted in the Latin pacare, used to mean "satisfy a creditor," but originally defined as "please, satisfy, or make peaceful."
WORD FAMILY
payment: nonpayment, payments+/nonpayment: nonpayments/overpay: overpaid, overpaying, overpayment, overpays/overpayment: overpayments/ pay: overpay, payable, payee, payer, paying, payment, pays, prepay, repay, underpay/payable: payables/ payee: payees/payer: payers/paying: non-paying, payingest/prepay: prepaying, prepayment, prepays/prepayment: prepayments/ repay: repaid, repayable, repaying, repayment, repays/repayment: repayments/underpay: underpaid, underpaying, underpayment, underpays/underpayment: underpayments
USAGE EXAMPLES
IU Health says it receives more Medicaid payments than any other health care provider in the state.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Solution: Bitpesa uses Bitcoin to significantly lower the time and cost of remittances and and business payments to and from sub-Saharan Africa.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Some countries, such as Germany, don’t impose limits on single cash payments.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 付款，支付; 报酬，报答; 偿还; 惩罚，报应
分布：支付(91%)，报应(5%)，报偿(2%)，支付的款项(2%)
→来自pay,支付，-ment,名词后缀。
n.支付,付款额Yes, yesterday was the my pay-day; I pay you the payment today.是的,昨天是我的发薪日,我今天付给你报酬.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an amount of money paid 支付的金额
• Usually we ask for payment on receipt of the goods. 我们通常要求对方货到付款。
• We need a deposit of £165 followed by twelve monthly payments of £60. 你需要先付165英镑的订金，之后12个月内每月支付60英镑。
• When is the first payment due ? 第一期付款甚么时候到期？
[S or U]
■reward 报偿，报答
• Verbal abuse was hardly the payment I expected for my troubles. 我花了那么多力气，没料到换来的是一顿辱骂。
back payment
■a sum of money received by an employee because of a pay rise at an earlier time （因早些时候涨工资而得到的）补发工资
n. 付款， [会计] 支付；报酬，报答；偿还；惩罚，报应
 - compensation, punishment, consideration, rod, discipline

Word: sir
Front: sir
[sɜ:(r)] (中高 2108/534 -K5)
Back: n. 先生; （用于姓名前）爵士; （中小学生对男教师的称呼）先生; 老师
分布：先生(95%)，阁下(5%)
→来自古法语 sire,阁下，主，缩写自拉丁语 senior,长者，老者，即 senior.后作为对男士的尊称。
n.先生,长官;[S-用于姓名前]...爵士Don't call me sir.不要叫我 sir.
US [sɝ:] formal
noun [as form of address]
 IMPROVER
■used as a formal and polite way of speaking to a man, especially one who you are providing a service to or who is in a position of authority 先生
• Would you like to see the menu, sir? 您要看看菜单吗，先生?
• "Did you hear what I said?" "Yes, sir." “听到我说的话了吗？”“是的，先生。”
Compare madam ; Miss ; Ms
Dear Sir
 IMPROVER
■used to begin a formal letter to a man whose name you do not know. ' Dear Sirs ' is an old fashioned way of beginning a letter to a company. 尊敬的先生（用于正式信函中称呼不知姓名的男性收信人）尊敬的各位先生（正式商务信函的旧式信首称呼语）
Dear Sir or Madam
 IMPROVER
■used to begin a formal letter when you do not know whether the person you are writing to is a man or a woman 尊敬的先生或女士，敬启者（用于正式信函中称呼不知性别的收信人）
UK [sɜ:r] US [sɝ:] formal
noun [as form of address]
no sir US informal
■certainly not 决不，绝不，绝对不
• I'm not going to ride the subway, no sir! 我不会去乘地铁，绝对不会！
Mr., sir
这两个名词均可表示“先生”之意。
Mr.: 是Mister的缩写形式，一般加在男子的姓或名字或职位之前，是对成年男子的尊称。Mr.多用于英国，Mr(未加圆点)多用于美国。
sir: 较正式的呼语，书面文字或口语均可使用，其后不必加姓。
sir, mr.
这组词都有“先生”的意思，其区别是：
sir: 较正式的呼语，书面文字或口语均可使用，其后不必加姓。
mr.: 是Mister的缩写形式，一般加在男子的姓或名字或职位之前，是对成年男子的尊称。Mr.多用于英国，Mr(未加圆点)多用于美国。
n. 阁下，先生
 - don, gentleman

Word: permit
Front: permit
[pəˈmɪt] (高研四六托雅 2109/2022 -K3)
Vocabulary: permit
(once / 51 pages)
1vn 2n
Permit means to allow. When you permit your brother to come into your room, you let him in. (You can always kick him back out if he messes with your stuff.)
To permit means to let someone do something. It comes from the Latin permittere which means "give up, allow to pass through." You might feel like you "gave up" when you permitted your brother to enter your room. As a noun, a permit is a document that lets you do something — like when you get a driver's permit to learn to drive, or a gun permit to carry a gun, or even a construction permit to build an addition to your house.
WORD FAMILY
permit: permissible, permission, permissive, permiting, permits, permitted, permitting+/ impermissible: impermissibility, impermissibly/ permissible: impermissible, permissibility, permissibly/ permission: permissions/ permissive: permissively, permissiveness, unpermissive/unpermissive: unpermissively, unpermissiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, our modern, sedentary lifestyles mean that our secondary hearts tend to weaken, which permits excessive fluid pooling into the lower body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Following his win, he agreed a deal with the manufacturer of the glasses permitting them to use his name.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The lawsuit started when the planning commission revoked a permit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 许可，准许; 默许，放任; 允许，容许
vi. 许可，允许
n. 许可，准许; 许可证，执照
时态：permitted, permitting, permits
分布：允许(41%)，许可(36%)，许可证(21%)，执照(2%)
→per-,通过，-mit,离开，送出，词源同emit,mission.
许可,允许(per始终＋mit→始终放出来→许可)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
v.许可,允许n.许可证,执照I'm determined to permit the permanent term on detergent.我决心同意有关洗涤剂的永久条款.
US [pə˞-]
(-tt-)
 IMPROVER transitive slightly formal
■to allow something 允许，准许
• The regulations do not permit much flexibility. 这些规章不允许有太大的弹性空间。
• [+ -ing verb] The prison authorities permit visiting only once a month. 监狱部门只允许每月探监一次。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The security system will not permit you to enter without the correct password. 密码不正确的话，保全系统是不会让你进入的。
• As it was such a special occasion, she permitted herself a small glass of champagne. 鉴于场合特殊，她破例喝了一小杯香槟。
• formal The law permits of no other interpretation. 法律不容许有其他解释。
 IMPROVER intransitive formal
■to make something possible 允许；使…有可能
• The Chancellor is looking to lower interest rates, when economic conditions permit. 经济条件许可时，财政部长准备降低利率。
• We have arranged to play tennis on Saturday, weather permitting (= if the weather is good enough). 如果天气好的话，我们准备周六去打网球。
noun countable UK [ˈpɜː.mɪt] US [ˈpɜ˞ː-/
■an official document that allows you to do something or go somewhere 许可证，特许证
• a work/travel/parking permit 工作／旅游／停车许可证
• She has managed to obtain a temporary residence permit. 她成功取得了暂时居留证。
• [+ to infinitive] Do you need a permit to work here? 你在这里工作需要许可证吗？
allow, grant, permit
allow: （一般意义上）允许
grant: （由于慷慨、仁慈）给予某物，(通常是上对下、官方正式地)允许
permit: (法律上、制度上)允许
authorize, leave, allow, let, permit
这组词都有“让、允许”的意思，其区别是：
authorize: 语气最强，指权威性的允许与认可。
leave: 侧重不加干涉。
allow: 普通用词，侧重听任、默许或不加阻止。在正式场合可用来表客气的请求。
let: 常用词，用于各种非正式场合，语气最弱，指允许或无力阻止某事，暗示漠不关心或听之任之。
permit: 正式用词，在多数场合可与allow换用，语义最强，指准许某人做某事，含权威或正式的意味。
vi. 许可；允许
 - to allow, make a promise
vt. 许可；允许
 - license, let, have, grant
n. 许可证，执照
 - license, patent

Word: cigarette
Front: cigarette
[ˌsɪgəˈret] (高四 2111/2393 -K3)
Vocabulary: cigarette
(once / 306 pages)
n
A small tube of paper that's filled with tobacco and lit with a match is a cigarette. Because cigarettes take a terrible toll on smokers' health, the number of people who smoke them has declined recently.
Most cigarettes come in packages, each cigarette a perfect slim cylinder topped with a filter. When a cigarette is smoked all the way to this filter, it becomes a "butt." The main chemical in cigarettes is called nicotine, and it's extremely addictive — other additives in cigarettes can cause various cancers and lung diseases. Because of these dangers, cigarettes are regulated and highly taxed. The word itself comes from the French, meaning "little cigar."
WORD FAMILY
cigarette: cigarettes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The man in front of me lights up a cigarette.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She devoted herself to her job at the Brinkmann cigarette factory.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The government approved the use of plain packaging on cigarette cartons - which removes messages, colours and brand images - in May.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 纸烟，香烟
分布：名词(100%)
→来自cigar,雪茄，-ette,小词后缀。
香烟(cigar雪茄)[-ette表名词"小的东西或状态"]
US [-ɚ-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a small paper tube filled with cut pieces of tobacco, which people smoke 香烟，纸烟
• a packet of cigarettes 一包香烟
• She lit a cigarette. 她点燃一支香烟。
cigarette, cigar, tobacco
这组词都有“烟”的意思，其区别是：
cigarette: 指纸烟。
cigar: 指雪茄烟。
tobacco: 指烟草，烟叶、烟丝。
n. 香烟；纸烟
 - coffin nail

Word: definition
Front: definition
[ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn] (研四六托宝 2110/1533 -K3)
Vocabulary: definition
(once / 355 pages)
n
A good definition explains concisely what something means. Dictionaries include definitions, even for the word definition!
A definition precisely explains the fundamental state or meaning of something, often given formally as by lexicographers writing a dictionary or legislators writing laws. It can also refer to a sharply detailed image or concept — like how clear the picture is on a high-definition TV or how cut a Calvin Klein model's abs are.
WORD FAMILY
definition: definitions+/ definable: definably, indefinable, undefinable/ define: definable, defined, defines, defining, definition, redefine /defined: definedly, ill-defined, undefined / defining: definings/indefinable: indefinably/ redefine: redefined, redefines, redefining, redefinition/redefinition: redefinitions/undefinable: undefinably
USAGE EXAMPLES
A spectacular effort, and a scorpion kick, true to its – blurred – definition.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But no matter how this deal is ultimately structured, there’s no way to get around that it will change the definition of American government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“That sounds, by definition, bad. No more of that, please!”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 定义; 规定，明确; [物]清晰度; 解释
分布：定义(96%)，清晰度(3%)，阐释(1%)
→来自define, 明确，界定。即明确范围，定义，解释。
定义;清晰(de+fin界限＋ition→划出界限→定义)[de-①表示"去掉,变坏,离开,变慢,向下"等②表示"使…成为,加强"等]
定义;(轮廓)清晰(define+ition)[fin=end,boundary,表示"结束,范围"]
定义;清晰(define下定义)[-iteon表名词"行为过程,状态"]
n.定义,解释;(轮廓影像等的)清晰度;阐明;Time is finite and infinite. I defy the indefinite definition.时间既是有限的又是无限的.我公然对抗这个模糊的定义.
noun
EXPLAIN 解释
 IMPROVER countable
■a statement that explains the meaning of a word or phrase 定义
• a dictionary definition 词典中的定义
• What is the definition of 'mood'? 生字 mood 的定义是甚么？
 IMPROVER countable
■a description of the features and limits of something 解释，说明
• The legal definition of what is and what is not pornography is very unsatisfactory. 法律对甚么是色情、甚么不是色情的解释很难令人满意。
by definition
■because of its own features 根据自身特点；从本质上来说
• Psychology is by definition an inexact science. 从本质上来说，心理学不是一门精确的科学。
[ˌdef.ɪ'nɪʃ.ən] noun
CLEARLY SHOW 清晰地显示
uncountable
■how clear an image or sound is （图像或声音的）清晰度，保真度
• The photograph rather lacks definition. 那张相片的清晰度很差。
exposition, definition, description, explanation, interpretation
这组词都有“解释”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 通常指对论点、假设、理论等的重点作详尽的阐述。
definition: 主要指对某一词、短语或专门术语的含义作解释、下定义。
description: 指对某一事物的重要方面进行详细叙述，常含教育与启迪意味。
explanation: 普通用词，指使人明白未知或不清楚的事。
interpretation: 多指对文字上较难的段落，或难于理解，令人迷惑的问题作出解释或说明。
n. [数] 定义； [物] 清晰度；解说
 - difinition, sharpness

Word: priority
Front: priority
[praɪˈɒrəti] (研四六托雅宝 2112/1729 -K3)
Vocabulary: priority
(once / 737 pages)
n
When a group or a person cares about one thing over all others, that’s the top priority. “After the flood, finding a place to live became their first priority.”
Priority comes from the word prior, which means to come before something else. A priority is the concern, interest or desire that comes before all others. “His first priority was to establish his career and get married later.” “When seeking the perfect wave, Jeff and Wayne made it their priority to be the first surfers on the beach.” "The new CEO's top priority was firing her predecessor's hires."
WORD FAMILY
priority: priorities, prioritise, prioritize +/ prior: priority, priorly, priors, priorship/prioritise: prioritising/ prioritize: prioritized, prioritizing/priorship: priorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Governors typically use the speech to outline their priorities and introduce new programs and initiatives, sending ripples cascading across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
For many of the patients we treat, daily life is such a struggle that brushing and flossing are a low priority.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The measure, which passed the Republican House three times since 2011, is a GOP priority.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 优先，优先权; （时间，序上的）先，前; 优先考虑的事; [数]优先次序
分布：优先(86%)，优先权(13%)，优先顺序(1%)
→来自prior,先前的，优先的，-ity,名词后缀。引申词义优先权。
n.先,前;优先,重点,优先权The superstitious man put the priority on the superficial supersonic superiority.迷信的人把优先权放在表面的超音速的优良上.
US [-'ɔ:r.ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■something that is very important and must be dealt with before other things 优先考虑的事
• The management did not seem to consider office safety to be a priority. 管理部门似乎并不认为应该优先考虑办公室安全问题。
• My first/top priority is to find somewhere to live. 我首先要考虑的是找个地方住。
• You have to learn to get your priorities right/straight (= decide which are the most important jobs or problems and deal with them first). 你必须学会先处理最重要的事。
• Mending the lights is a priority task (= more important than other jobs). 修灯这个任务更重要。
• Banks normally give priority to large businesses when deciding on loans (= They deal with them first because they consider them most important). 银行在发放贷款时通常优先考虑大企业。
• Official business requirements obviously take/have priority over personal requests (= Official business matters will be dealt with first). 公事显然应该置于私事之前。
n. [通信] [计] 优先；优先权； [数] 优先次序；优先考虑的事
 - precedence, preference to sth

Word: bread
Front: bread
[bred] (中高 2113/2292 -K3)
Back: n. 面包; 食物; 营养，营养物; 生计
vt. 在…上撒面包屑
时态：breaded, breading, breads
分布：面包(99%)，在 ... 上撒面包屑(1%)
→词源不确定。可能来自burn, 烧，烤。特指烤面包。
n.面包The reader already readily spread the thread on the ready-made bread.那位读者已经欣然将丝线铺散在现成的面包上.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a food made from flour, water and usually yeast , mixed together and baked 面包
• a slice of bread 一片面包
• a loaf of bread 一条面包
• white/brown bread 白／黑面包
• UK wholemeal / US whole wheat bread 全麦面包
• sliced bread 切片面包
• This bread is fresh/stale. 这面包是新鲜的／变味了。
• Do you bake your own bread? 你自己烤面包吗？
[bred] noun uncountable
(your) (daily) bread
■the money that you need so that you can pay for food, clothes and other ordinary needs 维持生计所需的钱
• He earns his daily bread as a tourist guide. 他靠做导游谋生。
[bred] noun uncountable
bread and circuses literary
■activities or official plans that are intended to keep people happy and to stop them from noticing or complaining about problems 面包和马戏，小恩小惠（指为了取悦、安抚公众并转移其注意力而开展的活动或官方计划）
[bred] noun uncountable
Man cannot live by bread alone. saying
■used to say that people need not just food, but also poetry, art, music, etc. to live happily 人活着不只是为了吃饭。
n. 面包；生计
 - living, keep, livelihood

Word: creation
Front: creation
[kriˈeɪʃn] (雅 2114/1844 -2)
Vocabulary: creation
(once / 319 pages)
1n 2n
Use the noun creation to describe bringing something into existence, such as the creation of a new organization or the creation of a cutting-edge computer program.
Creation often describes the act of producing something for the first time, but it can also refer to the thing that's produced. In this sense, it often describes something involving artistic talent. If you write a short story, you'd probably ask your friends to read your artistic creation. Creation also can be used to refer the universe in general. If your sister does something remarkable, you might say that in all of creation there's never been a sister like that.
WORD FAMILY
creation: creationism, creations, re-creation+/ create: created, creates, creating, creation, creative, creator, creature, miscreate, re-create, recreate /created: re-created/ creative: creatively, creativeness, creativity, uncreative/ creator: creators/ creature: creatures/miscreate: miscreated, miscreating, miscreation/miscreation: miscreations/re-create: re-creating/ recreate: recreated, recreates, recreating, recreation / recreation: recreational, recreations/ recreational: nonrecreational, recreationally/uncreative: uncreatively, uncreativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are now in the longest economic expansion and monthly job creation in history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His second decision was to announce big projects like new motorways, power plants and job creation schemes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“It is clear that the people do not think that the creation of artificial islands should be a priority,” he said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 制造，创造; 创造物，产物; （尤指<圣经>所述由上帝）创造天地，宇宙; （爵位等的）封授
分布：创造(68%)，创作(32%)
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the act of creating something, or the thing that is created 创造；创立；产生；创造物，作品
• the creation of a new political party 新政党的建立
• Their policies are all towards the creation of wealth. 他们的政策全都是为了创造财富。
• This 25-foot-high sculpture is her latest creation. 这尊25英尺高的雕塑是她的最新作品。
• The fashion magazines were full of the latest Paris creations (= fashionable new clothes). 时尚杂志里到处都是巴黎最新时装的相片。
n. 创造，创作；创作物，产物
 - child, fruit

Word: graduate
Front: graduate
[ˈgrædʒuət] (高研四六托 2115/3693 -3)
Vocabulary: graduate
(once / 201 pages)
1vnadj 2vn
To graduate means to successfully complete your schooling, to become "a graduate." When you graduate from high school, you become a high school graduate and congratulations are in order.
A graduate is someone who has received a degree from a school. As a verb graduate refers to the act of receiving this degree “I plan to graduate from college in the spring,” or the act of giving a degree “I want to graduate all of my students.” In a scientific sense, graduate can mean to calibrate for fine adjustments. To make a thermometer, you have to graduate it by degrees so it displays a range of temperatures.
WORD FAMILY
graduate: graduated, graduates, graduating, graduation, postgraduate, undergraduate +/ graduation: graduations/postgraduate: postgraduates/ undergraduate: undergraduates
USAGE EXAMPLES
More than 300 men passed through the courses for volunteers, he said, some of them graduates of his civilian training.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
After graduating from Stanford, in 1950, Joyce won a contest to work in the advertising department at Mademoiselle magazine, in New York.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Weaver graduated from the police academy last summer and was assigned to the Huntingdon barracks.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 渐变; 渐渐变为（与into连用）; 渐渐消逝（与away连用）; 取得资格（与as连用）
vt. 授予学位或毕业证书; 从…接受学位; 分成等级; 标以刻度
n. <美>毕业生; <英>大学毕业生; （已经取得学士学位正在攻读高级学位的）研究生; 量筒
adj. <美>毕业了的，研究生的; 有（学士）学位的
时态：graduated, graduating, graduates
分布：毕业(72%)，毕业生(18%)，毕业的(9%)，标以刻度(1%)
→来自grade, 级别，层级。引申义达到一定级别的，毕业。
毕业;分级(grade步+uate→完成所有步骤→毕业)[grad=step,grade,表示"步,级"]
毕业生(gradu等级)[-ate 1.表动词"做,造成"2.表形容词"具有…的"3.表名词"人或地位"]
n.大学毕业生,研究生v.大学毕业a.毕了业的The graduated comrade gradually graded the trademarks after the parade.阅兵过后,那位毕了业的同志逐渐将商标分了等级.
noun countable /ˈgrædʒ.u.ət/
 IMPROVER UK
■a person who has a first degree from a university or college 大学毕业生；学士学位获得者
• a Cambridge graduate 剑桥大学毕业生
• Chris is a physics graduate. 克里斯是物理专业的毕业生。
⇒ See also postgraduate;undergraduate
 IMPROVER (informal grad) US
■a person who has finished their school, college or university education 毕业生
• high-school graduates 高中毕业生
• a graduate of Yale 耶鲁大学毕业生
verb[ˈgrædʒ.u.eɪt/
QUALIFY 使有资格
 IMPROVER intransitive UK
■to complete a first university degree successfully 取得学士学位；大学毕业
• Lorna graduated from the University of London. 洛娜毕业于伦敦大学。
• Tom has just graduated with first-class honours in psychology. 汤姆刚刚大学毕业，获得心理学一级荣誉学位。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive US
■to complete school, college or university correctly 毕业（于）
• After he graduated high school, he joined the Army. 他高中毕业后参军了。
verb[ˈgrædʒ.u.eɪt/
PROGRESS 标记
intransitive
■to move forward or improve 晋升；上升；进展
• She graduated from being a secretary to running her own department. 她从秘书的职位晋升到部门主管。
graduate, undergraduate, post graduate
graduate: 大学毕业生
undergraduate: 大学本科生
post graduate: 研究生
vi. 毕业；渐变
 - shadow, to finish school
n. 研究生；毕业生
 - postgraduate, advanced student
adj. 毕业的；研究生的
 - school-leaving

Word: request
Front: request
[rɪˈkwest] (高研四六托雅宝 2116/1821 -K4)
Vocabulary: request
(once / 81 pages)
vn
To request something means to formally ask for it. If you're sick of always getting a middle seat on the airplane, put in a request for the aisle or window next time.
You can request something you want, like extra cheese on your pizza, or a better parking space, but you can also "put in a request." Request has a formal quality, as in "request forms." After all, you won't find any "ask forms" out there. Asking for something is one thing, making a request is another. It's more official. If you want to request a certain professor, you'd better put in a request!
WORD FAMILY
request: requested, requester, requesting, requests+/ requested: unrequested
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dubai police did not respond to a request for comment about security at the property.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A company representative did not respond Monday night to requests for comment.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The artist’s record label, Atlantic Records, did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 要求; 需要; 所请求的事物; 申请书
vt. （下级对上级的）请求; 请求得到; 索取; 邀请[常接不定式或从句]
时态：requested, requesting, requests
分布：请求(57%)，要求(43%)
→re-,表强调，-quest,要求，询问，词源同 query,question.
要求,恳请(re再+quest→再寻求→要求)[quest,quir,quis,quer=seek,search,表示"寻求,询问"]
v./n.请求,要求On my request the conqueror questioned the man who jumped the queue.根据我的请求,征服者质问了插队者.
【记】源于：require（v 需要；要求；命令）
【反】inveigle（v 诱骗）－request directly（直接要求）；unnecessary（adj 不必要的）－requisite（adj 需要的；n 必需品）
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when you politely or officially ask for something （礼貌、正式的）要求，请求
• They received hundreds of requests for more information. 数以百计的人要求他们提供更多的资讯。
• [+ to infinitive] The boss refused our request to leave work early. 老板拒绝了我们早下班的请求。
• The clause was added to the contract at Carlos's request (= because Carlos asked for this). 这一条款是在卡洛斯的要求下添加到合同中的。
• An application form will be sent to you on request (= if you ask). 申请表格承索即寄。
Compare order
countable
■a song or something similar which someone has asked to be included in a show or on the radio 点播的歌（或节目等）
• The next song is a request from/for Roz in Totteridge. 下面这首歌是托特里奇的罗兹点播／为托特里奇的罗兹点播的。
[rɪ'kwest] verb transitive formal
 ESSENTIAL
■to ask for something politely or officially （礼貌、正式的）要求，请求
• [+ that] We requested that the next meeting be held on a Friday. 我们要求下次会议星期五举行。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] Visitors are requested not to walk on the grass. 要求游客们不要践踏草地。
• I requested a taxi for 8 o'clock. 我要了一辆计程车，八点过来。
beg, implore, request, pray, require, claim, entreat, ask, demand
这组词都有“要求，请求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 指恳切地或再三地请求或要求，常含低三下四意味，也多用于应酬场合。
implore: 书面用词，着重指迫切、焦急或痛苦地恳求或哀求，常含较强的感情色彩。
request: 正式用词，指非常正式，有礼貌的请求或恳求，多含担心因种种原因对方不能答应的意味。
pray: 语气庄重，指热情、诚恳和敬祈的要求，现不很常用。
require: 强调根据事业、需要或纪律、法律等而提出的要求。
claim: 指有权或宣称有权得到而公开提出的要求。
entreat: 泛指一般“恳求或哀求”，含企图说服对方或用热烈的请求软化反对意见的意味。
ask: 最普通用词，指向对方提出要求或请求，长、晚辈，上下级之间都可使用。
demand: 一般指理直气壮地提出强烈要求，或坚持不让对方拒绝的要求。
application, request
这组词都有“申请、请求”的意思，其区别是：
application: 指用书面形式提出申请或请求。
request: 普通用词，侧重指明有礼貌或诚意的请求，能否得到满足并无多大把握。
n. [计] 请求；需要
 - asking, necessity, need, motion, want
vt. 要求， [计] 请求
 - exact, desire, call for

Word: emotion
Front: emotion
[ɪˈməʊʃn] (研四六托雅 2117/2454 -K3)
Vocabulary: emotion
(once / 82 pages)
n
An emotion is a strong feeling, like the emotion you feel when you see your best friend at the movies with a group of people who cause trouble for you.
The word emotion comes from the Middle French word émotion, which means "a (social) moving, stirring, agitation." We feel many different emotions every day, like love, fear, joy and sadness — just to name a few. On its own, emotion means "the expression of feeling," like a musician who plays with great emotion, or an actor whose face conveys emotions, even when he or she is just standing quietly on the stage.
WORD FAMILY
emotion: emotional, emotionless, emotions+/ emote: emoted, emotes, emoting, emotion, emotive / emotional: emotionalism, emotionality, emotionally, overemotional, unemotional/emotionalism: emotionalisms/emotionality: unemotionality/emotionless: emotionlessly, emotionlessness/unemotional: unemotionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This work is really hard. It’s very technical, and it involves a lot of emotion and a lot of technical skill,” Adams said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Gates said it’s hard to describe many of her emotions when she finally was fitted for her wig.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Use your judgment and gut to see if your emotions and behaviors are getting stronger.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 情感，感情; 情绪; 感动，激动
分布：情感(37%)，情绪(33%)，感情(30%)
→e-, 向外。-mot, 移动，流露，词源同move, motion.
感情(e出+motion→动出[感情]→感情)[mot=move,表示"动"]
n.情绪,情感,感情His voice shook with emotion.他的声音因激动而颤抖.
【记】e出，mot动－感动的说出来－感情
【参】demote（vt 使降级）；promote（vt 促进；提升）；emote（vi 夸张地作为；表现感情）
US [-'moʊ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a strong feeling such as love or anger, or strong feelings in general 感情，情感；情绪；激情
• Like a lot of men, he finds it hard to express his emotions. 像很多男人一样，他不大会表达自己的感情。
• My mother was overcome with emotion and burst into tears. 我母亲控制不住自己的感情，泪如雨下。
sentiment, sensation, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: n.思想感情，情绪，感情色彩，指由于某种思想唤起的感情，强调主观作用，有时候也带有理智成分。
 • When our grandmother died, we remembered her life with strong sentiment.   当祖母逝世时，我们深深地怀念她的一生。
sensation: n.指人体感官受到外部刺激时产生的感觉，知觉。
 • When she watched the film, she had the sensation that she was in a moving car.   她看电影时，感觉自己正坐在一辆开动的汽车上。
feeling: n.指一般的情绪、感觉，它一般不反映感情的本质和强度。
passion: n.激情，热情，欲望，极度的仇恨，指强烈的爱好、愤怒或情欲。
 • He spoke with passion about the love of freedom.   他满腔热情地谈论着对自由的热爱。
emotion: n.情感，感情，指喜怒哀乐等较激动的情绪，表示某物引起的激动。
 • He felt mixed emotions when he thought of her.   当他想起她时便产生一种复杂的感情。
sentiment, affection, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: 一般指由一种思想激起的感情，含较大的理智因素。
affection: 指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情。
feeling: 普通用词，含义广。多指具体的或内心的感受，或表露出来的强烈情感。
passion: 指极强烈的感情、尤指愤怒、爱好等。也常指两性间的爱情。
emotion: 普通用词，词义中性。泛指因外界刺激而引起思想情感从细微变化到最强烈的发作。
n. [心理] 情感；情绪
 - mood, will, spirit, affect, feeling

Word: scream
Front: scream
[skri:m] (高研四六 2118/2779 -K3)
Back: vt. 尖声喊叫，拼命叫喊; 喊叫着说出; 尖叫得使变…
vi. 尖叫; 发出尖锐刺耳的声音
n. 尖叫声，惊叫声; 拼命的叫喊声; 极其滑稽可笑的人
时态：screamed, screaming, screams
分布：尖叫(78%)，尖叫声(22%)
v./n.尖声叫,喊叫着说出,(风)呼啸"Ice-cream!" he screamed in dream."冰淇淋!"他在梦中惊叫道.
verb
MAKE NOISE 叫声
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to cry or say something loudly and usually on a high note, especially because of strong emotions such as fear, excitement or anger （尤指因恐惧、兴奋、愤怒等强烈情绪而）尖叫，惊呼
• A spider landed on her pillow and she screamed. 一只蜘蛛爬上她的枕头，她惊叫起来。
• Through the smoke, the rescuers could hear people screaming for help. 透过烟雾，救援者可以听见人们在喊救命。
• He was screaming in/with pain and begging for anaesthetic. 他痛得直叫，哀求用麻醉药。
• They screamed with laughter at her jokes. 听了她的笑话，他们大笑了起来。
• Ken screamed (out) a warning telling people to get out of the way. 肯大叫着警告人们别挡路。
• Mrs Brown screamed (= shouted angrily) at Joel for dropping the test-tube. 布朗太太生气地对着乔尔大喊大叫，因为他把试管摔破了。
• I've never found screaming (and shouting) (= shouting angrily) at my staff to be very effective. 我一直以来都认为对员工大喊大叫是没有甚么用的。
• [+ speech] "I wish you were dead!" she screamed (= shouted angrily). “我恨不得你去死！”她愤怒地叫道。
• I tried to apologize, but he just screamed abuse/obscenities at me. 我想道歉，但他却对着我破口大骂。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■If a vehicle screams, it moves very quickly making a loud high sound （车）呼啸着飞驰
• The cars screamed round the bend/ past the spectators. 汽车尖啸着转弯／从观众面前呼啸而过。
intransitive
■to make a loud high sound 呼啸，发出尖叫声
• The ambulance raced round the corner with its tyres screaming. 随着轮胎发出的刺耳声音，救护车冲过街角。
[skri:m] verb
GET ATTENTION 吸引注意
intransitive (also scream out)
■If a word or image screams (out), it gets attention because it is very big or easy to notice （词语或形象）极为醒目
• 'Royal Plane Disaster!' screamed the newspaper headlines the next day. “皇家飞机失事！”，第二天报纸的头版头条用了这个令人触目惊心的标题。
intransitive
■If you say that two colours are screaming at each other, you think that they do not look attractive or pleasant together 颜色不相配／不配衬（说两种颜色不相配／不配衬，是指二者在一起时看起来不漂亮或不悦目）
• You can't wear that pink jacket with your orange skirt. They'll just scream at each other. 你不能穿那件粉红夹克来搭配那条橙色的裙子，颜色一点也不相配。
[skri:m] verb
scream (out) for sth
■to need something very much 急需
• This matter is screaming out for attention. 这件事亟待关注。
[skri:m] verb
scream yourself hoarse/silly (also scream the place down) (also scream your head off)
■to scream very loudly 大声叫喊
• I screamed myself silly on the roller coaster. 在云霄飞车上我大声尖叫。
[skri:m] noun countable
NOISE 声音
■a loud high sound you make when very frightened, excited or angry 尖叫，惊呼
• a scream of pain/rage/joy/laughter 疼痛／愤怒／快乐／欢笑的尖叫
• No one heard their screams. 没有人听到他们的尖叫。
• She let out a piercing/shrill scream. 她发出了一声刺耳的尖叫。
[skri:m] noun countable
FUN 乐趣 informal
■a person, thing or situation which is very funny 令人捧腹大笑的人（或事物、情景）
• Jane's such a scream - her jokes have me in stitches. 简真是个活宝，她讲的笑话让我乐不可支。
call, scream, yell, roar, shriek, exclaim, shout, cry
这组词都有“喊”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指大声说话或喊叫，以引起某人的注意。
scream: 指因恐具、快乐或痛苦而发出的尖叫声。
yell: 多指求援、鼓励时的呼叫。也可指因外界因素刺激而发出尖厉声音。
roar: 指发出大而深沉的声音、吼叫或咆哮。
shriek: 指因惊恐、痛苦等或其它感情而发出比scream更为尖锐、刺耳的叫声。
exclaim: 多指因高兴、愤怒、痛苦、惊讶等突发感情而高声喊叫。
shout: 指有意识地高声喊叫，常用于提出警告、发命令或唤起注意等。
cry: 一般指因恐惧、痛苦、惊奇等而喊叫。
vi. 尖叫；呼啸；发出尖锐刺耳的声音；令人触目惊心
 - pipe, shriek
n. 尖叫声；尖锐刺耳的声音；极其滑稽可笑的人
 - squeal

Word: dramatic
Front: dramatic
[drəˈmætɪk] (研四六托雅 2119/2242 -K4)
Vocabulary: dramatic
(once / 201 pages)
adj
Dramatic means having to do with a play, as in “a dramatic production.” It also means striking or exaggerated.
Half an hour of exercise a day can have a dramatic effect on your physical well being. If you burst into tears when you get a B on a paper and wail, “Now I’m never going to get into college,” you can be accused of being dramatic, which means you’re acting out your reaction, or overly dramatic, which means your reaction is over the top.
WORD FAMILY
dramatic: dramatically, undramatic+/ drama: dramas, dramatic, dramatise, dramatist, dramatize /dramatisation: dramatisations/dramatise: dramatisation, dramatised, dramatises, dramatising, overdramatise/ dramatist: dramatists/ dramatization: dramatizations/ dramatize: dramatization, dramatized, dramatizes, dramatizing, overdramatize/overdramatize: overdramatized, overdramatizes, overdramatizing/undramatic: undramatically
USAGE EXAMPLES
In what would be a dramatic change for the sport and its fans, the penalty phase — for former players, at least — may be over.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
United States national men’s soccer team wins, 1-0, on dramatic goal in Trinidad and qualifies for World Cup on final day.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After a while, you do hope for something a little more dramatic – particularly when the assembled parties are gathered next to a shark tank.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 戏剧的，戏剧性的; 引人注目的; 突然的; 巨大的
分布：戏剧性的(54%)，引人注目的(22%)，激动人心的(13%)，戏剧艺术(6%)，戏剧作品(3%)，给人深刻印象的(1%)，戏剧性的行为(1%)
戏剧性的(drama戏剧)[-tic表形容词,通常放在一个名词前,"与…相关的,...的"]
a.戏剧的,戏剧性的;剧烈的The meeting between the mother and her son was dramatic.这母子之间相会的情景真令人感动.
US [-'mætˌ-] adjective
EXCITING 激动人心的
 IMPROVER
■very sudden or noticeable, or full of action and excitement 骤然的；戏剧性的；激动人心的
• a dramatic change/improvement 戏剧性的变化／改善
• We watched scenes of the dramatic (= exciting) rescue on the news. 我们在新闻中看到了惊心动魄的救援场面。
UK [drə'mæt.ɪk] US [-'mætˌ-] adjective
THEATRE 戏剧的
■relating to plays and acting 戏剧的；表演的
• She bought me the complete dramatic works (= texts to be performed) of Brecht for my birthday. 她买了全套的布莱希特戏剧集送给我作生日礼物。
• the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts 皇家戏剧艺术学院
adj. 戏剧的；引人注目的；激动人心的
 - attractive, scenic

Word: universe
Front: universe
[ˈju:nɪvɜ:s] (高研四六托 2120/2905 -K3)
Vocabulary: universe
(once / 72 pages)
n
The universe is a big word — in fact, it includes all matter and all of space.
We can't see or know much about the outer limits of the universe, but we know that it has them, and the idea of matter contained within boundaries gives us other meanings for the word. You might refer to a "universe of ideas," or when conducting a scientific study, create "a universe of data." Universe can also mean a defined set of something — the five blocks between the playground and home can be the whole universe for a small child.
WORD FAMILY
universe: universal, universes+/ universal: universalise, universalism, universality, universalize, universally, universals/universalise: universalised, universalises, universalising/universalism: universalisms, universalist, universalistic/universality: universalities/universalize: universalized, universalizes, universalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The distinction between fact and fiction was erased, creating a sprawling universe of competing claims.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The technology universe seems poised to grant that wish.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It was more like I was collecting my own weird artifacts from a pretend universe where Fig-Leaf Man was a real comic.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 宇宙; 天地万物; 经验领域
分布：宇宙(86%)，世界(11%)，万物(3%)
→来自拉丁语universum, 所有，全人类，全世界，uni-, 一，-verse, 转。即转为一体的，引申义宇宙。比较cosmos.
宇宙(uni一个+vers+e→统一旋转→宇宙)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.宇宙,万物The cosmic verse on the reverse of the paper is very welcome in Universe University.纸张背面的宇宙韵文在宇宙大学很受欢迎.
US [-vɝ:s] noun
 IMPROVER only singular
■everything that exists, especially all physical matter, including all the stars, planets, galaxies , etc. in space 宇宙；天地万物；万象
• Is there intelligent life elsewhere in the universe? 宇宙中其他地方存在有智慧的生命吗？
countable
■a universe which could be imagined to exist outside our own （想像中的）人类世界以外的另一个世界
• Scientists have speculated about the possibility of parallel universes. 有科学家思考过平行世界存在的可能性。
only singular
■the world, or the world that you are familiar with 世界；领域；范围
• The characters in his novels inhabit a bleak and hopeless universe. 他小说中的人物生活在一个悲凄无望的世界里。
• His family is his whole universe (= everything that is important to him). 他的家庭就是他的整个世界。
cosmos, space, universe
这组词都有“宇宙，太空”的意思，其区别是：
cosmos: 源于希腊语，指和谐的有秩序的宇宙，与chaos(天地开辟前的浑沌状态)相对。
space: 指大气层或太阳系之外的极高的天空，即太空之意。
universe: 指包括地球及其他天体的广大空间。
n. [天] 宇宙；世界；领域
 - world, domain, province, territory, kingdom

Word: gap
Front: gap
[gæp] (研四六托雅 2121/1988 -K3)
Vocabulary: gap
(once / 323 pages)
nv
A gap is the space between two things. It can be physical (like "the gap between your two front teeth") or philosophical (like "the generation gap" between you and your parents).
Gap is a small word that packs a lot; it can be used in a straightforward manner: in England, the signs in the subway station say, "Mind the gap" — in hopes that passengers will not wander into the space between the train and the platform. The American retailer, "The Gap," is said to have taken its name from the generation gap. The clothes were designed for teenagers and young adults, and therefore nothing your middle-aged parents would be caught dead in. Times change.
WORD FAMILY
gap: gapped, gapping, gaps
USAGE EXAMPLES
The age gap closes because we’ve been through this unique experience together.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said it’s also grown the achievement gap for those students who struggle in class.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The gap between northern and southern European government bond spreads compressed.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 缺口; 分歧; 间隔; 美国休闲服饰品牌
vt. 造成缝隙; 使成缺口; 使豁裂
vi. 豁开; 张开; 有缺口; 露出裂口
时态：gapped, gapping, gaps
分布：差距(61%)，缺口(21%)，空白(16%)，裂缝(2%)
→来自ghai, 打呵欠，张口，词源同gape, yawn.
n.缺口;差距;空白;缺乏The mapper trapped in the gap tapped the tap wrapper with strap.陷在缝中的制图者用皮带轻击塞子套.
noun
HOLE 孔
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an empty space or opening in the middle of something or between two things 缺口；豁口；裂口
• The children squeezed through a gap in the wall. 孩子们从墙的一个缺口处硬挤了过去。
• She has a small gap between her front teeth. 她的门牙之间有条细缝。
gap in the market countable
■an opportunity for a product or service that does not already exist 市场空白
• There is a gap in the magazine market that needs to be filled. 在杂志市场上还有一个缺口需要填补。
[gæp] noun
DIFFERENCE 不同
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a difference between two things 差距；分歧；隔阂
• The gap between rich and poor is still widening (= becoming greater). 贫富差距仍在继续拉大。
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a period of time spent doing something different （时间上的）间断，间隔，间隙
• After a gap of five years, Jennifer decided to go back to work full-time. 时隔五年之后，珍妮花决定回去做全职工作。
[gæp] noun
bridge a/the gap
■to connect two things or to make the difference between them smaller 弥合差距；弥补隔阂；消除差异
• Mr Clinton singled out education as a vital tool in bridging the gap between rich and poor. 克林顿先生首推教育为消除贫富差距的重要途径。
• This collection of stories bridges the gap between history and fiction. 这部短篇小说集融合了历史和虚构文学。
n. 间隙；缺口；空白
 - separation, blank
vi. 裂开
 - seam, spring off
vt. 使成缺口
 - jag

Word: excellent
Front: excellent
[ˈeksələnt] (中高研四六托 2123/1416 -K4)
Vocabulary: excellent
(once / 69 pages)
adj
Something excellent is very good, great, or high quality: this is one of the best compliments around.
Words like extraordinary and exceptional are similar in meaning to excellent. This is a strong word used mainly for things, people, and actions that are much better than average. A B+ on a test isn't bad, but an A is excellent. In basketball, making an all-star team is excellent. Being excellent is difficult and people tend to admire it. People use excellent in another, less specific way sometimes. If you want to say "Cool" or "Good" you might say "Excellent!"
WORD FAMILY
excellent: excellence, excellency, excellenter, excellentest, excellently+/ excel: excelled, excellent, excelling, excels/excelled: unexcelled/ excellence: excellences/excellency: excellencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Excellent young man, wonderful student, an excellent student.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We recently watched the excellent documentary “Minimalism,” which is either the obverse of Hallmark’s conservative messaging or runs parallel to it.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Coleman said an “excellent response” from volunteers should produce similar results.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 卓越的; 杰出的; 优秀的; 太好了
分布：优秀的(60%)，极好的(26%)，杰出的(14%)
→来自excel, 擅长，突出。
杰出的(excel超越,ex+cel上升)[-ent 1.表示形容词"…的"2.表名词"…药剂"3.表名词"…人"]
a.卓越的,极好的I exceed the excellent student who has excessive excellence.我胜过那个有过多优点的优秀学生.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■extremely good 卓越的；优秀的；杰出的；极好的
• The food was excellent. 这食物非常美味。
• Her car is in excellent condition. 她的汽车车况非常好。
• The fall in interest rates is excellent news for borrowers. 对于借贷人来讲，利率降低是个好消息。
• "Our sales are up for the third year in a row." "Excellent." (= I'm extremely pleased.) “我们的销售额连续三年一路上升。”“太好了！”
['ek.səl.ənt] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  excellentWarning: Check your spelling! Excellent is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
prime, first-rate, choice, select, splendid, excellent
这组词都有“极好的”的意思，其区别是：
prime: 常指最重要、价值最高的东西，也可以表示最佳、最典型或最高的人或物。
first-rate: 多用于指对抽象事物的主观评估，有时含夸大、自负的意味。
choice: 指通过精心挑选达到水平，尤指罕见或品质精良的商品。
select: 指精挑细选出来作为范例的物或人。
splendid: 口语常用词，指非常令人满意，显得完美无缺。
excellent: 通常指事物在等级品位以及职位级别等方面的最优或接近最优。
adj. 卓越的；极好的；杰出的
 - remarkable, wonderful, famous, prominent, brilliant

Word: deeply
Front: deeply
[ˈdi:pli] (高 2122/2327 -K)
Back: adv. 在深处; 浓浓地; 强烈地; 精心地
分布：深深地(72%)，强烈地(28%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■extremely or strongly 深深地；极其，非常
• I'm deeply grateful to you. 我对您深表感激。
• He found her comments deeply irritating/offensive. 他觉得她的话听起来让人很不舒服。
• We don't want to get too deeply involved with these people. 我们不想和这些人深交。
• After 20 years of marriage, they're still deeply in love. 他们结婚已经20年了，依然深爱着对方。
deeply, deep
deeply: 抽象的深,深深地 deeply moved,
deep: 具体的深, dig deep
adv. 深刻地；浓浓地；在深处
 - profoundly, thick

Word: prosecutor
Front: prosecutor
[ˈprɒsɪkju:tə(r)] (研 2124/8257 -2)
Vocabulary: prosecutor
(once / 494 pages)
n
On a TV crime drama or in real life courts, the prosecutor is the person who brings criminal charges against a suspect.
A prosecutor is a lawyer who works for a state or government organization and is responsible for starting legal proceedings and then proving in court that the suspect committed the crime he’s accused of. The opposite of a prosecutor is a defense attorney. So on that TV crime drama, the prosecutor is the one trying to put the bad guy in jail, and the defense attorney is the one trying to prove that the guy really isn’t a bad guy.
WORD FAMILY
prosecutor: prosecutors+/ prosecute: prosecuted, prosecutes, prosecuting, prosecution, prosecutor / prosecution: prosecutions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her no-show brought criticism from lawmakers, who serve as prosecutors during the presidential impeachment trial.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say he rented the penthouse flat in China cheaply from a shareholder of broadcast company Wave Media.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors objected at every turn, and Gergel wouldn't allow any of it into court, ruling mitigation evidence is allowable during sentencing and not before.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 起诉人; 实行者; 检举人
分布：公诉人(45%)，原告(22%)，起诉人(18%)，检举人(12%)，告发人(3%)
→来自prosecute,检举，起诉，控告。
US ['prɑ:.sɪ.kju:.tˌɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a legal representative who officially accuses someone of committing a crime, especially in a court of law 检察官；公诉人
n. 检察官； [法] 公诉人；起诉人；实行者
 - law officer, procurator

Word: mark
Front: mark
[mɑ:k] (中高研四 1683/1255 -K4)
Vocabulary: mark
(once / 44 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
A mark is some kind of dot, line, or figure that emphasizes or distinguishes something. You might make a mark on your calendar to remind you of your best friend's birthday.
There are many kinds of marks, from punctuation — like quotation marks — to spots or scars on skin — "The bee sting left a mark on his cheek." When you mark something, you leave a mark on it, check it off, cross it out, or label it. You can also mark something by noticing or acknowledging it: "Let's mark your birthday with a big party!" Shopkeepers mark prices on goods, and a "mark down" is a reduction in price.
WORD FAMILY
mark: marked, marker, marking, marks+/ marked: markedly, unmarked/ marker: markers/marking: markings/unmarked: unmarkedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Flowers will mark the Pumas’ first outing in two weeks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
If those projections prove true, 2016 would mark the seventh consecutive year of rising automotive sales.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Winter Solstice, celebrated this year on Dec. 21, marks the shortest day and the longest night of the year.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 斑点; 记号; 成绩; 标准
vt. 作记号; 表示; 给…打分; 在…留下痕迹
vi. 评分; 注意; （比赛中）记分
时态：marked, marking, marks
分布：记号(35%)，痕迹(23%)，商标(18%)，分数(16%)，做标记(3%)，打分(3%)，留意(1%)，弄污(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*marko,来自merg,边界，界限，词源同march,margin.后引申词义界标，记号，作标记等多种词义。
n.痕迹;记号;分数v.标记,打分,使有特色The shark's remark on the marble mark in the market is remarkable.骗子关于市场上大理石标记的评论值得关注.
US [mɑ:rk] noun
DIFFERENT AREA 不同的区域
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a small area on the surface of something which is damaged, dirty or different in some way 痕迹；污点；疤痕
• There were dirty marks on her trousers where she had wiped her hands. 她裤子上抹过手的地方留下了污渍。
• His fingers had left marks on the table's polished surface. 他的手指在光亮的桌面上留下了指印。
• She had a red mark on her arm where she'd burnt herself. 她手臂上烧伤的地方留下了红色的疤痕。
countable
■a typical feature or one which allows you to recognize someone or something 标记；特征
• Did your attacker have any distinguishing marks, such as a scar or a birthmark? 袭击你的人有甚么明显的特征吗，比如伤疤或胎记甚么的？
• You can tell which puppy is which from the marks (also markings)on their fur. 你可以根据小狗皮毛上的斑纹来区分它们。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
SYMBOL 符号
 ADVANCED countable
■a symbol which is used for giving information 标识；记号
• I've put a mark on the map where I think we should go for a picnic. 我在地图上作了个记号，标出了我认为我们应该去野餐的地方。
• What do those marks in the middle of the road mean? 路中央的那些标记是甚么意思？
 ADVANCED countable
■a written or printed symbol （书写或印刷的）符号
• a question mark 问号
• an exclamation mark 感叹号
• punctuation marks 标点符号
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
FOR SCHOOL WORK 学业的
 ADVANCED countable mainly UK
■a judgment, expressed as a number or letter, about the quality of a piece of work done at school, college or university 分数；成绩
• What mark did you get in the biology exam? 你生物考试考了多少分？
• Matilda's had very good marks in/for English throughout the year. 马蒂尔达一年来英语成绩都很好。
• UK You scored full marks in the test - ten out of ten! 你测验得了满分——十分你全拿了！
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
LEVEL 水准
only singular
■the level intended or wanted 目标，指标
• Sales have already passed the million mark. 销售额已突破百万元大关。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
REPRESENTATION 表明
countable
■an action which is understood to represent or show a characteristic of a person or thing or feeling （情感的）表示；（特征的）标志
• He took off his hat as a mark of respect for her dead husband. 他脱帽以示对她死去的丈夫的敬意。
• It's the mark of a gentleman to stand up when someone enters the room. 有人进屋时站起来是绅士之举。
• I'd like to give this bottle of wine as a mark of appreciation for all the work you've done for us. 我谨以这瓶酒对您为我们所做的一切表示谢意。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
MONEY 金钱
countable
■a Deutschmark 马克（德国马克）
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
be off the mark
■If something someone says or writes is off the mark, it is not correct 不正确，不准确（指某人说的或写的东西不符合事实）
• His criticisms are way off the mark. 他的评论不对。
• Bedini and Curzi were probably not far off the mark in their analysis. 或许本迪尼和卡兹分析得有道理。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
be quick/slow off the mark
■to be quick/slow to act or react to an event or a situation 反应迅速／迟钝
• The police were certainly quick off the mark reaching the scene of the accident. 警方确实反应迅速，很快到了意外现场。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
be up to the mark
■to be good enough 达到标准，够好
• Her latest batch of work just isn't up to the mark. 她最近的一批工作不合格。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
leave your /its mark on sb/sth
■to have an effect that changes someone or something, usually in a bad way 对…产生（通常指不良的）影响
• The experience had left its mark on her. 这段经历对她产生了影响。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
make a/ your mark (on sth)
■to have an important effect on something （对…）留下深远的影响
• Daniel didn't work here for very long, but he definitely made his mark on the place. 丹尼尔在这里工作时间不长，但他却实实在在地留下了深远的影响。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
On your marks , get set , go ! (US also on your mark... get set... go)
■something called out to competitors at the beginning of a running race （赛跑出发前的口令）各就各位，预备，跑！
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
PIECE OF WORK 工作
 IMPROVER transitive
■to correct mistakes in and give points for a piece of work 批改；给…评分
• I was up half the night marking exam papers. 我改考卷改到半夜。
• UK You'll be marked down (= given a lower mark) for poor spelling and punctuation. 你会因糟糕的拼写及标点而被扣分。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
DAMAGE/MAKE DIRTY 破坏／使肮脏
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to make a mark on something or someone 留痕迹（于）
• Make sure you don't mark the paintwork while you're moving the furniture around. 移动家俱时，千万别碰坏了油漆。
• A dark carpet won't mark as easily as a light one. 深色地毯不像浅色地毯那么容易留下痕迹。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
REPRESENT 表明
 ADVANCED transitive
■to represent or show a characteristic of a person or thing or feeling 标志；以…为特征
• The band's songs have always been marked by controversial lyrics. 这支乐队的歌曲的特点是歌词向来都颇有争议。
• The signing of the treaty marked a major milestone on the road to European union. 该条约的签署是欧洲一体化进程中的一个重要里程碑。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to show respect for or commemorate 对…表示敬意；纪念
• Tomorrow's parade will mark the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. 明天的游行旨在纪念该战役50周年。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
SYMBOL 符号
 ADVANCED transitive
■to show where something is by drawing or putting something somewhere 标明，标示
• I've marked the route around the one-way system on the town plan. 我已在城镇地图上将单向系统的路线标了出来。
• I'd like everyone to mark their progress on the chart every week. 我希望每个人每周都将自己的进度标在图表上。
• X marks the spot where the treasure is buried. 符号X标示了藏宝地点。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
SPORT 运动
transitive UK (US cover)
■to prevent a member of the opposing team from taking control of the ball by staying close to them all the time （球类团体比赛中）盯防
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
be marked out as sth UK (US be marked as sth)
■to be shown to be different because of a certain characteristic 被区分（或识别）出是
• I can't speak a word of French so I'm marked out as a foreigner as soon as I arrive in France. 我一句法语也不会说，所以一到法国就被认出是外国人。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
(You) mark my words! old-fashioned
■something that you say when you tell someone about something that you are certain will happen in the future （告诉别人某事将来肯定会发生时用语）（你）记住我的话！
• He'll cause trouble - you mark my words! 他会惹麻烦的——你记住我的话！
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
mark time
■to march in one place without moving forward 原地踏步
■to do little while waiting for something that is going to happen 停滞不前
• She's just marking time until she goes off to university. 她在上大学之前，一直是在混日子。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mark sth down
REDUCE
■to reduce the price of something, usually in order to encourage people to buy it （尤指为促销而）降低…的价格
• Low consumer demand has forced us to mark down a wide range of goods, sometimes by as much as 30%. 低迷的消费需求迫使我们降低了许多商品的价格，有时降幅高达30%。
• Shares in the electricity companies were marked down following the announcement of the new energy tax. 新的能源税颁布后，电力公司的股价　随即纷纷下跌。
RECORD
■to write something on a piece of paper in order to make a record of it 记下，写下
• I've marked down the number of each item sold. 卖出的每件东西的号码我都记下来了。
• Look carefully at these questions and mark your answers down in the right-hand column. 仔细审题，然后在右栏中写下答案。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mark sb down as sth
■to consider someone as a particular type of person 将某人看作，认为（某人）是（某类人）
• I'd marked her down as a Labour Party supporter, but I was completely wrong. 我以为她是工党的支持者，但我完全错了。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mark sth/sb off
■If you mark off things or people that are on a list, you record that you have dealt with them （从表中）勾去，划掉（表示已处理好）
• As I complete each task I mark it off. 我每做完一项工作，就将它划掉。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mark sth off
■to separate an area by putting something around it 划出；隔开
• Police had marked off the area where the body was found. 警方把发现尸体的地方封锁起来。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mark sth out
■to show the shape or position of something by drawing a line around it 画出；画线标出
• He'd marked out a volleyball court on the beach with a stick. 他用棍子在沙滩上画出了一个排球场。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mark sth up mark 1 * to increase the price of something
提高…的价格
• They buy paintings at auctions, mark them up and then resell them at a vast profit to collectors. 他们在拍卖会上购买画作，再加价转手卖给收藏家，赚取高额利润。
• In the days of hyperinflation, we would rush to the market as soon as we were paid and buy our weekly groceries before they were marked up. 在恶性通货膨胀时期，一发工资我们就冲到市场，赶在涨价之前买回一周所需的食品杂货。
• Shares in retail businesses were marked up on the news that consumer spending rose last month. 上个月消费支出上升的消息带动了零售业股价上涨。
sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge
这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是：
sign: 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。
emblem: 指选定象征一个国家、民族或家庭等的图案或实物。
symbol: 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。
token: 语气庄重，指礼品、纪念物等作为表示友谊、爱情等的象征或标志。
attribute: 指人或物及其地位、属性的象征。
mark: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。
signal: 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
badge: 一般指金属证章或写有姓名的带状标志物。
n. 标志；马克；符号；痕迹
 - symbol, sign, seal, flag, trace
vt. 标志；做标记于；打分数
 - signal

Word: green
Vocabulary: green
(once / 65 pages)
1adjnv 2adj 3adj 4adj 5n
Green is a color on the spectrum between blue and yellow, or made by mixing those colors. You might love the brilliant color of the green grass in the spring time.
Green is a color you tend to see everywhere in nature, especially in the summer. Grass, trees, and plants are varying shades of green, and so is the lettuce that's used to make "a green salad." Green also means "unripe" as in a tomato, or "inexperienced," as in someone who's new at a job. In the 16th century, Shakespeare coined the phrase "the green-ey'd monster," and since then green has symbolized jealousy or envy.
WORD FAMILY
green: greened, greener, greenery, greenest, greening, greenish, greenly, greenness, greens+/greenery: greeneries/greening: greenings/greenish: greenisher, greenishly, greenishness/greenness: greennesses/greens: greenses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Q. Why are there brown needles as well as green ones on the average evergreen?
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That means, in effect, that “the cost of being green is zero,” said Bill Brown, the chief executive of Net Power.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Leader Tim Farron is secure in his job, following a year in which Labour, the Conservatives and the Greens all held leadership elections.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: lucky
Front: lucky
[ˈlʌki] (中高研四 2126/2137 -K3)
Vocabulary: lucky
(once / 154 pages)
adj
When you're lucky, things work out well for you — you experience good fortune. If you're feeling lucky, it might be a good day to buy a lottery ticket or guess the number of jelly beans in a jar.
Lucky people seem to have everything going for them, and your lucky charm (like a rabbit's foot or a four-leaf clover) seems to bring that kind of success in your direction. Some lucky things are happy coincidences: "How lucky that I ran into you this morning!" When you're envious of someone else's big break, you can say, "You lucky devil." Lucky and luck come from the Middle Dutch gheluc, "good fortune."
WORD FAMILY
lucky: luckier, luckiest, luckily, luckiness, unlucky+/ luck: luckless, lucks, lucky /luckless: lucklessly/unlucky: unluckily
USAGE EXAMPLES
How long until Islamic State gets lucky in Asia?
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Michael absorbed the key lesson: The happiest people are the ones who believe they are lucky, rather than entitled or owed their success.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
All this amounts to billions of pounds available to claim - and claim legitimately - without the need for a lucky lottery win.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 运气好的，侥幸的; 兆头好的，吉祥的; 〈俚〉难得; 很恰当的
级别：luckier, luckiest
分布：幸运的(98%)，带来好运的(2%)
a.幸运的,侥幸的The lucky duck tucked in truck suddenly sucked the gas from the bucket.塞在卡车里的幸运鸭子突然从桶里吸汽油.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■having good things happen to you by chance 幸运的，走运的，运气好的
• "I'm going on holiday." "Lucky you!" “我要去渡假了。”“你运气真好！”
• The lucky winner will be able to choose from three different holidays. 幸运的获胜者可以从三种不同的假日方案中选择一种。
• [+ to infinitive] They're lucky to have such a nice office to work in. 他们能在这么好的办公室里工作真走运。
• He's lucky that he wasn't fired. 他很幸运，没有被解雇。
• It sounds as if you had a lucky escape (= by good chance you were able to avoid something dangerous or unpleasant). 听起来好像你是侥幸逃脱啊。
• We'll be lucky if we get there by midnight at this rate (= We might get there by midnight or it might be later). 按照这样的速度，我们能在午夜前到达就算幸运了。
['lʌk.i] adjective
get lucky informal
■to meet someone you can have a sexual or romantic relationship with 遇到意中人，交桃花运
• Why don't you come to the party? You never know, you might get lucky. 你为甚么不来参加派对？你怎知你不会交桃花运呢。
['lʌk.i] adjective
You 'll be lucky! (also You should be so lucky!) UK informal
■said in order to tell someone that it is very unlikely that they will get what they want （用于告诉某人其几乎不可能如愿）但愿你走运！
• "She's going to ask for a salary increase." "She'll be lucky!" “她打算要求加薪。”“但愿她走运吧！”
favourable, lucky, happy, fortunate
这组词都有“有利的，好运的，顺利的”的意思，其区别是：
favourable: 普通用词，指预示从良好的结果中能得到明显好处，有利于达到目的。
lucky: 多指偶然机遇中的有利或幸运情况。
happy: 侧重指不是通过某种机会，而是凭借鉴另和选择手段而得到利益与好处。有时也指偶然得到的好处，但强调的是有利的结果。
fortunate: 指目前已存在的成功或有利情况，或指因好运或机会带来的成功和喜悦。
adj. 幸运的；侥幸的
 - fortunate, providential

Word: drag
Front: drag
[dræg] (高研四六托 2127/2538 -K3)
Vocabulary: drag
(once / 114 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4vn 5v 6v 7v 8n
To drag something means to physically pull it, like when you drag your sofa to the other side of the living room in order to get a better view of the TV.
Drag can also mean to prolong something. In this case, drag is often followed by the words "out" or "on." You could describe a class that drags on for hours, or try to drag out your homework to get out of doing the dishes. You can also drag someone unwillingly into a discussion or other situation. Anything that's boring and tedious can also be called a drag — like lunches with your great aunt Martha or cleaning the bathroom.
WORD FAMILY
drag: dragged, dragger, dragging, drags+/dragger: draggers/dragging: draggingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
After dragging my then girlfriend around at least 10 NYC Nike stores I eventually found them.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
As Gulmen tried to open the banner, police arrested her, dragging her and the other protesters away as a crowd silently watched.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was quite possibly the most wonderful drag of my life.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 拖拽; 吃力地往前拉; 拖地而行
vi. 沿地面拖动; 落后; 缓慢前进; 打捞
n. 拖，拉; 累赘; 阻力
时态：dragged, dragging, drags
分布：拖(73%)，阻力(14%)，拉(11%)，累赘(1%)，扯进(1%)
→来自dhragh, 拉，词源同draw, tractor.
v.拖,拖曳The ragged man drags a waggon of rag fragments.那个衣衫褴褛的人拉着一货车破布碎片.
verb (-gg-)
PULL 拉
 IMPROVER transitive
■to move something by pulling it along a surface, usually the ground 拖，拉，拽，牵引
• Pick the chair up instead of dragging it behind you! 把椅子拿起来，不要在地上拖！
• She dragged the canoe down to the water. 她把独木舟拉到水边。
 ADVANCED transitive + adverb or preposition
■to make someone go somewhere they do not want to go 硬拖，硬拉，硬拽
• She had to drag her child away from the toy shop. 她不得不把孩子从玩具店硬拉出来。
• I really had to drag myself out of bed this morning. 今天早上我真是硬撑着从床上爬了起来。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to move something on a computer screen using a mouse (DEVICE) （用滑鼠）拖动
transitive
■If you drag a subject into a conversation, etc., you begin to talk about it even if it is not connected with what you are talking about 插入（话题），把…扯进（谈话中）
• She's always dragging sex into the conversation. 她总把性扯到谈话中来。
transitive
■to pull nets or hooks (= curved wires) along the bottom of a river or lake in order to find something 用拖网在…中打捞
• They found the man's body after dragging the canal. 他们用拖网从运河里捞出了那个人的尸体。
drag and drop
■If you drag and drop something on a computer screen, you move it from one area to another using the mouse (DEVICE). （在电脑萤幕上）用滑鼠拖曳
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
BORING 单调的
intransitive
■If something such as a film or performance drags, it seems to go slowly because it is boring （电影或表演等）枯燥；拖拖拉拉
• The first half of the film was interesting but the second half dragged (on). 电影的上半部很有趣，但下半部却拖拖拉拉。
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
drag your heels/feet
■to do something slowly because you do not want to do it 拖拖拉拉地做，磨磨蹭蹭地干
• I suspect the government is dragging its heels over this issue. 我怀疑政府在这个问题上拖延时间。
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
drag sb's name through the mire / mud
■to damage someone's reputation by saying extremely insulting things about them 对某人泼脏水，败坏某人的名声
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drag sb away informal
■to make someone leave a place or stop doing what they are doing so that they can go somewhere else or do something else 拉走某人（去干别的事情）
• I'm ready to go home now but I don't want to drag you away if you're enjoying yourself. 我要回家了，但如果你玩得正高兴，我并不想硬把你拉走。
• I'll bring Tom, if I can drag him away from the football. 如果我能把汤姆从足球场上拉出来，我就带他来。
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drag sb down UK
■If an unpleasant situation drags someone down, it makes them feel unhappy or ill 使不愉快；击垮，压垮
• All that stress at work had begun to drag him down. 工作上那么大的压力快要把他压垮了。
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drag sb into sth
■to force someone to become involved in an unpleasant or difficult situation 硬让某人卷入（不愉快或困难局面）
• Don't drag me into your argument! It's nothing to do with me. 别把我扯入你们的争论！这和我没有任何关系。
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drag sth out
■to cause an event to continue for more time than is necessary or convenient 拖延
• I don't want to drag this meeting out too long, so could we run through the main points quickly? 此次会议我不想拖延太久，所以我们赶快把主要议题都说一遍好吗？
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drag sth out of sb
■to force someone to say something, especially when they do not want to 硬逼某人说出
• You never tell me how you feel - I always have to drag it out of you. 你从来都不告诉我你的感受——总得让我逼着你说出来。
[dræg] noun
BORING 单调的
only singular slang
■something which is not convenient and is boring or unpleasant 麻烦；苦差事；讨厌的事
• Filling in forms is such a drag! 填写这些表格真麻烦！
• I've got to go to the dentist's again - what a drag! 我还得去看牙医——真麻烦！
[dræg] noun
SUCK 吸
countable slang
■the action of taking in air through a cigarette 吸一口（烟）
• Taking a deep drag of/on his cigarette he closed his eyes and sighed. 他深深地吸了一口烟，闭上眼睛叹了口气。
[dræg] noun
CLOTHES 衣服
uncountable informal
■(especially of a man) dressing in clothes of the opposite sex, often for humorous entertainment （尤指男人为达到滑稽娱乐效果而）穿戴异性服装
• a man in drag 一身女人打扮的男人
[dræg] noun
PULL 拉力
[S or U] specialized
■the force that acts against the forward movement of something which is passing through a gas or a liquid 空气阻力；液体阻力
• Engineers are always looking for ways to minimize drag when they design new aircraft. 工程师们设计新型飞机时一直寻找在最大程度上降低空气阻力的方法。
[dræg] noun
be a drag on sb/sth informal
■to slow down or limit the development of someone or something 拖累，成为…的累赘
• She didn't want a husband who would be a drag on her career. 她不想要一个拖累她事业的丈夫。
draw, jerk, tow, pull, drag, haul, tug
这组词都有“拖、拉”的意思，其区别是：
draw: 指将人或物朝出力者的方向拖，不涉及力的大小，含平稳意味，常作借喻用。
jerk: 指快而突然地拉。
tow: 特指用绳子或链条等拖或拉本身无动力或无法使用自身动力的东西。
pull: 最普通用词，包含本组其它各词的一些意思，可指朝各个方向拉，侧重一时或突然拉动的动作。
drag: 指沿斜坡而上或水平方向缓慢地拖或拉十分沉重的人或物。作借喻时可指把人硬拉扯过来。
haul: 指用力拖或拉，不涉及方向，多作航海用词。
tug: 多指一阵阵地用力拖或拉，但不一定使被拉的人或物移动。
vt. 拖累；拖拉；缓慢而吃力地行进
 - cumber with, ball and chain
vi. 拖曳；缓慢而吃力地行进
 - daggle
n. 拖；拖累
 - pull, tow

Word: airline
Front: airline
[ˈeəlaɪn] (中高研四 2128/3554 -4)
Vocabulary: airline
(once / 387 pages)
1n 2n
An airline is a company that owns and operates a fleet of planes. You might pick an airline for your trip to Hawaii based on who sells the least expensive tickets.
The airline is the business that maintains airplanes for commercial and business travel. Some people have a strong preference for one airline over another — you may enjoy flying with the airline that provides homemade cookies to its passengers, for example. Baggage handlers, flight attendants, and pilots all work for an airline. The original, 1813 meaning of airline was quite different: "a straight line between two points on the earth's surface."
WORD FAMILY
airline: airliner, airlines+/airliner: airliners
USAGE EXAMPLES
The aircraft was operated by Sunwing Airlines, a low-cost carrier based in Toronto.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The statement says once at the gate, an employee of the airline’s ground handling vendor was found in the cargo area.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Otherwise, the airline systems will automatically book the passenger on the next available flight on the original route.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 航线; 航空公司
分布：航空公司(89%)，航线(11%)
n.(飞机)航线a.(飞机)航线的The draft for aircraft is sent to the airline by airmail.订购航空器的汇票用航空邮件寄给了航空公司.
US ['er-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a business that operates regular services for carrying passengers and/or goods by aircraft 航空公司
• What airline did you fly? 你乘坐哪家航空公司的飞机？
n. 航空公司； [航] 航线
 - vector, lane, airways

Word: library
Front: library
[ˈlaɪbrəri] (中高雅 2129/967 -K3)
Vocabulary: library
(once / 99 pages)
n
A library is a place where collections of books are kept. If you ever want a reminder of how very much there is to learn in this world, pay a visit to your local library.
The noun library, meaning, “a room or building where books are housed,” comes from the Latin librarium “chest for books.” That, in turn, evolved from the Latin liber, a word meaning “book, paper, parchment,” and, more literally, “the inner bark of trees.” The writer Jorge Luis Borges said, “I have always imagined that Paradise will be a kind of library.” What would your vision of paradise look like?
WORD FAMILY
library: librarian, libraries+/ librarian: librarians, librarianship/librarianship: librarianships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ted Turner bought the film library, which left the studio grounds and all its holdings, including props, costumes, scripts and ephemera.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
One of the most common, especially in rural areas, is as a lending library or book exchange.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The fictional character was concocted by two employees at the library, complete with a false address and driver’s license number.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 图书馆，藏书楼; 藏书; 书屋，书斋; 图书出租处
分布：图书馆(93%)，藏书(6%)，书房(1%)
→来自拉丁语liber,树皮，纸张，书，来自leub,剥皮，撕开，词源同leaf,-ary,地点后缀。由树皮引申词义书写材料，纸张，书。词义演变比较book,paper.
图书馆(libr+ary表地方,如sanctuary圣堂,避难所)[lidr=book,表示"书"]
图书馆(libr书+ary)[-ary 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,场所,物"]
n.图书馆;藏书室;藏书,丛书,文库In the library, arbitrary the librarian wrote the auxiliary diary about military literature.在图书馆,武断的图书管理员写下了有关军事文学的辅助日记.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a building, room or organization which has a collection, especially of books, for people to read or borrow usually without payment 图书馆；阅览室
• a public/university library 公共／大学图书馆
• a record library 唱片出借处
• a library book 图书馆藏书
■a collection or set of books, records or other things, all produced in the same style or about the same subject 文库；丛书；唱片集
• the Penguin Shakespeare Library 企鹅莎士比亚文库
n. 图书馆， [图情] 藏书室；文库
 - athenaeum, bibliotheca

Word: agenda
Front: agenda
[əˈdʒendə] (高研托雅宝 2130/3026 -3)
Vocabulary: agenda
(once / 1063 pages)
n
An agenda is a list of things to do. If you're going to attend a meeting with a long agenda, you'll want to take your coffee mug along.
The word agenda is the plural for of the Latin word agendum, which literally means "something to be done." The noun retains this meaning because an agenda is a plan — organized by time — of events or things to do. You might have a meeting, a lunch date, and a doctor's appointment on your agenda for the day. And when you run for office, you better have a political agenda — or a plan for what you want to get done if elected.
WORD FAMILY
agenda: agendas
USAGE EXAMPLES
Arguably more important than the legislative agenda for gun rights groups is Mr. Trump’s choice to fill the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, there were a number of agendas, the St. Paul Democrat told us.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But questions remain about Gov. Nathan Deal’s education agenda and how a new presidential administration will affect this year’s legislative session.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 议事日程; 待议诸事项一览表; 日常工作事项; 议程（ agendum的名词复数）
分布：议事日程(100%)
议事日程(ag+enda表示复数→做的事情→议程)[ag=do,act,表示"做,代理做"]
n.议事日程,记事册The mender recommends me to amend the legend agenda.修理工建议劝告我修改传奇议程.
【记】ag做，end结局，a表示名词复数－为了完美的结局而做－议程，就是为了使会议顺利进行而作的安排。
【参】agility（n 灵活；敏捷）；agitate（v 鼓动）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a list of matters to be discussed at a meeting 议事日程；（会议的）议程
• There were several important items on the agenda. 会议议程中有几项重要的议题。
• The question of security is high on the agenda for this afternoon's meeting. 今天下午的议程中，安全问题是首要议题。
■a list of aims or possible future achievements （待办的）事项
• Women's rights have been put back on the agenda (= are being discussed publicly again). 妇女权益的问题再次得到广泛关注。
• The subject of safety must be placed high on/at the top of the agenda (= must be discussed because it is very important). 必须首先考虑安全问题。
• Education was placed firmly on the political agenda in the Prime Minister's weekend speech. 在首相的周末演讲中，教育问题明确地被形容为当务之急。
[ə'dʒen.də] noun countable
set the agenda
■to decide what subjects other people should discuss and deal with 制定议事日程

Word: recover
Front: recover
[rɪˈkʌvə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2131/1804 -K3)
Vocabulary: recover
(once / 66 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
To recover something is to get it back. After you lose your watch, you might recover it from the wastebasket.
The re- in recover is a clue that this word has "again" as part of its meaning. We can only recover things that we had before. Often, this word applies to health. Someone who is sick needs to recover — when they're totally recovered, they're all better. If the stock market crashes, it needs to recover — this happens when the market is healthier and money is flowing again. It's good to recover, but it means something bad happened in the first place.
WORD FAMILY
recover: recoverable, recovered, recoverer, recovering, recovers, recovery +/ cover: coverage, covered, covering, coverlet, covers, recover, uncover, undercover/ coverage: coverages/covering: coverings, uncovering/coverlet: coverlets/irrecoverable: irrecoverably/ recoverable: irrecoverable, recoverably, unrecoverable/recoverer: recoverers/ recovery: recoveries/uncover: uncovered, uncovers/uncovering: uncoverings/unrecoverable: unrecoverably
USAGE EXAMPLES
A second man was found wounded and is recovering at a hospital.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
With Wilson Ramos in free agency, and recovering from knee surgery, a catcher is a need.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
When the Americans recovered a bloody blanket outside one house, the woman who lived there pleaded ignorance.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 恢复; 重新获得; 找回; <正>恢复（适当的状态或位置）
vi. 恢复健康（体力、能力等）
n. 恢复开始时姿势
时态：recovered, recovering, recovers
分布：恢复(89%)，复原(10%)，重获(1%)
→来自古法语 recovrer,回来，恢复，来自拉丁语 recuperare,恢复，重新获取，来自 re-,再，重 新，-cup,抓住，得到，词源同 capable,have,recuperate.该词与 re-cover 为不同词源。
v.收回;(from)恢复,痊愈;重新获得In the discussion I discovered that the lost cover was recovered.在讨论中我发现盖子失而复得.
US [-ɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to get back something lost, especially health, ability, possessions, etc （尤指健康、能力、所有物等）失而复得，重新得到，追回，收复，寻回
• It took her a long while to recover (= become completely well again) from/after her heart operation. 她心脏动手术后很长时间身体才复原。
• He never really recovered from the shock of his wife dying (= He was never happy after his wife died). 他再也没有从丧妻之痛中真正恢复过来。
• She went into a coma and died without recovering consciousness. 她陷入昏迷后再也没有醒过来。
• [R] She was astonished to see me, but she soon recovered her composure/her self (= soon gave the appearance of being calm). 她见到我很震惊，但很快就镇定了下来。
• It took a long time for the economy to recover (= improve) after the slump. 经济萧条期过后，这间公司花了很长时间才恢复元气。
• Police only recover (= get back) a very small percentage of stolen goods. 警方只追回了被盗货物的一小部分。
• The initial outlay of setting up a company is considerable and it takes a while to recover those costs (= get back what you have spent). 创建新公司的初始费用非常巨大，要过很长时间才能收回那些成本。
regain, restore, reclaim, recover
这组词都有“重新获得，重新找到，恢复”的意思，其区别是：
regain: 着重指通过努力使失去的东西复得。
restore: 指建筑物、工艺品恢复原状，也指健康、能力等的恢复。
reclaim: 主要指回收或利用废物。
recover: 普通用词，含义广，可泛指收回去的物质的或精神的东西，也指无意中找到失物。
vt. 恢复；弥补；重新获得
 - restore, repair, offset, resume
vi. 恢复；胜诉；重新得球
 - restore, unsave

Word: factory
Front: factory
[ˈfæktri] (中高雅 2132/1505 -K4)
Vocabulary: factory
(once / 201 pages)
n
A factory is a big building in which products are made, like Willie Wonka's fictional Chocolate Factory, which was famous for producing (among other sweets and treats) the one-of-a-kind Everlasting Gobstopper.
Early relatives of the word factory were in use as far back as the 1500s, long before the Industrial Revolution made the modern idea of a factory a reality. Of course, a big building with many different types of machinery inside it isn't the only definition of a factory. A successful pop group that scores several number one songs in a row could be called "a hit factory."
WORD FAMILY
factory: factories
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, overall spending on building new factories or upgrading aging equipment languished.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
On Sunday, 25 cities in China issued “red alerts” for smog, which triggers orders to close factories, schools and construction sites.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She devoted herself to her job at the Brinkmann cigarette factory.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 工厂，制造厂; <古>代理店
分布：工厂(97%)，制造厂(3%)
→来自词根fact, 做，词源同fact,effect. -ory, 地点后缀。
工厂(fact做)[-ory 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词,指场所等]
n.工厂The sour vapour pours into the flourishing flour factory. It's the source of resources.酸蒸汽涌进兴旺的面粉厂.这是资源的源泉.
US [-tɚ.i] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a building or set of buildings where large amounts of goods are made using machines 工厂
• a car/shoe/textile factory 汽车／制鞋／纺织厂
• a factory worker/manager 工厂工人／经理
plant, mill, factory, works
这组词都有“工厂”的意思，其区别是：
plant: 多指电力或机械制造方面的工厂。
mill: 原义指粮食加工厂。现多指轻工业类的工厂。
factory: 最普通用词，可泛指任何制造产品的地方。
works: 多指钢铁等重工业方面的工厂，也指一些特定的厂。
n. [工经] 工厂；制造厂；代理店
 - plant, mill, work, manufactory

Word: selection
Front: selection
[sɪˈlekʃn] (研四六托雅 2133/1511 -K3)
Vocabulary: selection
(once / 227 pages)
n
Selection is all about choosing. Think about a salad bar: you can make a selection from among several choices, with croutons always being a popular selection.
Inside selection is the word select, "to choose." Selection means the act of choosing, the thing chosen, or the offerings to be chosen from among. Selection can also mean a passage excerpted (or selected) from a longer text. Church services often involve reading a day's selection from the Bible.
WORD FAMILY
selection: selections+/ select: selected, selectest, selecting, selection, selective, selectly, selector, selects/ selected: unselected/ selective: selectively, selectivity, unselective/selector: selectors/unselective: unselectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Donald, a Pro Bowl selection in each of his first three seasons, finished with eight sacks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
District Court in Boston, with jury selection expected to get underway Friday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the Fiesta Bowl, he tore knee ligaments and dropped to a second-round selection by the Dallas Cowboys.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 选择; 被选中者; 可供选择的事物
分布：选择(89%)，挑选(10%)，挑选出来的人或事(1%)
→select,选择，-ion,名词后缀。
选择,精选(select++ion)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
n.选择,挑选;选集,精选物In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when someone or something is chosen 选择；挑选
• the selection process 挑选过程
• Success is achieved by the careful selection of projects. 成功是靠仔细慎选计划而取得的。
• The coach made her selection (= chose who she wanted) for the team. 教练为球队挑选了她的意中人选。
 IMPROVER countable
■a choice, range, or different types of something 可供挑选的东西
• Most schools would have a good selection of these books in their libraries. 大多数学校的图书馆都有许多这样的书供选择。
• The larger shops are able to stock a wider selection of goods. 大一点的商店可供挑选的产品种类会更多。
countable
■a person or thing which has been or will be chosen 被选中的东西（或人）；入选者
• Their music was a mix of old stuff and selections from the new album. 他们的音乐是老歌与新唱片选曲的一种混合。
election, preference, choice, alternative, selection, option
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
election: 强调目的和达到目的判断能力。
preference: 侧重因偏见、爱好或判断等而进行选择。
choice: 侧重指自由选择的权利或特权。
alternative: 指在相互排斥的两者之间作严格的选择，也可指在两者以上中进行选择。
selection: 指作广泛的选择，着重选择者的识别力或鉴赏力。
option: 着重特别给予的选择权利或权力，所选物常常相互排斥。
n. 选择，挑选；选集；精选品
 - chose, choice, pick

Word: primarily
Front: primarily
[praɪˈmerəli] (四六 2134/2673 -K2)
Vocabulary: primarily
(once / 610 pages)
adv
Primarily means "for the most part." If in the summer, you primarily work at a restaurant, this is the thing you do most, though you also might hang out with friends, exercise, and read books.
You can use the adverb primarily any time you'd use the word "mainly" — today, many people rely primarily on the Internet to get their news. This doesn't mean they never read newspapers or watch television news, but most of the time, they learn about current events online. The Latin root of primarily is primus, which means first — most important, most likely, or what you choose before anything else.
WORD FAMILY
primary: primaries, primarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The arguments against combining medical and dental benefits, whether valid or otherwise, are primarily financial.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Jason Klenklen, supervisor of transmission maintenance, says the drones currently are used primarily in rural areas to inspect transmission lines.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“There is so much political pressure - primarily from the left - not to get an agreement,” he said in a phone interview.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 首先; 首要地，主要地; 根本上; 本来
分布：主要地(80%)，起初地(20%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■mainly 主要地
• We're primarily concerned with keeping expenditure down. 我们主要关心的是缩减开支。
• Soccer is primarily a winter game. 英式足球基本上是一项冬季运动。
principally, mainly, generally, largely, chiefly, primarily, mostly, greatly
这组词都有“主要地，大量地”的意思，其区别是：
principally: 侧重居首要地位。
mainly: 指主要部分，突出在一系列事物中的相对重要性。
generally: 通常强调普遍性。
largely: 着重范围或分量大大超过别的成分。
chiefly: 侧重某人或某物在众多的人或物中占主要和显著地位。
primarily: 侧重基本地，首要地。
mostly: 强调数量占多半，近乎全部。
greatly: 通常强调程度的高。
adv. 首先；主要地，根本上
 - firstly, basically, mainly, mostly, largely

Word: roof
Front: roof
[ru:f] (高研四六托 2135/1879 -K3)
Back: n. 屋顶，房屋; 最高部，顶部; 最高限度; 口腔顶部
vt. 给…盖顶; 覆盖; 保护，庇护
时态：roofed, roofing, roofs
分布：顶(56%)，屋顶(42%)，覆盖(1%)，给 ... 覆以屋顶(1%)
→来自古英语 hrof,屋顶，天花板，天空。
n.屋顶,顶It's proved that the approver improved waterproof roof.经证实,赞同者改善了防水屋顶.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the covering that forms the top of a building, vehicle, etc 屋顶；车顶；顶部；盖
• The house has a sloping/flat/tiled/thatched/etc. roof. 这间房子是斜顶／平顶／瓦顶／茅草等屋顶。
• Put the luggage on the roof of the car. 把行李放在车顶上。
• The roof (= upper surface) of the cave is 50 metres up. 洞顶距地面有50米高。
• This cake is so dry that it sticks to the roof of your mouth (= upper surface of the mouth). 这蛋糕很干，吃的时候会粘在上颚上。
[ru:f] noun countable
go through the roof
■to rise to a very high level 飞涨；激增
• Prices have gone through the roof. 物价飞涨。
(also hit the roof) informal
■to get very angry 火冒三丈，暴跳如雷
• When I was expelled from school, my parents went through the roof. 我被学校开除后，我父母气得暴跳如雷。
[ru:f] noun countable
raise the roof
■to play/sing very loudly and enthusiastically 高声喧闹；纵声欢唱；闹翻天
• With their last, triumphant piece, the musicians raised the roof. 在演奏最后一支欢快振奋的曲子时，音乐家们愈加奔放，激情四射。
[ru:f] noun countable
a roof over your head
■a place to live 住处；栖身之处
• She gave him enough money to get a roof over his head. 她给他的钱足够他找个住处了。
[ru:f] noun countable
under the same roof
■in the same building 在同一屋檐下；在同一座房屋里
• I refuse to live under the same roof as that man. 我拒绝和那个讨厌的男人住在同一屋檐下。
[ru:f] verb transitive often passive
■to put a roof on a building 给（建筑物）盖屋顶；给（建筑物）装屋顶
[ru:f] verb transitive often passive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] roof sth in/over
■to put a roof over a place or area 加顶于；给…装盖顶
• The council has decided to roof over the open-air swimming pool. 政务委员会决定给露天游泳池装上顶盖。
n. [建] 屋顶；最高处，顶部；最高限度
 - top, housetop
vt. 给…盖屋顶，覆盖
 - invest, house, sheet, cap

Word: unable
Front: unable
[ʌnˈeɪbl] (高四六 2136/1474 -K3)
Back: adj. 不能的，不会的; 无能力的，不熟练的; 不能胜任的; 〈罕，诗〉弱，无力的
分布：不会的(50%)，不能的(50%)
→un-, 不，非，able, 能够的。
adjective
be unable to do sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to not be able to do something 不能做，无法做
• We were unable to contact him at the time. 我们当时无法和他取得联系。
adj. 不会的，不能的； [劳经] 无能力的；不能胜任的
 - incapable, powerless

Word: expense
Front: expense
[ɪkˈspens] (高研四 2137/1919 -K3)
Vocabulary: expense
(once / 111 pages)
nv
An expense is a cost, but you can also use this word to mean the figurative cost of something. If you find it embarrassing to dress up as Santa, you might say that you do it to amuse your nephews, at the expense of your pride.
When you give one thing up in order to get something else, its cost or sacrifice is the expense of getting what you want. You might worry that politicians want to cut taxes at the expense of schools that need money, or that oil companies increase drilling at the expense of the environment. The root of expense the Latin expendere, "to weigh out money or pay down."
WORD FAMILY
expense: expensed, expenses, expensing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The federal government and private insurers are rewarding health care providers that work together to coordinate care and avoid unnecessary expenses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Shapira reprimanded the prime minister again that same year, saying living and hospitality expenses for both his official residence and private home were exorbitant.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“Today’s biggest expense is not hardware but software,” says Mr. Leonard.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 费用; 花费的钱; 消耗; 花钱的东西
vt. 向…收取费用; 把…作为开支勾销
分布：费用(63%)，代价(19%)，花费(18%)
→来自expend, 花费。
n.花费,消费,消耗The immense expense in condensing the steam made me tense.凝结蒸汽的巨大开支使我感到紧张.
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when you spend or use money, time or effort 花钱；支付；耗费
• Buying a bigger car has proved to be well worth the expense. 事实证明，买辆大一点的车还是值得的。
• We've just had a new garage built at great expense. 我们刚用了很多钱盖一座新车库。
• We went on holiday at my father's expense (= he paid for it). 我们去度了假，一切费用由我父亲支付。
• It's silly to go to the expense of (= spend money on) buying new clothes when you don't really need them. 花钱去买你并不真正需要的新衣服是很傻的。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something which causes you to spend money 花钱的东西（或缘由）；开销
• Our biggest expense this year was our summer holiday. 我们今年最大的开支就是暑期渡假。
• We need to cut down on our expenses. 我们必须缩减开支。
expenses [plural]
■money that you spend when you are doing your job, that your employer will pay back to you （向雇主报销的）业务费用，开支，花销
• I need to get my expenses approved. 我要去办核销手续。
• UK Don't worry about the cost of lunch - it's on expenses. 不要担心午餐用多少钱——这是可以报销的。
[ɪk'spents] noun
all expenses paid
■If something is all expenses paid, it means that you do not have to pay for anything yourself 一切费用已付的；别人支付的；免费的
• She's going on a trip to New York, all expenses paid. 她将要去纽约旅行——免费的。
• an all expenses paid trip to New York 免费去纽约旅行
[ɪk'spents] noun
at the expense of sb (also at sb's expense)
■making another person look silly 捉弄（某人），戏弄（某人）；拿（某人）开心
• Would you stop making jokes at my expense? 你不要再戏弄我了，好不好？
[ɪk'spents] noun
blow/hang the expense UK informal
■used for saying that you want something so much that you do not care how much it costs 不用理会用多少钱，不在乎用多少钱
• I'm going to book a holiday. Blow the expense! 我要预约渡假。才不管会用多少钱呢！
[ɪk'spents] noun
no expense is spared
■If no expense is spared in arranging something, a lot of money is spent to make it extremely good 不惜重金；不惜代价
• No expense was spared in making the guests feel comfortable. 为了使客人住得舒适不惜重金。
fee, expense, price, charge, fare, cost
这组词都有“价格，费用”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指上学、求医以及找律师等付的费用，还可指会费、借书费等。
expense: 常指实际支付的费用总数额，有时也指钱的花费。
price: 指商品在市场出售的价格，尤指卖方对商品所提出的单价。比喻意义指付出的代价。
charge: 指提供服务时索取的费用，也指货物的价格、价钱。
fare: 侧重指旅行时所付的车、船费等费用。
cost: 指生产某东西的成本，也泛指商品的价格，可与price换用。
n. 损失，代价；消费；开支
 - consumption, losing, price, cost, disadvantage

Word: initiative
Front: initiative
[ɪˈnɪʃətɪv] (研四六雅宝 2138/1688 -K3)
Vocabulary: initiative
(once / 535 pages)
nadj
Initiative is all about taking charge. An initiative is the first in a series of actions. Initiative can also mean a personal quality that shows a willingness to get things done and take responsibility.
An initiative is the start of something, with the hope that it will continue. Government and business start initiatives all the time. You can also talk about initiative as a personal quality. A person with initiative is motivated to do things. If you take the initiative, you're willing to get things done on your own. Taking initiative can be risky: If you do something on your own initiative, then there's nobody you can blame if it goes wrong.
WORD FAMILY
initiative: initiatives+/ initiate: initiated, initiates, initiating, initiation, initiative, initiator, initiatory, uninitiate/initiated: uninitiated/ initiation: initiations/ initiator: initiators/uninitiate: uninitiates
USAGE EXAMPLES
Governors typically use the speech to outline their priorities and introduce new programs and initiatives, sending ripples cascading across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Despite the increase in the gasoline tax, lots of catching up is necessary for transportation initiatives.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Under the initiative, transactions are subject to federal screenings through the FBI-run National Instant Criminal Background Check System.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 主动性; 主动精神; 倡议; 主动权
adj. 自发的; 创始的; 初步的
分布：主动权(33%)，倡议(27%)，首创精神(14%)，项目(13%)，自发的(8%)，第一步(5%)
→来自initiate,开始，启动。引申词义倡议，主动性。
起步的n.原动力(initiate开始+ive)[it=go,表示"行走"]
a.创始的,起始的n.第一步,创始,主动精神I took the initiative in blood donation.我带头献血.
US [-tˌɪv] noun
NEW ACTION 新措施
 IMPROVER countable
■a new action or movement, often intended to solve a problem 倡议；新措施
• The peace initiative was welcomed by both sides. 和平倡议受到了双方的欢迎。
UK [ɪ'nɪʃ.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] noun
JUDGMENT 判断
uncountable
■the ability to use your judgment to make decisions and do things without needing to be told what to do 主动性；自主决断行事的能力
• Although she was quite young, she showed a lot of initiative and was promoted to manager after a year. 她虽然很年轻，但工作积极主动，一年后就获提拔为经理。
• I shouldn't always have to tell you what to do, use your initiative (= use your own judgment to decide what to do) ! 不能总让我告诉你该做甚么，你应该有自己的判断！
on your own initiative
■If you do something on your own initiative, you plan it and decide to do it yourself without anyone telling you what to do. 主动地
UK [ɪ'nɪʃ.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] noun
ADVANTAGE 优势
the initiative only singular
■the power or opportunity to win an advantage 主动权
• to seize/take/lose the initiative 掌握／采取／失去主动权
n. 主动权；首创精神
 - pioneering spirit
adj. 主动的；自发的；起始的
 - autonomous, active, spontaneous

Word: diet
Front: diet
[ˈdaɪət] (高研四六托雅 2139/1964 -K4)
Vocabulary: diet
(once / 288 pages)
1nv 2n
Diet means the usual food and drink consumed by a person or animal. A healthy diet for your pet is not the same as your diet, so you shouldn't feed your dog all your table scraps.
If you limit the number of calories you eat in order to lose weight, or restrict certain foods for your health, you can also call this a diet. If you want to lose 10 pounds by summer, you might have to go on a diet. In certain countries, the word diet, though pronounced the same, has a non-food related meaning: the diet is the legislative branch of the government in countries like Japan.
WORD FAMILY
diet: dietary, dieted, dieter, dietetic, dietetical, dietician, dieting, dietitian, diets+/dietary: dietaries/dieter: dieters/dietetic: dietetically/ dietician: dieticians/dietitian: dietitians
USAGE EXAMPLES
The same men also donated pads after wearing them on a garlic-free diet.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Their diet mainly consists of bread, rice and tea.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After our conversation, Mom put me on a diet.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 日常饮食; 规定饮食
vt. & vi. （使）节制饮食
vi. 节食; 进规定饮食
时态：dieted, dieting, diets
分布：节食(85%)，规定饮食(10%)，喂食(3%)，照规定饮食(1%)，日常食物(1%)
→来自拉丁语dieta, 一日的工作，饮食，作息。
n.饮食,食物The lying liar lied to the dying diet maker that the tie was dyed blue.躺着的说谎者对临死的食疗制作者谎称带子染成了兰色.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the food and drink usually eaten or drunk by a person or group （日常）饮食
• Diet varies between different countries in the world. 世界各国的饮食各不相同。
• a healthy/balanced/varied diet 健康／均衡／多样化的饮食
• Rice is the staple diet (= most important food) of many people in China. 在中国大米是很多人的主食。
• The children seem to exist on a diet of burgers and chips. 孩子们好像离不开汉堡包和炸薯条。
 IMPROVER countable
■when someone eats less food, or only particular types of food, because they want to become thinner or for medical reasons 节食，限制饮食
• I'm going on a diet next week and hope to lose two kilos before Christmas. 下周我要节食，希望在圣诞节之前能减掉两公斤。
• a crash/strict/calorie-controlled diet 突击／严格／控制热量的节食
• The doctor put me on a low-salt diet to reduce my blood pressure. 为了降低血压，医生规定我要低盐饮食。
only singular
■a particular type of thing that you experience or do regularly, or a limited range of activities 程式，套路；有限的几种活动
• He was brought up on a diet of political propaganda from birth. 他一出生就开始接受老一套的政治宣传。
• The TV only offers a diet of comedies and old movies every evening. 每天晚上电视播放的都是有限的几部喜剧片和老电影。
['daɪ.ət] adjective [before noun]
■describes food or drink that contains much less sugar or fat than the usual type, and is often sweetened artificially （食物或饮品）健康的，低脂的，低糖的
• diet cola 健怡可乐
['daɪ.ət] verb intransitive
■to limit the food and/or drink which you take, especially in order to lose weight （尤指为减肥而）节食，控制饮食
• You should be able to reduce your weight by careful dieting. 透过小心控制饮食你应该可以减轻体重。
provisions, diet, food
这组词都有“食物”的意思，其区别是：
provisions: 指即时应用或储藏备用的食物或粮食。
diet: 指规定的或惯常的食物，尤指维持健康的定量或定质食物，也指疗养时规定的食物。
food: 普通常用词，泛指一切能充饥和补充人或动物身体消耗的食物。
n. [食品] 饮食；食物； [医] 规定饮食
 - eating, food and drink

Word: arrest
Front: arrest
[əˈrest] (高研四六托宝 2140/2134 -K4)
Vocabulary: arrest
(once / 95 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
To arrest someone is to put them in custody for breaking the law. If you face arrest, your criminal activities will be "at rest" because you'll be behind bars, or in jail.
Arrest is both a noun and a verb. When you place a person "under arrest," you take them into custody and hold them so they can’t continue breaking the law. A police officer or other agent of the law will arrest a person often by physically taking them away. In addition to the legal meaning, arrest means "stop." To arrest motion is to stop a person or thing from moving.
WORD FAMILY
arrest: arrested, arrester, arresting, arrests+/arrester: arresters/ arresting: arrestingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Chung is being held in Denmark after police there arrested her on Sunday in the northern city of Aalborg.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Sparks police say 43-year-old Tom Anderson complained of possible hypothermia due to exposure after he was transported to police headquarters following Monday’s arrest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof also documented his hate in his journal, found in his car when he was arrested.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 逮捕，拘捕; 止住，阻止，抑制; 吸引（注意）
vi. 心跳停止
n. 拘留; 停止，阻止; 制动（装置）
时态：arrested, arresting, arrests
分布：逮捕(93%)，拘留(7%)
→前缀ar-同ad-. rest, 停下, 来自前缀re-, 向后。词根st, 站立。
逮捕,阻止(ar+rest休息→不让动→逮捕)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
阻止,逮捕[rest=stay(停留)]
n.逮捕,扣留vt.逮捕,扣留;阻止;吸引I'm interested in why he is arrested while resting in aural restaurant in the forest.我对他为何在森林里的香味餐馆歇息的时候被捕感兴趣.
【反】vitalize（v 激发）
verb transitive
CATCH 抓住
 ESSENTIAL
■If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime which they might have committed 逮捕；拘捕
• He was arrested when customs officers found drugs in his bag. 海关人员在他的手提包里发现了毒品，把他拘捕了。
• The police arrested her for drinking and driving. 她因酒后驾车被警方拘捕。
[ə'rest] verb transitive
STOP 阻止 formal
■to stop or interrupt the development of something 阻止；抑制
• The treatment has so far done little to arrest the spread of the cancer. 这种疗法到目前为止几乎没有抑制癌细胞的扩散。
[ə'rest] verb transitive
ATTRACT NOTICE 吸引注意 formal
■to attract or catch someone's attention 引起（某人的注意）
• A photo of a small boy arrested my attention. 一张小男孩的照片引起了我的注意。
[ə'rest] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when the police take someone away to ask them about a crime which they might have committed 逮捕；拘捕
• Two arrests were made, but the men were later released without charge. 有两人被捕，但后来他们没被起诉就获释了。
• She was stopped outside the shop and placed/put under arrest. 她在商店外被截获逮捕。
arrest, seize, catch, capture, trap
这组词都有“抓住，捕捉”的意思，其区别是：
arrest: 指根据法律或命令进行逮捕并予以监禁或拘留。
seize: 侧重指以突然、有力地动作迅速抓住或捉住。
catch: 普通用词，指捉住跑动或隐藏中的人或动物，一般指活捉。
capture: 指通过武力或计谋等，战胜抵抗而捉住敌人或动物。
trap: 多指诱捕。
vt. [法] 逮捕；阻止；吸引
 - absorb, attract, engage, dispute, draw
n. [法] 逮捕；监禁
 - prison, imprisonment

Word: funding
Front: funding
[ˈfʌndɪŋ] (六托 2141/2232)
Vocabulary: funding
(once / 702 pages)
n
College is expensive these days, so if you plan on going, you may need some funding — or money that makes projects possible.
Grants, capital investments, donations, and loans are all forms of funding or financial support. The foundation of the word funding is fund, which is actually related to the word foundation: The Latin fundus means "a piece of land," or "the bottom of something."
WORD FAMILY
funding: fundings+/ fund: funded, funding, funds, refund /funded: unfunded/ refund: refunded, refunding, refunds
USAGE EXAMPLES
She said that funding is key to continuing the medical wig project because the program’s funding is not part of UNCSA’s state-appropriated funds.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Edinburgh's Festivals are to benefit from £300,000 in extra funding to celebrate the 70th anniversary of their founding.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The Kansas City, Kansas, school district is one of four that sued the state over funding.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 用发行长期债券的方法来收回短期债券; 提供资金
v. 提供资金; “fund”的现在分词
分布：资金(99%)，动词fund的现在分词.(1%)
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■money given by a government or organization for an event or activity 资助；资金提供
• Ian is trying to get funding for his research. 伊恩正在为他的研究寻求资助。
• They received state funding for the project. 这个企划案他们得到了国家的资助。

Word: therapy
Front: therapy
[ˈθerəpi] (研六托雅 2142/3442 -3)
Vocabulary: therapy
(once / 800 pages)
n
Therapy is the act of caring for someone, or the method of caring. If you have a rare disease, your doctor's therapy will hopefully cure you.
Therapy comes from the Greek θεραπεία, for "healing." If someone tells you she's "in therapy," she's probably talking about a psychological kind of healing. But if she's getting physical therapy, then she's getting help with a bone or muscle problem. If someone suggests an experimental therapy, that's a mode of treatment that's new. Sometimes if something non-medical makes you feel better, we call it a kind of therapy. You might like chocolate therapy, for example.
WORD FAMILY
therapy: therapeutic, therapeutical, therapies, therapist +/ therapeutic: therapeutically, therapeutics/ therapist: therapists
USAGE EXAMPLES
While not a candidate for surgery, he was recommended for chemotherapy in conjunction with radiation therapy.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Some people put therapy on their list of New Year’s resolutions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Six hours of tickle therapy fails to produce a single smile from José Mourinho, dour soccer coach of Manchester United.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 治疗，疗法，疗效; 心理治疗; 治疗力
分布：治疗(73%)，疗法(27%)
→来自拉丁语 therapia,治疗，来自希腊语 therapeuein,治疗，处理，来自 therapon,侍者，辅助者， 照料者。词义演变比较 cure,curator.
n.治疗,(不需要药物或手术的)物理疗法The thermal therapy terminated after the terminal germ seminar.热疗在期末细菌研讨会后终止了.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a treatment which helps someone feel better, grow stronger, etc., especially after an illness 治疗；疗法
• occupational therapy 职业疗法
• speech therapy 言语治疗
• group therapy 集体治疗
• Joining a club can be a therapy for loneliness. 加入俱乐部可能是消解孤独的一种方法。
n. 治疗， [临床] 疗法
 - cure, medical treatment

Word: wash
Front: wash
[wɒʃ] (中高 2143/1853 -K3)
Back: vt. 洗，清洗; 浸湿; 冲刷，冲击; 洗去罪名
vi. 耐洗; 被洗掉（通常与 out 和 away 连用）; （波涛等）拍打
n. （尤指船过后划出的）水流; 要洗的衣物的数量; 薄涂层（尤指涂料）
vt. 弄湿; 使受洗礼; （光）布满; （猫等）舔净（自身）
adj. 可洗的，耐洗的; （证券交易）虚假的
时态：washed, washing, washes
分布：洗(91%)，洗涤(8%)，洗清(1%)
→来自古英语wascan,清洗，清洁，沐浴，来自Proto-Germanic*watskan,洗，词源同water,水，字母t脱落，-sk,表反身。后词义通用化。
n.洗;洗的衣物vt.冲刷,洗;冲出vi.洗澡The virtueless girl's duty is to wash the dirty shirts and skirts in the outskirts.无美德女孩的职责就是在郊区洗脏衬衣和裙子.
US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
CLEAN 清扫
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to clean something using water 洗，清洗，洗涤
• wash your hair/hands 洗头／手
• wash the car/clothes/floor 洗车／洗衣服／擦洗地板
• These sheets need washing. 这些床单需要洗洗。
• I'll wash the bottle out (= clean its inside) and use it again. 我要把瓶子洗干净再用。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive (US also wash up)
■to clean yourself, or a part of yourself, with water and usually soap （用水和肥皂）洗（身体的某部分）；洗澡
• I'd like to wash before dinner. 吃饭前我要洗洗手。
wash well
■If a particular material or piece of clothing washes well, it is not damaged or spoilt by repeated washing. 耐洗，经洗
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
FLOW 流过
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition literary
■If water washes somewhere, it flows there, usually repeatedly （水）漫过，流过，冲刷
• She stood on the shore and let the water wash over her tired feet. 她站在岸边，任水漫过她疲惫的双脚。
wash sb/sth up/ashore/overboard
■(of the sea) to carry something or someone to or away from a place （海水）把…冲上岸／冲走
• Overnight the sea had washed up a lot of rubbish. 一夜之间海水将大量垃圾冲上了岸。
• More than 400 dead dolphins had been washed ashore. 400多条死亡的海豚被冲上了岸。
• A Spanish crew member had been washed overboard (= carried off a ship into the sea by the force of the water) in the storm. 风暴中一名西班牙船员从船上被冲到海里。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
wash (with sb) informal
■If an excuse or argument won't wash (with someone), they are unlikely to believe or accept it. 相信；接受
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
wash your dirty linen in public disapproving
■People who wash their dirty linen in public discuss, or allow to be discussed in public, matters which should be kept private. 在公开场合谈论私密之事；家丑外扬
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
wash your hands of sth
■If you wash your hands of something that you were previously responsible for, you intentionally stop being involved in it or connected with it in any way 洗手不干，不再管
• She couldn't wait to wash her hands of the whole project. 她迫不及待地想与整个专案计划脱离关系。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
wash your mouth out
■Someone who has used a swear word might be told, humorously, to wash their mouth out (with soap, soapy water, etc.). （让说脏话者）净嘴，嘴巴干净点
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wash sth away
■If water or rain washes something away, it removes it or carries it away （水或雨水）冲走，冲掉
• The blood on the pavement had been washed away by the rain overnight. 一夜之间，人行道上的血迹就被雨水冲掉了。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wash sth down
CLEAN
■to clean a large object or surface with a liquid （用液体）清洗，冲刷（大件物品或表面）
• He washed the car down with soapy water. 他用肥皂水清洗汽车。
EAT informal
■to eat food or swallow medicine with a drink that helps or improves it （就着饮料）吃下，吞下
• Supper was fresh salmon and vegetables, washed down with a bottle of white wine. 晚餐有新鲜的鲑鱼和蔬菜，就着一瓶白葡萄酒一起下肚。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wash (sth) out
■If a colour or dirty mark washes out, or if you wash it out, it disappears when you wash it 洗掉，洗净（颜色或污迹）
• Do you think these stains will wash out? 你说这些污迹洗得掉吗？
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] wash sth out
■If an event or sports competition is washed out, it is prevented from happening or stopped early because of heavy rain （因雨）取消，中止（体育比赛等）
• The men's semi-finals in the tennis were washed out this morning. 今天上午的男子网球准决赛因雨被迫取消。
⇒ See also washout
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wash (sth) up
 IMPROVER
■to clean the plates, pans, and other things that you have used for cooking and eating 清洗，洗刷（用过的餐具）
• He washed up his mug and put it back on the shelf. 他洗干净自己的杯子并把它放回架子上。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  wash up US
 IMPROVER
■to wash your hands, especially before a meal （尤指餐前）洗手
• Go and wash up - your dinner's ready. 去洗一洗手——晚饭准备好了。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] noun
CLEANING 洗涤
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■when you wash something or a part of your body 洗，洗涤；洗澡
• Those curtains need a good (= careful) wash. 那些窗帘需要好好洗一洗了。
• Erik needed a good wash after playing in the garden. 埃里克在花园里玩过之后需要好好洗个澡。
the wash only singular
■all the clothes, sheets, etc. that are washed together, especially in a washing machine （尤指用洗衣机一起洗的）所有衣物
• Can I put this shirt in (with) the white wash? 我能把这件衬衫同白色的衣服一起洗吗？
• "Where's my pink shirt?" "It's in the wash" (= being washed or in a pile of clothes that is going to be washed). “我的粉红衬衫呢？”“正在洗着呢（或在要洗的衣服堆里）。”
US for * washing
have a wash
■to wash your body or a part of it 洗一洗（身体某部分）；洗澡
• I need to have a wash before dinner 吃饭前我要洗洗手。
do a wash
■to clean clothes, sheets, etc., usually in a washing machine （通常指用洗衣机）洗衣物
• Are you doing a wash tonight? 你今天晚上要洗衣服吗？
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] noun
THIN LAYER 薄薄的一层
countable
■a thin layer of water or watery paint, especially one which is brushed lightly over a painting to make the lines softer （水的）一层；（涂料的）薄涂层
• a blue wash] a wash of blue 一层蓝漆
• Just before the paint dries, I give it a light wash. 油漆即将干透时，我又在上面涂上薄薄的一层。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] noun
EVEN SITUATION 平衡的局面
countable usually singular US
■an event or situation in which positive and negative things balance each other 均衡局势
• If pollution controls are enforced here, the factories will move to where they're allowed to pollute, so it'll be a wash as far as clear air goes. 假如这里要施行控制污染的措施，那些工厂就会搬到允许污染的地方。因此就空气的清洁而言，这一措施说不上好或坏。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] noun
FLOW 流过
only singular literary
■(the sound made) when the sea moves against land, etc 海浪的冲刷声
• Outside the flat, she could hear the gentle wash of the waves on the beach. 在公寓房间外面她可以听到海浪冲刷沙滩发出的轻柔声响。
n. 洗涤；洗的衣服；化妆水；冲积物
 - laundrying, lavation
vt. 洗涤；洗刷；冲走；拍打
 - baptise, line dry
vi. 洗澡； [地质] 被冲蚀
 - have a bath

Word: schedule
Front: schedule
[ˈʃedju:l] (高研四六托雅 2144/2702 -K4)
Vocabulary: schedule
(once / 226 pages)
nv
A schedule is a plan of things to be done and the time when they will be done. It is the thing you write down in your planner. If you're a student, you probably have your class schedule memorized within the first few weeks of school.
This noun derives from Middle English sedule "slip of parchment or paper, note," from Late Latin schedula, from scheda "a strip of papyrus," from Greek schida "a splinter of wood." The modern spelling schedule did not become established until the mid 17th century. And the current American pronunciation, patterned on words such as scheme and school, was not in use until the 19th century.
WORD FAMILY
schedule: reschedule, scheduled, scheduler, schedules, scheduling+/ reschedule: rescheduled, reschedules, rescheduling/ scheduled: unscheduled /scheduler: schedulers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The school announced the procedure is scheduled for Friday, with an anticipated recovery time of four weeks.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
I get a referral from my doctor and schedule a mammogram.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
She said trainers add a few more slots in their schedule to accommodate new clients.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 时刻表，进度表; 清单，明细表; 预定计划; 目录
vt. 排定，安排; 将…列表; 为…作目录
时态：scheduled, scheduling, schedules
分布：安排(54%)，计划(41%)，预定(3%)，一览表(1%)，编制目录(1%)
→来自拉丁语 schedula,小纸条，来自希腊语 skhizein,切，分开，来自 skei,切，分，词源同 shed,science,scythe.词义由小纸条引申词义便笺，便条，日程表等。
n.时间表,进度表v.安排,预定By the ruler's schedule, the molecule capsules will play an important role in the roller.根据统治者的时间表,这种分子胶囊将在滚筒上起重要作用.
US ['sked-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a list of planned activities or things to be done showing the times or dates when they are intended to happen or be done 计划表；日程表； 进度表 ； 时刻表
• a production schedule 生产进度表
• a hectic/tight (= very busy) schedule 忙乱的／紧张忙碌的排程
• Everything went according to schedule (= as planned). 一切按照排程进行。
 IMPROVER US (UK timetable)
■a list of the times when events are planned to happen, especially the times when buses, trains and planes leave and arrive 时刻表
■formal
■an official list of things 清单，报表
• a schedule of business expenses 业务费用清单
ahead of schedule
■early 提前
• We expect the building work to be completed ahead of schedule. 我们希望建筑工程能提前竣工。
on schedule
■not early or late 准时
fall behind schedule
■to do less work than you planned to do by a particular point in time 晚于预定时间
UK ['ʃed.ju:l] US ['sked-] verb transitive often passive
 IMPROVER
■to arrange that an event or activity will happen at a particular time 为…安排时间；安排，排定
• The meeting has been scheduled for tomorrow afternoon. 会议安排在明天下午。
• [+ to infinitive] The train is scheduled to arrive at 8.45, but it's running twenty minutes late. 火车预定于8：45到达，但今天会误点20分钟。
rgeister, schedule, roll, form, catalog(ue), chart, list, table
这组词都有“名单、目录、表格”的意思，其区别是：
rgeister: 多指官方对人或事作出的正式书面记录或详细清单。
schedule: 既可指时间或计划的安排表，又可指详细列出的所有分类项的清单或细表。
roll: 多指人员的姓名名单，尤指属于团体或军事单位的全体人员名单。
form: 指上面印有横线或格让人填写规定内容的表格。
catalog(ue): 指列出有全部队名、物名或项目等的目录，有时附有简要说明的分类名单或一览表。
chart: 指把资料制成表格等形式供人看的图表。
list: 最普通用词，含义广。指按字母顺序、时间先后或类别等排列的姓名或项目等的单子。
table: 普通用词，一般指易于迅速查阅使用，具有特定编排方法的目录或表格。
vt. 安排， [计划] 计划；编制目录；将……列入计划表
 - budget, propose, design, map, make
n. [交] 时间表； [计划] 计划表；一览表
 - kalendar, time-table

Word: sad
Vocabulary: sad
(once / 58 pages)
adj
When you're sad, you feel unhappy. If you've ever experienced the death of a pet you loved deeply, you know exactly what it means to feel sad.
You might use the adjective sad informally to describe something that's pathetic or that you feel scornful or disdainful about. For example, you might comment on your friend's elaborate homemade hat by saying, "That hat is just sad," though it wouldn't be very nice of you to say it. The term "sad sack" became popular during World War II and has been used ever since to refer to an incompetent, slightly pitiful person.
WORD FAMILY
sad: sadden, sadder, saddest, sadly, sadness +/sadden: saddened, saddening, saddens/ sadness: sadnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
"I was very alarmed and sad to see such a graceful and giant rare creature lying dead on our shores," said Mr Chandran.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
"It's more sad than nerve-wracking because of the world we live in," he said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the class also fell on a particularly sad day for “Star Wars” fans.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: brief
Front: brief
[bri:f] (高研四托 2146/1863 -K4)
Vocabulary: brief
(once / 79 pages)
adjvn
Something brief is short and to the point. If you make a brief visit, you don't stay long. If you make a brief statement, you use few words. If you wear brief shorts, you are showing a little too much leg.
As a noun, a brief is a condensed summary or abstract, especially a legal summary of a case. Lawyers submit pretrial briefs to the court outlining the witnesses for the prosecution or defense. As a verb, brief means to give essential information to someone — like the President gets briefed on important matters.
WORD FAMILY
brief: briefed, briefer, briefest, briefing, briefless, briefly, briefness, briefs+/ briefing: briefings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Correction: An early version of Friday’s briefing misstated what the runner John Gilmour wore during a race.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
She was a major scholar of Thomas Jefferson and wrote a brief biography of him, published in 2003.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The problem is that Mr. Trump apparently does not sit still for the intelligence briefings that try to describe the world as it is.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 短暂的; （衣着）短的; 简洁的; 简明的
vt. 向…介绍基本情况; （尤指事前）向…介绍基本情况; 向…下达简令; 在…事先向…做简要指点
n. 概要; 短文; 简短声明; （争议一方的情况或论点）要点摘录
时态：briefed, briefing, briefs
分布：简短的(43%)，短暂的(38%)，摘要(14%)，短期的(2%)，扼要的(1%)，作…的概述(1%)，案件陈述(1%)
→来自词根brev, 短。引申义汇报，介绍情况。
简短的[brev,bridg=short,表示"短,缩短"]
a.简短的,简洁的v.简短介绍,简要汇报I believe my brief words will relieve her grief.我相信我简短的话会减轻她的悲痛.
adjective
SHORT IN TIME 短暂的
 IMPROVER
■lasting only a short time or containing few words 短暂的；简短的
• His acceptance speech was mercifully brief. 幸而他的提名演讲很简短。
• I had a brief look at her report before the meeting. 会前我浏览了一下她的报告。
• It'll only be a brief visit because we really haven't much time. 我们的时间真的不多，所以只能作短暂的参观游览。
• After a brief spell/stint in the army, he started working as a teacher. 在军队呆了短暂的一段时间以后，他当起了教师。
• The company issued a brief statement about yesterday's accident. 那家公司就昨天的事故发表了简短的声明。
■used to express how quickly time goes past （时间）短暂的，飞快的
• For a few brief weeks we were very happy. 在短短的几周里，我们过得十分愉快。
[bri:f] adjective
SHORT IN LENGTH 短的
■(of clothes) very short （衣服）很短的
• She was wearing a rather brief skirt, as I recall. 我记得她当时穿了件非常短的裙子。
[bri:f] verb transitive formal
■to give someone instructions or information about what they should do or say 向…介绍情况；给…指示
• We had already been briefed about/on what the job would entail. 已经有人向我们介绍了工作内容。
Compare debrief
[bri:f] noun
SHORT FORM 简短
in brief
■If something is said in brief, it is said in a very short form, with very few details 简言之，一言以蔽之
• "So you didn't enjoy the party then." "In brief, no." “那么，你不喜欢这个派对喽?”“简单说吧，不喜欢。”
[bri:f] noun
UNDERWEAR 内衣
briefs
[plural]
■a piece of underwear worn by men or women, covering the area between the waist and the tops of the legs 内裤
• cotton briefs 棉质内裤
[bri:f] noun
INSTRUCTIONS 指示
countable UK
■a set of instructions or information 指示；（任务）简介
• [+ to infinitive] It was my brief to make sure that the facts were set down accurately. 我的要求是确保准确记录所有事实。
countable legal
■a document or set of documents containing the details about a court case 诉讼要点；案情摘要
concise, succinct, curt, brief
这组词都有“简短的”的意思，其区别是：
concise: a. (文字等的)简要、精练，常含有保留主要部分的意思。
 • His letter was concise, omitting everything not pertinent to the job.   他的信写得简明扼要，省略掉了所有与该项工作无关的部分。
succinct: a.简明的，简洁的，简练的，尤指用词简练，除含有concise的意思外，还有经过压缩的或简化的意思。
 • succinct summary of the argument   论点的概要
curt: a.三言两语的，简短的，常含有"草率"的意思。
 • He asked his boss a question, but got a curt reply , "I have no time for you now!"   他问老板一个问题，但是老板草率的说："我没时间搭理你。"
brief: a.简明扼要的，简短的，指时间短暂，办事利索，态度明了等；有时含有"虽短但却不失全面"的意味。
 • The manager made a brief statement to open the meeting.   经理致了简短的开幕词。
compact, concise, brief
这组词都有“简短的、简洁的”的意思，其区别是：
compact: 指为了方便把某物压缩到最小程度，也指紧凑、简洁的文体。
concise: 书面用词，可与brief换用，指语言文学言简意赅，无多余的话。
brief: 指语言文学简明扼要，短小精悍，也用于指时间意义很强的短暂的过程。
adj. 简短的，简洁的；短暂的，草率的
 - little, passing, transient, compact
n. [图情] 摘要，简报；概要，诉书
 - abstract, resume
vt. 简报， [图情] 摘要；作…的提要
 - abstract, epitomize

Word: housing
Front: housing
[ˈhaʊzɪŋ] (研雅 2147/1446 -K4)
Back: n. 房屋; 供给住宅; 掩护; 外罩
分布：房屋(39%)，住宅(36%)，外壳(16%)，遮盖物(4%)，外罩(3%)，外套(1%)，卡箍(1%)
→house,屋子，-ing,集合名词后缀。
n.住房,住房供给;(外,阀)壳,防护罩What are housing conditions like in China now?中国现在住房情况如何?
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■buildings for people to live in 住房，住宅
• There's a shortage of cheap housing in the region. 这地区缺乏廉价住宅。
n. [建] 房屋；住房供给； [机] 外壳；遮盖物；机器等的防护外壳或外罩
 - covering, tenement

Word: post
Front: post
[pəʊst] (中高托雅 2148/895 -K2)
Vocabulary: post
(once / 70 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v 5v
Another word for your job is your post. It's also the delivery of letters and packages, as in the Postal Service.
This word has many meanings, most of which are related to jobs and mail. A post is position in a company, like manager or clerk, or it could be where you’re stationed in the military, like a base in Afghanistan. You can post an ad on a bulletin board or an announcement on a web page. Many newspapers include this term, like The Washington Post. A pole or stake sticking out of the ground is a totally different post.
WORD FAMILY
post: postage, postal, posted, poster, posting, posts+/postage: postages/postal: postally/poster: posters/posting: postings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It posted photos of its adventures to its Twitter, Facebook and Instagram profiles, and it appeared to be well received.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The star Hokies each posted their decisions on their Twitter accounts Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
China was the worst performing major Asian stock market in 2016, posting a 11.3 percent loss in its worst year in five.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 邮件; 邮政; 柱，桩，杆; 岗位
vt. 张贴; 宣布; 设岗; 邮寄
vi. 快速行进
adj. 有关赛跑（或赛马，赛狗）起点标志的
adv. 〈外〉在后; 用急件[驿马]; 赶紧地，火速地
时态：posted, posting, posts
分布：职位(47%)，邮件(24%)，布置(9%)，邮递(8%)，通知(7%)，派遣(2%)，标竿(1%)，快速地(1%)，急行(1%)
→来自拉丁语ponere,放置，-st,过去分词格，词源同position,composite.并引申如下词义：1.柱子，桩，张贴榜文，张贴；2.军事哨所，岗位，派驻；3.古驿站，驿马，邮差，邮政，邮件；4.立刻，马上，来自短语to ride post,骑上驿马，换马，紧急赶路。
v.贴出;公告;投寄n.(支)柱;邮政,邮寄;职位The costly post was postponed because of the frost.那件昂贵的邮件由于霜的缘故而延搁.
US [poʊst] noun
LETTERS 信件
 ESSENTIAL uncountable mainly UK (US usually mail)
■letters and parcels that are delivered to homes or places of work 邮件
• I'd been away for a few days so I had a lot of post waiting for me. 我离开了几天，所以有好多邮件等着我处理。
• Unless it's marked 'private', my secretary usually opens my post. 除非写有“亲启”，否则通常由我的秘书来拆我的邮件。
• Has the post come/arrived yet? 邮件到了吗？
 ESSENTIAL uncountable mainly UK (US usually mail)
■the public system that exists for the collecting and delivering of letters 邮政，邮递
• My letter must have got lost in the post. 我的信肯定在邮递中丢失了。
• If you don't want to take it there, you can just send it by post. 如果你不想送去的话，可以邮寄。
uncountable UK
■the time during the day when letters, etc. are collected or delivered 收集（或投递）邮件的时间；邮班
• I missed the post this morning. 我错过了上午的邮班。
• Did you manage to catch the post? 你赶上邮班了吗？
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] noun
JOB 工作
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a job in a company or organization 职位，职务
• Teaching posts are advertised in Tuesday's edition of the paper. 星期二的报纸上有招聘教师的广告。
• She's held the post for thirteen years. 她担任该职已有13年之久。
• They have several vacant posts. 他们有几个职位空缺。
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] noun
POLE 柱
 ADVANCED countable
■a vertical stick or pole fixed into the ground, usually to support something or show a position 柱，杆，桩
 ADVANCED countable
■used as a combining form （用作构词成分）杆，柱
• a lamppost 路灯柱
• a signpost 路标
the post
■in the sport of horse racing, the place where the race finishes or, less often, the place from which the race starts （赛马的）终点柱，终点标志；起点柱
■in sports such as football, a goalpost (= either of two vertical posts showing the area in which the ball is kicked to score points) （足球等的）门柱
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] noun
PLACE 地点
countable
■the particular place where someone works, especially where a soldier is told to be for military duty, usually as a guard 岗位；（尤指士兵的）哨所
• The soldier was disciplined for deserting his post. 这个士兵因为擅离岗位而受到处分。
• I was ordered to remain at my post until the last customer had left. 我奉命要坚守自己的岗位直到最后一名顾客离开。
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] verb transitive
LETTERS 信件
 ESSENTIAL UK (US mail)
■to send a letter or parcel by post 邮寄，寄
• Did you remember to post my letter? 你记得要帮我寄信吗？
• I must post that parcel (off) or she won't get it in time for her birthday. 我得把包裹寄出去，否则她过生日就不能及时收到了。
• [+ two objects] Could you post me the details/post the details to me? 你能否把详细资料寄给我？
 ADVANCED UK
■to put an object through a letterbox (= special opening in a door) 把…塞入信箱
• Just post the key through the door after you've locked it. 门锁上后就把锁匙塞进门后的信箱。
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] verb transitive
PLACE 地点
■to send someone to a particular place to work 派驻；使驻守
• He's been posted to Pakistan for six months. 他被派到巴基斯坦工作六个月。
• Guards were posted at all the doors. 所有入口处都布置了卫兵。
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] verb transitive
MESSAGE 信息
■to stick or pin a notice on a wall in order to make it publicly known 张贴，公布
• Company announcements are usually posted (up) on the noticeboard. 公司通告通常张贴在布告栏上。
■to leave an electronic message on a website （在网站上）公布，发布（资讯）；发（帖）
• Somebody's been posting obscene messages in this chat room. 有人一直在这个聊天室里发布淫秽资讯。
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] verb transitive
PAY 支付 US to pay money, especially so that a person who has been accused of committing a crime can be free until their trial 支付（尤指保释金等）
• She has agreed to post bail for her brother. 她已同意为她兄弟支付保释金。
position, post, place, situation
这组词都有“职位”的意思，其区别是：
position: 侧重指社会地位较高，工作较为庄重，领取工资的职位。
post: 普通用词，指人的职务，职位，岗位。
place: 指任何不分高低贵贱的职位；有时侧重指在政府、法庭所谋求的职位。
situation: 正式用词，一般指雇员或为富有人家工作所担任的职位，现多见于广告中。
mail, post
这组词都有“邮件，邮寄”的意思，其区别是：
mail: 主要用于美国。
post: 主要用于英国。
n. [劳经] 岗位；邮件； [测] 标杆
 - mail, dak
vt. 张贴；公布；邮递；布置
 - paste, publish

Word: purchase
Front: purchase
[ˈpɜ:tʃəs] (高研四六托宝 2149/2257 -K4)
Vocabulary: purchase
(once / 89 pages)
1vn 2n
When you purchase a pair of shoes, you buy them. If you want to gain purchase, or favor, with new friends, you might tell them about your recent purchase of chocolate, and offer to share.
Purchase can refer to the act of buying or the thing you bought. In 1803, the United States paid France approximately $15,000,000 for 800,000 acres of land which was called Louisiana, in a transaction known as the Louisiana Purchase. In this transaction, the purchase nearly doubled the size of the U.S. –– the territory purchased comprises about 23 percent of current US land.
WORD FAMILY
purchase: purchasable, purchased, purchaser, purchases, purchasing, repurchase+/ purchaser: purchasers/ purchasing: purchasings/repurchase: repurchased, repurchases, repurchasing
USAGE EXAMPLES
For instance, that bill eliminated the tax penalties, tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies central to the ACA’s individual mandate to purchase health insurance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Wealthy businessmen and officials were purchasing elaborate carvings as luxurious gifts or, in some cases, bribes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Among owners who purchased their most recent gun from a friend or acquaintance, 77% did so without a background check.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 购买; 采购; 换得; 依靠机械力移动
n. 购买; 购买行为; 购置物; 紧握
时态：purchased, purchasing, purchases
分布：购买(98%)，购买的物品(2%)
→pur-,向前，在前，chase,追逐。引申词义得到，获得，握紧，抓牢，后用于指采购，购买，且成为其主要词义。
v.买,购买n.购买的物品Based on the basic case, the purchaser found the vase in the basin in the basement.根据这个基本情况,购买者在地下室的盆子里找到了花瓶.
US ['pɝ:-] formal
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to buy 购买
• Tickets must be purchased two weeks in advance. 门票必须提前两周购买。
• Except under clearly defined circumstances, it is illegal in Britain for a company to purchase its own shares. 在英国，除非是在明确规定的情况下，否则一间公司购买自己的股票是违法的。
• She purchased her first house with the money. 她用这笔钱买了她的第一栋房子。
UK ['pɜ:.tʃəs] US ['pɝ:-] formal
noun
BUYING 购买
 IMPROVER countable
■something that you buy 购买物
• How do you wish to pay for your purchases? 你想用甚么方式付款？
• a major purchase 大额采购
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the act of buying something 购买，采购
• New restrictions have been placed on the purchase of guns. 枪枝的购买有了新的限制。
• A house is the most expensive purchase that most people ever make. 大多数人购买的东西中最昂贵的就是房子。
• No purchase is necessary for you to enter this competition. 你参加这项竞赛没必要买甚么东西。
• This product may be frozen. If required, freeze on day of purchase. 本产品可冷冻。如有必要，请在购买当天冷冻。
UK ['pɜ:.tʃəs] US ['pɝ:-] formal
noun
HOLD 抓握
[S or U]
■a firm hold which allows someone or something to be pulled or lifted without sliding or falling 紧握；抓住
• Dancers use a special powder on their shoes to help them get a better purchase on the floor. 舞者用一种特制的鞋粉来增加鞋子与地面的摩擦力。
buy, purchase
这组词都有“购买”的意思，其区别是：
buy: 普通日常用词，既可指日常随意购物也可指大的购买。
purchase: 正式用词，指大宗购货或购买重要东西。无感情色彩，强调物品的购得。
n. [贸易] 购买；紧握；起重装置
 - buy, grip
vt. [贸易] 购买；赢得
 - buy, win

Word: existing
Front: existing
[ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ] (雅 2150/1063 -3)
Vocabulary: existing
(once / 207 pages)
adj
If something is existing, it's real. When you make a list of existing mammals, you can't include unicorns, because they don't really exist.
Something that's real can be said to exist, or to be existing. The existing laws in your state are the ones that are actually on the books, and your existing friends are the ones you really have, and who are all alive and well. The verb exist, at the root of the adjective existing, comes from the Latin existere, "come into being," from a combination of ex, "out," and sistere, "take a stand."
WORD FAMILY
existing: pre-existing+/ coexist: coexisted, coexistent, coexisting, coexists/coexistence: coexistences/coexistent: coexistence, coexistently/ exist: coexist, existed, existent, existing, exists, preexist/ existence: existences, existential /existent: existence, existently, nonexistent, pre-existent/ existential: existentialism, existentially/ existentialism: existentialist/existentialist: existentialists/nonexistence: nonexistences/ nonexistent: nonexistence/preexist: preexisted, preexistence, preexistent, preexisting, preexists/preexistence: preexistences
USAGE EXAMPLES
Others see it as a way to cut back existing government security net programs.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The work also included adding nearly 13,000 square feet of interior space and remodeling about 20,000 square feet of the existing terminal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“So the announcement will just help Nebraskans to comply with the existing law.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 目前的; 现存的
v. 存在( exist的现在分词); 持续存在
分布：现有的(84%)，现存的(15%)，动词exist的现在分词形式.(1%)
adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■describes something that exists now 存在的；现存的
• The existing laws covering libel in this country are thought by many to be inadequate. 很多人认为，这个国家现行的有关诽谤罪的法律很不完善。
• Under the existing conditions many children are going hungry. 在目前情况下，会有很多儿童忍饥挨饿。
adj. 目前的；现存的
 - actual, passing, living, going
v. 存在（exist的现在分词）
 - consisting

Word: dark
Front: dark
[dɑ:k] (中高雅 857/966 -K4)
Vocabulary: dark
(once / 21 pages)
1adjn 2adjn 3adj 4adj 5adj
When something's dark, there is no light. Far from the city lights, it gets so dark at night that you can see many stars in the sky.
Dark comes from the Proto-Germanic word derkaz, which means "to hide or conceal." This meaning is preserved in the phrase kept in the dark, meaning purposely keeping information from someone. As an adjective, in addition to being the opposite of light, dark describes things that are gloomy, difficult to interpret or heavy, like a dark movie whose main character feels alienated from society.
WORD FAMILY
dark: dark-colored, darken, darker, darkest, darkish, darkly, darkness, darks, semidark+/darken: darkened, darkening, darkens/darkening: darkeningly, darkenings/darkness: darknesses/semidark: semidarkness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Hancock says that snake plants as well as a kind often called the “ZZ plant” work well in dark corners.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
And if that’s the case, the future may not be as dark as Mr. Cohen foresees.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Eczema affects over 10 percent of American children, and is more common in those with dark brown skin.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 黑暗的; 乌黑的; 忧郁的; 神秘的
n. 黑暗; 暗色; 暗处
级别：darker, darkest
分布：黑暗(66%)，黑暗的(19%)，深色的(7%)，暗处(4%)，变黑(2%)，使变黑(1%)，深色调(1%)
→来自dher, 泥泞的，浑浊的，昏暗的，词源同dross. 词义由昏暗引申为黑暗的，黑色的。
a.黑暗的,深(色)的;隐秘的;n.无光,黑暗In the sparking park, the darling dark dog barked at the embarked larks.在闪着火花的公园里,可爱的深色狗对着装载于船云雀吠叫.
US [dɑ:rk] adjective
WITHOUT LIGHT 无光
 ESSENTIAL
■with little or no light 昏暗的，黑暗的
• It was too dark to see properly. 光线太暗，看不清楚。
• What time does it get dark in the summer? 夏季时的天色甚么时候变暗？
• Our bedroom was very dark until we put a larger window in. 我们的睡房原来很暗，后来装了一个大一点的窗户才好些。
 ESSENTIAL
■nearer to black than white in colour （颜色）暗的，深色的
• dark blue/green 深蓝／暗绿色
• dark clouds 乌云
• She has dark hair. 她长着一头黑发。
• He was tall, dark (= with black/brown hair) and handsome. 他个子高高的，留有黑头发，长相很英俊。
UK [dɑ:k] US [dɑ:rk] adjective
SAD 伤心的
[before noun]
■sad and without hope 伤心绝望的；哀愁的
• Her husband's sudden death was the start of a dark chapter in her life. 丈夫突然去世后，她就开始生活在伤心绝望之中。
• This environmental report contains more dark predictions about the future of the Earth. 这份环境报告对地球未来的预测很不乐观。
UK [dɑ:k] US [dɑ:rk] adjective
EVIL 邪恶的
■evil or threatening 邪恶的，阴险的；有威胁的
• There's a darker side to his character. 他的性格中有更阴暗的一面。
UK [dɑ:k] US [dɑ:rk] adjective
SECRET 秘密的
■secret or hidden 秘密的，隐秘的
• I've just been promoted, but keep it dark - I don't want everyone to know just yet. 我刚刚升了职，别告诉任何人——我现在还不想让大家知道。
UK [dɑ:k] US [dɑ:rk] adjective
The darkest hour is just before the dawn. saying
■said to emphasize that things often seem at their worst just before they get better 黑暗即将过去，黎明就在眼前。
UK [dɑ:k] US [dɑ:rk] noun
the dark
 IMPROVER
■when there is no light somewhere 黑暗，暗处
• Cats can see in the dark. 猫在暗处也看得见东西。
• I've always been afraid of the dark. 我一直都怕黑。
before/after dark
 IMPROVER
■before/after the sun has gone down 天黑前／后
• It isn't safe to leave the house after dark. 在天黑后出去是不安全的。
• I want to be home before dark. 我想在天黑前赶到家里。
UK [dɑ:k] US [dɑ:rk] noun
be in the dark
■to not know about something that other people know about 蒙在鼓里，浑然不知
dim, dark, vague, grey, obscure, black, gloomy
这组词都有“完全地或不完全地缺少光亮”的意思，其区别是：
dim: 指光线不足或视力较差，不能清晰地看见物体。
dark: 最普通用词，指缺乏自然光线或人工照明，使某物漆黑无光或光线十分微弱。
vague: 通常作借喻用，形容抽象事物。
grey: 与dark意思相近，但侧重阴暗单调的意味。
obscure: 指因光线不充足而使物体灰暗不清，失去光泽或若隐若现。作借喻时指因复杂、深奥或含糊而难于理解。
black: 侧重颜色是黑色的，有时也指无光的黑暗。
gloomy: 指光线不足或部分光线受阻而出现的阴暗。
adj. 黑暗的，深色的；模糊的；无知的；忧郁的
 - fuzzy, blue, empty, gloomy
n. 黑暗；夜；黄昏；模糊
 - night, gloominess

Word: steel
Front: steel
[sti:l] (中高研四六雅 2152/2282 -K3)
Vocabulary: steel
(once / 127 pages)
nv
Steel is a kind of metal alloy that's made of iron and carbon. It's known for being incredibly strong and is often used to build the framework of skyscrapers. It's also helpful to have "nerves of steel."
Steel isn't just a kind of metal. A steel can also be the long, rough thing you sharpen knives on. Or if you're one of the Three Musketeers, you probably carry a steel, or a sword. People who are really brave have nerves of steel. And if you want to use steel as a verb, go right ahead: if there's something hard or unpleasant ahead, you'll need to steel yourself to get ready for it.
WORD FAMILY
steel: steeled, steeling, steels, steely+/steely: steelily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Men moved steel plate and I-beams with cranes that ran on tracks in the floor.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
It was the first in the city to utilize a modern iron and steel frame.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Metro’s sleek new stainless steel rail cars are noticeably different from their clanking aluminum predecessors: They’re shiny, brightly lighted, far more modern.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 钢，钢铁; 钢制品; 兵器; 钢铁工业
vt. 包上或镀上钢; 使坚定
adj. 钢制的; 钢铁业的; 坚强的; [色彩]青灰色的
时态：steeled, steeling, steels
分布：钢铁(66%)，钢的(15%)，钢制品(6%)，坚强的(5%)，使坚强(4%)，使 ... 硬如钢(2%)，使下定决心(1%)，钢铁般的性质(1%)
→来自古英语 stele,钢铁，来自 Proto-Germanic*stahlija,钢制的，来自 Proto-Germanic*stah,使坚 固，来自 sta,站立，支撑，词源同 stand,stay.
n.钢It's acertained that the certificate is behind the curtain of the stainless steel container.经查实证书在不锈钢容器的帘子后面.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a strong metal which is a mixture of iron and carbon, and which is used for making things which need a strong structure, especially vehicles and buildings 钢
• steel girders/rods/struts 钢梁／条／柱
• a steel helmet 钢盔
• a steel-plated army truck 军用装甲卡车
[sti:l] verb
steel yourself
[R]
■to force yourself to get ready to do something unpleasant or difficult 下决心做；横下心
• [+ to infinitive] She steeled herself to jump out of the plane. 她把心一横，跳出飞机。
n. 钢铁；钢制品；坚固
 - durability, tightness
vt. 钢化；使冷酷
 - indurate
adj. 钢制的；钢铁业的；坚强的
 - strong, tough

Word: regarding
Front: regarding
[rɪˈgɑ:dɪŋ] (研四六雅 2153/3515 -K2)
Back: prep. 关于; 就…而论; 至于
v. regard的现在分词
分布：关于(88%)，至于(12%)
→来自 regard,看待。
prep.关于,有关I wrote a letter regarding the future of reform.我写了一封关于改革前景的信.
US [-'gɑ:r-] formal
preposition
 IMPROVER
■about 关于；至于
• The company is being questioned regarding its employment policy. 该公司的用人政策正受到质疑。
UK [rɪ'gɑ:.dɪŋ] US [-'gɑ:r-] formal
preposition
  Common Learner Errors  regarding Remember that regarding is never followed by 'to'. Don't say 'regarding to something', say regarding something :
✗ I am writing regarding to your letter of May 31st. I am writing regarding your letter of May 31st.
prep. 关于，至于
 - concerning, about, in the case of, with reference to, in relation to

Word: shout
Front: shout
[ʃaʊt] (中高 2154/1591 -K3)
Back: vt. & vi. 呼喊，叫喊; 高声说或发出喊叫声
n. 大叫; 大叫着说; 呐喊
时态：shouted, shouting, shouts
分布：呼喊(80%)，大声叫(17%)，高声呼叫(3%)
→词源不详，可能来自 shoot,射击，引申比喻词义大叫大喊。
v.大声叫,喊,呼出n.呼喊,叫The scout with shoulder-straps shouted on the outermost route as a routine.戴肩章的侦察员照例在最外围的路线上叫喊.
verb
USE LOUD VOICE 大声喊
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to speak with a very loud voice, often as loud as possible, usually when you want to make yourself heard in noisy situations, or when the person you are talking to is a long way away or cannot hear very well 大声说；喊叫；呼喊
• There's no need to shout, I can hear perfectly well. 没有必要大声喊叫，我完全听得见。
• [+ speech] "I'll see you tomorrow, " shouted Eleni above the noise of the helicopter. “明天见，”埃莱尼大声喊道，声音盖过了直升机的轰鸣。
• [+ that] He shouted from the bottom of the garden that he'd be finished in about half an hour. 他在花园的尽头高声喊道，他大约半个小时之内就会完成。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to express strong emotions, such as anger, fear or excitement, or to express strong opinions, in a loud voice （因愤怒、恐惧或激动等而）吼叫，大声叫嚷
• Dad really shouted at me when I broke the window. 我打碎了窗户后，父亲对着我大吼大叫。
• He shouted abuse at the judge after being sentenced to five years imprisonment. 被宣判五年监禁之后，他大声辱骂法官。
• The fans were screaming and shouting out the names of the band members. 歌迷们不停地尖叫着，大声喊着乐团成员的名字。
• [+ to infinitive] I shouted at him to put the gun down. 我大叫着要他把枪放下。
• [+ speech] "Stop this childish nonsense at once!" he shouted furiously. “马上停止这种幼稚的胡说八道！”他怒不可遏地吼道。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to try to attract attention in a loud voice 呼唤，呼喊（以引起注意）
• I heard them shouting for help , but there was nothing I could do. 我听见他们呼救，但我真是爱莫能助。
• figurative It's the charities that shout loudest (= attract the most public attention) that often get given the most money. 最大声呼吁的慈善团体得到的捐款往往也最多。
[ʃaʊt] verb
DRINKS 饮料
transitive + two objects Australian informal
■to buy a drink for someone 为某人买一杯饮料
• I'll shout you a drink. 我替你买一杯饮料。
[ʃaʊt] verb
something/nothing to shout about informal
■something that makes/does not make you feel excited or pleased 令人激动（或高兴）的事／不值得激动（或高兴）的事
• At last, a 5-0 victory gives England's supporters something to shout about. 最后，五比零的胜利着实让英格兰队的支持者欢呼雀跃。
• The pay increase is nothing to shout about, but it's better than last year's. 今年的加薪并不令人满意，但是比去年的好。
[ʃaʊt] verb
within shouting distance
■very close 在附近；很近
• We live within shouting distance of the station. 我们就住在车站附近。
[ʃaʊt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shout sb down
■to prevent someone who is speaking at a meeting from being heard, by shouting 以叫喊声盖过（某人）的声音
• She was shouted down when she tried to speak on the issue of abortion. 她试图谈论堕胎议题时，声音被叫喊声淹没了。
[ʃaʊt] noun countable
LOUD VOICE 大声
■when you say something very loudly or make a very loud sound with your voice 喊叫；喊声
• Her speech was interrupted by angry shouts from the audience. 她的演讲被听众愤怒的喊叫声所打断。
[ʃaʊt] noun countable
DRINKS 饮料 UK informal
■a set of drinks for a group of people, or a particular person's turn to buy them 请客的酒；轮到买酒请客
• Would you like another drink? It's my shout since you bought the last ones. 你还想再来一杯吗?上几杯是你请的，这次我请。
[ʃaʊt] noun countable
give sb a shout informal
■to tell someone 告诉（某人）一声
• Give me a shout when you've finished in the bathroom. 你洗完澡后告诉我一声。
call, scream, yell, roar, shriek, exclaim, shout, cry
这组词都有“喊”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指大声说话或喊叫，以引起某人的注意。
scream: 指因恐具、快乐或痛苦而发出的尖叫声。
yell: 多指求援、鼓励时的呼叫。也可指因外界因素刺激而发出尖厉声音。
roar: 指发出大而深沉的声音、吼叫或咆哮。
shriek: 指因惊恐、痛苦等或其它感情而发出比scream更为尖锐、刺耳的叫声。
exclaim: 多指因高兴、愤怒、痛苦、惊讶等突发感情而高声喊叫。
shout: 指有意识地高声喊叫，常用于提出警告、发命令或唤起注意等。
cry: 一般指因恐惧、痛苦、惊奇等而喊叫。
vi. 呼喊；喊叫；大声说
 - yell out, exclaim
vt. 呼喊；大声说
 - cry, yell out
n. 呼喊；呼叫
 - cry, call

Word: remaining
Front: remaining
[rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ] (托 2155/2187 -K3)
Vocabulary: remaining
(once / 150 pages)
adj
If you have ten words left to study for a test, you have ten words remaining, or ten remaining words. Remaining means what's left or what hasn't been done yet.
In a basketball game, you'll often hear an announcer mention how many minutes are remaining in the quarter or the game. If you have two remaining grandparents, it means two of your grandparents have died and two remain alive. The money you have in your wallet is what's remaining from your allowance. Do you have any remaining questions?
WORD FAMILY
remain: remained, remaining, remains
USAGE EXAMPLES
Right now the punditry is chattering on about how Mr. Obama is using his remaining time in office to box Mr. Trump in.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The historical society and the seller settled on an agreement of $175 to purchase the remaining diaries.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Obama returns to Washington at midday Monday from Hawaii with less than three weeks remaining in his presidency.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 剩余的，剩下的
v. 剩余，剩下(remain的现在分词); 保持; 停留，逗留
分布：剩余的(100%)
adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■continuing to exist or be left after other parts or things have been used or taken away 留下的；剩余的；其余的
• Bernstein's two remaining lectures will take place on January 22 and 23. 伯恩斯坦其余的两个讲座将安排在1月22日和23日举行。
• Mix in half the butter and keep the remaining 50g for later. 将一半奶油掺入，其余的50克留作后用。
adj. 剩下的，剩余的
 - surplus, residual, odd

Word: visual
Front: visual
[ˈvɪʒuəl] (高研四六托雅 2156/2511 -2)
Vocabulary: visual
(once / 806 pages)
adj
If you want to know the meaning of visual, just look around! Anything you can see falls under the heading of visual. What "aural" is to the ears and "olfactory" is to the nose, visual is to the eyes.
It's often said that "film is a visual medium"; it uses pictures to tell a story. You have to see it to get it. That's clearly different from, say, radio which can only use audio. Have you ever closed your eyes while watching a cartoon? If you cut out the visual parts and just listen to the music and sound effects, it's often even funnier. As zany as the sounds are, they're even funnier when you separate them from their visual cues. Visual shares its root with vision, which is (not surprisingly) the ability to see. How visual!
WORD FAMILY
visual: nonvisual, visualise, visualize, visually+/visualisation: visualisations/visualise: visualisation, visualised, visualiser, visualises, visualising/visualiser: visualisers/ visualization: visualizations/ visualize: visualization, visualized, visualizer, visualizes, visualizing/visualizer: visualizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Use a partition, purse or coat for a visual cue to fill at least half of your cart with fruits, vegetables and other healthy foods.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
This work, painted in 1618, is really about the visual puzzle it presents, but this is packaged in the guise of a religious painting.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 视觉的，看得见的; 光学的，视力的; 形象化的; 光学的
n. 画面，图象
分布：视觉的(45%)，视力的(21%)，图象(15%)，画面(10%)，形象的(6%)，看的见的(3%)
→来自vis-,看，面容，词源同visage,visit。引申词义视力的。
视力的[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
a.看的,看得见的;视觉的Televisions and telescopes give the visitors visual ability to see the casual casualty.电视和望远镜赋予参观者们看见偶然伤亡事故的视觉能力.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■relating to seeing 视觉的；视力的
• visual stimulus/impact/abilities 视觉刺激／冲击／视力
⇒ See also VDU
adj. [眼科] [生理] 视觉的，视力的；栩栩如生的
 - optical, Life-like

Word: fairly
Front: fairly
[ˈfeəli] (高研四六托 2157/1413 -K3)
Vocabulary: fairly
(once / 123 pages)
1adv 2adv
When you do something fairly, you treat everyone with equal consideration. Sharing a pizza fairly between six people is easy: just give each person one slice.
A teacher who doesn't treat all students fairly isn't a very good teacher — and a police officer who doesn't act fairly toward all citizens is also doing a poor job. When you behave fairly, you're unbiased and impartial, and you follow the rules. You can also use this adverb to mean "to a large degree" or "reasonably." For example, you could say, "I'm fairly certain that it's going to snow again tomorrow."
WORD FAMILY
fair: faired, fairer, fairest, fairing, fairish, fairly, fairness, fairs, unfair+/fairish: fairishly/unfair: unfairer, unfairest, unfairly, unfairness/unfairness: unfairnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Northstar says the state approved the way it ran the games and that they were run fairly.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In other words, the advantage of the bye and needing to win just one home game to get to a conference final is fairly immense.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It was in fairly wide use by the 1960s.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 适当，相当地; 公平地; 完全，简直; 清楚地
分布：公正地(50%)，相当地(50%)
→来自fair, 公平的，公正的。
ad.公正地,正当地;相当,还算I met a fairly unfair affair upstairs.我在楼上遇到一件颇不公平的事.
US ['fer-] adverb
QUITE 一定地
 ESSENTIAL
■more than average, but less than very 相当地；一定地
• She's fairly tall. 她个子比较高。
• I'm fairly sure that this is the right address. 我相当肯定这个地址没错。
• We get on fairly well. 我们相处得不错。
• I saw her fairly recently. 我不久前见过她。
■literary
■used to emphasize figurative expressions which describe what people or objects are doing （用于强调比喻性表述）简直
• The answer fairly jumps off the page at you! 答案简直就要从纸上跳到你眼前了！
• The dog fairly flew out of the door to greet him. 这只狗简直是飞出门外去迎接他。
UK ['feə.li] US ['fer-] adverb
IN THE RIGHT WAY 公正地
 IMPROVER
■If you do something fairly, you do it in a way which is right and reasonable and treats people equally 公平地；公正地
• He claimed that he hadn't been treated fairly by his employers. 他声称受到雇主的不公平对待。
• Officials will ensure that the election is carried out fairly. 官员将确保选举公正进行。
fairly and squarely UK (US squarely)
■completely 完全，彻底
• She lays the blame for the recession fairly and squarely on the government. 她把经济衰退完全归咎于政府。
quite, rather, pretty, fairly
这组词都有“相当，颇”的意思，其区别是：
quite: 含义比fairly稍强，与不定冠词连用时，一般放在不定冠词之前。
rather: 语气比quite强，褒意贬意无可使用。可与too和比较级连用。
pretty: 用法与rather相似。常用于非正式文体。
fairly: 语意最弱，多用于褒义，表示适度地、尚可的意思。不可与too或比较级连用。
adv. 相当地；公平地；简直
 - relatively, simply, comparatively, equally, reasonably

Word: chip
Front: chip
[tʃɪp] (研六托雅宝 2159/2397 -K3)
Vocabulary: chip
(once / 407 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5nv
If a small flake of your purple nail polish breaks off, you might describe it as a chip, or a tiny piece. You might also say, "Shoot, I always seem to chip my nails."
You can use the word chip as a noun or a verb, to describe the breaking off of a small piece or the small piece itself. You might accidentally chip your aunt's favorite tea cup, or realize that slamming your door made a chip of paint fall off your bedroom wall. The word comes from the Old English forcippian, "to pare away by cutting," and the related cipp, also pronounced chip, which means "small piece of wood."
WORD FAMILY
chip: chipped, chipping, chips, microchip+/chipping: chippings/microchip: microchips
USAGE EXAMPLES
Intel focuses on central processing units, the general-purpose chips proficient in completing a wide range of tasks and quickly switching from one to the next.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Goodbye, Mr Chips is an example of how the inspirational movie is a cousin to the weepie.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
And for another, Cleveland — despite efforts to sell bobbleheads and woo conventioneers — remains a city with a chip on its shoulder.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 碎片; 缺口; （作赌注用的）筹码; （足球）高球
vt. 刻，削成; 凿; 从…上削下一小片
vi. 剥落; 碎裂
时态：chipped, chipping, chips
分布：芯片(83%)，筹码(8%)，缺口(3%)，碎屑(3%)，薄片(2%)，近穴击球(1%)
→可能来自chop,剁。
n.切屑,碎片;(土豆等的)薄片;集成电路块The cripple dipped the whip tip into the chip solution nearby his hip.跛子将鞭子末端浸入他臀部旁边的芯片溶液中.
noun
FRIED FOOD 油炸食品
 IMPROVER countable usually plural UK (US french fry)
■a long thin piece of potato that is fried and usually eaten hot 炸薯条
• fish and chips 炸鱼薯条
• beans/egg/sausage and chips 豆子／鸡蛋／香肠加薯条
• oven chips (= chips that are baked in a cooker) 烤薯条
 IMPROVER countable usually plural US for * crisp (POTATO)
• a bag of chips 一包炸薯片
countable usually plural
■a thin slice of fried maize , banana or other food which is eaten cold 炸玉米片（或香蕉片等）
• banana chips 炸香蕉片
[tʃɪp] noun
COMPUTER PART 电脑零件
 IMPROVER countable (also microchip) specialized
■a very small piece of semiconductor , especially in a computer, that contains extremely small electronic circuits and devices, and can perform particular operations （尤指电脑的）微晶片，晶片
• a silicon chip 硅芯片
[tʃɪp] noun
PIECE 碎片
countable
■a small piece that has been broken off a larger object, or the mark left on an object such as a cup, plate, etc. where a small piece has been broken off it （脱落的）碎屑，碎片；（杯、碟等的）缺口
• wood chips 木屑
• Polly fell and knocked a chip out of her front tooth. 波莉摔了一跤，磕掉了一小块门牙。
• This mug's got a chip in it/ out of it. 这个马克杯上有个缺口。
[tʃɪp] noun
PLASTIC COIN 塑胶钱币
countable
■a small plastic disc used to represent a particular amount of money in gambling （作赌注用的）筹码
• figurative The hostages are being held as a bargaining chip by terrorist organizations. 恐怖组织扣押了人质作为讨价还价的筹码。
[tʃɪp] noun
a chip off the old block informal
■someone who is very similar in character to their father or mother （性格上）酷似父亲（或母亲）的人
[tʃɪp] noun
have a chip on your shoulder informal
■to seem angry all the time because you think you have been treated unfairly or feel you are not as good as other people （因觉得受委屈或不如别人优秀而）好生气
• He's got a chip on his shoulder about not having been to university. 他因上不到大学而耿耿于怀。
[tʃɪp] noun
have had your chips UK informal
■to have lost your position, importance or power 失势，完蛋，垮台
[tʃɪp] noun
when the chips are down informal
■when you are in a very difficult or dangerous situation, especially that makes you understand the true value of people or things 在困难时刻，在危急关头（尤指使人懂得人或物真正价值的时候）
• One day when the chips are down, you will know who your true friends are. 等到危急关头你就会知道谁是真正的朋友了。
[tʃɪp] verb intransitive or transitive (-pp-)
■to break a small piece off something by accident 打破；弄缺；（使）掉碎片
• I wish my nail polish wouldn't keep chipping. 我希望我的指甲油不要老掉。
• He's chipped a bone in his wrist. 他腕关节有一块骨头裂了。
[tʃɪp] verb intransitive or transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chip (sth) in informal
■to give some money when several people are giving money to pay for something together 共同支付；凑钱，凑份子
• They all chipped in fifty pounds and bought their mother a trip to Greece. 他们每人凑了50英镑，让母亲到希腊旅游一趟。
[tʃɪp] verb intransitive or transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  chip in mainly UK informal
■to interrupt a conversation in order to say something 插嘴，插话；打断别人的话
• I'll start and you can all chip in with your comments. 我现在开始，你们随时都可以插话发表意见。
vt. 削，凿；削成碎片
 - pele, whittle
vi. 剥落；碎裂
 - shell, flake off
n. [电子] 芯片；筹码；碎片
 - debris, patch

Word: violent
Front: violent
[ˈvaɪələnt] (高研四六托雅 2158/2807 -K3)
Vocabulary: violent
(once / 58 pages)
adj
Something that's violent involves physical force or emotional intensity. If you hate violent movies, it means that you don't want to watch scenes of people being hurt or killed.
Physically violent behavior ends in someone getting hurt or something being destroyed or damaged. You can also have violent emotions, like a violent burst of anger toward the slow driver in front of you, and you can use violent to describe something that's visually intense, like a violent orange-colored minivan. The word has gained in force since developing from the Latin word violentia, which means "vehemence or impetuosity."
WORD FAMILY
violent: nonviolent, violence, violenter, violentest, violently+/nonviolent: nonviolence, nonviolently/ violence: violences
USAGE EXAMPLES
Overcrowding is a serious problem and violent riots are frequent.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But when they tried to arrest Alexander Kearney, they say a violent struggle ensued until Kearney was arrested several minutes later.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police are asking anyone with information to contact the police department’s violent crimes unit or Crime Stoppers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 暴力引起的; 剧烈的，（风，爆炸等）猛烈的，狂暴的; 感情强烈的; 颜色强烈的
分布：猛烈的(41%)，暴力的(33%)，强烈的(18%)，极端的(8%)
→来自violence,暴力。
a.猛烈的,激烈的;暴力引起的,强暴的By the biography, the biologist's playing the violet violin violently violated rules.据传记记载,生物学家猛奏紫罗兰色的小提琴违犯了规矩.
adjective
CAUSING HURT 引致受伤
 ESSENTIAL
■using force to hurt or attack 使用暴力的；强暴的
• He shouts a lot but I don't think he's ever been physically violent towards her. 他常大吼大叫，但我认为他不曾对她使用暴力。
 ESSENTIAL
■describes a situation or event in which people are hurt or killed 暴力的；暴力引起的
• a violent crime 暴力犯罪
• There was a violent clash/confrontation between rival supporters after the match. 那次比赛后两队的支持者发生了暴力冲突。
• The more violent scenes in the film were cut when it was shown on television. 这部电影在电视上播放时剪掉了一些更为暴力的镜头。
• Her family are still trying to come to terms with her violent death (= death caused suddenly and unexpectedly by the use of physical force, especially murder). 她的家人仍然无法接受她死于暴力侵害的事实。
['vaɪə.lənt] adjective
STRONG 强烈的
■sudden and powerful 猛烈的；强烈的
• He has a violent temper. 他的脾气很暴躁。
• violent thunderstorms 强雷暴
• The speaker launched into a violent attack (= spoke forcefully against) the government's policies. 发言者猛烈抨击政府的政策。
[before noun]
■describes a colour which is extremely or unpleasantly bright （颜色）极其鲜艳的，明艳刺眼的
• She was wearing a violent pink sweater and orange trousers. 她穿着异常鲜艳的粉色毛衣和橙色的裤子。
stormy, wild, fierce, turbulent, violent
这组词都有“剧烈的，凶猛的，狂暴的”的意思，其区别是：
stormy: 指风雨大作，也指人很激动的感情。
wild: 普通用词，既可指自然界的荒芜，未被驯化状态，又指人的无法无天，不文明的野蛮行为。
fierce: 普通用词，指人或兽的凶猛残酷。
turbulent: 正式用词，多用描写风和水，也可指心神不定或控制不住的感情波动。
violent: 普通用词，指人时侧重极为不安，异常激，暗含有达或暴力行为；也指破坏性的或不可控制的自然力量。
adj. 暴力的；猛烈的
 - fierce, hard

Word: silent
Front: silent
[ˈsaɪlənt] (中高研四六雅 2160/2297 -K3)
Back: adj. 沉默的，无言的; 寂静的，无声的; 静止的; [语]不发音的
n. 无声电影
分布：沉默的(68%)，安静的(18%)，无言的(11%)，不吵闹的(3%)
→来自拉丁语 silere,安静的，-ent,形容词后缀。
a.寂静,沉默的Initially I kept silent to the essential essay.起初我对这个重要的短评保持沉默.
adjective
QUIET 宁静的
 ESSENTIAL
■without any sound 宁静的；寂静的
• The empty house was completely silent. 那栋空房子一片寂静。
• literary It was four o'clock in the morning and London was as silent as the grave (= completely silent). 凌晨四点，伦敦如坟墓一样沉寂，十分安静。
['saɪ.lənt] adjective
NO SPEAKING 沉默的
 ESSENTIAL
■without talking 沉默的；缄默的
• She whispered a silent prayer that her wounded brother would not die. 她默默地祷告，希望她受伤的兄弟不会死去。
• The police officer told the criminal that he had the right to remain silent. 警官告诉罪犯他有权保持沉默
• The minister was silent on/about his plans for the future. 部长对将来的计划保持沉默。
• Arthur has always been the strong, silent type (= a type of person, usually a man, who says very little). 亚瑟一直是那种坚强而寡言的人。
noiseless, silent, calm, peaceful, serene, still, quiet
这组词都有“平静的，无声无息”的意思，其区别是：
noiseless: 指无任何噪音或不出声，无声无息。
silent: 普通用词，指缄默不语或无声无息。
calm: 普通用词，既可指天气、海洋等的平静状态，又可指人的镇定沉着、不慌乱，不受外界影响和情绪支配。
peaceful: 普通用词，指一种不受外物扰乱和刺激的内在宁静或和平状态。
serene: 指一种超脱一切烦恼的宁静状态。
still: 指平静而又安定的状态。
quiet: 普通用词，指没有喧闹、活动或骚乱的寂静状态。
adj. 沉默的；寂静的；无记载的
 - still, mum

Word: suppose
Front: suppose
[səˈpəʊz] (中高研四六托 2161/840 -K4)
Vocabulary: suppose
(once / 22 pages)
v
If you suppose you love your girlfriend, you may not be too sure. Suppose means to guess, or think, or imagine something without absolute certainty. Best hold off on the engagement ring until you know for sure!
Suppose also has the meaning of assuming something hypothetical for the sake of argument. You might ask, "Suppose someone breaks in while I'm away?" Suppose also has the more technical (and often legal) sense of something you must take for granted if some other condition is to happen. Your theory might suppose the victim was home by 8:00. In this last sense, suppose introduces something that's a precondition.
WORD FAMILY
suppose: presuppose, supposable, supposal, supposed, supposes, supposing, supposition +/ presuppose: presupposed, presupposes, presupposing, presupposition / presupposition: presuppositions/supposable: supposably/supposal: supposals/ supposed: supposedly / supposition: suppositional, suppositions, suppositious, supposititious /suppositious: suppositiously/ supposititious: supposititiously
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said that he is supposed to begin his rehabilitation program towards the middle or end of January.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The company in this case, the U.S. official said, “did what it was supposed to do.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Why are we supposed to believe, as ironclad certainties, the judgment of intelligence officials who recently failed to anticipate the rise of Islamic State?
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 假定; 猜想，推测; 认为; 让（用于祈祷语气）
vi. 想象，猜想
时态：supposed, supposing, supposes
分布：想(51%)，假设(23%)，认为(14%)，假定(9%)，应该(2%)，推测(1%)
→sup-,在下，-pos,放置，词源同 position,propose.引申词义认为，假设等。
猜想,推测(sup+pose放→放下去想→猜想)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在…下面"]
v.料想,猜想;假定;conj.假使...结果会怎样What is he supposed to be doing now?他目前应该做什么呢?
US [-'poʊz] verb
THINK LIKELY 认为可能
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to think that something is likely to be true 认为可能，料想，猜想
• [+ (that)] I couldn't get any reply when I called Dan, so I suppose (that) he's gone out. 我给丹打电话，但是没人接，所以我想他应该是出门了。
• He found it a lot more difficult to get a job than he supposed it would be. 他发现找工作比他想像的要难多了。
• [+ (that)] Do you suppose (that) Gillian will marry him? 你认为吉莉恩会嫁给他吗?
• It is widely supposed (that) the minister will be forced to resign. 很多人都猜测首相会被迫辞职。
• [+ to infinitive] We all supposed him to be German, but in fact he was Swiss. 我们都以为他是德国人，但事实上他是瑞士人。
• Her new book is supposed to be (= generally people think it is) very good. 大多数人都认为她的新书写得很好。
[+ (that)]
■used in making polite requests 用于礼貌地提出请求
• I don't suppose (that) you could/I suppose you couldn't lend me £5 till tomorrow, could you? 您现在能借我五英镑吗？
[+ (that)]
■used to show that you think something is so, although you wish that it were not （用于表示与愿望相反的估计）猜，推测
• I suppose (that) all the tickets will be sold by now. 我想现在所有票恐怕都已经卖完了。
[+ (that)]
■used when you are annoyed （用于表示气恼）
• I suppose (that) you're going to be late again. 我看你又要迟到了。
• I suppose (that) you think that's funny. Well, I certainly don't. 我想你会认为这很有趣。但我一点也不这么认为。
■used to show unwillingness to agree （用于表示不愿同意）
• "Can I go out tonight?" "Oh, I suppose so." “我今晚能出去吗？”“哦，可以吧。”
• [+ (that)] I don't agree with it, but I suppose (that) it's for the best. 我对此并不赞同，但我想这也是出于好意。
UK [sə'pəʊz] US [-'poʊz] verb
NEED 需要
transitive formal
■to expect and need 预期，需要，以…为条件
• Investment of this kind supposes (= would not be possible without) an increase in the company's profits this year. 公司今年的利润要有成长才能进行这样的投资。
⇒ See also presuppose
UK [sə'pəʊz] US [-'poʊz] conjunction (also supposing)
■used at the beginning of a sentence or clause to mean 'what would happen if' （用于句首）假如，假设，如果
• Suppose we miss the train - what will we do then? 假设我们错过了火车——那我们该怎么办?
• We'd love to come and see you on Saturday, supposing (= if) I don't have to work that day. 如果我星期六不用上班的话，我们会来看你。
presume, suppose, guess, postulate, assume
这组词都有“假设，猜想，推测”的意思，其区别是：
presume: 侧重以过去经验或根据现实的某些感觉把某事认定为是事实。
suppose: 常用词，意义较广泛，指缺乏确切事实，根据一些现象进行的推测，也可指为论证而提出合乎逻辑推理的某种假定，有时仅表示自己的意见。
guess: 常用词，指毫无根据仅凭个人主观臆断或碰运气的猜测。
postulate: 指为证实一个理论的正确性而进行的假设。
assume: 指有很少或完全无根据的武断推测或不合逻辑的推理。
vt. 假设；认为；让（虚拟语气）；推想
 - expect, have, count, say, guess
vi. 猜想；料想
 - believe, imagine

Word: self
Front: self
[self] (高研四六 2162/2286 -K3)
Back: n. 自己; 本人; 本性; 私利
adj. 同一的; 纯净的; 单一的
vt. 使自花授精; 使近亲繁殖
vi. 自花授精
分布：自我(65%)，自己(27%)，你自己(3%)，本性(3%)，我自己(1%)，始终如一的(1%)
→来自古英语 self,自己，自身，来自 Proto-Germanic*selbaz,自己，来自 sel-bho,扩大形式 于*swe,自身，反身代词根，词源同 swain,custom.
n.自我,自己(pl.selves)He said that he killed the man in self defence.他说是因自卫而杀死那个人的.
noun
PERSONALITY 个性
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable (plural selves)
■the set of someone's characteristics, such as personality and ability, which are not physical and make that person different from other people 本性；自己；自我
• The hero of the film finally finds his true self. 电影的主角最后找到了真正的自我。
• When I saw them this afternoon they were more like their old/normal selves (= as they were in the past). 我今天下午见到他们的时候，他们更像是平时的老样子了。
• a sense of self 自我意识
[self] noun
PERSONAL ADVANTAGE 私利
uncountable formal disapproving
■interest only in your own advantage 私利
• Her reply was typical of her constant regard for self. 她的答覆明显说明她一向只顾私利。
[self] noun
Unto thine own self be true. saying
■This means that you should only do what you think is right. 只做自己认为对的事情。
n. 自己，自我；本质；私心
 - essence, principle, texture, entity, interior
adj. 同一的
 - same, identical

Word: bike
Front: bike
[baɪk] (中 2163/3241 -3)
Vocabulary: bike
(once / 950 pages)
nv
A bike is a pedal-powered two-wheeled vehicle. If you don't have time to walk to work, you might decide to ride your bike instead.
Bike is shorthand for a bicycle or a motorbike. A bike enthusiast might keep a bike rack on her car and a bike helmet in her trunk at all times. Bike is also a verb, so you could say: "I'll bike over to the movie theater — meet you there in fifteen minutes!" This word, as a nickname for bicycle, first appeared in American English in 1882. It came to mean "motorcycle" about 50 years later.
WORD FAMILY
bike: biked, bikes, biking
USAGE EXAMPLES
In an adjacent anteroom, there’s a stationary bike, 15-pound weights, a multipurpose fitness tower and a TRX suspension trainer hanging on the door.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He was back on his bike within a few weeks, and running on a treadmill before long.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Years ago, I decided to move within walking or biking distance of my employer because I realized that Metro trains were not reliable.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 自行车; 摩托车; 电动自行车
vi. 骑自行车
na. “motorbicycle”的变体
时态：biked, biking, bikes
分布：自行车(79%)，骑自行车(13%)，脚踏车(5%)，摩托车(3%)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a bicycle 脚踏车，单车，自行车
• It would be better for the environment if more people used bikes rather than cars. 如果更多的人踏脚踏车，而不是开汽车，将会对环境更有益。
• My youngest child is learning to ride a bike. 我最小的孩子正在学骑脚踏车。
 IMPROVER informal
■a motorcycle 摩托车
[baɪk] noun countable
On yer bike! UK slang
■a rude way of telling someone to go away 走开！滚开！
• "Can you lend me some money?" "On yer bike, mate!" “你能借我一点钱吗？”“你这家伙，走开！”
[baɪk] verb
intransitive informal
■to go somewhere by bicycle 骑脚踏车去
• Should we bike to the park, or walk? 我们骑脚踏车去公园，还是走路去？
transitive
■to use a motorcycle to take something to someone 骑摩托车运送…
• We biked a copy over to Greg at the BBC. 我们骑着摩托车，给英国广播公司的葛列格送了一份文件。
n. 自行车；脚踏车
 - cycle, bicycle
vi. 骑自行车（或摩托车）
 - cycle

Word: tea
Front: tea
[ti:] (中高雅 2164/1140 -K4)
Back: n. 茶水; 茶; 茶树; 午后小吃
vt. 给…沏茶
vi. 喝茶
分布：茶(85%)，茶叶(8%)，茶树(5%)，茶点(2%)
→来自马来语 teh,据说是来自厦门闽南语 t'e,原先拼做 chaa,最终来自汉语茶。
n.茶(叶);午后茶点I nearly fear to tear the tearful girl's test paper.我几乎害怕撕那个泪流满面的女孩的试卷.
noun
DRINK 饮料
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■(a drink made by pouring hot water onto) dried and cut leaves and sometimes flowers, especially the leaves of the tea plant 茶；茶叶
• China/Indian tea 中国／印度茶
• iced/lemon tea 冰茶／柠檬茶
• a selection of herbal teas 多种花草茶
• I'd love a cup of tea, please. 请给我来一杯茶。
• "Shall I pour the tea?" "No, let it brew (= get stronger) a while." “要我把茶倒上吗？”“不用，再泡一会儿。”
• Tea and biscuits will be provided at 11 o'clock. 11点会提供茶点。
• How do you like your tea - strong or weak ? 你喜欢喝甚么样的茶——浓的还是淡的？
• We sat in the shade of a tree, sipping tea and eating scones. 我们坐在树阴下，边品茶边吃烤饼。
• I'm not much of a tea drinker. 我不怎么喝茶。
• UK informal How about a nice cup of tea? That'll make you feel better. 来杯好茶怎么样？喝完了你会感觉好些的。
countable
■a cup of tea 一杯茶
• Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
[ti:] noun
MEAL 餐
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a meal that is eaten in the early evening and is usually cooked 午后餐
uncountable
■a small meal eaten in the late afternoon, usually including cake and a cup of tea 午后茶点
[ti:] noun
tea and sympathy old-fashioned
■kindness and sympathy that you show to someone who is upset 安慰和同情
• It's time for action, not just tea and sympathy. 是采取行动的时候了，光有安慰和同情是不够的。
[ti:] noun
would not do sth for all the tea in China old-fashioned
■used to say that nothing could persuade you to do something 绝对不做，无论如何都不做
• I wouldn't take that job for all the tea in China. 我决不会去做那个工作。
n. 茶叶；茶树；茶点
 - tealeaf, refreshments

Word: perceive
Front: perceive
[pəˈsi:v] (研四六托雅 2165/2776 -2)
Vocabulary: perceive
(once / 61 pages)
v
When we perceive something, we become aware of or notice it. Sometimes we perceive things by using our senses of sight, hearing, and smell.
Or we can use our mind to perceive things, which means that we are able to recognize or understand them. We can also perceive a person or thing as having certain qualities: Do you perceive yourself as a good student? The Latin root percipere means "to receive, understand," from the prefix per- "thoroughly" plus capere "to seize, take."
WORD FAMILY
perceive: misperceive, perceivable, perceived, perceiveed, perceiver, perceives, perceiving, perceptible, perception, perceptive, percipient+/ imperceptible: imperceptibility, imperceptibly /misperceive: misperceived, misperceives/perceivable: perceivably, unperceivable/ perceived: unperceived/perceiver: perceivers/perceiving: unperceiving/perceptibility: perceptibilities/ perceptible: imperceptible, perceptibility, perceptibly/ perception: perceptions/ perceptive: perceptively, perceptiveness, perceptivity, unperceptive/percipient: percipients/unperceivable: unperceivably/unperceiving: unperceivingly/unperceptive: unperceptively, unperceptiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Secondarily, they reflect a mind-set that perceives oral health as an optional milestone to strive for.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
China will react as China always does to perceived – or real – slights.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Several areas of the brain act in collaboration in order to receive, process, prioritise and implement real-time data perceived during driving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 意识到; 察觉，发觉; 理解
时态：perceived, perceiving, perceives
分布：认为(48%)，理解(30%)，觉察到(17%)，注意到(5%)
→来自拉丁语percipere,得到，抓住，来自per-,完全的，-cip,抓住，理解，词源同conceive,percipient.引申词义感觉，感知。
知觉;发觉[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
v.察觉,感知;理解,领悟I perceived that the veil clung on the ceiling of the clinic was deceit.我觉察到粘附在诊所天花板上的幔子是个骗局.
【记】per全部，ceive抓住－全部抓住－发觉
【参】conceive（v 怀孕；考虑）抓住孩子，抓住思想；receive（v 收到；接到）
US [pɚ-] verb transitive
BELIEVE 认为
 ADVANCED
■to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something 认为；看待；视为
• How do the French perceive the British? 法国人是如何看待英国人的？
• Women's magazines are often perceived to be superficial. 人们往往认为女性杂志内容肤浅。
UK [pə'si:v] US [pɚ-] verb transitive
SEE 看见
■to see something or someone, or to notice something that is obvious 察觉，注意到，意识到
• Bill perceived a tiny figure in the distance. 比尔注意到远处有个很小的身影。
• I perceived a note of unhappiness in her voice. 我从她的声音中察觉出一丝不快。
• Perceiving that he wasn't happy with the arrangements, I tried to book a different hotel. 感觉到他对安排不满意，我就设法预订另一家饭店。
understand, recognize, perceive, learn, comprehension
understand: 理解
recognize: 认出，认得
perceive: 察觉，理解
learn: 学会
comprehension: 理解
vt. 察觉，感觉；理解；认知
 - detect, feel, absorb, see, read
vi. 感到，感知；认识到
 - to feel, come to realize

Word: comparison
Front: comparison
[kəmˈpærɪsn] (研四宝 2166/1968 -K3)
Vocabulary: comparison
(once / 210 pages)
n
When you make a comparison, you figure out how things are similar.
Making comparisons is about taking a look at characteristics or qualities that show the similarities between living things, objects, or anything else. In the supermarket, people make comparisons based on price and ingredients. Lots of essays and articles make comparisons: between different politicians, bands, movies, athletes, and even whole era. Many teachers ask students to write comparisons in essays. If two things are totally different, you could say "There's no comparison!"
WORD FAMILY
comparison: comparisons
USAGE EXAMPLES
For a comparison to Darnold, he said, “you look at the Aaron Rodgers of the world.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But as bad as those floods were, they paled in comparison to the epic floods that hit southern Louisiana in August.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
By comparison, other airlines charge from $690 for flights to Paris.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 比较，对照; [语]比喻; 比较级
分布：比较(95%)，比喻(5%)
比较(com+pari平等+son→一起平等→比较)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
比较,对照(com+pari+son)[par=equal,表示"平等"]
n.比较,对比,比喻,比拟There is no comparison between them.他们之间相差悬殊.
US [-'per-] noun countable or uncountable
EXAMINING DIFFERENCES 查找差异
 IMPROVER
■when two or more people or things are compared 比较，对照，对比
• They made a comparison of different countries' eating habits. 他们对不同国家的饮食习惯作了一番比较。
• By/In comparison with the French, the British eat far less fish. 与法国人相比，英国人吃鱼要少得多。
UK [kəm'pær.ɪ.sən] US [-'per-] noun countable or uncountable
CONSIDERING SIMILARITIES 考虑相似点
■when something is considered similar or of equal quality to something else 相提并论；相比；比较
• She drew a comparison between life in the army and life in prison. 她把军队生活和狱中生活作了比较。
• To my mind there's no comparison between the two restaurants (= one is much better than the other). 在我心目中，这两家饭店根本不能相比。
• He's a good writer but he doesn't bear/stand comparison with Shakespeare (= he is not nearly as good as Shakespeare). 他是位好作家，但无法与莎士比亚相提并论。
n. 比较；对照；比喻；比较关系
 - parabole, imagery

Word: settlement
Front: settlement
[ˈsetlmənt] (高研四六雅 2167/1600 -4)
Vocabulary: settlement
(once / 130 pages)
1n 2n
A settlement is a colony or any small community of people. If a bunch of people build houses on the moon together, they’ll have the first lunar settlement. A settlement is also the resolution of something such as a lawsuit.
One kind of settlement is a place where people live. This can be a community that's smaller than a town, like a village. Also, if one country establishes a colony somewhere else, that can be called a settlement. The other kind of settlement happens when something is settled, like the end of a disagreement. A lawsuit is ended if there's a settlement — both parties make an agreement that often involves money. A settlement brings closure and resolution.
WORD FAMILY
settlement: settlements+/ resettle: resettled, resettlement, resettles, resettling/resettlement: resettlements/ settle: resettle, settled, settlement, settler, settles, settling, unsettle/settled: settledly/ settler: settlers/settling: settlings/unsettle: unsettled, unsettles, unsettling/unsettled: unsettledly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Settlements are, of course, not the only obstacle, but they are without question today the main one.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Israeli settlements may be illegal in the eyes of the U.N.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s main ally, for allowing the United Nations to censure his government over its controversial plans to build new settlements in the occupied West Bank.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 解决; 结算; <律>金钱或财产的转让（契约）; 沉淀; 定居点
分布：解决(45%)，结算(19%)，协议(16%)，殖民(10%)，定居(9%)，安置(1%)
→settle,安排，解决，处理，-ment,名词后缀。
n.解决,决定,调停;居留区,住宅区The settlement of Africa by white people started 500 years ago.由白人进行的向非洲移民开始于500年前.
US ['setˌ-] noun
AGREE 同意
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■an official agreement that finishes an argument （结束争端的）协定
• It now seems unlikely that it will be possible to negotiate/reach a peaceful settlement of the conflict. 现在看来和平解决这一冲突是不可能的。
• As part of their divorce settlement, Geoff agreed to let Polly keep the house. 作为离婚协议的一部分，杰夫同意房子归波莉所有。
 ADVANCED countable
■an arrangement to end a disagreement involving a law having been broken, without taking it to a court of law, or an amount of money paid as part of such an arrangement 庭外和解（费）
• They reached an out-of-court settlement. 他们达成了庭外和解。
• The actor accepted a settlement of £100 000 from the newspaper. 这名演员接受了报社十万英镑的庭外和解费。
UK ['set.l.mənt] US ['setˌ-] noun
HOME 家居
countable or uncountable
■a place where people come to live or the process of settling in such a place 定居；定居地
• A large Roman settlement has been discovered just outside the town. 在城外发现了一处大型古罗马人聚落。
• Many Native Americans were killed during the settlement of the American West by Europeans in the nineteenth century. 许多美洲印第安人在19世纪欧洲人在美国西部开拓殖民地的过程中被杀害。
UK ['set.l.mənt] US ['setˌ-] noun
PAYMENT 支付
countable or uncountable
■the action of paying money to someone 结算；结帐；支付
• The settlement of his debts took him several months. 他花了几个月时间还清了债务。
• I enclose a cheque in settlement of your claim. 我附上一张支票支付你的索赔。
• legal Her mother made a settlement on her (= made a formal arrangement to give her money) when she started college. 她开始读大学时，她母亲赠与了她一笔钱。
UK ['set.l.mənt] US ['setˌ-] noun
MOVEMENT LOWER 下降
uncountable
■the process of the slow sinking of a building or the ground （建筑物、地面的）沈降，下沉
n. 解决，处理； [会计] 结算；沉降；殖民
 - transactions, disposal, resolution, treatment, handling

Word: layer
Front: layer
[ˈleɪə(r)] (研四六托雅 2168/2248 -K3)
Vocabulary: layer
(once / 357 pages)
1nv 2n
The noun layer describes a thin piece that's stacked on other thin pieces, like a layer of noodles in a lasagna dish. You can also apply a layer of paint to make your wall color more vivid.
Layer can also be used figuratively to describe an abstract thickness or barrier. Celebrities are known to surround themselves with managers, agents, stylists, and friends — forming a layer between them and the prying public. Layer can also be a verb. You can layer your bed with blankets on a cold night, as a layer of ice forms on the sidewalks and streets outside.
WORD FAMILY
layer: interlayer, layered, layering, layers+/interlayer: interlayers/ lay: laily, laity, layer, laying, lays, mislay, overlay, underlay /laying: layings/ mislay: mislayed, mislaying, mislays/ overlay: overlaid, overlayed, overlayer, overlaying, overlays/overlayer: overlayers/ underlay: underlaid, underlayed, underlaying, underlayment, underlays
USAGE EXAMPLES
The containers consist of an aluminum liner with an outer layer of strong carbon fibers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lacking the roots to hold his layers of skin together, AJ is at risk of his skin sloughing off from a hard bump.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The building’s ceiling allowed for grow tables to be stacked twelve layers tall, to a height of thirty-six feet, in rows eighty feet long.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 层，层次; 膜; [植]压条; 放置者，计划者
vt. 把…分层堆放; 借助压条法; 生根繁殖; 将（头发）剪成不同层次
vi. 形成或分成层次; [植]通过压条法而生根
时态：layered, layering, layers
分布：层(99%)，分层(1%)
→来自lay,放置，引申词义层次，阶层，
n.层,层次;铺设者Lay a layer of clay on the displayed layout before the relay race.接力赛之前在展示的陈设上铺一层黏土.
【记】不认识的同学回家学学Photoshop就ok了。
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a level of material, such as a type of rock or gas, which is different from the material above or below it, or a thin sheet of a substance 层；涂层
• the ozone layer 臭氧层
• A thick layer of clay lies over the sandstone. 沙岩上面有一层厚厚的黏土。
• There was a thin layer of oil on the surface of the water. 水面上有一层薄薄的油膜。
• We stripped several layers of paint off the door. 我们从门上剥落了好几层漆。
UK ['leɪ.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive
■to arrange something in layers 把…按层排列，把…分层放置
• Layer the pasta with slices of tomato. 把番茄片分层摆放在义大利粉里。
• potatoes layered with onions 马铃薯夹洋葱片
n. 层，阶层；地层
 - thickness, degree, stratum, tier

Word: planning
Front: planning
[ˈplænɪŋ] (雅 2169/1037 -K1)
Vocabulary: planning
(once / 319 pages)
n
You can use the noun planning to talk about the process of making a plan. Your elaborate tree house project will require hours of planning before you hammer a single nail into a piece of wood.
Planning is the act of getting ready for something to happen — you might find that the planning for the prom and the excitement it brings is as fun as the event itself. During planning for any event, you figure out what things you will need, how long it will take, and what you will do if anything goes wrong. For a cook, planning might include finding and measuring all ingredients, gathering the pots and pans they will need, even checking that the stove works!
WORD FAMILY
planning: plannings+/counterplan: counterplans/ plan: counterplan, planless, planned, planner, planning, plans/planless: planlessly/planned: unplanned/planner: planners
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also points to mismanagement, corruption and red tape within a complex web of urban planning authorities.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
President Obama is planning a major farewell address which does not appear to be a farewell at all.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms is planning on using public pressure,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 计划; 规划
v. “plan”的现在分词; 计划; 设计
分布：计划(70%)，规划(26%)，设计(4%)
noun uncountable
DECIDING 策划
 IMPROVER
■the act of deciding how to do something 策划，规划
• Events like these take months of careful planning. 这样的活动需要数月的精心策划。
['plæn.ɪŋ] noun uncountable
DESIGNING 设计
 ADVANCED
■the process of deciding how land in a particular area will be used and designing plans for it 规划
• town/environmental/urban planning 乡镇／环境／都市规划
• the planning department of the local council 本地市议会的规划部门
n. [计划] 规划；计划编制
 - programme, formulation, projection
v. 计划；设计；预期（plan的ing形式）
 - designing, engineering

Word: far
Front: far
[fɑ:(r)] (中高 252/287 -K5)
Vocabulary: far
(once / 10 pages)
1advadj 2adj
Use the adverb far to mean "distant," "remote," or "at a geat distance away." When you see a ship far out at sea, it's so remote from where you are that you might soon need binoculars to catch a glimpse of it.
Far is used as both an adverb and an adjective, and it can mean both "distant in space," but also "distant in time," and "a lot." Therefore you can say, "Just look at us! We've come so far!" and also "You are far better at speaking French than I am." Old English had slightly different words for the adjective — feorr — and the adverb — feor.
WORD FAMILY
far: farly, farness, fars, farther, further +/ farther: fartherest, farthermost, farthers/ further: furtherance, furthered, furtherer, furtherest, furthering, furthermost, furthers/furtherance: furtherances
USAGE EXAMPLES
For engraver Jennifer Bower, the muse is never far away.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Would winning a Super Bowl be a far bigger shock?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A further four people were arrested in separate operations, the BBC reports.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 久远地; （问到或谈及距离时说）有多远; 到很远距离; 到很大程度
adj. 远的; 遥远的; （某方向的）最远的; 远端的
n. 远方
级别：further, furthest
分布：远(70%)，很(15%)，远远(8%)，远方(2%)，远方的(1%)，非常(1%)，较远的(1%)，最远的(1%)，进展程度(1%)
→来自per,穿过，跨过，向前，词源同ford, forth. 引申词义远行，远的。
a./ad.远,久远,遥远ad.到...程度,...得多On the far farm the army's arms are kept warm by a swarm of bees.在远方的农场上,陆军的武器被一群蜜蜂保暖.
US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
DISTANCE 距离
 ESSENTIAL
■at, to or from a great distance in space or time 远；遥远地；久远地
• How far is it from Australia to New Zealand? 从澳大利亚到纽西兰有多远？
• Is the station far away ? 火车站远吗？
• She doesn't live far from here. 她住处离这里不远。
• He felt lonely and far from home. 他觉得孤单寂寞，远离家乡。
• One day, perhaps far in/into the future, you'll regret what you've done. 有朝一日，也许是遥远的将来的某一天，你会为你的所作所为后悔的。
as/so far as I know IMPROVER
■used to say what you think is true, although you do not know all the facts 据我所知
• He isn't coming today, as far as I know. 据我所知，他今天不来。
as/so far as I'm concerned
■used to say what your personal opinion is about something 就我而言
• She can come whenever she likes, as far as I'm concerned. 就我而言，她甚么时候想来都可以。
as/so far as I can tell
■used to say what you have noticed or understood 依我看，就我理解
• There's been no change, as far as I can tell. 依我看，一直都没有变化。
far be it from me to
■I certainly would not 我绝不想；我当然不会
• Far be it from me to tell you how to run your life. 我决不会告诉你该如何生活。
far from sth
■certainly not something 远未…；完全不…
• The situation is far from clear. 形势尚不明朗。
far from it
■certainly not 远非…；完全不…
• He's not handsome - far from it. 他并不英俊——根本算不上。
from far and wide
■from a large number of places 从四处；从各处
• People came from far and wide to see the house. 人们从各地前来参观这所房子。
so far ADVANCED
■until now 迄今为止；到目前为止
• So far we've made thirty-two thousand pounds. 到目前为止，我们已经赚了32 000英镑。
so far so good
■used to say that an activity has gone well until now 到目前为止，一切还算顺利
• I've found a tin of beans. So far so good, but where is the opener? 我找到了一罐豆子。到现在为止一切还不错。但开罐器在哪里呢？
  Common Learner Errors  far or away? Warning: choose the correct adverb! Far is mainly used in questions and negative sentences to talk in general about distance in space or time. How far is Cambridge from London? Cambridge isn't far from London. To talk about a specific distance, don't say 'far', say away :
✗ My host family lived four miles far from the school. My host family lived four miles away from the school.
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL
■very much 非常；远远；大大
• This car is far better than our old one. 这辆车比我们那辆旧的好多了。
• It cost far more (money) than I could afford. 这花费远远超出了我的承受能力。
• He loses his temper far too often. 他太爱发脾气了。
• I'd far rather/sooner go to the theatre than watch a video. 我宁可去剧院看戏也不看录影。
by far ADVANCED
■by a great amount 大大地
• They are by far the best students in the class. 他们是班里最最优秀的学生。
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
as far as it goes
■used to say that something has good qualities but could be better 在一定程度上
• It's a good essay as far as it goes. 这篇短文还算不错。
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
be a far cry from sth
■to be completely different from something 和…相去甚远；与…大相迳庭
• This flat is a far cry from the house they had before. 这间公寓和他们以前住的房子相去甚远。
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
by far and away UK
■by a very great amount 大量的
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
go far informal (also go a long way)
■to be very successful in the future 有远大的前程
• She's a very talented writer - I'm sure she'll go far. 她是一位很有天赋的作家——我肯定她将来会大有成就。
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
go too far informal
■to behave in a way that upsets or annoys people 做得过分
• It's all very well having a joke but sometimes you go too far. 开玩笑没甚么不好，但有时候你的玩笑太过火了。
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something that is not near, or the part of something that is most distant from the centre or from you 远的；遥远的；远端的
• The station isn't far - we could easily walk it. 车站不远——我们可以很轻松地走过去。
• [before noun] The children ran to the far side/corner of the room. 孩子跑向房间的另一头／尽头的角落。
far left/right
■refers to political groups whose opinions are very extreme （政治团体）极左／右的
• supporters of the far left 极左派的支持者
distant, far, remote
这组词都有“远的”的意思，其区别是：
distant: 语意最强，强调距离。
far: 除特殊情况外，侧重长距离。也可用作引申意义。
remote: 侧重指离中心地有利的地方很远。
adv. 很；遥远地；久远地；到很远的距离；到很深的程度
 - greatly, quite, badly, too, powerful
adj. 远的；久远的
 - hoary, agelong
n. 远方
 - distance, distant place

Word: description
Front: description
[dɪˈskrɪpʃn] (高研四六雅 2171/1441 -K3)
Vocabulary: description
(once / 103 pages)
n
A description puts something in words, like a portrait puts a person in paint. The lawnmower you came home with did not quite fit the description of the dishwasher you went shopping for.
The root for description is the Latin word descriptio, meaning “to write down.” The “script” in description tells you that a good description makes what it describes come to life, like a script for a movie. Your description of that fudge almond swirl ice cream was so good I could taste it! Unfortunately, I'm allergic to nuts.
WORD FAMILY
description: descriptions+/describable: indescribable / describe: describable, described, describes, describing, description, descriptive / descriptive: descriptively, descriptivism, undescriptive/ indescribable: indescribably/undescriptive: undescriptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
If he couldn’t fill the job description, he said, there was no use trying to fake it.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities say police pursued a vehicle Thursday that matched the description of one involved in an earlier armed robbery.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Each personality description gets a little convoluted, but suffice it to say that this is at least an interesting way to approach losing weight.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 描述; 形容; 种类; 类型
分布：描述(90%)，说明书(5%)，类型(4%)，刻画(1%)
描绘,形容(de+script+ion)[scrib,script=write,表示"写"]
n.描写,形容;种类The pious man is dubious about the vicious civilian's vivid description of his vicinity to his wife.虔诚的男子对邪恶的平民生动的描述他与其妻子的密切(关系)半信半疑.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that tells you what something or someone is like 描述，描写，描绘
• Write a description of your favourite seaside resort. 描述一下你最喜欢的海滨胜地。
• She has given the police a very detailed/full description of the robber. 她向员警详细描述了抢劫者的相貌。
• A girl answering (= matching) the description of the missing teenager was spotted in Hull. 有人在赫尔发现一个女孩，相貌特征符合失踪少女的描述。
• Your essay contains too much description, and not enough discussion of the issues. 你的文章描述性内容太多，而对问题的讨论不足。
of every description
■of all types 各种各样的
• Boats of every description were entering the harbour. 各种船只正在驶入港湾。
be beyond description (also defy description)
■to be something that you cannot describe accurately because of its great size, quality or level 无法形容，难以描述
• Her beauty is beyond description. 她的美无与伦比。
• The mess in Bart's room defies description (= is very bad) ! 巴特的房间乱得难以形容！
exposition, definition, description, explanation, interpretation
这组词都有“解释”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 通常指对论点、假设、理论等的重点作详尽的阐述。
definition: 主要指对某一词、短语或专门术语的含义作解释、下定义。
description: 指对某一事物的重要方面进行详细叙述，常含教育与启迪意味。
explanation: 普通用词，指使人明白未知或不清楚的事。
interpretation: 多指对文字上较难的段落，或难于理解，令人迷惑的问题作出解释或说明。
n. 描述，描写；类型；说明书
 - presentation, type, style, characterization

Word: later
Front: later
[ˈleɪtə(r)] (高研四六 295/279 -K5)
Vocabulary: later
(once / 26 pages)
advadj
Later is a way to talk about time: some time after now. You can go to a movie later tonight.
Later can also mean more recent, as in "Which is the later movie, Gone with the Wind or Citizen Kane?" It can mean toward the end: “He made that movie later in his career.” It can also mean after, as in "You were later than I thought you'd be!" It can also be used in comparison: "He was late; I was later." All these uses are about time, and how time keeps moving on from now to later.
WORD FAMILY
later: laterly+/ late: lately, lateness, later, latish/ lately: latelys/lateness: latenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later this month, Lucas is convening the museum’s board to decide between two distinct locations.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
None of these teams seem bound for the later rounds of the playoffs.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
To reduce the risk of pneumonia, two vaccines are recommended for people age 65 and older: Prevnar 13 first, followed by Pneumovax a year later.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 较晚地; 以后，过后; 后来; 随后
adj. 后来的; 以后的; 接近末期的; 晚年的
分布：后来(40%)，以后的(21%)，接近末期的(13%)，后来的(13%)，稍后(13%)
→来自later的比较级形式。
ad.后来,过后The lace placed in the palace is replaced first, and displaced later.放在皇宫的带子先被替换,后来被转移.
US [-tˌɚ] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■at a time in the future or after the time you have mentioned 晚些时候；过些时间
• He'll be back later. 他稍后回来。
• We could always go later in the season. 我们总还可以在这个季节的晚些时候去。
• Police questioned him and he was later arrested. 警方审问了他，后来他被逮捕了。
later on ADVANCED
■at a time in the future, or after the time you have mentioned 将来的某个时候；在某个提及的时间以后
• What are you doing later on this evening? 今晚晚些时候你想做甚么？
• Shall I go and fetch her later on? 我过一会去接她好吗？
• Later on, we could go and have a meal if you like. 你愿意的话，过一会我们可以一起去吃饭。
no/not later than
■not after 早于某个时间；在某时间之前
• She said she'd prefer us to arrive no later than nine o'clock. 她说她希望我们能在九点之前到达。
UK ['leɪ.tər] US [-tˌɚ] adverb
See/Catch you later. informal
■a way of saying goodbye 回头见，再见
• "Bye." "See you later." “再见。”“回头见。”
UK ['leɪ.tər] US [-tˌɚ] adjective [before noun]
IN THE FUTURE 在将来
 ESSENTIAL
■happening at a time in the future, or after the time you have mentioned 在将来的某时间、在提及的某时间之后发生
• We could catch a later train. 我们可以搭乘晚些时候的火车。
• You can always change your password at a later date. 你可以在日后随时变更你的密码。
UK ['leɪ.tər] US [-tˌɚ] adjective [before noun]
TOWARDS THE END 晚年；晚期
 ESSENTIAL
■happening towards the end of a period of time or the end of someone's life 接近一段时间的终结或一个人生命的晚期
• He needed round-the-clock care in the later stages of his illness. 在患病的晚期他需要昼夜不停的照料。
• During his later years, he lived in London. 他的晚年在伦敦渡过。
UK ['leɪ.tər] US [-tˌɚ] adjective [before noun]
RECENT 近期的
 ESSENTIAL
■more modern or recent 较现代或近期的
• Later versions of the software are much better. 较新版本的软体要好得多。
• Later models included a 2.5 litre engine. 近期的型号包括了一个2.5升的引擎。
• I prefer her earlier paintings to her later work. 我认为她的早期油画作品比晚期作品好。
UK ['leɪ.tər] US [-tˌɚ] exclamation (also laters) informal
■a way of saying goodbye 道别的一种方式
• Laters, Mike. 迈克，再见。
afterward(s), later
这两个副词均有“后来，以后”之意。
afterward(s): 与later的不同之处有两点。1.afterwards指一整段时间之后，一般不分具体时间连用，而later常指一个具体的时间点之后。2.afterward(s)强调事物的先后顺序，而later侧重“迟、推迟”。
adv. 后来；稍后；随后
 - since, subsequently

Word: slow
Front: slow
[sləʊ] (中高 1761/1661 -K4)
Back: adj. 慢的; 迟钝的; 温和的; 慢于…的
adv. 慢慢地; 缓慢地
vt. & vi. （使）缓行，（使）减速
vi. 变慢; 变萧条
vt. 放慢; 阻碍
时态：slowed, slowing, slows
分布：慢的(43%)，放慢(29%)，减速(20%)，慢慢地(8%)
→来 自 中 古 英 语 slow, 来 自 古 英 语 slaw, 懒 散 的 ， 无 精 打 采 的 ， 缓 慢 的 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*slaiwaz,没精神的，虚弱的，来自 sleu,没精神的，虚弱的，没精打采的， 词源同 slack,sluggard.引申诸相关词义。
a.慢的,不活跃的v.(down)(使)放慢,减速The plowman slowly blows at the glowing globe.犁地者对着发红的球体慢慢吹气.
US [sloʊ] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■doing, moving or happening without much speed 慢的，缓慢的
• a slow runner/driver/reader 跑步慢／开车慢／看书慢的人
• She's a very slow eater. 她吃饭很慢。
• We're making slow but steady progress with the decorating. 我们的装修进度缓慢但很顺利。
• The government was very slow to react to the problem. 政府对这一问题反应迟缓。
• Business is always slow during those months because everyone's on holiday. 那几个月生意都很清淡，因为大家都在休假。
Opposite fast or quick. describes a film, book, play, etc. that does not have much excitement and action （电影、书籍、戏剧等）情节拖泥带水的，索然无趣的
• His films are so slow they send me to sleep. 他那些电影情节拖泥带水，总让我昏昏欲睡。
■A person might be described as slow if they are not very clever and do not understand or notice things quickly 迟钝的，愚笨的
• I feel so slow when I'm with Andrew - he's so much brighter than me. 和安德鲁在一起时，我感觉自己很迟钝——他比我聪明多了。
• I was a bit slow off the mark/on the uptake there - I didn't follow his reasoning at all. 我理解能力较差——完全没听懂他的推理。
⇒ See also slow-witted
■If a clock or watch is slow, it shows a time that is earlier than the real time （钟、表）走得慢的
• That clock is ten minutes slow. 那个钟慢十分钟。
UK [sləʊ] US [sloʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to reduce speed or activity, or to make something do this （使）减速；（使）放慢速度；（使）减缓
• Business development has slowed in response to the recession. 因为经济不景气，企业发展减缓了速度。
• Traffic slows to a crawl (= goes so slowly it almost stops) during rush hour. 尖峰时段，车辆行驶速度跟蜗牛似的。
• The pilot was asked to slow his approach to the runway. 飞行员被要求减速靠近跑道。
⇒ See also slow down
UK [sləʊ] US [sloʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] slow (sb/sth) down/up IMPROVER
■to become slower, or to make someone or something become slower （使）减慢速度，（使）慢下来
• Slow down, you two, you're walking too fast! 慢一点，你们两个，你们走得太快了！
• If I run with Christina she tends to slow me down. 如果我和克莉丝蒂娜一起跑，她会拖慢我的速度。
• We slowed up when we saw the police. 我们看见员警时，放慢了速度。
UK [sləʊ] US [sloʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] slow down
■to be less active and relax more 放慢，放松；松劲
• The doctor has told him to slow down or he'll have a heart attack. 医生告诫他要放慢生活节奏，否则会心脏病发作。
UK [sləʊ] US [sloʊ] adverb
■at a slow speed 缓慢地，慢吞吞地
• I can't walk any slower. 我走得已经非常慢了。
• slow-moving traffic 移动缓慢的车流
• a slow-burning candle 燃得很慢的蜡烛
• mainly US He drives too slow! 他开车太慢了！
adj. 慢的；减速的；迟钝的
 - dull, moderative
vi. 变慢；变萧条
 - stagnate
vt. 放慢；阻碍
 - impede, block up
adv. 慢慢地；迟缓地
 - dilatorily

Word: slide
Front: slide
[slaɪd] (高研四六托雅 2174/2704 -K3)
Back: vi. 滑落; 下跌; 打滑; [棒球]滑垒
vt. 衰落（成）; 逐渐降低; 使悄悄转动; （使）快捷而悄声地移动
n. 幻灯片; 降低
时态：slid, sliding, slides
分布：幻灯片(53%)，滑动(24%)，下滑(13%)，滑坡(5%)，雪崩(2%)，使滑动(1%)，滑入(1%)，悄悄地溜走(1%)
→来自古英语 slidan,滑行，滑动，来自 Proto-Germanic*slidan,滑行，滑动，来自 sleidh,滑 行，滑动，来自 slei,滑的，词源同 slime,slip.引申比喻义下滑，崩塌等。
v.(使)滑动n.滑坡,滑道;滑,滑动;幻灯片The tides slide on the tidy wide beach and collide each other.海潮在整洁宽阔的海滩上滑行并相互碰撞.
verb (slid, slid)
MOVE 移动
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) move easily and without interruption over a surface （使）滑动，（使）滑行
• When I was little I used to like sliding on the polished floor in my socks. 小时候我喜欢穿着短袜在光亮的地板上滑行。
• We've got one of those doors in the kitchen that slides open. 我们厨房的门中有一扇装的是那种滑动开关的。
• He slid the letter into his pocket while no one was looking. 趁没人看见，他把信塞进了口袋。
• sliding doors 推拉门，滑门
[slaɪd] verb (slid, slid)
GET WORSE 变糟
intransitive
■to go into a worse state, often through lack of control or care 下滑；衰落；逐渐陷入
• The dollar slid against other major currencies. 美元对其他主要货币的比值有所下滑。
• Car exports slid by 40% this year. 今年汽车的出口下滑了40%。
• He was improving for a while, but I fear he's sliding back into his old habits. 他有一段时间确实在进步，可我担心他又会故态复萌。
• I was doing really well with my diet, but I'm afraid I've let it slide (= not tried as hard) recently. 以前我在节食方面做得的确不错，但最近恐怕有些松懈。
⇒ See also backslide
[slaɪd] noun
MOVEMENT 运动
countable
■a sudden movement of a large mass of mud (= wet earth) or rock down a hill 山崩，落石坍方；崩塌
• a mud/rock slide 土泥流／坍方
⇒ See also landslide
countable
■a structure for children to play on which has a slope for them to slide down and usually a set of steps leading up to the slope 滑梯
countable
■a part that moves easily backwards and forwards on an instrument or machine （乐器或机器上的）滑动物件
• the slide on a trombone 长号上的 U 型伸缩拉管
[slaɪd] noun
WORSE STATE 衰退状态
countable usually singular
■when something moves into a worse state, often through lack of control or care 不知不觉陷入（恶劣的状态，通常因为缺乏管理或关注）
• The government must take measures, he said, to halt the country's slide into recession. 他说，政府必须采取措施阻止国家陷入经济衰退。
[slaɪd] noun
PHOTOGRAPHY 摄影
countable (specialized transparency)
■a small piece of photographic film in a frame which, when light is passed through it, shows a larger image on a screen or plain surface 幻灯片
• colour slides 彩色幻灯片
[slaɪd] noun
GLASS 玻璃
countable
■a small piece of glass on which you put something in order to look at it through a microscope （显微镜的）载玻片
[slaɪd] noun
HAIR 头发
countable UK short form of
■ hair slide
skid, glide, slip, slide
这组词都有“滑动”的意思，其区别是：
skid: 着重指不自主地或失去控制地滑动，特指车轮在结冰或潮湿路面上的滑动，常暗含有危险存在的意味。
glide: 指自由、顺畅地流动，也指不费力、无声响地滑动。
slip: 指不自觉地、偶然地滑动。
slide: 通常多指与光滑表面保持接触并且迅速地连续滑动。
n. 滑动； [电影] 幻灯片；滑梯；雪崩
 - transparency, slipping
vi. 滑动；滑落；不知不觉陷入
 - bowl, creep down
vt. 滑动；使滑动；悄悄地迅速放置
 - slip

Word: widely
Front: widely
[ˈwaɪdli] (四六 2175/1692 -K)
Vocabulary: widely
(once / 245 pages)
adv
The adverb widely is good for describing something that happens over a broad area or in a big way. If it is widely believed that the stock market will crash, then you better sell, sell, sell.
If the houses in your neighborhood vary widely, there is an enormous amount of difference between each house — a tiny bungalow next door to a huge mansion, for example. Likewise, when you smile widely at a cute little kid, it's a big smile. The adverb widely comes from the adjective wide, or broad, from an Old English root word, wīd, "spacious or extensive."
WORD FAMILY
wide: widely, widen, wideness, wider, wides, widest, width+/widen: widened, widening, widens/widening: widenings/width: widths
USAGE EXAMPLES
And with the release of the new album, he posted his thoughts about the end of 2016 on Facebook, in a widely shared post.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Swiss use it in shops, restaurants and for train travel, he said, and “it is also widely used for automobile purchases and in agriculture.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The roughly 1 million Rohingya Muslims are widely described as the world’s most persecuted minority.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 广泛地; 普遍地; 到处; 大量地
分布：广泛地(67%)，大大地(33%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■including a lot of different places, people, subjects, etc 范围广地；广泛地
• They have both travelled widely. 他们俩都游历过很多地方。
• His plays are still widely performed in the USA. 他的戏剧仍在美国各地上演。
• French used to be widely spoken in Kampuchea. 在柬埔寨，过去人们普遍讲法语。
• His work on DNA was widely admired. 他在 DNA 研究方面的工作受到了广泛赞赏。
• This theory is no longer widely accepted. 这一理论不再被人们广泛接受。
differ/vary widely
 ADVANCED
■to be very different 大不相同
• Prices vary widely from shop to shop. 商店之间的价格相差很大。
adv. 广泛地
 - far and wide, diffusely

Word: wedding
Front: wedding
[ˈwedɪŋ] (高研四六托雅 2176/2391 -K3)
Back: n. 婚礼; 婚宴; 结婚纪念日; 结合
vt. 与…结婚; 使完婚; 使紧密结合; 把形式与作用紧密结合的风格
vi. 婚礼; 结婚
分布：婚礼(97%)，结合(3%)
→来自wed,结婚。
n.婚礼On the wedding I saw blooms embeded in the bed of the bedroom.在婚礼上,我看见卧室的床上镶嵌着花朵.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a marriage ceremony and any celebrations such as a meal or a party which follow it 婚礼，结婚庆典
• a wedding cake/dress/invitation/present/reception 婚礼蛋糕／礼服／请柬／礼物／招待会
• Do you know the date of Caroline and Matthew's wedding? 你知道卡罗琳和马修的婚礼哪天举行吗？
• It was their twenty-fifth wedding anniversary last week. 上周是他们结婚25周年纪念。
wedding, marriage
这组词都有“结婚”的意思，其区别是：
wedding: 普通用词，指婚礼上的结婚仪式以及随之而来的庆祝活动。
marriage: 普通用词，含义广，指婚烟关系及婚后生活，也可指结婚仪式。
n. 婚礼，婚宴；结婚；结合
 - marriage, combination, coupling, bond, join

Word: inform
Front: inform
[ɪnˈfɔ:m] (高研四六 2177/1726 -K3)
Vocabulary: inform
(once / 32 pages)
1v 2v
To inform is to tell someone news, pass on wisdom, leak gossip, or give instruction. You've been informed that you won the raffle at the county fair. What are you going to do with all that cheese?
The Latin verb infōrmāre means "to form or shape." The idea of passing on knowledge came about in the 14th Century, with the meaning of "teaching or instructing" coming later. Thomas Jefferson, who believed democracy to be impossible without informed citizens, said, “Educate and inform the whole mass of the people... They are the only sure reliance for the preservation of our liberty.”
WORD FAMILY
inform: informant, information, informative, informatory, informed, informer, informing, informs, misinform +/informant: informants/ information: disinformation, informational, informations/ informative: informatively, uninformative/ informed: informedly, uninformed/informer: informers/ misinform: misinformation, misinformed, misinforming, misinforms/ misinformation: misinformations/uninformative: uninformatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
If Mr. Robinson is to render an opinion, it should be informed by history.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Turkish immigration authorities informed the Brunsons that they would be detained pending deportation from the country.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Alexander says Parkes constantly yelled at her, denied her requests for training and failed to inform her of meetings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 通知; 使活跃，使充满; 预示
vi. 通知; 告发
时态：informed, informing, informs
分布：通知(74%)，告诉(21%)，告发(4%)，使熟悉(1%)
→in-,进入，使，form,形成。其原义使成形，训练，后引申词义教导，教育，说明，通知。引申演变比较instruct.
通知,告知(in进+form→进入形式→正式通知)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
v.(of,about)通知,告诉,报告;告发,告密The bookworm in uniform is informed of the storm.穿制服的书呆子得到暴风雨的消息.
US [-'fɔ:rm] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to tell someone about particular facts 通知，告知
• The name of the dead man will not be released until his relatives have been informed. 在通知死者亲属之前，不会公布死者的姓名。
• Why wasn't I informed about this earlier? 为甚么不早点将这件事通知我？
• Walters was not properly informed of the reasons for her arrest. 沃尔特斯并未按规定被告知其被捕的原因。
• [+ that] I informed my boss that I was going to be away next week. 我告诉老板下周我不在。
UK [ɪn'fɔ:m] US [-'fɔ:rm] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  inform against/on sb
■If you inform on/against someone, you give the police information, usually secretly, about that person, showing that he or she has done something wrong （向警方）告发（某人）
• The terrorists said that anyone caught informing on them would be killed. 恐怖分子说，举报他们的人一经发现将性命不保。
UK [ɪn'fɔ:m] US [-'fɔ:rm] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  informRemember: inform must have a direct object. Don't say 'inform about/of something', say inform someone about/of something :
✗ I am writing to inform that I am leaving. I am writing to inform you that I am leaving.
inform, notify, advise, acquaint
这组词都有“通知、告知”的意思，其区别是：
inform: 普通用词，指传达事实或信息，或指经过研究或调查而获得的事实或信息。
notify: 指正式通知需要注意的事情。
advise: 指正式通知某件重要事，所通知的事情与被通知的人有关。
acquaint: 指提供有关信息或情况使某人熟悉某些过程或复杂的情况。
vt. 通知；告诉；报告
 - message, bring in on
vi. 告发；告密
 - tell on, blow the whistle

Word: portion
Front: portion
[ˈpɔ:ʃn] (研四六托雅 2178/4270 -2)
Vocabulary: portion
(once / 77 pages)
1nv 2n
If a friend asks you to invest in her new start-up in exchange for a portion, or part, of the company’s profits, consider the agreement carefully. Remember, a portion of zero is still zero.
Portion can also refer to the amount of food provided for each person at a meal. If you’re reviewing a restaurant, for example, you'll want to take note of the portion size. In addition, portion can be used as a verb meaning “divide and distribute something.” At birthday parties, we find it odd that the person celebrating her birthday is expected to perform the annoying task of portioning her own cake (perhaps it’s so she can claim the biggest portion).
WORD FAMILY
portion: portioned, portioning, portions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Russian leader seized Crimea from Ukraine and now holds portions of Ukraine itself.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Next season’s portion of the contract is guaranteed if Taylor is unable to pass his physical.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Write down all your meals and snacks, including portion size and timing, she says.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 一部分; 一份遗产（或赠与的财产）; 嫁妆; 分得的财产
vt. 把…分成份额; 分配; 把…分给(to); 命运注定
时态：portioned, portioning, portions
分布：部分(83%)，份(11%)，命运(2%)，分配(2%)，命运注定(1%)，分担的责任(1%)
→词源同part,分开，部分，-ion,名词后缀。
部分,一般(port+ion→一部分)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
n.一部分,一份On the porter's passport a portion of the portrait isn't proportional.在搬运工的护照上,部分肖像不成比例.
US [ˈpɔːr-]
 IMPROVER
■a part or share of something larger 一部分；一份
• A large/major portion of the company's profit goes straight back into new projects. 公司利润的一大部分／主要部分又直接投入了新的专案计划。
• I accept my portion of the blame. 我承担部分责任。
 IMPROVER
■the amount of a particular food that is served to one person, especially in a restaurant or a shop which sells food ready to be eaten （食物的）一份，一客
• The portions are very generous in this restaurant. 这家餐厅每道菜量都很足。
verb UK [ˌpɔː.ʃən] US [ˌpɔːr-]
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] portion sth out
■to share something out 分配，分享
• We'll have to portion the money out among/between the six of us. 我们得把这些钱在我们六个人中分。
⇒ See also apportion
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
n. 部分；一份；命运
 - part, proportion, fate, percent, lot
vt. 分配；给…嫁妆
 - part, to allocate

Word: territory
Front: territory
[ˈterətri] (研四六托雅 2179/2009 -4)
Vocabulary: territory
(once / 99 pages)
n
A certain area that's owned or under the control of someone is called a territory. Countries defend their territories during wars and dogs mark their territory in the yard by peeing on it.
Although the territory of a country includes its entire area, the noun can also specifically refer to an area governed by a country, but one that isn't a state or province. Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States, for example. The noun territory can also be used to describe any assigned region or area, such as a salesman whose territory is the Midwest — that means that he's in charge of business in there.
WORD FAMILY
territory: territorial, territories+/ territorial: nonterritorial, territorialise, territoriality, territorialize, territorially, territorials/territorialise: territorialisation/territorialize: territorialization, territorialized, territorializing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The US abstains from voting in a UN Security Council resolution that declares Israeli settlements in Palestinian territory illegal.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Such a move is likely to fuel resentment in the territory of the party’s political control there.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Security Council resolution that the U.S. allowed to pass on Friday says that all of east Jerusalem is now occupied territory.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 领土，版图; 领地; 领域，范围; [商]势力范围
分布：领土(62%)，领域(23%)，范围(9%)，版图(6%)
→terra-,土地，陆地，-ory,表地后缀。原指领主管辖区域，引申词义领土，领地。
领土,领域(terr+itory表示场所、范围→地的范围→领土)[terr=eartth表示"土地"]
n.领土;版图;领域,范围The miracle mirrors a horrible error made by the terrorists in the terrible territory.这件奇事反映了恐怖分子在这一可怕地区犯的可怕错误.
US [-tɔ:r.i] noun countable or uncountable
AREA 领域
 IMPROVER
■(an area of) land or sometimes sea, which is considered as belonging to or connected with a particular country or person 领土；领域；领地；活动范围
• He was shot down in enemy territory. 他在敌方领土上被击落。
• The UN is sending aid to the occupied territories. 联合国正在向被占领地区提供援助。
■an area that an animal or person tries to control or thinks belongs to them 领域；地盘（某一动物或人想控制的、或认为属于其自己的区域）
• The robin keeps other birds off that part of the garden - that's his territory. 这只知更鸟不许其他鸟进入花园的那块地方，那是它的领地。
UK ['ter.ɪ.tər.i/ UK [-tri] US [-tɔ:r.i] noun countable or uncountable
SUBJECT 题材
■a subject that you know about or have experience in （知识等的）领域，范畴（你了解或有经验的学科）
• The director is back on familiar territory with his latest film. 该导演的最新电影又转回到他所熟悉的题材上。
UK ['ter.ɪ.tər.i/ UK [-tri] US [-tɔ:r.i] noun countable or uncountable
go/come with the territory
■to be an expected fact or result of a particular situation or position 属于必然的结果，是难免的
• The public attention that famous people get just goes with the territory. 公众关注名人是难免的。
field, territory, province, domain, sphere
这组词都有“范围，领域”的意思，其区别是：
field: 主要指经选定在一段时间内作专题研究的方面或领域，含夸张意味。
territory: 指科学知识、活动等的领域或范围。
province: 即可指科学、艺术、学问的领域或范围，又可指个人或机关职权的管辖范围。
domain: 指知识艺术、兴趣或人类活动的领域。
sphere: 指有明显分界线的范围或领域，强调彼此不会干扰、跨越，各不相关。
territory, scope, range, span
territory: 领土（的范围）
scope: （处理、研究事物的）范围
range: （种类或变化的）限度，范围，幅度，程度；视力或听力所达到的距离，声音所能传送的距离；（枪、炮、导弹等的）射程
span: 跨度，跨径；（某事物）自始至终的持续时间或期间
n. 领土，领域；范围；地域； [地理] 版图
 - domain, province, world, extent, boundary, region, kingdom

Word: immediate
Front: immediate
[ɪˈmi:diət] (高研四六托 2180/1542 -K4)
Vocabulary: immediate
(once / 35 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something immediate is happening now or right away. If you're in immediate danger, you'd better run or call 911.
Immediate is a word that pretty much means "now." If you take immediate action, then there's no delay. If you need immediate assistance, you can't wait for assistance. The related word immediately should be a clue, since it also means "right now." If something is happening later, or it happened a long time ago, or you have to wait for it at all, then it's not immediate.
WORD FAMILY
immediate: immediacy, immediately, immediateness+/ immediacy: immediacies
USAGE EXAMPLES
People considering gastric bypass surgery often focus on the immediate result: an end to obesity after struggling unsuccessfully to lose weight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There was no immediate reaction from China to Trump’s tweet.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
There was no immediate comment from either North or South Korea on Mr. Trump’s latest remarks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 立即的; 直接的，最接近的; 目前的，当前的; 直觉的
分布：直接的(44%)，立即的(31%)，目前的(17%)，最接近的(8%)
→im-,不，非，-med,中间，词源同middle,medial.即没有中间环节的，立即的，马上的。
a.立即的,即时的;直接的,最接近的In the cinema the medicine immediately remedied the medium.在电影院里这种药立刻拯救了中间人.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■happening or done without delay or very soon after something else 立即的，立刻的
• We must make an immediate response. 我们必须立即作出反应。
• Dioxin is a poison that takes immediate effect. 二恶英是一种速效毒药。
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something or someone that is close to, or is a cause of or an effect of, something or someone else 接近的；紧接的；直接的
• There are few facilities in the immediate area. 在邻近地区几乎没有甚么设施。
• An immediate result/effect of the war was a breakdown of law and order. 战争的直接后果／影响是法治的瘫痪。
 ESSENTIAL
■in the present or as soon as possible 目前的；尽快的
• We have no immediate plans. 我们目前没有计划。
• MPs have demanded his immediate resignation. 下院议员要他立刻辞职。
the immediate future
■the period of time that is coming next 近期
your immediate family
■your closest relations, such as your parents, children, husband or wife 直系亲属（如父母、子女、配偶等）
immediate, prompt, momentary, instant
immediate: 目前的，当前的
prompt: （行动）立刻的，迅速的；
momentary: 瞬息间的；
instant: 即刻发生的
adj. 立即的；直接的；最接近的
 - instant, direct, right

Word: opponent
Front: opponent
[əˈpəʊnənt] (研四六托雅宝 2181/2663 -K3)
Vocabulary: opponent
(once / 204 pages)
nadj
An opponent is your competition, whether it's a rival hockey team, or the other finalist in the chess tournament. Coaches tell you to never underestimate your opponent.
Someone who competes or fights against you is your opponent. If you're arguing that chocolate ice cream is better than vanilla, the vanilla ice cream fan is your opponent. An opponent can also be someone who opposes, like an opponent of gun control laws. The Latin word opponent means setting against, and it was first used in English to describe the person who would begin a certain type of philosophical debate.
WORD FAMILY
opponent: opponents+/opposable: unopposable/ oppose: opponent, opposable, opposed, opposer, opposes, opposing, opposition / opposed: unopposed/opposer: opposers/opposing: opposingly/ opposition: oppositions
USAGE EXAMPLES
No matter how much they scouted their opponents, they couldn’t imitate them effectively in practice, because their bench players weren’t good enough.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In 1966, he was elected lieutenant governor, defeating three opponents in the Democratic primary without a runoff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Opponents averaged 16 points in the final 11 games.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 对手; 反对者; 敌手
adj. 对立的; 敌对的
分布：对手(89%)，反对者(5%)，敌手(4%)，敌对的(1%)，反对的(1%)
→op-,相对，对着的，-pon,放置，词源同pose,component.即对着放的，引申词义反对者，对手。
对立的n.对手(op反+pon+ent→反着放→对立的)[pon,pound=put,表示"放置"]
n.对手,反对者,敌手a.对立的,对抗的Suppose you were exposed in the opposite position by your opponent, …假设你被对手暴露在相反的位置,....
【记】源于：oppose（v 反对），op反，pose放－反对
【参】component（adj 合成的）；proponent（n 支持者）
US [-'poʊ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who disagrees with something and speaks against it or tries to change it 反对者；对手；敌手
• a political opponent 政敌
• Leading opponents of the proposed cuts in defence spending will meet later today. 反对削减国防开支建议的带头人将在今天晚些时候会面。
 IMPROVER
■a person being competed against in a sports event （体育比赛中的）对手
• In the second game, her opponent hurt her leg and had to retire. 在第二局，她的对手拉伤了腿，不得不退出比赛。
opponent, opposite, original, origin
opponent: 反对者
opposite: 相反的
original: 原创
origin: 起源
opponent, competitor, enemy, foe, rival
这些名词均有“对手，敌手”之意。
opponent: 最常用词，通常指在争论、辩论、竞选或竞赛以及其它各种矛盾冲突中站在对立面的“对手”或“敌手”。
competitor: 指为同一目标或目的竞争者，一般无感情色彩。
enemy: 多指充满敌意的仇敌。
foe: 语气较强，多用于书面文字和诗歌中。指不仅敌对，而且很危险，怀有很深的敌意。
rival: 指与某人目标一致而想赶上或超过他的人，匹敌者。
opponent, host, agencies, advocate
opponent: 反对者
host: 主任，主持人
agencies: 代理，机关
advocate: 提倡者，鼓吹者
n. 对手；反对者；敌手
 - equal, anti, comparative, rival, match
adj. 对立的；敌对的
 - contrary, adverse, against

Word: abandon
Front: abandon
[əˈbændən] (高研四六托宝 2182/2057 -K3)
Vocabulary: abandon
(once / 104 pages)
1v 2n
To abandon something is to give it up completely. If you’re in a cabin and a forest fire approaches, you’d better get in your car and abandon your cabin, or else be prepared to abandon your life.
If you abandon something, you let it go, so when you describe someone as "acting with abandon," it means they have let go of restrictions or inhibitions. Maybe you like to dance with abandon in the privacy of your own room. But abandon could also mean people have abandoned their senses. To "drive with abandon," for example, means to drive recklessly.
WORD FAMILY
abandon: abandoned, abandoning, abandonment, abandons+/ abandoned: abandonedly/ abandonment: abandonments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The driver abandoned the car and fled on foot; his female passenger was detained and questioned by authorities, and later released, Nicholson said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The idea was ultimately abandoned in the 1980s.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Obama, as I wrote earlier this week, abandoned this promise in his first year in office.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 放弃，抛弃; 离弃，丢弃; 使屈从; 停止进行，终止
n. 放任，放纵; 完全屈从于压制
时态：abandoned, abandoning, abandons
分布：放弃(76%)，抛弃(21%)，放纵(3%)
→来自法语短语 a bandon. 前缀a-同ad-, 去，往。-band, 意愿。原指置于别人的意愿之下，任人处置，后喻指遗弃，词源同ban,命令，禁止, 同phone, 说，命令。
抛弃,放弃(a不+ban+don给予→不禁止给出去→放弃)[ban=prohibit,表示"禁止"]
vt.离弃,丢弃;遗弃,抛弃;放弃The wandering band abandoned her bandaged husband on Swan Island.流浪的乐队把她那位打着绷带的丈夫遗弃在天鹅岛上.
【记】a+band乐队+on，一个乐队在舞台上。想想黑豹、唐朝、零点等疯狂的摇滚乐队，不仅他们在放纵，你们听他们的歌本身也是一种放纵。
【反】salvage（vt 海上救助）
verb transitive
LEAVE 丢弃
 IMPROVER
■to leave a place, thing or person forever 离弃；放弃；抛弃；遗弃
• We had to abandon the car. 我们不得不弃车而去。
• By the time the rebel troops arrived, the village had already been abandoned. 当叛军杀到时，村民已经撤离了村庄。
• As a baby he'd been abandoned by his mother. 他在繦褓之中就被母亲遗弃了。
• We were sinking fast, and the captain gave the order to abandon ship. 我们的船沉得很快，船长下令弃船。
[ə'bæn.dən] verb transitive
STOP 停止
 IMPROVER
■to stop doing an activity before you have finished it 放弃；中止
• The match was abandoned at half-time because of the poor weather conditions. 由于天气状况太差，比赛进行了一半就停止了。
• They had to abandon their attempt to climb the mountain. 他们被迫放弃攀登这座山的打算。
• The party has now abandoned its policy of unilateral disarmament. 这个政党已经废止了其单方面裁军的政策。
[ə'bæn.dən] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] abandon yourself to sth
■to allow yourself to be controlled completely by a feeling or way of living 沉湎于；放纵
• He abandoned himself to his emotions. 他任由自己的情绪发泄。
[ə'bæn.dən] noun literary
with (gay/wild) abandon
■in a completely uncontrolled way 尽情；放纵
• We danced with wild abandon. 我们纵情跳舞。
desert, leave, give up, forsake, abandon
这组词都有“抛弃、放弃”的意思，其区别是：
desert: 着重指违背法律责任和义务，或自己的信仰与誓言的行为，多含非难的意味。
leave: 普通用词，指舍弃某事或某一职业，或终止同一某人的关系，但不涉及动机与果。
give up: 普通用语，侧重指没有希望或因外界压力而放弃。
forsake: 侧重断绝感情上的依恋，自愿抛弃所喜欢的人或物。也指抛弃信仰或改掉恶习。
abandon: 强调永远或完全放弃或抛弃人或事物等，这可能是被迫的，也可能是自愿的。
preclude, discard, abandon, eliminate, abolish, dismiss
preclude: 排除
discard: 丢弃，抛弃（可指人也可指物）
abandon: 放弃（某物）
eliminate: 消除，淘汰
abolish: （依法）废除
dismiss: 解雇
n. 狂热；放任
 - loose, mania
vt. 遗弃；放弃
 - desert, yield, quit

Word: link
Front: link
[lɪŋk] (高研四六雅 1730/1277 -K4)
Vocabulary: link
(once / 142 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
Before it was the universal word for traveling around the Internet, link was just a connection or a device that connects things, like the links in a chain.
Much of what humans do in their day-to-day life involves looking for links — or relationships between people and things. When there is a link, that means two things are connected — such as "the link between smoking and lung cancer." Some people even create links, like butchers who make sausage links and website developers who hyperlink the sites you visit to ensure that you spend far too much time clicking around the Web.
WORD FAMILY
link: interlink, linkage, linked, linking, links+/interlink: interlinked, interlinking, interlinks/ linkage: linkages
USAGE EXAMPLES
The 64 demands follow, and each is linked to the linked Diamondback story:
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Sunday afternoons in Century Link Field are akin to Sunday mornings in church.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is linked to a mobile phone app which records the audio of the patient's chest.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 环，节; [计算机]链接; 关联，关系
vt. 连结; 挽住，勾住
vi. 用环连接; 联系在一起
时态：linked, linking, links
分布：联系(33%)，连接(28%)，环(22%)，节(17%)
→来自kleng,弯，转，来自klei,弯，转，倾斜，词源同lean,incline.引申词义关联，联系。
v.连接,联系n.环节,链环The two towns are linked by a railway.这两个城镇由一条铁路连接起来.
noun countable
CONNECTION 联系
 ESSENTIAL
■a connection between two people, things or ideas 联系，关联；关系
• There's a direct link between diet and heart disease. 日常饮食与心脏病有直接的关系。
• Their links with Britain are still strong. 他们与英国的联系依然很密切。
• diplomatic links between the two countries 两国的外交关系
 ESSENTIAL
■a connection between documents on the Internet （网际网路上的）连结
• Click on this link to visit our online bookstore. 请点击此连结访问我们的网上书店。
[lɪŋk] noun countable
CHAIN 链条
■one of the rings in a chain 环，环节，圈
[lɪŋk] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make a connection between two or more people, things or ideas 使联系；使相关联
• The explosions are not thought to be linked in any way. 据信这些爆炸案之间没有任何联系。
• The use of CFCs has been linked to the depletion of the ozone layer. 据认为臭氧层的减少与含氯氟烃的使用有关。
[lɪŋk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] link (sth) up
■to form a connection, especially in order to work or operate together （尤指为共同工作或运作）（使）建立联系，（使）结合，联合
• The organization's aim is to link up people from all over the country who are suffering from the disease. 该组织的目的是想把国内各地患有这种病的患者都联合起来。
• We offer advice to Polish companies who want to link up with Western businesses. 我们给那些希望与西方公司建立联系的波兰公司提供咨询。
link-up /ˈlɪŋk.ʌp] noun countable
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
integrate, link, combine, wove
integrate: 使合并，使结合
link: 联系，有关联的
combine: 结合，组合，综合
wove: 编、织
append, affiliate, attach, link
这组词都有“附加”的意思，其区别是：
append: v.增加，附加(与attach的意思比较接近)。
 • The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.   律师在合同后又附加了两页。
affiliate: v.加入，成为……一部分。
 • an affiliated middle school   一所附属中学
attach: v.将某物系在、贴在、附在另一物上。
 • I attached a note to my report with a paper clip.   我用别针将一张字条别在报告的后面。
link: v.将人或物连接起来。
 • The crowd linked arms to form a barrier.   群众臂挽着臂组成人墙。
n. [计] 链环，环节；联系，关系
 - relationship, connection, bearing, contact, concern
vt. [计] 连接， [铁路] 连结；联合，结合
 - couple, become one

Word: lake
Front: lake
[leɪk] (中高雅 1950/1812 -K3)
Vocabulary: lake
(once / 63 pages)
1n 2n
A lake is a large body of water that is surrounded by land. The lake's water can be fresh (like Lake Michigan) or, more rarely, salty (like the Great Salt Lake). A lake is generally accepted as being bigger than a "pond."
Lake is also a type of pigment or dye that is made when a dye that can dissolve is mixed with a metallic salt or other binder that is incapable of being dissolved, rendering an insoluble pigment. Indigo lake, for example, is a blue pigment that was originally made from the woad plant but later from the indigo plant. Carmine or crimson lake, on the other hand, is made from crushed cochineal insects and is a red pigment.
WORD FAMILY
lake: lakes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Authorities say recovery efforts are resuming in the search for a small plane carrying six people that disappeared over Lake Erie, near Cleveland.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Goldmark also last month approved expanding nearby Devil’s Lake Conservation Area from 80 acres to 495 acres.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Thursday for an area around Lake Tahoe stretching south to Mammoth Lakes, California.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 湖; 深红色颜料; 胭脂红; [化]色淀
vt. &vi. 血球溶解; 使（血液）发生血球溶解
分布：湖(91%)，湖泊(8%)，深红色(1%)
→来自拉丁语lacus,湖泊，池塘，来自laku,滴，渗透，词源同leak,loch,lough.
n.湖泊,湖水The wakened cake baker awakes to that he has to brake by the lake.被唤醒的蛋糕师傅醒悟到他必须在湖边刹车.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a large area of water surrounded by land and not connected to the sea except by rivers or streams 湖，湖泊
• We used to go boating on that lake. 我们过去常去那个湖里划船。
• Lake Windermere 温德米尔湖
milk/oil/wine, etc. lake disapproving
■when too much of a liquid product is produced, making it necessary to store it or waste it （因过量生产而出现的）奶／油／酒湖等
• Overproduction caused butter mountains and wine lakes. 生产过剩导致奶油堆积如山、葡萄酒汇流成河。
n. [地理] 湖；深红色颜料；胭脂红
 - lacus, loch

Word: transform
Front: transform
[trænsˈfɔ:m] (高研四六托雅 2185/2693 -K3)
Vocabulary: transform
(once / 215 pages)
1v 2v
When you transform you change from one thing or state to another. Picture a transformer that changes from a robot to a car. Simple, right?
Caterpillars transform into butterflies, a forest is transformed by a snowfall, and a city can be transformed by a new government or a changing economy. Transform means a big change in appearance or in essence. The Internet has transformed how we live our day-to-day lives, but you wouldn't say that moving a throw pillow has transformed your living room.
WORD FAMILY
transform: transformable, transformation, transformed, transformer, transforming, transforms+/ transformation: transformations/ transformer: transformers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But in doing so, they lose the bigger picture of transforming the body.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Over the past two decades, China transformed itself into an economic superpower through massive industrialization.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“They used hand grenades and machine gun and transformed their celebration to mourning.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 改变; 改观; 变换
vi. 改变
n. [数]变换式
时态：transformed, transforming, transforms
分布：转换(51%)，改变(48%)，改变；变形；变态(1%)
→trans-,转移，转变，form,形状。
变形;改造(trans变+form→变形)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
vt.改变,变换;变压;转化;改造,改造The performer reformed the performance of the transferred transformer.表演者改良了转让的变压器的性能.
US [-'fɔ:rm] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to change completely the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that they are improved 使彻底改观；使大变样
• The reorganization will transform the British entertainment industry. 这次重组将使英国的娱乐业大为改观。
• [R] Whenever a camera was pointed at her, Marilyn would instantly transform herself into a radiant star. 每当摄像机对准她的时候，玛丽莲会立刻将自己变成一个耀眼的明星。
turn, transform, change, modify, convert, vary, alter
这组词都有“变化，改变”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 指外形、颜色、气味、性质等方面的变化，比change更通俗。
transform: 指人或物在形状、外观、形式、性质等方面发生的彻底变化，失去原状成为全新的东西。
change: 指任何变化，完全改变，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。
modify: 强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。
convert: 指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。
vary: 暗示不规则或断断续续地变。
alter: 常指轻微的改变，强调基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
invert, transform, revert, convert
这组词都有“转变”的意思，其区别是：
invert: v.使颠倒，使倒转，使反向。常常表示位置、顺序、方向等的颠倒。
 • The baby inverted the cup and spilled her orange juice.   婴儿把杯子打翻，弄洒了里面的橙汁。
transform: v.改变，转变，指形状、颜色、大小、性质等的改变。
 • A little paint will soon transform the old house.   刷一点油漆很快就会使这所旧房子大为改观。
revert: v.归还，恢复原状。指回到原来的状态或情形。
 • John gave his brother a house, and when his brother died, ownership reverted back to John.   约翰送给他的哥哥一所房子，当他的哥哥去世后，房子的所有权重新归于约翰。
convert: v.转变，变换，含有"使某人改变观点"的意思。
 • He wants to convert to Catholicism.   他要皈依天主教。
vt. 改变，使…变形；转换
 - influence, fashion, vary, innovate
vi. [数] [电] 变换，改变；转化
 - veer from, to change

Word: tension
Front: tension
[ˈtenʃn] (高研四托雅宝 2186/2092 -K3)
Vocabulary: tension
(once / 445 pages)
n
When things feel so tight they might snap, that's tension. If you buy your girlfriend a vacuum cleaner when she wanted diamonds, you will experience tension. Just before she storms out of the room.
The noun tension has its Latin roots in tendere, which means to stretch, and tension occurs when something is stretched either physically or emotionally. Strained relations between countries can cause political tensions to rise. You can add tension to a rubber band by stretching it tight. You can release nervous tension by releasing that tension in the rubber band, when you shoot it at your brother.
WORD FAMILY
tension: tensional, tensionless, tensions+/ tense: tensed, tensely, tenseness, tenser, tenses, tensest, tensing, tension, tensity, tensor/tenseness: tensenesses/tensity: tensities/tensor: tensors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Months after the primary, tensions were still running high when Taylor’s campaign manager tried to join the local GOP committee in Forbes’s stronghold of Chesapeake.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Ray painstakingly tries to abide by all the rules, but that doesn’t mean tensions can’t run high when the board decides to drop in.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Adding to the potential for tension is the fact that Trump’s White House is being set up with rival centers of gravity.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 紧张，不安; 紧张气氛; [物]张力，拉力; 矛盾
vt. 紧张; 使紧张
分布：紧张(55%)，张力(37%)，拉力(4%)，紧张状态(2%)，使拉紧(1%)，使绷紧(1%)
→来自 tense,拉紧的，紧张的，-ion,名词后缀。
紧张;张力(tens+ion→延展出的状态→紧张)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
n.(紧张)状态;拉(绷)紧;张力,拉力The tension tends to extend to a more extensive extent.紧张倾向于向更广泛的程度扩展.
【记】tens伸展，ion－伸展出的状态－紧张
【参】tensile（adj 可拉长的）
【反】idyll（n 田园诗）－experience fraught with tension（充满紧张的经历）
noun
FEELING 感受
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a feeling of nervousness before an important or difficult event （精神上的）紧张，焦虑，焦急
• You could feel the tension in the room as we waited for our exam results. 我们等待考试结果出来的时候，你可以感觉到屋里的紧张气氛。
 IMPROVER countable usually plural uncountable
■a feeling of fear or anger between two groups of people who do not trust each other （互不信任的人群之间的）紧张关系；紧张局势
• ethnic/racial tension 种族紧张关系
• There are growing tensions betweeen the two countries. 两国间的关系日益紧张。
['tent.ʃən] noun
STRETCH 伸展
uncountable
■The tension of a wire or rope is the degree to which it is stretched. （铁丝或绳子的）拉力，张力
pressure, strain, stress, tension
这组词都有“压力，重压，紧张”的意思，其区别是：
pressure: 在科学上，指单位面积上所受到的压力。用于引申时，指某事物所产生的压力或影响力等。
strain: 指某人为克服外力界压力而造成的身心和情绪等方面的压抑。用于物时，指任何力或合力作用于一个物体上面造成的应变。
stress: 侧重指承受外来的压力，也指由于某种原因而引起的心理、生理或情绪上的紧张。
tension: 多指因关系不好或其它原因而出现的紧张状态，也指某物被过度伸展的程度或状态。
n. 张力，拉力；紧张，不安；电压
 - strain, intensity, stress
vt. 使紧张；使拉紧
 - stress, wind up

Word: leading
Front: leading
[ˈli:dɪŋ] (高研四六托 2188/1551 -K4)
Back: adj. 重要的，主要的; 前列的; 首位的
n. 行距; 铅框
v. 领导（lead的ing形式）
分布：主要的(35%)，领导的(33%)，指导的(26%)，在前的(6%)
→比喻用法。
a.领导的,指导的;第一位的;最主要的Who's leading in the race?谁在赛跑中领先?
noun uncountable UK
■the lead (= type of metal) used to cover (parts of) a roof （用于屋顶的）铅皮，铅板
['li:.dɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■very important or most important 主要的；顶级的，尖端的
• a leading expert on the country's ecology 研究该国生态的顶级专家
• the world's leading manufacturer of audio equipment 世界顶级音响制造商
principal, leading, primary, foremost, capital, major, chief, main
这组词都有“首要的，主要的”的意思，其区别是：
principal: 用于人时，指地位优于其他人；用于物时，指该物在大小、重要性等方面优于他物。
leading: 侧重指具有影响力或凝聚力。从而有主导和引导的作用。
primary: 通常不用于人。用于物时，指在重要性方面占第一位。
foremost: 侧重指在行进或发展过程中居首位。
capital: 着重指因重要性、意义、优越或重大而名列同类之首。
major: 指同其他人或其它物、问题等相比较，显得更加重要和突出。
chief: 拽人时，表同类中职位最高，权力最大；指物时，表同类中最重要，价值最高。
main: 通常只用于物。指在一定范围内，某物的重要性、体积或力量等超过其它物。
adj. 领导的；主要的
 - primary, major, central, great, ruling
n. 领导；铅板；行距
 - guidance, linewidth

Word: bother
Front: bother
[ˈbɒðə(r)] (雅 2189/2132 -K3)
Vocabulary: bother
(once / 294 pages)
vn
The word bother has many shades of meaning, but most of them involve trouble of some sort. You might wonder why you should bother to follow a recipe, until you taste what you've made without one.
As a verb, bother can mean that you take the trouble to do something. It’s often presented as a negative: you might not bother to lock the house, or you may wonder why you should bother reading the instructions that came with your phone. Bother can also mean that you’re bugging someone or causing a minor inconvenience. The word can also have a sense of deeper worry, especially when something is bothering you, like a nagging sense of guilt.
WORD FAMILY
bother: botheration, bothered, bothering, bothers, bothersome+/ botheration: botherations/bothersome: bothersomely
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He didn’t let anything around him bother him. He was in the zone and seemed pretty sharp those games.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rant to those who don’t bother to learn the facts.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
If she is bothered now, she wondered, how would it be in a few more years?
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 烦扰，打扰; 使…不安，使…恼怒; 使迷惑; 烦恼
vi. 操心; 麻烦; 烦恼
n. 麻烦，操心; 累赘; 烦扰，吵闹; 讨厌的人
时态：bothered, bothering, bothers
分布：麻烦(57%)，费心(16%)，烦扰(16%)，使不安(4%)，焦急(4%)，使恼怒(3%)
→同pother, 忙乱。来自put, 推。-er, 表反复。
vt.打扰,麻烦vi.担心,烦恼n.烦恼,焦急Don't bother yourself about the kids.别为孩子们操心.
【记】bo读：抱，ther＝her。抱她－她在好好背单词呢，你抱她不是打搅，打扰她吗？
US ['bɑ:.ðɚ] verb
MAKE AN EFFORT 作出努力
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to make the effort to do something 努力，尽力；费心
• [+ to infinitive] He hasn't even bothered to write. 他甚至根本就没动笔。
• You could have phoned us but you just didn't bother. 你本可以给我们打电话的，可你就是懒得打。
• [+ -ing verb] Don't bother making the bed - I'll do it later. 不用麻烦你铺床——回头我来铺。
• [+ -ing verb or + to infinitive] You'd have found it if you'd bothered look ing/to look. 如果你去找的话你早就找到了。
• You won't get any credit for doing it, so why bother? 你做这件事不会受到任何赞扬的，为甚么还要做呢？
can't be bothered UK informal
■If you can't be bothered doing/to do something, you are too lazy or tired to do it 懒得（做）；不想费力
• I can't be bothered to iron my clothes. 我懒得烫衣服。
• Most evenings I can't be bothered cooking. 大多数晚上我都懒得做饭。
UK ['bɒð.ər] US ['bɑ:.ðɚ] verb
WORRY 担心
 ADVANCED transitive
■to make someone feel worried or upset 使担心，使焦急；使烦恼
• Does it bother you that he's out so much of the time? 他出去了那么长时间，你不担心吗？
• Living on my own has never bothered me. 独自生活从来没有让我感到担心。
• I don't care if he doesn't come - it doesn't bother me. 如果他不来我也不在乎——我无所谓。
• [+ that] It bothers me that he doesn't seem to notice. 让我感到烦恼的是，他似乎没有注意到甚么。
UK ['bɒð.ər] US ['bɑ:.ðɚ] verb
ANNOY 打扰
 ADVANCED transitive
■to annoy or cause problems for someone 烦扰，打扰
• Don't bother your father when he's working. 你父亲工作时不要打扰他。
• I'm sorry to bother you , but could you direct me to the station? 对不起打扰你了，你能告诉我去车站的路吗？
• I didn't want to bother her with work matters on her day off. 我不想在她休假时还拿工作上的事烦她。
• The noise was beginning to bother us, so we left. 噪音开始干扰我们，于是我们就离开了。
• She threatened to call the police if he didn't stop bothering her. 她威胁说如果他继续纠缠她，她就报警。
UK ['bɒð.ər] US ['bɑ:.ðɚ] noun
EFFORT 尽力
uncountable
■trouble or problems 麻烦，烦恼；问题
• I can take you - it's really no bother. 我可以带你去——一点都不麻烦。
• Some people don't get married because they don't want the bother (= they don't want to make the effort that is necessary). 有些人不结婚，因为他们不想找麻烦。
• Please don't go to any bother on my account (= don't make any special effort for me). 请不要为我费心。
• It hardly seems worth the bother to go all that way just for two nights. 仅仅为了呆两个晚上就费劲去那么远的地方似乎一点也不值。
• UK I had a bit of bother getting hold of his phone number. 我费了一点工夫才弄到他的电话号码。
UK ['bɒð.ər] US ['bɑ:.ðɚ] noun
ANNOYING 麻烦
only singular UK
■an annoying person or an annoying piece of work 讨厌的人；麻烦活儿
• I'm sorry to be a bother, but could I have that number again? 对不起打扰你了，请你再告诉我一遍那个号码好吗？
UK ['bɒð.ər] US ['bɑ:.ðɚ] exclamation UK old-fashioned
■used to express anger 讨厌的；非常，极
• Oh bother! It's raining and I left my umbrella at home. 啊，讨厌！下雨了，可我把伞忘在家里了。
vex, trouble, annoy, disturb, bother, irritate
这组词都有“使人不安或烦恼”的意思，其区别是：
vex: 侧重指因不断的干扰而引起的烦恼，有时含激怒的意味。
trouble: 指给人在行动上带来不便或在身心上造成痛苦。
annoy: 强调因被迫忍受令人不快、讨厌的事而失去平静或耐心，多指一时的打拢或恼怒。
disturb: 较正式用词，多用被动态。指拢乱，使人不能平静或妨碍别人工作、思维或正常秩序，是程度较深的烦恼。
bother: 指使人烦恼而引起的紧张不安或感到不耐烦。
irritate: 语气比annoy强得多，指激怒，使发怒，多指一种短时间的反应。
vt. 烦扰，打扰；使……不安；使……恼怒
 - eat, burden
vi. 操心，麻烦；烦恼
 - worry, go to trouble
n. 麻烦；烦恼
 - trouble, worry, headache

Word: consist
Front: consist
[kənˈsɪst] (高研四六托雅 2190/1493 -3)
Vocabulary: consist
(once / 76 pages)
v
Almost always used with the preposition "of," the verb consist means to be made up of, or composed of something. A heated conversation might consist of only two words: "yes" and "no."
If you're talking about something that is made up of other things, consist is your word. A molecule consists of atoms and their bonds. Consist is often used in the past tense, so you're likely to hear it used in a sentence like "the game consisted of fourteen players and one stick." But you can use it in the present tense too. Grammar consists of many, many different rules, all of which are applied differently, depending on whether you're speaking or writing. The clubs all consist of singers, and singers only. If you play an instrument, look elsewhere, bud.
WORD FAMILY
consist: consisted, consistence, consistency, consisting, consists+/consistence: consistences/ consistency: consistencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its visible geothermal features are nowhere near as striking as Yellowstone’s geysers and consist mainly of above-ground, pungent smelling sulphur springs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The containers consist of an aluminum liner with an outer layer of strong carbon fibers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their diet mainly consists of bread, rice and tea.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 由…组成; 在于; 符合
时态：consisted, consisting, consists
分布：构成(71%)，在于(15%)，符合(12%)，由 ... 组成(2%)
→con-, 强调。-sist, 站，词源同exist, stand.
由…组成;与...一致(con共同+sist→站到一起→组成)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
v.(in)在于,存在于;(of)由...组成,由...构成The chemist and the mistress insist that the mist consists of several chemicals.化学家和女教师坚持认为薄雾由几种化学物品构成.
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [L not continuous] consist in sth formal
■to have something as a main and necessary part or quality 在于，存在于
• The beauty of air travel consists in its speed and ease. 乘飞机旅行的好处在于快捷、舒适。
• [+ -ing verb] For her, happiness consists in watching television and reading magazines. 对她来说，幸福就是看电视和读杂志。
[kən'sɪst] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [L not continuous] consist of sth IMPROVER
■to be made of or formed from something 由…组成，由…构成；包含
• The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans. 该队由四个欧洲人和两个美国人组成。
• It's a simple dish to prepare, consisting mainly of rice and vegetables. 这道菜很容易做，主料是米饭和蔬菜。
constant, continual, consist, frequent
constant: 恒久不变的
continual: 多次重复的，不间断的
consist: 由…组成
frequent: 日常的，频繁的
constitute, cover, consist, contain, involve, compose
constitute: 制定，设立，任命
cover: 覆盖，涉及
consist: 在于，存在于
contain: 包含，强调包容关系，既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西
involve: 包含，所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申
compose: 创作（乐曲、诗歌等）
constitute, consist, compose, comprise, include
这组词都有“组成，包含”的意思，其区别是：
constitute: v.构成，组成(整体)。
 • Crime and illegal drugs constitute the city's major problems.   犯罪和非法毒品买卖是这个城市面临的主要问题。
consist: v.组成，构成,由……组成(后接of，常用于主动语态)；(后接in)在于，存在于。
 • The problem consists of two parts.   问题由两部分组成。
 • The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.   这计划的好处就在于简单易行。
compose: v.构成(整体)，组成；由……组成(后接of，常用于被动语态)；创作(作曲、诗歌等)。
 • The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.   委员会主要由教师和学生家长组成。
comprise: v.包含，包括，由……组成(整体)；组成，构成。
 • Our company's product line comprises 2,500 different items.   我们公司的生产线是由2,500个不同的组成部分构成的。
include: v.包括，包含，把……列入。
 • The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.   大会代表中有来自海外的代表。
vi. 组成；在于；符合
 - make up, be composed of

Word: alcohol
Front: alcohol
[ˈælkəhɒl] (高研四 2191/2654 -K3)
Vocabulary: alcohol
(once / 357 pages)
n
Alcohol is a distilled or fermented drink that can make you drunk. Beer, wine and vodka are all kinds of alcohol.
Scientifically, alcohol is a liquid made up of distilled hydrocarbons that's also known as ethyl alcohol or ethanol — the same stuff found in solvents and car fuel. At the bar, alcohol is something you drink (as long as you're at least 21). Alcoholic beverages like whiskey and lager are produced by the fermentation of yeast, sugar and starches and have the power to make a person intoxicated.
WORD FAMILY
alcohol: alcoholic, alcoholise, alcoholism, alcoholize, alcohols+/ alcoholic: alcoholically, alcoholics, nonalcoholic/alcoholism: alcoholisms/alcoholize: alcoholized, alcoholizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say Robert Stevens didn’t appear to be impaired by alcohol or drugs, and it wasn’t immediately clear what caused the car to accelerate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He says 10 arrests were of motorists accused of driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs - up from six last year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In Iowa, fatal crashes involving alcohol or drugs increased 27 percent between 2011 and 2015, while overall fatal traffic accidents fell.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 乙醇，酒精; 含酒精的饮料
分布：酒(63%)，酒精(33%)，乙醇(4%)
→来自阿拉伯语。al, 阿拉伯定冠词。-cohol, 同kohl, 眼影粉末，由矿物质提炼而来，喻指精华。转指酒，由谷物提炼的精华。
n.酒精,乙醇;含酒精的饮料How can I persuade you to keep off alcohol?你怎么样才能不喝酒呢?
【源】alcohol来源于阿拉伯语，如同 algerbra和 alkali。al是阿拉伯语的定冠词与英语中 the相对应的。cohol在阿拉伯语中写作 kuhl，是一种用锑精研而成的粉末，妇女们用它来涂黑眼睑。阿拉伯的化学家们开始把al-kuhl这个词指通过蒸馏而得到的精华，英语alcohol的这一含义最早出现于1672年。其中有一种被称为“酒精”的蒸馏产物是可以醉人的发酵液体的组成部分。
US [-hɑ:l] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a colourless liquid which can make you drunk, and which is also used as a solvent (= a substance that dissolves another) and in fuel and medicines 酒；酒精，乙醇
• Most wines contain between 10% and 15% alcohol. 大多数的葡萄酒酒精含量都在10%到15%之间。
• I could smell the alcohol on his breath. 我能闻到他呼出的酒气。
• an alcohol- free lager 不含酒精的淡啤酒
n. [有化] 酒精，乙醇
 - ethanol, ethylalcohol

Word: enable
Front: enable
[ɪˈneɪbl] (研四六托 2192/991 -K3)
Vocabulary: enable
(once / 102 pages)
v
When you make something possible, you enable it. Your good grades might enable you to get into your first-choice college. And a great teacher enabled you to get such good grades.
Enable has taken on the meaning of allowing or even helping someone continue to do something they really shouldn't. If your mother writes note after note to get you out of school for no good reason, she is enabling your habit of playing hooky. While you might think she's being cool, a therapist might call her an enabler and give her part of the blame.
WORD FAMILY
enable: disenable, enabled, enables, enabling +/ ability: abilities, inability / able: ability, abler, ablest, ably, disable, enable, unable/ disability: disabilities/ disable: disabled, disablement, disables, disabling /disabled: disability /disablement: disablements/disenable: disenabled, disenabling/ inability: inabilities/unable: unablest, unably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Advocates say affordable, quality child care helps with youth development and enables more parents to hold jobs and attend school.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Security Council vote that demanded Israel end all settlement activity — enabling the resolution’s passage.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Qarau hopes that his conservation work will create a sustainable harvest, enabling Fijians to eat turtles again.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使能够，提供做…的权利[措施]; 使可能; 授予权利或方法
时态：enabled, enabling, enables
分布：使能够(60%)，使可能(40%)
→en-, 进入，使。able, 能够。
v.使能够,使成为可能;授予权利或方法It's a fable that the cable enables the disabled man to be able to walk.电缆使得残疾人能够行走是天方夜谭.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make someone able to do something, or to make something possible 使能够；使可能
• [+ to infinitive] Computerization should enable us to cut production costs by half. 实现电脑化可以使我们的生产成本减半。
vt. 使能够，使成为可能；授予权利或方法
 - capacitate, empower

Word: bend
Front: bend
[bend] (高研四六托雅宝 2194/2445 -K3)
Vocabulary: bend
(once / 168 pages)
1vn 2n
To bend is to curve. You can bend physically, as when you practice yoga, and also figuratively, the way you do when you "bend over backwards," working hard to make something happen, especially on behalf of another person.
Tree trunks and branches are able to bend when they're whipped by strong wind — this way, they're usually able to avoid breaking. A bend in the road is a curve, and to bend the rules is to change them slightly in a specific instance. If you try to do a backbend, you have to arch or bend your spine and lean back until her head hangs down and your hands touch the floor. It's a move for the young and flexible. The Old English root, bendan, specifically referred to bending or stretching a bow.
WORD FAMILY
bend: bendable, bended, bender, bending, bends, unbend+/bendable: bendability/bender: benders/bending: bendings/unbend: unbendable, unbended, unbending, unbends/unbending: unbendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m bending over backward, and nobody’s not even doing anything,” he said.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
So apparently it is only when his bending over backward results in a broken back does he stray from his false-balance goal.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Without mentioning Clinton, he described the damage done when Democrats were perceived to be bending policy to curry donations from big banks and corporate interests.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. （使）弯曲，屈身; 拉弯; 使成形，强行; 集中全力于
vi. 偏向; 使变曲，成角度; 弯身，弯腰; 专心
n. 弯曲（处）; （尤指道路或河流的）拐弯; 弯道; （潜水员过快浮出水面造成的）减压病
时态：bent, bending, bends
分布：弯曲(74%)，屈服(11%)，弯道(7%)，屈从(6%)，使弯曲(1%)，集中于(1%)
→词源同band, 绑。因制弓箭而具弯的词义。
v.(使)弯曲;屈从,屈服n.弯曲(处),曲折处I send him the blend calendar and the splendid bent lens he lent to me.我把他借给我的混合日历和绝妙的弯曲透镜送给他.
verb (bent, bent)
CURVE 弯曲
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) curve （使）弯曲
• I bent down and picked up the coins lying on the road. 我弯腰捡起路上的硬币。
• Now, bend forward/over and touch your toes! 现在，向前弯腰触摸脚趾。
• Make sure you bend your knees when you're picking up heavy objects. 提重物时一定要屈膝。
• The road bends to the left after the first set of traffic lights. 过了第一个交通灯号后，道路弯向左侧。
• After her fall she complained that she couldn't bend her leg properly. 她摔了一跤之后，说她的腿不能正常弯曲了。
on bended knee
■in a position in which the knee of one leg is touching the floor 单脚跪地
• He went down on bended knee to ask her to marry him. 他单脚跪地向她求婚。
[bend] verb (bent, bent)
ACCEPT 接受
intransitive
■to unwillingly accept the opinions or decisions of other people 屈服
• The local council was forced to bend to public pressure. 地方政务委员会被迫屈服于公众的压力。
[bend] verb (bent, bent)
bend sb's ear informal
■to talk too much, especially about a problem 对（某人）唠叨诉苦
[bend] verb (bent, bent)
bend the law/rules
■to change the rules in a way that is considered to be not important or not harmful 改变无关重要的规则，变通，通融
• Can't you bend the rules a little? I was only a few minutes late. 你就不能稍微变通一下吗？我只不过迟到了几分钟而已。
[bend] noun
CURVE 弯曲
 IMPROVER countable
■a curved part of something 弯曲处
• There's a bend in the pipe so you can't see from one end to the other. 管子是弯的，所以你无法从一端看到另一端。
• The car came round the bend on the wrong side of the road. 汽车在拐弯时驶错了方向。
[bend] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
the bends [plural]
■a serious medical condition that divers (= swimmers under water) get when they come up to the surface of the sea too quickly 潜函病，减压病
[bend] noun
drive/send sb round the bend UK informal
■to make someone very bored or very angry 使（某人）烦厌（或生气）
• My mother's been driving me round the bend. 我妈妈一直让我感到烦厌。
• Staying at home all day was driving her round the bend. 整天呆在家里，快把她闷疯了。
[bend] noun
round the bend UK informal
■To be/go round the bend is to be/become mentally confused or unable to act in a reasonable way 发疯，神志不清
• If I'd stayed there any longer I'd have gone round the bend. 如果还要我留在那鬼地方，我一定会发疯。
bend, stoop
这组词都有“弯腰，弯曲”的意思，其区别是：
bend: 指人指物皆可，含义广，指任何弯曲的动作。可引申作屈从解。
stoop: 通常用于人，指屈膝降低身体高度或低头弯腰。常引申作屈从或不顾尊严。
curve, crook, twist, bend, bow
这组词都有“弯、弯曲”的意思，其区别是：
curve: 指变成曲线或弧线状的动作或状态。
crook: 指不规则的弯曲，也指按照规则或模型弯曲某物。
twist: 指通过转动、拧或扭使某物成弯曲状。
bend: 普通用词，指把某物变成曲线或角形。用于人时，指头部或身躯弯下。
bow: 指把头部或上身弯向前方的动作，也指社交中的礼节性动作。
vt. 使弯曲；使屈服；使致力；使朝向
 - wind, curve
vi. 弯曲，转弯；屈服；倾向；专心于
 - tend, affect
n. 弯曲
 - curve, give, winding, inflection

Word: saving
Front: saving
[ˈseɪvɪŋ] (研四六雅 2193/2163 -K)
Back: n. 节约; 节俭; 储蓄金; 挽救
v. 拯救( save的现在分词); 收集; 保留; 避免
prep. 除…以外
adj. 可取的，保存的; 节省的，节约的; 补偿的; 救助的
分布：节约(51%)，存款(22%)，挽救(17%)，除了(5%)，除去(3%)，的现在分词(1%)，除 ... 之外(1%)
→save,节省，-ing,动名词后缀。
n.挽救,救助,节约,储蓄;(pl.)储蓄金,存款It took all our savings to buy the house.买这所房子化掉了我们全部的积蓄.
noun
savings [plural]
 IMPROVER
■the money which you keep in an account in a bank or similar financial organization 存款，储蓄金
• He spent all his savings on an expensive car. 他花了自己所有的存款买了一辆昂贵的汽车。
countable
■an amount of money that you do not need to spend 积蓄，省下的钱
• You can make huge savings (= save a lot of money) by buying food in bulk. 大量购买食品会省下很多钱。
n. [经] 节约；挽救；存款
 - economy, fund, deposit
adj. [经] 节约的；挽救的；补偿的； [法] 保留的
 - economical, managing
prep. 考虑到；除...之外
 - considering, given

Word: gain
Front: gain
[geɪn] (高研四六 1253/1113 -K4)
Vocabulary: gain
(once / 41 pages)
1vn 2vn
A gain is an increase in something, especially something good. You gain knowledge by attending philosophy lectures and reading books.
When you gain something, you acquire it or add to what you already have. You can gain friends by joining clubs, and you can gain weight by eating ice cream every day. Gain is also a noun, which you can use to talk about what you've gained, like the health gain you get from cutting back on that ice cream. The root of gain is the Old French gaaignier, "to earn, trade, or capture."
WORD FAMILY
gain: gained, gainer, gainful, gaining, gains, regain +/gainer: gainers/ gainful: gainfully, gainfulness/ regain: regained, regaining, regains
USAGE EXAMPLES
Enter body scanners, which allow you to visualize your muscle gain and see, in three dimensions, how — and where — you are losing fat.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But in the six years after the show, all but one gained back most of their lost weight, despite continuing to diet and exercise.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He still sometimes implies he might let Syrian migrants flood Europe again to gain diplomatic leverage, as if the threat doesn’t also hurt Turkey’s security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 获得; 赢得; 增加; （钟、表）走快
n. 利润; [土木工程]腰槽; 获益
vt. （在…上）开腰槽; 吸引; （通过努力）到达; 推进（一段距离）
vi. 增进; 增进健康; 得益; （重量的）增加
时态：gained, gaining, gains
分布：获得(48%)，增益(24%)，增加(18%)，收益(5%)，获利(3%)，到达(2%)
→来自weie, 努力，追寻，词源同virile, venison, Venus.原指农业收成。
v.获得;增加;表等走快n.增进,增加;收益The gained grain drained away with the rain, all the pains were in vain again.收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费.
verb intransitive or transitive
GET 获得
 ESSENTIAL
■to get something that is useful, that gives you an advantage, or that is in some way positive, especially over a period of time （尤指经过一段时间逐渐）取得，获得，赢得，博得
• The Nationalist Party have gained a lot of support in the south of the country. 南非国民党已在南部地区获得很多人的支持。
• What do you hope to gain from the course? 你希望从这门课程中学到些甚么？
• Alternative medicine has only just started to gain respectability in our society. 另类疗法在社会上只是刚刚开始被认可。
• [+ two objects] It was her performances in Aida which gained her an international reputation as a soprano. 正是她在《阿伊达》中的表演使她获得了国际知名女高音的声誉。
• After you've gained some experience teaching abroad you can come home and get a job. 在获得一些海外教学经验后，你就可以回国找份工作。
• From the late nineteenth century Britain and other European powers began to gain control of parts of the Ottoman Empire. 从19世纪晚期，英国和其他欧洲列强开始取得对奥斯曼帝国一些地区的控制权。
• She's certainly gained (in) confidence over the last couple of years. 毫无疑问，在过去几年中，她树立了自信。
• The data exists all right - the difficulty is in gaining access to it. 资料确实是有的——难就难在怎样去取得它。
• The thieves gained entrance through an upstairs window that was left open. 窃贼是从楼上一扇开着的窗户钻进来的。
gain ground
■If a political party or an idea or belief gains ground, it becomes more popular or accepted 变得更受欢迎；取得进展；得到肯定
• The Republicans are gaining ground in the southern states. 共和党在南部诸州越来越得人心。
[geɪn] verb intransitive or transitive
INCREASE 增加
 IMPROVER
■to increase in weight, speed, height or amount 增加；增添；增长
• I gained a lot of weight while I was on holiday. 我休假期间体重大增。
• The car gained speed going down the hill. 下山时，车加速了。
• Good economic indicators caused the share index to gain (by) ten points. 良好的经济指标令股票指数上升了十点。
• The campaign has been gaining momentum ever since the television appeal. 自从在电视上进行宣传呼吁后，该项运动的发展气势愈发强劲。
[geɪn] verb intransitive or transitive
CLOCK/WATCH 钟／表
■If a clock or watch gains, it works too quickly and shows a time which is later than the real time （钟或表）走快
• My watch has gained (by) ten minutes over the last twenty-four hours. 在过去的24小时里我的表快了十分钟。
[geɪn] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  gain on sb/sth
■to get nearer to someone or something that you are chasing 逼近…；赶上…
• Garcia was gaining on her opponent throughout the race, but only overtook her at the very end. 加西亚在整个赛跑过程中一点点逼近对手，但直到最后一刻才超过了她。
[geɪn] noun countable or uncountable
SOMETHING OBTAINED 得到东西
 IMPROVER
■when you get something useful or positive 获得，得到；收益，获利
• Whatever the objections to this sort of treatment, the gains in terms of the number of lives saved are substantial. 不管对这种疗法存在何种异议，就其挽救了众多生命这一点而言，它的意义还是重大的。
• The minister was sacked for abusing power for his personal gain. 部长因滥用权力谋取私利而被解雇。
[geɪn] noun countable or uncountable
INCREASE 增加
 IMPROVER
■an increase in something such as size, weight or amount 增加；提高；增长
• Side effects of the drugs may include tiredness, headaches or weight gain. 这些药物的副作用可能包括疲乏、头痛或体重增加。
• Having deducted costs we still made a net gain of five thousand pounds. 扣除成本后，我们仍然有5000英镑的净增长。
• Oil prices rose again today after yesterday's gains. 油价继昨天上涨后今天又进一步攀升。
acquire, obtain, get, secure, win, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得、取得、得到”的意思，其区别是：
acquire: 强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
obtain: 较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
get: 普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
secure: 强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。
win: 主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
earn: 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
gain: 侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
attain, acquire, obtain, secure, achieve, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得，取得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。
 • The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.   这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
acquire: v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调"一经获得就会长期持有"的含义。
 • It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.   正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
obtain: v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。
 • He obtained the property with a bank loan.   他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
secure: v.得到；把……拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为"安全的"。
 • A million signatures have been secured.   已征集到了100万人的签名。
 • He secured the office before leaving it for the night.   他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。
achieve: v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
 • The movie star achieved success and wealth.   这个影星取得了成功和财富。
earn: v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
 • How much do you earn a week?   你一星期挣多少钱？
gain: v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
 • An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.   投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。
attain, acquire, obtain, get, achieve, gain
这组词都有“获得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: 为正式用词，多用于庄重场合，主要指通过努力达到重要目的或得到珍贵的东西。如：The scientist attained great fame by a new discovery.(那科学家由于一次新发现而出了名。)
acquire: 指通过本身的努力逐渐获得知识、能力和荣誉等。如：acquire knowledge(获得知识)。
obtain: 多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。如：Howard had failed to obtain a scholarship.(霍华德没能得到奖学金。)
get: 用得最广，可指以各种方式获得各种东西。如：Where can I get enough information?(我从哪儿能得到足够的资料？)
achieve: 多指克服困难后取得胜利，成功，强调“得到”这一结果。如：He achieved his ambition in the end.(他最终实现了他的抱负。)
gain: 多指付出极大努力后获得或赢得给自己带来优势的东西。如：They gained the victory after a bloody battle.(浴血奋战后他们赢得了胜利。)
profit, advantage, benefit, interest, favour, gain
这组词都有“利益、好处”的意思，其区别是：
profit: 着重收益，尤指从物质、钱财等方面获得的利益。
advantage: 指因某方面占优势或利用某机会以及对方弱点而获得利益与好处。
benefit: 普通用词，指通过正当手段从物质或精神方面得到的任何好处或利益。
interest: 作“利益”解时，多用复数形式，既可指集团、群体的利益，又可指个人的利益。
favour: 指在竞争中获得的advantage,也可指在狭隘的个人利益。
gain: 指获得的物质利益，也暗示不损坏他人利益而得的无形好处。
n. 增加；利润；收获
 - enhancement, increase, profit, margin, harvest
vt. 获得；增加；赚到
 - acquire, earn, enhance, buy, score
vi. 增加；获利
 - improve, advantage, accelerate, grow in

Word: desert
Front: desert
[ˈdezət] (高研四六托雅宝 2196/3426 -K3)
Vocabulary: desert
(once / 70 pages)
1v 2n
A desert is a very dry area of land where few plants and animals can live. If you find yourself stranded in the middle of the desert, you'll have no company except for the occasional lizard or scorpion.
Desert comes from the Latin desertus, for abandoned or lying in waste. This can refer to a vast sandy area without vegetation, or any empty, lifeless expanse. As a verb, it means to leave someone or something. A soldier who runs away from the army is called a deserter. Occasionally you'll hear someone say, "He got his just deserts," which doesn't have anything to do with abandonment; it means he got what he deserved.
WORD FAMILY
desert: deserted, deserter, desertification, deserting, desertion, deserts, semidesert+/deserter: deserters/desertion: desertions
USAGE EXAMPLES
FDR’s confidence deserted him as the economy lost a breathtaking four million jobs, leaving Roosevelt’s team to bemoan the “depression within a depression.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
You might as well be feasting in a Vegas casino, surrounded by desert.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
An untold number of West Africans attempt the dangerous passage to Europe by desert and sea each year in hope of a better life.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 沙漠; 荒地; 应得的赏罚; 功劳，美德
adj. 沙漠的; 荒芜的，不毛的; 无人的
时态：deserted, deserting, deserts
分布：沙漠(92%)，遗弃(4%)，放弃(1%)，荒地(1%)，离弃(1%)，擅离职守(1%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-sert, 连接，词源同series, insert. 即断开连接，逃离，遗弃，引申词义被遗弃的地方，沙漠。
离开;抛弃(de分开+sert→不再加入→离开)[sert=join,insert表示"加入,插入"]
n.沙漠,不毛之地v.抛弃,遗弃;擅离,开小差The desert deserves the nervous servants to observe.那个沙漠值得神经紧张的公务员们去观察.
【记】de反，sert加入－反加入－离开
【参】deserted（adj 荒芜的；为人所弃的）；deserter（n 背弃者；逃亡者；脱党者）；desertification（n 土壤荒漠化）；desertion（n 丢掉；遗弃；逃亡）
US [-ə˞t]
 IMPROVER
■an area, often covered with sand or rocks, where there is very little rain and not many plants 沙漠，荒漠
• They were lost in the desert for nine days. 他们在沙漠里迷路已经有9天了。
• We had to cross a large area of arid, featureless desert. 我们必须穿越一大片干燥荒芜的沙漠。
• the desert sun 沙漠里的太阳
cultural/intellectual, etc. desert disapproving
■a place that is considered to have no cultural, intellectual, etc. quality or interest 文化沙漠等
• This town is a cultural/intellectual desert. 这个城镇是一片文化沙漠。
verb UK [dɪˈzɜːt] US [-ˈzɜ˞ːt]
RUN AWAY 跑掉
intransitive or transitive
■to leave the armed forces without permission and with no intention of returning 开小差，当逃兵；擅离（部队）
• Soldiers who deserted and were caught were shot. 抓回来的逃兵被枪毙了。
• How many people desert from the army each year? 军队中每年有多少逃兵？
verb UK [dɪˈzɜːt] US [-ˈzɜ˞ːt]
LEAVE BEHIND 丢下
transitive
■to leave someone without help or in a difficult situation and not come back 抛弃，丢弃
• He deserted his wife and family for another woman. 他为了另一个女人，抛弃妻子和家庭。
transitive
■If a quality deserts you, you suddenly and temporarily lose it 失去，丧失
• All my confidence/courage deserted me when I walked into the exam room. 进入试场后，我完全丧失信心／勇气。
desert, leave, give up, forsake, abandon
这组词都有“抛弃、放弃”的意思，其区别是：
desert: 着重指违背法律责任和义务，或自己的信仰与誓言的行为，多含非难的意味。
leave: 普通用词，指舍弃某事或某一职业，或终止同一某人的关系，但不涉及动机与果。
give up: 普通用语，侧重指没有希望或因外界压力而放弃。
forsake: 侧重断绝感情上的依恋，自愿抛弃所喜欢的人或物。也指抛弃信仰或改掉恶习。
abandon: 强调永远或完全放弃或抛弃人或事物等，这可能是被迫的，也可能是自愿的。
desert, dessert
desert: 沙漠。如：Have you ever been to a desert?
dessert: 甜食。如：What would you like for dessert, an apple pie or ice-cream?
vt. 遗弃；放弃；逃跑
 - yield, quit
vi. 遗弃；开小差；逃掉
 - run out on, walk out on
n. [地理] 沙漠； [农] 荒原；应得的赏罚
 - sands, wold
adj. [地理] 沙漠的；荒凉的；不毛的
 - wild, hungry

Word: shall
Front: shall
[ʃəl] (中高 2197/474 -K4)
Back: v. 将要; 必须; 可以; 应该
分布：应该(67%)，将要(20%)，一定(10%)，表示提供建议(3%)
→来自古英语 sceal,有责任，有义务，应当，来自 Proto-Germanic*skal,欠，应当，来自 skel, 欠，应当，词源同 should.
aux.v.(我,我们)将要,会;必须,应该In the hall, the shallow challenger shall be allowed to swallow the swallows.在大厅里,肤浅的挑战者将被允许吞下燕子.
modal verb
FUTURE 将来
 ESSENTIAL slightly old-fashioned
■used instead of 'will' when the subject is 'I' or 'we' （用于在主语为 I 或 we 时替代 will）
• If you do that one more time, I shall be very cross. 如果你再那么做，我就要生气了。
• I shall never forget you. 我永远不会忘记你。
• Shall we be able to get this finished today, do you think? 你认为我们今天能完成这项工作吗？
• I'm afraid I shall not/shan't be able to come to your party. 恐怕我不能参加你的派对了。
• formal I shall look forward to meeting you next week. 我盼望着下星期见到你。
• So we'll see you at the weekend, shall we (= is that right) ? 那么我们周末会见到你，是吗？
• We shall (= intend to) let you know as soon as there's any news. 一有消息，我们就告诉你。
[strong form ʃæl] [weak form ʃl] modal verb
SUGGEST 建议
 IMPROVER
■used, with 'I' or 'we', to make a suggestion （与 I 或 we 连用，表示建议）
• "I'm cold." "Shall I close this window?" “我觉得会冷。”“要我把这扇窗户关上吗?”
• Shall we go out for dinner tonight? 我们今晚出去吃饭好吗？
• Shall I pick the children up from school today? 今天我去学校接孩子好吗？
[strong form ʃæl] [weak form ʃl] modal verb
CERTAINLY WILL 一定会
 IMPROVER
■used to say that something certainly will or must happen, or that you are determined that something will happen （表示某事肯定或必须发生，或表示决心）
• Don't worry, I shall be there to meet the train. 别担心，我会去火车站接你。
• formal The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, unless accompanied by an adult. 学校的纪律规定，除非有大人陪同，小孩白天不得离开学校。
• You shall go to the ball, Cinderella. 你一定要去参加舞会，灰姑娘。
aux. 应；会；将；必须
 - would, must

Word: error
Front: error
[ˈerə(r)] (高研四六托 2198/1595 -K3)
Vocabulary: error
(once / 113 pages)
1n 2n 3n
"I'm sorry, sir, there's been some sort of error in the kitchen," is what a restaurant waiter might say to a patron who ordered the fish but was mistakenly served a plateful of worms instead.
Simply put, an error is a mistake. However, that mistake is more likely due to a lapse in judgment or skill than to an accident. A plane crash that occurs after the pilot mistakenly presses the "pilot eject" button is said to be caused by "human error." A baseball play in which the pitcher throws the ball to second base instead of first because he was distracted by a pretty girl in the stands is an error — one that might cost his team the game.
WORD FAMILY
error: errorless, errors+/ err: errant, erred, erring, error, errs, inerrable/errancy: errancies/ errant: errancy, errantest, errantly, inerrant/erring: erringly, unerring/inerrable: inerrably/inerrant: inerrancy, inerrantly/unerring: unerringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They tally the number of medication errors, the number of patients injured in falls and the number who develop infections after certain types of surgery.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The EpiPen inquiry also revealed potential errors in how the government classifies drugs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But he did assert that some recent published reports about him contained factual errors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 错误，过失; [法]误审，违法; [数]误差
分布：错误(77%)，误差(17%)，过失(4%)，谬误(2%)
→来自err, 犯错误。
错误(err+or)[err=wander,mistake,表示"漫游,犯错误"]
n.错误,过失The miracle mirrors a horrible error made by the terrorists in the terrible territory.这件奇事反映了恐怖分子在这一可怕地区犯的可怕错误.
US [-ɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a mistake 错误；谬误；差错
• He admitted that he'd made an error. 他承认犯了一个错误。
• The letter contains a number of typing errors. 信中有一些打字错误。
• Human error has been blamed for the air crash. 飞机坠毁被归咎于人为失误。
• With something as delicate as brain surgery, there is little margin for error (= you must not make mistakes). 像做脑部外科手术这样精细的事情，不容许半点差错。
error of judgment
■a wrong decision 判断失误
• Not telling the staff before they read the news in the papers was an error of judgment. 没有在员工看到报上的消息前就告诉他们实情是个判断失误。
see the error of your ways
■to understand that you were wrong to behave in a particular way and start to behave differently 知错能改；意识到自己的做法错误而开始改正
mistake, flaw, shortcoming, error, defect, slip, fault, blunder
这组词都有“错误”的意思，其区别是：
mistake: 最普通用词，泛指思想上、行为上或认识上的判断或理解方面的错误。
flaw: 指结构或组织上的缺点，如破裂之处。用作比喻意义时，指品格上的缺陷。
shortcoming: 指没有达到所要求的标准、没有充分发展或没尽到职责的不足、缺点或短处。多用复数形式。
error: 指思想或行动背离正题轨道或没有得到正确指引而出现的偏差或错误。
defect: 普通用词。指表面上的缺陷，或指人或物本质上的缺点。
slip: 指因疏忽或无意而造成的差错。
fault: 一般指小并且可宽容的缺点、错误。
blunder: 通常指由于无知或情况不明造成判断或行动上的大错。
n. 误差；错误；过失
 - mistake, deviation, fault, sin, blame

Word: release
Front: release
[rɪˈli:s] (研四六托雅宝 1120/1232 -K5)
Vocabulary: release
(once / 85 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4n 5n
To release something or someone is to set it free, like a caged animal or a prisoner. “I shall be released” is a famous refrain from a 1967 Bob Dylan song that has come to symbolize political freedom around the world.
Release, which is a noun and a verb, has many different meanings. As a noun, it can mean a liberation, an unfastening, or the condition of being made available, like a movie or a CD. “When is the new Spiderman movie being released?” you might ask your best friend. As a verb, it can mean to relieve of suffering or obligation, like a debt. But it can also mean to lay off from a job, or surrender. “Release me from having to watch this terrible movie!” you could end up saying about the 16th Spiderman sequel. And who would blame you?
WORD FAMILY
release: released, releases, releasing+/released: unreleased
USAGE EXAMPLES
An autopsy will be performed, the news release said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Reyes appeared in just two of the first four games of the season and then was released.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Once they’re inside, it becomes extraordinarily difficult to try the guilty or release those who are no longer a threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 释放; 放开; 发布; 发行
n. 释放，排放，解除; 释放令; 公映的新影片，发布的新闻[消息]
时态：released, releasing, releases
分布：释放(81%)，发行(12%)，让与(3%)，发射(2%)，让渡(1%)，准予发表(1%)
→来自古法语 relaissier,relesser,遗留，离开，留下，来自拉丁语 relaxare,松开，松手，re-,向后， 离开，laxare,松开，词源同 lax,relax.引申诸相关词义。
v.释放,解放;发表,发行n.释放,豁免,放松Please release that pleasant peasant teaser who brings us plenty of pleasure.请释放那个带给我们巨大快乐的友好的农民逗趣者.
【记】源于：relax（v 放松；休息）
【反】constrain（v 强迫；抑制）；immure（v 监禁）
verb transitive
MAKE FREE 使自由
 ESSENTIAL
■to give freedom or free movement to someone or something 释放，放走；放开，松开
• He was released from prison after serving two years of a five-year sentence. 他被判五年徒刑，但是服刑两年后就被释放出狱了。
• She was arrested for shoplifting but was released on bail (= after paying a sum of money to the law court). 她因为在商店行窃而被捕，但是在交纳保释金后就被释放了。
• figurative The operation released him from years of pain. 手术使他摆脱了多年的病痛。
 ADVANCED
■to move a device from a fixed position to allow it to move freely 拉开；松开
• He released the handbrake and the car jumped forwards. 他松开了手闸，车猛地向前冲去。
■to fire a bomb or a missile, or to allow it to fall 发射；投（弹）
• The plane released its bombs at 10 000 feet. 飞机在一万英尺高空投下了炸弹。
■to allow a substance to flow out from somewhere 排放；释出；使逸出
• Coal power stations release sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. 燃煤发电站向大气中排放二氧化硫。
• Hormones are released from glands into the bloodstream. 荷尔蒙从腺体分泌出来进入血液中。
■to express a feeling which you have been trying not to show 发泄；宣泄
• He punched the pillow in an effort to release his anger. 他捶打枕头来发泄愤怒。
[rɪ'li:s] verb transitive
MAKE PUBLIC 使公开
 ESSENTIAL
■to allow something to be shown in public or to be available for use 公开；公布；发布
• Police have released a picture of the man they want to question. 警方公布了他们想要问讯的一名男子的照片。
• The minister has released a statement explaining the reasons for his resignation. 部长发表了一份声明，解释他辞职的原因。
 ESSENTIAL
■If a company releases a film or musical recording, it allows the film to be shown in cinemas, or makes the musical recording available for the public to buy 发行；上映
• The band's latest album will be released next week. 该乐队的最新专辑将在下周发行。
[rɪ'li:s] noun
MAKING FREE 释放
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■when someone is allowed to leave prison, etc 释放；获释
• Her early release from prison led to a demonstration. 她被提前释放出狱，这引起了一场游行示威。
uncountable
■when something flows out from somewhere 排放；泄漏；渗漏
• The accident caused the release of radioactivity into the atmosphere. 这次事故导致放射性物质泄漏到大气中。
[S or U]
■a feeling that you are free from something unpleasant 解脱；轻松感
• I noticed a release of tension when he left the room. 我注意到，他一走出房间大家都如释重负。
• After years of suffering, his death came as a merciful release. 受了那么多年的折磨，死亡对他来说算是一种幸运的解脱。
[rɪ'li:s] noun
MAKING PUBLIC 公布
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when something is shown in public or made available for use 公开；公布；发布
• There are strict rules on the release of official information. 对官方资讯的发布有严格的规定。
 ADVANCED countable
■a written statement which gives information to be broadcast or published 发布的声明（或文件等）
• The Department of Transport has issued a press release about the proposals for the new motorway. 交通部发布了有关建设新高速公路计划的新闻公报。
 ADVANCED countable
■a musical recording which is made available for the public to buy 发行的唱片
• Her latest release, a song about doomed love, she wrote herself. 她最近发行的单曲，一首咏唱注定使人心碎的爱情之歌，是她自己作的词。
be UK on/ US in general release
■If a film is on/in general release, it is available to be shown in cinemas 上映；公映
• The latest film from Disney goes on general release next month. 迪士尼公司制作的最新一出电影将在下个月公映。
relieve, reveal, reject, release
relieve: 援助，接替
reveal: 透露，暴露
reject: 拒绝，抛弃
release: 释放，解除
exposure, printing, release, publication
exposure: 暴露，揭露，一般指不好的事情
printing: 印刷，出版
release: 释放，出版，一般用来指唱片，电影的发行，强调经过努力才得以发表
publication: 发表，公之于众
free, liberate, discharge, release
这组词都有“解放，释放”的意思，其区别是：
free: 指不再受任何限制、约束、阻碍和压迫，完全可按自己的意志行事。
liberate: 常指从束缚和压迫中解放出来，强调获得最终的解放，有时可和free换用。
discharge: 强调把某人或某物从监禁、束缚中释放出来。
release: 侧重指放松限制、解除监禁或免除义务。
vt. 释放；发射；让与；允许发表
 - deliver, send, free, project, convey
n. 释放；发布；让与
 - liberation, issuance

Word: cop
Front: cop
[kɒp] (研雅 2199/6717 -2)
Vocabulary: cop
(once / 828 pages)
1n 2v 3v
A cop is a police officer. If you realize you're speeding in a school zone, you might look around nervously, hoping you won't see a cop.
Cop is an informal, somewhat derogatory word for a police officer. When it's a verb, it means "to steal" or to "strike an attitude." An angry cop might say to a young troublemaker, "Hey, don't cop an attitude with me!" In the US, a legal defendant can also "cop a plea," or agree to a plea bargain. The earliest meaning of cop was "to catch," probably from the Latin capere, "to take."
WORD FAMILY
cop: copped, copping, cops
USAGE EXAMPLES
We need to free ourselves from the fantasy that we are world saviors or even successful cops.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“I thought, My God, you’re responsible for killing cops, and here you are laughing?”
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Mendieta is a classic pulp detective: hapless, tough and driven, kind of corrupt but the only cop around not on the cartel’s payroll.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 〈俚〉警察; 管纱; 〈英方〉（山）顶
vt. 偷盗; 抓住，获得; 取走
时态：copped, copping, cops
分布：警察(99%)，纺锤状线团、管纱(1%)
→来自词根cap, 抓，握，词源同capture, captive.
n.警察(slang俚语)I will call the cops.我去叫警察.
US [kɑ:p] noun
OFFICER 警官
countable (UK old-fashioned copper) informal
■a police officer
• Quick, run - there's a cop coming! 快跑——员警来了！
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] noun
QUALITY 品质
not much cop slang
■not very good 不太好，不怎么样
• His last book wasn't much cop. 他上一本书不怎么样。
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] noun
CRIME 罪行
only singular See it's a fair cop at fair
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
CRIME 罪行 UK slang
■to arrest someone for a crime 拘捕，逮捕
• He was copped for driving without a licence last week. 上星期他因无牌驾驶被拘捕。
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
TAKE 拿 slang
■to take or hold 抓，拿，握
• Cop (hold of) that, would you - I can't carry both myself. 拿一下好不好——我一个人拿不了两个。
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
cop a feel US slang
■to touch someone in a sexual way without their permission （未经对方许可挑逗性）触碰
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
cop a plea slang US
■to admit to having committed a crime in order to avoid being punished for a more serious crime 承认有罪以求轻判
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
cop it UK informal
■to be punished or spoken to severely because you have done something wrong 受罚；挨骂
• You'll really cop it if your parents find out you've been stealing. 要是你父母发现你一直在偷东西，那就有你好看的了。
UK [kɒp] US [kɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  cop out slang
■to avoid doing something that you should do or that you have promised to do because you are frightened, shy, or you think it is too difficult 逃避，退出
• She copped out of the parachute jump at the last minute with some feeble excuse. 她在最后一刻找了个蹩脚的借口躲过了跳伞。
vt. 抓住
 - grasp, noble, collar, clutch at
n. 巡警，警官
 - patrolman, Irvine

Word: Arab
Front: Arab
[ˈærəb] (高 2201/26475)
Vocabulary: Arab
(once / 140 pages)
1n 2n
An Arab is a member of a group that lives mostly in Western Asia and North Africa and speaks Arabic. You might describe your Egyptian pen pal as an Arab.
Whether someone describes himself as an Arab — rather than a Persian or Kurd, for example — has to do with his language, culture, where he lives, and his ancestors. Someone who lives in Yemen is likely to call herself an Arab, while a Moroccan might consider herself to be a Berber. It is much safer, and less likely to cause offense, to describe people by the countries they're from. In Arabic, 'arab means "inhabitant of the desert."
WORD FAMILY
Arab: Arabic, Arabist, Arabs+/Arabic: Arabically/Arabist: Arabists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fayrouz Saad, an Arab American and a Muslim woman, sees “a void” in Congress and state legislatures of young, minority faces.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Nasser, the young Israeli who died in the attack, was from Tira, an Arab Israeli town.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A timely novel about the conflict in Syria, told from the perspective of an Arab American interpreter trapped in Turkey.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 阿拉伯人；阿拉伯马
adj. 阿拉伯的
分布：阿拉伯人(35%)，阿拉伯马(26%)，阿拉伯的(22%)，阿拉伯人的(17%)
→来自阿拉伯语，沙漠。
US ['er-] noun countable
■a person from the Middle East or North Africa who speaks Arabic as a first language 阿拉伯人

Word: double
Front: double
[ˈdʌbl] (中高雅 2202/1640 -K4)
Vocabulary: double
(once / 72 pages)
1adjadvnv 2n 3vadv 4v 5adj
Something is double if it has two parts or if there are two versions of it. If you order a double dip ice cream cone, there will be two scoops of ice cream for you to lick.
If you fall while you're roller skating and end up with a double arm fracture, it means you broke your arm in two places. A joke with a double meaning has two of them, and if you double your tips at the coffee shop by smiling more at customers, you're making twice as much money. In addition to the adjective and verb versions of double, there's the noun: your double is someone who looks exactly like you.
WORD FAMILY
double: doubled, doubler, doubles, doubling, doublingly, doubly +/doubler: doublers/doubling: doublings
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, it is estimated that if YouTube was included, the figure for streams accessed by music fans in the UK would double.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It is much like the old Swedish proverb that expresses, “A shared joy is a doubled joy. A shared sorrow is half a sorrow.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Heinze said officials plan to request money from the Legislature this year to double the number of current sirens, costing $1.9 million.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 双的; 两倍的; 两面派的; 双人用的
vt. 使加倍; 把…对折; 重复
vi. 加倍，加倍努力; 快步走
adv. 两倍地; 双重地
n. 两倍; 双精度型
时态：doubled, doubling, doubles
分布：两倍(37%)，双重的(22%)，两倍的(15%)，双份(14%)，翻一番(8%)，成双的(3%)，使 ... 加倍(1%)
→来自拉丁语duplus, 双倍，du-, 二，词源同two, -pl, 倍，词源同ply.
翻倍[du,dub,doub=two,表示"二,双"]
a.两倍的;双重的ad.两倍地n.两部v.加倍I debated that the debtor was doubtless in double troubles.我争论说债务人很可能处在双重困境中.
【记】double-cross（v 背弃先前的协议；叛变联盟、朋友、伙伴）
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■twice the size, amount, price, etc., or consisting of two similar things together 两倍的；成双的；双份的
• I ordered a double espresso (= two standard amounts in one cup). 我点了一杯双份的浓缩咖啡。
• Go through the double doors and turn left. 穿过那道对开门，然后向左转。
• The word 'cool' has a double 'o' in the middle. 单词 cool 的中间有两个字母 o。
• Everything he says has a double meaning (= has two possible meanings). 他说的每句话都有双重含义。
• This painkiller is double strength (= has twice the normal amount of medicine). 这种止痛药具有双倍功效。
• UK Sabiha's telephone number is double three, one, five, double seven (= 331577). 萨比哈的电话号码是331577。
■A double flower or plant is a flower with more than the usual number of petals 重瓣花（其花瓣数量多于一般花的花瓣数量）
• a double primrose 重瓣樱草花
['dʌb.l] noun
PERSON 人
countable usually singular
■a person who looks exactly the same as someone else 一模一样的人；极相像的人
• Hey, Tony, I met someone at a party last week who was your double. 嘿，托尼，上周我在一次派对上遇到一个长得和你一模一样的人。
['dʌb.l] noun
TWO PLAYERS 双打
doubles uncountable
■a game of tennis or a similar sport between two teams of two people （网球等运动中的）双打
• men's/women's/mixed doubles 男子／女子／混合双打
• Who won the men's doubles at Wimbledon this year? 谁在今年温布顿网球赛中获得了男子双打冠军？
Compare singles
['dʌb.l] noun
BASEBALL 棒球
countable US
■in baseball, a hit that allows the batter (= person who hits the ball) to reach second base （棒球）二垒安打，指在防守队伍没有失误的情形下，一次就跑上二垒。
['dʌb.l] noun
at/on the double old-fashioned informal
■very quickly and without any delay 迅速，马上，立即
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to become twice as much or as many, or to make something twice as much or many 加一倍，翻一番
• The government aims to double the number of students in higher education within 25 years. 政府计划在25年内使高校在校生人数增加一倍。
• Company profits have doubled since the introduction of new technology. 自从引进新技术后，公司的利润增加了一倍。
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  double (up) as sth
■to be also used as something else 也可用作，还能当作
• The kitchen table doubles as my desk when I'm writing. 我写东西时这个餐桌还可以当书桌用。
• Our spare bedroom doubles up as a study for Dan when he's working at home. 丹在家工作时我们的备用睡房可以给他当工作间用。
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  double back
■to turn and go back in the direction you have come from 走回头路，原路返回
• We realized we had taken the wrong road and had to double back. 我们发现走错了路，于是不得不原路返回。
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  double (sb) up/over
■If you double up/over, or if something doubles you up/over, you suddenly bend forwards and down, usually because of pain or laughter （通常指由于痛苦或大笑而）弯腰，前仰后合
• Most of the crowd doubled up with laughter at every joke. 人群中的大多数人每听完一个笑话都会笑得前仰后合。
• She was doubled up/over with the pain in her stomach. 她肚子痛得直不起腰来。
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  double up
■to share something, especially a room, with someone else 与他人共用（尤指房间）
• Terry will have to double up with Bill in the front bedroom. 特里只好与比尔一起睡在前面的睡房里了。
['dʌb.l] noun predeterminer
 ADVANCED
■something that is twice the amount, size, strength, etc. of something else 两倍（的），双倍（的）
• I paid double (= twice as much) for those trousers before the sale. 减价前我买这条裤子花了两倍的价钱。
• Electrical goods are almost double the price they were a few years ago. 与几年前相比，电器商品的价格几乎贵了一倍。
• "Would you like another whiskey?" "Yes. Make it a double (= two standard amounts in one glass)." “你想再来一杯威士卡吗?”“好的，来个双倍份量的。”
['dʌb.l] noun predeterminer
double or quits UK (US double or nothing)
■(in games where money is risked) an agreement that the player who owes money will owe twice as much if they lose, but will owe nothing if they win （在赌钱游戏中）赢了旧债一笔勾销，否则欠债要增加一倍
['dʌb.l] adverb
■in two parts or layers 双份地；双层地
• Fold the blanket double (= so that it is in two layers) and then you won't be cold. 把毯子叠成两层，这样你就不会冷了。
• They were bent double (= Their heads and shoulders were bent far forward and down) from decades of labour in the fields. 由于长年在田里劳作，他们的腰都给累弯了。
see double US
■to have a problem with your eyes so that you see two of everything, usually because you are drunk or ill （通常指因醉酒或疾病导致视力）出现重影
• I started seeing double, then I fainted. 我的眼前开始出现重影，然后就晕了过去。
adj. 双重的；两倍的
 - dual, two-fold
vi. 加倍，加倍努力；快步走
 - redouble
vt. 使加倍
 - duplicate
adv. 双重地；两倍地；弓身地
 - twifold, twofold

Word: walk
Front: walk
[wɔ:k] (中高 358/458 -K5)
Vocabulary: walk
(once / 21 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn
"Put one foot in front of the other, and soon you'll be walking out the door...." That's right, putting your feet into motion is what you need to do to walk.
The words walk isn't just used to describe the action of taking one step in front of the other. In baseball, it's a term for when a batter receives four balls and is given the right to walk to first base. When a horse's gate is slow and it keeps two feel always on the ground, that's a walk. When you choose a particular path for yourself in life, you could call that a walk of life.
WORD FAMILY
walk: walked, walker, walking, walks+/walker: walkers/walking: walkings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say the man walked into a Star Petro gas station on Monday afternoon but failed to intimidate the clerk.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Rather than vague vows to get in shape, resolve to walk half an hour every day after dinner.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
"When the players are sprinting it is hard for the referees, I am the first to say that. "But the players were walking.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 走; 步行; 散步
n. 步行; 步态; 人行道; 步行的路径
vi. 行走; 陪伴…走; 徒步旅行; 不翼而飞
vt. 牵着（动物）走，遛，赶着…走
时态：walked, walking, walks
分布：散步(72%)，步行(18%)，走过(7%)，人行道(2%)，陪...走(1%)
→来自wel,转，摇摆，词源同Volvo,voluble。引申词义步行，蛇行，-k,加强语音。
v.走,步行,散步;走遍n.走,步行,散步It's a fable that the cable enables the disabled man to be able to walk.电缆使得残疾人能够行走是天方夜谭.
US [wɑ:k] verb
MOVE ON FOOT 行走
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move along by putting one foot in front of the other, allowing each foot to touch the ground before lifting the next 走，步行，行走
• I walked home. 我走路回家的。
• A cat was walking along the top of the fence. 一只猫在篱笆顶上走着。
• He walks two kilometres to work every morning. 他每天早晨步行两公里去上班。
⇒ See also jaywalk;sleepwalk at sleepwalker
transitive
■To walk someone to a particular place is to walk with them until they have reached it, usually because you are being friendly or polite, wish to protect them from danger, or to show them the way 陪（某人）走；步行送（某人）
• He offered to walk her home/ to the station. 他提出陪她走回家／到车站。
transitive
■to take an animal, especially a dog, for a walk 牵着（动物）散步；遛（狗等）
• She walks the dog for an hour every afternoon. 她每天下午都遛一小时狗。
a walking disaster/encyclopedia, etc.
■someone who seems to be a human form of disaster/encyclopedia, etc 活灾难（指带来灾难的人）／活百科全书等
• You've broken another pair of glasses? - Oh, you're a walking disaster! 你又摔坏了一副眼镜？——唉，你真是个扫把星！
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
DO EASILY 轻松做到
transitive UK informal
■to pass or win something, such as an examination or game, easily 轻松通过（考试）；轻松取得（比赛）的胜利
• She'll walk the interview - the job is practically hers already. 她会轻松通过面试的——那份工作实际上已经是她的了。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
walk all over sb
■to treat someone very badly or defeat them very easily 虐待（某人）；轻松战胜（某人）
• If you don't want to work at the weekend, say so - don't let the boss walk all over you. 假如你周末不想工作，那就说出来——不要听任老板的摆布。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
walk it informal
■to win or succeed easily 轻松获胜；轻易成功
• The team should walk it on Saturday. 那支队伍周六应该会轻松获胜。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
walk on air
■to feel extremely excited or happy 极为兴奋；异常高兴
• After the delivery of her baby, she was walking on air. 她生下了孩子之后兴奋异常。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
walk on eggs/eggshells
■If you are walking on eggs/eggshells, you are being very careful not to offend someone or do anything wrong 小心翼翼地做事；小心谨慎
• When my mother is staying at our house, I feel like I'm walking on eggshells. 当我妈妈住在我们家的时候，我凡事都要小心翼翼。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
walk right into sth
■If you walk right into something, you are caught or tricked by it because you did not know what was happening 陷入，掉进（陷阱）
• We set a trap and they walked right into it. 我们设了个圈套，他们径直就踩了进去。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk away
DIFFICULT SITUATION disapproving
■to stop being involved in a situation because it is difficult to deal with or does not give you any advantages （从困境中）脱身，一走了之
• You can't just walk away from a marriage at the first sign of a problem. 你不能婚姻稍有问题就想摆脱掉了事。
ACCIDENT
■to escape an accident without being badly hurt 平安脱险
• She overturned the car, but walked away from it without a scratch. 她翻了车，可是却平安无事，一点擦伤都没有。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk away with sth
■to win a prize or competition very easily 轻松获（奖）；轻松赢得（比赛）
• He walked away with all three gold medals. 他很轻松地拿到了全部三枚金牌。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk in on sb
■to go into a room and see what someone is doing, when they did not want to be seen 走进屋里撞见（某人）
• She walked in on me when I was getting undressed. 她进屋正好撞见我在脱衣服。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk into sth
■to get a job very easily 轻松获得（工作）
• She walked straight into a well-paid job after leaving university. 她一离开大学便轻松获得了一份工资很高的工作。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk off (somewhere)
■to leave a place because you are angry or unhappy about something （因愤怒或不满而）离开（某地）
• She threatened to walk off the film set because of the conditions. 她曾因工作条件问题而威胁要离开拍摄场地。
• He refused to discuss it and just walked off in a huff. 他拒绝谈论这个问题并气冲冲地离开了。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] walk sth off
■to go for a walk in order to get rid of an illness, often a headache , or the feeling of having eaten too much 散步消除（不适）；散步缓解（头痛）；散步消（食）
• I'm going out to walk off this headache. 我要出去散散步，以缓解头痛的症状。
• Let's go to the park and walk off all that lunch. 午饭吃得太多，我们去公园散散步，消化一下肚子吧。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk off with sth
WIN
■to win something easily 轻松赢得…
• She walked off with the top prize. 她轻松地拿到了头奖。
STEAL
■to steal something or take something without asking permission 偷走，未经允许拿走
• Who's walked off with my cup? 谁把我的杯子偷走了？
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk out
LEAVE
■to leave an event such as a meeting or performance because you are angry or disapprove of something （因愤怒或反对而）退场，退席
• All the parents walked out (of the meeting) in protest. 所有的父母都退（出会）场以示抗议。
■to suddenly leave your husband, wife or partner and end your relationship with them 突然离开，抛弃（配偶等）
• He walked out on his wife and two kids. 他突然抛下他的妻子和两个孩子出走了。
STOP WORK
■to stop working or leave your job because of a disagreement with your employer 罢工
• Workers are threatening to walk out. 工人们威胁要进行罢工。
⇒ See also walkout
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk sb through sth
■to slowly and carefully explain something to someone or show someone how to do something 耐心地给（某人）示范…；详细地教授（某人）…
• She walked me through the six-page document. 她耐心地给我解释了一遍这份长达六页的文件。
• He'll walk you through the procedure. 他会详细地给你示范操作程式的。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a journey that you make by walking, often for enjoyment 步行，行走
• He went for/took a walk around the block, to get some air. 他绕着街区散了散步，呼吸些新鲜空气。
• They went on a ten-mile walk to raise money for charity. 他们徒步走了十英里，为慈善事业募捐。
• Every afternoon she takes her Grandad out for a walk. 每天下午她都带她的爷爷出去散步。
⇒ See also jaywalk;sleepwalk at sleepwalker;boardwalk;catwalk;crosswalk;sidewalk;spacewalk.
countable
■a path or route where people can walk for enjoyment （用于散步的）小路，小道
• Do you know any nice walks around here? 你知道这附近有甚么散步的好地方吗？
only singular
■a way of walking 步态
• He's got a strange waddling sort of walk. 他走起路来一摇一摆，非常奇怪。
only singular
■walking speed 步行速度
• She slowed the horses to a walk. 她让马放慢速度缓步而行。
a short/five-minute/ten-minute, etc. walk
■a journey that takes a short time/five minutes/ten minutes, etc. when you walk 步行只需很短时间／五分钟／十分钟等的一段路
• The station is only a five minute walk away. 车站离这里只有五分钟的步程。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] noun
walk of life
■When people talk about walk(s) of life they are referring to different types of jobs and different levels of society 各行各业；各个社会阶层
• We've got lawyers in this club, and builders and hairdressers - people from all (different) walks of life. 我们这个俱乐部里有律师，有建筑工人，有理发师——各行各业的人都有。
pace, stroll, strut, stride, walk
这组词都有“行走，徒步”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 指踱步，走步。
stroll: 多指走走停停，步子缓慢，悠闲自得，漫无目的。
strut: 指大摇大摆地走，含过分自信或自高自大意味。
stride: 着重步子大而且节奏有力，流露出匆忙、烦恼、得意等情绪。
walk: 最常用词，中性词，指除跑、跳之外所有移步的动作。
n. 步行，走；散步
 - pedestrism, ambulation
vt. 散步；走过
 - step by, roam around
vi. 走，步行；散步
 - go, foot, step, track

Word: sand
Front: sand
[sænd] (中高研四六 2205/2470 -K3)
Back: n. 沙; 沙滩; 沙色
vt. 撒沙于; 用砂纸磨光
时态：sanded, sanding, sands
分布：沙(67%)，沙子(22%)，沙滩(10%)，以沙掩盖(1%)
→来自古英语 sand,沙，来自 Proto-Germanic*samdaz,沙，来自 sem,倾泻，涌出。引申动词 词义磨砂，用砂纸打磨。
n.沙;(pl.)沙滩,沙地Sand is insoluble in water.沙在水中是不溶解的.
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a substance that is found on beaches and in deserts, which is made from very small grains of rock 沙，沙子
• a grain of sand 一粒沙
• The children played all day in/on the sand. 孩子们玩了一整天沙子。
• coarse/fine sand 粗／细沙
• Mix one part sand to three parts cement. 将一份沙和三份水泥混合。
sands [plural]
■large flat areas of sand near the sea 沙滩
• miles of golden sands 绵延数哩的金色沙滩
[sænd] noun
the sands of time are running out literary saying
■used to say that there is not much time left to do something 时间不多，期限将到（沙漏里的沙要跑完了，是说做某事剩下的时间不太多了）
[sænd] verb transitive
■to make something smooth by rubbing it with something rough, especially sandpaper (= strong paper with sand fixed to it) （尤指用砂纸）打磨，磨光
• Sand the door (down) thoroughly before starting to paint. 粉刷之前要把门用砂纸彻底磨光。
n. [土壤] 沙；沙地；沙洲；沙滩；沙子
 - dene, hurst

Word: Spanish
Front: Spanish
['spænɪʃ] (高四六雅 2204/2474)
Back: n. 西班牙语；西班牙人
adj. 西班牙的；西班牙人的；西班牙语的
分布：西班牙语(63%)，西班牙的(14%)，西班牙人(13%)，西班牙语的(8%)，西班牙人的(2%)
adjective
■from, belonging to or relating to Spain 西班牙的
• Are you Spanish? 你是西班牙人吗？
• Spanish literature 西班牙文学
• I met a Spanish person/some Spanish people yesterday. 我昨天遇到了一个西班牙人／一些西班牙人。
• Spanish customs/food/people 西班牙风俗／食物／人民
['spæn.ɪʃ] noun uncountable
■the language of Spain 西班牙语
• Do you speak Spanish? 你会说西班牙语吗？
adj. 西班牙的；西班牙语的；西班牙人的
 - Hispanic
n. 西班牙语；西班牙人
 - Espanyol, gachupin

Word: rule
Front: rule
[ru:l] (中高研四六托雅 633/539 -K5)
Vocabulary: rule
(once / 29 pages)
1n 2n 3nv 4nv 5v 6v
A rule is a regulation or direction for doing some particular activity. If you have a "no shoes" rule at your house, it means everyone has to take them off at the door.
Other than laws or conditions about what can't and can't be done, rules can be tried-and-true tips like a grammar rule about subject-verb agreement or a spelling rule about making a singular noun plural. Rule can also pertain to power — how someone handles it or how long it lasts, like the peaceful rule of a king whose rule lasted 50 years.
WORD FAMILY
rule: misrule, overrule, ruled, ruler, rules, ruling, self-rule+/misrule: misrules/overrule: overruled, overrules, overruling/ ruler: rulers, rulership/rulership: rulerships/ ruling: rulingly, rulings
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a result, scientists who study the compound must follow a host of restrictive rules.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Koni attributed his decision to the inability of the government to rule the country.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But because the budget rules do not allow for unrelated language, the mandate itself was not repealed.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 规则，规定; 统治，支配; 章程
vt. & vi. 控制，支配; 判定; 裁定，裁决; 价格稳定
vt. 统治; 规定; 管理; 裁决
vi. 统治; 管辖; 裁定
时态：ruled, ruling, rules
分布：规则(62%)，统治(25%)，习惯(5%)，支配(5%)，条例(1%)，直尺(1%)，画直线(1%)
→缩写自拉丁语 regula,直尺，规则，来自拉丁语 regere,拉直，管理，词源同 regulate.引申诸相 关词义。
v.统治;支配;裁定n.规章,条例;习惯;统治Comply with the compatible rule of complement when using compliments.使用问候语时遵守补语的相容规则.
noun
INSTRUCTION 指导
 ESSENTIAL countable usually plural
■an accepted principle or instruction that states the way things are or should be done, and tells you what you are allowed or are not allowed to do 规则；法则；规章；条例
• A referee must know all the rules of the game. 裁判一定要通晓比赛的所有规则。
• The first/most important rule in life is always to appear confident. 人生的首要法则就是永远要表现得自信。
• Before you start your own business you should be familiar with the government's rules and regulations. 在创立自己的公司之前，你应该了解政府的有关条例和规定。
• You must follow/obey/observe the rules. 你一定要遵守规则。
• You must not break the rules. 你千万不可违反规则。
• In special cases the manager will bend/stretch the rules (= allow the rules to be broken). 在特殊情况下，经理会对这些规定进行变通。
• You can trust Ruth because she always plays (it) by/goes by/does things by the rules (= follows instructions, standards, or rules). 你可以信任露丝，她做事一贯遵守规矩。
• [+ to infinitive] It's against the rules (of/in boxing) to hit below the belt. 击打腰带以下的部位是违反（拳击比赛）规则的。
• [+ that] It's a club rule that new members must sing a song. 新成员一定要唱一首歌，这是俱乐部的规定。
[ru:l] noun
CONTROL 控制
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when a particular person or group is in control of a country 统治（期）；管辖（期）
• The period of Fascist rule is one people try to forget. 那段法西斯统治的历史时期是人们想要努力忘却的。
• We don't want one-party rule - we want rule by the people. 我们不想要一党专政－－我们想要的是民治。
⇒ See also misrule
[ru:l] noun
as a (general) rule
■usually 通常；一般说来
• As a general rule, I only read detective novels. 通常我只看侦探小说。
[ru:l] noun
make it a rule
■to act according to a principle 按规矩；按照习惯，遵循常规
• I make it a rule not to eat fatty foods. 我不吃油腻的食物，这是我的习惯。
[ru:l] noun
the rule
■the usual situation 普遍情况；惯常的事，通常发生的事
• In England, it often seems that rain is the rule all the year round. 在英格兰，人们常感觉好像一年到头总在下雨。
[ru:l] noun
rule of thumb
■a practical and approximate way of doing or measuring something 实用的估测方法；经验之谈；经验法则
• A good rule of thumb is that a portion of rice is two and a half handfuls. 做米饭时放多少米有个方便实用的估算方法，即两把半生米便是够一人吃的量。
[ru:l] noun
Rules are made to be broken. saying
■used to say that it is good and acceptable to not obey a rule （用于表示违反一项规则合情合理）制定规则是为了被打破的。
[ru:l] verb
CONTROL 控制
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to control, or to be the person in charge of a country 控制；统治；治理
• Most modern kings and queens rule (their countries) only in a formal way, without real power. 现代的大多数国王或女王（对他们的国家）的统治都只是形式上的，并不握有实权。
• She rules her household with an iron hand/fist (= severely). 她在家里攥着大权，持家很严。
intransitive or transitive
■to be the most important and controlling influence on someone 支配，操控，控制
• Love ruled supreme in her heart. 她的心已被爱所俘虏。
• The desperate desire to go to Moscow ruled their lives. 要去莫斯科的强烈愿望支配了他们的生活。
[ru:l] verb
DECIDE 决定
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to decide officially 裁决，裁定；判定；决定
• Only the Appeal Court can rule on this point. 只有上诉法院才可以就这一问题作出判决。
• The judge ruled for/in favour of/against the defendant. 法官作出了有利于／不利于被告的判决。
• [+ that] The government has ruled that the refugees must be deported. 政府已经作出决定，难民必须被驱逐出境。
• [+ obj + noun/adj] The courts have ruled his brave action illegal. 法院裁决他的勇敢行为不合法。
⇒ See also overrule
[ru:l] verb
DRAW 画
transitive
■to draw a straight line using something that has a straight edge （借助有直边的东西）画（线）
• She ruled two red lines under the title. 她在标题下面画了两条红线。
[ru:l] verb
be ruled by sb formal
■to take the advice of someone 听从（某人）的忠告；采纳（某人）的建议
• If you're wise you'll be ruled by your father. 你要是明智的话，就该听从你父亲的建议。
[ru:l] verb
rule OK UK slang
■is the best 是最棒的；必胜；无敌
• The graffiti on the wall said 'Liverpool rules OK'. 满墙都是“利物浦队必胜”的涂鸦文字。
[ru:l] verb
rule the roost
■to be the person who makes all the decisions in a group 当家作主；主宰；支配一切
• In that family it is the grandma who rules the roost. 在那个家庭中是奶奶当家。
[ru:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rule sth or sb out
 IMPROVER
■to decide or state that something is impossible or will not happen, or that something or someone is not suitable 把…排除在外；拒绝考虑
• The police haven't yet ruled out murder. 员警尚未排除谋杀的可能性。
• I won't rule out a June election. 我不排除六月份进行选举的可能性。
• The police have not ruled him out as a suspect. 员警尚未排除他作案的嫌疑。
[ru:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rule sth out
■to prevent something from happening 使…成为不可能，使…不可能发生；防止
• This recent wave of terrorism has ruled out any chance of peace talks. 最近的这一波恐怖行动已经使得任何和谈的机会都化为泡影。
law, rule, regulation, code, act, constitution
这组词都有“法同，法规”的意思，其区别是：
law: 普通用词，泛指由最高当局所制订、立法机构所通过的任何成文或不成文的法规或条例。
rule: 通常指机关、团体的规章、条例或比赛规则；也指对人行为、方法等所作的规定，还可指习俗所承认的规定。
regulation: 普通用词，指用于管理、指导或控制某系统或组织的规则、规定或原则等。
code: 指某一阶层或社会所遵守的一整套法典、法规或法则；也可指与某一特殊活动或主题有关的规则。
act: 指经立法机构通过并由行政管理签署的法案。
constitution: 指治理国家或国家在处理内外政务时所遵循的基本法律和原则；也指规章规则的汇集。
direct, control, supervise, govern, administer, rule, manage
这组词都有“管理、支配”的意思，其区别是：
direct: 侧重行使领导或指导权。
control: 含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。
supervise: 侧重指运用本身的或被授予的权力来管理、检查工作，含监督意味。
govern: 侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗含能力和知识的运用。
administer: 指官方的或正式的对事务的管理。
rule: 强调用绝对或独裁的权力来管理或统治。
manage: 强调对具体事务机构进行管理，有时含受权管理或处理之意。
law, principle, rule, regulation
law: 指具体的法律，法规，法令
principle: 原理，原则，用作复数是指行为的准则，规范
rule: 规则，规章，惯常的做法，习惯
regulation: 通常用作复数，法规，条例
vi. 统治；管辖；裁定
 - king it over, reign over
n. 统治； [数] 规则
 - governance, regulation, order
vt. 统治；规定；管理；裁决；支配
 - define, regulate, manage, state, conduct

Word: hit
Front: hit
[hɪt] (中高研四六雅 535/927 -K5)
Vocabulary: hit
(once / 60 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4v 5v 6v 7v 8n
When you hit someone, you smack or strike them — either with an object or with your hand. If you're frustrated about how slowly the traffic is moving, you might hit the dashboard of your car with your fist. Ouch.
A boxer can hit a punching bag, and you can slip and hit your head on a chair. Other kinds of hits include bombs, bullets, or missiles striking targets; assassins or "hitmen" killing someone for pay; and reaching a certain goal, like when you hit a high note or your income hits six figures. You can also colloquially "hit the road," or get going; and "hit up" your friend for five dollars, or ask to borrow it.
WORD FAMILY
hit: hitless, hits, hitter, hitting+/hitter: hitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
They fought and fought and then, in their final breaths they hit Penn State with a force that USC football lore will remember forever.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its decision was so ham-handed that the Justice Department hit Culpeper County with a lawsuit last month based on the Religious Land Use act.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Cunningham hit a 3 and then a jumper to pull the S.C.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 打，打击; 碰撞
vt. 击（球）; （在精神上）打击（某人）; 猜中; 迎合
n. 打，打击; 碰撞; （演出等）成功; 批评，讽刺
vi. （风暴、疾病等）袭击; 抨击; （偶然）碰上; （突然）想到（与 on, upon 连用）
时态：hit, hitting, hits
分布：碰撞(32%)，袭击(22%)，达到(13%)，讽刺(12%)，成功(9%)，偶然发现(4%)，符合(3%)，要求(3%)，冲撞(2%)
→来自古英语hittan,接触，掉落，来自keid,掉落，掉下，词源同accident,deciduous.引申词义击，打。
v.打,击;碰撞n.击中;成功而风行一时的事物It's a pity that the spitbox in the pit was hit and split.遗憾的是坑内的痰盂被打裂.
verb (hitting, hit, hit)
TOUCH 接触
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to swing your hand or an object onto the surface of something so that it touches it, usually with force 击；打；撞
• Teachers are not allowed to hit their pupils. 教师不许打学生。
• This type of glass won't shatter no matter how hard you hit it. 无论你怎么敲，这种玻璃都不会碎。
• She hit her thumb with the hammer. 她用锤子砸到了自己的拇指。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to touch something with sudden force 碰撞
• They were going at about 60 kilometres an hour when their car hit the tree. 他们的车撞到树上时，正以每小时约60公里的车速行驶。
• One journalist was hit in the leg by a stray bullet. 一名记者被流弹击中了腿部。
• That new shelf in the bathroom is too low - I just hit my head on it. 浴室里的那个新架子太低——我的头刚刚撞到了。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
EFFECT 影响
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to have an unpleasant or negative effect on a person or thing 产生不良影响；打击
• Production has been badly hit by the strike. 罢工严重影响生产。
• Demand for transatlantic flights has been hit by fears of terrorist attacks. 由于人们害怕遭遇恐怖袭击，飞越大西洋航班的需求受到影响。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
SHOOT 射击
 ADVANCED transitive often passive
■to shoot at or bomb a place or person, causing damage or injury 射击；轰炸
• Two schools were hit during the air raid. 空袭中有两所学校遭到轰炸。
• He was hit in the neck by a bullet from a sniper. 他被一名狙击手射出的子弹击中了颈部。
• Try to hit the middle of the target. 要尽量打中靶心。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
REACH 达到
transitive
■to arrive at a place or position 到达
• If we turn left at the next junction, we should hit the main road after five miles or so. 在下一个路口左转，再走五英里左右，我们就会抵达大马路。
transitive
■to succeed in reaching or achieving something 达到；实现
• Our profits hit an all-time high of £20 million last year. 去年我们的盈余达到了2000万英镑的最高纪录。
• I just can't hit (= sing) those high notes like I used to. 我就是不能像过去一样把那些高音唱上去。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
SUCCESS 成功
hit it off informal
■to like someone and become friendly immediately （与某人）相处得好，合得来
• I didn't really hit it off with his friends. 我和他的朋友们并不怎么合得来。
• Jake and Sue hit it off immediately. 杰克和苏一见如故。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
ATTACK 攻击
transitive mainly US slang
■to kill someone 杀死
• Three drug dealers were hit in the city over the weekend. 周末有三名毒贩在该市被击毙。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit sb between the eyes
■to shock someone or have a sudden strong effect on them 使（某人）大为震惊；使（某人）大受影响
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit sb where it hurts
■to do or say something to someone that will upset them as much as possible 刺到（某人）的痛处，碰到（某人）的敏感之处
• He's always worrying about his weight, so if you want to hit him where it hurts, tell him he's looking a bit fat. 他一直在担心自己的体重，如果你想刺中他的痛处，就说他有点胖。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit home
■to cause you to fully realize how unpleasant or difficult something is 使充分意识到（情况有多糟糕或困难）
• The full horror of the war only hit home when we started seeing the television pictures of it in our living rooms. 在家中客厅里看到电视画面后，我们才充分意识到这场战争有多恐怖。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the books mainly US and Australian informal
■to study 学习；做功课
• I can't go out tonight. I've got to hit the books. 我今晚不能出门，我要做功课。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the bottle
■to start to drink too much alcohol 开始酗酒
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the ceiling/roof
■to become extremely angry 暴跳如雷，极其恼火
• Dad'll hit the ceiling when he finds out I've left school. 爸爸要是发现我离开了学校一定会暴跳如雷的。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the deck
■to lie down quickly and suddenly so that you are hidden from view or sheltered from something dangerous 快速卧倒
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the ground running
■to immediately work hard and successfully at a new activity 雷厉风行；一举成功
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the hay/sack informal
■to go to bed in order to sleep 上床睡觉
• I've got a busy day tomorrow, so I think I'll hit the sack. 明天我会很忙，所以我看我该睡觉了。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the headlines
■to appear in the news suddenly or receive a lot of attention in news reports 突然成为媒体头条；受到媒体强烈关注
• He hit the headlines two years ago when he was arrested for selling drugs to the Prime Minister's nephew. 两年前他因把毒品卖给首相的侄子而被捕，这使他突然受到媒体强烈关注。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the jackpot
■to suddenly get or win a lot of money 突然得到（或赢得）一大笔钱
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the nail on the head
■to describe exactly what is causing a situation or problem 说中要害
• I think Mick hit the nail on the head when he said that what's lacking from this company is a feeling of confidence. 米克说这家公司缺乏的是一种自信，我认为他说到重点了。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the road
■to leave a place or begin a journey 离开，出发
• I'd love to stay longer but I must be hitting the road. 我很想多留一段时间，但我必须要走了。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the spot
■to be exactly what is needed 正是所需要的
• That bacon sandwich really hit the spot! 那个培根三明治正是我想要的！
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
not know what hit you
■to feel shocked or confused because something bad has happened to you suddenly when you were not expecting it 过度惊吓而无法反应；吓呆了
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
  Phrasal Verbs  hit back
■to attack or criticize someone who has attacked or criticized you 反击，反攻
• In tonight's speech, the minister is expected to hit back at critics who have attacked her handling of the crisis. 之前有一些批评家曾攻击部长对这危机的处理方式，今晚的发言中，她预计会对其加以反击。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
  Phrasal Verbs  hit on sb US slang
■to show someone that you are sexually attracted to them 与（某人）调情
• Some guy hit on me while I was standing at the bar. 我站在吧台边的时候，有个家伙过来和我调情。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
  Phrasal Verbs  hit on/upon sth
■to think of an idea when you didn't expect or intend to, especially one that solves a problem 突然想到；碰巧想出
• When we first hit on the idea, everyone told us it would never work. 当我们第一次想到这个主意时，所有人都跟我们说这行不通。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
  Phrasal Verbs  hit out
■to criticise something or someone strongly 猛烈批评，严厉抨击
• The Medical Association yesterday hit out at government cuts in healthcare services. 昨天，医疗公会猛烈抨击了政府削减医疗保健开支的措施。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hit sb up US informal
■to ask someone for something 向（某人）索要
• She hit me up for $20. 她向我要20美元。
[hɪt] noun countable
SUCCESS 成功
 IMPROVER
■a thing or person that is very popular or successful 非常受欢迎（或成功）的事物（或人）
• The Beatles had a string of number-one hits in the 1960s. 20世纪60年代披头四乐队推出了一系列排行榜冠军曲目。
• Your cake was a real hit at the party - everyone commented. 聚会上你的蛋糕真是棒极了——每个人都在谈论。
hit 1 3. They've just released a CD of their greatest hits (= their most successful songs).
他们刚刚发行了一张他们的上榜歌曲精选CD。
[hɪt] noun countable
COMPUTING 电脑操作
■a request to use a web page on the Internet that is then counted to calculate the number of people looking at the page （对网际网路网页的）点击
• Our web page had 243 hits this week. 我们的网页本周的点击数为243次。
[hɪt] noun countable
TOUCH 接触
■when you hit something or someone, or when something or someone hits you 击，打
• She gave him a hit on the head which knocked him flying. 她击中了他的头部，打得他眼冒金星。
■in baseball, when the batter (= person trying to hit the ball) safely reaches first base after hitting the ball （棒球运动中的）安打
[hɪt] noun countable
SHOOT 射击
■when something that has been thrown, dropped, shot, etc. at a place or object reaches that place or object 击中，打中
• The rebel headquarters took a direct hit from a bomb during the attack. 在这波攻势中，一颗炸弹直接击中了叛军的总部。
• I scored a hit on my second shot. 我的第二枪击中了靶心。
[hɪt] noun countable
ATTACK 攻击 mainly US slang
■an act of murder 杀人，谋杀
• He was the victim of a mafia hit. 他是被黑手党谋杀的。
[hɪt] noun countable
are/make a hit with informal
■If you are/make a hit with someone, they like you a lot from the time that they first meet you 给（某人）留下很好的第一印象，使（某人）一见钟情
• You've made a big hit with my dad - he hasn't stopped talking about you. 我爸爸对你的第一印象很好——他一直在不停地谈论你。
strike, beat, hit, thrash, whip
这组词都有“打”的意思，其区别是：
strike: 普通用词，多指急速或突然一次猛击。
beat: 普通用词，含义广泛，指连续打击。游戏、竞赛或战争中作打败解。
hit: 普通用词，常与strike换用，侧重有目标的猛击，强调用力击中。
thrash: 侧重指用棍子或鞭子等痛打。
whip: 多指用鞭子抽打。
knock, beat, strike, hit
knock: 敲门；
beat: 打鼓;连续打；
strike: 敲锣，钟敲几点，猛的一击；
hit: 击中，打一下
vt. 打击；袭击；碰撞；偶然发现；伤…的感情
 - dong, impact on
vi. 打；打击；碰撞；偶然碰上
 - impact on, beat upon
n. 打；打击；（演出等）成功；讽刺
 - success, prosperity, victory, blow, stroke

Word: print
Front: print
[prɪnt] (中高研四 2207/2432 -K4)
Vocabulary: print
(once / 44 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
Print is text, type, or writing — it's the words you write on paper or read in a book. If you print your name, you don’t write it in cursive. You write it so someone can actually read it.
When something's "in print," it's been published. Another kind of print, besides text (letters, numbers, and characters), is the impression left by a finger (a fingerprint), a foot, or even an animal's paw. The verb to print means to write in clear, block letters, or to publish a copy of a book, newspaper, or magazine. If something's "out of print," it's hard to find because no one is publishing new copies of it.
WORD FAMILY
print: misprint, overprint, printable, printed, printer, printing, prints, reprint +/misprint: misprinted, misprinting, misprints/overprint: overprinted, overprinting, overprints/printable: unprintable/ printer: printers/printing: printings/ reprint: reprinted, reprinting, reprints/reprinting: reprintings/unprintable: unprintably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Times reserves the right to edit and publish any submissions online and/or in print.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She was wearing a St. Thomas jersey with “16”—her son’s number—printed on the front and the back.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
There are zones dedicated to drones, beauty tech and 3D printing.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （由底片印出的）照片; 印刷字体; 印痕; 印成的图画
vt. （在松软的表面）压印; 把…付印
vt. & vi. 用印刷体写; 冲洗（照片）; 登载; 在纸上印
时态：printed, printing, prints
分布：打印(68%)，印刷(20%)，出版(5%)，版画(2%)，印刷字体(1%)，印花(1%)，印记(1%)，铭刻(1%)，印刷的(1%)
→来自古法语preinte,按压，来自拉丁语premere,按，压，词源同press.-t,过去分词格。引申词义打印，印刷。
n.印刷,印刷品,字体v.印刷,出版;洗印I hint that the faint saint painted the printer with a pint of paint.我暗示说虚弱的圣徒用了一品脱油漆涂印刷机.
noun
TEXT 文本
 IMPROVER uncountable
■letters, numbers, words or symbols that have been produced on paper by a machine using ink 印出的字体，印刷字体
• The title is in bold print. 标题是粗体字。
• This novel is available in large print for readers with poor eyesight. 这本小说有大字本，以满足视力差的读者的需要。
• The book was rushed into print (= was produced and published) as quickly as possible. 这本书很快就印了出来。
• The print quality (= The quality of the text produced) of the new laser printer is excellent. 这台新雷射印表机的列印品质很好。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■newspapers, books and magazines 印刷品，出版物
• The debate is still raging, both in print and on the radio and television. 这场争论仍然在报刊、电台、电视上激烈地进行着。
in/out of print
■If a book is in print, it is possible to buy a new copy of it, and if it is out of print, it is not now possible （书）仍可买到的／已绝版的
• Is her work still in print? 她的书还能买得到吗？
• Classic literature never goes out of print. 经典文学作品永远不会绝版。
[prɪnt] noun
PICTURE 图片
countable
■a photographic copy of a painting, or a picture made by pressing paper onto a special surface covered in ink, or a single photograph from a film （用照相制版法制作的）绘画复制品；印出的版画；（底片洗出的单张）照片
• a print of Van Gogh's 'Sunflowers' 梵谷作品《向日葵》的复制品
• a signed Hockney print 附有霍克尼签名的复制画
• I'd like a second set of prints of this film, please. 我还想再洗一套这卷底片的照片。
[prɪnt] noun
PATTERN 图案
countable
■any type of pattern produced using ink on a piece of clothing （织品上的）印花
• a floral/paisley print 花卉／佩斯利涡漩纹印花图案
[prɪnt] noun
FINGER 手指
countable informal for
■ fingerprint
• The burglar had left his prints all over the window. 窗户上到处都是窃贼留下的指纹。
[prɪnt] verb
TEXT 文本
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to produce writing or images on paper or other material with a machine 印，印刷
• The leaflets will be printed on recycled paper. 这些传单会用再生纸来印刷。
• I'm waiting for a document to print. 我正在等文件印出来。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to include a piece of writing in a newspaper or magazine （在报纸或杂志上）刊登，刊载
• Some newspapers still refuse to print certain swear words. 有些报纸仍然拒绝某些脏话见报。
• They printed his letter in Tuesday's paper. 他们在星期二的报纸上刊载了他的信。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to produce a newspaper, magazine or book in large quantities （大量）出版发行
• 20 000 copies of the novel will be printed in hardback. 这本小说将以精装本的形式发行两万册。
[prɪnt] verb
WRITE 写
intransitive or transitive
■to write without joining the letters together 用印刷体写
• Please print your name clearly below your signature. 请用印刷体在签名下方把你的名字写清楚。
[prɪnt] verb
PICTURE 图片
transitive
■to produce a photograph on paper 冲印
• Photographs are better if they are printed from the original negative. 照片要是用原始底片冲洗，效果会更好。
[prɪnt] verb
PATTERN 图案
transitive
■to produce a pattern on material or paper 印花样于
• The designs are printed onto the fabric by hand. 这些图案是手工印在织品上的。
[prɪnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] print sth out
■to produce a printed copy of a document that has been written on a computer （从电脑）列印出
• Could you print out a copy of that letter for me? 你能把那封信列印一份给我吗？
n. [印刷] 印刷业；印花布；印刷字体；印章；印记
 - impression, seal
vt. [印刷] 印刷； [计] 打印；刊载；用印刷体写；在…印花样
 - strike off
vi. [印刷] 印刷；出版；用印刷体写
 - bring out, get out

Word: preserve
Front: preserve
[prɪˈzɜ:v] (高研四六托雅 2209/2287 -K3)
Vocabulary: preserve
(once / 72 pages)
vn
When you preserve something, you maintain its condition, like trying to preserve your good health by exercising regularly and eating right.
The verb preserve describes keeping something as it is now, without a decline in quality. It can also refer to keeping something safe from harm, as in “The group worked hard to preserve the regional ecosystem.” When you preserve food, such as fruit, you keep it from rotting. Jellies and jams are preserves, the noun form. A preserve can also be lands set aside, or preserved, as animal habitats.
WORD FAMILY
preserve: preservable, preservation, preservative, preserved, preserver, preserves, preserving+/ preservation: preservationist, preservations, self-preservation/preservationist: preservationists/ preservative: preservatives/preserver: preservers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We urge you to preserve this critical U.S. strategic asset,” the letter read.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Federal officials said last week that the Valles Caldera National Preserve would become the 17th U.S. park unit with designated thermal features if approved.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Preserving the flexibility to pick and choose facts carries obvious strategic benefits.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 保护; 保持，保存; 腌制食物; 防腐处理
vi. 保鲜; 保持原状; 做蜜饯; 禁猎
n. 蜜饯; 防护用品; 禁猎地; 独占的事物（或范围）
时态：preserved, preserving, preserves
分布：保护(42%)，保存(33%)，保持(23%)，禁猎区(1%)，蜜饯(1%)
→pre-,在前，早于，预先，-serv,保护，看护，词源同conserve,observe.
保存,保藏(pre预先+serve→预先保留→保存)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
v.保护,维持;保存,腌n.蜜饯,果酱,禁猎地The reservoir in the reserved preserve is an obstacle to the obstinate observer.预留保护区内的水库对固执的观察者是一个障碍.
US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed; to conserve 保护，维护；保存；保养
• to preserve the environment 保护环境
• We want to preserve the character of the town while improving the facilities. 我们想在改善市镇设施的同时保存其特色。
• The agreement preserved our right to limit trade in endangered species. 这项协定保留了我们限制濒危物种贸易的权利。
• Putting varnish on wood is a way of preserving it. 在木料上涂清漆是保护木料的一种方法。
• I need to get out of the house from time to time just to preserve (= prevent me from losing) my sanity. 我需要时不时到户外去以保持头脑清醒。
⇒ See also well-preserved
■to treat food in a particular way so that it can be kept for a long time without going bad 对…进行保鲜处理；贮存
• preserved fruit 保鲜水果
• oranges preserved in brandy 浸在白兰地中贮存的柳橙
UK [prɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
FOOD 食物
countable or uncountable
■a food made from fruit or vegetables boiled with sugar and water until it becomes like a firm sauce 蜜饯；果酱
• apricot preserve 杏子酱
• jars of preserves 几罐蜜饯
⇒ See also conserve
UK [prɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
SEPARATE ACTIVITY 个别的行为
only singular
■an activity which only one person or a particular type of person does or is responsible for （某人或群体的）专门活动
• Owning racehorses is the preserve of the rich. 拥有赛马是富人的专利。
• Sport used to be a male preserve. 体育曾经是男性的专利。
UK [prɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
SEPARATE PLACE 隔开的地方
countable US for
■ reserve (= an area of land kept in its natural state, especially for wild animals to live in to be protected) （尤指野生动物）保护区
conserve, store, save, maintain, preserve
这组词都有“保存，储藏”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 较正式用词，指小心地使用难以补充的资源或贵重物，免遭浪费或毁坏，以备不时之需。
store: 普通用词，指将物品存放，以备将来使用。
save: 普通用词，指尽量少用，以争取数量上有所增加。
maintain: 指保持原样，不增不减
preserve: 侧重将物品完好无损地保存下来。
conserve, reserve, retain, withhold, preserve, keep
这组词都有“保持，保存”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 一般指保存自然资源，保全人的精力、力量等。
reserve: 正式用词，指为了将来的用途或其他用途而保存、保留。
retain: 指继续保持。
withhold: 指扣住不放，暗示有阻碍。
preserve: 主要指为防止损害、变质等而保存。
keep: 最常用词，指长时间牢固地保持或保存。
vt. 保存；保护；维持；腌；禁猎
 - maintain, save, secure, corn, sustain
n. 保护区；禁猎地；加工成的食品
 - conservation area, conservation district

Word: passage
Front: passage
[ˈpæsɪdʒ] (中高托雅 2210/1783 -K3)
Vocabulary: passage
(once / 60 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Passage describes the act of passing or traveling from one place to the next.
People often use the word passage to specifically refer to a journey by ship, as in, "The passage to America was long and hard." A section of written work or music can also be called a passage. You can think of a passage of music as moving the listener from one part of the piece to the next. And, finally, you can call a path a passage or passageway, especially when it's narrow. A street is not a passage, but the little tunnel behind the secret door in your closet is certainly a passage.
WORD FAMILY
passage: passages+/ impassable: impassably/overpass: overpasses, overpast/ pass: overpass, passable, passage, passed, passer, passes, passing, underpass/ passable: impassable, passably, unpassable/passer: passers/ passing: passinger, passings/underpass: underpasses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Security Council vote that demanded Israel end all settlement activity — enabling the resolution’s passage.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But the passage of time hasn’t been easy for the aging school.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
How chilling are the resonances with Nineteen Eighty-Four – and particularly the passages from “The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism” read by Winston Smith.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （文章的）一段; 经过; 通路，通道; 旅程，行程
分布：通道(45%)，通过(38%)，走廊(17%)
→来自pass,走过，通过。
通过,通行(pass+age)[pass=passthrough表示"通过"]
n.通过,经过;通路,走廊;(一)段落,(一)节In the passage the passenger passed a cassette of message to messenger.在过道里,乘客给信差传递了一盒带信息.
noun
CONNECTING WAY 通道
 ADVANCED countable (also passageway)
■a usually long and narrow part of a building with rooms on one or both sides, or a covered path which connects places 过道，走廊
• A narrow passage led directly through the house into the garden. 一条狭窄的通道直接从房子通向花园。
• The bathroom's on the right at the end of the passage. 浴室在走廊尽头的右边。
countable
■a hollow part of the body through which something goes （体内的）管道，通道
• the nasal passages 鼻腔
• the anal passage 肛门通道；肛道
['pæs.ɪdʒ] noun
PART 部分
 ADVANCED countable
■a short piece of writing or music which is part of a larger piece of work （文章的）段落；（音乐的）乐节
• Several passages from the book were printed in a national newspaper before it was published. 该书出版前，书中有几段文字被刊载在一份全国性的报纸上。
['pæs.ɪdʒ] noun
TRAVEL 旅行
uncountable formal
■travel, especially as a way of escape 旅行；（尤指）转移
• The gunman then took a hostage and demanded a plane and safe passage to an unspecified destination. 持枪歹徒随后劫持了一名人质，要求派飞机把他安全送到某个未指明的目的地。
only singular old-fashioned
■a journey, especially over the sea （尤指海上的）旅程，航程
• He had booked his passage to Rio de Janeiro. 他订了去里约热内卢的船票。
work your passage old-fashioned
■to do work on a ship during your journey instead of paying for a ticket 在船上做工以抵偿船费
['pæs.ɪdʒ] noun
MOVEMENT 移动
uncountable
■an act of moving through somewhere 通过，穿过
• Many meteors disintegrate during their passage through the atmosphere. 许多流星在穿越大气层时会分解。
• The government prohibits the passage of foreign troops and planes across its territory. 该政府禁止外国军队和飞机穿越其领土和领空。
['pæs.ɪdʒ] noun
TIME 时间
the passage of time literary
■the action of time going past 时间的流逝
• Memories fade with the passage of time. 随着时间的流逝，记忆会慢慢褪去。
['pæs.ɪdʒ] noun
LAW 法律
uncountable formal
■the official approval of something, especially a new law （尤指新法律的）通过
• He again urged passage of a constitutional amendment outlawing abortion. 他再次敦促通过一项宪法修正案，把人工流产定为非法。
n. 一段（文章）；走廊；通路
 - hall, opening, access, corridor

Word: formal
Front: formal
[ˈfɔ:ml] (研四六托雅 2211/1482 -K4)
Vocabulary: formal
(once / 134 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj
Being formal is all about being taken seriously. If you're invited to the White House, you'll want to make a good impression, so it's a good idea to adopt a generally formal demeanor. No jeans or trash talking allowed.
In our casual world, there are still many times we need to be formal, like at weddings or funerals. Adopting a formal manner — i.e., dressing up and not eating with your hands — will help you make a good impression on job interviewers or future in-laws. Being formal doesn't have to mean being stiff or unnatural; it's basically just using good manners and following the rules.
WORD FAMILY
formal: formalest, formalise, formalism, formality, formalize, formally, formalness, formals, informal, semi-formal, semiformal+/formalise: formalisation, formalised, formalising/formalism: formalisms, formalistic/ formality: formalities/formalize: formalization, formalized, formalizes, formalizing/ informal: informality, informally/informality: informalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Schmidt said a complaint with formal charges is expected to be filed Tuesday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Formal charges against the three are expected Tuesday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The nation’s full Constitutional Court will begin formal hearings on Tuesday into the case, the biggest influence-peddling scandal in South Korea’s history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. （学校教育或培训）正规的; 方式上的; 礼仪上的
n. <美>须穿礼服的社交集会; <口>夜礼服
分布：正式的(77%)，正规的(14%)，有条理的(3%)，拘谨的(3%)，形式的(2%)，公开的(1%)
→来自form, 模式。即模式化的，正式的。
正式的,正规的(form+al)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
a.正式的;形式的The form of the former formula is formally formulated.前一个分子式的形式得到正式表述.
US ['fɔ:r-] adjective
OFFICIAL 正式的
 ESSENTIAL
■public or official 公开的；正式的
• formal procedures 正式的程式
• a formal announcement 正式声明
■in appearance or by name only 形式上的；表面上的；名义上的
• I am the formal leader of the project but the everyday management is in the hands of my assistant. 我是这个专案计划名义上的领导人，但日常管理都由我的助理负责。
UK ['fɔ:.məl] US ['fɔ:r-] adjective
SERIOUS 庄重的
 ADVANCED
■describes language, clothes and behaviour that are serious and correct （语言、服装和行为）庄重的，正规的，适合正式场合的
• a formal dinner party 正式宴会
UK ['fɔ:.məl] US ['fɔ:r-] adjective
EDUCATION 教育
■describes education or training received in a school or college （教育或训练）正规的
• Tom had little in the way of a formal education. 汤姆没怎么受过正规教育。
UK ['fɔ:.məl] US ['fɔ:r-] adjective
GARDEN 花园
■A formal garden is carefully designed and kept according to a plan, and it is not allowed to grow naturally. 精心布置的，布置井然的
adj. 正式的；拘谨的；有条理的
 - official, state
n. 正式的社交活动；夜礼服
 - evening dress

Word: transition
Front: transition
[trænˈzɪʃn] (研六托雅宝 2212/2912 -3)
Vocabulary: transition
(once / 472 pages)
nv
A transition is a change from one thing to the next, either in action or state of being—as in a job transition or as in the much more dramatic example of a caterpillar making a transition into a butterfly.
Transition is awfully reassuring in its tidy reliance on regular forms. Trans means "cross," so when you hear it at the beginning of a word you know that it indicates crossing, as in transatlantic or translate. An odd thing happening with transition lately is that it is transitioning from its familiar form as a noun to a newer life as a verb, as in “We’re going to transition Gloria to that new job.”
WORD FAMILY
transition: transitional, transitioned, transitioning, transitions+/ transit: transited, transiting, transition, transits/ transitional: transitionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trade Representative, a transition official says, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The Trump Organization and his transition team did not respond to AP requests for comment.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Trade Representative, a transition official said Monday night, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 过渡，转变，变迁; [语]转换; [乐]变调
时态：transitioned, transitioning, transitions
分布：过渡(62%)，转变(38%)
→来自 transit,中转，过渡，-ion,名词后缀。
过渡,转变(trans交换+it+ion→交换走→过渡)[it=go,表示"行走"]
n.转变,变迁,过渡(时期)The gigantic panther in pants passed the transition period of heart transplant.穿裤子的巨大黑豹度过了心脏移植的过度期.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a change from one form or type to another, or the process by which this happens 转变；过度
• The health-care system is in transition at the moment. 医疗保健制度目前正在变革。
• There will be an interim government to oversee the transition to democracy. 将会有一个临时政府来进行监督过度到民主政治的过程。
transfer, transaction, transition, transmission, transformation
这是一组在考研和CET-6中经常出现的形近易混词。
transfer: n.转移，转让；(工作的)调动；(旅途中的)换乘，改变路线。
 • The club's goalkeeper isn't happy here, and has asked a transfer.   这个足球俱乐部的守门员在此过得不愉快，已经要求转会到其他俱乐部。
transaction: n.交易行为，处理。
 • Transactions of shares on the stock exchange were up today.   今天证券交易所的股票成交额上升了。
transition: n. (从一种情况到另一种的)过渡，更替。
 • The transition from high school to college can be difficult for students.   对于学生来说，从中学到大学的过渡会是困难的。
transmission: n.传播(比如疾病)；广播。
 • The transmission of germs can occur by contact, breathing, and eating.   细菌通过接触、呼吸和饮食传播。
transformation: n. (外观或性质的)改变，改观，转变。
 • His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marrige.   他结婚之后性格判若两人。
n. 过渡；转变； [分子生物] 转换；变调
 - conversion, switching, changing

Word: existence
Front: existence
[ɪgˈzɪstəns] (高研四六雅 2213/1454 -K)
Vocabulary: existence
(once / 75 pages)
n
Existence is the state of being alive or being real. For example, you and your best friend disagree about the existence of Bigfoot if you think it's real and your friend doesn't.
The noun existence can be used many different ways, but it always has to do with being alive or with simply "being". You can talk about the survival of something as its existence, like your yo-yo club having lost so many members that its existence is in danger. The particular way you live is another meaning of existence; if you live a quiet, lonely life in the country, you could describe it as a solitary existence.
WORD FAMILY
existence: existences, existential +/ coexist: coexisted, coexistent, coexisting, coexists/coexistence: coexistences/coexistent: coexistence, coexistently/ exist: coexist, existed, existent, existing, exists, preexist/existent: existence, existently, nonexistent, pre-existent/ existential: existentialism, existentially/ existentialism: existentialist/existentialist: existentialists/ existing: pre-existing/nonexistence: nonexistences/ nonexistent: nonexistence/preexist: preexisted, preexistence, preexistent, preexisting, preexists/preexistence: preexistences
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It was suddenly back in existence, but what should I do?
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Perhaps keeping our profile in existence is providing a much-needed outlet for others?
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 存在，实在; 生活，生活方式; 实体，存在物
分布：存在(84%)，生存(16%)
→来自exist, 存在。
存在,生存(exist+ence)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
n.存在,实在;生存,生活(方式)The elephant is the largest land animal in existence.大象是现有的最大的陆上动物.
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when something or someone exists 存在；实有
• Many people question the existence of God. 很多人怀疑上帝是否真的存在。
• Modern cosmology believes the Universe to have come into existence about fifteen billion years ago. 现代宇宙论认为，宇宙大约在150亿年前就已经形成了。
• The theatre company that they started is still in existence today. 他们创办的剧团直到今日仍在演出。
countable usually singular
■a particular way of life 生活；生活方式
• She has a miserable existence living with him. 和他生活在一起，她的日子苦不堪言。
life, creature, maintenance, survival, existence
life: 生命，生活
creature: 生物，动物，人
maintenance: 保持，保养，维修，一般不指人；
survival: 在困难中的生存、幸存；
existence: 艰难或无聊的生活方式
n. [计] 存在，实在；生存，生活；存在物，实在物
 - presence, being, entity, life, is

Word: album
Front: album
[ˈælbəm] (高研六雅 2215/2991 -4)
Vocabulary: album
(once / 442 pages)
1n 2n
An album is a book of photographs, mementos, or a collection of some other kind — like music. As digital forms of photographs and music become more popular, albums are becoming a thing of the past.
A photo album is full of pictures, and a stamp collector's album contains stamps from different countries. Another kind of album is a collection of songs, either on a record or a CD. In Latin, album means "white," and in ancient times it referred to a blank tablet. 16th century German academics kept what they called an album amicorum, or a collection of colleagues' signatures, and from there album came to mean "souvenir book."
WORD FAMILY
album: albums
USAGE EXAMPLES
And with the release of the new album, he posted his thoughts about the end of 2016 on Facebook, in a widely shared post.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now she’s 20 and is just finishing off her sophomore album.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Q: Was that album an effort to return to your roots?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 相册; 集邮簿; 签名册; 唱片
分布：相册(45%)，唱片(35%)，唱片集(12%)，集邮册(6%)，纪念册(2%)
→来自词根alb, 白色。原指古时候用来登记姓名，记录重大事件的白板。
相册;集邮册(alb+um表示物→空白的东西→用来放东西的册子)[alb=white,表示"白色"]
n.(同一表演者的)集锦密纹唱片;集邮册,相册I want to show you the album of my college life.给你看看我大学时的相册吧.
noun countable
MUSIC 音乐
■a CD or record, etc. that has several pieces of music on it （CD或唱片上的）音乐专辑
• Have you heard their new album? 你听过他们的新专辑吗？
['æl.bəm] noun countable
BOOK 书
■a book with plain pages, typically used for collecting together and protecting stamps or photographs 集邮册；相册；影集
• a stamp/photograph album 集邮册／相册
• We've put the best wedding photos into an album. 我们已经把婚礼上拍得最好的照片放进了相册。

Word: participation
Front: participation
[pɑ:ˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn] (2214/2915)
Vocabulary: participation
(once / 710 pages)
n
Participation in extracurricular activities makes you a well-rounded person. Getting involved in different groups and pursuits is not only educational, but also an opportunity to make lifelong friends.
Notice that the first syllable in this noun is part-, as in, “take part.” Participation is the act of participating, or being related to a larger whole. Another word for this is involvement. A person can enjoy participation in a club, a celebration, or even a conversation.
WORD FAMILY
participation: nonparticipation, participations+/ participate: participated, participates, participating, participation, participatory
USAGE EXAMPLES
An appeals court recently voided the convictions of 73 police officers for their participation in the killings, raising criticism from human rights groups.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some people voiced strong opposition, while others support the band’s participation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The fund helps pay off principal and interest on certificates of participation, a type of public borrowing with shorter terms than most bond issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 参加，参与; 分享
分布：参与(82%)，参加(18%)
US [pɑ:rˌtɪs.ə-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you take part or become involved in something 参加，参与
n. 参与；分享；参股
 - privy to, concernment

Word: arrange
Front: arrange
[əˈreɪndʒ] (高研四托 2216/1324 -K4)
Vocabulary: arrange
(once / 49 pages)
v
Think it might be fun to be a party planner? These highly organized people arrange everything from invitations to music, food, even the lighting in the room, meaning they put everything in order.
At a concert, you look in your program to see what piece is next. There's a title, followed by the composer's name. Under that is another name, preceded by "arranged by." What does that mean? Every piece was originally written with a certain instrument or instruments in mind. In order for that music to be played by other instruments, it first has to be adapted, meaning someone has to arrange it. A symphony for kazoos? You can arrange that.
WORD FAMILY
arrange: arranged, arrangement, arranger, arranges, arranging, disarrange, prearrange, rearrange +/ arrangement: arrangements/arranger: arrangers/arranging: arrangings/disarrange: disarranged, disarrangement, disarranges, disarranging/disarrangement: disarrangements/ prearrange: prearranged, prearrangement, prearranges, prearranging/prearrangement: prearrangements/ rearrange: rearranged, rearrangement, rearranges, rearranging/rearrangement: rearrangements
USAGE EXAMPLES
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims — arranged in a star formation — in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims - arranged in a star formation - in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hearing that Despommier would be addressing an audience of high-school science teachers at Columbia on a recent morning, I arranged to sit in.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 把…（系统地）分类; 整理; 改编（剧本等）; 达成…的协议
vi. （就某事与某人）达成协议，（与某人）商定（某事）(with a person about 或 for a thing); [音乐]（尤指专业）改编乐曲
时态：arranged, arranging, arranges
分布：安排(87%)，整理(7%)，计划(4%)，协商(2%)
→前缀ar-同ad-. range, 排列。
安排(ar+range排列→安排)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
安排(ar+range→排列起来→安排)[range=rank,表示"排列,顺序"]
v.安排,筹划;整理,使有条理,排列,布置In the exchange the oranges are arranged into strange ranges.在交易所里橙子被排成奇怪的行.
verb
PLAN 计划
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to plan or prepare for; to organize 安排；准备；筹划
• I'm trying to arrange my work so that I can have a couple of days off next week. 我正设法把工作安排好，以便下周能够休息一两天。
• The meeting has been arranged for Wednesday. 会议已经安排在周三了。
• [+ to infinitive] They arranged to have dinner the following month. 他们约好在下个月共进晚餐。
• I've already arranged with him to meet at the cinema. 我已和他约好了在电影院见面。
• She's arranged for her son to have swimming lessons. 她已经安排她儿子去上游泳课了。
• [+ that] I'd deliberately arranged that they should arrive at the same time. 我特意安排好让他们同时到达。
• [+ question word] We haven't yet arranged wh en to meet. 我们还没有约好甚么时候会面。
[ə'reɪndʒ] verb
PUT IN POSITION 放在适当的位置
 ADVANCED transitive
■to put something in a particular order 整理，使有条理；排列；布置
• She arranged her birthday cards along the shelf. 她把生日卡在架子上摆成一排。
• Who arranged these flowers so beautifully? 这些花插得真漂亮，谁的手艺？
• His books are neatly arranged in alphabetical order. 他的书都按照字母顺序排列得整整齐齐。
[ə'reɪndʒ] verb
MUSIC 音乐
transitive
■to change a piece of music so that it can be played in a different way, for example by a particular instrument 改编（乐曲）
• Beethoven's fifth symphony has been arranged for the piano. 贝多芬的第五号交响曲被改编成了钢琴曲。
arrange, classify, sort, organize
这组词都有“使有条理，安排”的意思，其区别是：
arrange: 指按计划、秩序、需要和可能等进行安排。
classify: 指按照事物类型、质量或是否相似进行分类。
sort: 通常指根据类型或种类分类或整理选择。
organize: 指按计划或需要把人或物安排组织成一个整体。
vt. 安排；排列；整理
 - schedule, budget, place in, settle, form
vi. 安排；排列；协商
 - place in, treat, form

Word: atmosphere
Front: atmosphere
[ˈætməsfɪə(r)] (高研四六托 2217/1855 -K3)
Vocabulary: atmosphere
(once / 140 pages)
n
An atmosphere is a surrounding environment or influence. If you and your coworkers talk behind each other's backs, you will create a nasty atmosphere at work.
Atmosphere was invented by seventeenth century Scientists from Greek words for vapor, atmos, and sphere sphaira. The earth's atmosphere is the air and gas surrounding our planet. Atmosphere also describes the feeling of a place. A coffee shop might have a cool, artsy atmosphere. Some plants grow best in a damp atmosphere. Police presence creates a paranoid atmosphere among protesters. In physics, atmosphere is a unit of pressure equal to the air pressure at sea level.
WORD FAMILY
atmosphere: atmospheres, atmospheric, atmospherical+/ atmospheric: atmospherically
USAGE EXAMPLES
But while there I sunk into the atmosphere, tone, reality of the place.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The change in atmosphere — from boos earlier in the month to serenades — happened suddenly, but the reason is simple.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
It was a businesslike atmosphere in the locker room afterward, also.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 大气，空气; 大气层; 风格，基调; 气氛
分布：气氛(50%)，大气(38%)，空气(11%)，气压(1%)
→词根atmo, 大气，蒸气。sphere, 球体。
大气层[atmo=vapor(蒸汽)]
n.大气(层);空气;气氛,环境;大气压Therefore, the atmosphere is merely a sphere.因此大气层只不过是一个球体.
US [-sfɪr] noun
AIR 空气
the atmosphere
 IMPROVER only singular
■the mixture of gases around the Earth （包围地球的）大气，大气层，大气圈
• These factories are releasing toxic gases into the atmosphere. 这些工厂向大气中排放有毒气体。
 IMPROVER only singular
■the air that you breathe in a place （特定场所的）空气
• The atmosphere in the room was so stuffy I could hardly breathe. 房间里空气污浊，我都快喘不过气来了。
• A few plants in an office will improve the atmosphere. 在办公室里摆些植物可以改善空气。
countable
■the mixture of gases that surrounds some planets, such as the Earth; the air （包围天体的）气体
UK ['æt.mə.sfɪər] US [-sfɪr] noun
MOOD 气氛
 IMPROVER only singular
■the character, feeling or mood of a place or situation 气氛；环境
• There's a very relaxed atmosphere in our office. 我们办公室的气氛非常轻松。
• There has been an atmosphere of gloom in the factory since it was announced that it would be closing. 自从宣布工厂要关闭的消息后，工厂里就笼罩着一片沮丧的气氛中。
 ADVANCED uncountable approving
■a feeling that a place has of being pleasant and interesting or exciting 氛围；情调，情趣
• You want a restaurant that serves good food but has a bit of atmosphere too. 谁都想去间饭菜可口又有点情调的餐厅吃饭。
• He put on some soft music and turned the lights down in order to give the room a bit more atmosphere. 为了使房间更富情调，他播放轻柔的音乐，调暗了灯光。
atmosphere, air, gas
这些名词均与空气有关。
atmosphere: 指围绕有的星球，特别是围绕地球的空气，即大气层。也可指环境气氛。
air: 指空气，也泛指一般气体。
gas: 指气态物，尤指供燃烧取暖或照明的气体，其中一部分称作瓦斯。
surroundings, environment, circumstance, context, atmosphere, climate
surroundings: 特指自然环境（地理概念）
environment: 指对人的感情、品德、思想等或动植物生存产生影响的环境
circumstance: 特指经济状况，表示环境，状况时常用复数
context: 上下文
atmosphere: 气氛，氛围
climate: 气候，风气，思潮
n. [心理] 气氛； [气象] [地物] 大气；空气
 - mood, ambience

Word: joint
Front: joint
[dʒɔɪnt] (研四六 2218/1489 -K4)
Vocabulary: joint
(once / 158 pages)
1nadjv 2nv 3n 4n
Whether it’s the bones making up a skeleton or the wooden sections on your breakfast table, the point where two things come together is called a joint.
The noun joint came into English through the French word joindre, meaning “to join.” Use joint to describe the point where two things connect, or join. A joint on your body allows for movement — you can look at your finger to see how that works. As an adjective, joint means "combined," like a joint gift to someone that was purchased with money combined from two or more people.
WORD FAMILY
joint: disjoint, jointed, jointedly, jointer, jointing, jointly, joints+/disjoint: disjointed, disjointing, disjointly, disjoints/ disjointed: disjointedly, disjointedness/ jointed: unjointed/jointer: jointers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Patients are generally asked to rest, drink plenty of fluids and take medication to bring down fever and reduce joint pains.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
Naga, which will control the joint venture, said the platform would be launched between April and June next year.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
Difficulties in breathing, stomach aches and joint pains are common.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 共同的，联合的; 共享的; 两院的; 连带的，共同的
n. [解]关节; 接合处; 下流场所; 一块烤肉（英式英语）
vt. 结合，联合; 为…装上接头，使…有接缝
时态：jointed, jointing, joints
分布：关节(54%)，接头(13%)，连接(12%)，共同的(5%)，联合的(4%)，接缝(4%)，接合处(3%)，贴合(2%)，连带的(1%)，合资的(1%)，夜总会(1%)
→来自join的过去分词。
关节;连接[junct,join=join,表示"结合,连接"]
n.接合处,接头;关节a.联合的,共同的,连接的I pointed out the joint on the coin at the disappointing appointment.在令人失望的约会上,我指出了硬币上的接头.
【记】join作为词根是结合的意思
adjective
 IMPROVER
■belonging to or shared between two or more people 共有的，共用的；共同的
• a joint bank account 共有的银行户头
• The project was a joint effort/venture between the two schools (= they worked on it together). 这个项目是两所学校共同合作的。
• The two Russian ice-skaters came joint second (= They were both given second prize) in the world championship. 两名俄罗斯溜冰运动员在世界锦标赛中并列第二。
• In court, the parents were awarded joint custody of their son (= the right to care for him was shared between them). 法庭上这对父母获判对他们的儿子共同拥有监护权。
• UK Adrian has a joint honours (Australiandouble honours)degree in English and philosophy (= He studied both subjects to the same standard). 阿德里安拥有英语和哲学的双荣誉学位。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
BODY 身体
■a place in your body where two bones are connected 关节
• an elbow/hip/knee joint 肘／髋／膝关节
• As you become older, your joints get stiffer. 随着年龄增长，关节就会越发僵硬。
put sth out of joint
■to force a joint in the body out of its correct position by accident 使脱臼
• I put my shoulder out of joint last weekend lifting heavy boxes. 我上周末搬重箱子时肩膀脱臼了。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
CONNECTION 连接
■a place where two things are fixed together 接头；接缝；结合处
• Damp has penetrated the joints in the wood panelling. 湿气已渗透到木板饰面的接缝处。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
MEAT 肉
■a large piece of meat which is cooked in one piece 一大块烤肉
• a joint of beef/pork 一大块烤牛肉／烤猪肉
■a piece of meat for cooking, usually containing a bone 带骨的大块肉
• Fry four chicken joints in a pan with some mushrooms and garlic. 用平底锅将四大块带骨鸡肉与蘑菇和大蒜一起煎。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
PLACE 地方 informal
■a bar or restaurant which serves cheap food and drink （卖廉价饮食的）酒吧（或餐馆）
• We had lunch at a hamburger joint and then went to see a movie. 我们在一家汉堡包店吃了午餐，然后去看电影。
■slang
■a place where people go for entertainment and which often has a bad reputation 不良场所（尤指声誉不佳的娱乐场所）
• He owned several bars in the city and ran an illegal gambling joint. 他在市内拥有好几家酒吧，还经营着一个非法赌场。
• We arrived at the club just before midnight and the joint was already jumping (= busy). 我们在将近午夜时到达俱乐部，那里已经人声鼎沸了。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
DRUG 毒品 slang
■a cigarette containing the drug cannabis 大麻烟卷
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
put sth out of joint
■to prevent a plan from working correctly 使混乱；使无秩序
• Our whole schedule was put out of joint by the designs arriving a week late. 设计图晚了一周才送来，我们整个计划都被打乱了。
[dʒɔɪnt] verb transitive
■to cut meat into large pieces ready for cooking 把（肉）切成大块（供烹调用）
reciprocal, joint, mutual, common
这组词都有“共同的，相互的”的意思，其区别是：
reciprocal: 着重互惠，有来有往。
joint: 强调至少两人或两方共同占用，侧重指一个统一体。
mutual: 着重彼此共有或共享，局限于双方的关系。
common: 侧重两人或多人共有共同，但不暗示彼此间存在的等价关系。
n. [解剖] 关节； [建] 接缝；接合处，接合点；（牛，羊等的腿）大块肉
 - seam, junction
adj. 共同的；连接的；联合的，合办的
 - mutual, corporate, common, linked, connected
vt. 连接，贴合； [建] 接合；使有接头
 - cement, piece, couple

Word: reply
Front: reply
[rɪˈplaɪ] (中高研四六 2219/1286 -K4)
Vocabulary: reply
(once / 20 pages)
vn
Whenever you say something in response to someone, you reply. If your teacher asks why you're late to school, you might reply, "Sorry, I missed the bus."
To answer back or respond is to reply, and whatever you say is also a reply. Your reply could be a long quotation from a Shakespeare soliloquy, or it might be a simple, silent nod of the head. You can also reply using a letter, a text, or an email. Reply comes from the Late Latin replicare, which means both "to reply or repeat," but also "to fold back."
WORD FAMILY
reply: replied, replies, replying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Twitter did not reply to an email seeking comment.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
When another photographer told Mills about one clubgoer’s violence and anti-Semitism, he replied, hopefully, “So she was just a troubled soul?”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The Workologist’s reply: Be proactive and propose new projects or initiatives to the boss.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 回答，答复; 反应; 报复（行动）; [法律]答辩
vi. [法律]（原告对被告）答辩; 反响; 作答; （以行动）做出反应
vt. 回应，作出反应
时态：replied, replying, replies
分布：回答(48%)，答复(44%)，回应(8%)
→来自 replicare,回复，答复，来自 re-,向后，往回，-plic,弯，转，词源同 ply,complicate.
回答(re反+ply→叠回去→回答)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
v./n.(to)回答,答复,以...作答I'm liable to give reliable reply to the application for supply of apples.我有责任对申请供应苹果给予可靠答复.
verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to answer 回答；回覆；答覆
• [+ speech] "Where are you going?" I asked. "Home," he replied. “你去哪里？”我问。“回家，”他答道。
• [+ that] I replied that it was 12 o'clock. 我回答说12点了。
• I try to reply to letters the day I receive them. 我尽量在收到信的当天就回信。
■to react to an action by someone else 作出反应；回应
• She replied to the threats by going to the police. 她受到威胁后便去报了警。
• Newport took an early lead before Bridgend replied with three tries in 14 minutes. 开球不久纽波特队便率先进球，之后布里真德队大举反攻，14分钟内先后三次试图破门。
[rɪ'plaɪ] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an answer 回答；回覆；答覆
• I asked why, but he made/gave no reply. 我问为甚么，但是他没有回答。
• There were very few replies to our advertisement. 我们的广告没有得到甚么回应。
• In reply to their questions, she just shrugged. 面对他们的问题，她只是耸了耸肩，没作任何回答。
response, return, reply
response: 指对刺激的回应，也指对紧迫的或指定问题的回答
return: 回报
reply: 指对他人的陈述或问题给与回答，常与介词to搭配；
answer, reply, respond, retort, return
这些动词均有“回答”之意。
answer: 常用词，指用书面、口头或行动对他人的请求、询问、质问等作出回答或反应。
reply: 较正式用词，较少用于口语。侧重经过考虑的较正式答复。
respond: 正式用词，指即刻的，以口头或行动对外来的号召、请求或刺激等作出回答或响应。
retort: 指对不同意见、批评或控诉作出迅速、有力的回答，即“反驳”。
return: 正式用词，从本义“归来，回去”引申作“回答、答辨”讲时，含反驳或反唇相讥之意。
vi. [通信] [计] 回答； [法] 答辩；回击
 - respond, answer
n. [通信] [计] 回答； [法] 答辩
 - response, defence, answer
vt. [计] 回答； [通信] 答复
 - answer

Word: cycle
Front: cycle
[ˈsaɪkl] (高研四六雅 2220/2200 -K3)
Vocabulary: cycle
(once / 275 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A cycle is a series of events that happen repeatedly in the same order. Or, it is a slang term for a bicycle. If you ride a cycle to work, we suggest putting your clothes through the wash cycle twice — or wear strong cologne.
We get cycle from Latin cyclus and Greek kuklos, both meaning "circle." So you can see where bi- (two) and tri- (three) + cycle got their names. Nowadays, cycle can be a verb or a noun: You can ride a cycle or you can cycle to the park. The same holds true when you’re talking about a sequence of repeating events: The seasons cycle through spring, summer, fall, and winter. The plant life cycle goes from seed to flower to seed dispersal.
WORD FAMILY
cycle: bicycle, cycled, cycles, cyclic, cyclical, cycling, cyclist, unicycle +/ bicycle: bicycled, bicycler, bicycles, bicycling, bicyclist/bicycler: bicyclers/bicyclist: bicyclists/ cyclic: cyclically, cyclicity, noncyclic/ cyclical: encyclical, noncyclical/cyclist: cyclists/encyclical: encyclicals/ unicycle: unicycles, unicycling, unicyclist/unicyclist: unicyclists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The gas is drawn off and compressed for further use, and the amine solution is then cycled back through the system to absorb more CO2.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the cycle of children running about Alico Arena’s hallways continues.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s a clichéd saying, but the cycle of poverty is true. It really is a cycle,” Phifer said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 循环，周期; 自行车; 时代，一段时间; 整套
vi. 周而复始，循环; 骑自行车; 轮转
vt. 运转，循环; 使轮转
时态：cycled, cycling, cycles
分布：周期(54%)，循环(35%)，自行车(6%)，骑自行车(4%)，摩托车(1%)
→来自kwel, 弯，转。词源同colony, culture, pole.
周期[circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示"圆,环"]
n.自行车;周期,循环v.骑自行车;循环He cycles to school every day.他每天骑车上学.
noun
BICYCLE 单车／脚踏车／自行车
 IMPROVER countable
■a bicycle 单车，脚踏车，自行车
['saɪ.kl] noun
SERIES 连续
countable
■a group of events which happen in a particular order, one following the other, and which are often repeated 循环；周期
• the life cycle of a moth 蛾的生命周期
countable
■one in a series of movements that a machine performs （机器的）工作周期，工作程式
• the spin cycle 脱水程序
['saɪ.kl] noun
PLAYS/POEMS 戏剧／诗歌
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of plays, poems, etc. written by one person and connected with each other by dealing with the same characters or ideas （表现相同人物或思想的）全套剧目，组诗
• It's one in a cycle of plays that are being performed on successive evenings. 这几部连台戏连续几晚都在上演，这只是其中一部。
['saɪ.kl] verb intransitive
■to ride a bicycle 骑单车／脚踏车
n. 循环；周期； [车辆] 自行车；整套；一段时间
 - circle, revolution, rotation, round, bike
vt. 使循环；使轮转
 - circulate
vi. 循环； [车辆] 骑自行车；轮转
 - circumrotate, ride a bike

Word: opposite
Front: opposite
[ˈɒpəzɪt] (高研四六托雅 2222/2574 -K3)
Vocabulary: opposite
(once / 81 pages)
1adjadv 2adjn
Oh no! That crazy man is back again and coming right towards us! Quick! Run in the opposite direction! Go the other way!
Opposite is an adjective that describes something found on the exact other side of a space—or even an idea. You say "black," I say "white": we're on opposite sides of the debate. You might notice the similarity of opposite to the nouns opponent and opposition or to the verb oppose. An opponent is someone you are matched against. To help remember opposite, think of a tennis match: two players oppose each other from opposite ends of the court.
WORD FAMILY
opposite: oppositely, oppositeness, opposites, oppositive
USAGE EXAMPLES
As with so many things, it looks just the opposite to the settlers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
When the study was conducted on Italian participants, the opposite was found: Italians perceived the person with a life of leisure as high-status.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
“Before it was about large quantities, and small margins. Now it’s the opposite,” he says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 相对的; 对面的; 对立的; [数学]（顶、边等）对的
prep. （表示位置）在…的对面; [数学]（顶、边等）对的; 与…在一排; （表示方式）与…联合主演
adv. 在对面，对过
n. 对立面，对立物，相反的人[事物]
分布：相反的(54%)，对面的(27%)，对立的(10%)，对手(5%)，演对手戏(2%)，对立物(1%)，处于相反位置地(1%)
→来自oppose,反对，-ite,形容词后缀。即反对的，对立的。
相对的(op对+pos+ite→放到对面→相对的)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
a.对面的,相对的,相反的n.对立面Suppose you were exposed in the opposite position by your opponent, …假设你被对手暴露在相反的位置,....
US ['ɑ:.pə-] adjective
DIFFERENT 不同的
 ESSENTIAL
■completely different 全然不同的；迥异的；截然相反的
• You'd never know they're sisters - they're completely opposite to each other in every way. 你怎样也不会知道她们是姐妹——她们各方面都全然不同。
• Police attempts to calm the violence had the opposite effect. 警方试图平息暴力活动，却适得其反。
UK ['ɒp.ə.zɪt] US ['ɑ:.pə-] adjective
FACING 对面的
 ESSENTIAL
■being in a position on the other side; facing 另一边的；相反的；对面的
• My brother and I live on opposite sides of London. 我哥哥和我住在伦敦两个方向相反的区。
• The map on the opposite page shows where these birds commonly breed. 对页上的地图表明这些鸟一般在甚么地方交配繁殖。
• They sat at opposite ends of the table (to/from each other), refusing to talk. 他们坐在桌子的两端，彼此互不理睬。
 ESSENTIAL
■facing the speaker or stated person or thing （在说话者、所指的人或物）对面的
• If you want to buy tickets, you need to go to the counter opposite. 如果想买票，你要去对面的柜台。
• Who owns that shop opposite (= on the other side of the road) ? 对面那家店的店主是谁？
UK ['ɒp.ə.zɪt] US ['ɑ:.pə-] preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■in a position facing someone or something but on the other side 与…相对；在…对面
• We're in the building opposite the government offices. 我们身处正对着政府办公楼的大楼里。
• They sat opposite each other. 他们面对面坐。
• Put a tick opposite (= next to) the answer that you think is correct. 在你认为正确的答案旁边打个勾。
act/play/star opposite sb
■to act a part in a film or play with someone as a partner （在电影或戏剧中）与（某人）联袂演出，与（某人）合演
• Katharine Hepburn played opposite Henry Fonda in many films. 凯瑟琳‧赫本在许多电影中与亨利‧方达联袂演出。
UK ['ɒp.ə.zɪt] US ['ɑ:.pə-] noun [C often singular]
 IMPROVER
■something or someone that is completely different from another person or thing 对立的物（或人）；对立面；反面
• My father is a very calm person, but my mother is just the opposite. 我父亲是个非常沉着的人，而我母亲则正好相反。
• She's turned out to be the exact opposite of what everyone expected. 结果表明她是一个和大家的期盼恰恰相反的人。
• The opposite of 'fast' is 'slow'. fast（快）的反义词是 slow（慢）。
• They always say opposites attract. 他们总是说相异相吸。
UK ['ɒp.ə.zɪt] US ['ɑ:.pə-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in a position facing someone or something but on the other side 与…相对；在…对面
• She asked the man sitting opposite whether he'd mind if she opened the window. 她问坐在对面的那位男子是否介意她打开窗子。
• The people who live opposite (= on the other side of the road) are always making a lot of noise. 住在马路对面的人总是制造很多噪音。
opponent, opposite, original, origin
opponent: 反对者
opposite: 相反的
original: 原创
origin: 起源
reverse, opposite, converse, contrary, adverse
这组词都有“相反的，对立的”的意思，其区别是：
reverse: 指朝相反方向的或反面(背面)的。
opposite: 指位置、方向、行动或想法等完全相反。
converse: 指在方向、行动或意见上相反的。
contrary: 一般指与某种主张、看法或行为等正好相反，隐含否定一方并不意味着肯定另一方的意味。
adverse: 通常指违害利益的、无生命的势力或条件等，侧重分歧。
opposite, contrary, otherwise, unlikely
opposite: adj 相反的，相对的，对面的；
contrary: adj 相反的，矛盾的，对抗的；
otherwise: 可做adv，意为“不同的，不那样的”；
unlikely: adj 不大可能的
adj. 相反的； [植] 对面的；对立的
 - contrary, adverse, counter, against, cross
n. 对立面；反义词
 - antithesis, antonym
adv. 在对面
 - across

Word: lock
Front: lock
[lɒk] (中高研四雅 2221/2332 -K3)
Vocabulary: lock
(once / 81 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4vn 5n 6n
A lock is a tool that keeps a room, house, drawer, or box securely closed. You generally need a key, password, or combination to open a lock.
You might use a padlock on your gym locker, opening it with a tiny key or a secret series of numbers. There are also locks called "bolts" like the one on your front door, and bicycle locks that protect your bike while you're at work. Lock also means "to secure with a lock" or "keep securely enclosed," like when you lock your goat in the yard to keep him from eating the neighbor's rose bushes.
WORD FAMILY
lock: forelock, interlock, lockage, locked, locker, locking, locks, unlock+/ forelock: forelocks/ interlock: interlocked, interlocking, interlocks/interlocking: interlockings/ locker: lockers/locking: lockings, self-locking/unlock: unlocked, unlocking, unlocks
USAGE EXAMPLES
A baggage handler was locked inside an airplane’s cargo area during a 1½ -hour flight from North Carolina to Northern Virginia on Sunday.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Mark Campbell was part of a group of Kurdish activists who visited Mr Lock's family.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
While I meandered through my twenties, locked in my pseudo-bohemian stance, the remnants of that money rumbled along.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 锁; 水闸，船闸; （机器部件等的）锁定; 一把，一撮
vt. 锁上; 锁好，关好; 使固定; 隐藏
vi. 卡住，不动; 纠结; 僵硬不动
时态：locked, locking, locks
分布：锁(96%)，水闸(2%)，固定(1%)，过闸(1%)
→来自古英语loc,河坝，围栏，关闭，来自leug,弯，转，可能同lek,词源同leg,lizard.后引申词义锁。lock 头发，一绺头发
n.锁v.锁,锁上At 8 o'clock the clerk locked the flock of cocks in the room.八点钟时办事员将那群公鸡锁在房间里.
US [lɑ:k] noun
FASTENER 固定器
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a device which prevents something such as a door being opened and which you can only open with a key 锁，门锁
• I heard someone turn a key in the lock. 我听见有人在用锁匙开门。
• safety locks 安全锁
• Thieves got in by smashing the lock off the door. 盗贼砸坏门锁闯了进去。
⇒ See also padlock
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
WATER 水
countable
■a length of water with gates at each end where the level of water can be changed to allow boats to move between parts of a canal or river which are at different heights 水闸，船闸
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
DEFINITE EVENT 确定的事件
countable US informal
■something that is certain to happen 一定会发生的事件
• She's a lock for promotion this year. 她今年肯定会晋升的。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
HAIR 头发
countable
■a small group of hairs, especially a curl （尤指鬈发的）一股，一缕
• There is a lock of Napoleon's hair in the display cabinet. 在展柜中有一缕拿破仑的鬈发。
locks [plural] literary
■the hair on someone's head 头发
• curly locks 鬈发
• flowing golden locks 飘逸的金发
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
WHEELS 轮
uncountable UK
■the amount a road vehicle's front wheels can be turned from one side to the other by turning its steering wheel 前轮转向角度
• You need it on full lock (= with the wheel turned as much as possible). 你得把方向盘转到底。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
HOLD 锁
countable
■a way of holding someone that you are fighting against so that they cannot move 锁住（对手），使（对手）动弹不得
• The smaller wrestler held his opponent in a full body lock. 小个子摔跤手死死抱住对手。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
lock , stock and barrel
■including all or every part of something 全部家当，所有东西
• We had to move our things lock, stock and barrel to the other side of the country. 我们不得不把全部家当都搬到郊外的另一个地方。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] noun
under lock and key
■locked away safely 锁起来的，锁好的
• Her jewellery is securely under lock and key at the bank. 她的珠宝全都安全地存放在银行里了。
■If a person, especially a criminal, is under lock and key, they are being kept in a place from which they cannot escape, usually a prison. （尤指罪犯）在牢房里的，在押的
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
MAKE SAFE 使安全
 ESSENTIAL transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to put something in a safe place and fasten the lock 妥善保管，妥善保藏
• He locked the confidential documents in his filing cabinet. 他把机密档放入档柜妥善保管起来。
• You really should lock your car (up) or it'll get stolen. 你真应该把车锁好，否则就会被盗。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to fasten something with a key, or be fastened with a key 锁，上锁
• Don't forget to lock the door when you go out. 出去时别忘了锁门。
• If you shut the door it will lock automatically. 门关上就会自动锁好。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
FIXED 固定的
intransitive
■to be fixed in one position 锁定，锁住
• I tried to move forwards but the wheels had locked. 我想向前移动一下，但车轮被锁住了。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
be locked together
■If people or animals are locked together, they are holding each other tightly so that neither one can move （人或动物）扭在一起
• Sometimes, fighting stags become locked together by their antlers. 有时雄鹿在相互争斗的过程中鹿角会搅在一起，动弹不得。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
lock horns
■to begin to argue or fight 开始争论；开始争斗
• The mayor and her deputy locked horns over plans for the new road. 女市长和副市长为这条新路的规划争论不休。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lock sth away
■to put something in a safe place and lock the door in order that someone else cannot get it 把…锁起来，将…妥善保管
• If you keep valuables in your house, lock them away somewhere safe. 如果家里有值钱的东西，就得放在安全的地方锁起来。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lock sb in
■to prevent someone from leaving a room or building by locking the door 把（某人）锁在屋子里，将（某人）关起来
• [R] She stormed off to her bedroom and locked her self in. 她冲进睡房，把自己锁在里面。
• He was locked in his bedroom as a punishment. 作为惩罚，他被锁在睡房里不得出门。
⇒ See also lock-in
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  be locked in sth
■to be prevented from moving by something 被…困住，受到…阻碍
• We were locked in traffic for over two hours on the way home. 回家的路上我们因堵车被困了两个多小时。
■If you are locked in a situation or process, it is impossible for you to move on from it 陷入…而停滞不前
• Both parties wish to avoid being locked in discussions which will resolve nothing. 双方都希望能避免陷入毫无意义的讨论而停滞不前。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lock sb out
STOP ENTERING
■to prevent someone from entering a building or room by locking the door 将（某人）锁在门外
• He had to break into the house because his girlfriend had locked him out. 由于女朋友把他锁在了门外，他只好破门而入。
STOP WORKING usually disapproving
■to prevent workers from entering their place of work until they agree to particular conditions given by the employer 阻止（工人）工作
• Management has threatened to lock out the workforce if they do not accept the proposed changes in working methods. 管理层威胁说，如果工人不接受改变工作方法的提议就不让他们上班。
lockout
    UK [ˈlɒk.aʊt] US [ˈlɑːk-] noun countable or uncountable usually disapproving 2. The General Strike in Britain in 1926 was caused by the lockout of coal miners. 1926年英国总罢工的起因是如果煤矿工人不答应苛刻的条件，资本家将关闭矿井，解雇所有的矿工。
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lock (sth) up
■to lock all the doors and windows of a building when you leave it 锁好（门窗）
• Sandra, will you lock up tonight when you go? 桑德拉，你今晚离开时把门窗都锁上好吗？
UK [lɒk] US [lɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lock sb up
■to put someone in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill 将（某人）关入监狱；将（某人）关进精神病院
• Murderers should be locked up for life. 杀人犯应该被终身监禁。
• After what she did, they should lock her up and throw away the key (= lock her up until she dies). 鉴于她的所作所为，他们应该把她永远关在监狱里。
⇒ See also lockup
vt. [五金] 锁，锁上；隐藏
 - key, pocket
vi. [五金] 锁；锁住；卡住
 - chain up, seize up
n. [五金] 锁； [水利] 水闸；刹车
 - spoke, brake

Word: whole
Front: whole
[həʊl] (中高研四六 467/452 -K5)
Vocabulary: whole
(once / 13 pages)
nadjadv
Something that exists in its entirety is whole. If there are eight slices of pizza and you eat half, you've eaten four of them. If you eat the whole pizza, you've somehow managed to eat all eight slices.
In terms of mental or physical health, whole describes someone who is healthy or uninjured. It might take you a while after a traumatic experience to feel whole again. Whole siblings are brothers and sisters who share both parents (as opposed to half siblings, who have only one parent in common). All the parts of an object taken collectively make up the whole of that object.
WORD FAMILY
whole: wholely, wholeness, wholes, wholesome, wholly, wholy+/unwholesome: unwholesomely, unwholesomeness/ wholesome: unwholesome, wholesomely, wholesomeness, wholesomer, wholesomest
USAGE EXAMPLES
The story is similar for the state-owned sector as a whole.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
In the end, the whole package is engagingly chipper, a memoir of delight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The whole process was slightly cloak and dagger but the non-retail nature only added to the allure of the sale.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 全部的，所有的; 完整的
n. 整体，整个; 全部
分布：全部(34%)，整体(29%)，全部的(9%)，完全(9%)，完整的(9%)，完整(6%)，整体的(4%)
→来自古英语hal,整个的，完整的，健康的，来自kailo,整个的，词源同health,holy,hollow.
n.全部a.全体的;全部的;完整的;无缺的Who made a whole hole in the holy holiday?谁在神圣的假日里打了一个完整的孔?
US [hoʊl] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■complete or not divided 全部的；整个的；整体的
• I spent the whole day cleaning. 我整天都在打扫。
• There's still a whole month till my birthday. 离我的生日还有整整一个月时间。
• After my exercise class, my whole body ached. 体育课之后，我浑身都痛。
• The whole town was destroyed by the earthquake. 地震摧毁了整个城镇。
• This whole thing (= situation) is ridiculous. 这一切太荒谬了。
• Bill does nothing but moan the whole time (= all the time). 比尔一直在呻吟。
• You have to stand up in court and promise to tell 'the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth'. 你必须站在法庭上宣誓：“事实，全部事实，只有事实。”
• Her dance compositions added a whole (= completely) new dimension to the contemporary dance repertoire. 她的舞蹈作品为现代舞剧目增添了全新的内容。
■informal
■used to emphasize something （用于表示强调）
• I've got a whole heap of work to do this afternoon. 我今天下午有一大堆工作要做。
• The new computers are a whole lot (= much) faster. 新电脑的速度要快得多了。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] adjective
go the whole hog
■to do something as completely as possible 彻底地做…；贯彻到底
• Having already limited local taxation, why not go the whole hog and abolish it completely? 既然已经对地方征税进行了限制，那为甚么不进行到底，彻底将它废除了呢？
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] adjective
the whole bit UK (US the whole enchilada)
■the whole of something, including everything that is related to it 全套；全部
• He's into jogging, squash, aerobics, the whole exercise bit. 他喜欢慢跑、壁球、有氧健身操，全部体育运动都喜欢。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable usually singular
 IMPROVER
■a complete thing 全部；整体；全体
• Two halves make a whole. 两个一半构成一个整体。
• You must consider each problem as an aspect of the whole. 你必须把每个问题作为整体的一个方面来考虑。
the whole of sth
 ADVANCED
■all of something 整个…
• I'll be on holiday the whole of next week. 下周一整周我都要休假。
• The whole of his finger was bruised. 他整根手指都肿了。
• The whole of the village (= Everyone in the village) had come out for the party. 全村人都来参加聚会了。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable usually singular
as a whole
■when considered as a group and not in parts 总体上；整个看来
• The population as a whole is getting healthier. 总体看来，居民的健康状况正在改善。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable usually singular
on the whole
■generally 总的来说；整体上讲
• We have our bad times but on the whole we're fairly happy. 我们有过糟糕的时期，但整体上来说还是相当快乐的。
total, whole, sum
这组词都有“总数、全体”的意思，其区别是：
total: 指总量之大，强调每一构成部分或成分均被计算在内。
whole: 着重其中没有部分或成分被忽略不计。
sum: 指两个或更多的数目相加的总和。
total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole, all
这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是：
total: 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。
entire: 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。
gross: 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。
full: 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。
complete: 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。
whole: 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。
all: 有时可与whole, entire和total换用。
adj. 完整的；纯粹的
 - complete, pure, integrated, full, intact
n. 整体；全部
 - full, integer

Word: deserve
Front: deserve
[dɪˈzɜ:v] (高研四六托雅 2224/2627 -K3)
Vocabulary: deserve
(once / 106 pages)
v
We deserve things based on our actions. For example, many people believe murderers deserve the death penalty.
Deserve is used in many ways, but it always carries a sense of balance or justice. If someone receives an award for their work, it means they deserve praise and attention. If you deserve a day off, it means you've been working hard and have earned a vacation. If you threw a book during class, you deserve a punishment of some kind. Many laws — and lots of arguments — are about deciding what different people deserve. It's often hard to tell.
WORD FAMILY
deserve: deserved, deserves, deserving+/deserved: deservedest, deservedly, undeserved/deserving: deservingest, deservingly, deservingness, undeserving /undeserved: undeservedly/ undeserving: undeservingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But whatever you think of his stewardship of the nation, he deserves our thanks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“He’s done a great job and deserves an opportunity to interview and see what happens,” Gruden said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some fans thought Western’s record deserved even more recognition than a top 15 spot and a Cotton Bowl berth.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 应受; 应得; 值得
vi. 应受报答; 应得报酬; 应得赔偿; 应受惩罚
时态：deserved, deserving, deserves
分布：值得(84%)，应受(16%)
→de-, 向下，强调。serve, 服务。原指服务所应得的报酬，后词义通用化。
应受,值得(de加强+serve→加强服务→值得[重视])[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
v.应受,值得The desert deserves the nervous servants to observe.那个沙漠值得神经紧张的公务员们去观察.
US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive not continuous
 ESSENTIAL
■to have earned or to be given something because of the way you have behaved or the qualities you have 值得；应得
• After all that hard work, you deserve a holiday. 辛劳过后，你该放假了。
• Chris deserves our special thanks for all his efforts. 我们应该特别感谢克里斯所付出的心血。
• I hope they get the punishment they deserve. 我希望他们受到应有的惩罚。
• [+ to infinitive] They certainly deserved to win that match. 他们理应赢得那场比赛。
UK [dɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive not continuous
She/He deserves a medal humorous
■said when you admire someone for dealing with a difficult person or situation for a long time 她／他值得钦佩，值得赞叹
• She deserves a medal for putting up with that husband of hers. 她能够忍受那样的丈夫真不容易。
UK [dɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive not continuous
He/She deserves whatever / everything he/she gets.
■said if you think someone should have to suffer because of their bad behaviour 无论怎样惩罚他／她都是活该，罪有应得
• After all the harm she's done, she deserves whatever she gets. 她做了那么多坏事，无论受到甚么惩罚都是罪有应得。
vi. 应受，应得
 - be deserving of
vt. 应受，应得
 - be deserving of

Word: consistent
Front: consistent
[kənˈsɪstənt] (高研四六托宝 2225/2670 -3)
Vocabulary: consistent
(once / 200 pages)
adj
If you get the same Donkey Kong score every time you play, you're consistent. It's consistent with video-game addiction, however, that you will continue to play in the hopes of beating that score.
Consistent is related to the word consist, which refers to what something is made of—"bread dough consists of flour, water, and salt." Consistency describes texture—a consistent consistency would be brownies as rock-hard in the center as they are at the edge––hopefully, next time you bake you'll get inconsistent results.
WORD FAMILY
consistent: consistently, inconsistent, self-consistent+/ inconsistency: inconsistencies/ inconsistent: inconsistency, inconsistently
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the evidence on the benefit of vaccines is consistent and voluminous.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This regular season finale provided fresh torture for a franchise that hasn’t found consistent success in a quarter century.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
This finding — that people are reflexively prone to “intergroup bias” in punishment — is consistent with what many scientists believe about humans’ evolutionary heritage.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: adj. 一致的; 连续的; 不矛盾的; 坚持的
分布：一致的(82%)，始终如一的(13%)，持续的(5%)
a.(in)前后一致的;(with)一致,符合My sister insists consistently on persistent resistance to transistor radios.妹妹一贯坚决主张持久抵制晶体管收音机.
【记】con共同，sist站－一堆士兵站成一排－前后一致的con共同，sistent＝sister：双胞胎姐妹的想法总是：前后一致的
adjective
NOT CHANGING 不变的
 ADVANCED
■always behaving or happening in a similar, especially positive, way 一贯的；坚持的；始终如一的
• There has been a consistent improvement in her attitude. 她的态度一直在改进。
• Her work is sometimes good, but the problem is she's not consistent. 她工作有时不错，问题是她不能始终如一。
Opposite inconsistent
[kən'sɪs.tənt] adjective
AGREEING 一致的
 ADVANCED [after verb]
■in agreement with other facts or with typical or previous behaviour, or having the same principles as something else 一致的，吻合的；符合的
• What the witness said in court was not consistent with the statement he made to the police. 证人在法庭上的证供和他对警方的陈述不一致。
• We do not consider his behaviour to be consistent with the holding of a high-ranking job. 我们认为他的行为与他位居要职的身份不相符。
continuous, continual, constant, consistent
continuous: 不断延伸的，连续不断的，强调中间无间断。如：Everything in the universe undergoes continuous development and change.
continual: 频频的，不停的，时断时续，中间可有间歇。如：Continual smoking is bad for health.
constant: 不断的，表示持续和惯常的重现，往往没有变化。如：He attributes his health to his constant exercise.
consistent: 一致的，符合的。如：His action is always consistent with his words.
compatible, consistent
这组词都有“一致的”的意思，其区别是：
compatible: 指两个事物不仅无分歧，不互相排斥，而且可以并存，和谐地处在一起。
consistent: 指各事物之间或同一物体各细节之间都能一致，不自相矛盾。
adj. 始终如一的， [数] 一致的；坚持的
 - united, corresponding, uniform, matching, solid

Word: resistance
Front: resistance
[rɪˈzɪstəns] (研四六托雅 2226/2311 -K3)
Vocabulary: resistance
(once / 191 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
If you've ever seen a dog on a leash suddenly refuse to walk any farther, you know how much resistance one little pet can put up. Resistance means "refusal to comply with or accept something."
An individual person can put up resistance against something she disagrees with or doesn't want to participate in. On a larger scale, groups of people and even whole countries can display resistance, like when the British put up resistance against Napoleon. Another meaning of resistance is "the ability not to be affected by," like a resistance to getting colds, which you can imagine as your immune system putting up a fierce resistance against invading germs.
WORD FAMILY
resistance: resistances+/nonresistant: nonresistance/ resist: resistance, resistant, resisted, resister, resisting, resistive, resistless, resists/ resistant: non-resistant, nonresistant, resistanter, unresistant/resister: resisters/resisting: unresisting/resistive: resistivity/resistless: resistlessly/unresisting: unresistingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
U.S.-backed Iraqi forces are currently fighting to push Islamic State from the northern city of Mosul, but are facing fierce resistance.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
As we start this new year, here are some resolutions for resistance.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The stress I felt instead was the peculiar one of absolute! resistance! to something you don’t necessarily need to resist.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 抵抗; 阻力; 抗力; 电阻
分布：抵抗(54%)，阻力(38%)，反对(5%)，抵触(3%)
→来自 resist,反抗，抑制。
反抗;抵抗力(resist+ance)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
n.(to)抵抗,反抗;抵抗力,阻力;电阻My sister insists consistently on persistent resistance to transistor radios.妹妹一贯坚决主张持久抵制晶体管收音机.
【反】capitulation（n 有条件投降）；immune（adj 免疫的）－having no resistance（无抵抗力的）
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when something or someone resists 抵抗；反抗；反对
• resistance to disease 抗病
• Government troops offered no resistance (to the rebels). 政府军没有（对叛军）作出任何抵抗。
• There's a lot of resistance (= opposition) to the idea of a united Europe. 很多人反对欧洲统一的想法。
uncountable
■a force which acts to stop the progress of something or make it slower 阻力
• The car's speed was reduced by air/wind resistance. 汽车速度因为空气／风的阻力而下降。
countable or uncountable specialized
■the degree to which a substance prevents the flow of an electric current through it 电阻
• Copper has (a) low resistance. 铜的电阻很小。
[rɪ'zɪs.tənts] noun
the path of least resistance (UK usually the line of least resistance)
■the easiest way to continue 最简便的方法；阻力最小的方法；最省力气的方法
• I took the path of least resistance and agreed with the others. 我采取了最省力气的方法，同意了其他人的意见。
n. 阻力； [电] 电阻； [力] 抵抗； [法] 反抗；抵抗力
 - resisting force, rebellion

Word: discovery
Front: discovery
[dɪˈskʌvəri] (中高研四六雅 2227/2453 -K3)
Vocabulary: discovery
(once / 110 pages)
n
The noun discovery means the finding or uncovering of something. The discovery of a body is usually an important plot point in a mystery novel.
The process of finding, realizing, or unearthing something is discovery, like your discovery of a live lizard in the birthday box your aunt mailed from Arizona. The lizard is also a discovery — the thing that is found. In law, discovery means the obligation to reveal any relevant documents to the opposing party in a legal case. The Latin root, discooperire, basically translates as "the opposite of covering something up."
WORD FAMILY
discovery: discoveries, self-discovery+/ discover: discoverable, discovered, discoverer, discovering, discovers, discovery, rediscover /discoverable: discoverably, undiscoverable/discovered: undiscovered/discoverer: co-discoverer, discoverers/ rediscover: rediscovered, rediscovering, rediscovers, rediscovery/rediscovery: rediscoveries/undiscoverable: undiscoverably/undiscovered: undiscoveredly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Other Nixon scholars called Mr. Farrell’s discovery a breakthrough.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Kipnis said he did the experiment that led to the discovery “on a whim” after reading about type 2 innate lymphocytes in another paper.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But, as is often the case, this sort of “discovery” science is yielding extraordinary benefits.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 发现，发觉; （剧情的）发展; 被发现的事物; [法]显示证据
分布：发现(99%)，发现物(1%)
发现(discover发现)[-y 1.加在名词后变成形容词2表名词,加在形容词或以r结尾的单词后3表名词"人或小东西"常带有戏谑性和爱称]
n.发现;被发现的事物This new discovery will contribute to all humanity.这个新发现将对全人类作出贡献.
US [-ɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the process of finding information, a place or an object, especially for the first time, or the thing which is found （尤指第一次）发现（资讯、地方或物件）的过程；被发现的事物
• the discovery of electricity 电的发现
• Leonardo made many scientific discoveries. 李奥纳多有许多科学发现。
• a journey/voyage of discovery 发现之旅
• The discovery of a body in the undergrowth started a murder enquiry. 在灌木丛中发现的尸体引发了一场凶杀案调查。
n. 发现，发觉；被发现的事物
 - detection, occurrence, find

Word: tear
Front: tear
[teə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 1905/1861 -K3)
Vocabulary: tear
(once / 33 pages)
1vn 2nv
When you tear something, you rip it apart. You might tear a hole in your jeans if you catch them on something sharp, or you might tear up that love letter you wrote to your crush.
The verb tear often refers to pulling something apart or making a hole — and has a noun form that describes the result of those actions — but it can also describe quick movement. If you tear out of the parking lot, you’re driving very fast. When you use tear in these ways, pronounce it to rhyme with hair. Another word, tear — what you do or produce when you cry — is spelled the same but pronounced to rhyme with peer.
WORD FAMILY
tear: teared, tearful, tearing, tearless, tears, tore, torn +/ tearful: tearfully, tearfulness/tearing: tearingly, tearings/tearless: tearlessly/tore: tores/ torn: torner
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Washington Wizards — who less than a month ago looked like one of the worst teams in the league — ended 2016 on a tear.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Less than a week later, another bomb tore through a bus carrying off-duty soldiers, killing 13.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2014, Hall tore his Achilles tendon in Week 3.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 撕裂; 拉掉; 挣开; 拉伤
n. 破洞; 裂口
时态：tore, torn, tearing, tears
分布：眼泪(49%)，撕掉(18%)，撕破(12%)，流泪(8%)，扯下(7%)，扰乱(3%)，撕扯(3%)
→来自古英语 tear,眼泪，来自 Proto-Germanic*tagr,眼泪，来自 dakru,眼泪，词源同 lachrymose, 流泪的。字母 d,l 音变，中间字母 g 脱落。tear 撕裂，撕碎
n.(pl.)眼泪vt.撕裂;使...分裂vi.破裂I nearly fear to tear the tearful girl's test paper.我几乎害怕撕那个泪流满面的女孩的试卷.
【记】我们熟悉的是“眼泪”的意思，但是要记住“撕裂”的意思。
【反】tether（v 用绳锁栓住）；stabilize（v 稳定）
US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
PULL APART 分开
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to pull or be pulled apart, or to pull pieces off （被）撕开，（被）撕掉，（被）撕裂
• You have to be very careful with books this old because the paper tends to tear very easily. 对这么旧的书你得格外小心，因为它的纸张很容易撕破。
• I tore my skirt on the chair as I stood up. 我站起来时，裙子被椅子钩破了。
• A couple of pages had been torn out of / from the book. 这本书有几页被人撕掉了。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
HURRY 赶快
intransitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to move very quickly 狂奔；疾驰；匆忙行动
• He went tearing along the road after the bus. 他在路上飞奔追赶公车。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
be in a tearing hurry UK old-fashioned
■to be going somewhere very quickly, usually because you are late 匆忙赶路
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
tear your hair out
■If you tear your hair out over a problem, you are worrying a lot about it （为…）焦虑
• She's been tearing her hair out over the final chapter of her novel for the last month. 一个月来，她绞尽脑汁构思小说的最后一章。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
tear sb's heart out
■to make someone very sad 使（某人）心如刀绞
• The thought of those poor, hungry children is tearing my heart out. 想起那些贫穷、饥饿的孩子，我心如刀绞。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
tear a strip off sb (also tear sb off a strip) UK informal
■to criticize someone in a forceful way 把…批得体无完肤
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tear sth apart
PULL VIOLENTLY
■to pull something so violently that it breaks into two or more pieces 把…撕开（或撕成碎片）
• A dog can tear a rabbit apart in seconds. 狗片刻就能把一只兔子撕烂。
DIVIDE PEOPLE
■to make a group of people that was united, such as a country, family or political party, argue or fight with each other by dividing it into two or more parts 使…分裂
• Ethnic rivalries threaten to tear this country apart. 种族对立使这个国家面临分裂的危险。
• [R] He resigned, depressed at the way that the party was tearing it self apart. 由于对党内正在发生的分裂倍感忧虑，他辞职了。
DESTROY
■to destroy a building or room 摧毁；拆毁
• The blast had torn the building apart. 爆炸摧毁了该建筑。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tear sb/sth apart
■to criticize something or someone severely 严厉批评
• The speaker was applauded as he tore apart the prime minister's policies. 发言者严厉批评首相的政策，获得一片掌声。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  tear sb apart informal
■to make someone very unhappy 使（某人）非常不快，使（某人）极其难受
• Seeing the children suffer really tears me apart. 看到孩子们受苦，我非常难受。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  tear sb away
■to make someone stop doing something that they enjoy, usually because they have to go somewhere or do something else 使（某人）依依不舍地离开；把（某人）拽走
• I'll bring Tim, if I can tear him away from the football. 如果我能把蒂姆从足球场上拉出来，我会带他来。
• [R] You could come to the party with us. That's if you can tear your self away from that new boyfriend of yours! 你可以和我们一起去参加晚会。只是你得舍得和你那个新男友分开哟！
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tear sth down
■to intentionally destroy a building or other structure because it is not being used or it is not wanted any more 推倒，拆毁
• They're going to tear down the old hospital and build a new one. 他们要拆掉旧医院，再建个新的。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  tear into sb informal
■to criticize someone or something very strongly 严厉批评；猛烈抨击
• Unfortunately, if he doesn't agree with you, he tends to tear into you. 遗憾的是，如果他不同意你的意见，往往就会狠狠地批评你。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tear sth off
■to remove your clothes quickly and carelessly 迅速脱掉（衣服）
• I tore my sweaty clothes off and jumped into the shower. 我匆忙脱下被汗水湿透的衣服，跳进淋浴间。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  tear off informal
■to leave very quickly 迅速离开
• He got in his car and tore off down the road. 他钻进汽车，疾驰而去。
UK [teər] US [ter] verb (tore, torn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tear sth up
PAPER
 ADVANCED
■to tear paper into a lot of small pieces 撕碎（纸张）
• He tore the letter up and threw it away. 他把信撕碎扔掉了。
AGREEMENT
■If you tear up an agreement, you refuse to accept it or be controlled by it any more 撕毁（协议等）
• She tore up the contract and walked out. 她撕毁合约，然后退席离开。
UK [teər] US [ter] noun
countable
■a hole in a piece of paper, cloth or other material, where it has been torn 裂口；裂缝
UK [tɪər] US [tɪr] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable usually plural
■a drop of salty liquid which flows from the eye, as a result of strong emotion, especially unhappiness, or pain 眼泪，泪珠
• tears of remorse/regret/happiness/joy/laughter 悔恨／惋惜／高兴／喜悦／欢笑的泪水
• Did you notice the tears in his eyes when he talked about Diane? 你注意到他谈起戴安娜时双眼满含泪水吗？
• Why do arguments with you always reduce me to tears (= make me cry) ? 为甚么跟你吵架，最后我总是会哭？
• I won't shed (any) tears (= I will not be unhappy) when he goes, I can tell you! 他走的时候我不会难过的，我跟你说！
burst into tears ADVANCED
■to suddenly start to cry 突然哭起来
in tears ADVANCED
■crying 哭
• I found him in tears in his bedroom. 我发现他在睡房里哭泣。
rip, tear, split
这组词都有“撕裂、扯破”的意思，其区别是：
rip: 侧重指用力把布料等物撕开，也可指用粗暴手段把某物撕裂。
tear: 最普通用词，指有意或无意地把布或纸等没接缝的材料撕开。可作引申用。
split: 非正式用词，指有力的切断、劈开或撕裂的动作。
vt. 撕破，撕裂；折磨；使分裂；使精神不安
 - harry, worry, trouble
vi. 撕破；被撕破；飞奔
 - belt down

Word: exposure
Front: exposure
[ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2229/3141 -3)
Vocabulary: exposure
(once / 446 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
If you place someone or something in an environment that causes them to experience something, you can call this exposure. Exposure to sun and rain will cause wood to turn gray. In school, you will be given exposure to the basic principles of math, science and language.
The exposure of film to light results in a photograph. Sometimes, exposure is used without explicitly saying what something or someone was exposed to. It is simply implied. When a celebrity is given lots of exposure, it is well-known that the media is involved. If you die of exposure, it's understood that the harsh elements of the weather was meant. And if your house has a southern exposure, you know that this is the side where the sun shines.
WORD FAMILY
exposure: exposures+/ expose: exposed, exposes, exposing, exposure, overexpose, underexpose/ overexpose: overexposed, overexposes, overexposing, overexposure/overexposure: overexposures/underexpose: underexposed, underexposing, underexposure
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sparks police say 43-year-old Tom Anderson complained of possible hypothermia due to exposure after he was transported to police headquarters following Monday’s arrest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"This label helps get more exposure and adoption among the big retailers in France.  "The regional governments also play their part.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think it’s very much an exposure and an exploration,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 暴露; 揭发; 公开; （商品等的）展出
分布：暴露(80%)，揭露(9%)，曝光时间(9%)，挨冻(1%)，胶片(1%)
n.暴露,揭露;方向;陈列;遗弃;照射量I have ten exposures left on this film.这卷胶卷我还有十张底片未拍.
US [-'spoʊ.ʒɚ] noun
EXPERIENCE 经受
countable or uncountable
■when someone experiences something or is affected by it because they are in a particular situation or place 接触；面临；遭受
• You should always limit your exposure to the sun. 无论甚么时候，都不要长时间晒太阳。
• Even a brief exposure to radiation is very dangerous. 即使只是短期接受辐射也是非常危险的。
UK [ɪk'spəʊ.ʒər] US [-'spoʊ.ʒɚ] noun
MADE PUBLIC 使公开
countable or uncountable
■when something bad that someone has done is made public 揭发；揭露
• The exposure of the minister's love affair forced him to resign. 部长在风流韵事曝光后，被迫辞职。
UK [ɪk'spəʊ.ʒər] US [-'spoʊ.ʒɚ] noun
ATTENTION 关注
uncountable
■when an event or information is often discussed in newspapers and on the television, etc （在报纸或电视上的）报导，宣传，曝光
• His last film got so much exposure in the press. 他最新拍摄的电影受到了新闻媒体的极大关注。
UK [ɪk'spəʊ.ʒər] US [-'spoʊ.ʒɚ] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
uncountable
■a serious medical condition that is caused by being outside in very cold weather （暴露于严寒而导致的）冻伤（病），受寒
• All the members of the expedition to the South Pole died of exposure. 南极探险队的所有队员都死于冻伤。
UK [ɪk'spəʊ.ʒər] US [-'spoʊ.ʒɚ] noun
PHOTOGRAPH 照片
countable
■a single photograph on a piece of film, or the amount of time a piece of film is open to the light when making a photograph （底片的）一张；曝光时间，曝光量
• There are twenty-four exposures on this film. 这个胶卷有24张底片。
UK [ɪk'spəʊ.ʒər] US [-'spoʊ.ʒɚ] noun
DIRECTION 方向
only singular
■the direction in which something faces 朝向；方向；位向
• Our dining room has a northern exposure (= faces north) , so it's rather cold. 我们的饭厅是向北的，所以很冷。
exposure, printing, release, publication
exposure: 暴露，揭露，一般指不好的事情
printing: 印刷，出版
release: 释放，出版，一般用来指唱片，电影的发行，强调经过努力才得以发表
publication: 发表，公之于众
n. 暴露； [摄] 曝光；揭露；陈列
 - layout, reveal, showing

Word: pose
Front: pose
[pəʊz] (研四六托雅宝 2230/2739 -K3)
Vocabulary: pose
(once / 191 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4v
To pose is to assume a particular stance. Like a runway model strutting to the end of the catwalk, posing with her hands on her hips, and then gracefully walking back.
The original meaning of pose from the 14th century is "to put in a certain position." The sense of pose as "to assume a certain attitude" emerged in the 1850’s. When a person poses, he presents himself in a particular way, often with the hope of impressing others. But if you're just posing objects, then the word loses the negative connotation.
WORD FAMILY
pose: interpose, posed, poser, poses, posing, postpose, prepose+/ interpose: interposed, interposes, interposing, interposition/interposition: interpositions/posed: posedly, unposed/poser: posers/posing: posings/postpose: postposing, postposition/postposition: postpositions/prepose: preposed, preposes, preposition / preposition: prepositional, prepositions/prepositional: prepositionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Memphis is able to beat any team on any night, but Utah will pose quite a challenge.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
During short breaks they pose for selfies in balaclavas, keepsakes from their week away from the daily grind.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Department of Defense saying in 2013 that the threat posed by the group was largely insignificant.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 使摆姿势; 以…身份出现; 招摇; 炫耀
vt. 提出; 造成（威胁、问题等）; 引起; 产生
n. 姿势; 姿态; 装腔作势; 伪装
时态：posed, posing, poses
分布：姿势(39%)，造成(21%)，提出(14%)，姿态(13%)，装腔作势(5%)，摆姿势(4%)，假装(3%)，把...摆正位置(1%)
→来自古法语poser,放置，提议，来自拉丁语pausare,停止，暂停，停歇，休息，词源同pause.同时，词义与另一个拉丁词ponere的过去分词positus相混淆并大量吸收了该词词义，来自ponere,放置，摆放，词源同position,component.引申词义摆出姿势，佯装，冒充等。pose 提出，提问，造成威胁
做姿态[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
n.姿势,姿态v.造成,提出,摆姿势,佯装The group was well posed for the photograph.那一群人为拍照而摆好姿势.
US [poʊz] verb
CAUSE 造成
 ADVANCED transitive
■to cause something, especially a problem or difficulty 造成，引起（尤指问题或困难）
• Nuclear weapons pose a threat to everyone. 核子武器对所有人都构成了威胁。
• The mountain terrain poses particular problems for civil engineers. 这个高山地势为土木工程师带来了特殊问题。
UK [pəʊz] US [poʊz] verb
ASK 询问
transitive
■to ask a question, especially in a formal situation such as a meeting （尤指在正式场合）提出（问题），质询
• Can we go back to the question that Helena posed earlier? 我们能否回到海伦娜早先提出的那个问题？
UK [pəʊz] US [poʊz] verb
POSITION 姿态
intransitive
■to move into and stay in a particular position, in order to be photographed, painted, etc 摆好姿势（拍照）
• We all posed for our photographs next to the Statue of Liberty. 我们都在自由女神像边摆好了姿势拍照。
UK [pəʊz] US [poʊz] verb
PRETEND 假装
intransitive
■to pretend to be something that you are not or to have qualities that you do not have, in order to be admired or attract interest 假装，冒充；装腔作势
• He doesn't really know a thing about the theatre - he's just posing! 他其实对戏剧一无所知——他只是在装腔作势！
UK [pəʊz] US [poʊz] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pose as sb
■If you pose as a particular person, you pretend to be that person in order to deceive people 假扮（某人），装成（某人）
• He's posing as her date, but he's really her bodyguard. 他扮作她的约会对象，但实际上是她的保镖。
UK [pəʊz] US [poʊz] noun
POSITION 姿态
countable
■a particular position in which a person stands, sits, etc. in order to be photographed, painted, etc （为拍照、画像等摆出的）样子，姿势
• He adopted/assumed/struck (= moved into) an elegant pose. 他摆出一副优雅的姿势。
UK [pəʊz] US [poʊz] noun
PRETENDING 装作
countable usually singular
■when someone pretends to have qualities that they do not have 装腔作势
• She likes to appear as if she knows all about the latest films and art exhibitions, but it's all a pose (= she's pretending and it's not true). 她喜欢摆出一副对最新电影和艺术展无所不知的样子，但不过是装腔作势而已。
v. 造成，形成；摆姿势；装模作样；提出…讨论
 - take shape, shape into
n. 姿势，姿态；装模作样
 - attitude, posture
vi. 摆姿势；佯装；矫揉造作
 - posture

Word: stream
Front: stream
[stri:m] (中高研四六宝 2231/2467 -K3)
Vocabulary: stream
(once / 59 pages)
nv
That little rolling brook in your back yard is a stream. If it starts rising and threatens to flood, your father might let out a stream of expletives. A stream is a steady flow of something.
As a verb, stream means to flow out. If water streams from a faucet, it is pouring out. After a concert people stream out of a stadium and into the parking lot. On the web, you'll hear about something connected with music and video called streaming. This means that instead of having to download it to play, it is sent through your computer to listen to or watch, sort of like the way radio and TV work.
WORD FAMILY
stream: midstream, streamed, streamer, streaming, streamlet, streams+/streamer: streamers/streaming: streamingly, streamings/streamlet: streamlets
USAGE EXAMPLES
In December, more than a billion streams were served in a single week for the first time.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
She looked at me, looked at how desperate I was, the tears streaming from my face, and shook her finger.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Also for the sake of balance we should note that throughout June Donald Trump continues to emit a steady stream of truly idiotic statements.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 河流，小河，川，溪; 潮流，趋势，倾向; （事件等的）连续，（财富等的）滚滚而来; 流出，流注，一连串
vt. & vi. 流，流动
vi. 飘扬; 招展; 鱼贯而行; 一个接一个地移动
vt. 按能力分班（或分组）; 按能力分班（或分组）
时态：streamed, streaming, streams
分布：流动(29%)，流出(22%)，水流(15%)，车(14%)，组(8%)，飘动(8%)，气)流(2%)，(人(2%)
→来自古英语 stream,小河，溪流，来自 Proto-Germanic*straumaz,水流，溪流，来自 sreu, 流动，词源同 serum,rheum.双字母-sr-在 Proto-Germanic 扩展为三字母-str-.引申诸相关词义。
n.小河,溪流;流,一股,一串v.流出,涌The football team stopped the steam stream with beams.足球队用横杆堵住了蒸汽流.
noun countable
SMALL RIVER 小河
 ADVANCED
■water that flows naturally along a fixed route formed by a channel cut into rock or ground, usually at ground level 小河，溪流
• a mountain stream 山涧
• underground streams 地下溪流
• There's a lovely stream that flows through their garden. 有一条美丽的小溪流过他们的花园。
■any current of water or liquid 水流；液流
• the level of cholesterol in your blood stream 血液中的胆固醇标准
■the direction in which water is moving 水流方向，流向
• She stopped rowing and let the boat float with the stream. 她不再划，任由小船顺流漂荡。
[stri:m] noun countable
CONTINUOUS FLOW 持续的流动
 ADVANCED
■a continuous flow of things or people 流，流动；人流
• There has been a steady stream of phone calls from worried customers. 不断有忧心忡忡的顾客打电话来。
• I had a constant stream of visitors while I was ill. 我生病时一直有人来看我。
[stri:m] noun countable
STUDENTS 学生 UK (US track)
■a group of school students with similar ability who are approximately the same age and are taught together （同龄学生依智力编排的）班，组
• I'm in the A stream for maths, and the B stream for English. 我数学在 A 组，英语在 B 组。
• the top/bottom stream 程度高／低的班
[stri:m] noun countable
on stream UK
■Something in industry or business that is on stream is being produced or is available for use 在生产中；投入使用
• The company's increased sales were primarily a result of new stores coming on stream. 公司销售额增长主要是新店开始营业的结果。
[stri:m] verb
FLOW 流动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to flow somewhere or produce liquid, quickly and in large amounts without stopping 流，流动；流出
• There were tears streaming down his face. 泪水顺着他的脸滑落。
• One woman was carried from the scene of the accident with blood streaming from her head. 一名头部流血的妇女被抬离事故现场。
• UK I've got a terrible cold and my nose has been streaming all week. 我得了重感冒，整个星期都在流鼻涕。
stream in/out/through, etc.
■to move continuously in one direction 流入／出／经等
• We were all very excited as we streamed out of our final exam. 期末考试结束后，我们涌出考场时，都非常兴奋。
• Red Cross officials estimate that 20 000 refugees streamed into the city last week. 红十字会的官员估计上周有两万名难民涌入该城。
• His hair streamed out behind him as he rode off. 他骑车离开，头发在脑后飘扬。
[stri:m] verb
INTERNET 网际网路
transitive
■to listen to or watch sound or video on a computer directly from the Internet rather than downloading it and saving it first 在线收听（或收看）
[stri:m] verb
STUDENTS 学生
transitive UK (US track)
■to group and teach together school students with similar abilities who are approximately the same age （同龄学生依智力编排的）班，组
• We start to stream the children in the third form. 我们从三年级开始把孩子们按能力分班。
stream, pour, flow, run
这组词都有“流动，涌出”的意思，其区别是：
stream: 指水或其它液体从源头流出，不断地朝某一方向流动，可用作引申。
pour: 通常指从高向低或从上向下的急剧流动。也可作引申用。
flow: 侧重水继续不断地往前流，不关心其流量的大小和速度的快慢。
run: 指液体向任何方向流动，暗示比flow快而有力。
stream, brook, river
这组词都有“江、河”的意思，其区别是：
stream: 泛指大小河流，也可专指小溪。
brook: 指小河，尤指发源于山泉的小河。
river: 泛指一般的江河。
n. [水文] 溪流；流动；潮流；光线
 - tide, ray
vi. 流；涌进；飘扬
 - flow, flood, dance
vt. 流出；涌出；使飘动
 - shed, sweat

Word: sale
Front: sale
[seɪl] (中高研四六托雅 2234/1143 -K5)
Back: n. 卖，出卖; 销售额，销售; 销路; 拍卖
分布：出售(97%)，促销(3%)
→来自 sell 的名词形式，比较 tale,tell.
n.出售,上市;贱卖,廉价出售;销售额That house is for sale.那座房子待售.
noun
SELL 卖
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an act of exchanging something for money 卖，出售，销售
• The sale of cigarettes/alcohol is forbidden. 禁止出售香烟／酒。
• The building company get 10% commission on each house sale. 建筑公司每卖出一栋房子能获得10%的佣金。
• I haven't made a sale all morning. 我一个上午甚么都没卖出去。
• They'll drop the price rather than lose the sale. 他们将下调价格而不是停止销售。
for sale
 IMPROVER
■available to buy 待售，出售中
• Is this painting for sale? 这幅画有出售吗？
• Our neighbours put their house up for sale (= started to advertise that they want to sell it) last week. 我们的邻居上周开始登广告出售他们的房子。
sales uncountable [+ sing/pl verb]
■the department of a company that organizes and does the selling of the company's products or services （公司的）销售部门； 门市部
• He works in Sales. 他在销售部门工作。
• the sales department/manager 销售部／销售部经理
sales [plural]
■the number of products sold 销售量
• Sales this year exceeded the total for the two previous years. 今年的销售量超过了前两年销售量的总和。
⇒ See also telesales
countable
■an occasion when things are sold, especially by an organization such as a school or church, in order to make money for the organization （尤指学校或教会等为自筹资金而进行的）义卖活动
• a charity/Christmas/book sale 慈善／圣诞节／图书义卖
countable
■an auction (= public sale) 公开拍卖
• a sale of antique furniture 古董家俱拍卖
• a cattle sale 家畜拍卖
on sale UK
■available to buy in a shop 上市，正在销售
• On sale at record stores now. 唱片行目前均有经售。
sale or return
■a system by which goods are supplied to shops and can be returned if they are not sold within a particular period of time 剩货包退，可退货销售
• We can supply goods on a sale or return basis. 我们可以依照剩货包退的条件供货。
  Common Learner Errors  sale or sell? Warning: do not confuse the noun sale with the verb sell :
✗ The shop sales items made by local artists. The shop sells items made by local artists.
  Common Learner Errors  sale or sales? Remember: to talk about the number of items sold, use the plural noun sales.
✗ The strike had a negative effect on this year's sale. The strike had a negative effect on this year's sales.
[seɪl] noun
CHEAP PRICE 便宜的价格
countable
■an occasion when goods are sold at a lower price than usual 廉价出售，降价销售
• a mid-season/end-of-season sale 季中／季末大特价
• a clearance/closing-down sale 清仓／歇业大拍卖
• I bought this in the January sales. 这是我在一月大减价时买的。
• sale goods/prices 特价商品／促销价
on sale mainly US (UK usually in the sale)
■reduced in price 减价的，降价出售的
• Can you tell me if this dress is in the sale? 你能告诉我这条裙子有特价吗？
n. 销售； [贸易] 出售；拍卖；销售额；廉价出售
 - marketing, sell, auction

Word: trust
Front: trust
[trʌst] (中高研四六 1841/1160 -K4)
Vocabulary: trust
(once / 35 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4v 5v
If you trust someone then you believe that they’re honest and reliable. If you loan your car to someone, you had better trust them to bring it back to you, and in good shape.
Trust takes many forms. You could trust in something abstract, like the idea that things happen for a reason. If you are naïve, people might take advantage of your trust. A trust can also be a fund or an alliance meant to take care of something. A trust fund gives money to some lucky trustee so that he doesn’t need to worry about employment. A wildlife trust saves land from development so animals can live there.
WORD FAMILY
trust: antitrust, distrust, entrust, intrust, mistrust, trusted, trustee, truster, trustful, trusting, trusts, trusty+/ distrust: distrusted, distrusting, distrusts, self-distrust/distrustful: distrustfully, distrustfulness/ entrust: entrusted, entrusting, entrusts/intrust: intrusted, intrusting, intrusts/mistrust: mistrusted, mistrustful, mistrusting, mistrusts/mistrustful: mistrustfully/trusted: trustedly/trustee: trustees, trusteeship/trusteeship: trusteeships/truster: trusters/trustful: distrustful, trustfully, trustfulness/ trusting: trustingest, trustingly, trustingness, untrusting/trusty: trustier, trusties, trustiest, trustily, trustiness, untrusty/untrusty: untrustiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trust is not something you learn, it’s something the therapist earns.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
This year, according to the models Mass trusts, looks like a “ La Nada year” — business as usual.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Netanyahu was investigated during his first term as Israeli prime minister in the late 1990s on allegations of fraud and breach of public trust.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 信任; 信托; 照管; 受托基金机构
vt. & vi. 相信， 信任
vt. 对…有信心，依赖于; 盼望，自信地期待，设想; 相信; 让他人照管，托管
时态：trusted, trusting, trusts
分布：相信(50%)，信任(41%)，信托(6%)，委托(3%)
→来自 true,忠诚的，真实的，-st,表名词，比较 forest.引申词义信任，委托，依赖等。
vt.信任;盼望;委托n.(in)信任,依赖;委托The exhausted man and the trustful guy thrust a knife into the rusty crust.精疲力竭的男子和深信不疑的家伙将一把刀子刺向生锈的外壳.
verb
BELIEVE 相信
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to have belief or confidence in the honesty, goodness, skill or safety of a person, organization or thing 信任，信赖，相信
• My sister warned me not to trust him. 我姐姐告诫我不要相信他。
• Trust me - I know about these things. 相信我——我了解这些东西。
• Trust your instincts and do what you think is right. 相信你的直觉，做你认为正确的事情。
• I don't trust air travel - it's unnatural. 我信不过航空旅行——它不合乎自然规律。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I trust him to make the right decision. 我相信他能作出正确的决定。
• That man is not to be trusted. 那个人不可靠。
• I wouldn't trust him with my car. 我不会把我的车交给他用。
• slightly formal Sometimes you simply have to trust in the goodness of human nature. 有时你只能寄希望于人性的善良。
• However much you plan an expedition like this, you still have to trust to luck to a certain extent. 像这样的探险不管你准备得多么仔细，在某种程度上你仍然得依靠运气。
[trʌst] verb
HOPE 希望
intransitive formal
■to hope and expect that something is true 想；希望，盼望
• [+ (that)] I trust (that) you slept well? 我想你睡得还好吧？
• The meeting went well, I trust. 我希望会议进行得顺利。
[trʌst] verb
I wouldn't trust sb as far as I could throw them. informal
■something that you say which means you do not trust someone at all 一点都不信任（某人）
• He's very charming but I wouldn't trust him as far as I could throw him. 他很有魅力，但我一点都不信任他。
[trʌst] verb
Trust sb (to do sth)! mainly UK informal
■used to say that it is typical of someone to do something stupid （某人）肯定会做这种蠢事！
• Trust Chris to leave the tickets at home! 克里斯肯定会把票忘在家里！
[trʌst] noun
BELIEF 信任
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the belief that you can trust someone or something 信任，信赖
• a relationship based on trust and understanding 建立在信任与理解基础上的关系
• We were obviously wrong to put our trust in her. 显然，我们不该信任她。
• He's in a position of trust (= a position with responsibilities, especially to the public). 他身居要职。
take sth on trust
■to believe that something is true although you have no proof 凭空相信，贸然相信
[trʌst] noun
LEGAL ARRANGEMENT 法律安排
countable
■a legal arrangement in which a person or organization controls property and/or money for another person or organization （金钱或财产的）信托，托管
• Under the terms of the trust he receives interest on the money, but he cannot get at the money itself. 按照信托协议，他得到那笔钱的利息，但不可处置本金。
• The money that her father left her is being held/kept in trust (= being controlled) for her until she's 30. 父亲留给她的钱被托管起来，直到她30岁时才能取出。
[trʌst] noun
ORGANIZATION 机构
countable
■an organization which controls property and/or money for another person 信托基金机构
• He works for a charitable trust. 他为一家慈善信托机构工作。
• Housing trusts help to provide houses for people who are not well off. 住房基金机构向那些不富裕的人提供住房方面的帮助。
countable US
■used in the name of some banks 信托银行
• Morgan Guaranty Trust 摩根保证信托银行
belief, conviction, faith, trust, confidence, credit
这组词都有“相信，信任”的意思，其区别是：
belief: 普通用词，指单纯从主观上的相信，不着重这种相信是否有根据。
conviction: 多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的信心和相信，侧重其坚定性。
faith: 语气较强，强调完全相信；有时也能仅凭感觉产生的相信。
trust: 强调相信、信任的完全可靠。
confidence: 指对某人某事有充分信心，断定不会使人失望，因而给予信任。
credit: 语气最弱，着重以声誉为信任的基础。
confide, rely, trust, believe
这组词都有“相信，信任”的意思，其区别是：
confide: 侧重忠诚可靠与可信赖。
rely: 指在相信的基础上可进一步依靠，着重可靠性。
trust: 指绝对相信或信赖某人。
believe: 普通用词，常表示一种缓和、不太肯定的口气。
n. 信任，信赖；责任；托拉斯
 - duty, liability, belief, faith, confidence
vt. 信任，信赖；盼望；赊卖给
 - credit, believe in
vi. 信任，信赖；依靠
 - hope, believe in

Word: benefit
Front: benefit
[ˈbenɪfɪt] (高研四六托雅 812/656 -K4)
Vocabulary: benefit
(once / 72 pages)
nv
A benefit is something that helps you, whether in the form of health insurance provided by an employer, welfare given by the government to those in need, or the benefit of the doubt extended to you by a friend.
The Latin bene- "good" is at the heart of the word benefit, which derives from the Latin benefactum "good deed." When attendance at a party or an event raises money for a charity, the event is referred to as a benefit in that charity's honor.
WORD FAMILY
benefit: beneficent, beneficial, benefited, benefiting, benefits, benefitted, benefitting+/ beneficence: beneficences/ beneficent: beneficence, beneficently/ beneficial: beneficially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Israel’s Justice Ministry later issued a statement saying Netanyahu was questioned “on suspicion of receiving benefits from business people.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Many floats honored the natural world and the benefits of science.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Slightly fewer than 29 million Americans remain uninsured, about half of whom would benefit from provisions of the ACA.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 利益，好处; 救济金，津贴; 义演，义卖; 恩惠，恩泽
vt. 有益于，有助于; 使受益; 得益，受益
时态：benefited, benefiting, benefits
分布：利益(45%)，得益(23%)，有益于(14%)，义演(9%)，津贴(5%)，借助(3%)，保险金(1%)
→来自法语。词根bene, 好。fit, 做，同fact,字母c脱落。原指做好处，善举，后也指个人利益，即善有善报。
好处,利益(bene+fit做→做事后的好处→利益)[bene-表示"善,好"]
n.利益,好处,恩惠v.有益于;(from,by)受益Chinese people benefit a lot from the open-up policy.改革开放政策让中国人民受益匪浅.
【记】bene好，fit做－做事后的好处
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a helpful or good effect, or something intended to help 利益，好处；优势
• The discovery of oil brought many benefits to the town. 石油的发现给该镇带来很多利益。
• One of the many benefits of foreign travel is learning how to cope with the unexpected. 学会如何应付突发事件是海外旅游的众多益处之一。
• He's had the benefit of an expensive education and yet he continues to work as a waiter. 他接受过昂贵的教育，但却继续当一名侍者。
• I didn't get/derive (much) benefit from school. 我从没在学校里学到（多少）东西。
• With the benefit of hindsight (= Helped by the knowledge since learned) it is easy for us to see where we went wrong. 透过事后反省，我们比较容易认清自己所犯的错误。
• slightly formal She drinks a lot less now, to the benefit of her health as a whole. 她现在酒喝得很少了，身体健康状况整体上也有所改善。
■the money given by the government to people who need financial help, for example because they cannot find a job 补助金，救济金
• mainly UK unemployment benefit 失业救济金
• I'm on benefit at the moment. 我目前靠救济金生活。
['ben.ɪ.fɪt] noun countable or uncountable
give sb the benefit of the doubt
■to believe something good about someone, rather than something bad, when you have the possibility of doing either 往好处想（某人）
• I didn't know whether his story was true or not, but I decided to give him the benefit of the doubt. 我不知道他说的是真是假，不过我决定姑且相信他这一次。
['ben.ɪ.fɪt] verb intransitive or transitive (-t-)
 IMPROVER
■to be helped by something or to help someone 得益，受惠；（使）受益；对…有帮助
• I feel that I have benefited greatly from her wisdom. 我觉得从她的睿智中我获益良多。
• How can we benefit those who most need our help? 我们如何帮助那些最需要帮助的人？
profit, benefit, avail
这组词都有“有益于，有益”的意思，其区别是：
profit: 着重于物质方面的受益，常用于财富或知识等方面的得益。
benefit: 通常既可指个人情况(如身体、智力或精神状态等)的好转或改善，又可指对实现某个目标等带来的好处。
avail: 较文雅，常见于历史小说、演说或讲道中，较少用于日常话语，侧重功效或效力。
profit, advantage, benefit, interest, favour, gain
这组词都有“利益、好处”的意思，其区别是：
profit: 着重收益，尤指从物质、钱财等方面获得的利益。
advantage: 指因某方面占优势或利用某机会以及对方弱点而获得利益与好处。
benefit: 普通用词，指通过正当手段从物质或精神方面得到的任何好处或利益。
interest: 作“利益”解时，多用复数形式，既可指集团、群体的利益，又可指个人的利益。
favour: 指在竞争中获得的advantage,也可指在狭隘的个人利益。
gain: 指获得的物质利益，也暗示不损坏他人利益而得的无形好处。
n. 利益，好处；救济金
 - behalf, sake, profit, advantage, plus
vt. 有益于，对…有益
 - profit, be good for

Word: pot
Front: pot
[pɒt] (高研四六托 2235/2782 -K3)
Back: n. 罐; 一罐; （某种用途的）容器; 陶盆
vt. 把…栽入盆中; 种盆栽; 台球、普尔和斯诺克击（球）入袋; 射杀
vi. 随手射击
时态：potted, potting, pots
分布：壶(55%)，罐(40%)，射猎(4%)，把 ... 装罐(1%)
→来自古法语pot,壶，罐，容器，来自Proto-Germanic*puttaz,壶，罐，来自budn,容器，可能来自beu,鼓起，膨胀，词源同ball,pouch,pocket.另一种说法是来自拉丁语potus,饮水杯，词源同potion,部分词源学家对这一猜测持否定态度。
n.罐,壶Put the spotless potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco atoms into the hot pot.把无斑点的土豆,番茄和烟草微粒放进热锅里.
【记】pot作为词根是力量的意思。
US [pɑ:t] noun
CONTAINER 容器
 IMPROVER countable
■any of various types of container, usually round, especially one used for cooking food 罐，壶
• Fill a large pot with salted water and bring it to the boil. 用一个大壶装满盐水并煮开。
• There's plenty of cupboard space in the kitchen for all your pots and pans. 厨房的碗橱有足够的空间放你的盆盆罐罐。
⇒ See also teapot
 IMPROVER countable mainly UK
■any of different types of containers, with or without a lid, especially for storing food or liquids （尤指储藏食物或液体的）罐，瓶，壶
• a pot of cream/jam/paint/ink 一罐奶油／果酱／油漆／墨水
countable
■a flowerpot 花盆
• a terracotta plant pot 赤陶植物盆
• Most lilies grow well in pots. 大多数百合花在盆中都生长良好。
countable
■the amount that is contained inside a pot 一罐（或一壶、一瓶等）的量
• I've just drunk a whole pot of tea! 我刚喝了整整一壶茶。
• She'd made a large pot of chicken soup. 她熬了一大锅鸡汤。
countable
■used in combination to refer to a container of a stated type （用作构词成分）壶，罐
• a coffee pot 咖啡壶
• a flowerpot 花盆
• a teapot 茶壶
countable
■a dish, bowl, etc. made by hand out of clay 陶碟，陶碗；陶制器皿
pots of sth
■a large amount of something 大量的…
• She's got pots of money (= She's very rich). 她很有钱。
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
TOILET 厕所
countable
■a potty (= bowl used by children as a toilet) 幼儿用便盆
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable US slang or UK old-fashioned slang
■ cannabis 大麻
• a pot smoker 吸食大麻者
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
STOMACH 胃
countable usually singular mainly humorous
■a potbelly
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
BAD STATE 糟糕的状况
go to pot informal
■to be damaged or spoiled because people are not working hard on it or caring for it 毁坏；衰落；完蛋
• I'm afraid I've let the garden go to pot this summer. 很遗憾，今年夏天我让花园荒芜了。
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
HIT BALL 击球
countable UK
■an act of hitting a ball into a hole, especially in games such as snooker （斯诺克等）击（球）落袋
• Dawson made a difficult pot look very easy. 很困难的一记击球在道森手上却显得轻而易举。
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
not have a pot to piss in very informal
■to be very poor 非常穷困的
• Any help we can offer them will be appreciated. They don't have a pot to piss in. 他们会非常感谢我们提供的任何帮助。他们穷困极了。
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] noun
the pot calling the kettle black
■something that you say which means someone should not criticize another person for a fault that they have themselves 五十步笑百步；锅嫌壶黑
• Elliott accused me of being selfish. Talk about the pot calling the kettle black! 艾丽特竟然责备我自私，真是“五十步笑百步”。
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
SHOOT 射击
intransitive or transitive mainly UK
■to shoot birds or small animals for food, or to shoot (at) them without taking careful aim 射杀，射猎（飞禽或小动物）；随手射（中）
• He strolled through the fields, potting (at) the occasional rabbit. 他在田间散步，随手射猎了那只偶然撞见的野兔。
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
HIT BALL 击球
transitive UK
■in games such as snooker, to hit a ball so that it falls into one of the holes at the edge of the table （斯诺克等）击（球）落袋
UK [pɒt] US [pɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
PUT IN CONTAINER 栽入盆中
transitive
■to put a plant into a container to grow 把（植物）栽入盆中
• I'm just going to pot (up) these seedlings. 我正要把这些幼苗栽在花盆中。
n. [轻] 壶；盆；罐
 - basin, kettle
vt. 把…装罐；射击；节略
 - flight, take a shot at

Word: grand
Front: grand
[grænd] (高研四六托雅 2237/1851 -K4)
Vocabulary: grand
(once / 65 pages)
1adj 2n 3n
Something that's grand is large and impressive. A fancy, catered birthday party with a guest list of hundreds could be described as grand.
The adjective grand can be used in many different ways: it can describe big things, like a grand piano or the Grand Canyon, or luxurious things, like the grand leather seats in your dad's Cadillac. You can also use grand to simply mean "wonderful," as when you exclaim, "Chocolate cake for dessert! Isn't this grand!" Grand is also a slang term for "a thousand dollars." The Latin root is grandis, "big, great, full, or abundant."
WORD FAMILY
grand: grander, grandest, grandly, grandness, grands
USAGE EXAMPLES
In September, a grand jury declined to recommend charges for three Waco police officers who shot bikers during May 2015 gunfight.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
A grand jury in September declined to recommend charges for three Waco police officers who shot bikers during May 2015 gunfight.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
No, Toby plays a great character and does a grand job.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 宏大的，宏伟的; （最）重要的; 豪华的
n. 一千美元; 大钢琴
级别：grander, grandest
分布：宏伟的(29%)，大钢琴(22%)，豪华的(16%)，一千美元(14%)，壮丽的(10%)，重大的(9%)
→来自拉丁文grandis, 巨大的，壮丽的，词源同great. 用做数字量词1000.
a.盛大的,豪华的;重大的,主要的The grand commander demands thousands of sandy sandwiches.大司令官要成千个沙色三明治.
adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 ADVANCED
■important and large in degree 重大的；主要的；首要的
• She has all kinds of grand ideas. 她脑子里都是些经天纬地的想法。
• His job has a grand title, but he's little more than a clerk. 他的工作听起来名堂很大，可他不过是个职员。
[grænd] adjective
SPLENDID 壮丽的
■splendid in style and appearance; attracting admiration and attention 宏伟的，壮丽的；显赫的
• The Palace of Versailles is very grand. 凡尔赛宫非常宏伟。
• They always entertain their guests in grand style. 他们总是举行盛大宴会款待宾客。
■used in the name of a place or building to show that it is splendid or large （用在地方或建筑物名前表示其规模）大的
• the Grand Hotel 大饭店
• the Grand Canyon 大峡谷
• the Grand Canal 大运河
[grænd] adjective
EXCELLENT 极好的 old-fashioned informal or Irish English
■excellent; pleasing 极好的，出色的；快乐的，称心的
• We had grand weather on our holiday. 我们去渡假时的天气很好。
• My grandson is a grand little chap. 我孙子是个很了不起的小孩子。
• You've done a grand job. 你做得非常好。
[grænd] adjective
grand old age
■If a person or animal lives to a grand old age, they live until they are very old 高龄
• He lived to the grand old age of 97. 他活到97岁高龄。
[grænd] adjective
the grand old man of sth humorous
■a man who has been involved in a particular activity for a long time and is known and respected by a lot of people 元老；资深前辈；老前辈
• He's been called the grand old man of cricket. 他一直被称为板球运动的元老。
[grænd] noun countable (plural grand)
MONEY 钱 (US G) informal
■£1000 or $1000 一千英镑；一千美元
• John's new car cost him 20 grand! 约翰买新车花了两万英镑！
[grænd] noun countable (plural grand)
INSTRUMENT 乐器 informal for
■ grand piano
magnificent, grand, majestic, splendid, noble
这组词都有“宏伟壮丽的”的意思，其区别是：
magnificent: 指环境、建筑物等本身的壮丽、堂皇、庄严、崇高或出色等。
grand: 侧重规模大，豪华而宏伟壮丽、盛大。也可指人的崇高、伟大。
majestic: 侧重状态、外表、仪态等给人以威严感。
splendid: 指人在行为、品德或性格等方面的卓越超群；指物侧重外观上的辉煌。用于口语中，作“极好的，绝妙的”解。
noble: 指因本身著名或从外表上看有令人难忘的华丽、庄严、卓越、雄壮或崇高。
great, grand, big, large
这组词都有“大的”的意思，其区别是：
great: 普通用词，可指具体东西的“大”，但更常指事物的重要，人的行为、品格的伟大等，带一定的感情色彩。
grand: 侧重指盛大、绝大，有气派。
big: 常用词，使用广泛，较口语化。多指体积、重量或容量等方面的“大”，有时也用于描写抽象之物。
large: 普通用词，含义广，指体积、面积、容量、数量以及程度等方面的大，具体或抽象意义均可用。
adj. 宏伟的；豪华的；极重要的
 - magnificent, noble
n. 大钢琴；一千美元
 - gee

Word: mine
Front: mine
[maɪn] (高托雅 2236/1972 -K2)
Vocabulary: mine
(once / 32 pages)
1nv 2nv
A mine is a hole in the earth from which workers take valuable things: coal, diamonds, copper. It is also a bomb that explodes when it's touched, often buried in the earth.
When you think of mines, think of something beneath the surface or hidden. People mine for gold by sifting through water and rocks. West Virginia is famous for its coal mines. A mine field might describe a field laced with explosives — such as landmines. When people put these explosives in place, they're mining the land. Also, any dangerous situation can be called a mine field. Talking about sensitive subjects — like religion or race — is a verbal mind field for sure.
WORD FAMILY
mine: countermine, mined, miner, mines, mining+/countermine: countermined, countermines, countermining/mined: unmined/ miner: miners/mining: minings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Friends of mine throughout the country regularly remind me that there is something unique about Seahawks fans.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A former student of mine from another college I taught at over a year ago named Mia walked in with a few friends.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
It was a rare bit of good news for Wyoming’s mining industry, hit hard by a downturn in coal and a recent BLM coal-leasing moratorium.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: pron. (I的所有格)我的（东西）
n. 矿; 矿井; 地雷; 水雷
vt. & vi. 在…中开采，开采
vt. 在…中[下]布雷; 以地雷[水雷]炸毁
时态：mined, mining, mines
→来自me的所有格。mine 矿，矿山，地雷
pron.(I的物主代词)我的(东西)n.矿v.采矿Several severe federal generals drank the mineral water on the miner's funeral.好几个严厉的联邦将军在矿工的葬礼上喝了矿泉水.
【参】undermine（v 在下面挖矿；暗中破坏）
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■the one(s) belonging to or connected with me 我的（所有物）；属于我的（东西）；与我有关的（人）
• "Whose bag is this?" "It's mine." “这是谁的袋子？”“是我的。”
• Your son is the same age as mine. 你儿子的年纪和我儿子一样大。
• She's an old friend of mine. 她是我的一个老朋友。
[maɪn] noun countable
HOLE 洞
 ESSENTIAL
■a hole or system of holes in the ground made for the removal of substances such as coal, metal, and salt by digging 矿，矿井
• a coal/salt/gold mine 煤／盐／金矿
• a mine shaft 矿井
• My grandfather used to work in/ UKdown the mines. 我祖父以前在矿井里工作。
[maɪn] noun countable
BOMB 炸弹
 IMPROVER
■a type of bomb put below the earth or in the sea which explodes when vehicles, ships or people go over it 地雷；水雷
• He was killed when his tank ran over a mine. 他的坦克触到地雷，他被炸死了。
• The US forces were clearing the surrounding area of mines. 美国部队正在清除周围地区的地雷。
⇒ See also landmine
[maɪn] noun countable
a mine of information
■someone who has a lot of knowledge （指人）资讯宝藏，知识宝库
[maɪn] verb
DIG 开采
intransitive or transitive
■to dig coal or another substance out of the ground 采，开采（煤等）
• They're mining for salt. 他们正在采盐。
• They mine a lot of copper around these parts. 他们在这里周围开采出许多铜。
[maɪn] verb
BOMB 布雷
transitive often passive
■to place or hide mines in an area of land or sea 布雷于
• The desert was heavily mined. 这片沙漠地雷密布。
[maɪn] verb
mine a rich seam of sth literary
■to take advantage of a strong feeling or quality in a particular situation 利用（特殊情境下的强烈情感或素质）
• Polidori, the right-wing politician, is mining a rich seam of fear and prejudice. 右翼政客波里杜利正在利用人们的强烈恐惧和偏见。
[maɪn] determiner old use
■used in the past instead of 'my' before nouns that begin with a vowel or h 一度用在以母音或h开头的名词前，代替my使用
• mine eyes 我的眼睛
• mine host 我的主人
n. 矿，矿藏；矿山，矿井；地雷，水雷
 - ore, pit
vt. 开采，采掘；在…布雷
 - exploit

Word: hello
Front: hello
[hə'ləʊ] (中高 2238/2319 -K3)
Vocabulary: hello
(once / 641 pages)
n
Hello! Hi! How are you doing? Hello is a salutation or greeting commonly used to begin conversations or telephone calls.
Hello has been used as an English greeting since the 19th century. Most agree that it is related to the older French exclamation “Holà” — which means essentially “Ho there!” — like you might say to a horse to tell it to stop. Nowadays it’s still used to get someone’s attention but instead of stopping you’re starting something — usually a chat. Hallo and Hullo are variations of Hello used by British English speakers.
WORD FAMILY
hello: hellos
USAGE EXAMPLES
By design, Kai utters that hello once every seventeen times.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Hello, good afternoon and happy old 2016 to you all.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He greeted 2016 with “Hello,” and ended with a Christmas classic.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: int. 哈喽，喂; 你好，您好; 表示问候; 打招呼
n. “喂”的招呼声或问候声
vi. 喊“喂”
→感叹词，打招呼用语，因电话的普及而广泛流行。最终可能来自hey和lo的合成词。
int.英(美)喂,你好(用来打招呼或引起注意)Hello,it's Tom speaking.喂!我是汤姆.
US [-'oʊ] exclamation noun (UK also hallo) (hullo)
 ESSENTIAL
■used when meeting or greeting someone 喂，你好（用于问候或打招呼）
• Hello, Paul. I haven't seen you for ages. “你好，保罗。好久不见了。”
• I know her vaguely - we've exchanged hellos a few times. 我对她不太熟悉——我们只有打过几次招呼。
• I just thought I'd call by and say hello. 我正好想要去顺道拜访问候一下。
• And a big hello (= welcome) to all the parents who've come to see the show. 非常欢迎所有来看演出的家长。
 ESSENTIAL
■something that is said at the beginning of a telephone conversation （打电话时的招呼语）你好，喂
• "Hello, I'd like some information about your flights to the USA, please." “你好，我想询问一些你们飞往美国的航班资料。”
 ESSENTIAL
■something that is said to attract someone's attention （引起别人注意的招呼语）
• The front door was open so she walked inside and called out, "Hello! Is there anybody in?" 前门开着，于是她走进去喊道：“喂！有人在吗?”
■informal
■said to someone who has just said or done something stupid, especially something that shows they are not noticing what is happening around them （表示认为某人言行愚蠢可笑，尤指对正在发生的事不注意）
• She asked me if I'd just arrived and I was like 'hello, I've been here for an hour.' 她问我是否刚刚到，我回答她说“嗨，我已经到这里一个小时了。”
■old-fashioned
■an expression of surprise （表示惊讶）
• Hello, this is very strange - I know that man. 嘿，这可真奇怪——我认识那个人。
int. 喂；哈罗
 - hallo, holloo

Word: coalition
Front: coalition
[ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn] (研六托雅宝 2241/2996 -3)
Vocabulary: coalition
(once / 407 pages)
1n 2n
A coalition is a group of people who join together for a common cause, like a coalition you form with other skateboarders who want to convince your town to build a skate park.
The noun coalition comes from the Latin word coalitiō, meaning "to grow together." Often, the people and groups that form coalitions have different backgrounds but come together because they share a goal. For example, parents, teachers, business owners, and city council members might form a coalition to build a teen center, just as nations that do not agree on all issues might form a coalition because they all want peace.
WORD FAMILY
coalition: coalitions+/ coalesce: coalesced, coalescency, coalesces, coalescing, coalition
USAGE EXAMPLES
Iraq’s military, aided by air support from the U.S.-led coalition fighting Islamic State, in October began a long-awaited offensive on Mosul.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Petraeus and retired astronaut Mark Kelly teamed up this year to launch the gun control advocacy group Veterans Coalition for Common Sense.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Freedom Online Coalition is a partnership of 30 governments co-ordinating their efforts to protect human rights in cyberspace.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 结合体; 联合; 同盟; （两党或多党）联合政府
分布：联合(50%)，联盟(47%)，结合(3%)
→来自coalesce,合并。
n.结合体,同盟;结合,联合They formed a coalition government.他们组成了一个联合政府.
【反】fragment（分裂）
US [koʊ-] noun countable or uncountable
■the joining together of different political parties or groups for a particular purpose, usually for a limited time （不同政党或不同群体的人为特定目标而暂时形成的）联盟，同盟，联合体
• Government by coalition has its own peculiar set of problems. 联合政府有其自身特有的一系列问题。
• By forming a coalition, the rebels and the opposition parties defeated the government. 叛乱者与反对党结成联盟，击败了政府。
• a coalition government 联合政府
n. 联合；结合，合并
 - combination, alliance, combined with, unity, union, association, marriage

Word: tale
Front: tale
[teɪl] (中高研四六托 2239/2493 -3)
Vocabulary: tale
(once / 80 pages)
n
A tale is a story, especially one that's full of creative embellishments. You can read a tale from a book, or tell a bedtime tale to the kids you're babysitting.
Tales can be true or fictional, but they generally consist of a narrative, with a beginning and an end, made more interesting and exciting with vivid details. Some tales are meant to teach specific lessons (like your family's history or your community's values), while others simply relay a funny story. Tale can also mean "lie," like when your mom asks, "You're not telling a tale, are you?"
WORD FAMILY
tale: tales
USAGE EXAMPLES
A 1934 American novel, about the eventual suicide of the fictional character Julian English, was also inspired by the tale and borrowed its title.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Harris toggles between time periods and narrative voices, creating a rich, dramatic tale that builds to a surprising conclusion.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The manuscript’s odyssey — from its creation in Mexico to its recent arrival in Manhattan — is a tale laced with intrigue.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 传说，传言; （尤指充满惊险的）故事; 坏话，谣言; 〈古〉计算，总计
分布：故事(84%)，传说(12%)，叙述(4%)
→来自古英语 talu,计算，数数，故事，寓言，来自 Proto-Germanic*talo,计算，告知，来自 del, 瞄准，计算，思考，词源同 tell,teller,talk.
n.故事,传说The males think the females have talent for telling stale tales.男人认为女人有讲陈腐故事的才能.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a story, especially one which might be invented or difficult to believe （尤指包含离奇内容的）故事，不实之词
• He told some fascinating tales about his life in India. 他讲了他在印度生活的一些奇闻轶事。
• She told me/invented/concocted a tale about missing the bus to explain her lateness. 为了解释迟到的原因，她向我讲了／编造了一通没赶上公车的鬼话。
[teɪl] noun countable
tale of woe
■a report of the bad things that have happened 悲惨的故事
• I asked how he was and he gave me a real tale of woe. 我问他过得怎么样，他向我诉说他的不幸。
story, tale, fiction, fable, romance, novel
这组词都有“小说，故事”的意思，其区别是：
story: 指篇幅较短，常包含一系列情节或事件，口述或书写成文的故事。
tale: 常可与story换用，指以事实为中心作叙述的故事，也指古代流传下来的传说故事或神话故事。
fiction: 指部分或全部虚构的短篇、中篇、长篇小说，也指传奇故事，是小说的总称。
fable: 指短小而寓有教育意义的虚构故事。故事的主人公多为拟人化的动物或非动物之类。也作传说解。
romance: 系novel早期的代用词，泛指具有强烈神话和传奇色彩的故事，现指爱情故事。
novel: 指任何有情节、人物、对白，虚构的长篇散文体故事。
n. 故事；传说；叙述；流言蜚语
 - relation, story, tradition, statement, narrative

Word: knife
Front: knife
[naɪf] (中高雅 2240/2471 -K3)
Vocabulary: knife
(once / 137 pages)
nv
A knife is a sharp tool that's used for slicing or cutting. We suggest using a knife as a kitchen tool instead of as a weapon.
A bread knife has a long, serrated edge, and the blade of a pocket knife folds into its handle so you can safely carry it in your pocket. Surgeons use very small knives to make delicate cuts during operations, and various kinds of knives are sometimes used as weapons. To knife, in fact, is to stab or cut with a knife, almost always in a violent way.
WORD FAMILY
knife: knifed, knifelike, knifes, knifing, knives
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My thoughts,” said the poet and priest George Herbert, “are all a case of knives / Wounding my heart.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Her “aha moment” as a craftsman didn’t happen until a chance meeting eight years ago with an engraver of rifles and knives.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say he was carrying a knife but didn’t use it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 刀; 匕首; 刃部; 手术刀
vt. 切割，刺; 伤害
vi. 劈开; 划过
时态：knifed, knifing, knifes
分布：刀(99%)，用刀切割(1%)
→来自古英语cnif,刀，匕首。
n.刀,餐刀v.用刀切,用匕首刺The exhausted man and the trustful guy thrust a knife into the rusty crust.精疲力竭的男子和深信不疑的家伙将一把刀子刺向生锈的外壳.
noun countable (plural knives)
 ESSENTIAL
■a tool, usually with a metal blade and a handle, used for cutting and spreading food or other substances, or as a weapon 刀
• a fish/butter/steak knife 切鱼用刀／涂奶油用刀／牛排餐刀
• I prefer to use a knife and fork. 我较喜欢用刀叉。
• He drew/pulled a knife and stabbed her. 他拔出刀，刺中了她。
[naɪf] noun countable (plural knives)
go under the knife
■to have a medical operation 接受外科手术
• More and more women are choosing to go under the knife to improve their appearance. 越来越多的女性选择接受外科手术来改善容貌。
[naɪf] noun countable (plural knives)
have your knife into sb UK
■to try to upset or harm someone because you dislike them 跟（某人）过不去；加害于（某人）
[naɪf] noun countable (plural knives)
the knives are out UK
■something you say which means that people are being unpleasant about someone, or trying to harm them 磨刀霍霍；剑拔弩张
• The knives are out for the former president. 对前总统大有剑拔弩张之势。
[naɪf] noun countable (plural knives)
put/stick the knife into sb (also put/stick the knife in)
■to be unpleasant about someone or try to harm them 对（某人）怀恨在心；加害于（某人）
• The reviewer in the magazine that I read really put the knife in. 我读的那本杂志中，批评家的话真是恶意中伤。
[naɪf] noun countable (plural knives)
twist/turn the knife (in the wound)
■to make someone who is annoyed, worried or upset feel even worse 揭人伤疤；往伤口上撒盐
• Just to turn the knife a little, he told me he'd seen my old girlfriend with her new man. 他告诉我，他看见我的前女友和新任男友在一起，只是为了让我难受。
[naɪf] noun countable (plural knives)
under the knife
■while having a medical operation 动手术时
[naɪf] verb transitive
■to attack someone using a knife 用刀砍（或刺、戳）
• He knifed her in the back. 他用刀砍伤了她的背部。
n. [机] 刀；匕首
 - sword, chiv
vt. 用刀切；（口）伤害
 - injure, scar
vi. 劈开；划过
 - to break open

Word: resolve
Front: resolve
[rɪˈzɒlv] (研四六托雅 2242/2174 -K3)
Vocabulary: resolve
(once / 52 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
To resolve is to settle or make a decision about something — often formal. A college's board of directors might resolve to recruit more minority students. As a noun, resolve refers to a strong determination to do something.
If you make a New Year's resolution to exercise every day, you'll need plenty of resolve to stick with your program. The verb descends from Middle English resolven "to dissolve," from Latin resolvere "to untie." In English, the obsolete sense of "to dissolve" can be seen in this line from Shakespeare: "O, that this too too solid flesh would melt, thaw, and resolve itself into a dew."
WORD FAMILY
resolve: resolution, resolvable, resolved, resolvent, resolves, resolving+/irresolution: irresolutions/ resolution: irresolution, resolutions/resolvable: unresolvable/resolved: resolvedly, unresolved /resolvent: resolvents/resolving: resolvings
USAGE EXAMPLES
This was more a story of resilience, of surviving a nightmarish third quarter and finding some kind of resolve in the closing minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
See a doctor if your symptoms don’t resolve or if they cause discomfort or emotional distress.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Resolving the contradictions within the government’s various positions, and preventing backbench revolts destroying its slim parliamentary majority, will be all-consuming.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 决定; 决心
vt. 使消释; 使分解，使解体; （指委员会或集会）表决; 消退（炎症等）
vi. 下决定; 分解
n. 决意，决定; （会议等的）决议
时态：resolved, resolving, resolves
分布：解决(68%)，决心(18%)，决定(7%)，分解(4%)，坚决(2%)，表决(1%)
→来自拉丁语 resolvere,分开，松开，解开，来自 re-,向后，往回，solvere,松开，词源同 solve,loose. 引申词义解决，决议，决心等。
解决(困难)(re再+solve→再松开→解决)[Solv,solu,solut=loosen,表示"松开"]
v.决心;(使)分解,溶解;决议n.解决;决心It's resolved by resolution that the solution will be used to solve the involved problem.决议决定用这个办法解决那个复杂的问题.
【记】solve作为词根有“溶解”和“解决”两个意思。
【反】vacillate（v 犹豫不定）－resolve firmly（果断地决定）
US [-'zɑ:lv] verb
SOLVE 解决
 IMPROVER transitive
■to solve or end a problem or difficulty 解决；解除；消除
• Have you resolved the problem of transport yet? 你们解决交通问题了吗？
• The couple resolved their differences and made an effort to get along. 这对夫妻消除了他们之间的分歧，尽力融洽相处。
UK [rɪ'zɒlv] US [-'zɑ:lv] verb
DECIDE 决定
intransitive formal
■to make a decision formally or with determination 决定；决心；决意
• [+ that] She resolved that she would never speak to him again. 她决心再也不理他。
• [+ adv/prep] After hours of argument, they resolved against taking legal action. 经过几个小时的争论，他们决定不提起诉讼。
• [+ to infinitive] The company resolved to take no further action against the thieves. 公司决定不再继续追究这些窃贼。
⇒ See also resolute
UK [rɪ'zɒlv] US [-'zɑ:lv] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  resolve sth into sth specialized
■to separate something into different and definite parts 把…分解为…；把…解析为…
• [R] There was a blur of sound, which slowly resolved it self into different words. 开始时是一阵模糊的声音，慢慢就可以分辨出不同的词来。
UK [rɪ'zɒlv] US [-'zɑ:lv] noun uncountable formal
■strong determination 决心；坚定的信念
• to weaken/strengthen/test someone's resolve 削弱／增强／考验某人的决心
resolve, determination, resolution, decision
这组词都有“决定、决心”的意思，其区别是：
resolve: 语气较强，强调克服感情上的软弱，下决心干具体的一件事。
determination: 侧重坚定不移的顽强意志力。
resolution: 指自觉地正式表示的决心，含极强的主观能动意味。
decision: 既可指重大的或一般的决定或决心，又可指在多种情况下作出果断的抉择，毫不犹豫地采取行动。
solve, resolve, answer
solve: 解决，解答。如：He solved all the problems in the exam.(他解出了所有试题。)solve的名词为solution，一般同to搭配。如：a solution to the problem
resolve: 表“解决”，“解答”是个正式用词。如：Have you resolved the problem yet?(你把问题解决了吗？)resolve还有“决定”，“下决心”等意思。
answer: 表“回答”，后面的宾语应是questions。
decide, resolve, determine, settle
这组词都有“决定”的意思，其区别是：
decide: 侧重指经过思考、比较、讨论或询问之后做出的决定。
resolve: 语气较强，强调以坚定不移的信念去做或不做某事，暗含有远大抱负和坚强决心。
determine: 指经过深思熟虑，决心去做某事并坚持施行。
settle: 指排除犹豫、怀疑和争论之后作出明确的最终结论。
vt. 决定；溶解；使…分解；决心要做…
 - solve, condition, conclude
vi. 解决；决心；分解
 - settle, work out, figure out
n. 坚决；决定要做的事
 - determinateness

Word: racial
Front: racial
[ˈreɪʃl] (高研四六 2243/4592 -3)
Vocabulary: racial
(once / 629 pages)
adj
Something racial is related to the characteristics people have because of their genetic or ethnic origins. Racial differences sometimes lead to racial tension.
Members of the same racial group share a very old genetic connection — their ancestors lived in the same part of the world, and they're distantly related. When people talk about "racial diversity," they mean that many of these groups are represented, for example, in a single city. The noun race is at the heart of the adjective racial, and it comes from Old French, with an Italian root word, razza, "race, breed, lineage, or family."
WORD FAMILY
racial: biracial, interracial, multiracial, nonracial, racialism, racially+/interracial: interracially/ race: raced, racer, races, racial, racing, racism, racy/racer: racers/racialism: racialist/racialist: racialists/racing: racings/ racism: racist / racist: nonracist, racists/racy: racier, raciest, racily, raciness
USAGE EXAMPLES
This past year I wrote often about the racial inequality and bias that keep this country from being its best.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lane argued it was a complimentary reference to physical strength and “was not accompanied by any overtly racial slurs.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The prosecutors are also likely to re-emphasize the considerable evidence of Mr. Roof’s premeditation and clearly articulated racial intent.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 种族的; 人种的; 存在或发生于种族之间的
分布：种族的(73%)，人种的(27%)
→来自 race,人种，种族。
a.种的,种族的In the racial horse-race, the white racer's race-horse won.在种族赛马运动中,白人赛手的马获胜.
adjective]ˈreɪ.ʃəl/
 IMPROVER
■happening between people of different races 种族的；种族间的；种族关系的
• racial discrimination/prejudice 种族歧视／偏见
• He had a vision of a society living in racial harmony. 他梦想在一个社会中各种族能和谐共处。
 IMPROVER
■connected with someone's race 种族的；种族间的；种族关系的
• They are members of a racial minority. 他们属于一个少数民族。
adj. 种族的；人种的
 - ethnic, tribal

Word: phase
Front: phase
[feɪz] (研四六托雅 2244/1682 -K3)
Vocabulary: phase
(once / 317 pages)
1nv 2n
A phase is a particular period of time, like someone whose "teenage rebellion" phase lasts well into her thirties.
The word phase can mean a stage in a person’s development or a step in a process, such as “the next phase in the Interstate 57 project.” Phase can also be a verb, usually followed by in or out, to mean slowly introducing or getting rid of something. For example, your school might phase in a new rule or phase out an old one, as new students arrive.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
faze / phase
To faze is to disturb, bother, or embarrass, but a phase is a stage or step. It could faze your family if your princess phase lasts well into your college years.
Faze entered English around 1830 through American English as a variant of feeze, to mean "frighten." It's often in the negative, like when your mellow brother is unfazed by your crazy Cinderella costumes. Don't let these examples faze you:
Gasser didn't seem fazed by his teammates' early shooting woes. (Seattle Times)
Morgan doesn't seem fazed by Google overwhelming influence in the tech world. (Forbes)
A phase is a stage, like the phases of the moon or the awkward phase of teenage rebellion. As a verb, it means to do something in stages, like to phase something in or out:
Education officials are now considering phasing out the middle school grades and possibly housing a new district or charter middle school in the same building. (New York Times)
We will finish Phase One, and then we will look at Phase Two," says Peter Voser, Shell's chief executive officer. (Business Week)
I never know if musicians see bands going through all these different phases the way outsiders or music critics do. (Time)
Confusing phase for faze is an error that usage guru Bryan Garner notes as being at stage 2 of language change: having spread to a "significant fraction of the language community" but remaining "unacceptable in standard usage." So don't get them mixed up.
To keep them straight: something that fazes or bothers you might make you want to fight, but please pass through your princess phase as soon as possible.
WORD FAMILY
phase: multiphase, phased, phases, phasing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“If not” is a dangerous thought for a team about to enter the win-or-else phase of its rebuilding.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
There are three more phases planned for the project.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The start of the penalty phase, originally set for Tuesday, was pushed back a day.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 相，周相; 阶段; [物理学]相位; 方面，侧面
vt. 分阶段实行; 调整相位
vi. 分阶段进行
时态：phased, phasing, phases
分布：阶段(70%)，相位(20%)，时期(4%)，方面(3%)，局面(2%)，逐步执行(1%)
→来自希腊语phasis,月相，星相，来自phainein,出现，显示，来自bha,照明，光照，词源同beacon,phantasm.引申词义相位，阶段。
n.阶段,状态,时期;相,相位In occasional case the phrase emphasizes the importance of the phase to the laser.在偶然情况下该短句强调了相位对于激光的重要性.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■any stage in a series of events or in a process of development （发展或变化的）阶段，时期
• The project is only in the initial phase as yet, but it's looking quite promising. 该专案计划到目前为止才刚起步，但看起来大有可为。
• We're entering a new phase in international relations. 我们现正进入国际关系的新阶段。
 IMPROVER
■a period of strange or difficult behaviour, especially that a young child or person goes through, that will stop after a while 时期（尤指孩童或成人经历的一段行为怪异或让人费解的时期）
• When I was in my early teens I went through a phase of only ever wearing black. 我在十几岁的时候有一阵子只穿黑色衣服。
 IMPROVER
■The phases of the moon are the regular changes in its shape as it appears to us on Earth. （月亮的）位相，盈亏
[feɪz] noun countable
in phase/out of phase
■If two things are happening in/out of phase they are reaching the same or related stages at the same time/at different times. 同步／不同步
[feɪz] verb transitive often passive
■to introduce something in stages over a particular period of time 分阶段实施，逐步进行
• The reduction in armed forces will be phased over the next ten years. 裁军将在未来十年内分阶段进行。
[feɪz] verb transitive often passive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] phase sth in
■to introduce something gradually or in stages 逐步采用；分阶段实施
• They will phase the new health care system in over a period of five years. 他们将在五年内逐步实施新的医疗保健体系。
[feɪz] verb transitive often passive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] phase sth out
■to remove or stop using something gradually or in stages 逐步淘汰，分阶段停止使用
aspect, side, phase, angle
这组词都有“方面”的意思，其区别是：
aspect: 着重以特定观点对事物进行观察或考虑。
side: 可与aspect和phase换用，但更着重构成事物全貌的一个或多个方面。
phase: 指可以对事物进行观察或描述或考虑的任何方面。
angle: 专指从某一角度去观察、考虑事物的某个方面。
n. [物] 相；阶段； [天] 位相
 - stage, age, grade

Word: present
Front: present
[ˈpreznt] (中高雅 817/678 -K2)
Vocabulary: present
(once / 10 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3nv 4v 5v 6v
The word present has multiple meanings, most of which concern giving (a present is a gift) or time (the present is right now).
The verb present might mean to deliver something like a speech, or perform something like a play. On formal occasions, when we present someone, we introduce them, usually to a group or to the public. Present might also mean "to submit" or "hand over." In grammar, the present tense expresses actions or states occurring at the time we're speaking of them, that is to say, at this moment.
WORD FAMILY
present: presence, presentable, presentation, presented, presenter, presenting, presently, presentment, presentness, presents+/ presence: presences/ presentable: presentably, unpresentable/ presentation: presentational, presentations/presenter: presenters/presentment: presentments/unpresentable: unpresentably
USAGE EXAMPLES
And in July, the company will present a free production in a to-be-determined Seattle park.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The purpose of the press is to inform and educate, not mislead with incomplete information presented as facts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
They presented a somber vision of the turtles’ potential extinction and discussed ways to prevent that.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 现在的; 目前的; 出席的; [语法学]现在时的
n. 现在; 礼物; 瞄准
时态：presented, presenting, presents
分布：礼物(33%)，现在(25%)，现在的(12%)，提出(12%)，呈现(6%)，出席的(4%)，当前的(4%)，赠送(3%)，存在的(1%)
→来自法语present,在场的，当前的，来自拉丁语praesentem,在场的，当前的，来自拉丁语praeesse,当前，在前，在场，在边上，来自prae,在前，在前面，esse,存在，成为，是，词源同is,essence,absent.-ent,现在分词后缀。present 提出，提交，展现，展示，出席，主持，颁奖，礼物
a.出席的,现在的n.现在,礼物v.赠送,提出Presently the present is presented to the representative.现在这份礼物已呈现在代表面前.
noun]ˈprez.ənt/
SOMETHING GIVEN 给予之物
 ESSENTIAL countable (UK informal prezzie) (or pressie)
■something which you are given, without asking for it, on a special occasion, especially to show friendship, or to say thank you （尤指表示友谊或致谢的）礼物，赠品
• a birthday/Christmas/wedding present 生日／圣诞／结婚礼物
• They gave me theatre tickets as a present. 他们送给我戏票作为礼物。
noun]ˈprez.ənt/
NOW 现在
the present only singular
 ESSENTIAL
■the period of time which is happening now, not the past or the future; now 现在，目前
• That's all for the present. 暂时就讲这些。
• The play is set in the present. 这出戏以当代为背景。
⇒ See also presently
at present formal
■now 现在，目前
• "Are you busy?" "Not at present." “你忙吗？”“现在不忙。”
• At present she's working abroad. 她目前在国外工作。
adjective]ˈprez.ənt/
IN A PLACE 在场的
 ESSENTIAL [after verb]
■in a particular place 出席的，在场的，存在的
• The whole family was present. 全家人都在场。
• There were no children present. 没有孩子在场。
adjective]ˈprez.ənt/
NOW 现在
[before noun]
■happening or existing now 现在的，目前的
• I don't have her present address. 我不知道她现在的地址。
• Please state your present occupation and salary. 请说出你目前的职业和薪水。
adjective]ˈprez.ənt/
present company excepted
■used to show that a criticism or a rude remark does not refer to the people you are talking to 在座诸位除外
• People here just don't know how to dress, present company excepted. 这里的人不知道如何穿衣打扮，在座诸位除外。
verb transitive /prɪˈzent/
GIVE 给予
 ESSENTIAL
■to give, provide or make known 赠送，授予；提交；展现
• The winners were presented with medals. 获胜者被授予奖牌。
• The letter presented the family with a problem that would be difficult to solve. 这封信给这家人提出了一个难题。
• The documentary presented us with a balanced view of the issue. 这部纪录片向我们呈现了对这个问题的客观看法。
• He presented the report to his colleagues at the meeting. 他在会议上向同事们做出报告。
• The classroom presented a cheerful busy atmosphere to the visitors (= appeared to them to have this). 全班在访客面前展现出一派快乐繁忙的氛围。
• The school is presenting (= performing) 'West Side Story' as its end-of-term production. 学校将上演《西城故事》作为期末作品。
verb transitive /prɪˈzent/
INTRODUCE 介绍
 ADVANCED UK
■to introduce a television or radio show 主持播出（电视或广播节目）
• She presents the late-night news. 她主持午夜新闻。
■formal
■to introduce a person 引见，介绍
• May I present Professor Carter? 请允许我介绍卡特教授。
• Later on I'd like to present you to the headteacher. 过一会儿我会把你引见给校长。
present yourself
■to arrive somewhere and introduce yourself 出现，到场
• He presented himself at the doctor's at 9.30 a.m. as arranged. 他早上9点30分依约去了医生那里。
present itself [R]
■If something presents itself, it happens 发生，出现，呈现
• An opportunity suddenly presented itself. 突然出现了一个良机。
modern, present, up-to-date, contemporary, current, recent
这组词都有“现代的，当代的”的意思，其区别是：
modern: 指现代或近代，时期可长可短。也可指新颖、时髦的。
present: 是这些词中语气最强的一个。指现在正发生、起作用的。
up-to-date: 一般用于非正式场合，指很时新、能反映当前的最新发展。
contemporary: 仅指当今这个时代，不涉及任何过去的时代。但可表示不同的人或物存在于同一时代。
current: 指目前存在和发生的。
recent: 表示新近的，最近的，时间的长短依据所修饰的人或物而定。
equip, furnish, present, provide, volunteer, propose, supply, offer, afford
equip: 侧重提供与技术有关的装备或设备等
furnish: 多指添置家具等供给生活的必需品或为生活舒适提供所需的服务设施
present: 既可指提出意见建议等，又可指拿出某物供人欣赏或赠送
provide: 与supply近义，但强调人的深谋远虑，侧重用贮备等方法作充分准备
volunteer: 侧重出于自愿，而不是奉命做某事
propose: 指直接而主动地提出问题或建议等，也指在讨论或争辩中提出具体意见或建议
supply: 普通用词，指提供任何所需求的东西
offer: 多指主动提出或提供意见或东西等，但是否接受由对方自行决定
afford: 一般只用于对抽象事物提供，也可指经济能力上的供给或支付
present, gift, souvenir, tip
这组词都有“礼物，赠品”的意思，其区别是：
present: 普通用词，指给亲朋好友的礼物，赠者与被赠者之间存在某种个人关系，所赠礼物一般不是很昂贵的。
gift: 含义广，既可指真诚相送的礼物、赠品或生日、节日礼物，又可指捐赠的物品或捐款等。
souvenir: 指对人、物、地点或事件有纪念意义的礼物或纪念品。
tip: 指为酬谢他人服务而给的小费。
confer, present, endow, grant, give, award, accord, bestow
这组词都有“给予，赠给”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 通常指授予称号或学位等。
present: 指正式地给予或授予，通常伴有仪式进行。
endow: 指捐赠大量的钱作基金，也可指给予非物质的东西。
grant: 多指出于慷慨、怜悯或正义感而给予，并且通常是在被请求下给予。
give: 最普通用词，泛指将自己的东西给予他人，所给予的东西，物质或非物质的均可。
award: 通常暗示所给予的东西是接受者应得的，而且给予者往往是具有裁判权力的。
accord: 侧重所给予的是应得的或是恰当的，或是因某种原因而适于接受的。
bestow: 正式用词，指把某物作为礼物赠送于某人，也可作引申用。
vt. 提出；介绍；呈现；赠送
 - prefer, file, advance, recommend, assume
adj. 现在的；出席的
 - current, now
n. 现在；礼物；瞄准
 - gift, giving, aiming, training, tribute

Word: joke
Front: joke
[dʒəʊk] (中高研四 2246/2533 -K3)
Vocabulary: joke
(once / 145 pages)
nv
A joke is a funny story or line that's meant to make people laugh. When you're good at telling jokes, you're the life of the party (and you're probably not telling knock-knock jokes).
Many jokes have a "punch line," the part that either makes your listeners guffaw or groan, depending on how funny it is. The rest of the joke leads up to this climax. Another kind of joke is the "practical" sort, a prank, gag, or trick you play on someone. In the 1660s the word was spelled joque and was considered slang. It comes from the Latin root iocus, "joke, sport, or pastime."
WORD FAMILY
joke: joked, joker, jokes, jokester, joking +/ joker: jokers/ jokester: jokesters/ joking: jokingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Let’s not joke over such a serious matter.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
There’s a chance she’s just in it for the dolphin jokes, though: “I dolphin-itely want to see you inside.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
“He be using them S.A.T. words, talking about Sophocles,” a third joked.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 笑话，玩笑; 笑柄，笑料
vt. & vi. 开玩笑; 戏弄; 闹着玩; 说着玩
时态：joked, joking, jokes
分布：笑话(48%)，玩笑(34%)，开玩笑(16%)，说笑话(2%)
→来自拉丁语iocus,玩乐，玩耍，词源同jeopardy,jocular.来自yek,说。引申词义开玩笑，逗乐。
n.笑话,玩笑v.说笑话,开玩笑The smoke choked the joking stroker at one stroke.烟一下呛住了开玩笑的抚摩者.
US [dʒoʊk] noun
FUNNY 有趣的
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something, such as a funny story or trick, that is said or done in order to make people laugh 笑话；玩笑
• Did I tell you the joke about the chicken crossing the road? 我跟你讲过小鸡过马路的笑话吗？
• She spent the evening cracking (= telling) jokes and telling funny stories. 她整个晚上都在说笑话，讲有趣的故事。
• She tied his shoelaces together for a joke. 她跟他开玩笑，把他的鞋带系在一起。
• I hope Rob doesn't tell any of his dirty jokes (= jokes about sex) when my mother's here. 我希望我母亲在场时罗布不要讲黄色笑话。
• He tried to do a comedy routine, but all his jokes fell flat (= no one laughed at them). 他试着演一个搞笑戏码，但他的笑话都不好笑。
• Don't you get (= understand) the joke? 你听不懂这个笑话吗？
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
BAD/SILLY 坏／愚蠢
only singular informal
■a person or thing that is so bad or silly that they do not deserve respect 荒唐可笑的人（或事物）
• Our new teacher's a bit of a joke - he can't even control the class. 我们的新老师有点荒唐可笑——他连课堂都控制不了。
• The new software is a complete joke - it keeps going wrong. 这个新软体真让人笑掉大牙——总是不断地出毛病。
• The exam was a joke (= was very easy) - everyone finished in less than an hour. 考试容易极了——大家不用一个小时就做完了。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
be no joke informal
■to be serious or difficult 不是闹着玩的；不是轻而易举的事
• It's no joke driving on icy roads. 在结冰的路面上开车不是件轻松的事。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
get/go beyond a joke
■to start to become annoying or worrying 超出开玩笑的限度，开始令人恼怒
• I don't mind helping her out occasionally, but this is getting beyond a joke. 我不介意偶尔帮她一下，但现在开始变得有些烦人了。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
the joke is on sb informal
■If you say that the joke is on a particular person, you mean that they have tried to make someone else look silly but have made themselves look silly instead. 开玩笑反而开到（某人）自己头上
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
make a joke of sth
■to laugh at something although it is serious or important 对…付诸一笑：一笑置之
• He tried to make a joke of the fact that he hadn't passed the exam. 他没有通过考试，他试图对此一笑置之。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
take a joke
■to laugh when someone says something funny about you and not be offended 经得起玩笑话，开得起玩笑
• What's the matter? Can't you take a joke or something? 怎么了？难道你连个玩笑都开不起？
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to say funny things 说笑话
• They joked and laughed as they looked at the photos. 他们看着照片，边开玩笑边大笑。
• It's more serious than you think, so please don't joke about it. 这比你想像的严重，请不要再对此开玩笑了。
• [+ speech] "I didn't expect to be out so soon", he joked, after spending nine months in hospital. “我没想到能这么快出院，”他九个月后出院时开玩笑地说道。
 ADVANCED
■If you think that someone is joking when they say something, you think that they do not really mean it 开玩笑
• I thought he was joking when he said Helen was pregnant, but she really is. 他说海伦怀孕时我以为他在开玩笑，但她确实怀孕了。
• She wasn't joking (= She was serious) when she said she was going to move out of the house by the end of the week. 她说本周末将搬出这幢房子是认真的。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
joking apart/aside
■said when you want to start speaking seriously about something after making jokes and laughing about it 言归正传，说正经的
• Joking apart, will you be able to manage on your own? 言归正传，你自己应付得了吗？
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
Only joking!
■said when you mean that something you said was not intended to be serious 只是在开玩笑！
• Think I'll leave you with the kids while I go for a beer - only joking! 想想我去喝啤酒而留下你和孩子在一起——开个玩笑而已！
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
you must be joking (also you've got to be joking)
■said in answer to something that someone has said, meaning that you do not believe they said it seriously, or you think it is a stupid thing to say （表示不相信或觉得荒谬）你一定是在开玩笑吧
• You've got to be joking if you think I'm going to stand in the rain watching you play rugby! 你以为我会站在雨中看你打橄榄球，你一定是在开玩笑吧！
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
You're joking!
■something you say to show that you are surprised by what someone has said, or do not believe it is true （表示吃惊或不相信）你是在开玩笑吧！
• "Hey, Maria's leaving." "You're joking!" “嘿，玛丽亚要走了。”“你在开玩笑吧！”
n. 玩笑，笑话；笑柄
 - fun, sport
vt. 开…的玩笑
 - make sport of, play trick on
vi. 开玩笑
 - fool, kid around

Word: coat
Front: coat
[kəʊt] (中高研四托 2247/2138 -K3)
Vocabulary: coat
(once / 82 pages)
nv
A coat is a warm piece of clothing you wear when it's cold outside. When the days get short and chilly, it's probably time to start wearing your puffy winter coat.
A coat is a necessary garment during the winter in most parts of the world. You can also use the word to mean "layer," like when you paint your house, starting with a coat of primer. Another kind of coat is the one your dog, or any furry animal, has: "I brushed my cat's coat until it shone." Coat comes from the Old French cote, "tunic or overgarment," with its Turkish root kotta, "coarse cloth."
WORD FAMILY
coat: coated, coating, coats, overcoat, undercoat+/coated: uncoated/coating: coatings, overcoating/overcoat: overcoats/overcoating: overcoatings/undercoat: undercoated, undercoating, undercoats
USAGE EXAMPLES
Everyone, men included, seems to be in “Where the Wild Things Are” furs; coat check looks like the Bronx Zoo.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Online,” the woman in the trench coat says, and the conversation continues from there.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Smith-Schuster appeared at the media day event sweating and wearing a coat indoors.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 上衣，外套
vt. 给…穿上上衣[外套]; 盖上
时态：coated, coating, coats
分布：外套(51%)，上衣(28%)，层(10%)，覆盖(5%)，涂上(3%)，表皮(2%)，包上(1%)
→词源不详。
n.上衣,外套;表皮;层,覆盖物v.涂(盖)上He put his coat on.他穿上外衣.
US [koʊt] noun countable
CLOTHING 衣服
 ESSENTIAL
■an outer piece of clothing with sleeves which is worn over other clothes, usually for warmth （通常指保暖的）外套，外衣，大衣
• Do your coat up, Joe, or you'll freeze. 扣好外套，乔，不然你会冻坏的。
• We need a coat hook on the back of this door. 我们需要在这扇门后装一个衣钩。
 ESSENTIAL
■used as a combining form （用作构词成分）衣服
• an overcoat 长大衣
• a raincoat 雨衣
UK [kəʊt] US [koʊt] noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
■the hair, wool or fur covering an animal （动物的）皮毛
• a thick/glossy/matted coat 厚厚的／光滑的／乱蓬蓬缠在一起的皮毛
UK [kəʊt] US [koʊt] noun countable
COVER 覆盖 (also coating)
■a layer of a particular substance that covers something 给…涂上一层；使覆盖上一层，外加一层
• I'll give the walls a quick coat of paint. 我要给墙快速上一层漆。
• two coats of varnish 两层清漆
• a thick coating of chocolate 一层厚厚的巧克力
UK [kəʊt] US [koʊt] verb transitive
■to cover something with a layer of a particular substance 给…涂上一层；使覆盖上一层，外加一层
• When the biscuits are cool, you coat them in/with melted chocolate. 饼干放凉后，在上面涂上一层融化的巧克力。
uniform, clothing, clothes, dress, garment, suit, costume, gown, robe, coat
这组词都有“衣服、服装”的意思，其区别是：
uniform: 指某团体或组织统一做的制服，如军服、校服等。
clothing: 常用词，集合名词，是衣服的总称。
clothes: 普通用词，多指包括上衣、内衣或裤子等具体的一件件衣服。
dress: 多指正式场合或为某些特定用途而穿的服装，也指童装或女性穿的连衣裙。
garment: 语气庄重，正式用词，复数形式可与clothes换用，指身上全部穿着。单数形式指单件衣服，尤指长袍、外套等外面的衣服。
suit: 指一套服装，一般有几件配成一套的套装。
costume: 指流行某一地区或某一时代的服装，也指演员的戏装。
gown: 指女人穿的长服，尤指教士、法官、教授等的礼服或妇女的睡衣等，也指长袍。
robe: 指长袍，也指浴衣、晨衣。
coat: 指上衣、外衣、大衣、外套及女式上装。
n. 外套
 - outerwear, town clothes

Word: Mexican
Front: Mexican
['meksɪkən] (高 2248/7301)
Back: adj. 墨西哥的；墨西哥人的
n. 墨西哥人；墨西哥语
分布：墨西哥的(56%)，墨西哥人(39%)，墨西哥语(5%)
adjective
■from, belonging to or relating to Mexico 来自墨西哥的；墨西哥的
['mek.sɪ.kən] noun countable
■a person from Mexico 墨西哥人

Word: symptom
Front: symptom
[ˈsɪmptəm] (高研六托雅 2249/2342 -3)
Vocabulary: symptom
(once / 291 pages)
n
A symptom is the result or byproduct of something else—specifically, the result we use to prove that that other thing exists. Simple example: a cough is a symptom of a cold. We know we have a cold because we have the symptom, a cough.
Don't confuse the symptom with the cause. Even when the symptom is worse than the cause, don't be tempted to confuse them. Fever, sneezing, achiness: all of these are symptom of a cold. But they are not the cold. They are symptoms of it. Relationship experts argue over whether "cheating” is the cause of unhappiness or the symptom. In other words, do people think about breaking up because of cheating, or do they cheat because they're thinking about breaking up.
WORD FAMILY
symptom: symptomatic, symptomless, symptoms+/ symptomatic: symptomatically
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s harder to explain the lingering of symptoms such as fatigue and weakness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
See a doctor if your symptoms don’t resolve or if they cause discomfort or emotional distress.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Depending on the severity of these symptoms, patients may need to delay treatment and begin a course of steroids and or discontinue the drug immediately.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 症状; 征兆
分布：症状(87%)，征兆(13%)
→来自希腊语 symptoma, 疾病， 发生， 来自 sym-, 一起， 一致，-pt, 追逐， 降落， 词源同 compete,petition,-oma,名词后缀。引申词义症状，征兆等。词义演变比较 syndrome,综合症。
n.(疾病的)症状;(不好事情的)征兆,表征Mary's symptom is similar to Joseph's in some way.玛丽的症状在某些方面和约瑟夫的类似.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■any feeling of illness or physical or mental change which is caused by a particular disease （疾病的）症状
• He's complaining of all the usual flu symptoms - a high temperature, headache and so on. 他抱怨所有常见的感冒症状——高烧、头痛等，都出现在他身上。
• He's been HIV-positive for six years, but just recently he's started to develop the symptoms of AIDS. 他 HIV 病毒检测呈阳性反应已有六年了，但直到最近才开始出现爱滋病的征状。
■any single problem which is caused by and shows a more serious and general problem 征兆，征候
• It's her feeling that the recent outbreaks of violence are a symptom of the dissatisfaction that is currently affecting our society. 她觉得最近爆发的暴力事件，显示了目前不满的情绪正在影响我们的社会。
indication, symptom
这组词都有“征兆”的意思，其区别是：
indication: 普通用词，指任何情况或内容的征兆或迹象。
symptom: 通常指作为医学诊断的病征兆。
n. [临床] 症状；征兆
 - premonitor, prefiguration

Word: contact
Front: contact
[ˈkɒntækt] (研四六托雅宝 1480/1196 -K4)
Vocabulary: contact
(once / 101 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
Contact is the act of touching or communicating with someone or something else. The question increasingly isn't whether there is other life in the universe, but how on earth we will ever make contact with it.
"To make contact" (the noun) means to establish some form of communication, be it physical, verbal, or some other kind. To contact (the verb) means to establish that communication. If you're looking to contact Madonna, good luck. She's got people whose only job it is to prevent folks like you from making contact with her. Batteries have two contacts, one positive and one negative. They are where the battery makes contact with the thing to which it provides power.
WORD FAMILY
contact: contacted, contacting, contacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Johnson agreed to let the care manager contact him, and to return for a follow-up visit in two months.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police are asking anyone with information to contact Crime Stoppers at 1800-577-TIPS or visit the website at www.nypdcrimestoppers.com.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Blatant body checking is banned, but there is plenty of contact.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 接触; 触点; [医]（传染病）接触人; 门路
vt. 使接触; 与…联系; 与…通讯（或通话）
vi. 联系，接触
时态：contacted, contacting, contacts
分布：联系(66%)，接触(31%)，接触的(2%)，熟人(1%)
→con-, 强调。-tact, 接触，词源同tactile, tangible.
接触;联系(con共同+tact→共同接触)[tact,tag,tig,ting=touch表示"接触"]
v./n.(使)接触,联系,交往The exact contact with practice has practical impact on me.同实践的密切接触对我有实际的影响.
【记】con共同，tact接触－共同接触
【参】intact（adj 完整无缺的；童贞的；未阉的）；tactile（adj 触觉的）
US ['kɑ:n-] noun
COMMUNICATION 交流
 IMPROVER uncountable
■communication with someone, especially by speaking or writing to them regularly （尤指经常透过交谈、书信的）联系，联络，交往
• "Have you been in contact with Andrew recently?" "Only by telephone." “你最近跟安德鲁联络过吗？”“只是打过电话。”
• I'm still in contact with her - we write a couple of times a year. 我和她仍有联系——我们一年写几封信。
• There isn't enough contact between teachers and parents. 老师和家长间联系不够。
• I've been busy at home and have hardly had any contact with the outside world. 我一直都在家里忙，和外面的世界几乎没有甚么联系。
• I'd hate to lose contact with my old school friends. 我不愿和从前的校友失去联系。
• She finally made contact with him in Italy. 她最终在义大利和他取得了联系。
• Air traffic control lost radio contact with the pilot of the aircraft ten minutes before the accident. 事故发生前十分钟，航空交通管制中心失去了和机师的无线电联系。
• The school likes to have a contact number (= telephone number, especially for emergencies) for parents during school hours. 学校希望有上课时间能联系到家长的电话号码。
UK ['kɒn.tækt] US ['kɑ:n-] noun
TOUCH 接触
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when two people or things touch each other 接触；触摸；碰到
• Don't let that glue come into contact with your skin. 别让那种胶水黏到你的皮肤上。
• Have you been in contact with (= touched or been very near) anyone with the disease? 你接触过患这种病的人吗？
• He hates physical contact of any sort - he doesn't even like to shake your hand. 他讨厌任何形式的身体接触——甚至不愿和人握手。
UK ['kɒn.tækt] US ['kɑ:n-] noun
PERSON 人
 IMPROVER countable
■a person, especially in a high position, who can give you useful information or introductions which will help you at work or socially （尤指身居高位，能提供有用资讯或引见的）熟人，（社会）关系
• I don't really know how she got the job, but I suspect her mother's got contacts. 我不知道她到底怎么得到这份工作的，不过我怀疑她母亲有些门路。
• If you need more stationery, I've got a good contact in a local printing firm. 如果你需要更多信纸，我在当地一家印刷公司倒是有熟人。
• We're building up (= increasing the number of) our contacts in the business. 我们在业内逐渐建立起自己的人脉。
UK ['kɒn.tækt] US ['kɑ:n-] noun
ELECTRICITY 电
countable
■a part in a circuit which makes the circuit complete when it touches another part （电路的）接触点，接点
UK ['kɒn.tækt] US ['kɑ:n-] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to communicate with someone by telephoning them or sending them a letter, email, etc. （透过电话或写电子邮件等）联系，联络
• I tried to contact him at his office, but he wasn't in. 我试着给他的办公室打电话，但是他不在。
• You can contact me UK on / US at (= speak to me by telephoning) 388 9146. 你可以拨3889146和我联系。
• Unless the money is returned, we shall shortly be contacting our legal department. 如果不归还款项，我们马上就和法律部门联络。
UK ['kɒn.tækt] US ['kɑ:n-] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  contact Remember that when contact is a verb it is never followed by a preposition. Don't say 'contact with someone' or 'contact to someone', say contact someone :
✗ You can contact with me by phone or email. You can contact me by phone or email.
face, encounter, meet, contact, confront
这组词都有“遇见，会见，碰见”的意思，其区别是：
face: 侧重双方静止地面对面，或指指充满勇气、信心和决心正视人或事。
encounter: 通常指遇到困难或挫折，也指偶然或意外地相遇。
meet: 普通用词，本义指双方或多方从不同方向或相反方向作向对运动，最终相碰(遇)。
contact: 多指通过书信、电话或直接会面和别人联系。口语用词。
confront: 不可避免的，面对面的相遇。也指敢于正视困难或问题的决心和信心。
touch, contact
这组词都有“接触”的意思，其区别是：
touch: 指具体意义“接触”时，强调动作；表抽象意义时，侧重“联系”。
contact: 强调紧密接触的两个物体之间的相互关系。也可用作比喻。
n. [电] [电子] 接触，联系
 - touch, link
vi. 联系， [电] [电子] 接触
 - meet, to link

Word: manufacturer
Front: manufacturer
[ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərə(r)] (四六 2251/2016 -K3)
Vocabulary: manufacturer
(once / 339 pages)
n
A manufacturer is a person or business that makes goods to sell. If you buy a shirt that has a "made in the USA" label, it means that the manufacturer of the shirt is in the United States.
You can use the noun manufacturer for any company (or individual) that makes products, but it's most often used for things made on a very large scale, like cars, appliances, and computers. The word comes from manufacture, which as a noun originally meant "something made by hand," from the Latin roots manus, "hand," and factura, "a working."
WORD FAMILY
manufacturer: manufacturers+/ manufacture: manufactured, manufacturer, manufactures, manufacturing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Manufacturers pay states a 23.1 percent rebate on brand-name drugs compared to 13 percent for generics.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Following his win, he agreed a deal with the manufacturer of the glasses permitting them to use his name.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In one study, researchers found that more than three-fourths of colonoscopes and gastroscopes were still contaminated after cleaning and disinfection in accordance with manufacturer guidelines.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 制造商，制造厂; 厂主; [经]厂商
分布：制造商(100%)
US [-tʃɚ.ɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a company that produces goods in large numbers 制造商，生产商（生产大批商品的企业）
• Germany is a major manufacturer of motor cars. 德国是汽车生产大国。
manufacturers [plural]
■companies that produce manufactured goods 制造商，生产厂家
• Our kettle was leaking, so we had to send it back to the manufacturers. 我们的水壶漏了，要把它退回制造商。
n. [工业] 制造商； [经] 厂商
 - business firm

Word: philosophy
Front: philosophy
[fəˈlɒsəfi] (研四六托 2252/2351 -K3)
Vocabulary: philosophy
(once / 63 pages)
n
The noun philosophy means the study of proper behavior, and the search for wisdom.
The original meaning of the word philosophy comes from the Greek roots philo- meaning "love" and -sophos, or "wisdom." When someone studies philosophy they want to understand how and why people do certain things and how to live a good life. In other words, they want to know the meaning of life. Add the suffix -er to philosophy, and you get a word for someone whose job it is to think these big thoughts.
WORD FAMILY
philosophy: philosopher, philosophic, philosophical, philosophies, philosophise, philosophize +/ philosopher: philosophers/ philosophical: philosophically/philosophise: philosophised, philosophiser, philosophises, philosophising/philosophiser: philosophisers/ philosophize: philosophized, philosophizer, philosophizes, philosophizing/philosophizer: philosophizers/philosophizing: philosophizings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Our children should not die as a result of their parents’ philosophy, religion or misinformation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And it’s a philosophy supported by existing research.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Much of Trump’s political philosophy was formed in the 1980s too.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 哲学; 哲学体系，哲学思想; 生活信条; 哲理
分布：哲学(95%)，哲理(5%)
→philo-,爱，爱好，-soph,思考，智慧，词源同Sophia,sophist.引申词义哲学家。
哲学(philo+sophy智慧→爱智慧→哲学)[phil,philo=love,表示"爱"]
哲学(philo爱+sophy→爱智慧→哲学)[Soph=wise,表示"智慧,聪明"]
n.哲学,哲理,人生观,价值观,世界观Hess has an unusual philosophy of life.海丝有不寻常的人生观.
US [-'lɑ:.sə-] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the use of reason in understanding such things as the nature of reality and existence, the use and limits of knowledge and the principles that govern and influence moral judgment 哲学
• René Descartes is regarded as the founder of modern philosophy. 勒奈‧笛卡尔被视为现代哲学的奠基人。
⇒ See also PhD
the philosophy of sth
■a group of theories and ideas related to the understanding of a particular subject （某学科的）多种理论思想
• the philosophy of education/religion/science 教育／宗教／科学知识
countable
■a particular system of beliefs, values and principles 哲学思想；哲学体系
• the Ancient Greek philosophy of Stoicism 古希腊斯多葛哲学体系
countable usually singular informal
■someone's outlook on life and their way of dealing with it 人生哲学；生活（或工作）准则
• Live now, pay later - that's my philosophy of life ! 现在享受，以后付出——这是我的人生哲学。
n. 哲学；哲理；人生观
 - Weltbild, Anschauung

Word: potato
Front: potato
[pəˈteɪtəʊ] (中高 2253/3013 -K3)
Vocabulary: potato
(once / 251 pages)
n
The potato is a mighty tuber! You can find it baked, mashed, or fried, among other things, in kitchens the world over.
Potato, which comes from the Spanish word patata, originally meant "sweet potato." Potatoes have been around for quite awhile. If you'd lived in the Andes 1800 years ago, you might have been eating potatoes ever since (though you might be sick of them by now). Remember that the plural form of this starchy vegetable ends in "toes."
WORD FAMILY
potato: potatoes, potatos
USAGE EXAMPLES
Great vintage advertisement: The Union Pacific railroad touts its access to “America’s vital potato markets.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Roaming vendors sell doughnuts and potato chips while beer and food trucks contribute to the happy-hour atmosphere.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Suppose you are a basic Couch Potato investor and you’ve chosen to avoid credit risk.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 马铃薯， 土豆，洋芋; 土豆块茎
分布：马铃薯(52%)，土豆(48%)
→1560s,来自西班牙语patata,来自加勒比海地语batata,红薯，甜薯。后用于指秘鲁产的土豆，土豆早先的名字为bastard potato,因最初土豆不如红薯美味，但后随着土豆越来越重要，人们以potato命名土豆，而以sweet potato命名红薯。
n.马铃薯,土豆Put the spotless potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco atoms into the hot pot.把无斑点的土豆,番茄和烟草微粒放进热锅里.
US [-tˌoʊ] (plural potatoes)
noun countable or uncountable ESSENTIAL
■a round vegetable which grows underground and has white flesh with light brown, red or pink skin, or the plant on which these grow 马铃薯
• boiled/roasted/fried potatoes 煮／烤／炸马铃薯
• mashed potato/mashed potatoes 马铃薯泥
n. 土豆， [作物] 马铃薯
 - murphy, tater

Word: interview
Front: interview
[ˈɪntəvju:] (中高研四六雅 944/1421 -K4)
Vocabulary: interview
(once / 103 pages)
nv
Interview can be a verb or a noun, but whatever form it takes, it involves a formal meeting and asking or answering questions. When you go to a job interview, be prepared to answer questions about your strengths and weaknesses.
The noun form of interview refers to a question-and-answer session. You’ve probably seen a TV interview with a famous person, or you may have gone to an interview with a college admissions director. The verb form of the word describes the act of asking the questions. You might interview a local politician for your school paper. Often an interview involves some kind of evaluation, so speak carefully if someone is interviewing you, especially if it's going to be published!
WORD FAMILY
interview: interviewed, interviewee, interviewer, interviewing, interviews+/interviewee: interviewees/interviewer: interviewers/ overview: overviews/ preview: previewed, previewing, previews/ review: reviewed, reviewer, reviewing, reviews/reviewer: reviewers/ view: interview, overview, preview, review, viewable, viewed, viewer, viewing, viewless, views/viewer: viewers/viewing: viewings/viewless: viewlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The film also includes a never-before-aired interview with the filmmaker.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In a 2006 interview, Brewer said there was no way to counter the attacks.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We’ve got to create more value in health care,” Mr. Murphy said in an interview after Mr. Trump’s election.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 接见; 采访; 面试; 会谈
vt. & vi. 面试
vt. 采访; 访问; 会见; （私下）提问
时态：interviewed, interviewing, interviews
分布：面试(61%)，采访(19%)，面谈(8%)，会见(6%)，接见(5%)，对 ... 进行面试(1%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，view,看。即相互看，引申词义面试，面谈等。
v./n.接见,会见;采访;面试The interviewer reviewed the newspaper and renewed his viewpoint on the news.采访者再次查看了报纸并更新了他对该新闻的看法.
US [-tˌɚ-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a meeting in which someone asks you questions to see if you are suitable for a job or course 面试；面谈
• a job interview 求职面试
• I had an interview for a job with a publishing firm. 我参加了一家出版公司的求职面试。
 ESSENTIAL
■a meeting in which someone is asked questions about themselves for a newspaper article, television show, etc 采访
• an exclusive interview with Paul Simon 对保罗‧赛门的独家采访
• In a television interview last night she denied she had any intention of resigning. 在昨晚的电视采访中，她否认有辞职的打算。
 ESSENTIAL
■a meeting in which the police ask someone questions to see if they have committed a crime 讯问
UK ['ɪn.tə.vju:] US [-tˌɚ-] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to ask someone questions in an interview 采访；对…进行面试；讯问
• We've had 200 applicants for the job, but we only plan to interview about 20 of them. 有200人申请这份工作，但我们只打算对其中约20名进行面试。
• Who's the most famous person you've ever interviewed on TV? 你在电视上采访过的人中谁最有名？
• Police are interviewing a 43-year-old man in connection with the murder. 警方正在对一名与该谋杀案有关的43岁男子进行讯问。
n. 接见，采访；面试，面谈
 - audience
vt. 采访；接见；对…进行面谈；对某人进行面试
 - cover, to receive

Word: foundation
Front: foundation
[faʊnˈdeɪʃn] (研四六 2256/1824 -K3)
Vocabulary: foundation
(once / 122 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A foundation is the base for something. You often hear about the structural foundations of buildings, but a good idea can also be the foundation of a successful business.
In the simplest sense, foundations support something else. Friendship is the foundation of a good marriage, and many svelte figures rely on girdles (known to underwear specialists as a foundation garment). But foundations are also charitable organizations. And in cosmetics, foundation is gooey make-up that's supposed to match your skin tone.
WORD FAMILY
foundation: foundations+/ find: finder, finding, finds, found /finder: finders/ finding: findings/ found: foundation, founded, foundedly, founder, founding, founds/founded: unfounded / founder: foundered, foundering, founders/foundering: founderings/ founding: foundings/ unfounded: unfoundedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Saltsman is research director at the Employment Policies Institute, which receives support from restaurants, foundations and individuals.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Peter Schweizer, the author of “Clinton Cash,” also recently warned that he sees parallels between the Clinton Foundation and the Trump Organization.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A poll this fall by the Kaiser Family Foundation found only 37 percent believe repealing the Affordable Care Act should be a top priority.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地基; 基础; 基金（会）; 粉底
分布：基础(93%)，根据(3%)，创建(2%)，根基(2%)
→来自found, 底部，基础。
基础,地基[found,fund=base,表示"基础"]
n.基础,根本,建立,创立;地基,基金,基金会Socrates laid the foundations of logic.苏格拉底奠定了逻辑学的基础.
【记】found（v 建立；使有根据）作为词根表示：底部
noun
BEGIN 开始
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when an organization, state, etc. is established 创建；建立
• the foundation of a new state 新州的建立
 IMPROVER countable
■an organization that has been established in order to provide money for a particular group of people in need of help or for a particular type of study 基金会
• the British Heart Foundation 英国心脏健康基金会
• the Environmental Research Foundation 环境研究基金会
uncountable UK
■the first year of infant school, previously known as reception （幼儿学校）基础班
• a foundation class/teacher 幼儿学校基础班课堂／教师
• Her youngest child starts (in) foundation in September. 她最小的孩子九月份上幼儿学校基础班。
[faʊn'deɪ.ʃən] noun
BUILDING 建筑物
foundations [plural]
■the structures below the surface of the ground which support a building 地基；房基
• The foundations will have to be reinforced to prevent the house from sinking further into the ground. 地基必须进行加固以防房屋继续下陷。
[faʊn'deɪ.ʃən] noun
UNTRUE 不真实
be without foundation uncountable (also have no foundation)
■to be untrue 无根据
• These allegations are completely without foundation. 这些说法完全没有根据。
[faʊn'deɪ.ʃən] noun
MAKE-UP 化妆
uncountable
■a type of make-up which is spread over the skin of the face, usually before other make-up is put on, giving it a better and more even colour and hiding unwanted marks （化妆打底用的）粉底霜
[faʊn'deɪ.ʃən] noun
lay the foundations of/for
■to produce the basic ideas or structures from which something much larger develops 打下…的基础；为…打下基础
• The two leaders have laid the foundations of a new era in cooperation between their countries. 两位领导人为两国合作的新纪元打下了基础。
• He helped to lay the foundations of English drama. 他在奠定英国戏剧的基础方面做出了贡献。
[faʊn'deɪ.ʃən] noun
shake/rock sth to its foundations
■to seriously damage, upset or change an organization or someone's beliefs 从根本上动摇（某一组织或信仰）
• The scandal has shaken the Democratic Party to its foundations. 那件丑闻从根本上动摇了民主党。
basis, ground, base, foundation
这组词都有“基础”的意思，其区别是：
basis: 主要用作抽象或引申意义。
ground: 含义与basis和foundation接近。一般指某种决定、论点或关系的基础，也可指某种原因的基础。
base: 侧重指构成或支撑某一具体物体的基础，也可指军事基地或用作比喻意义。
foundation: 用于具体意义时，侧重指坚固结实的建筑物的基础或地基；用作比喻意义时，与basis基本相同。
n. 基础； [建] 地基；基金会；根据；创立
 - elements, basis, bed, seed, radical

Word: quote
Front: quote
[kwəʊt] (研四六宝 2255/2039 -K4)
Vocabulary: quote
(once / 106 pages)
1vn 2v
If a journalist is interviewing you and you blurt out something inappropriate, you will have to ask her not to quote you on that. Sometimes the word quote is used as shorthand for quotation, a passage of speech or writing that’s repeated word for word.
As a verb, to quote means to repeat someone’s words, attributing them to their originator. If you’re giving a speech on personal organization, you might want to quote Ben Franklin in it — he’s the master. When you write out a quote, you put the other person’s words in quotation marks (“Aha!”). Sometimes a price estimate is called a quote, like when a mechanic looks at your engine and gives you a quote for the cost of repair.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
quote / quotation
If you quote someone, do you create a quote or a quotation? To quote is to transcribe what someone said or wrote, crediting that person:
As a result, until yesterday, the Company had been quoted only on the Pink Sheets.
"She was kind of a rainbow," Sheri Potter said Wednesday, quoting Kimmie's father, Cecil.
A quotation is the transcription of what someone said or wrote, crediting that person:
A quotation attributed to Adolf Hitler that made its way into a high school yearbook in Pennsylvania has left students, parents and educators mortified.
Yet we also see quote used to mean quotation, and not just by Johnny-Come-Lately quotation publishers like Quote of the Day, BrainyQuote, and the Quotations Page:
Twain is known for more notable quotes about more topics than you can shake a stick at.
It features the presidential seal in the center and quotes from some of the leaders Obama admires most.
Most dictionaries allow that quote can mean quotation, though some will label such usage as informal. Given the prevalence of this usage in edited news copy, don't worry overmuch about using quote to mean quotation ... unless, of course, you're writing for someone who is very formal.
WORD FAMILY
quote: misquote, quotable, quotation, quoted, quoter, quotes, quoting, underquote+/misquotation: misquotations/ misquote: misquotation, misquoted, misquotes, misquoting/ quotable: quotability, quotably, unquotable/ quotation: quotations/quoter: quoters
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the exact quote is, “Administration should support and defend activist groups by nullifying slander and smear campaign from bigger group.”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Vatican spokesman Greg Burke tells The Associated Press the quotes are “invented.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nevertheless Comey says he is recommending that no criminal charges be brought against Clinton, because, quote, “I don’t want to die.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 引述，引用
vt. 报价; 引述
vi. 引用
n. 引用; 报价; 引号
时态：quoted, quoting, quotes
分布：报价(49%)，引用(39%)，引述(11%)，举证(1%)
→来自拉丁语quot,多少，来自kwo,疑问代词词干，词源同quality,quantity.用于指文章引用出处，章节，后用于指投标，报价。
v.引用,援引The author frequently quoted Shakespeare.作者经常引用莎士比亚作品里的话.
【记】读：抠他，把他的话从嘴里抠出来－引证
US [kwoʊt] verb
SAY 说
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to repeat the words that someone else has said or written 引用，引述，援引
• He's always quoting from the Bible. 他总是引用《圣经》上的话。
• "If they're flexible, we're flexible", the official was quoted as saying. 援引那位官员的话说：“如果他们能变通，我们也能变通。”
• She worked, to quote her daughter, "as if there was no tomorrow". 用她女儿的话来说，她工作起来“就像没有明天似的”。
• Can I quote you on that (= Can I repeat to other people what you have just said) ? 你讲的那些话我可以告诉别人吗？
transitive
■If you quote a fact or example, you refer to it in order to add emphasis to what you are saying 举出，举证
• [+ two objects] Quote me one organization that doesn't have some bad managers. 请给我举出一个没有不善管理的经理的机构来。
UK [kwəʊt] US [kwoʊt] verb
GIVE PRICE 报价
transitive
■to give a price, especially one that will be charged for doing a piece of work 报价
• The architect has quoted £40,000 to build an extension. 扩建部分建筑师开价40000英镑。
UK [kwəʊt] US [kwoʊt] verb
quote ... unquote informal
■said to show that you are repeating someone else's words, especially if you do not agree with them （尤指在不赞同某人时表示引用其话语）引文起…引文止
• She says they're, quote 'just good friends' unquote. 她说她们，开引号，“只是好朋友而已”，关引号。
UK [kwəʊt] US [kwoʊt] noun
countable
■informal forquotation quotation 的非正式用法
quotes [plural]
■informal forquotation marks quotation marks（引号）的非正式用法
• Put the title of the article in quotes. 替文章的标题加上引号。
cite, quote, repeat
这组词都有“引用，复述”的意思，其区别是：
cite: 指引经据典以示证明或凭据。
quote: 指不加剪裁的直接引用原文或原话。
repeat: 仅强调口头或笔头重复别人的话或字句，并不必指明出处。
vt. 报价；引述；举证
 - make offers, price quotation
vi. 报价；引用；引证
 - reference, make offers
n. 引用
 - citing, citation

Word: online
Front: online
[ˌɒnˈlaɪn] (雅 2257/9396)
Vocabulary: online
(once / 264 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
When you're online, you are using a computer or other device that's connected to the Internet. If someone asks if you're online, they're wondering whether you have Internet access.
You might say, "I need to go online and check my email," or "I don't know if she's still meeting me — she hasn't been online all day." Or you could describe something that's available or readable on the Internet, like a news story, as being online. While the adjective officially describes a connection to any computer network, it's almost always used these days to mean "on the Internet." The word online has been around since 1950.
WORD FAMILY
online
USAGE EXAMPLES
The CBP tweeted around 10:30 p.m. that all airports were back online.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
Berger rose to Internet fame by creating bizarre videos about the presidential campaign for the online video network Super Deluxe.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The online reaction to the puzzle was swift, though it seemed more people were entertained than offended.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adj. 在线的; 联网的; 联机的
分布：在线的(51%)，联机的(30%)，在线地(19%)
US [ˈɑːn.laɪn]
 ESSENTIAL
■describes products, services or information that can be bought or used on the Internet （产品、服务或信息）联网的，在线的，网上的
• an online newspaper/magazine/dictionary 网上报纸／网络杂志／在线词典
• online banking/shopping 网上银行服务／购物
(also on-line)
adverb UK [ˌɒnˈlaɪn] US [ˌɑːnˈlaɪn]
INTERNET 网际网路
 IMPROVER
■bought, used, etc. using the Internet 从网上，在网上，利用网际网路（购买、获得等）
• Have you ever bought anything online? 你在网上买过东西吗？
• This dictionary went online in 1999. 1999年开始提供这部词典的线上服务。
be online
■to be able to use email or the Internet 上（互联）网，在（互联）网上
• I'll send you my email address once I'm online. 我一上网就把我的电子邮箱地址发给你。
(also on-line)
adverb UK [ˌɒnˈlaɪn] US [ˌɑːnˈlaɪn]
CONNECTED 连接的
■connected to a system （与系统）联网地，联机地
• The new power station is expected to be online by July. 新发电站有望在7月份前实现联网。
• When will the new factory come online (= start production) ? 新工厂何时开始生产？

Word: pass
Front: pass
[pɑ:s] (中高雅 441/480 -K5)
Vocabulary: pass
(once / 10 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vnadj 4vn
A document that lets you go somewhere or do something is a pass. You can have a backstage pass at a concert, a three-day pass from a military base, or a hall pass for using the restroom during class.
If you hand something to someone, you can use the verb pass, like when your dad asks you to pass the mashed potatoes. If the hand off is more of a throw or toss, then you are probably referring to a sports pass. You can't complain that no one will pass you the ball if you always stay on the opposite end of the court from where the action is.
WORD FAMILY
pass: overpass, passable, passage, passed, passer, passes, passing, underpass+/ impassable: impassably/overpass: overpasses, overpast/ passable: impassable, passably, unpassable/ passage: passages/passer: passers/ passing: passinger, passings/underpass: underpasses
USAGE EXAMPLES
White’s passes, even the short ones, were often well off the mark.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
At the Penn State 27-yard line, receiver Deontay Burnett unilaterally decided to scrap his pass route and beeline to the end zone.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
None of that mattered to McSorley, not after his last pass.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 走过; 通过; 批准; 度过
vt. 传球; 及格; 发生; 不要
n. 通道; 通行证; 关口; 越过
时态：passed, passing, passes
分布：通过(43%)，经过(11%)，传球(10%)，传递(10%)，通行证(10%)，及格(10%)，发生(3%)，度过(2%)，乘车券(1%)
→来自法语passer,走过，经过，来自拉丁语*passare,走过，经过，来自passus,脚步，步伐，来自pete,展开，伸展，词源同 pace,feather,compete.引申诸相关词义。
v.经/通/穿/度过;传递n.通行证;考试及格The police had blocked the road and would not let the cars pass.警察封锁了道路,不让汽车通过.
US [pæs] verb
GO PAST 经过
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to go past something or someone or move in relation to it or them 经过，路过
• I passed him on the stairs this morning. 今天早上我在楼梯上与他擦肩而过。
• You should only pass a slower vehicle if it is safe to do so. 只有在安全的情况下，你才应该超越较慢的车辆。
• If you pass a supermarket, could you get me some milk? 你若是路过超市的话，帮我买些牛奶好吗？
• I was just passing by (= going past the place where you are) , so I thought I'd drop in for a chat. 我正好路过，所以想进来聊聊。
• A momentary look of anxiety passed across his face. 他脸上闪过一丝焦虑的神情。
• A cloud passed over the sun. 一朵云飘过，遮住了太阳。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to go past a particular point in time （时间）过去，流逝
• Don't buy goods which have passed their sell-by date. 不要购买过了销售期限的商品。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■If you say a state or feeling will pass, you mean it will disappear （某一状态或感情）消失
• Don't worry, his depression is only temporary - it'll soon pass. 别担心，他的消沉只是暂时的——很快就会过去。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
SUCCEED 成功
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to be successful in an examination, course, etc 通过（考试、课程等）
• Guess what? I've passed my driving test! 你猜怎么了？我通过驾驶考试了！
• The exam is so hard that only 5% of all applicants pass. 考试太难了，所有考生中只有5%通过。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
GIVE 给
 IMPROVER transitive
■to give something to someone 传递，传送
• Could you pass the salt please? 你能把盐递给我吗？
• I asked if I could see the letter, so she passed it to me reluctantly. 我问能不能看看那封信，她就很不情愿地把信递给我。
• [+ two objects] Gerald passed me the note./Gerald passed the note to me. 杰拉尔德把便条递给我。
• Genes are the instructions by which parents' characteristics are passed on to their children. 基因是一系列的遗传指令，父母的特征透过它们遗传给子女。
intransitive or transitive
■In several sports, if you pass the ball, you kick, throw or hit it to someone in your team. 传（球）
transitive
■If you pass money, you give someone false or stolen money without telling them 使用（假钞或偷来的钱）
• [+ two objects] I haven't trusted him since he passed me a forged £5 note. 自从他给了我一张五英镑的假钞后，我就不信任他了。
• She was arrested for passing stolen cheques. 她因使用偷来的支票而被捕。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
TIME 时间
 IMPROVER intransitive
■When time passes, it goes past （时间）推移，流逝
• Time seems to pass (by) so slowly when you're bored. 百无聊赖时，时间似乎过得很慢。
• I was a bit worried about the party, but the evening passed without any great disasters. 我有点为晚会担心，但是一个晚上过去了，并没有出甚么大纰漏。
 IMPROVER transitive
■If you pass time, you do something to stop yourself being bored during that period 消磨，打发（时间）
• The visitors pass their days swimming, windsurfing and playing volleyball. 游客藉游泳、玩风浪板和打排球来消磨时间。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
APPROVE 批准
 ADVANCED transitive
■(of an official group of people) to give approval to something, especially by voting to make it law 通过，批准
• The government passed a law to restrict the sale of guns. 政府通过了一项限制枪械买卖的法律。
• UK The restaurant was serving meat that had not been passed as fit for human consumption. 该餐厅供应的肉食并未通过是否适合食用的检验。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
JUDGE 评价
pass judgment/comment, etc.
■to express a judgment or opinion about something, especially someone else's behaviour 作出评判／评论等
• As a convicted criminal, he's in no position to pass judgment (on the rest of us). 他是已定罪的罪犯，没资格（对我们其他人）品头论足。
pass sentence
■to state, as a judge, what a criminal's official punishment will be 宣判
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
EXCRETE 排泄
transitive formal
■to pass waste out of the body 排泄，分泌
• to pass urine 排尿
pass blood formal
■to pass blood in your urine or faeces (= solid waste) 有便血
• If you pass blood, you should go and see your doctor. 如果你有便血的话就应该就医。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
NOT PLAY 不玩
intransitive
■to choose not to play in a part of a card game or not to answer a question in a quiz （纸牌游戏中不出牌或竞赛中不回答问题时的用语）过
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
CHANGE 变化
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to change from one state to another （状态）变化，转化
• Wax passes from solid to liquid when you heat it. 蜡受热后会从固体变成液体。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
pass (all) belief UK
■to be (extremely) difficult to believe 难以置信
• It passes all belief that he could have been so selfish. 他竟然那么自私，真是难以置信。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
pass muster
■to reach an acceptable standard 达到标准，符合要求
• New teams won't be admitted to the league if their stadiums don't pass muster. 如果他们的体育馆达不到标准的话，新队是不能参加联赛的。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
pass the hat around/round
■to try to collect money by asking people or organizations 凑钱；募捐
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
pass the time of day
■to have a short informal conversation 说几句话
• I was just passing the time of day with her. 我当时只是和她聊了几句。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
pass water polite expression for
■ urinate
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sth around US for pass [sth] round 物品
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pass as/for sth/sb
■to appear to be someone or something else, or to cause people to believe that they are 看起来像；被当作
• I really want to go and see the film, but I don't think I'd pass for 18. 我很想去看那部电影，但我想我看起来不像满18岁。
• Do you think this jacket and trousers will pass as a suit? They're almost the same colour. 你觉得这件夹克和这条裤子看起来像一套吗？它们的颜色几乎一样。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pass away/on polite expression for
■ die (STOP LIVING)
• She's terribly upset because her father passed away last week. 她非常难过，因为她父亲上周去世了。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pass sb by
■If an event or opportunity passes you by, you do not notice it, or get pleasure or an advantage from it （某人）未从中获益；与（某人）失之交臂
• Do you ever feel that life is passing you by? 你有时会不会觉得自己未受到生命的眷顾？
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] pass sth down
■to teach or give something to someone who will be alive after you have died 把…传给后人，把…往下传
• His is a family trade, passed down from generation to generation. 他从事的是家传手艺，是一代一代传下来的。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [+ adverb] pass off UK (US come off)
■to happen 发生，进行，举行
• The pop festival passed off peacefully, despite the fears of local residents. 尽管当地居民忧惧担心，流行音乐节还是平安顺利地举行了。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sth/sb off as sth/sb
■to pretend that something or someone is a particular thing or person when they are not 拿…假冒，用…冒充
• The dealer was trying to pass off fakes as valuable antiques. 那个商人试图用假货冒充贵重的古董。
• It's hard to believe anyone would try to pass this nonsense off as literature. 很难相信有甚么人会试图把这种毫无意义的文章当作文学。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sth on
TELL
 ADVANCED
■to tell someone something that another person has told you 告诉
• If he provided us with any information, no one passed it on to me. 如果他向我们提供了甚么资讯的话，没有人告诉过我这件事。
GIVE
■to give someone something that another person has given you 传递
• Could you pass it on to Laura when you've finished reading it? 你看完后能把它传给萝拉吗？
DISEASE
■to give a disease to another person 传染，传播（疾病）
• It's possible to pass on the virus to others through physical contact. 这种病毒可能会透过身体接触传染给其他人。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pass out
BECOME UNCONSCIOUS
■to become unconscious for a short time, for example when ill, badly hurt or drunk （因病痛、受伤或醉酒）昏迷，失去知觉
• I was hit on the head and passed out. 我的头部被击中，一下就昏过去了。
LEAVE COLLEGE UK
■to leave a military college after successfully finishing the course （从军校）毕业
• The new officers passed out from Britannia Royal Naval College on Thursday 1 August. 新军官8月1日星期四从不列颠皇家海军学院毕业了。
passing out
noun only singular UK 2. His parents attended the passing-out ceremony. 他父母参加了毕业典礼。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sth out US
■to give something to each person in a group of people 分发，分配
• The teacher passed out the test booklets. 老师分发了考试手册。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb pass 1 Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sb/sth over
* to ignore or to not give attention to someone or something 忽略，对…不予考虑
• The woman alleges that her employers passed her over for promotion because she was pregnant. 这个妇女声称，由于她怀孕了，老板根本没有考虑帮她升职。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sth round UK (US pass sth around)
 ADVANCED
■to offer something to each person in a group of people 分发
• Could you do me a favour and pass these sandwiches round? 你能帮我把这些三明治分给大家吗？
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sth up
■to fail to take advantage of an opportunity 放过，放弃，错过（机会）
• I can't believe she passed up the chance to go to South America. 我不敢相信她放弃了去南美的机会。
• He's never one to pass up a free meal. 他那种人绝不会放弃白吃一顿的机会。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] noun
EXAMINATION RESULT 考试成绩
 ADVANCED countable UK
■a successful result in an examination （考试）及格，通过
• Jonathon Hill achieved grade A passes at A-level. 乔纳森‧希尔在高级证书考试中取得了 A 等成绩。
 ADVANCED countable US
■a mark given to a student to show that they have successfully finished a course or an examination that they will not be given a grade (= numbered mark) for 及格分数；考试及格
• I got a pass in my World Lit course. 我修习的世界文学课程考试及格了。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] noun
BALL 球
 ADVANCED countable
■a movement of the ball from one player to another member of the same team in a team sport 传球（动作）
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] noun
DOCUMENT 文件
 ADVANCED countable
■an official document or ticket which shows that you have the right to go somewhere or use a particular form of transport 通行证，出入证；乘车证
• a bus pass 公共汽车乘车证
• a boarding pass 登机证
• My guest pass allows me to use the club's facilities free of charge. 我有贵宾证，可以免费使用该俱乐部的设施。
countable mainly US
■a document which allows a student to leave a class for a particular reason 免课证（允许某一学生因为特殊原因而离开课堂的一种证件）
• She had a pass to go to the library. 她有去图书馆的证件。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] noun
PATH 小路
countable
■a path or road between or over mountains 山路，山口；要隘
• a mountain pass 山口
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] noun
BAD SITUATION 糟糕的境况
only singular
■a difficult or unpleasant condition 困境，令人不快的境遇
• If I'd been aware things had reached such a pass, I'd have told the police. 我要是知道事情已到了这步田地，早就报警了。
• UK It's come to a pretty pass (= It's a bad situation) when you can't even have a few quiet drinks with some friends. 当你连和几个朋友安静地喝几杯也不行时，处境就真是糟透了。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] noun
SEXUAL ACTION 性行为
make a pass at sb informal
■to speak to or touch someone in a way that shows you would like to start a sexual relationship with them 与（某人）调情；勾引（某人）
elapse, pass
这组词都有“过去，消逝”的意思，其区别是：
elapse: 书面用词，指时间等不知不觉地逝去，含义比pass窄，常常侧重从某一特定时间到另一特定时间的过去。
pass: 最普通常用词，指岁月的流逝，某些自然现象或事情的过去。侧重其结果。
n. 经过；及格；途径；护照
 - mechanism, protection, approach, transit
vi. 经过；传递；变化；终止
 - determine, drop, finish, vary, transit
vt. 通过；经过；传递
 - clear, track, hand, transfer

Word: negotiation
Front: negotiation
[nɪˌgəʊʃiˈeɪʃn] (六托 2259/1901 -4)
Vocabulary: negotiation
(once / 240 pages)
n
A negotiation is a business-oriented conversation where two sides argue, discuss, and compromise to reach some agreement.
When you hear the word negotiation, you know there are two sides and they're willing to talk to each other. In sports, the owners and the players union go through a negotiation to get a new contract. Parents and kids might have a negotiation over curfew time. Negotiation implies that both sides are willing to give something up and compromise. If your side won't give an inch, then you're not ready for negotiation.
WORD FAMILY
negotiation: negotiations+/ negotiable: negotiably, non-negotiable/ negotiate: negotiable, negotiated, negotiates, negotiating, negotiation, negotiator, renegotiate/ negotiator: negotiators/renegotiate: renegotiated, renegotiates, renegotiating
USAGE EXAMPLES
In April, the government entered bailout negotiations with the IMF and then abandoned them three months later.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Keynes was the official representative of the British Treasury at the negotiations in Paris.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Negotiations with the incoming Trump administration, he said, were mostly “on timeline, on an execution strategy.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 协商，谈判; 转让; 通过
分布：谈判(83%)，协商(17%)
→来自拉丁语negotium,繁忙，占据，忙于事务，来自neg-,不，没有，otium,轻松，轻闲，词源同otiose.后引申词义贸易，商务，谈判，协商。
【记】读：你got，ia，tion－你有得到东西的病－需要通过谈判
【反】tenacious（adj 顽强的）－negotiable（adj 可通过谈判解决的）
US [-ˌgoʊ-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the process of discussing something with someone in order to reach an agreement with them, or the discussions themselves 谈判，磋商，洽谈
• The agreement was reached after a series of difficult negotiations. 该协议是经历了一系列艰难的谈判之后达成的。
• The exact details of the agreement are still under negotiation. 协议的确切条款尚待磋商。
• Negotiation for the pay increase is likely to take several weeks. 加薪谈判可能要持续数周。
n. 谈判；转让；顺利的通过
 - treaty, alienation

Word: good
Front: good
[gʊd] (中高雅 110/73 -K5)
Vocabulary: good
(once / 4 pages)
1adjnadv 2adjadv 3adj 4n
We all know what good means as an adjective––pleasing, favorable, nice. But did you know that good is also a noun, meaning something that can be sold? This means a shopkeeper’s ideal is to have really good goods.
Good comes from an old German root for gathering, and in its original sense it means that something fits well. If something is good for you, it fits you well, or is healthy for you to eat. A long walk through a crowded city is good for someone who likes people-watching, but if you are a misanthrope and you hate people, that wouldn't be so good. If food has spoiled, it’s no longer good.
TASTY MORSELS
A Personality Test: What Does "Good" Say About You?
Find out where the word good leads you in this tongue-in-cheek personality quiz flowchart from Vocabulary.com.
A good many of us use good a good deal too often...stand out from the pack with a new vocabulary list, 10 Opportune, Appropriate, and Downright Corking Ways to Say "Good".
WORD FAMILY
good: best, better, goodish, goodness, goods+/ best: bested, bester, bestest, besting, bests/ better: bettered, bettering, betterly, betterment, betters/betterment: betterments/goodness: goodnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Thunder are a significantly better defensive team than the Rockets.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“It was just two really good football teams playing at the highest level and competing until the absolute, very end,” USC coach Clay Helton said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If nothing else, policymakers say, such comparisons prompt discussions across borders to learn best practices in addressing particular health problems.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 好的; 优秀的; 有益的; 漂亮的，健全的
n. 好处，利益; 善良; 善行; 好人
adv. 同well
级别：better, best
分布：好的(78%)，好处(11%)，优秀的(7%)，善行(3%)，上等的(1%)
→来自ghedh, 连接，匹配，词源同gather. 与god没有词源关系。
a.好的;善良的;擅长的;乖的n.好处;利益He is very good at French.他精通法语.
adjective (better, best)
PLEASANT 令人愉快的
 ESSENTIAL
■very satisfactory, enjoyable, pleasant or interesting 令人满意的；令人愉快的；合意的；有趣的
• a good book 一本有趣的书
• Did you have a good time at the party? 你在派对上玩得开心吗？
• The weather has been really good for the time of year. 就这个季节而言，这段时间的天气真是难得的好。
• I've just had some very good news. 我刚得知一些令人特别开心的消息。
• It 's so good to see you after all this time! 分开这么长时间，见到你真是高兴！
 ESSENTIAL
■used in greetings （用于打招呼）好
• good morning/afternoon/evening 早上／下午／晚上好
  Common Learner Errors  good or well? Remember: good is not used as an adverb. To talk about something being done in a good way or to a high standard, don't say 'good', say well :
✗ She did her work very good, but she was often late. She did her work very well, but she was often late. Warning: Some US English speakers use 'good' as an adverb, but many people consider this incorrect and it should not be used in exams.
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
HIGH QUALITY 高品质
 ESSENTIAL
■of a high quality or level 好的；出色的；优质的
• She speaks very good French. 她法语说得很好。
• I've heard it's a very good school. 我听说这是所很好的学校。
• The apple pie was as good as the one my grandmother used to make. 这苹果派就像我祖母以前做的一样好吃。
• This restaurant has a good reputation. 这家饭店声誉良好。
■used to express praise （表示赞赏）好的，值得称赞的
• Good man! Splendid catch. 高手！球接得太好了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
SUCCESSFUL 成功的
 ESSENTIAL
■successful, or able to do something well 成功的；能干的；精通的；擅长的
• Kate's a good cook. 凯特厨艺很好。
• She's very good at Geography. 她地理学得很好。
• They have a good relationship. 他们关系很好。
• She's very good with children. 她很会照顾孩子。
be no good ADVANCED (also be not any/much good)
■to be of low quality or not useful 没用；很差劲
• Shoes are no good if they let in water. 鞋子如果透水的话，品质就不好。
• Food aid isn't much good until the fighting stops. 在战斗停止之前，食物援助是没有太大用处的。
get off to a good start
■to begin an activity successfully 有好的开始；顺利开始
• I didn't get off to a very good start this morning - I'd been at work five minutes and my computer stopped working! 我今天上午刚一开始工作就不顺——才工作了五分钟，电脑就死（当）机了！
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
KIND 善良的
 ESSENTIAL
■kind or helpful 好心的，心地善良的；乐于助人的
• a good friend 一个好朋友
• It 's good of you to offer to help. 你主动提供帮助，真是太好了。
• He's very good to his mother. 他对他妈妈很孝顺体贴。
be so good as to (also be good enough to) formal
■used to make a polite request 请（做…）
• Be so good as to close the door when you leave. 你离开时，请关门。
do (sb) a good turn old-fashioned
■to do something kind which helps someone else 做（对某人）有利的事情
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
MORALLY RIGHT 合乎道德的
 ESSENTIAL
■morally right or based on religious principles 高尚的；虔诚的；好心的；助人为乐的
• She led a good life. 她一生虔诚向善。
• Try to set a good example to the children. 要努力给孩子们做个好榜样。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
POSITIVE 正面
 ESSENTIAL
■having a positive or useful effect, especially on the health （尤指在健康方面）有益的，有好处的，有用的
• Make sure you eat plenty of good fresh food. 一定要吃大量有益健康的新鲜食物。
• Too much sugar in your diet isn't good for you. 饮食中含糖量过高，对你的身体没有好处。
• It's good for old people to stay active if they can. 尽量保持身心活跃对老年人是有益的。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
BEHAVIOUR 行为
 IMPROVER
■A good child or animal behaves well （儿童）乖的，守规矩的，不调皮的；（动物）温顺的
• If you're a good boy at the doctor's I'll take you swimming afterwards. 看医生的时候你要是听话，看完病我就带你去游泳。
■able to be trusted 可信赖的；有信誉的；有信用的
• Her credit is good (= She can be trusted to pay her debts). 她从不拖帐，信誉很好。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
SUITABLE 合适的
■suitable, convenient or satisfactory 合适的，方便的或令人满意的
• When would be a good time to phone? 甚么时候打电话合适呢？
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
LARGE 大量
[before noun]
■used to emphasize the large number, amount or level of something 相当大的；相当多的；相当可观的
• We've walked a good distance today. 今天我们走了好长的一段路。
• There was a good-sized crowd at the airport waiting for the plane to land. 机场里有很多人在等候飞机降落。
• Not all of his films have been successful - there were a good few (= several) failures in the early years. 他拍的电影并非都是成功的——刚出道时他经历了许多次失败。
• Have a good think about it and let me know tomorrow. 好好想一想这件事，明天给我答覆。
• You have a good cry and you'll feel better after. 痛痛快快哭一场吧，哭过之后感觉就会好很多。
• There's a good chance the operation will be successful. 手术成功的可能性很大。
⇒ See also good money
a good deal of
■much 大量；许多
• The new law met with a good deal of opposition at local level. 新法律在当地遭到强烈反对。
a good ... (also a good ... 's)
■more than 多于；不少于
• It's a good half hour's walk to the station from here. 从这儿步行到车站足足有半个多小时。
• The police said a good twenty kilos of explosive were found during the raid. 员警说在突击搜查行动中发现了至少20公斤的炸药。
• Driving through the deserted town we saw a good many (= a lot of) burnt-out houses. 从被遗弃的城镇中开车驶过时，我们看到很多烧毁的房屋。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
SATISFACTION 满意
■said when you are satisfied or pleased about something, or to show agreement with a decision 表示同意；满意
• Oh good, he's arrived at last. 好，他总算来了。
• Good, I'll tell her it's all arranged, then. 好，那我就跟她说，一切已安排妥当。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be a good job/thing ADVANCED
■used to mean 'it is lucky' 幸好，幸亏
• It's a good job they didn't go camping last weekend - the weather was awful. 幸亏他们上个周末没去野营——天气糟透了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
all in good time mainly UK
■used to tell someone to be patient because the thing they are eager for will happen when the time is right 来得及，快了，别急
• Be patient, you'll hear the result all in good time. 耐心点，到时候你会听到结果的。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
as good as
■almost 几乎；简直是
• The decorating is as good as finished - I just need to finish off the painting. 装修接近完工——我只需要涂完油漆就大功告成了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be (as) good as gold
■(of a child) to behave very well （儿童）乖，守规矩
• She's been as good as gold all morning. 她整个上午都很乖。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be (as) good as new
■to be in very good condition 状况很好；状态极佳；功能良好
• A coat of paint and it will be as good as new. 只要涂上一层漆，就会跟新的一样了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be as good as your word
■to do everything that you promise someone you will 守信用；信守诺言
• He said he'd call every day and he was as good as his word. 他说会每天打电话，结果真的没有食言。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be good for sth informal
■to be able and willing to provide something 能提供…；乐意给…
• Bette is always good for a laugh. 贝特任何时候都是个开心果。
• Dad will probably be good for a few pounds, if we ask him. 如果我们问爸爸拿，他或许会给我们几英镑的。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be good to go US informal
■to be prepared and ready to do something 准备好
• Let me grab a jacket and then I'm good to go. 我再拿件外套就可以了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
Be good, and if you can't be good, be careful. humorous saying
■said to someone to tell them to enjoy themselves at an event or during an activity, but to be sensible, too 可以玩得尽兴，但不可任性胡来。
§/gʊd/ good 1 adjective (better, best)
for good measure
■in addition 另外
• The concert was excellent - there were lots of well-known songs with some new ones thrown in for good measure. 音乐会很精彩——演唱了好多家喻户晓的名曲，此外还加演了一些新歌。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
good and ... informal
■very 很，非常
• Drink your coffee while it's good and hot. 趁热把咖啡喝了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
good and proper informal
■completely 完全地；彻底地
• The table is broken good and proper. 桌子已经完全坏了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
Good for you ! (Australian also Good on you !) ADVANCED
■used to show approval for someone's success or good luck 干得好！真棒！太幸运了！：
• You passed your exam - good for you! 你通过考试了——真好！
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
Good heavens/grief/gracious! (also Good God/Lord!) ADVANCED
■used to emphasize how surprised, angry, shocked, etc. you are （惊奇、愤怒或震惊时用于加强语气）（我的）天哪！
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
the good old days
■If you talk about the good old days, you mean a time in the past when you believe life was better 美好的往昔
• I wish my grandma would stop going on about the good old days. 我希望祖母不要把那些美好的陈年往事如数家珍地讲个不停。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
good show UK old-fashioned
■used as an expression of approval 太好了；真棒
• Good show chaps, you completed the course in the time allowed. 做得不错，小伙子们，你们在规定时间内修完了这个课程。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
have a good innings UK informal
■If you say that someone has had a good innings, you mean that they have had a long and successful life 长寿且一帆风顺；寿长福大
• He was 86 when he died so I suppose he'd had a good innings. 他去世时86岁，所以我觉得他一生称得上是多福多寿了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
in good faith
■If something is done in good faith, it is done sincerely and honestly 真诚地；诚实地
• She was acting in good faith for her client. 她真诚地为客户服务。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
in good time mainly UK
■early 及早；有充裕时间地
• We'll be at the airport in good time. 我们会早早赶到机场的。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
make good
■to succeed and become rich 获得成功；变富
• a working-class boy made good 获得成功的工人阶级家庭的孩子
■When someone makes good something, they either pay for it, or make it happen 偿付；支付；履行；成功
• The shortfall in the budget will be made good by selling further shares. 预算不足可以透过出售更多的股份来弥补。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
make good time
■to complete a journey quickly 在路上花的时间很短
[gʊd] noun
THINGS 物件
goods [plural]
 ESSENTIAL
■things for sale, or the things that you own 商品，货物；私人财产
• There is a 25% discount on all electrical goods until the end of the week. 周末前，所有电器商品全部七五折出售。
• The house insurance will not cover your personal goods. 这份房屋保险的承保范围不包括你的私人动产。
■UK
■things, but not people, which are transported by railway or road （铁路或公路）运载的货物
• a goods train 货运列车
[gʊd] noun
HELP 帮忙
 ADVANCED uncountable
■something that is an advantage or help to a person or situation 好处；益处；用处
• Even a small donation can do a lot of good. 即使一小笔捐助也可以帮上大忙。
• I'm telling you for your own good. 我告诉你这些都是为你好的。
[gʊd] noun
HEALTH 健康
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the state of being healthy or in a satisfactory condition; benefit 健康，健全；美满；好处，益处
• You should stop smoking for your own good (= for your health). 你应该为了自身健康而戒烟。
• He goes running every day for the good of his health. 他每天都跑步健身。
• Modernizing historic buildings can often do more harm than good. 对有历史意义的建筑物进行现代化改造常常是弊大于利。
• The rally has been cancelled for the good of all concerned. 考虑到所有相关人士的利益，这次集会被取消了。
do you good
 ADVANCED
■to improve your health or life 有利（你）的健康；对（你）有好处；对（你）有益处
• You can't work all the time - it does you good to go out and enjoy yourself sometimes. 你不能经常工作——有时也要出去享乐一下，这对你有好处。
• Take the medicine - it will do you (a power/world of) good (= improve your health a lot). 把药吃了——这对你身体（大）有好处。
[gʊd] noun
MORALLY RIGHT 符合道德
uncountable
■that which is morally right 善；符合道德的行为；正直的行为
• There is an eternal struggle between good (= the force which produces morally right action) and evil. 善恶之争永不停息。
• Ambition can sometimes be a force for good. 雄心有时也可以成为行善的驱动力。
the good [plural]
■all the people who are morally good 有道德的人；高尚的人；好人
• You can't buy your way into the ranks of the good. 做好人不是用钱买来的。
[gʊd] noun
TIME 时间
for good
■forever 永久地，永远地
• She's gone and this time it's for good. 她走了，这一次是永不回头了。
[gʊd] noun
be up to no good informal
■to be behaving in a dishonest or bad way 做坏事；做不光彩的事
• He certainly looked as if he was up to no good. 他看上去确实好像在做甚么坏事。
[gʊd] noun
come up with the goods (also deliver the goods) informal
■to produce what is wanted 履行诺言；达到要求；不负所望
• What they promise sounds impressive enough - let's see if they come up with the goods. 他们的承诺听起来很郑重——我们来看看他们是否会履行。
[gʊd] noun
no good informal old-fashioned
■morally bad 道德败坏的；品行恶劣的
• I'd keep away from him if I were you - he's no good. 我要是你的话就离他远点——他品行不端
[gʊd] noun
to the good
■generally helpful 大多数人有利的；有益于多数人的；普遍有好处的
• Greater international stability can surely only be to the good. 国际局势更加稳定当然只会使世人获益。
[gʊd] noun
what good is ... (also what's the good of ...) ADVANCED
■a way of asking what the purpose of (doing) something is …有甚么用
• What good is sitting alone in your room? 一个人孤零零地在家坐着又有甚么用？
good, well
good: 形容词,
well: 副词,但指身体状况是形容词 He is well again.
adj. 好的；优良的；愉快的；虔诚的
 - fine, Ok, great, religious, bright
n. 好处；善行；慷慨的行为
 - benefit, plus, mercy
adv. 好
 - okey

Word: urge
Front: urge
[ɜ:dʒ] (高研四六托 2261/2262 -K4)
Vocabulary: urge
(once / 70 pages)
vn
If you have an urge to eat candy, you really want to eat those sweets. Your mother might urge you to wait until after dinner. As a noun, urge means a desire. As a verb, it means to strongly encourage.
Urge is related to the word, urgent, or 'pressing.' An urge is a pressing want, one that is almost a compulsion, like when you're so frustrated, you have the urge to scream. If you urge someone to do something, you feel strongly about it. You might urge a friend to wear an orange shirt not because you happen to like orange, but because they're walking in the woods during hunting season.
WORD FAMILY
urge: urged, urgent, urges, urging+/ urgency: urgencies/ urgent: urgency, urgentest, urgently/urging: urgings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Andre is indignant about the way he is treated, but urges his angry family to let him seek justice through the court.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
More than 170 House Republicans signed a recent letter of which Mr. Price was an author, urging the administration to “stop experimenting with Americans’ health.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We urge you to preserve this critical U.S. strategic asset,” the letter read.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 催促; 推进，驱策; 力劝，规劝; 极力主张
n. 刺激，冲动; 推动力
vi. 催促; 强烈要求，竭力主张
时态：urged, urging, urges
分布：冲动(47%)，催促(18%)，鼓励(14%)，驱策(9%)，极力主张(8%)，强烈愿望(2%)，力陈(2%)
→来自wreg, 推，驱动，词源同wreak, wrack.
vt.催促;怂恿;强调n.强烈欲望,迫切要求At the agency, the aged agent is urgently urged to go for surgery by the gentle surgeon.在办事处,温和的外科医生急切地催促年老的代理商做外科手术.
【记】源于：surge（n 汹涌；澎湃）想巨浪一样的催促urge。
US [ɝ:dʒ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a strong wish, especially one which is difficult or impossible to control （尤指难以或无法控制的）欲望，冲动
• The two of them seem unable to control their sexual urges. 他们两个似乎欲火焚身。
• [+ to infinitive] The urge to steal is very strong in many of the young men we look after here. 我们这儿看管的年轻人中有很多人都有很强的偷窃欲望。
UK [ɜ:dʒ] US [ɝ:dʒ] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to strongly advise or try to persuade someone to do a particular thing 敦促；驱策；力劝
• [+ to infinitive] Lawyers will urge the parents to take further legal action. 律师们会力劝家长们采取进一步的法律行动。
• [+ that] Investigators urged that safety procedures at the site should be improved. 调查人员敦促该工地改进安全规程。
• Police urged continued vigilance in the fight against crime. 警方呼吁继续保持警惕打击犯罪。
• The dogs are urged into fighting more fiercely by loud shouts from the crowd. 人群里发出的高声叫喊使这些狗咬斗得更凶了。
• We shall continue to urge for leniency to be shown to these prisoners. 我们将继续呼吁对这些犯人给予宽宥。
UK [ɜ:dʒ] US [ɝ:dʒ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] urge sb on
■to encourage someone to do or achieve something 鼓励，激励；为（某人）加油
• The crowd was cheering and urging her on all through the race. 在整个比赛中，人们一直在为她加油，激励她鼓起劲儿。
expect, urge, promise, intend
expect: 要求，指望
urge: 敦促，力劝（某人做某事）
promise: 承诺，答应，保证
intend: 打算，计划，想要（做某事）
coax, urge, persuade, induce, counsel, convince
这组词都有“劝说，劝导，劝诱”的意思，其区别是：
coax: 指用好话善意或耐心劝诱、哄骗某人做某事。
urge: 语气强，指不断地热情地规劝诱导。
persuade: 普通用词，指通过劝说、感情交流等而使对方做劝说者所希望的事。
induce: 指用讲道理来使某人做某事。
counsel: 较正式用词，指对一些较重大事情所提出的劝告。有时也用于非正式场合，但仍强调严肃的一面。
convince: 指凭行动、事实或言语使他人从思想感情上信服。
vt. 力劝，催促；驱策，推进
 - crowd, rush up
n. 强烈的欲望，迫切要求；推动力
 - impulse, driving force
vi. 强烈要求
 - scream for

Word: occasion
Front: occasion
[əˈkeɪʒn] (研四六托雅 2262/1090 -K4)
Vocabulary: occasion
(once / 29 pages)
nv
Occasion means something special––that happens seldom or is notable when it does. On occasion, we sit down together as a family, but not every day, and never for dinner. When Great Aunt Mabel visits, however, we rise to the occasion and stage a large family meal.
Occasion can also mean a designated time or reason something happens, or it can be an event in itself. I'm giving you your grandmother's ring on the occasion of your graduation from high school. I haven't had occasion to look at it since she died. It's valuable, so only wear it on special occasions.
WORD FAMILY
occasion: occasional, occasioned, occasioning, occasions+/ occasional: occasionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beathard led an early field goal drive, and managed to get his team close to the end zone on two other occasions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
New Year’s Eve in New York City will always be an inescapable occasion, one on which its residents rally and reach for one another.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
News-Miner opinion: Each year, many of us use the occasion of the new year to enact changes in our own lives.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 机会，时机; 场合; 理由; 需要
vt. 惹起，引起
时态：occasioned, occasioning, occasions
分布：场合(57%)，机会(21%)，时机(9%)，理由(6%)，引起(5%)，致使(1%)，盛大场面(1%)
→oc-,向前，朝向，-cas,掉落，词源同case,cascade,accident.引申词义偶然，场合，时机。
发生;时机(oc使＋cas落下+ion→使...落下→事情发生)[cad,cas,cid=fall,表示"落下,降临"]
n.场合,时节,时刻;时机,机会He seized the occasion to invite her home for dinner.他抓住机会邀请她回家里吃饭.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a particular time, especially when something happens or has happened （尤指某事发生的）时刻，时候
• We met on several occasions to discuss the issue. 我们几次会面讨论这个问题。
• I've heard him be rude to her on a number of occasions. 我有好几次听到他对她说话很粗鲁。
• I seem to remember that on that occasion he was with his wife. 我好像记得那一次他和她的妻子在一起。
 IMPROVER
■a special or formal event 特殊场合；重大活动；盛会
• Sara's party was quite an occasion - there were over a hundred people there. 萨拉的聚会真是一次盛会——有一百多人参加。
• At the wedding he sang a song specially written for the occasion. 婚礼上，他演唱了一首专门为这次婚礼创作的歌曲。
• I have a suit but I only wear it on special occasions. 我有一套西服，不过我只在特殊的场合才穿。
• The coronation of a new king is, of course, a historic occasion. 新国王的加冕典礼当然是一个历史性事件。
• Congratulations on the occasion of your wedding anniversary. 在你们结婚纪念日之际谨致祝贺。
■formal
■an opportunity or reason for doing something or for something to happen 时机，机会；原因，理由
• The 200th anniversary of Mozart's death was the occasion for hundreds of special films, books and concerts. 为纪念莫札特逝世200周年，出现了数以百计的专题电影、书籍及音乐会。
• An occasion may arise when you can use your knowledge of French. 可能有机会让你用用法语。
• The bride took/used the occasion to make a short speech. 新娘利用这个机会简短地讲了几句。
on occasion
■sometimes, but not often 有时；偶尔，间或
• He has, on occasion, made a small mistake. 他有时犯点小错误。
[ə'keɪ.ʒən] noun countable
have occasion to do sth formal
■to need to do something 有必要做…，需要做…
• Of course, as a teacher I had authority, but rarely did I have occasion to use it. 当然，作为老师我有权威，可是我很少用到它。
[ə'keɪ.ʒən] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  occasionRemember: the most usual preposition to use with occasion is on. Don't say 'in/at an occasion', say on an occasion :
✗ I have met him in several occasions. I have met him on several occasions.
[ə'keɪ.ʒən] verb transitive formal
■to cause something 造成，引起；惹起
• Her refusal occasioned a lot of trouble. 她的拒绝引出许多麻烦。
• [+ two objects] The case occasioned the authorities a lot of worry/The authorities were occasioned a lot of worry by the case. 这个案子给当局惹来很多烦恼。
event, occasion, indicate, case
event: 重大事件
occasion: 场合，时刻，机关
indicate: 小事件
case: 事实，情况，实例
opportunity, occasion, chance
opportunity: 主要指能够去做某事，尤其是达到自己目的，实现某种愿望的好机会。如：You should make the most of your opportunities of seeing the country and learning the language.(你应该尽量利用你的机会去看看这个国家，学习它的语言。)
occasion: 主要指“时机”，“场合”，也含有“机会”的意思。如：The flags are hung out on the occasion of the National Day.(每逢国庆节，国旗都悬持出来了。)
chance: 多指偶然的机会，意外的机会，带有侥幸的意味。如：Even so, it was a lucky chance that he could do it.(即使如此，那也是他凭着侥幸才做到这点。)
n. 时机，机会；场合；理由
 - opportunity, chance, opening, sake, reason
vt. 引起，惹起
 - attract, cause, produce, operate, induce

Word: dust
Front: dust
[dʌst] (高研四六雅 2263/2933 -K3)
Vocabulary: dust
(once / 96 pages)
nv
Dust is the fine, powdery substance that settles on surfaces over time or is blown around outdoors. A junk shop might be full of beautiful old furniture and books, all covered with dust.
There's the dust you clean with a feather duster, and then there's the verb "to dust." You can dust your bookshelves, cleaning the dust from them, but you can also dust the surface of a cake with powdered sugar, covering it lightly. Informally, when something "gathers dust," it goes unused, and when "the dust settles," a situation calms down.
WORD FAMILY
dust: dusted, duster, dusting, dustlike, dusts, dusty +/duster: dusters/ dusty: dustier, dustiest, dustily, dustiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Tokyo, this preparation is typically served over rice with a light dusting of the powdered Japanese pepper called sansho.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Dozens of gated communities sit mostly empty, gathering dust.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Construction began in 2007, to the dismay of some businesses and residents who endured shaking, clanging and dust as the work proceeded.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 灰尘; （建筑物内、家具或地板等上的）灰尘; 遗骸，尸体，人体，人; 〈口〉金粉，粉末，粉剂，花粉
vt. & vi. 拂（一拂），掸（一掸）
vt. 撒（粉）于; 擦去…的灰尘; 擦灰; 撢去
时态：dusted, dusting, dusts
分布：灰尘(63%)，尘土(27%)，粉尘(6%)，除尘(3%)，撒粉末于(1%)
→来自dheu, 烟雾，烟尘，昏暗，词源同dusk, dun.
n.灰尘,尘土v.拂,掸The dust in the industrial zone frustrated the industrious man.工业区里的灰尘使勤勉的人灰心.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■dry dirt in the form of powder that covers surfaces inside a building, or very small dry pieces of soil, sand or other substances 灰尘；尘土；沙土
• The furniture was covered in dust and cobwebs. 家俱上落满了灰尘和蜘蛛网。
• A cloud of dust rose in the air as the car roared past. 汽车驶过后扬起一阵尘土。
• coal dust 煤灰
[dʌst] noun uncountable
the dust settles
■If the dust settles after an argument or big change, the situation becomes calmer 尘埃落定，有了眉目，形势明朗
• We thought we'd let the dust settle before discussing the other matter. 我们认为应该在形势明朗之后再讨论另一个问题。
[dʌst] noun uncountable
turn to dust literary
■to become worth nothing 变得一文不值
• Every promise they have made has turned to dust. 他们的承诺都一文不值。
[dʌst] verb
CLEAN 清洁
intransitive or transitive
■to use a cloth to remove dust from the surface of something 擦去…的灰尘，给…除尘
• I was dusting the mantelpiece when I noticed a crack. 我在擦壁炉台的时候发现了一道裂纹。
[dʌst] verb
COVER 覆盖
transitive
■to cover something with a light powder 在…上撒（粉末）
• Dust the top of the cake with icing sugar. 在蛋糕上撒些糖霜。
[dʌst] verb
be done and dusted UK informal
■to be complete and finished 完成，完结
• By now the deal was done and dusted. 到现在为止这笔交易算是完成了。
[dʌst] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dust sth off (UK also dust down)
■to prepare something for use, especially after it has not been used for a long time （尤指长时间不用后拿出来）备好待用，整理
• They brought out the old ambulances, dusted them down and put them back into service. 他们将旧救护车拿出来修复后再次投入使用。
scrub, clear, clean, dust, wipe, mop, sweep
这组词都有“使干净”的意思，其区别是：
scrub: 指用硬刷、肥皂或水用力地擦洗某物。
clear: 指清除不要的东西。
clean: 是这些动词中最常用的词，指将某物或某处的污物等清除掉，弄干净。
dust: 指将积落在物体表面的尘土抹去、掸掉或擦去以保干净。
wipe: 多指用布、纸等物把东西擦净，也指擦掉某物。
mop: 侧重指用拖把擦洗地板，有时也指擦干净或擦去。
sweep: 指用扫帚等进行清扫，也用作比喻。
clay, mud, dust, ground, land, earth, dirt, soil
这组词都有“土地，土，泥”的意思，其区别是：
clay: 特指潮湿时发粘，而火烤后变坚硬的泥土。
mud: 指湿土，尤指雨后稀泥、污泥。
dust: 特指土壤干燥后，飞扬于空中的细微泥土。
ground: 通常指大地的表面，也可指土壤、泥土或场地。
land: 含义笼统。指与河流、海洋相对的陆地，也指可耕种的土地。
earth: 多指地表带有水分的泥土，较具体。
dirt: 指地表的干松泥土。
soil: 特指适宜栽种农作物或生长各种植物的泥土。
n. 灰尘； [环境] 尘埃；尘土
 - powder, dirt
vt. 撒；拂去灰尘
 - sift

Word: breathe
Front: breathe
[bri:ð] (中高研四托 2264/2434 -K3)
Vocabulary: breathe
(once / 103 pages)
v
When you breathe you take air into your lungs and let it out in a regular rhythm. Living things need to breathe to live.
This word has several meanings related to living and taking in air. When someone says "As long as I breathe!" they mean "As long as I live!" In music, some silence can let the piece breathe. If you need a moment or room to breathe, you need a break. Wine breathes when it’s uncorked, enhancing its flavor. Breathing life into something gives it new energy. If this explanation has made you nervous, breathe deeply — that helps many people to relax.
WORD FAMILY
breathe: breathed, breather, breathes, breathing+/breather: breathers/breathing: breathingly, breathings
USAGE EXAMPLES
I start to shake, and my breathing grows rapid.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It is this metabolic activity that keeps you alive and breathing and, very importantly, warm.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
His seizures became more severe, and he underwent a tracheotomy to help him breathe.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 呼吸; 活着，生存; 小憩一会儿，歇歇气; 散发香气
vt. 呼吸; 吸进（如香气）; 尤指平静地吐露，低语; 使…明显的，暗示
时态：breathed, breathing, breathes
分布：呼吸(97%)，注入(2%)，轻声说(1%)
v.呼吸,吸入You mustn't breathe a word of it.这件事你不得泄漏只字片语.
verb
AIR 空气
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move air into and out of the lungs 呼吸
• It's so airless in here - I can hardly breathe. 这里太闷了——我几乎不能呼吸。
• The instructor told us to breathe in deeply and then breathe out slowly. 教练让我们深吸气，然后慢慢吐气。
• I'm sorry if I'm breathing (= blowing out air containing) garlic fumes all over you! 如果我口里的大蒜味儿薰着你了，我很抱歉！
[bri:ð] verb
WORDS 说话
intransitive [+ speech] literary
■to say something very quietly 低声说
• "Here they come, " he breathed. “他们来了，”他低声说。
[bri:ð] verb
WINE 酒
intransitive specialized
■If you allow wine to breathe, you open the bottle for a short time before you drink from it, in order to improve the wine's flavour. （让酒）通气飘香
[bri:ð] verb
breathe your last literary
■to die 咽气，死
• Her eyes fluttered open for a moment and then she breathed her last. 她的眼睛眨动了一会儿，咽下了最后一口气。
[bri:ð] verb
breathe down sb's neck disapproving
■to stay close to someone, watching everything that they do 紧紧盯住（某人）；监视（某人）
• It's awful having a boss who breathes down your neck all the time. 有个时刻盯着你的老板实在令人讨厌。
[bri:ð] verb
breathe (new) life into
■to bring new ideas and energy to 带来起色；注入活力
• We need some new people to breathe life into this project. 我们需要一些新人来给这个企划案注入活力。
vi. 呼吸；低语；松口气；（风）轻拂
 - half-whisper, susurrate
vt. 呼吸；使喘息；流露；低声说
 - beam, respire

Word: elect
Front: elect
[ɪˈlekt] (高研四 2265/1794 -K4)
Vocabulary: elect
(once / 41 pages)
vadjn
To elect is to choose. A group of citizens may elect the next president, or you may just elect to stay home during the blizzard.
Most famously, in the political sense, elect means to choose a person for public office, usually via an election. It also means to choose a particular course in life of major consequence. You probably don't elect to drink Pepsi over Coke, but you do elect to study a particular major at college, or sign up for military service.
WORD FAMILY
elect: elected, electing, election, elective, electly, elector, electorate, elects, reelect +/elected: nonelected/ election: electioneer, elections, electoral /electioneer: electioneered, electioneering, electioneers/electioneering: electioneerings/ elective: electively, electives, non-elective, nonelective/elector: electors/ electoral: electorally/ electorate: electorates/ reelect: reelected, reelecting, reelection, reelects/reelection: reelections
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also switched the state superintendent of education from an elected position to one appointed by the board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The chief minister on Sunday called a meeting of senior leaders and legislators at his house where he was unanimously elected the party's new president.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
This is a tall order for any elected official.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 选举; 挑出，挑选; 决定
vi. 选择，挑选; 进行选举
adj. 精选的，选出的; 选中的，当选而尚未就职的
n. 被选的人
时态：elected, electing, elects
分布：选举(69%)，选择(23%)，当选的(5%)，精选的(2%)，被选中者(1%)
→e-, 向外。-lect, 收集，选出，词源同collect,elite.
选出,选举(e出+lect→选出)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
v.选举,推选;选择,作出选择In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to decide on or choose, especially to choose a person for a particular job, by voting 选举，推选
• The Government is elected for a five-year term of office. 政府由选举产生，执政期为五年。
• [+ as + noun] We elected him as our representative. 我们选他当代表。
• [+ noun] She was elected Chair of the Board of Governors. 她被选为董事会主席。
• [+ to infinitive] The group elected one of its members to be their spokesperson. 该团体选出了他们的一名成员代表他们发言。
elect to do sth
 IMPROVER formal
■to choose to do a particular thing 选择做…
• She elected to take early retirement instead of moving to the new location. 她不想前往新的工作地点，就选择了提前退休。
[ɪ'lekt] plural noun
the elect
 IMPROVER formal
■in the Bible, people who are chosen by God （《圣经》中所称的）上帝的选民
 IMPROVER humorous
■any group of people who have been specially chosen for their particular qualities 特权集团；特殊阶层
elect, select, pick, prefer, choose, opt
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
elect: 指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。
select: 书面用词，具有庄严、正式的感情色彩。强调精选。
pick: 口语用词，多指从个人角度仔细挑选，也含任意挑选之意。
prefer: 强调个人偏爱，不一定有选择的行动。
choose: 普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，着重被选者的优点。
opt: 多指在几种可能性之间进行选择。
adj. 选出的；当选的；卓越的
 - remarkable, excellent, prominent
vt. 选举；选择；推选
 - opt for, to make a choice
vi. 作出选择；进行选举
 - take one's choice

Word: investigator
Front: investigator
[ɪnˈvestɪgeɪtə(r)] (2266/5422 -2)
Vocabulary: investigator
(once / 594 pages)
n
Every crime novel has an investigator, someone whose job it is to discover the truth. Not all investigators solve crimes, but to be an investigator you need to work hard to figure things out.
A private investigator knocks at your door. Do you let him in? He probably only wants to ask questions, because that’s what investigators do: they research. Scientists are investigators, so are police officers, and even your friend who reads lots of books about butterflies can be considered an investigator. Rooted in the Latin word vestigare, meaning “trace out,” investigators gather facts in order to trace out the whole picture.
WORD FAMILY
investigator: investigators+/ investigate: investigated, investigates, investigating, investigation, investigative, investigator, investigatory/ investigation: investigations/ investigative: investigatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Investigators questioned the prime minister for three hours at his official residence in Jerusalem.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Investigators said Schnorenberg was called to a Country Inn & Suites in Mankato about 4 a.m.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Investigators connected the group to five fires set last March.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 调查者; 研究者; 侦查员
分布：研究者(52%)，调查者(35%)，审查者(13%)
UK [ɪn'ves.tɪ.geɪ.tˌɚ] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person whose job is to examine a crime, problem, statement, etc. in order to discover the truth 调查人员
• Investigators have studied the possible effects of contamination. 调查人员研究了污染可能造成的后果。
• a private investigator 私家侦探
n. 研究者； [法] 调查者；侦查员
 - researchist, inquirer

Word: jacket
Front: jacket
[ˈdʒækɪt] (中高研四六雅 2267/2400 -K3)
Vocabulary: jacket
(once / 367 pages)
nv
A jacket is a lightweight or cropped coat. Most jackets end at your waist or hips, while coats can be much longer. If you have outerwear made of denim or leather, feel free to call them jackets.
Jackets are generally long-sleeved and fasten with zippers, snaps, or buttons down the front. Other meanings of jacket generally include the sense of "outer covering," like a book jacket or the insulating jacket around your house's pipes. The word comes from the Middle French jaquet, "short coat with sleeves," from the Old French jacque, "tunic."
WORD FAMILY
jacket: jacketed, jacketing, jackets
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Yellow Jackets struggled badly in the lane, unable to capitalize on 13 offensive rebounds in the first half.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His mother says he was only wearing a light jacket.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sort clothes by type, grouping pants together, then shirts or blouses, jackets or dresses.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 短上衣，夹克; 土豆皮; 书籍的护封; 文件套，公文夹
vt. 给…穿夹克; 给…装护套; 给…包上护封; 〈口〉打
时态：jacketed, jacketing, jackets
分布：皮(41%)，短上衣(32%)，茄克衫(10%)，护封(7%)，装封套(4%)，加外套(4%)，绝缘护套(2%)
→jack,即Jack,-et,小词后缀。即小Jack,用于指这种衣服。另一种说法是来自古法语Jacque,人名Jack的法语形式，在古法语时为农民常用名，代指法国农民，即农民伯伯的衣服。
n.短上衣,茄克衫I packed the jackets and rackets into packets with the sacks.我们用袋子将夹克和球拍打成小包.
noun countable
CLOTHES 衣服
 ESSENTIAL
■a short coat 短上衣；夹克
• a leather/denim/tweed jacket 皮／牛仔布／粗花呢夹克
• The keys are in my jacket pocket. 锁匙在我的夹克口袋里。
['dʒæk.ɪt] noun countable
BOOK 书
■ dust jacket
n. 夹克； [服装] 短上衣
 - jerkin, lammy

Word: glad
Front: glad
[glæd] (中高 2269/2185 -K3)
Back: adj. 高兴的，乐意的; 令人高兴的，使人愉快的; （风光）明媚的，（景色）美丽的; 充满欢乐的，兴高采烈的
vt. 使高兴
级别：gladder, gladdest
分布：高兴的(58%)，乐意的(33%)，剑兰(9%)
→来自ghel, 照耀，发光，词源同glass, gold. 引申义容光满面的，高兴的。
a.高兴的,快活的;乐意的,情愿的The lady is glad to give the salad to the sad lad on the ladder.女士乐意把色拉送给梯子上的那位悲哀的小伙子.
[glæd] (gladder, gladdest)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■pleased and happy 高兴的；愉快的；乐意的
• We were glad about her success. 我们都为她的成功感到高兴。
• I'm glad (that) you came. 你来了，我真的很高兴。
• I'm glad to know the parcel arrived safely. 得知包裹安全寄到，我感到非常欣慰。
• I'd be (only too) glad to help you. 我会非常乐意帮助你。
• We'd be glad of the chance to meet her. 如有机会见到她，我们会非常高兴。
[glæd] (gladder, gladdest)
adjective
give sb the glad eye old-fashioned slang
■to look at someone in a way that shows you find them sexually attractive 向…送秋波
• All the men were giving her the glad eye. 所有男人都向她眉目传情。
joyful, glad, delightful, merry, gay, happy, agreeable, jolly, nice, pleasant, cheerful
这组词都有“愉快的，高兴的”的意思，其区别是：
joyful: 语气较强，强调心情或感情上的欣喜。
glad: 最普通用词，语气较弱，表示礼貌的惯用语。指乐于做某事或因某事而感到满足，常表愉快的心情。
delightful: 指能带来强烈的快乐，激起愉快的情感，用于非常愉快的场合。
merry: 指精神情绪的暂时高涨，表示欢乐、愉快的心境或情景，侧重充满欢笑声和乐趣。
gay: 侧重无忧无虑、精神昂扬、充满生命的快乐。
happy: 侧重感到满足、幸福或高兴。
agreeable: 指与感受者的愿望、情趣或受好等和谐一致而带来的心情上的快意。
jolly: 通俗用词，多指充满快乐与喜悦的神情。
nice: 语气较温和，泛指任何愉快或满意的感觉。
pleasant: 侧重给人以“赏心悦目”或“愉快的，宜人的”感受。
cheerful: 多指因内心的愉快而表现出兴高采烈，是强调而自然的感情流露。
adj. 高兴的；乐意的；令人高兴的；灿烂美丽的
 - happy, pleased, willing, delighted
vt. 使高兴
 - pleasure, satisfy

Word: ordinary
Front: ordinary
[ˈɔ:dnri] (高研四六雅 2268/1387 -K3)
Vocabulary: ordinary
(once / 74 pages)
1adjn 2n 3n 4n 5n
Something ordinary is something that happens every day. Maybe you should skip your ordinary breakfast and try something new.
Although we often use the adjective ordinary to mean "ho-hum, nothing special," it actually comes from the Latin root for "rule." You could think of ordinary things as almost like rules in your life. As a noun it has other meanings. In heraldry (that's the art of the family shield), an ordinary is a conventional figure. A probate judge is called an ordinary, as is the clergyman who prepares prisoners for death.
WORD FAMILY
ordinary: ordinaries, ordinarily, ordinariness, ordinaryly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the streets below, ordinary citizens wrestle with 41% inflation and chronic shortages of staples such as sugar, cooking oil and medicine.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But when it most needs to be intriguing — at the start — it’s just ordinary.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The evidence showed ordinary negligence, a prosecutor’s letter said, but not “an aggravated kind of negligence or carelessness” required to file felony charges.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 普通的; 平常的; 一般的; 平庸的
分布：普通的(72%)，平凡的(21%)，平淡的(7%)
→来自拉丁语ordinare,安排，布置，指定，词源同order.引申词义顺序，按顺序的，普通的。
普通的(ordin+ary→有顺序的;听命令的→普通的)[ordin=order,表示"命令,顺序"]
a.普通的,平凡的,平常的;平庸的It was a very ordinary day today.今天是很平常的一天.
US ['ɔ:r.dən.er-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■not different or special or unexpected in any way; usual 普通的，平常的；平凡的；一般的
• an ordinary neighbourhood 普通的街区
• Readers of the magazine said they wanted more stories about ordinary people and fewer stories about the rich and famous. 这本杂志的读者说，他们希望多刊登一些普通人的故事，少一些关于富人和名人的事情。
• Her last concert appearance in Britain was no ordinary (= a very special) performance. 她在伦敦的最后一场音乐会不同凡响。
in the ordinary way UK
■normally, or in the way that usually happens 一般；通常
• If we hadn't seen the TV programme, we would have carried on giving money to the charity in the ordinary way. 要是我们没有看这个电视节目，我们还会像往常那样给该慈善组织捐钱的。
out of the ordinary * unusual
• For the police, the incident seemed nothing out of the ordinary/did not seem out of the ordinary. 对于警方来说，这件事似乎没有甚么不寻常的地方。
ordinary, typical, regular, normal, natural
这组词都有“规则的，正常的，正规的”的意思，其区别是：
ordinary: 强调一般性和普通性，含不突出的意味。
typical: 指个体能体现出群体的特征。
regular: 指已有模式、有规律或定期的。
normal: 指不超过某种限度、符合某种标准或常规。
natural: 侧重某人或某物的行为符合其固有特性。
usual, ordinary, common, popular, normal, universal, general
usual: 平常的，惯常的
ordinary: 平凡的，词义与common接近，指符合一般或常规事物标准或相同的规格，因而只具有普通的特性
common: 普通的，共有的，指从质量或品德上无特殊或显眼之处，属于大多数人或事物所具有的，常见的；
popular: 大众的，受欢迎的，指属于或代表大众的某事物，强调常见的，大众化的特征
normal: 正常的，正规的，指符合某种标准的
universal: 普遍的，有完全没有例外之意；
general: 一般的，普通的，含有例外情况较少之意或暗示包括全部同一范畴的事物；
usual, ordinary, common, popular, universal, commonplace, general
这组词都有“普通的，普遍的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 指常见常闻和常做的事或举动，强调惯常性。
ordinary: 用于物，指每天发生，十分平淡无奇；用于人，指无特别之处，很一般。
common: 多用于指物，侧重很常见，不稀奇。
popular: 指适应大众爱好、需要，为大家所公认或接受。
universal: 与general同义，但语气较强，侧重对每个人或事物都适用，根本没有例外。
commonplace: 强调缺少新意。
general: 语气强于common，侧重大多如此，很少有例外情况。
adj. 普通的；平凡的；平常的
 - usual, general, average, regulation, stock
n. 普通；平常的人（或事）
 - common

Word: reduction
Front: reduction
[rɪˈdʌkʃn] (研四六托 2270/1554 -K3)
Vocabulary: reduction
(once / 422 pages)
1n 2n
Reduction is the act of cutting back or making smaller, like the reduction of a school budget that makes it necessary to eliminate art and music programs.
The process of reducing something is reduction, or making it smaller. You can talk about a reduction of sugar in someone's diet or a reduction of prices at your favorite shoe store. In math, reduction means bringing fractions to their lowest common denominators. And, in cooking, a reduction is a thick sauce that's made by boiling away most of the liquid, or reducing it to its concentrated essence.
WORD FAMILY
reduction: reductionism, reductions+/ irreducible: irreducibly/ reduce: reduced, reducer, reduces, reducible, reducing, reduction, reductive / reduced: unreduced/reducer: reducers/reducible: irreducible / reductionism: reductionist / reductive: reductively, reductivism
USAGE EXAMPLES
All of this happened with a major reduction in energy costs in the US.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He approved a letter in October 1988 highlighting commercial views that Gaelic programming led to a reduction in average viewing figures.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
A number of businesses pursuing similar strategies also experienced sharp reductions in market value.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 减少; 降低; [数学]约简; [摄影术]减薄
分布：减少(52%)，降低(41%)，减价(7%)
→来自 reduce,减少，简化，-t,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。
n.减小,减少,缩小What reduction will you make on this article?这个东西你要减价多少?
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you make or when something becomes smaller in size, amount, degree, importance, etc 减少；减小；降低；缩小
• a reduction in traffic 交通量的减少
• huge price reductions 大减价
countable
■a copy of a photograph, picture, etc which is smaller than the original one 缩影（照片或图片的一个复制本，比原来的图像小）
n. 减少；下降；缩小
 - loss, decrease, decline

Word: rarely
Front: rarely
[ˈreəli] (研四六托雅 2271/2122 -K3)
Vocabulary: rarely
(once / 197 pages)
adv
If you almost never do something, you can say you do it rarely. If you walk or bike to work most days, you could say that you rarely take the bus.
Something that happens rarely happens only once in a while, or seldom. You might sigh that your town's baseball team rarely wins a game, or boast that you rarely forget a person's name once you've been introduced. The word comes from the adjective rare, "not occurring often," or "unusual," from the Old French rere, "sparse," and its root, the Latin word rarus, "thinly sown, with intervals between, or full of empty spaces."
WORD FAMILY
rare: rarely, rareness, rarer, rarest, rarity+/rarity: rarities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Washington is rarely on national television, something that irks Wall to no end.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Even Reid, who rarely uses injuries as an excuse, discussed the importance of health on Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now, these contrarian scientists only appear in blogs, op-eds in newspapers, sometimes in pay-for-play journals – but rarely in competitively reviewed scientific venues.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 很少地; 罕有地; 极精彩地; 珍奇地，绝佳地
分布：很少(95%)，难得(5%)
ad.很少,难得,非常地I'm rarely aware that the square area is bare.我很少觉察到那个正方形区域是光秃秃的.
US ['rer-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■not often 很少；不常见；难得
• We rarely see each other now. 我们现在很少见面。
• I rarely have time to read a newspaper. 我难得有时间看报。
• formal Rarely have I seen such a beautiful sunset. 如此美丽的日落景象我真是难得一见。
⇒ See also seldom

Word: shift
Front: shift
[ʃɪft] (研四六托雅 1680/2322 -K3)
Vocabulary: shift
(once / 148 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n
Shift the verb and shift the noun are very similar in meaning. A shift is a change in something or an adjustment in the way something is done. You can either make a shift (that's the noun), or you can just shift (that's the verb).
What makes a shift different from, say, a change is that it implies some kind of movement; a sense that the thing that you're shifting is still the same thing, just moving in a different direction. For example, when you shift gears in a car you're simply moving from one gear to another. If you shift your focus, you're still focused, but the focus has moved. If the government shifts its policy, that policy, while different, is still a policy.
WORD FAMILY
shift: shifted, shifter, shifting, shiftless, shifts, shifty +/shifter: shifters/ shifting: shiftingly, shiftings/shiftless: shiftlesser, shiftlessly, shiftlessness/ shifty: shiftier, shiftiest, shiftily, shiftiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The riot was sparked by a clash between two gangs in the prison and reflects shifting allegiances among Brazil’s powerful narco-trafficking groups, authorities said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But the country is now facing the limits of that model amid slowing growth, toxic pollution and the shift of manufacturing work to less-developed nations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But she said allowing such communities to fall below the citywide climate targets simply shifts the burden.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 改变; 去掉; 摆脱掉; 换挡
vt. 换…的衣服，更（衣）; 卖，出售; [计算机]使（数据）位移
vi. （汽车）换挡; 换衣服; 蒙混; 自己谋生
n. 移动，转移，转换; 变迁，变化，变换，替换，更换，掉换，更易，代用; （汽车等的）变速
时态：shifted, shifting, shifts
分布：改变(33%)，变化(24%)，移动(17%)，轮班(12%)，换挡(9%)，轮班职工(2%)，计谋(2%)，字型转换(1%)
→来自古英语 sciftan,分开，隔开，安排，布置，来自 Proto-Germanic*skiftan,分开，来自 skei, 分开，词源同 shed,sheath,science.引申词义安排，转移，转换。
v.替换,转移n.转换,转变;(轮)班,(换)班The drifter swiftly shifted the gift to the left of the lift.那个漂泊者敏捷地将礼物换到电梯的左边.
verb
MOVE OR CHANGE 移动或改变
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly （尤指略微地）移动；改变；转移
• She shifted (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other. 她不安地把身体的重心由一只脚转移到另一只脚。
• The wind is expected to shift (to the east) tomorrow. 预计风明天转向（为东风）。
• Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues. 媒体关注的焦点最近转到了环保问题。
 IMPROVER transitive mainly US
■to move the gears of a vehicle into different positions in order to make it go faster or slower 换（档）
• In cars that are automatics, you don't have to bother with shifting gears. 开自排汽车无需换档。
[ʃɪft] verb
GET RID OF 去除
transitive UK informal
■to get rid of something unwanted, or to sell something 摆脱；去除；卖掉
• Modern detergents will shift most stains. 新式洗涤剂能去除大部分污渍。
• The people at the toy shop expect to shift a lot of stock in the run-up to Christmas. 玩具店商希望能在圣诞节前卖掉一大堆存货。
[ʃɪft] verb
shift yourself
■If you shift yourself when you have a job to do, you hurry to do the job as quickly as possible 尽快做，手脚俐落
• Come on, there's work to be done - shift yourself. 快点，还有事要做——手脚俐落点。
[ʃɪft] verb
shift (your) ground
■to change your opinion 改变（某人的）立场
• He's annoying to argue with because he keeps shifting his ground. 和他争论令人恼火，因为他不停地改变立场。
[ʃɪft] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] shift for yourself old-fashioned
■to earn your own income or buy and cook your own food, etc. 独立谋生；自己照顾自己
• He left home at 18 and had to shift for himself. 他18岁就离开家，不得不自己谋生。
[ʃɪft] noun
GROUP 团体
 ADVANCED countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of workers who do a job for a period of time during the day or night, or the period of time itself 轮班职工；班；轮班
• As the night shift leave/leaves, the day shift arrive/arrives. 夜班工人下班时，日班工人来上班。
• Are you on the night shift or the day shift (= Do you work during the night period or the day period) ? 你上夜班还是日班？
[ʃɪft] noun
CHANGE 改变
 IMPROVER countable
■a change in position or direction 移动；改变；变向
• a shift in the wind/temperature 风向／温度的改变
• The shift in the balance of power in the region has had far-reaching consequences. 这个地区力量均势的改变有着深远的影响。
• There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion towards peaceful negotiations. 大众对和平谈判的态度发生了重大变化。
[ʃɪft] noun
DRESS 连衣裙
countable
■a simple dress that hangs straight from the shoulders 直筒连衣裙
transfer, remove, shift, move
这组词都有“从一处移往另一处”的意思，其区别是：
transfer: 一般表示转送或移交迁移，尤指交通运输中的换乘或职务的调动等。
remove: 作“移动”解时，与move可换用，还可指撤职或开除学藉等。
shift: 侧重位置与方向的改变。
move: 普通用词，指从一处到另一外的任何距离的转移。
n. 移动；变化；手段；轮班
 - variation, removal, move, instrument, motion
vi. 移动；转变； [遗] 转换
 - to move, forward motion
vt. 转移；改变；替换
 - influence, fashion, vary

Word: pack
Front: pack
[pæk] (高研四托宝 2273/2523 -K4)
Vocabulary: pack
(once / 75 pages)
1nv 2n 3vn 4vn 5v
A pack is a container of something, especially one made of sturdy paper. You might run to the store for a pack of batteries for your new clock and a pack of crayons for your new coloring book.
As a noun, pack might seem like a shortened form of package, but it actually comes from a Germanic root that means "bundle." You can also use this word to mean "group of animals" or "group of criminals," while the verb pack means "fill a bag for a trip." You might pack a pack of cards when you travel across the country by train, since you'll have a lot of hours to fill.
WORD FAMILY
pack: packable, package, packed, packer, packing, packs, unpack +/ package: packaged, packages, packaging /packaged: prepackaged, unpackaged/ packaging: packagings/packed: prepacked/packer: packers/packing: packings/ unpack: unpacked, unpacking, unpacks
USAGE EXAMPLES
The junior confidently drilled the Rose Bowl winner, sprinting away to celebrate amid pandemonium in the packed stadium.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“Are you Peter Dahlin?” said one of the uniformed agents packing the alleyway outside.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But his bathroom bill gained more attention, prompting packed hearings at which both proponents and opponents of the bill voiced their opinions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 一群; 包裹; （纸牌的）一副; 一组
vt. & vi. （把…）打包; 塞进; 拥进; （使）聚集成团
vt. 挑选; 压紧; 携带; 拧紧
vi. 包装; 紧挤在一起; 便于折叠收藏的; 匆忙离去（有时与 off 连用）
时态：packed, packing, packs
分布：包装(36%)，一群(20%)，一包(13%)，包裹(11%)，一副(9%)，收拾行李(5%)，塞满(4%)，佩戴(1%)，解雇(1%)
→来自中古英语pak,来自Proto-Germanic*pakko,捆，打包，可能来自pag,固定，词源同page,pact.引申词义盒子，包裹，一群动物等。
v.捆扎,打包;塞满,挤满n.包裹,背包,一群/副I packed the jackets and rackets into packets with the sacks.我们用袋子将夹克和球拍打成小包.
【记】把狼pack（v 打包）到一起形成pack（n 狼群）
【参】packed（adj 充满人的，拥挤的）
verb
PUT INTO 装进
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to put something into a bag, box, etc （把…）打包，收拾（行李）
• We're leaving early tomorrow morning, so you'd better pack (= put clothes and other possessions into a bag or bags) tonight. 我们明天一大早就要出发，所以你最好今晚就收拾行李。
• She packed a small suitcase for the weekend. 她收拾好一小箱行李准备度周末。
• He just packed his bags and walked out on his wife and children. 他收拾了行李就抛下妻儿离家出走了。
• I haven't packed my clothes (= put them into a bag, etc.) yet. 我还没收拾衣服呢。
• [+ two objects] Could you pack me a spare pair of shoes, please/pack a spare pair of shoes for me, please? 请你帮我装进一双备用的鞋子，好吗？
• These books need to be packed in/into a box. 这些书需要装进箱子里。
transitive
■to put a protective material around something before it is put into a bag, box, etc. so that it will not break or be damaged 给…包上保护材料
• She packed the vase in tissue paper to protect it. 她用绵纸包好花瓶加以保护。
[pæk] verb
FILL 装满
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive
■to come or bring together in large numbers or to fill a space 聚集；挤进，塞满
• Thousands of fans are packing into the stadium. 体育馆里挤满了数千名球迷。
• Fans packed the stadium to watch the final match. 球迷涌进体育馆观看决赛。
• The people on the bus were packed (together) like sardines (= there were many of them very close together). 公共汽车上的人挤得像沙丁鱼罐头似的。
[pæk] verb
MASS 一堆
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause to) form into a solid mass （把…）压实，（使）堆积
• The wind has packed the snow against the garage door. 风把雪吹到车库门口，积成了厚厚的一堆。
• The snow has packed down tightly, making the streets dangerous to walk on. 雪积得很厚实，走在街上很容易出危险。
[pæk] verb
CARRY 携带
transitive US slang
■to carry something, especially a gun 携带（尤指枪）
• to pack a gun 携带枪械
• Each missile packs several warheads. 每一枚飞弹都带有好几个弹头。
• figurative This gun packs (= has) a lot of firepower. 这支枪火力很强。
[pæk] verb
pack a punch informal
■to have a lot of force or a great effect 有巨大作用（或影响）
• His speech packed quite a punch. 他的演说铿锵有力。
• These cocktails taste quite innocent, but they really pack a punch! 这些鸡尾酒喝起来觉得没甚么，但实际上后劲非常大！
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack sth away
TIDY
■to put something into a bag or container, or to put something in the place where it is usually kept 将…收拾起来放好
• Come on, children, it's time to pack away your toys. 好了，孩子，该把你们的玩具收拾起来了。
EAT informal
■to eat a lot of food 吃掉大量（食物）
• She's tiny but she can really pack away the biscuits. 她是个小不点，不过她的确能吃掉那些饼干。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack sth in informal
■to stop doing something 停止做…
• This course is really tough, - sometimes I feeling like packing it all in. 这门课程太难了——有时候我都想放弃算了。
Pack it in! UK informal
■said to rudely tell someone to stop doing something that is annoying you 结束！停下！（用于粗鲁地告诉某人别再做令人讨厌的事）
• Pack it in, Julie - I'm trying to read. 别闹了，朱莉！我想看书。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack sb in
END RELATIONSHIP UK informal
■to end your relationship with someone, or to stop meeting or spending time with them 断绝（或终止）与（某人）的关系
• "Is Emma still seeing Joe?" "No, she's packed him in." “艾玛还在和乔交往吗？”“没有，她已经和他分手了。”
BE POPULAR
■If an entertainment or exhibition packs people in, a large number of people come to see it （娱乐表演或展览）吸引（大批的人）
• Spielberg's new film is packing in the crowds. 史匹柏的新影片吸引了大批观众。
• The latest computer exhibition is really packing them in. 最新的电脑展确实吸引了他们。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack sth/sb in informal
■to manage to include a large number of things, activities or people 设法将（大量的事物、活动或人）安排在内
• We were only there four days but we packed a lot in. 我们在那里只留了四天，但我们设法安排了很多活动。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pack sth into sth
■to manage to do a lot of activities in a limited period of time 设法将（大量活动）安排在（一定时间）内
• We packed a lot of sightseeing into our weekend in New York. 我们把周末行程安排得满满的，游览了纽约的很多地方。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack sb off informal
■to send someone to another place 将（某人）打发走，撵走（某人）
• We've packed the kids off for the weekend. 我们把孩子都打发出去度周末。
• I packed her off to my sister's. 我把她打发到我姐姐家去了。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pack sth/somewhere out UK informal
■to make a place very full 把…挤满（或填满）
• 100 000 football supporters packed out Wembley Stadium to see the game. 十万名足球迷挤到温布莱球场观看这场比赛。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pack up UK informal
■If a machine packs up, it stops operating （机器）停止转动，出故障
• My camera has packed up. 我的相机出了毛病。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack up (sth) UK informal
■to stop working or doing another regular activity 停止工作，停止（做某事）
• She packed up her job, and went off to Australia. 她辞职去了澳大利亚。
• [+ -ing verb] It's time you packed up smoking. 该是你戒烟的时候了。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack (sth) up
■to collect all your things together when you have finished doing something 收拾好（东西）
• I'm about to pack up my things and go home. 我准备收拾东西回家。
[pæk] noun countable
GROUP 团体
 ADVANCED
■a group, set or collection of something 一批，一套，一组
• The information pack consists of a brochure and a map. 那套资料包括一本小册子和一张地图。
■a group of animals such as dogs, which live and/or hunt together （一同生活和／或猎食的）一群（动物）
• a wolf pack 狼群
• a pack of wild dogs 一群野狗
■an organized group of children who are brownies or cubs （童子军的）一队
• My uncle was the leader of my Cub pack. 我叔叔曾经是我所属童子军小队的队长。
■(US also deck)
■a set of playing cards 一副（纸牌）
• a pack of cards 一副纸牌
■mainly disapproving
■a group of similar people, especially one which contains people whose activities you do not approve of （尤指行为不受欢迎的）一伙人，一帮人
• a pack of thieves 一伙窃贼
• A pack of journalists was waiting outside the White House. 一帮记者正在白宫外等候。
⇒ See also gang
[pæk] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
 ADVANCED US for
■ packet (= a paper or cardboard container) 一包
• a pack of cigarettes/gum 一包香烟／口香糖
[pæk] noun countable
BAG 背包 (US also backpack)
■a type of bag which you usually carry on your back when you are travelling 背包；旅行背包
⇒ See also backpack
[pæk] noun countable
MASS 一堆
■a thick mass of a substance, often like clay, which is used as a beauty treatment for the face 美容敷膏，面膜
■a thick mass of cloth, etc. which can be put on an injury to stop any bleeding or swelling （放在伤口上止血或消肿的）裹布；敷料
• Hold this ice pack to your head to stop the bruising. 把这个冰袋放在头上消肿。
⇒ See also compress (CLOTH)
[pæk] noun countable
a pack rat US
■someone who collects things that they do not need 杂物收藏家（其所收藏的东西都是自己不需要的）
• For me there could be nothing worse than living with a pack rat. 对我来说，最讨厌的事情，莫过于和一个垃圾收藏家住在一起。
[pæk] noun countable
be ahead of the pack
■to be more successful than other people who are trying to achieve the same things as you 成功领先；出类拔萃
• At this stage in the campaign, the Democratic candidate is way ahead of the pack. 在竞选活动的这个阶段，民主党候选人成功领先。
parcel, package, bundle, bunch, packet, pack
这组词都有“捆，包”的意思，其区别是：
parcel: 着重指邮包，也指将东西扎成小包或不太大的包。
package: 指包装整齐严密的包裹或一包、一捆、一盒东西。
bundle: 指多件东西被捆扎在一起。
bunch: 指有规则地把同类东西固定在一起。
packet: 一般指小件行李、邮包、还可指更小一些的包。
pack: 指专为背负而包扎的包裹，也指驮物等。
n. [包装] 包装；一群；背包； [临床] 包裹；一副
 - pair, casing
vt. [包装] 包装；压紧；捆扎；挑选；塞满
 - impact, select, stuff
vi. 挤；包装货物； [包装] 被包装；群集
 - pile, crowd, host

Word: suicide
Front: suicide
[ˈsu:ɪsaɪd] (研六雅 2274/3655 -3)
Vocabulary: suicide
(once / 333 pages)
n
Suicide is killing yourself on purpose, dying at your own hand. Some people kill themselves by accident, but that’s not suicide, it’s just clumsy and unfortunate.
The word suicide breaks down into the Latin words sui and caedere, which together translate to “kill oneself.” However, not all suicides are about the final end of life. For example, a righteous politician can commit political suicide by speaking publicly about an unpopular topic. We call a person who has killed himself a suicide, and a police report might tell how many suicides happen in a city each year.
WORD FAMILY
suicide: suicidal, suicides+/suicidal: suicidally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Six inmates died in the prison last year - four as a result of suicide.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
My parents would like to retire and move near their granddaughter, but they fear that if they left he would commit suicide.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
On Sunday, it claimed an attack by five suicide bombers in the Shiite holy city of Najaf, killing eight people and wounding nearly two dozen.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 自杀; 自杀者; 自杀行为
adj. 自杀的
分布：自杀(96%)，自杀者(3%)，自杀性的(1%)
→来自拉丁语 suicidium,自杀，来自 sui,自己的，词源同 self,-cid,杀，词源同 herbicide,homicide.
自杀(sui自己＋cide)[cid,cis=cut,kill,表示"切开,杀"]
n.自杀;给自己带来恶劣后果的行为The decisive decimal point made the acid man decide to suicide.决定性的小数点使刻薄之人决定自杀.
noun
DEATH 死亡
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the act of killing yourself intentionally, or a person who has done this 自杀；自杀者
• to attempt/commit suicide 企图自杀／自杀
• The suicide rate among men between the ages of 16 and 25 has risen alarmingly. 16至25岁之间男性的自杀率攀升速度惊人。
• Many suicides occur in prisons. 监狱中的自杀事件很多。
Compare manslaughter ; murder
['su:.ɪ.saɪd] noun
DEFEAT 失败
uncountable
■any act which has the effect of causing your own defeat 自杀性的行为；自取灭亡的行为
• [+ to infinitive] As a leader he knows that it is political suicide to appear indecisive. 他知道作为一位领袖，表现得犹疑不定无疑是在政治上自取灭亡。
n. 自杀；自杀行为；自杀者
 - Dutch act, self-destruction
adj. 自杀的
 - self-destruct
vt. 自杀
 - kill oneself, take one's own life
vi. 自杀
 - kill oneself, take one's own life

Word: numerous
Front: numerous
[ˈnju:mərəs] (研四六托雅宝 2275/2597 -3)
Vocabulary: numerous
(once / 107 pages)
adj
Numerous means very large in quantity. You wouldn’t use numerous to describe how many feet you have (just two), but you could use it to describe the infinite number of shoes in your closet.
The adjective numerous is related to the word number — which is no big surprise since it basically means "a large number of something." Use numerous to describe a copious or abundant amount that you can't give a specific number for. Numerous fans probably come out for the all-star game, for example. And numerous players wish they made the all-star team.
WORD FAMILY
numerous: innumerous, numerosity, numerousest, numerously, numerousness+/ innumerous: innumerously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Authorities say he suffered life-threatening injuries and was trapped inside the front section of the vehicle, which was broken into numerous pieces.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rookie quarterback Jared Goff, the No. 1 pick in the draft, was sacked seven times and absorbed numerous hits.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Numerous toy companies were contacted several times by the BBC.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 很多的，许多的; 数量庞大的数量庞大的; 数不清的
分布：许多(97%)，为数众多的(3%)
→来自拉丁语numerus,数字，数量。比较numberless.
数目众多的(numer+ous)[numer=number,表示"数目"]
a.众多的,许多的,大批的The room is lumbered with numerous cucumbers.房间里乱堆着大量黄瓜.
US ['nu:-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■many 许多的，大量的
• We have discussed these plans on numerous occasions. 我们已经多次讨论过这些计划。
• Shops of this type, once rare, are now numerous (= there are many of them). 这种商店从前很少见，但现在已经遍地开花。
adj. 许多的，很多的
 - many, multiple, hundred, plenty

Word: touch
Front: touch
[tʌtʃ] (中高研四六托 1166/1372 -K4)
Vocabulary: touch
(once / 33 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4n
To touch is to come in contact with something, especially using your fingers. When your friend dares you to touch her pet spider, you'll find out what's stronger — your fear of spiders or your fear of looking like a wimp.
The verb touch also means to emotionally affect. At your grandparents' fiftieth anniversary party, it might touch you to see how much they clearly still love each other. The noun touch can mean a hint of something, or just a small amount. You might have a touch of a cold, but it isn't enough to keep you home in bed.
WORD FAMILY
touch: retouch, touchable, touched, toucher, touches, touching+/ retouch: retouched, retouches, retouching/touchable: untouchable/touched: untouched /toucher: touchers/touching: touchingly, touchings/untouchable: untouchables, untouchably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the blast touched off a massive fireball and caused extensive damage, including the loss of a commercial satellite.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Television news footage shows the plane intact on a runway with its front end touching the tarmac.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I hardly touched it, believing it to be tainted, stained.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 触摸; 使某物与…轻轻接触; 吃或喝，尝; [数]与…相切
n. 触摸，碰; 触觉，触感; 修饰，润色; 痕迹
vi. 接触; 联系
时态：touched, touching, touches
分布：触摸(30%)，联系(20%)，接触(20%)，触及(6%)，触觉(5%)，吃(5%)，修饰(3%)，少许(3%)，喝(3%)，感动(3%)，痕迹(2%)
→来自古法语 tochier,touchier,触摸，触碰，击打，敲击，来自通俗拉丁语*toccare,敲击，击打， 可能来自拟声词，模仿敲击的声音。或来自 tag,接触，词源同 tangent,contact.
摸,接触[touch=touch,表示"摸,碰"]
v.触,碰,摸;感动;涉及n.触动,碰到;少许"Rough cough is tough enough," Bough said while touching the torch."剧烈咳嗽是够难以对付的,"大树枝在触摸手电筒时说道.
verb
PUT HAND ON 触摸
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to put your hand or another part of your body lightly onto and off something or someone 碰，触摸
• That paint is wet - don't touch (it). 那块油漆未干——别碰（它）。
• He touched the girl on the arm to get her attention. 他碰了碰女孩的胳膊来引起她的注意。
• The child touched the worm with (= using, in his hand) a twig. 小孩用小树枝碰了碰虫子。
• figurative The setting sun touched the trees with red (= made them appear red for a short time). 落日的余晖染红了树林。
[tʌtʃ] verb
BE CLOSE TOGETHER 靠在一起
intransitive or transitive
■(of two or more things) to be so close together that there is no space between; to be in contact （两个或两个以上的物品）接触
• He fell asleep as soon as his head touched the pillow. 他一头倒在枕头上便睡着了。
• She pushed the two bookcases together until they touched/were touching. 她把两个书柜推到一起。
[tʌtʃ] verb
EAT/DRINK 吃／喝
transitive informal
■If you say you do not touch a food or drink, you mean that you never eat or drink it 沾，吃，喝（食物或饮料）
• No thanks, I never touch chocolate/alcohol. 不，谢谢，我向来不沾巧克力／酒。
• Honestly, I haven't touched a drop (= drunk any alcohol) all night. 老实说，我整晚滴酒未沾。
[tʌtʃ] verb
INFLUENCE 影响
transitive
■to influence someone or something emotionally, or cause feelings of sympathy in someone 触动，感动
• Tragedy touched their lives when their son was 16. 他们儿子16岁那年，他们的生活发生了悲剧。
• The TV report about the children's work for charity touched thousands of people's hearts. 电视上报道的孩子们为慈善团体所做的事令成千上万的人深受触动。
[tʌtʃ] verb
BE AS GOOD 比得上
transitive
■(usually used in negative sentences) to have or reach the same standard (= level of quality) as someone or something （通常用于否定句）比得上
• Her novels can't touch (= are not as good as) those of her sister. 她的小说不及她姐姐的好。
• There's no one to touch him as an illustrator of children's books. 在为儿童读物创作插图方面，没人画得比他好。
[tʌtʃ] verb
touch base
■to talk to someone for a short time to find out how they are or what they think about something 聊聊；谈谈（和某人短时间谈话，了解他们怎么样或他们对于某事的想法）
• I just wanted to quickly touch base with you: did you get an email from my secretary about the meeting? 我只想和你简单聊一聊：你收到我的秘书发给你的一封关于这个会议的电邮吗？
[tʌtʃ] verb
touch wood UK (US knock on wood) informal
■said in order to avoid bad luck, either when you mention good luck that you have had in the past or when you mention hopes you have for the future 老天保佑
• The deal will be agreed on Wednesday, touch wood. 这笔交易将在星期三达成，老天保佑。
[tʌtʃ] verb
touch / strike / hit a (raw) nerve
■to upset someone 触及痛处（或要害）
• The newspaper article touched a raw nerve - people still resent the closure of the local school. 报纸上的文章触到了人们的痛处——他们仍然对关闭当地学校一事愤愤不平。
[tʌtʃ] verb
wouldn't touch sth with a barge pole UK (US also wouldn't touch sth with a ten-foot pole) informal
■used to mean that you certainly do not want to buy something or be involved with something 压根不想买；根本不想与…有瓜葛
[tʌtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  touch down
■When an aircraft touches down, it lands. （太空船）着陆，降落
⇒ See also touchdown
[tʌtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] touch sth in specialized
■to draw or paint a detail in a larger painting with quick light marks 增添细节以润色（用轻快的笔法在较大的画中增加细节）
[tʌtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] touch sth off
■to cause a violent or difficult series of events to suddenly begin 触发；激起
• The plans for a new airport have touched off a storm of protest. 建造新机场的计划激起了抗议浪潮。
[tʌtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  touch on/upon sth
■to mention a subject quickly when speaking or writing about another subject （说话或写作时）简略提到，触及
• The talk was about educational opportunities for adults, and the speaker also touched upon sources of finance. 该讲座谈的是成人的教育机会，讲者也提到了经济来源问题。
[tʌtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] touch sth up
■to improve something by making small changes or additions （稍加）修饰，润色
• She touched up her lipstick and brushed her hair. 她补了补唇膏，梳了梳头发。
• We thought the photo had probably been touched up, because he looked so much younger in it. 我们觉得照片很可能修饰过，因为他在照片中看起来要年轻得多。
[tʌtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] touch sb up UK (US feel sb up) informal
■to touch someone's body in a sexual way without their permission 猥亵地触摸（某人）
• She claimed that he had tried to touch her up. 她声称他试图动手动脚非礼她。
[tʌtʃ] noun
SMALL AMOUNT 少许
 ADVANCED only singular
■a small amount 少许
• "Would you like milk?" "Just a touch." “你要牛奶吗？”“只要一点。”
• There was a touch of irony/humour in her voice. 她的话音中带着点讽刺／幽默的意味。
 ADVANCED only singular informal
■To show that an illness is not too serious, you can say you have had a touch of it （病的）轻度
• I've had a touch of flu/hay fever. 我染上了轻度流感／枯草热。
 ADVANCED countable
■a small addition or detail which makes something better 装点，润色
• The speech had several comic touches. 这演讲有几分滑稽色彩。
• Using a sailing ship as the company badge was a touch of genius (= a good/clever idea or action). 用大帆船作公司的标志真是个天才的想法。
• The flowers on the table provided the finishing touch. 桌上的花是最后一道点缀。
a touch
 ADVANCED
■slightly 有点，微微
• The weather has turned a touch too cold for my liking. 天气变得有点凉，我不太喜欢。
[tʌtʃ] noun
FEELING 感觉
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the ability to know what something is like by feeling it with the fingers 触觉
• the sense of touch 触觉
• I found the right coin in the dark by touch. 我在黑暗中摸索着找到了这枚硬币。
to the touch (also to your touch)
 ADVANCED
■used after an adjective to express how something feels when you put your hand on it （用于形容词后）摸起来（感到…）
• The material was soft to the touch. 这块布料摸起来很柔软。
[tʌtʃ] noun
MOVEMENT ONTO/OFF 触摸
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■a quick light movement of one thing, especially a hand, onto and off another thing （尤指用手）触摸，碰
• I felt a cold touch on my arm. 我觉得有甚么冰凉的东西碰到了我的胳膊。
• At a/the touch of a button, the door opened. 一碰按钮，门就开了。
[tʌtʃ] noun
COMMUNICATION 沟通
be/get/keep, etc. in touch
 ADVANCED
■to communicate or continue to communicate with someone by using a telephone or writing to them 有／取得／保持等联系
• Are you still in touch with any of your old school friends? 你还和以前学生时代的老朋友有联系吗？
• No, Jane and I never kept in touch after college. 不，我和简大学毕业后就没有联系过。
• We're in close touch with our office in Spain. 我们与西班牙的办事处有密切联系。
lose touch
 ADVANCED
■to stop communicating with someone, usually because they do not live near you now （通常因身居异地）失去联系
• We lost touch over the years. 我们这些年失去了联系。
[tʌtʃ] noun
ABILITY 能力
[S or U]
■an ability to do things in the stated, especially positive, way 特长；才能
• He has a deft touch with tricky painting jobs. 他很善于做复杂的油漆活。
• She gave the job her own special/magic/professional/personal touch. 这项工作展现了她独特／神奇／专业／个人的才能。
• I admire her lightness/sureness of touch as a cook. 我欣赏她做厨师的精细／踏实干劲。
• He used to be a good writer but I think he's losing his touch. 他曾经是个好作家，但我觉得他的创作能力正在下降。
[tʌtʃ] noun
SPORT 体育
uncountable
■the area outside either of the long edges of the space on which football and similar games are played （足球及类似体育运动的）边线以外区域
• Playing for safety, he kicked the ball into touch. 为了安全起见，他把球踢出界外。
⇒ See also touchline
[tʌtʃ] noun
KNOWLEDGE 了解
be in/out of touch
■If you are in touch/out of touch with a subject, activity or situation, your knowledge about it is recent/not recent 了解／不了解最新情况
• He's not really in touch with what young people are interested in. 他并不真正了解年轻人现在对甚么感兴趣。
• I didn't look at a newspaper all the time I was on holiday, so I'm completely out of touch. 我在渡假期间一直都没有看报纸，所以现在对外界一无所知。
touch, inspire, move
这组词都有“感动，打动”的意思，其区别是：
touch: 主要用于表示怜悯或同情等场合，侧重感动。
inspire: 指激起勇气和信心，侧重鼓励，有时含“启发灵感”之意。
move: 与touch可换用，但语气强一些，运用范围广些。
touch, contact
这组词都有“接触”的意思，其区别是：
touch: 指具体意义“接触”时，强调动作；表抽象意义时，侧重“联系”。
contact: 强调紧密接触的两个物体之间的相互关系。也可用作比喻。
vt. 接触；触动；使轻度受害
 - come in contact with, make contact with
vi. 触摸；涉及；接近；提到
 - deal with, to relate to
n. 接触； [生理] 触觉；格调；少许
 - contact, feeling, little

Word: substance
Front: substance
[ˈsʌbstəns] (研四六宝 2277/2433 -K3)
Vocabulary: substance
(once / 91 pages)
n
Any material that possesses physical properties is called a substance. The word also refers to the gist or main idea of something. If you remember the main point of a lesson, you've got the substance.
The meaning of the noun substance has evolved over time, yet it has always been related to something sound and solid — from the Latin root substare, which means "to stand firm," to the Middle English definition as an "essential nature." Nowadays, we use the word to define someone who possesses honesty and intelligence, or when we examine a message to find its essence. To be thought of as a "person of substance" is a good thing, but to be thought of as a "substance abuser" is not so good.
WORD FAMILY
substance: substances, substantial +/ insubstantial: insubstantiality, insubstantially/insubstantiality: insubstantialities/ substantial: insubstantial, substantialer, substantiality, substantially, substantialness, unsubstantial/substantiality: substantialities/unsubstantial: unsubstantialise, unsubstantialize, unsubstantially/unsubstantialise: unsubstantialised
USAGE EXAMPLES
That is the substance, in many cases, of depression.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s about getting individuals the help they need, whether its substance abuse, drugs issues, anger management, whatever,” Dotson said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A spokeswoman said Mr. Baker shared a desire with state lawmakers to thoroughly prepare for the start of a new industry distributing a controlled substance.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 物质，材料; 实质，内容; [神]灵; （织品的）质地
分布：物质(80%)，实质(11%)，内容(7%)，财产(1%)，重要性(1%)
→sub-,在下，stance,站立，站姿，词源同 stand.即站在下面，构成基础，引申诸相关词义。
物质;本质(sub下面+stance→站在下面的东西→具体物质)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
n.物质;实质,本质;主旨;财产,资产Ice and snow are different forms of the same substance, water.冰和雪都是水这一种物质不同的形式.
noun
MATERIAL 材料
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■material with particular physical characteristics 物质；材料
• an organic/chemical substance 有机／化学物质
• What sort of substance could withstand those temperatures? 哪种物质能够承受那样的温度？
illegal substance formal
■an illegal drug 毒品
['sʌb.stənts] noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
uncountable formal
■importance, seriousness or relationship to real facts 重要性；要旨；实质；根据
• There is no substance in/to the allegation. 这项指控毫无根据。
• This new information gives substance to the stories we have heard. 这项新资讯为我们所听到的情况提供了根据。
substance, affair, matter, business
substance: 具有某种化学物理性质的“物质”
affair: 私事
matter: 泛指一切有形之物的“物质”
business: 商业，生意
substance, stuff, matter, material
这组词都有“物质，东西”的意思，其区别是：
substance: 多指某一种形式的物质，既可指元素也可指化合物。
stuff: 多用于日常生活中，非正式用词。常指构成整体的所有部分、物体或项目。有时指劣等材料，含轻蔑意味。
matter: 通常指构成实物的物质，与精神相对立。在科学上，指占有空间，并能以某种方式被感官觉察的一切东西。
material: 通常指组成客观存在物的部分或其原料。
n. [物] 物质；实质；资产；主旨
 - matter, asset, essence, truth, texture

Word: discipline
Front: discipline
[ˈdɪsəplɪn] (研四六托雅宝 2278/1450 -K3)
Vocabulary: discipline
(once / 177 pages)
nv
When you have discipline, you have self-control. When you discipline children, you are either teaching them to be well-behaved, or you are punishing and correcting them.
The origins of this word offer great clues about its current meanings. The Old French descepline referred to punishment and suffering. The Latin disciplina meant "teaching, learning." The Old English version referred to a branch of knowledge or field of study (so if you're really good at word origins, you might want to make etymology your discipline). Developing discipline as a form of training is a military concept that's more than 500 years old.
WORD FAMILY
discipline: disciplinarian, disciplinary, disciplined, disciplines, disciplining, indiscipline, self-discipline, undiscipline+/disciplinarian: disciplinarians/disciplinary: disciplinarily, interdisciplinary / disciplined: self-disciplined, undisciplined/indiscipline: indisciplines
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The players are off. They are not working,” McAdoo said when asked if they would be disciplined.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But he downplayed his contribution to Shiffrin’s improvement in the discipline, which was underlined by her back-to-back GS wins last week.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For only that brief 30 minutes you must be disciplined.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: vt. 训练; 使有纪律; 处罚; 使有条理
n. 训练; 纪律; 学科; 符合行为准则的行为（或举止）
时态：disciplined, disciplining, disciplines
分布：纪律(55%)，学科(25%)，训练(13%)，惩罚(7%)
→来自disciple, 学习，门徒。引申词义训练，必要的纪律，惩罚。
纪律(disciple门徒,学徒...门徒必须听说...纪律)[-ine 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或女人"3.表名词"状态,药物等"]
n.纪律,学科I'm inclined to underline these disciplines in the outline written on linen.我倾向于给写在亚麻布上的大纲中的这些学科划下画线.
noun
TRAINING 训练
 IMPROVER uncountable
■training which produces obedience (= willingness to obey) or self-control, often in the form of rules, and punishments if these are broken, or the obedience or self-control produced by this training 训导；训练；纪律；约束
• parental/military/school discipline 父母的训导／军事训练／校规
• There should be better discipline in schools. 学校的纪律应该更严一些。
• I don't have enough (self)discipline to save money. 我总是控制不住自己花钱的欲望。
(good) discipline
■the ability to control yourself or other people, even in difficult situations 控制能力，驾驭能力
• Maintaining classroom discipline (= control of the students) is the first task of every teacher. 维护课堂纪律是每位教师的首要任务。
['dɪs.ə.plɪn] noun
SUBJECT 课程
countable
■a particular area of study, especially a subject studied at a college or university （尤指大学或学院设立的）专业
['dɪs.ə.plɪn] verb
PUNISH 惩罚
transitive
■to punish someone 罚，惩罚
• A senior civil servant has been disciplined for revealing secret government plans to the media. 一名高级公务员因向媒体透露政府秘密计划而受到惩罚。
['dɪs.ə.plɪn] verb
CONTROL 控制
[T or R]
■to teach someone to behave in a controlled way 训练，教导
• [+ to infinitive] I'm trying to discipline myself to eat less chocolate. 我正试图控制自己少吃巧克力。
training, practice, exercise, drill, discipline
这组词都有“练习、训练、锻炼”的意思，其区别是：
training: 普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练。
practice: 指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧。
exercise: 主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧。
drill: 侧重进行有系统的，严格和重复的练习。
discipline: 既可指训练又可指为达到某种熟练程度而进行的约束。
n. 学科； [管理] 纪律；训练；惩罚
 - science, punishment, rod, knowledge, payment
vt. 训练，训导；惩戒
 - coach, drill

Word: elsewhere
Front: elsewhere
[ˌelsˈweə(r)] (研四六雅 2279/1639 -K3)
Vocabulary: elsewhere
(once / 171 pages)
adv
When something happens in a different place, you can say it happens elsewhere. Your mom might say, "That sandwich smells terrible. Please take it elsewhere."
The adverb elsewhere is a great word for emphasizing the idea of somewhere else. You might be unhappy with your job at a doughnut shop and decide it's time to look for work elsewhere, for example, or an antique shop owner might encourage you to buy a chair by saying, "It'll cost twice as much elsewhere!" In Old English, it was elles hwær.
WORD FAMILY
elsewhere: elsewheres
USAGE EXAMPLES
Several smaller bombings elsewhere in the city on Monday killed at least 20 civilians and wounded at least 70, according to medics and police officials.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Elsewhere, though, data-localisation polices are meant to protect citizens from snooping by foreign powers.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
After this year of fake news in US politics and elsewhere, I am hopeful that consumers of news will become much more discerning.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 在别处，到别处; 他
分布：别处(100%)
ad.在别处,向别处I also heard of the false pulses elsewhere.我在别处也听说过这些虚假脉冲.
US [-'wer/ UK ['--] adverb
 IMPROVER
■at, in, from, or to another place or other places; anywhere or somewhere else 在别处；去别处；到别处
• The report looks at economic growth in Europe and elsewhere. 这份报告研究了欧洲和其他地区的经济成长状况。
• They couldn't find what they wanted and decided to look elsewhere. 他们找不到他们想要的东西，就决定到别处去看看。
adv. 在别处；到别处
 - otherwhere

Word: iron
Front: iron
[ˈaɪən] (中高研四六 2280/1877 -K3)
Vocabulary: iron
(once / 71 pages)
1nadj 2nv 3n
Iron can refer to a common metal. It can also be that thing you use to get wrinkles out of your clothing. If you’re planning to wear linen, you might need an iron to smooth it out.
When you use an iron to iron your clothes, you’re also using both the noun and verb form of iron. The noun describes the appliance and the verb describes the action of using it. Iron can also refer to a golf club, like that 5-iron you always use. If you’ve ever been a cattle rancher, you might also be familiar with a branding iron, a tool used to brand skin with a mark of ownership.
WORD FAMILY
iron: ironed, ironing, ironlike, ironly, irons+/ironed: unironed/ironing: ironings/irons: ironses
USAGE EXAMPLES
In addition to his football exploits, Kaaya was tapped into Miami's “Iron Arrow” honor society earlier this year.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Global commodities producers are hoping that China will order big lumps of iron, coal and copper in the new year to send prices higher.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Then it closed the regular season with its traditional Iron Bowl matchup against Alabama, losing 30-12.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 铁器，铁制品; 熨斗，烙铁; 坚强; 脚镣
adj. 铁制的，含铁的; 坚强的，顽强的; 残酷的; 坚忍不拔的
vt. 熨烫; 给…上脚镣手铐; 给…装铁具; 用铁铸成
vi. 熨衣; （衣服等）被烫平
时态：ironed, ironing, irons
分布：铁(74%)，熨(9%)，熨斗(8%)，铁的(4%)，烫(3%)，刚强的(1%)，刚强(1%)
→来自古英语isaern,铁，铁制品，铁制武器，来自eis,坚硬的，坚固的。部分词源学家进一步推测来自h1esh2r,血，词源同sanguine,血红色。由血引申词义血红，铁水，铁。同时，由于血在古代观念中的神圣含义，引申词义神圣的，强烈的感情，衍生ire,estrus,hieratic等。参照blood,bless.
n.铁,铁制品,烙铁,熨斗v.熨(衣),熨平In my opinion, only the onion can grow in the iron environment.据我看,只有洋葱能在铁质环境中生长.
US [aɪrn] noun
METAL 金属
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a common silver-coloured metal element which is magnetic. It is strong, used in making steel and found in very small amounts, in a chemically combined form, in blood 铁
• Iron rusts easily. 铁易生锈。
• Liver is a particularly rich source of dietary iron. 肝脏中含有特别丰富的饮食铁质。
• iron ore 铁矿
• an iron deficiency 铁质缺乏
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] noun
FOR CLOTHES 衣服
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of equipment for making clothes flat and smooth, especially after they have been washed, which has a handle and a flat base and is usually heated with electricity 熨斗
• a steam iron 蒸汽熨斗
• a travel iron 旅行用熨斗
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] noun
GOLF 高尔夫球
countable
■a stick which has an iron or steel part at the end that is used to hit the ball in golf （高尔夫球运动中的）铁头球杆，铁杆
• He'll probably use a 2 or 3 iron for the shot. 他这一击很可能要用2号或3号铁头球杆。
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] noun
CHAINS 镣铐
irons [plural] literary
■chains tied around someone to prevent them from escaping or moving 镣铐
• It was common practice for the prisoners to be clapped in irons (= tied with chains). 通常会用镣铐铐住犯人。
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] noun
have a few/several, etc. irons in the fire
■to be involved with many activities or jobs at the same time or to make certain that there are always several possibilities available 同时有几件事要做；同时有数种可能
• If that job application doesn't work out I've got a couple more irons in the fire. 如果那份求职申请没有结果，我还有另外几个选择。
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] verb intransitive or transitive
■to make clothes flat and smooth using an iron 熨（衣），烫平
• It takes about five minutes to iron a shirt properly. 熨好一件衬衫大约需要五分钟。
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] iron sth out
■to remove problems or find solutions 消除；解决
• We're still trying to iron out some problems with the computer system. 我们仍在试图解决电脑系统中的一些问题。
• We hope they can iron out their differences and get on with working together. 我们希望他们能消除分歧，继续共事。
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] adjective [before noun]
■very strong physically, mentally or emotionally 极强壮的；强硬坚定的
• I think you have to have an iron will to make some of these decisions. 我认为你需要有钢铁般的意志才能作出这些决定。
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] adjective [before noun]
an iron hand / fist in a velvet glove
■used to describe someone who seems to be gentle but is in fact severe and firm 外柔内刚的人
UK [aɪən] US [aɪrn] adjective [before noun]
rule sth with an iron hand / fist US
■to control a group of people very firmly, having complete power over everything they do 以铁腕手段控制
n. 熨斗； [服装] 烙铁；坚强
 - sadiron, flatiron
adj. 铁的；残酷的；刚强的
 - cruel, ferrous

Word: practical
Front: practical
[ˈpræktɪkl] (高研四六托雅 2281/1259 -K3)
Vocabulary: practical
(once / 73 pages)
adj
A stapler is a practical object––it has a use. A hand-crocheted stapler cozy designed to keep a stapler warm at night? Not practical at all.
The word practice, in the sense of "doing," is embedded in the word practical, which is all about "doing." "Is it practical?" means, is it good to do this? Does it have a use? Will it work? Silk shoes in a rainstorm? They're just not practical. A London Fog raincoat? Definitely practical.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
practical / practicable
Choosing between practical ("sensible") and practicable ("possible") often depends on context.
Quiz time! Choose your words:
Luxury gifts are out this Christmas – with practical/practicable presents now topping most people's wish lists.
Health Amendment Act 2007 required councils to take all practical/practicable steps to ensure drinking water complied with drinking water standards.
The Torah contains 613 commandments, many of which we call ritual because they don't fulfill a practical/practicable or moral purpose.
In the first sentence, the presents on people's wish lists are sensible or reasonable. They're practical. Here's another example:
The problem with personal budgets is practical, not ideological.
The second sentence refers to steps that can actually be put into practice, steps that are achievable. They're practicable:
He failed to take all practicable steps to ensure his actions did not cause harm to any other persons.
‎The third quiz sentence talks about three types of commandments: those concerned with religious ceremonies (ritual), those concerned with a sense of right and wrong (moral), and those concerned with things able to be put to use. That last group was labeled practical in the original sentence. But if those commandments, such as returning lost objects, are ones that we can put into use, aren't they also practicable, commandments that are feasible? In a word: sometimes. Context can be everything.
When faced with a choice between practical and practicable, look at the context around the word. Do you mean to say that a thing is sensible? Choose practical. Do you want to say it is possible? Choose practicable. Out of context, sometimes either word will do.
WORD FAMILY
practical: impractical, practicality, practically +/impracticability: impracticabilities/impracticable: impracticability, impracticableness, impracticably/ impractical: impracticality, impractically/impracticality: impracticalities/practicability: practicabilities/ practicable: impracticable, practicability, practicableness, practicably/ practicality: practicalities/ practice: practicable, practical, practiced, practices, practicing/practiced: unpracticed
USAGE EXAMPLES
These may not be the most practical or, to many, desirable suggestions.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The Americans were practical. They were looking after their own self-interest,” she said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Gary Eaker, who worked as a practical nurse in the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 实践的，实际的; 可实现的，实用的; 注重实际的; 可用的
分布：实际的(53%)，实用的(42%)，实践考试(3%)，明智的(1%)，事实上的(1%)
→来自practice,实践。
a.实际的,实用的The exact contact with practice has practical impact on me.同实践的密切接触对我有实际的影响.
adjective
EXPERIENCE 经验
 IMPROVER
■relating to experience, real situations or actions rather than ideas or imagination 实际的；实做的；有实际经验的
• Qualifications are important but practical experience is always an advantage. 资历固然重要，但实际经验总是个优势。
• The service offers young people practical advice on finding a job. 这项服务为年轻人提供就业方面的实用建议。
• What's the use of theoretical knowledge that has no practical application ? 理论知识如果没有实际应用又有甚么用呢？
for all practical purposes
■in reality 实际上
• Dr Frampton is in charge, but for all practical purposes, her assistant runs the office. 理论上是弗兰普顿博士负责，但实际上是她的助手在管理办公室。
['præk.tɪ.kəl] adjective
SUITABLE 适合的
■suitable for the situation in which something is used 适合的，实用的
• I tend to wear clothes that are practical rather than fashionable. 我喜欢穿实用而非时髦的衣服。
• Heavy boots aren't very practical for running. 厚重的靴子不太适合跑步。
Opposite impractical
['præk.tɪ.kəl] adjective
EFFECTIVE 有效的 approving
■able to provide effective solutions to problems 实用的，有效的；能解决问题的
• She has a lot of interesting ideas, but they're not very practical. 她有很多有意思的想法，但都不太实用。
• We need someone practical who can cope with a crisis. 我们需要一个能够切实应付危机的人。
Opposite impractical
['præk.tɪ.kəl] adjective
POSSIBLE 可能的
■able to be done or put into action 可实施的，切实可行的；切合实际的
• [+ to infinitive] It's simply not practical to divide the work between so many people. 把这份工作分给这么多人是完全不切实际的。
Opposite impractical
['præk.tɪ.kəl] noun countable
■a class or examination in a scientific or technical subject in which students do things rather than just write or talk about them 实践课，实验课；实验考核
• We had to dissect a worm and a frog in our biology practical today. 今天的生物实验课上，我们得解剖一条蚯蚓和一只青蛙。
practical, feasible, practicable, pragmatic
practical: a.实践的，实用的，实际的，指未经过实践检验的事物，如计划、项目等。
 • She felt that most of what she learned in the course was of no practical use.   她感到在课上学到的大部分知识都没有实际用途。
feasible: a.可行的，行得通的，用来表示实施后可以成功的。
 • Your work plan is feasible, so we can build the bridge immediately.   你的工作计划是可行的，所以我们可以马上修建那座桥。
practicable: a.能实施的，可行的，只表示一种可能性，但是实施后的效果不一定理想。
 • Their marriage was so bad that divorce seemed the only practicable solution.   他们的婚姻是如此的糟糕以至于离婚似乎是唯一可行的解决办法。
pragmatic: a.讲究实际的，实用的，务实的，强调用常识解决实际问题，不追求不切实际的目标。
 • He would like to be a doctor, but he has a pragmatic attitude and realizes that he cannot afford medical school.   他想成为一名医生，但是他很实际，知道自己上不起医学院。
realistic, practical, feasible, reasonable
realistic: 符合实际的，现实的
practical: 实际的，现实的，实用性的
feasible: 可行的，适当的
reasonable: 合理的，有道理的，适当的
adj. 实际的；实用性的
 - actual, effective, real, pragmatic, positive

Word: moreover
Front: moreover
[mɔ:rˈəʊvə(r)] (研四六雅 2282/2111 -K3)
Vocabulary: moreover
(once / 118 pages)
adv
Use the adverb moreover to add information that supports what’s already been said. You have to go shopping on Saturday to buy new tube socks, and moreover, you need to get a birthday present for your mom.
Breaking moreover into more and over helps you remember what it means: more information over what has already been said. When you hear someone use moreover that tips you off that whatever follows is going to relate to what came before. You can think of moreover as a formal way of saying besides. You may be sick of your brother always getting out of doing the chores, and, moreover, the guy has a really bad attitude about taking on responsibility.
WORD FAMILY
moreover: moreovers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Moreover, a server that is used by Russian spies one year might be used by “granny’s bake shop” the next, Lee said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Moreover, there was almost no evidence supporting its use for women or for the middle-aged and older people.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Moreover, it is one of those very rare titles whose influence lasted long into the future.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 再者; 此外; 而且; 同时
分布：此外(54%)，而且(46%)
→more,更加，over,在上。
conj./ad.再者,加之,而且It was, moreover, a waste of time.此外,那是浪费时间.
US [ˌmɔ:r'oʊ.vɚ] adverb formal
 ADVANCED
■(used to add information) also and more importantly 而且，再者，此外
• The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate. 整个报告都写得很差，而且还内容不实。
adv. 而且；此外
 - besides, again, also, then, additionally

Word: passion
Front: passion
[ˈpæʃn] (研四六托雅 2283/2957 -3)
Vocabulary: passion
(once / 104 pages)
n
Passion is a strong emotion, usually related to love or anger. If on your first time out together your date falls on their knees and tells you they'd die for you — they're gripped by passion (or maybe just nuts).
We associate passion with any intense feeling, but centuries ago it referred specifically to intense pain. The sufferings of religions martyrs, who were tortured and killed for their beliefs, were called "passions," from the Latin passio, or suffering. Today we've dropped the torture, and most of us, when we're not in the grip of passion, have a passion (or intense interest) — for things like gardening or golf or dollhouse architecture.
WORD FAMILY
passion: dispassion, impassioned, passionless, passions+/ impassioned: impassionedly, unimpassioned/passionless: passionlessly/unimpassioned: unimpassionedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first 25 games or so are ruled by the passion and intensity of a nascent season.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
By intervening, however, the central government would risk reigniting the passions that flared in 2014 when demonstrators paralysed business districts with sit-ins for several weeks.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
And it was a chance to explore what drives this man and his passion for counseling and teaching hoops in this achingly beautiful land.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 激情，热情; 热心，爱好; 热恋; 酷爱
vt. &vi. [诗歌用语]表露强烈感情，显示巨大热情
分布：激情(59%)，热情(35%)，酷爱(4%)，盛怒(2%)
→来自拉丁语pati,忍受，承受，来自pei,伤害，词源同fiend.-ss,过去分词格。该词原指耶稣被钉在十字架上身体所遭受的痛苦，后引申词义强烈感情，激情，渴望等。
激情(pass+ion)[pass=felling表示"感情"]
n.热情,激情,爱好;激怒;强烈感情In the past the compass could pass passion to the passive man having pastime on the pasture.在过去,指南针可以将激情传递给在牧场上消遣的被动之人
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a very powerful feeling, for example of sexual attraction , love, hate, anger or other emotion 激情，热情；强烈情感
• Football arouses a good deal of passion among its supporters. 足球唤起了球迷巨大的热情。
• At school, his early interest in music developed into an abiding passion. 他早年对音乐萌生的兴趣在求学时期发展成一种始终不渝的热爱。
• Politics and philosophy were his lifelong passions. 政治学和哲学是他毕生热爱的学科。
a passion for sth
■an extreme interest in or wish for doing something, such as a hobby, activity, etc 对…的热爱，对…的强烈爱好
• Anton has a consuming passion for science fiction. 安东对科幻小说痴迷不已。
passions [plural]
■very powerful feelings 强烈的情感
• Touch a man's property and his passions are immediately aroused. 任何人要是被动了财物，那他会立刻变得异常激愤。
['pæʃ.ən] noun countable or uncountable
passions run high
■a way of describing a time when people feel strong emotions about a particular subject 激情高涨
• Passions run very high at election time. 大选期间民众热情高涨。
sentiment, sensation, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: n.思想感情，情绪，感情色彩，指由于某种思想唤起的感情，强调主观作用，有时候也带有理智成分。
 • When our grandmother died, we remembered her life with strong sentiment.   当祖母逝世时，我们深深地怀念她的一生。
sensation: n.指人体感官受到外部刺激时产生的感觉，知觉。
 • When she watched the film, she had the sensation that she was in a moving car.   她看电影时，感觉自己正坐在一辆开动的汽车上。
feeling: n.指一般的情绪、感觉，它一般不反映感情的本质和强度。
passion: n.激情，热情，欲望，极度的仇恨，指强烈的爱好、愤怒或情欲。
 • He spoke with passion about the love of freedom.   他满腔热情地谈论着对自由的热爱。
emotion: n.情感，感情，指喜怒哀乐等较激动的情绪，表示某物引起的激动。
 • He felt mixed emotions when he thought of her.   当他想起她时便产生一种复杂的感情。
sentiment, affection, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: 一般指由一种思想激起的感情，含较大的理智因素。
affection: 指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情。
feeling: 普通用词，含义广。多指具体的或内心的感受，或表露出来的强烈情感。
passion: 指极强烈的感情、尤指愤怒、爱好等。也常指两性间的爱情。
emotion: 普通用词，词义中性。泛指因外界刺激而引起思想情感从细微变化到最强烈的发作。
n. 激情；热情；酷爱；盛怒
 - flame, love, fire, warmth

Word: volunteer
Front: volunteer
[ˌvɒlənˈtɪə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2284/3012 -3)
Vocabulary: volunteer
(once / 122 pages)
nadjv
To volunteer means to freely offer up your time and service to help. So a volunteer might offer to water a neighbor's plants while he's on vacation or sign up to serve dinner at a local homeless shelter.
When it came into usage circa 1600, the noun volunteer referred to a person who offered himself up for military service. It wasn't until a few decades later that the word was first used in a non-military sense. And a little over a hundred years after that, volunteer expanded from functioning as just a noun to also playing the role of verb. A volunteer is someone who volunteers: willingly performs a task or offers a service.
WORD FAMILY
volunteer: voluntary, volunteered, volunteering, volunteers+/ involuntary: involuntarily, involuntariness/nonvoluntary: nonvoluntarily/ voluntary: involuntary, nonvoluntary, unvoluntary, voluntaries, voluntarily, voluntaryly
USAGE EXAMPLES
She was a Girl Scouts leader, Sunday school teacher and volunteer at Rock Spring Congregational Church in Arlington.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 300 men passed through the courses for volunteers, he said, some of them graduates of his civilian training.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
College scout teams consist of scholarship players who are buried on the depth chart and walk-ons who volunteer to be tackling dummies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 志愿者; 自告奋勇者; 志愿兵
v. 自愿做; 义务做; 主动建议; 自愿参军
时态：volunteered, volunteering, volunteers
分布：志愿者(100%)
志愿者(volunt+eer人→意愿的人→志愿者)[vod,otunt=wish,will,表示"意志,意愿"]
志愿者(volunt自愿)[-eer表名词"…人员"]
n./v.自愿(者,兵);自愿(提供)He enlisted as a volunteer in the army.他以志愿兵从军.
US [ˌvɑ:.lən'tɪr] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who does something, especially helping other people, willingly and without being forced or paid to do it 自愿参加者，（尤指帮助别人的）志愿者
• The Health clinic is relying on volunteers to run the office and answer the telephones. 这家健康门诊依靠志愿者来负责办公室的日常工作和接听电话。
• Since it would be a highly dangerous mission, the Lieutenant asked for volunteers. 由于那项任务非常危险，所以中尉请大家自告奋勇。
• It's a volunteer army with no paid professionals. 这是一支志愿军，没有领军饷的职业军人。
Compare conscript
UK [ˌvɒl.ən'tɪər] US [ˌvɑ:.lən'tɪr] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to offer to do something that you do not have to do, often without having been asked to do it and/or without expecting payment 自愿做；无偿做；作志愿者；主动提出做
• [+ to infinitive] During the emergency many staff volunteered to work through the weekend. 紧急时刻，很多员工都自愿周末加班。
• I volunteered myself for the post of Health and Safety Representative. 我自告奋勇担任卫生与安全代表一职。
• My mates volunteered me to do the talking. 我的朋友们推举我去讲话。
• He volunteered for the army (= He became a member although he was not forced to by law). 他自愿参军。
transitive
■to give information without being asked 主动提供（资讯）
• If I were you, I wouldn't volunteer any details of what happened. 要是我的话，我不会主动说出所发生事情的任何细节。
• [+ speech] "I saw her going out of the main entrance at about half past two," he volunteered. “我见她在大约两点半的时候从主出入口走了出来。”他主动说道。
equip, furnish, present, provide, volunteer, propose, supply, offer, afford
equip: 侧重提供与技术有关的装备或设备等
furnish: 多指添置家具等供给生活的必需品或为生活舒适提供所需的服务设施
present: 既可指提出意见建议等，又可指拿出某物供人欣赏或赠送
provide: 与supply近义，但强调人的深谋远虑，侧重用贮备等方法作充分准备
volunteer: 侧重出于自愿，而不是奉命做某事
propose: 指直接而主动地提出问题或建议等，也指在讨论或争辩中提出具体意见或建议
supply: 普通用词，指提供任何所需求的东西
offer: 多指主动提出或提供意见或东西等，但是否接受由对方自行决定
afford: 一般只用于对抽象事物提供，也可指经济能力上的供给或支付

Word: implement
Front: implement
[ˈɪmplɪment] (研四六托雅宝 2285/2149 -3)
Vocabulary: implement
(once / 467 pages)
1nv 2v
Apply the noun implement when you want to use a fancy word for "tool." A knife and fork are implements for handling food.
The noun implement is a very useful word for just about anything you want to describe as a tool or a thing that helps you do something. An implement can be as simple as chimpanzees using a stick to eat ants with or a bulldozer that moves huge amounts of earth in building. The word relates to something that "fills up" a house, as in all sorts of things that allow a house to work properly.
WORD FAMILY
implement: implemental, implementation, implemented, implementing, implements+/ implementation: implementations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Implementing the Place of Last Drink program.The program requires that offenders disclose where they were served their last drink.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This outstanding ability is widely implemented during one of the most neurologically challenging actions people are engaged with on a daily basis: driving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Other team sports are keeping an eye on basketball’s RPI to possibly implement for their state tournaments.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 实施，执行; 使生效，实现; 落实（政策）; 把…填满
n. 工具，器械; 家具; 手段; [法]履行（契约等）
时态：implemented, implementing, implements
分布：实施(49%)，执行(35%)，工具(12%)，器具(3%)，当工具的物品(1%)
→im-,进入，使，-ple,满的，词源同full,complete.引申词义装满，提供，提供工具，贯彻，实施等。
工具v.完成;实施(im进+ple+ment→进入满→完成)[ple,plen,plet,pli=full,fill,表示"满,填满"]
n.(pl.)工具,器具v.贯彻,实现The limping shrimp impulsively implemented the compulsory duty.跛行的虾冲动实现强制的职责.
【记】im进入，ple充满，ment－进入充满的状态－实现
【参】deplete（vt 耗尽；使衰竭）；replete（adj 充满的）
【反】foil（vt 阻止；挫败）
verb transitive /ˈɪm.plɪ.ment/
 IMPROVER
■to put a plan or system into operation 实施；贯彻
• The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year. 国民医疗保健制度的改革将于明年实行。
noun countable /ˈɪm.plɪ.mənt/
■a tool which works by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface 工具，器具
• garden/household/agricultural implements 园艺用具／家用工具／农具
• Shopkeepers are not supposed to sell knives and other sharp implements to children. 店主不应该向儿童出售小刀或其他锋利的器具。
installation, tool, device, apparatus, implement, equipment, instrument, appliance, facilities
这组词都有“仪器、设备、器械、器具”的意思，其区别是：
installation: 一般多指安装完成，可供使用或操作的整套装置或设施。
tool: 一般指进行特种工作的手工工具，也可指人造使用动力的工具，还可作引申用。
device: 多指为某一特殊用途或解决某一特定机械问题而设计或改装的精巧的仪器或装置。
apparatus: 既可指某种具体的由许多不同零件构成的复杂的仪器、装置或器械，又可指它们的总称。
implement: 原指史前人类所用的工具，现在多指农用工具，也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。
equipment: 多指成套的或重型的设备或装备。通常用作不可数名词。
instrument: 通常指能使人们完成某一精确动作或测量的一种小型仪器，尤指电工仪表、测量装置，航海或航空用的控制装置。
appliance: 侧重指家用机器或设备，尤指家用电器。
facilities: 常用复数形式，指可供使用的设备或设施。
vt. 实施，执行；实现，使生效
 - accomplish, perform, come true, fulfill, enforce
n. [机] 工具，器具；手段
 - instrument, facilities, vehicle, tool, engine

Word: essentially
Front: essentially
[ɪˈsenʃəli] (2286/2399 -K3)
Vocabulary: essentially
(once / 353 pages)
adv
Notice the tie between essentially and the word "essence," referring to the very core of something. As an adverb, then, essentially refers to something's nature. In spite of your faults, you're essentially a good person.
The word essentia came from the Lower Latin, referring to something's inherent qualities. If you're convinced that there's not much difference between two things, you might say that they are essentially the same. Nietzsche once made the essentially sexist comment, "Man wishes woman to be peaceable, but in fact she is essentially warlike, like the cat.”
WORD FAMILY
essential: essentiality, essentially, essentialness, essentials, inessential, nonessential, unessential+/ essence: essences, essential /essentiality: essentialities/ inessential: inessentiality, inessentially, inessentials/nonessential: nonessentials/unessential: unessentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first two questions are about national strategy; the third will essentially be a fight over government funding.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is being completed essentially on time and within its budget, unlike many previous such projects.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Football is essentially a spectacle of car crashes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 本质上，根本上; 本来; “essential“的派生
分布：本质上(55%)，本来(45%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■relating to the most important characteristics or ideas of something 本质上；根本上；基本上
• It's essentially a dictionary but it differs in one or two respects. 本质上说这还是一本字典，但在一两个方面上它又不同于一般字典。
• What he's saying is essentially true. 他说的基本上都是实话。
adv. 本质上；本来
 - originally

Word: gene
Front: gene
[dʒi:n] (研四雅宝 2287/2150 -3)
Vocabulary: gene
(once / 419 pages)
n
Microscopic, yet powerful, a gene is segment of DNA, the molecule that stores the code for building living bodies.
A gene is a single unit of genetic information, stored on twisting strands in every cell of every living being. In sexual reproduction, the parents' genes mix together to make the child. Although people would like to think that genes code for discrete traits, like friendliness or mathematical genius, that's not the case. Genes control the color of your eyes and the shape of your toes, not your weird personality.
WORD FAMILY
gene: genes, genetic, genetical, genic, transgene+/ genetic: genetically, geneticism, genetics /geneticist: geneticists/ genetics: geneticist/transgene: transgenes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hospitals hope to analyze genes to personalize medical care.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
For more articles, as well as features such as Date Lab, Gene Weingarten and more, visit The Washington Post Magazine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Later, a stylized dream sequence recalls Gene Kelly’s pursuit of Leslie Caron in the ballet that closes “An American in Paris.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. <生>基因; 遗传因子
分布：基因(100%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同generate. 用于科学术语。
n.基因The degeneration of regenerative gene is exaggerated.更新基因的退步夸大了.
【记】外来语
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a part of the DNA in a cell which contains information in a special pattern received by each animal or plant from its parents, and which controls its physical development, behaviour, etc 基因
• The illness is believed to be caused by a defective gene. 据信，这种疾病是由基因缺陷引起的。
n. [遗] 基因，遗传因子
 - hereditary factor

Word: enforcement
Front: enforcement
[ɪn'fɔ:smənt] (2288/4872)
Vocabulary: enforcement
(once / 788 pages)
n
Enforcement is when someone in a position of power makes sure you follow the rules, whether it’s a police officer pulling over a speeding car, or your brother catching you cheating at checkers.
Most people benefit from the enforcement of laws, because it prevents criminals from taking advantage of others. You can see the word force inside enforcement, and it usually takes a little force to keep people from breaking rules. Enforcement may not make you a popular person – think of a hall monitor – but it does make for an obedient and organized life.
WORD FAMILY
enforcement: enforcements+/ enforce: enforceable, enforced, enforcement, enforcer, enforces, enforcing, reenforce/enforceable: unenforceable/ enforced: enforcedly, unenforced/enforcer: enforcers/ force: enforce, forced, forceful, forceless, forces, forcible, forcing/forced: forcedly, unforced/ forceful: forcefully, forcefulness, unforceful/forcible: forciblest, forcibly/reenforce: reenforced, reenforcement, reenforces, reenforcing/reenforcement: reenforcements/unforced: unforcedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Worth reflecting on is the city’s upswell in violence last year that followed political protests against law enforcement and a pullback in policing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
"Morales remains at large and is being intensively sought by law enforcement," they said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
According to WTOP-TV, the piece was criticized as an insult to law enforcement.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 强制，实施，执行
分布：执行(57%)，实施(24%)，强制(19%)
N-UNCOUNT
执行;实施
If someone carries out the enforcement of an act or rule, they enforce it.
例：The doctors want stricter enforcement of existing laws, such as those banning sales of cigarettes to children.医生们希望加大现行法律的执行力度，如禁止向孩童出售香烟。
n. 执行，实施；强制
 - execution, implementing, administration, performance, conduct

Word: vs
Front: vs
None (2290/9279 -2)
Back: abbr. versus 对
分布：相对(78%)，与 ... 相对(=verse(22%)
preposition written abbreviation for
■ versus

Word: sauce
Front: sauce
[sɔ:s] (高研四六雅 2289/4226 -K3)
Back: n. 调味汁; 酱汁; 〈非〉莽撞无礼; 〈俚〉烈酒
vt. 调味或加沙司于…; 给…增加趣味或风味; 〈非〉对…无礼
时态：sauced, saucing, sauces
分布：酱汁(53%)，调味汁(41%)，使 ... 增加趣味(2%)，对 ... 无礼(2%)，给 ... 调味(2%)
→来自古法语 sauce,沙司，来自 sausse,沙司，来自拉丁语 salsa,盐渍的，加盐的食物，词源同 salt,souse.字母 l 软化成 u.引申比喻义加料，粗俗行为。
n.酱汁,调味汁In the beautiful bureau my daughter's laughter served for the sauce of the sausage.在漂亮的办公署,女儿的笑声充当了香肠的调料.
US [sɑ:s] noun
THICK LIQUID 浓液体
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a thick liquid eaten with food to add flavour 调味汁，酱
• a savoury/sweet sauce 咸／甜酱汁
• tomato sauce 番茄酱
uncountable US slang
■alcohol 酒
• Gran's been on the sauce again - she's passed out in the den. 奶奶又喝酒了——她醉倒在房间里。
UK [sɔ:s] US [sɑ:s] noun
RUDENESS 无礼
uncountable old-fashioned
■remarks which are rude or which show no respect 无礼的话，粗俗的话
• That's enough of your sauce, my girl! 你无礼的话说够了吧，我的小姐！
UK [sɔ:s] US [sɑ:s] noun
What's sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. old-fashioned saying
■said to emphasize that if one person is allowed to do something or to behave in a particular way, then another person must be allowed to do that thing or behave in that way, too 适用于此者也应适用于彼；应该一视同仁
n. 酱油；沙司；调味汁
 - soy, shoyu
vt. 使增加趣味；给…调味
 - season

Word: independence
Front: independence
[ˌɪndɪˈpendəns] (高研四六雅 2291/2010 -K)
Vocabulary: independence
(once / 331 pages)
n
Independence is the state of being free of the control of some other person, country or entity. Revolutions are all about obtaining independence, most famously perhaps the Revolutionary War in America, which led to America's freedom from Britain.
Independence comes from a nice medieval French word, depenre, meaning "to hang from," or "to hang down." The in at the beginning is Latin for "not," so the word originally meant "not hanging from," which is a neat description of what countries achieve by throwing off their colonizers. Teenagers also commonly seek independence from their parents — but perhaps not financial independence.
WORD FAMILY
independence: independences+/ depend: dependable, dependant, depended, dependent, depending, depends, interdepend/ dependable: dependability, dependableness, dependably, undependable/ dependant: dependants/ dependence: dependences/ dependency: dependencies/ dependent: dependence, dependency, dependently, dependents, independent /independency: independencies/ independent: independence, independency, independently, independents/interdepend: interdependent / interdependence: interdependences/interdependency: interdependencies/ interdependent: interdependence, interdependency, interdependently/undependable: undependability, undependableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
For many Taiwanese, the Republic of China, Taiwan’s official name, is a figleaf for independence; Sun is an old ineffectual ghost.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Among them is a proposal to hold a referendum that would ask voters whether they prefer statehood or independence.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Cuba will not abandon a single one of its principles ... not its independence and not its sovereignty,” she said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 独立，自主; 足够维持闭居生活的收入; 独立心; 自恃心
分布：独立(97%)，自立(3%)
→来自independent,独立的。
n.独立,自主This country gained its independence in 1949.这个国家在1949年获得独立.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■freedom from being governed or ruled by another country （国家的）独立
• Mexico gained its independence from Spain in l821. 墨西哥于1821年脱离西班牙独立。
 ADVANCED
■the ability to live your life without being helped or influenced by other people 自主，自立，独立
• It's important that parents should allow their children some independence. 父母让子女在一定程度上独立非常重要。
n. 独立性，自立性；自主
 - freedom, juche

Word: marketing
Front: marketing
[ˈmɑ:kɪtɪŋ] (雅 2292/1872 -K)
Vocabulary: marketing
(once / 443 pages)
n
Marketing is how you go about promoting and selling a product. Any ad campaign is a type of marketing.
Marketing has to do with making people aware of what you have to offer, whether it's updated software, a clearance sale, or ice-cold lemonade. If a commercial really makes you want to buy something, the marketing worked. Politicians use marketing in their campaigns to convince voters. Marketing is all about selling — and given how many ads there are everywhere you look, it’s probably one of the most powerful forces in the world.
WORD FAMILY
marketing: marketings+/hypermarket: hypermarkets/ market: hypermarket, marketable, marketed, marketer, marketing, markets, supermarket/ marketable: marketably, unmarketable/marketer: marketers/supermarket: supermarketeer, supermarketer, supermarkets/supermarketeer: supermarketeers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it became increasingly clear to Chinese officials that smugglers were bringing ivory into the country illegally and marketing it as a legal product.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At first I instantly thought it was marketing hype but slowly the story intrigued me and I began searching online.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Schippers did not reveal any new marketing plans to emphasize racing, but did stress what they think sets their casino apart from other area casinos.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 销售，经销，行销，商品销售业务; 市场学; 商品自生产者转移到消费者手中的一系列有关机能; 〈集合词〉市场购买的货品，适合市场上销售的货品
vt. 出售; 为出售提供
vi. 卖; 买
分布：市场营销(73%)，行销(27%)
→来自market,销售。引申词义营销，促销。
US ['mɑ:r.kɪ.tˌɪŋ] noun uncountable
JOB 工作
 IMPROVER
■a job that involves encouraging people to buy a product or service 促销；推销；行销
• a career in marketing 行销职业生涯
• Our marketing people have come up with a great idea for the launch of the new model. 我们的行销人员为新型号的上市想出了好点子。
UK ['mɑ:.kɪ.tɪŋ] US ['mɑ:r.kɪ.tˌɪŋ] noun uncountable
SHOPPING 购物 US shopping 购物
• We like to get the marketing done on Thursdays so we can have the weekend free. 我们喜欢周四去买东西，这样周末就能自由安排活动了。
n. 行销， [贸易] 销售
 - sale, sell
v. 出售；在市场上进行交易；使…上市（market的ing形式）
 - selling

Word: priest
Front: priest
[pri:st] (研四六 2293/2532 -K3)
Vocabulary: priest
(once / 62 pages)
n
A priest is a religious figure who performs ceremonies, particularly in the Roman Catholic, Anglican, or Orthodox church. During a Catholic baptism, a priest sprinkles holy water on a baby's head.
Though priests are often thought of as Christian, there are other religions with priests, including some branches of Shintoism and Hinduism. Priests often lead religious services, perform weddings and other religious rites, and in many cases work full time for their churches. Priest comes from the Old English prēost, and it shares a root with Presbyterian, the Greek presbyteros, "an elder."
WORD FAMILY
priest: archpriest, priesthood, priestlike, priestly, priests+/archpriest: archpriests/priesthood: priesthoods/priestly: priestliest, unpriestly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My thoughts,” said the poet and priest George Herbert, “are all a case of knives / Wounding my heart.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Unfortunately, he was greeted at the emergency room doors by a priest, Grogan said, because nobody believed she would be survive.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In “Paterson,” Driver plays a laconic bus driver who writes plain-spoken poetry, and in “Silence,” he and Andrew Garfield portray 17th-century Jesuit priests.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 神父，牧师; 司铎，司祭; 领导者; 神甫
vt. 使成为神职人员
分布：牧师(59%)，神父(28%)，教士(11%)，僧侣(1%)，泰斗(1%)
→来自古英语preost,祭司，神父，来自拉丁语presbyter,长者，老人，词源同presbytery.
n.教士,神父The pretty priest protested the contest of protein test.漂亮牧师抗议蛋白质化验赛.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person, usually a man, who has been trained to perform religious duties in the Christian Church, especially the Roman Catholic Church, or a person with particular duties in some other religions 神父，牧师，司铎；（基督教以外的）神职人员
• Father O'Dooley was ordained a priest in 1949. 奥杜利神父是1949年被授予神父职位的。
• Many in the Anglican Church are still opposed to women priests. 英国圣公会中的许多人仍然抵制女祭司。
priest, father
这两个名词均与宗教中的神职人员有关。
priest: 牧师，指天主教及东正教中一个有权执行圣礼的教士。
father: 神父，神甫，指对教士的尊称。
n. 牧师；神父；教士
 - minister, father, preacher

Word: amazing
Front: amazing
[əˈmeɪzɪŋ] (高托雅 2294/3667 -K3)
Vocabulary: amazing
(once / 360 pages)
adj
Use the adjective amazing to describe something that is so good, it surprises you, like the amazing beauty of the Rocky Mountains or the amazing feats of a truly great athlete.
Amazing, like incredible, awesome, and fabulous, is used so often to describe things that are just really good, you sometimes forget that its real meaning is reserved for things that are especially remarkable. The base word in amazing is amaze, which means "to astound or perplex." So amazing should be reserved for things that do just that.
WORD FAMILY
amazing: amazingest, amazingly+/ amaze: amazed, amazement, amazes, amazing / amazed: amazedly/ amazement: amazements
USAGE EXAMPLES
When I was in London recently, I raised it with one of the ministers, and they said: 'Yeah, it's amazing.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s amazing, overwhelming,” Long said afterward, wiping away tears.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The city handed over the rest of McMorran to Nancy Winzer, city recreation director, and she is doing amazing things with it, too.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 令人惊异的
vt. 使大为吃惊，使惊奇( amaze的现在分词); 使惊异：感到非常好奇
n. 吃惊; 好奇
分布：令人惊异的(95%)，动词amaze的现在分词.(5%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■extremely surprising 令人惊诧的，惊人的；令人惊喜的
• This stain remover really works - it's amazing! 这种去污剂很有效——真想不到！
• The new theatre is going to cost an amazing (= very large) amount of money. 建造新剧院将耗资惊人。
• It 's amazing to think that the managing director is only 23. 总经理年仅23岁，想想真让人惊叹。
• It 's amazing that no one else has applied for the job. 竟然没有其他人去应征这份工作，真让人惊诧。
• The amazing thing is that it was kept secret for so long. 令人诧异的是，这件事竟然保密了那么久。
• What an amazing coincidence ! 多么惊人的巧合！
informal approving * very good
• This wine is really amazing. 这葡萄酒真是太好喝了。
adj. 令人惊异的
 - marvelous, mind-boggling

Word: intense
Front: intense
[ɪnˈtens] (研四六托雅 2295/3202 -3)
Vocabulary: intense
(once / 105 pages)
adj
Intense means strong or extreme. If you accidentally spill a cup of hot coffee on yourself, you’ll probably feel intense heat, intense pain, and — if anyone happened to be watching — intense embarrassment.
When using intense, we often refer to a specific feeling or emotion, as in the case of “intense dread” or “intense happiness.” Intense can also be used to describe exciting experiences as well as people with strong or insistent personalities. For example, if your intense friend insists on taking you bungee jumping, you’re guaranteed to have an intense experience. Intense comes from a Latin word meaning “stretched,” implying that something has been stretched to its maximum limit.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
intense / intensive / intent
If your teacher offered you a choice between an intense course or an intensive one, which one would you choose? And would you wonder what his intent was?
Intense means of severe strength or force; having strong feelings. An intense course, then, would be an extremely tough course, such as advanced nuclear science. Intensive means focused on one subject or area for a short time; extremely thorough. So an intensive course would be very focused on one topic and would last short time, as with summer courses. The teacher's intent, his purpose or intention, might be to guide you to the best course for you. Or it might be to fill his summer course.
Searching online, you'll find that in particular intensive is used instead of intense:
Michigan Solar Panel Factory's Labor-Intensive Assembly Tasks
These hiking-intensive trips can, of course, be strenuous.
Implementation can be a time-intensive process in terms of training, data input, data conversion, and down time.
Some dictionaries point out that intense is usually connected with a subjective response, while intensive is generally connected to an objective description. Here are a few examples that get it right:
Intense heat sears Southern California for 4th day
‎Seaton's intent to lie, cheat is as serious as a felony‎
Professional mountain bike rider in intensive care after hit-and-run
WORD FAMILY
intense: intensely, intenser, intensest, intensity, intensively+/ intensity: intensities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m hoping it will alleviate some of the intense crowding on the 6 Line,” he said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But the pain became progressively intense that afternoon, wrapping around her torso.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The zoning changes proposed along the trolley will allow relatively intense commercial and residential development there, which fits with the city’s climate action plan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 热情的，强烈的，紧张的; 热烈的，热情的，认真的; [摄]（底片）明暗度强的; 有强烈感情（或意见、想法）的
分布：强烈的(46%)，激烈的(32%)，紧张的(19%)，深刻的(2%)，强大的(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-tense,延伸，词源同tend,tense.引申词义拉长，绷紧，剧烈的，强烈的。
强烈的,热烈的(in不+tense→拉到了不能在拉的地方→紧张的,强烈的)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
a.强烈的,剧烈的;热烈的,热情的For convenience of intensive study, he has an intense intention of making friend with me.为便于强化学习,他有和我交朋友的强烈意向.
adjective
■extreme and forceful or (of a feeling) very strong 强烈的，极度的
• intense cold/heat/hatred 严寒／酷热／痛恨
• an intense flavour/colour 浓烈的味道／浓重的颜色
• He suddenly felt an intense pain in his back. 他突然觉得背部一阵剧痛。
■Intense people are very serious, and usually have strong emotions or opinions 认真的；热切的；有强烈情感的；尖锐的
• an intense young man 认真的年轻人
adj. 强烈的；紧张的；非常的；热情的
 - burning, stressed, sharp, warm, hot

Word: advance
Front: advance
[ədˈvɑ:ns] (高研四六托 2296/1880 -K4)
Vocabulary: advance
(once / 38 pages)
1vnadj 2nvadj 3vn 4vn
The experience of having a wild monkey advance on you is pretty scary. The verb advance means "move forward purposefully."
When you move forward, you advance. You can advance a chess piece on a board, advance toward someone across a room, or observe an army as it advances into a country. Advance also means "make progress," as when you advance your knowledge of Spanish by traveling to Ecuador, or "to loan money," which a bank does by making an advance of a thousand dollars. Since the 1700s, to make advances has also meant to make romantic overtures or to flirt.
WORD FAMILY
advance: advanced, advancement, advancer, advances, advancing+/ advancement: advancements/advancer: advancers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even so, both parties concurred on one point: American support for Israel was crucial for advancing the cause of peace.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Open in September and hasn’t advanced past the second round at her home tournament in Queensland state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He tweets prolifically but says he rarely uses any other communications technology more advanced than the telephone.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. （使）前进; 将…提前; 预付; 提出
vi. （数量等）增加; 向前推（至下一步）; 上涨
n. 增长; 借款; （价格、价值的）上涨; 预付款
adj. 预先的; 先行的
时态：advanced, advancing, advances
分布：进展(60%)，前进(18%)，推进(9%)，预付(6%)，增长(3%)，预先的(2%)，提前的(1%)，预付金(1%)
→来自拉丁语abante, 前缀ab, 从，从...离开，词根ante 前面的。即先行的，先进的。
n.前进,预付vi.前进,进展vt.促进,推进The advanced van has disadvantages as well as advantages.这辆先进的篷车有优点也有缺点.
US [-'vænts] verb
GO FORWARD 前进
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to go or move something forward, or to develop or improve something （使）前进；使进步，使进展；使发展；促进
• The fire advanced steadily through the forest. 大火在森林中不断蔓延。
• The troops advanced on the city (= approached it, ready to attack). 军队向该城推进。
• We have advanced greatly in our knowledge of the universe. 在认识宇宙方面，我们已经取得长足的进步。
• Her study has considerably advanced (= helped) the cause of equal rights. 她的研究极大地促进了权利平等运动的事业。
• He's just trying to advance (= improve) his own career. 他只是在努力发展自己的事业。
■to pay someone some money before the regular time 提前支付
• [+ two objects] Could you advance me £50 until Tuesday? 周二之前可以预付给我50英镑的薪水吗？
UK [əd'vɑ:nts] US [-'vænts] verb
SUGGEST 提出
transitive formal
■to suggest an idea or theory 提出（想法或理论）
• the theory advanced in this article 这篇论文提出的理论
UK [əd'vɑ:nts] US [-'vænts] noun
FORWARD 前进
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the forward movement of something, or an improvement or development in something 前进；进步，进展；发展
• Nothing could stop the advance of the flood waters. 洪水滔滔而来，势不可挡。
• Recent advances in medical science mean that this illness can now be cured. 医学新近取得的进展意味着这种疾病现在不再是绝症了。
■* money paid to someone before the regular time
• She asked for a £300 advance on her salary. 她要求预付她300英镑薪水。
UK [əd'vɑ:nts] US [-'vænts] noun
ROMANCE 浪漫
countable usually plural
■an attempt to start a romantic relationship with someone 勾引；挑逗；追求
• She rejected his unwelcome advances. 他妄想勾引她。她非常厌恶，让他碰了一鼻子灰。
UK [əd'vɑ:nts] US [-'vænts] noun
in advance IMPROVER
■before a particular time, or before doing a particular thing 预先，事先，提前
• If you're going to come, please let me know in advance. 如果你要来的话，请提前通知我。
UK [əd'vɑ:nts] US [-'vænts] noun
in advance of sth/sb formal
■before something or someone 在…前面，在…之前
• She arrived in advance of everyone else. 她比其他人都来得早。
UK [əd'vɑ:nts] US [-'vænts] adjective [before noun]
■happening, done or ready before an event 预先的，事先的
• advance payment/booking 预付／预订
• We got no advance warning/notice of the changes. 我们事先没有得到有关变更的警告／通知。
peogress, proceed, advance
这组词都有“前进”的意思，其区别是：
peogress: 多表自然过程，指生长，发展等稳定地或循环往复地前进。如：The year is progressing, it will soon be summer. (光阴似箭，很快又是夏天了。)
proceed: 强调从一处向另一处的运动，常表停顿后继续前进。如：They proceeded from London to Paris. (他们从伦敦往巴黎前进。)
advance: 表向一个特定的目的地，在一定的时间或空间内稳定地向前运动。如：Napoleon’s army advanced on Moscow. (拿破仑的军队向莫斯科挺进。)
further, promote, contribute, push, advance
这组词都有“促进，推进”的意思，其区别是：
further: 中性词，既可指对好事的促进、推进，又可指对坏事的助长。
promote: 指在某一进程的任何时期或阶段提供积极的帮助与支持。
contribute: 指能促进事物向前发展的因素，但这种因素并非决定性的。
push: 口语用词，通常指利用自己的活动或影响推进某事。
advance: 通常指为加速某一进程或达到某个预期目的而给予有效的促进，强调作出有意识、决定性的努力。
advance, progress, proceed, move on, go
这些动词均含“前进，行进，进展”之意。
advance: 主要用于具体的人或物，也可指科学技术和运动等。
progress: 指按某一既定目标前进，取得发展，目的性很明确，强调经常和稳定地前进。
proceed: 侧重指继续前进。
move on: 非正式用语，侧重从某一停止点向某地前进，但不表示前进的目的地。
go: 最常用词，含义宽泛而不确切，依上文确定其具体意思。
n. 发展；前进；增长； [会计] 预付款
 - development, growth, making, progress, increase
vt. 提出；预付；使……前进；将……提前
 - introduce, present, prefer, file, put in
vi. 前进；进展；上涨
 - go ahead, move ahead
adj. 预先的；先行的
 - up-front, prevenient

Word: employer
Front: employer
[ɪmˈplɔɪə(r)] (研四六托雅 2297/1318 -K3)
Vocabulary: employer
(once / 298 pages)
n
An employer is the person or organization that you work for. Can't find a job? Look at the bright side: you don't have to cater to the whims of any employer!
The verb employ means "to make use of." An employer hires an employee, or worker, in order to employ him at various tasks. A factory owner is an employer who might hire people to work on an assembly line. If you're a teacher, then your school is your employer. If you’re lucky enough to have a generous employer, then you’ll probably want to stay at your job for a while!
WORD FAMILY
employer: employers+/ employ: employable, employed, employee, employer, employing, employment, employs/employable: employables, unemployable/ employed: self-employed, underemployed, unemployed/ employee: employees/ employment: employments, unemployment / unemployment: unemployments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bean lists the center in court papers as her former employer.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Foundation Health Partners is now the largest private employer in Fairbanks with more than 1,650 workers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But when he turned it into a potential job, it was overlooked because it didn’t translate to the employer.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 雇主，老板; 雇佣者
分布：雇主(100%)
n.雇主An employer should appraise the ability of his employees.雇主应该能够鉴定员工的能力.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person or organization that employs people 雇用者，雇主
• We need a reference from your former employer. 我们需要你前任雇主的推荐信。
UK [ɪm'plɔɪ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  employer or employee? Warning: Choose the right word! To talk about someone who is paid to work for someone else, don't say 'employer', say employee :
✗ We should send all our employers on a training course.
n. [劳经] 雇主，老板
 - boss, guvnor

Word: shock
Front: shock
[ʃɒk] (高研四六托雅 2298/1998 -K4)
Vocabulary: shock
(once / 102 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n 5n 6nv
A shock is the uncomfortable feeling you get when an electric current passes through your body. If you stick your finger in an outlet, you'll get an unpleasant shock.
A shock can be a jarring surprise, like the shock of getting fired. If a human body goes into a state of shock, that person is near collapse, reeling from a traumatic situation. A shock of hair refers to a bushy mass of hair on a person's head. As a verb, shock can also mean "to inflict trauma on someone else," like shocking your mom with your news or you shock your dog's electric collar every time he tries to bite you.
WORD FAMILY
shock: foreshock, shockable, shocked, shocker, shocking, shocks+/foreshock: foreshocks/shockable: unshockable/shocker: shockers/shocking: shockingest, shockingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Darnold, still calm as a librarian, said he was a little shocked.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While enjoying reading cards and opening gifts, we were shocked to find 35 of our 140 guests did not leave a gift.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Would winning a Super Bowl be a far bigger shock?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 休克; 震惊; 震动; 打击
vt. 使休克; 使震惊; 使震动; 使受电击
vi. 感到震惊; 受到震动; 堆成禾束堆
adj. 浓密的; 蓬乱的
时态：shocked, shocking, shocks
分布：冲击(34%)，震惊(24%)，休克(24%)，震动(11%)，使震惊(3%)，使受电击(2%)，使震动(2%)
→可能来自中古荷兰语 schokken,摇动，摇晃，猛拉，猛推，来自 Proto-Germanic*skakana,摇动， 颤动，来自 skek,摇动，摇晃，词源同 shake.引申诸相关词义。
n.震动;电击,触电;休克v.(使)震动/震惊At the dock I'm shocked to see the pocket rocket made of a block of rock.在码头看到一块岩石做的小巧火箭,我感到震惊.
US [ʃɑ:k] noun
SURPRISE 惊讶
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■(the emotional or physical reaction to) a sudden, unexpected and usually unpleasant event or experience 令人震惊的事件（或经历）；惊愕，震惊
• Her mother's death came as a great shock - it was so unexpected. 她母亲的去世让人倍感震惊——简直太出乎意料了。
• It was such a loud crash - it gave me/I got quite a shock. 轰隆一声巨响就撞上了——真把我吓了一跳。
• It was a shock to see her looking so ill. 看到她病得如此厉害，真让人震惊。
• I was in (a state of) shock for about two weeks after the accident. 意外发生后，我有约两个星期都处于惊魂未甫的状态。
• UK The French suffered a shock defeat (= completely unexpected defeat) by the Italian side at the weekend. 法国队周末十分意外地被义大利队击败。
countable * an electric shock
• Ow! - I got a shock from that lamp! 哎哟！——我被那盏灯电了一下！
uncountable
■a medical condition caused by severe injury, pain, loss of blood or fear which slows down the flow of blood around the body 休克
• Several passengers from the wrecked vehicle were taken to hospital suffering from shock. 出事的车上有几位乘客处于休克状态，被送往医院。
a shock to the system
■when something new or unusual feels difficult or unpleasant （新的或不常见的事物）让人感到难以应对（或不快）
• It's really hard getting back to work after three months off - it's quite a shock to the system. 三个月的休假之后，真的很难回到工作状态——感觉很不适应。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] noun
DAMAGING EFFECT 破坏性效果
uncountable
■the effect of one object violently hitting another, which might cause damage or a slight movement 冲击，剧烈震动
• For running on hard roads, you need shoes with extra cushioning to absorb (= reduce) the shock. 在坚硬的路面上奔跑时，需要穿具有超强缓冲力的鞋子。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] noun
OFFENDED 冒犯
uncountable
■a feeling of being offended or upset by something you consider wrong or unacceptable 愤怒，生气，不快
• You should have seen the look of shock on her face when he started swearing! 你真应该看看他开始用粗话骂人时，她脸上那又惊又气的表情！
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] noun
HAIR 头发
only singular
■a large and noticeable mass of hair 惹眼的一大团毛发
• She's got a shock of bright red hair. 她有一头浓密抢眼的红发。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] noun
Shock, horror! humorous
■an expression used when you are pretending to feel very shocked by a piece of news 震惊；恐怖（一种措辞，用于假装因一则消息而感到非常震惊）
• Shock, horror! Carl James was seen talking to a woman and it wasn't his wife. 恐怖啊！有人看到卡尔‧吉姆和一个女人说话，但那个女人不是他老婆。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] verb intransitive or transitive
OFFEND 冒犯
 IMPROVER
■to offend or upset someone by doing or saying something which they consider is immoral or unacceptable （使）愤怒，（使）生气，（使）不快
• The advertisements were designed to shock - that was the whole point of the campaign. 这些广告为的就是要惊世骇俗——这就是此次活动的全部意义。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I think it shocks him to hear women talking about sex. 我想他听到女人谈论性会很愤慨。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] verb intransitive or transitive
SURPRISE 惊讶
 ADVANCED
■to make someone feel upset or surprised （使）震惊，（使）惊愕
• The photographs of starving children shocked people into giving money. 那些饥饿儿童的照片让人们深感震惊，纷纷解囊相助。
• The news of the accident shocked the family deeply. 那则意外的消息让全家人深感震惊。
clash, collision, impact, shock
这组词都有“冲击，碰撞”的意思，其区别是：
clash: 通常指两个或多个物体，特别是金属物发出刺耳声音或破裂声的撞击。也可引申指意见、利益等的冲突。
collision: 指物体相撞，其结果不是受损就是严重受阻。
impact: 正式用词，侧重指物体相撞的结果或接触点。
shock: 指强烈冲击在肉体上或思想感情上所产生的效果。
n. [临床] 休克；震惊；震动；打击；禾束堆
 - blow, stroke, strike, hit
vt. [临床] 使休克；使震惊；使震动；使受电击；把…堆成禾束堆
 - scandalize, astound
adj. 浓密的；蓬乱的
 - bushy, unkempt

Word: inspire
Front: inspire
[ɪnˈspaɪə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2299/3204 -4)
Vocabulary: inspire
(once / 89 pages)
1v 2v
The Olympics often inspire people to take up a sport, but they can also inspire patriotism. Inspire means to excite, encourage, or breathe life into.
Inspire comes from the Latin word that means to inflame or to blow in to. When you inspire something, it is as if you are blowing air over a low flame to make it grow. A film can be inspired by a true story. Studying for your test will inspire confidence in you. Successful people often have a role model who inspired them to greatness. Who inspires you?
WORD FAMILY
inspire: inspiration, inspiratory, inspired, inspirer, inspires, inspiring +/ inspiration: inspirational, inspirations/ inspirational: inspirationally/ inspired: inspiredly, uninspired/inspirer: inspirers/ inspiring: inspiringly, uninspiring/uninspiring: uninspiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The shoe in question was the Nike Air Rift, or “split-toe” inspired by Kenyan barefoot distance runners allowing extra toe movement.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Circumventing democracy by ignoring the obvious will of the people does little to inspire confidence in our statewide leaders.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A 1934 American novel, about the eventual suicide of the fictional character Julian English, was also inspired by the tale and borrowed its title.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 鼓舞; 激励; 赋予灵感; 启迪
vi. 吸，吸入
时态：inspired, inspiring, inspires
分布：激发(60%)，鼓舞(27%)，产生(9%)，吸入(3%)，赋予...灵感(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-spir,呼吸，词源同respire,spirit.即吸入活力，吸收灵感，引申词义启发，鼓舞。
吸气;鼓励(in进+spire→吸气进去,引申为鼓励)[spir=breathe表示"呼吸"]
vt.鼓舞,激起;使产生灵感The hired admirer inspired his desire for the wire.雇佣钦佩者激发了他对铁丝的渴望.
US [-'spaɪr] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make someone feel that they want to do something and can do it 激励，鼓舞
• His confident leadership inspired his followers. 他那自信的领导风采激励着他的追随者。
• [+ to infinitive] After her trip to Venezuela, she felt inspired to learn Spanish. 委内瑞拉之行促使她下定决心学习西班牙语。
■to make someone have a particular strong feeling or reaction 唤起，激起
• She inspires great loyalty among her followers. 她激起了追随者强烈的忠诚感。
• The captain's heroic effort inspired them with determination. 船长的英勇行为激发了他们的决心。
■to give someone an idea for a book, film, product, etc 赋予灵感；激发（想法）
• a piece of music inspired by dolphin sounds 受海豚声音的启发而谱写的一首乐曲
• The design of the car has inspired many imitations. 受这款车设计的启发出现了很多模仿品。
touch, inspire, move
这组词都有“感动，打动”的意思，其区别是：
touch: 主要用于表示怜悯或同情等场合，侧重感动。
inspire: 指激起勇气和信心，侧重鼓励，有时含“启发灵感”之意。
move: 与touch可换用，但语气强一些，运用范围广些。
motivate, encourage, excite, stimulate, inspire
这组词都有“鼓励、刺激”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: v.激发，促动，强调激起动机去做某事。
 • A desire to go to medical school motivates her to study hard everyday.   她希望上医学院，这成了她每天努力学习的动力。
encourage: v.鼓励，促进，含有"使增强勇气或给予希望"的意味。
 • He encouraged his son to go to good college.   他鼓励他的儿子上名牌大学。
excite: v.指使人感到激动、兴奋；煽动，鼓动。
 • The band played louder and excited the audience.   乐队演奏得更响亮了，使观众兴奋起来。
stimulate: v.刺激，激发，促进，强调刺激反应的结果。
 • Cold air stimulates me.   冷空气刺激我振作起来
inspire: v.鼓舞，激发，影响，常常带有"启迪，启发"的意思。
 • My mother inspires us with stories of her difficult childhood.   我的妈妈给我们讲童年时的艰苦生活以激励我们。
vt. 激发；鼓舞；启示；产生；使生灵感
 - stimulate, lift, wake, spirit, effect

Word: adjust
Front: adjust
[əˈdʒʌst] (高研四六托雅宝 2300/2811 -K3)
Vocabulary: adjust
(once / 217 pages)
1v 2v
When you adjust to something, you change so that you can fit in, conform, or keep on going. Arriving at a new school almost always requires that you adjust a little. Once you adjust, you'll find you're as happy as you were in your old school.
To adjust doesn't mean to transform in a major way. It implies small but important changes that make a big difference. If you adjust your speed by just ten miles per hour, you'll get more than fifty more miles per fill-up. You can adjust your hair to make it fancier, you can adjust your lifestyle to make it more sober, or you can adjust your attitude to make yourself less annoying. You used to have to adjust your TV antenna to get a better picture. Ask your mom.
WORD FAMILY
adjust: adjustable, adjusted, adjuster, adjusting, adjustive, adjustment, adjusts, readjust +/ adjustable: adjustably, unadjustable/ adjusted: unadjusted/adjuster: adjusters/ adjustment: adjustments/ readjust: readjusted, readjusting, readjustment, readjusts/ readjustment: readjustments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Congress adjusted its calendar to work more, with several five-day work weeks in the House as it races to deliver on election promises.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Businesses simply haven’t adjusted to a world of low interest rates,” said Paul Ashworth, chief North American economist for Capital Economics Ltd., a research firm.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
At different growth stages, the plants require light in different intensities, and algorithms controlling the L.E.D. arrays adjust for that.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （改变…以）适应，调整，校正; 调准（望远镜等），对准，校正，校准（机械等）; 核算（盈亏）; [保]评定（赔偿要求）
时态：adjusted, adjusting, adjusts
分布：调整(79%)，调节(18%)，校准(2%)，使适应(1%)
→词源略。俗词源：前缀ad-, 去，往。just, 刚好的。
调整(ad+just+正确→弄正确→调整)[ad-加在在单词或词根前,表示"做…,加强..."]
vt.调节;整顿,调整vi.适应(to);使调节It is difficult for the old man to adjust to city life.这个老人很难适应城市生活.
【记】ad朝向，just正确－朝向正确－调节，适应
verb
CHANGE 改变
 ADVANCED transitive
■to change something slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable （尤指为了使某物更正确、有效或合适而）调整，调节
• If the chair is too high you can adjust it to suit you. 如果椅子太高了，你可以把它调到适合你的高度。
• As a teacher you have to adjust your methods to suit the needs of slower children. 作为一名老师，你必须调整教学方法来适应那些学得较慢的孩子的需要。
transitive
■to arrange your clothing to make yourself look tidy 整理（衣着）
• She adjusted her skirt, took a deep breath and walked into the room. 她整理一下裙子，深吸一口气，走进了房间。
[ə'dʒʌst] verb
BECOME FAMILIAR 变得熟悉
intransitive
■to become more familiar with a new situation 适应；习惯
• I can't adjust to living on my own. 我不习惯独自生活。
• Her eyes slowly adjusted to the dark. 她的眼睛慢慢适应了黑暗。
• The lifestyle is so very different - it takes a while to adjust. 生活方式差别太大了，要过一段时间才能适应。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
fit, accommodate, conform, suit, adjust, adapt
这组词都有“使适合，适应”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 含义广，指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。
accommodate: 书面用词，指以外部条件标准改变自己或某事以求得适应，着重改变或调节的有利。
conform: 多指与某模式或规则相符，也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。
suit: 指适合要求，从而使人满意愉快。
adjust: 与adapt含义很接近，但adjust所改变的幅度要小一些，侧重过程，主要用于调整角度、高度、光点等。
adapt: 指人或物在原有情况下作某些改变以适应新的环境或不同的条件，强调改变的目的和重要性。
vt. 调整，使…适合；校准
 - regulate, coordinate, frame, restructure
vi. 调整，校准；适应
 - correct, adapt to something

Word: retire
Front: retire
[rɪˈtaɪə(r)] (高研四六托 2301/2374 -K3)
Vocabulary: retire
(once / 70 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
If you stop working by choice and leave your position or occupation, you retire. If you are lucky, you can retire early in order to sail around the world, but most people can't retire until they are old enough to collect retirement benefits.
If you go to bed in the evening, you retire. If your younger siblings are being loud and obnoxious, you can retire to the basement to get some privacy and quiet. If something is withdrawn from circulation, it can also be retired. When a beloved player leaves a sports team, often the number assigned to him or her is retired and no one else can use that number.
WORD FAMILY
retire: retired, retiree, retirement, retires, retiring +/ retired: retiredly/ retiree: retirees/ retirement: retirements/ retiring: retiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s not exactly, “I want to be the quarterback of this team until I retire.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
My parents would like to retire and move near their granddaughter, but they fear that if they left he would commit suicide.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But a news release said he would retire early this year.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 退休; 撤退; 后退，退却
vt. 退休，退隐; 使撤退; 收回
n. 退休; 退隐; 退兵信号
时态：retired, retiring, retires
分布：退休(91%)，撤退(4%)，就寝(4%)，离去(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-tir,拉，词源同 tirade,tier.即向后拉，引申词义撤退，撤离，后用于指退休。
退休;撤退(re回+tir+e→拉回去→退休)[tir=draw,表示"拉"]
v.退休,引退;退却,撤退;就寝A title is entitled to the retired worker who repaired the entire tire tirelessly.那个不倦地修理了整个轮胎的退休工人被授予了一个头衔.
US [-'taɪr] verb
STOP WORKING 停止工作
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to leave your job or stop working because of old age or ill health 退休；退职；退役
• Since retiring from the company, she has done voluntary work for a charity. 从公司退休后，她就一直在为一间慈善机构做志愿工作。
• He is due to retire as chief executive next year. 明年他就该从总裁职位上退下来了。
intransitive
■to stop taking part in a race or competition because of illness or injury （因伤病）退出（比赛）
• She retired from the competition after pulling a leg muscle. 她因腿部肌肉拉伤退出了比赛。
transitive often passive
■If an employer retires an employee, they make that person leave their job, usually at a time when they are near to the age at which they would normally stop working, or because they are ill （通常指在雇员接近退休年龄或生病时）使退职，辞退，使退休
• Following the merger, he was retired with a generous pension. 在合并后，他拿了一笔丰厚的养老金后被辞退了。
UK [rɪ'taɪər] US [-'taɪr] verb
LEAVE A PLACE 离开一个地方
intransitive formal
■to leave a room or group of people and go somewhere quiet or private 离开；退下；退出
• After dinner our host said, "Shall we retire to the drawing room?" 晚餐过后主人说道，“我们到休息室去好不好？”
intransitive formal or old-fashioned
■to go to bed 就寝；上床睡觉
• It had been a long day, so I retired early. 那天我工作了很长时间，所以早早便上床睡觉了。
retreat, withdraw, retire
这组词都有“退下、退却”的意思，其区别是：
retreat: 含消极意味，多指被迫采取退下或退却的行动。
withdraw: 侧重因某种原因而有意离开，常含礼貌、谦恭等理由。也指军队的撤退。
retire: 指从公开或公共场合退下到私下场所，也指被免除职务或自动辞职、退役等。
vi. 退休；撤退；退却
 - withdraw, beat a retreat
vt. 退休；离开；收回
 - leave, split, quit
n. 退休；退隐；退兵信号
 - superannuation, sequestration

Word: sure
Front: sure
[ʃʊə(r)] (中高 347/386 -K5)
Vocabulary: sure
(once / 17 pages)
1adjadv 2adj 3adj
Being sure has to do with being certain, convinced, trustworthy, or dependable. You can trust a sure thing.
Besides being a synonym for yes, sure has to do with lots of kinds of dependability. If you have a sure eye, then you have good aim, maybe with shooting a basketball or throwing darts. If you're sure of yourself, you're confident. A sure thing or sure bet is something almost certain to happen. If you're 100% convinced of something, you're sure of it.
WORD FAMILY
sure: surely, sureness, surer, sures, surest, unsure+/unsure: unsurely, unsurer
USAGE EXAMPLES
But a listing on mainland exchanges is no sure thing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
He added: "I am arriving at the end of my coaching career, of this I am sure."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Now I am sure that plenty of you right now are thinking: What an idiotic column.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 确信的，确实的; 有把握的; 无疑的; 一定的
adv. 当然; 确实地; 无疑地
级别：surer, surest
分布：当然(30%)，确信的(20%)，必定(11%)，可靠的(11%)，肯定的(8%)，不用客气(5%)，沉着自信的(5%)，确实地(5%)，无疑地(5%)
a.肯定的;一定会...的;有信心的,有把握的I assure the injured jury that a sure insurance is ensured.我让受伤的陪审团确信一笔有把握的保险得到的确保.
US [ʃʊr] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■certain; without any doubt 确定的，肯定的，毫无疑问的
• "What's wrong with him?" "I'm not really sure." “他怎么啦？”“我不太清楚。”
• I'm sure (that) I left my keys on the table. 我确定我把锁匙放在桌上了。
• I feel absolutely sure (that) you've made the right decision. 我完全确信你的决定是正确的。
• It now seems sure (that) the election will result in another victory for the government. 现在看来，这次选举无疑又会以政府的胜利而告终。
• Simon isn't sure wh ether/if he'll be able to come to the party or not. 西蒙不太确定他能否参加这次聚会。
• Is there anything you're not sure of/about ? 还有不清楚的地方吗?
• There is only one sure way (= one way that can be trusted) of finding out the truth. 只有一种方法肯定能弄清真相。
⇒ See also cocksure
be sure of/about sb
 IMPROVER
■to have confidence in and trust someone 对（某人）有信心，信任
• Henry has only been working for us for a short while, and we're not really sure about him yet. 亨利才为我们工作了很短一段时间，我们对他还不是很了解。
• You can always be sure of Kay. 你完全可以信任凯。
for sure
 IMPROVER
■certain or certainly 肯定的（地），确定的（地），无疑的（地）
• I know for sure that I won't be able to go to the party. 我非常确定自己不能参加这个晚会。
• One thing's for sure - once the baby's born, your lives will never be the same again. 有一点是肯定的——一旦孩子出生，生活就完全不一样了。
be sure of yourself
 ADVANCED
■to be very or too confident 非常自信；过于自信
• She's become much more sure of herself since she got a job. 她找到工作以后自信多了。
be sure of sth
 ADVANCED
■be confident that something is true 肯定，确信
• He said that he wasn't completely sure of his facts. 他说他还不能完全肯定自己所掌握的情况是否属实。
be sure of getting/winning sth
■to be certain to get or win something 确保能获得／赢得
• We arrived early, to be sure of getting a good seat. 我们很早就到了，以确保有个好座位。
• A majority of Congress members wanted to put off an election until they could be sure of winning it. 大多数国会议员都想把选举延后到他们有把握稳操胜券的时候。
be sure to
■to be certain to 肯定，一定
• She's sure to win. 她肯定会赢。
• I want to go somewhere where we're sure to have good weather. 我想去一个肯定有好天气的地方。
make sure (that)
■to look and/or take action to be certain that something happens, is true, etc. 确保，保证，确定
• Make sure you lock the door behind you when you go out. 出门的时候一定要锁好门。
■If you have a sure knowledge or understanding of something, you know or understand it very well 非常清楚的，十分了解的
• I don't think he has a very sure understanding of the situation. 我想他还不是十分了解情况。
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃʊr] adjective
(as) sure as eggs is eggs UK old-fashioned
■for certain 肯定，毫无疑问，的的确确
• One day he'll realize that I was right, as sure as eggs is eggs. 毫无疑问，他总有一天会了解我是对的。
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃʊr] adjective
(as) sure as hell slang
■used for emphasis （用于强调）肯定，绝对
• There better be another way in - I'm sure as hell not climbing up all those steps. 最好还有别的路可以进去——我是肯定不会爬那么多台阶的。
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃʊr] adjective
sure enough
■as expected 果然，果真，不出所料
• He said he'd left the book on the desk, and sure enough, here it was. 他说他把书放在桌上了，果然，书就在那里。
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃʊr] adjective
sure thing mainly US informal
■used to show agreement （表示同意）当然，没问题
• "Could you give me a lift home tonight?" "Sure thing!" “今晚我能搭你的车回家吗？”“没问题！”
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃʊr] adjective
to be sure formal
■certainly 肯定地，不可否认地
• This is not his best book, to be sure, but it is still worth reading. 这肯定不是他写得最好的书，但还是值得一读。
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃʊr] adverb informal
 IMPROVER
■certainly 当然
• "Do you want to come swimming with us?" "Sure." “你想来跟我们一起游泳吗？”“当然。”
• mainly US "Will you help me with this?" "Sure I will." “能帮我拿一下这个吗？”“当然可以。”
• US I sure am hungry. 我当然饿了。
definite, certain, positive, sure
这组词都有“无疑的，确信的”的意思，其区别是：
definite: 指已毫无怀疑的余地。
certain: 与sure同义，但语气比sure强，着重指有确切理由或不容置疑的证据所支持的确信。
positive: 语气强烈，指对自己的看法或作的结论的正确性有不可动摇的信念。
sure: 侧重主观上对某事确信无疑。
adj. 确信的；可靠的；必定的
 - confident, responsible, honest, reliable, tried
adv. 当然；的确
 - certainly, definitely, indeed

Word: visible
Front: visible
[ˈvɪzəbl] (研四六雅 2304/2760 -K3)
Vocabulary: visible
(once / 87 pages)
adj
If you describe something as visible, you are saying you can see it. Certain things are not visible to the naked eye, but that doesn't mean they are invisible, you may just need a microscope or telescope to see them.
The adjective visible also means obvious to the eye. You'd use this sense if you want to point out obvious flaws in an object such as a car with visible dents and scratches. A third meaning for the adjective is easily available or accessible: You may try to be a visible presence in your kids' lives — although sometimes they would prefer that you blend into the woodwork — so that they know they can count on you and come to you with any problem.
WORD FAMILY
visible: invisible, visibility, visibleness, visibler, visiblest, visibly+/ invisibility: invisibilities/ invisible: invisibility, invisibleness, invisiblest, invisibly/ visibility: visibilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“People are looking for a visible clampdown in China and results in terms of arrests and prosecutions.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its visible geothermal features are nowhere near as striking as Yellowstone’s geysers and consist mainly of above-ground, pungent smelling sulphur springs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their charred bodies were visible inside the burnt-out remains of the vehicle.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 看得见的; 明显的，显然的; 手头的，可得到的; 可察觉到的
分布：可见的(74%)，看得见的(16%)，显而易见的(10%)
→来自vis-,看，看见，词源同visit,evident.
可见的[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
a.看得见的,明显的,显著的Those stars are hardly visible to the naked eye.那些星用肉眼几乎看不见.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■able to be seen 可以看见的；可视的
• You should wear something light-coloured when you're cycling at night so that you're more visible. 夜里骑脚踏车的时候你应该穿浅色的衣服，这样就会更加显眼。
• The writing on the tombstone was barely visible. 墓碑上的文字看不大清楚了。
• There are few visible signs of the illness that kept her in hospital for so long. 她因病住院这么久，但表面上却看不出甚么症状。
• The comet should be visible to the naked eye. 肉眼应该能看见那颗彗星。
■able or likely to attract public attention and be noticed 显眼的；引人注目的
• In a very short period of time, she has become a highly visible national leader. 在很短的一段时间内，她就变成了一位非常引人注目的国家领袖。
adj. 明显的；看得见的；现有的；可得到的
 - obvious, distinct, seen, evident

Word: kiss
Front: kiss
[kɪs] (中高研四 2302/2408 -K3)
Vocabulary: kiss
(once / 67 pages)
1vn 2n
To kiss is to touch someone's face or lips with your own lips. Most people kiss each other as a way of saying "Hello!" or because they love each other.
You might kiss your grandma on the cheek, kiss your girlfriend on the mouth, or kiss your dog on his furry head. In each case, you're using an ancient human practice that anthropologists believe evolved either from a basic instinct, or perhaps from the habit of mothers feeding their babies pre-chewed food, mouth-to-mouth. Colloquially, you can "kiss something goodbye," or accept the fact that you'll lose it — and "the kiss of death" is something sure to bring failure.
WORD FAMILY
kiss: kissed, kisser, kisses, kissing+/kisser: kissers/kissing: kissings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bar, a candy named for his New York Yankees pal Reggie Jackson, and a wine called French Kiss.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A cute kiss on the cheek at the end of the night – but not before exchanging numbers.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
A new single mother, she kissed her infant daughter goodbye that morning, promising to be home soon.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: vt. 接吻; 轻拂; 轻微碰撞
vi. 接吻; 轻触
n. 吻; 轻触; 小糖果; 蛋白甜饼，球形饼干
时态：kissed, kissing, kisses
分布：吻(97%)，轻触(3%)
→来自古英语cyssan,亲吻，来自Proto-Germanic*kuss,吻的声音。比较osculate.
n./v.吻,接吻The dismissed Swiss miss kissed the once missing missile and scissors.被解雇的瑞士小妞吻了一度失踪的导弹和剪刀.
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to touch with your lips, especially as a greeting, or to press your mouth onto another person's mouth in a sexual way 吻；接吻
• There was a young couple on the sofa, kissing passionately. 沙发上一对年轻人正在热吻。
• She kissed him on the mouth. 她吻了一下他的嘴唇。
• [+ two objects] He kissed the children good night/goodbye (= kissed them as a part of saying good night/goodbye). 他吻了孩子们，道了晚安／他和孩子们亲吻道别。
transitive literary
■to gently touch something 轻拂；轻触
• The breeze/sun kissed her bare shoulders. 微风轻拂／阳光洒照她裸露的肩膀。
kiss sth better
■If you tell a child you will kiss a part of the body that hurts better, you mean you will make it feel better by kissing it 吻（孩子的伤痛处）以示安慰；以吻消除疼痛
• "Mummy, I hurt my knee." "Come here, darling, and let me kiss it better." “妈妈，我的膝盖受伤了。”“过来，宝贝，我亲一下就不痛了。”
[kɪs] verb
kiss sb's arse UK (US kiss sb's ass) offensive
■to be very nice to someone in order to get an advantage 拍（某人）的马屁，谄媚巴结（某人）
[kɪs] verb
kiss sth goodbye (also kiss goodbye to sth) informal
■to accept that you have lost something or that you will not be able to have something 放弃；丧失获得…的希望；承认对…无能为力
• If France lose this game, they can kiss their chances of winning the cup goodbye. 如果法国队输掉这场球赛，他们就休想捧杯了。
[kɪs] verb
kiss and tell
■to talk on television, in a newspaper, etc. about a sexual relationship you have had with a famous person, especially in order to get a lot of money （尤指为钱而在电视或报纸等上）泄露与名人的私情
⇒ See also kiss-and-tell
[kɪs] verb
kiss ass mainly US offensive
■to be very nice to someone in authority because you want them to help you 拍马屁；谄媚
[kɪs] verb
Kiss my arse! UK (US Kiss my ass!) offensive
■used to tell someone that you will not do what they want you to do 不要妄想了！（表示拒绝按别人的意志行事）
[kɪs] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an act of kissing someone 吻
• Give your granny a kiss. 吻一下你祖母。
• a kiss on the lips 在唇上吻一下
[kɪs] noun countable
kiss of death informal
■If you describe something as the kiss of death, you mean that it is certain to cause something else to fail 必然会导致其他事物失败的事物
• Rain is the kiss of death for a barbecue. 下雨就肯定不能烤肉了。
[kɪs] noun countable
the kiss of life mainly UK informal
■ artificial respiration
vi. 接吻；（风等）轻触
 - light touch
n. 吻；轻拂
 - proboscis

Word: illness
Front: illness
[ˈɪlnəs] (中高研四雅 2303/2290 -K3)
Back: n. 疾病; 某种具体疾病; 不健康
分布：病(86%)，疾病(14%)
→ill,病的，-ness,名词后缀。
n.病,疾病He is suffering from a serious illness.他身患重病.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a disease of the body or mind （身体或精神上的）疾病
• He died at home after a long illness. 久病之后他在家里死去。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when you are ill 生病
• She had five days off work due to illness. 她因病请了五天假。
illness, sickness, disease, complaint
这组词都有“疾病”的意思，其区别是：
illness: 不具体指，而是泛指一切疾病，强调生病的时间或状语，语体较sickness正式一些。
sickness: 较口语化，可与illness换用，但还可表示“恶心”。
disease: 指具体的疾病，且通常较严重，发病时间也较长。
complaint: 现代英语中，既可指症状，也可指疾病。
n. 病； [医] 疾病
 - disease, ill, sickness, complaint, maladie

Word: cap
Front: cap
[kæp] (中高研四六托 2306/2955 -K3)
Vocabulary: cap
(once / 110 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A cap is a hat that fits snugly on your head. You might wear a bathing cap when you swim, to keep your hair dry.
Many caps don't have brims, while hats often do. You can even describe someone's hair using the word cap: "She has a glossy cap of dark hair." Another kind of cap is a lid: "Put the cap back on the ginger ale or it'll go flat!" And to cap is to limit, as when a school caps the number of students at 500. The root is the Latin word caput, or "head."
WORD FAMILY
cap: capful, capped, capping, caps, recap +/capful: capfuls/capped: uncapped/ recap: recapped, recapping, recaps
USAGE EXAMPLES
It capped what was the best game of Burnett’s career.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Like the last two minutes of NBA games, the Caps’ playoff performance is all we care about.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He might want to invest in a cap.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 盖; 帽子; 军帽; 求交运算
vi. 脱帽致意
vt. 覆盖; 给…戴帽
abbr. Common Agricultural Policy （欧共体）共同农业政策
时态：capped, capping, caps
分布：帽子(52%)，顶(20%)，上限(9%)，覆盖(5%)，脱帽致意(4%)，超过(3%)，盖子(2%)，加盖于(2%)，戴帽(1%)，设限(1%)，完成(1%)
→来自词根cap, 头，词源同chief, captain。此处指头上戴的帽子。
n.便帽,军帽;盖,罩,套v.覆盖于...顶端The incapable man in cap went into the hospitable capital hospital.戴帽的无能男子走进热情好客的首都医院.
noun countable
HAT 帽子
 IMPROVER
■a soft flat hat which has a curved part sticking out at the front, often worn as part of a uniform （有帽舌的）便帽，制服帽
■a thin hat that stops your hair getting wet when swimming or taking a shower （防水的）帽
• a shower/swimming cap 浴／泳帽
■UK
■a hat given to someone who plays for their national team in a particular sport, or a player who receives this （国家队的）队员帽；（代表国家队参赛的）运动员
• Davis has 17 Scottish caps (= has played for Scotland 17 times). 戴维斯17次代表苏格兰参赛。
• The team contains five international caps. 这支队伍里有五位国际体育比赛选手。
[kæp] noun countable
COVER 盖子
■a small usually protective lid or cover （通常起保护作用的）盖，罩，套，帽
• The camera has a lens cap to protect the lens surface. 相机有镜头盖保护镜头表面。
■an artificial protective covering on a tooth （镶在牙齿外层的）包牙；牙套
[kæp] noun countable
BIRTH CONTROL 节育 UK diaphragm 避孕隔膜，子宫帽
[kæp] noun countable
EXPLOSIVE 炸药
■a very small amount of explosive powder in a paper container, used especially in toy guns to produce a loud noise （尤指玩具枪的）火药帽，火药纸
[kæp] noun countable
LIMIT 限制
■a limit on the amount of money that can be charged or spent in connection with a particular activity 对（收费或花费）定限额，限制
• Central government has imposed a cap on local tax increases. 中央政府对地方税务增长实行了限制。
[kæp] noun countable
go cap in hand to sb
■to ask someone in a polite and sincere way for something, especially money or to be forgiven 恭敬地恳求（某人）给予（钱物）；诚恳地请求（某人）的原谅
[kæp] verb (-pp-)
LIMIT 限制
transitive often passive
■to put a limit on the amount of money that can be charged or spent in connection with a particular activity 对（收费或花费）定限额，限制
• High spending councils have all been (rate/charge) capped. 对开销高的委员会（在经费上）都制订了限度。
• Our mortgage is capped at 8.75% for five years. 我们的按揭贷款五年期的利率上限为8.75%。
[kæp] verb (-pp-)
SPORT 运动
be capped
■to play for your national team in a particular sport 入选国家队参赛
• She's been capped for Scotland nine times. 她九次代表苏格兰队参赛。
[kæp] verb (-pp-)
COVER 盖子
transitive
■to cover the top of something 覆盖某物的顶部
• The mountain was capped with snow. 山顶覆盖著白雪。
• have your teeth capped (= protected with an artificial covering) 替你装上牙套
[kæp] verb (-pp-)
to cap it all
■used when you mention something in addition to all the other (bad) things that have happened 最糟糕的是
• It's been a terrible week and now, to cap it all, I've got a cold. 这一周真是糟透了，更倒楣的是，我现在又得了感冒。
cap, hat
这组词都有“帽子”的意思，其区别是：
cap: 指无边的便帽，呀表示职业的帽子，如运动帽、军帽等。
hat: 指有边的帽子，尤指礼帽。
n. [机] 盖；帽子
 - hat, operculum
vi. 脱帽致意
 - uncap
vt. 覆盖；胜过；给…戴帽；加盖于
 - invest, overcome, house, sheet, roof

Word: habit
Front: habit
[ˈhæbɪt] (中高研四六雅 2308/2239 -K3)
Vocabulary: habit
(once / 57 pages)
nv
Any action that you perform regularly as part of your routine can be called a habit. Flossing your teeth would be considered a good habit. Sucking your thumb would be considered a bad habit, especially as an adult.
On New Year's people always vow to break their bad habits, but bad habits die hard. The noun habit can also refer to an established custom — like the habit of breaking bread with your family every holiday. On a completely different note, clothing that is worn for horseback riding, or by a nun or monk, can also be called a habit. All good nuns should be in the habit of washing their habits.
WORD FAMILY
habit: habitable, habited, habiting, habits, habitual, habituate +/ habitable: habitability, habitableness/ habitual: habitually/ habituate: habituated, habituates, habituating, habituation/habituation: habituations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Writing down your meals, snacks and daily stressors helps clarify your true habits, and set healthy, reachable goals.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This is particularly true in our 20s, when so many of our habits are still up for grabs.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Still, just seeing the information about my bedtime habits helped me change for the better.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 习惯，习性; 气质; 宗教服装
vt. 给…穿衣服; 打扮
时态：habited, habiting, habits
分布：习惯(96%)，习性(4%)
→来自古法语habit,衣服，行为，习惯，来自拉丁语habere,持，握，拥有，来自ghabh,持，握，抓住，词源同give,gift.引申词义居住，养成的习惯，及特指与宗教相关的袍子，道服等。
习惯(住一个地方→习惯了)[habit=dwell,表示"居住"]
n.习惯,习性,脾性It is not easy to break off a bad habit.要改掉一个坏习惯不容易.
noun
REPEATED ACTION 重复的行为
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■something which you do often and regularly, sometimes without knowing that you are doing it 习惯
• I always buy the same brand of toothpaste just out of (= because of) habit. 我出于习惯总是买同一个牌子的牙膏。
• I'm trying not to get into (= start) the habit of always having biscuits with my coffee. 我尽量避免养成喝咖啡时总是吃饼干的习惯。
• I used to swim twice a week, but I seem to have got out of (= ended) the habit recently. 我过去每周游两次泳，但最近似乎打破了这个习惯。
• I was taught to drive by my boyfriend and I'm afraid I've picked up (= caught) some of his bad habits. 我跟我的男友学开车，恐怕我已经染上了他的一些坏习惯。
• His eating habits are extraordinary. 他的饮食习惯很不寻常。
• I'm trying to get him to break (= end intentionally) the habit of switching on the TV when he comes home at night. 我设法让他改掉晚上一回家就打开电视的习惯。
• I don't mind being woken up once or twice in the middle of the night by my flatmate so long as she doesn't make a habit of it (= do it frequently). 我不介意半夜里被室友吵醒一两次，只要她不经常这样就行。
• I'm not really in the habit of looking at (= I don't usually look at) other people's clothes, but even I noticed that awful suit! 我没有观察别人穿着的习惯，可是就连我都注意到了那身难看的套装！
countable
■something annoying that someone often does 坏习惯，毛病
• She has a habit of finishing off other people's sentences. 她有打断别人说话的坏习惯。
countable
■a strong physical need to keep having a particular drug 毒瘾
• a cocaine habit 古柯碱毒瘾
• figurative humorous I'm afraid I've got a chocolate habit. 恐怕我巧克力吃上瘾了。
['hæb.ɪt] noun
CLOTHING 衣服
countable
■a special piece of long clothing worn by monks and nuns （僧侣或修女穿的）衣服，长袍
habit, practice, tradition, convention, usage, manners, custom
这组词都有“习惯，风俗，传统”的意思，其区别是：
habit: 侧重于自然养成的，不易去掉的个人习惯。
practice: 常指习惯性的做法或行为。
tradition: 广义指世代相传的伦理、行为规范和生活方式，特指因长久奉行而几乎具有法律效力的习惯、习俗，侧重历史意义。
convention: 多指约定俗成的行为方式规则或公认的标准，或指艺术上公认的技巧。
usage: 指持续时间长，为很多人公认采纳的惯例、习俗。
manners: 指在某一时期或某一团体中盛行的社会礼仪或社会风俗模式。
custom: 指一个国家、一个民族、一个地区或一个社会的习惯、行为方式或风俗习惯。也可指个人的习惯。
n. 习惯， [生物] 习性；嗜好
 - manner, custom, behaviour, weakness, way
vt. 使穿衣
 - attire

Word: competitive
Front: competitive
[kəmˈpetətɪv] (研四六雅 2307/2363 -K3)
Vocabulary: competitive
(once / 591 pages)
adj
If you're competitive, you want to be the best. No one likes to lose, but if you are a competitive person, it will be especially disappointing to see someone else win.
People who are competitive like to compete — to find out who knows the most, runs the fastest, can eat the most hot dogs, and so on. Some people are competitive about everything. You'll know them by their constant comparing themselves to others and trying to find out what others have and do — in order to be sure they are still "ahead." Competitive can describe any contest, like a competitive sandcastle-building event.
WORD FAMILY
competitive: competitively, competitiveness, noncompetitive, uncompetitive+/ compete: competed, competes, competing, competition, competitive, competitor / competition: competitions/ competitor: competitors/noncompetitive: noncompetitively/uncompetitive: uncompetitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But inside, it’s a whole world unto itself, and super competitive.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The competitive system started small but was expanded to include the entire state in 2016.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What Walton also created was a competitive situation that served the Lakers very well early in the game.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 竞争的，比赛的; （价格等）有竞争力的; （指人）好竞争的; [生化] 抑制酶作用的
分布：竞争的(51%)，有竞争力的(47%)，胜过或超过他人的(2%)
有竞争力的(compete+itive)[pet=seek,表示"追寻,寻求"]
比赛的(com共同+pet追求)[-itive表形容词"…的"]
a.竞争的;好竞争的;(价格等的)有竞争力的He doesn't like competitive sports.他不喜欢竞技性体育项目.
US [-'petˌ.ə.tˌɪv] adjective
 ADVANCED
■involving competition 竞争的；竞赛的
• competitive sports 竞技体育
• a highly competitive industry 竞争激烈的行业
• Acting is very competitive - you've got to really push yourself if you want to succeed. 演艺界竞争非常激烈——想成功就必须拚命努力。
 ADVANCED
■wanting very much to win or be more successful than other people 好竞争的；好胜的
• You're very competitive - it's meant to be a friendly match! 你太争强好胜了——这本来是场友谊赛！
• I could never play team sports - I lack the competitive spirit (= a strong wish to beat others). 我可能永远都不适合参加团体运动项目——我缺乏竞争意识。
■Competitive prices, services, etc. are as good as or better than other prices, services, etc. （价格、服务等）具有竞争力的
adj. 竞争的；比赛的；求胜心切的
 - played, rival

Word: juice
Front: juice
[dʒu:s] (中高托雅 2310/3724 -K3)
Vocabulary: juice
(once / 347 pages)
1n 2n
Juice is a drink that's made from fruit, like orange juice or grape juice. Juice also refers to the liquid drippings of cooked meat and other food.
Some people like apple juice, while others prefer tomato juice. A much less appetizing — but necessary — type of juice is the fluid in our bodies, like digestive juices that help break down food in your stomach. Informally, you might refer to your creative strength as juice, and also use the word to mean electrical energy: "The batteries in my flashlight are out of juice."
WORD FAMILY
juice: juiceless, juices, juicy +/ juicy: juicier, juiciest, juicily, juiciness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Karen objects to fruit juice in grade-school lunches; however, like most of us, she resorts to sugary bribes when necessary.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Here, he drinks a cocktail called the Hudson Duster — rye, lemon juice, amaretto — and contemplates the cadence of the average Drynuary.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He seasons the brodo with fresh thyme stalks, lemon juice and salt.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 果汁; 肉汁; 胃液
分布：果汁(84%)，汽油(5%)，肉汁(5%)，挤出汁来(2%)，精力(2%)，消化液(1%)，使有活力(1%)
→来自古法语jus,果汁，煎煮的草药，来自拉丁语ius,肉汁，汤汁，来自yeue,混合，搅拌，使发酵，词源同enzyme,zymurgy.现常用于指果汁。
n.(水果等)汁,液The children are trying to get the abstraction of the juice from an orange.孩子们企图从桔子中榨汁.
noun
LIQUID 液体
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the liquid that comes from fruit or vegetables （水果、蔬菜的）汁，液
• orange/lemon/grapefruit/carrot juice 柳橙／柠檬／葡萄／胡萝卜汁
• a carton of apple juice 一盒苹果汁
juices
■the liquid in meat 肉汁
• Fry the meat first to seal in the juices. 先把肉煎一煎锁住肉汁。
[dʒu:s] noun
POWER 力量
uncountable US slang
■power or influence 权势；影响力
• My cousin Gianni's got all the juice in this neighborhood. 我的堂哥吉安尼在这一带很有影响力。
[dʒu:s] noun
ABILITY 能力
juices informal
■energy 活力，精力，劲儿
• This early in the morning it's hard to get the creative juices flowing (= to start thinking of good ideas). 这么一大早很难想出甚么好点子。
n. （水果）汁，液；果汁
 - extract, syrup

Word: congressional
Front: congressional
[kənˈgreʃənl] (托 2309/9334 -3)
Vocabulary: congressional
(once / 444 pages)
adj
Anything congressional is related to a congress, which is the law-making body of a country. Congress (with a capital “c”) is the law-making branch of the US government. Silly campaign ads start showing up before a congressional race.
Congressional most often describes anything related to the US Congress. Congress is the legislative branch of the government, made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. These people are voted in. In the US, you vote for a representative in your congressional district. Congressional districts are decided by population, and each state has at least one representative in congress. Congressional hearings are meetings where laws are discussed. Congressional cocktail parties are where members of congress whoop it up.
WORD FAMILY
congressional: congressionally+/ congress: congresses, congressional
USAGE EXAMPLES
Congressional Republicans see these changes as unwanted intrusions on the free market.
Slate(Dec 01, 2016)
It passed the House of Representatives nearly unanimously in November, and congressional aides said they expected Obama would sign it when it reached his desk.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
But such semantic distinctions weren’t enough to ward off a congressional inquiry, begun after Bloch had left, which temporarily damaged the agency’s sterling reputation.
Science Magazine(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 会议的; 委员会的; 国会的; 议会的
分布：国会的(85%)，议会的(8%)，会议的(7%)
adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■belonging or related to the US Congress （美国）国会的
• a congressional committee 国会委员会
• congressional elections 国会选举
adj. 国会的；会议的；议会的
 - parliamentary, synodical

Word: involvement
Front: involvement
[ɪnˈvɒlvmənt] (2311/2139 -K3)
Vocabulary: involvement
(once / 1441 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Involvement is the act of participating in something. Even if you do nothing but drive the getaway car, you will be held to account for your involvement in a crime.
Involvement is useful because it is not specific. If, over the course of many years, you play and then coach football, you might refer to the time of your involvement in the sport. If you are engaged in a love affair, you might say, without going into too much detail, that you and your lover are involved and refer to the affair as your involvement.
WORD FAMILY
involvement: involvements, non-involvement+/disinvolve: disinvolved, disinvolving/involution: involutions/ involve: disinvolve, involution, involved, involvement, involves, involving/ involved: involvedly, self-involved, uninvolved
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ross said he’s “extremely grateful for the parents for their involvement and the fact that this ended without any loss of life”.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Germany and France have raised questions about that involvement.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
The funders have no involvement in or influence over the articles produced by project fellows in collaboration with The Guardian.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 牵连，参与; 加入; 财政困难; 牵连的事务，复杂的情况
分布：参与(70%)，卷入(17%)，牵连(9%)，兴趣(3%)，性关系(1%)
→来自involve,卷入，参与。
US [-'vɑ:lv-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the act or process of taking part in something 参与
• The team's continued involvement in the competition is uncertain. 该队能否继续参加比赛还未确定。
• Being on the committee is one involvement I could do without. 在委员会任职对我来说是一件不做也行的事。
■a romantic or sexual relationship 风流韵事或性关系
• She spoke openly about her involvement with the former Prime Minister. 她公开谈论和前总理的风流韵事。
n. [法] 牵连；包含；混乱；财政困难
 - containing, chaos, disorder, confusion, involved in

Word: dominate
Front: dominate
[ˈdɒmɪneɪt] (研四六托雅宝 2312/2041 -K4)
Vocabulary: dominate
(once / 284 pages)
v
If your basketball team is undefeated, you could say that it was able to dominate the competition. To dominate means to be in control or have the power to defeat.
Dominate is related to the word domain — which means home. While these words may not seem all that similar, when you are the master of a home or thing, you dominate it. If you get angry, it is wise to not let your feelings dominate you or your actions. Dominate can also mean to be most prominent. If in the woods around your house, oak trees are the most common, you could say that "oak trees dominate the forest."
WORD FAMILY
dominate: dominated, dominates, dominating, domination +/ dominating: dominatingly/ domination: dominations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Tennessee State dominated the interior outscoring the Owls 36-14.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We will not allow any nation to dominate this industry and impede innovation through unfair trade practices and massive, non-market-based state intervention.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Speeches normally dominate the first week of the Legislature - but not this year due to security reasons involving the Dakota Access pipeline protests.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 支配，影响; 占有优势; 在…中具有最重要的特色; 在…中拥有最重要的位置
时态：dominated, dominating, dominates
分布：控制(37%)，统治(27%)，支配(27%)，占优势(4%)，俯视(4%)，高耸于(1%)
→来自拉丁语domus, 家，词源同domain. 即一家之主，支配，控制。
支配,统治(domin[=dom]+ate→像家长一样→统治)[dom=house,表示"屋,家"]
统治[domin=lord(主人)]
v.支配,统治,控制;占优势A great man can dominate others by force of character.伟人能以人格的力量支配他人.
【反】have no control over（对…无法控制）
US ['dɑ:.mə-] often disapproving
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to have control over a place or a person, or to be the most important person or thing 统治；控制
• He refuses to let others speak and dominates every meeting. 每次开会他都专横跋扈，不让他人讲话。
• They work as a group - no one person is allowed to dominate. 他们以团队的形式工作——不允许其中任何人独揽大权。
vt. 控制；支配；占优势；在…中占主要地位
 - possess, contain, regulate, bit, bottle
vi. 占优势；处于支配地位
 - advantage over, prevail over

Word: previously
Front: previously
['pri:vɪəslɪ] (四六 2313/1380 -K3)
Vocabulary: previously
(once / 179 pages)
adv
The adverb previously is good for talking about something that happened in the past. If you've read a novel previously, you might just skim it before your book group meets to discuss it.
When you talk about things that happened before, whether recently or in the distant past, the word previously can be helpful. You could mention at a job interview that before your current job, you were previously employed as a flight attendant, or tell a date that though you're single now, you were previously married to a famous movie star. Previously comes from the adjective previous, with its Latin root praevius, "going before," from prae, "before," and via, "road."
WORD FAMILY
previous: previously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s game time,” said Sampson, who previously worked as a manager at the gym.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The newly drawn district consolidates the power of voters in Richmond, who were previously split between Forbes and Scott.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And it builds on the £90,000 announced previously for the Hogmanay fireworks.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 事先; 以前; 仓促; “previous”的派生
分布：先前(72%)，在此之前(28%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■before the present time or the time referred to 以前地，先前地
• She was previously employed as a tour guide. 她以前受聘当导游。
• I had posted the card two months previously. 我两个月以前就把那张卡片寄出去了。
initially, afterward, subsequently, ultimately, lately, previously, eventually, shortly, presently
initially: 最初，开头
afterward: 以后，后来
subsequently: 随后，后来
ultimately: 最后，终于
lately: 最近，不久前
previously: 以前，先前
eventually: 终于，后来
shortly: 立刻，马上
presently: 马上，一会儿，很快
adv. 以前；预先；仓促地
 - in advance, ago, formerly, ahead, back

Word: whenever
Front: whenever
[wenˈevə(r)] (中高研四六 2314/2572 -K3)
Back: adv. 究竟什么时候; 不论何时
conj. 无论什么时候; 随时; 无论何时; 每当
分布：每当(71%)，无论何时(19%)，随时(10%)
conj.无论何时,随时;每当Hence the hen cries whenever it sees a chicken.从此每当那只母鸡看见小鸡时就叫.
US [-ɚ] adverb conjunction
 IMPROVER
■every or any time 每当，无论何时
• I blush whenever I think about it. 每当我想到它就会脸红。
• Whenever I go there they seem to be in bed. 每次我去那里，他们似乎都在睡觉。
• I try to use olive oil whenever possible. 我尽可能使用橄榄油。
• "Will it be okay if I do it tomorrow?" "Sure, whenever (= then or at any other time)." “我明天做行不行？”“当然可以，甚么时候都行。”
• Do it in a spare moment at the weekend or whenever - it really doesn't matter. 在周末或其他别的甚么空闲时间做都行——真的没关系。
• I'm talking about last July or whenever it was you got back from India. 我正在谈论你从印度回来的时间，去年七月还是其他甚么时候。
UK [wen'ev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
■used instead of 'when' to add emphasis to a phrase, usually expressing surprise 究竟甚么时候，到底甚么时候（用于代替 when 以加强语气，表示惊讶）
• Whenever do you get the time to do these things? 你到底甚么时候有时间做这些事情？
• Whenever did Jane see a fortune teller? 简究竟甚么时候找过算命先生？
conj. 每当；无论何时
 - ubi

Word: transfer
Front: transfer
[trænsˈfɜ:(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2315/1593 -K4)
Vocabulary: transfer
(once / 176 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4vn
If you are moving something from one place to another, like transferring money from your savings account to your checking account, you are transferring it. Or, if you've been moved from one job site to another — you, my friend, have been transferred.
Transfer can also be a noun that means the act of moving something from one form or location to another, so that money that was shifted from one account to another is considered a transfer. If you change something from one form to another, you can say that you transferred it. "Her mother had transferred all the old 8mm home movies to video tape. Now she'd have to transfer them again using a more modern technology."
WORD FAMILY
transfer: transferable, transference, transferer, transfering, transferrable, transferral, transferred, transferrer, transferring, transfers+/ transferable: nontransferable, transferability, untransferable/ transference: countertransference, transferences/transferer: transferers/transferrer: transferrers/untransferable: untransferably
USAGE EXAMPLES
When happy with the initial sketch, she transfers the design to metal, often with a fine-point marker.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Evans is a junior college transfer who played one season in Blacksburg, Virginia.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Overall, researchers found that half of guns transferred privately in all states within the past two years were obtained without a background check.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使转移; 使调动; 转让（权利等）; 让与
vi. 转让; 转学; 转乘; 转会（尤指职业足球队）
n. 转移; 调动; 换乘; （运动员）转会
时态：transferred, transferring, transfers
分布：转移(72%)，迁移(14%)，转乘(4%)，调任(3%)，换车(3%)，移动(3%)，汇兑(1%)
→trans-,转移，转变，-fer,带来，词源同 bring,infer.
转送,转移(trans交换+fer→交换带走→转移)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
vt./n.转移;转换;转让;过户;迁移;改乘The performer reformed the performance of the transferred transformer.表演者改良了转让的变压器的性能.
US [ˈtræns.fɜ˞ː]
(-rr-)
 ADVANCED transitive
■to move someone or something from one place, vehicle, person or group to another 搬；转移
• He has been transferred to a psychiatric hospital. 他被转到一家精神病医院。
• She transferred her gun from its shoulder holster to her handbag. 她把枪从挂肩枪套里转移到手提包里。
• We were transferred from one bus into another. 我们被从一辆大客车转到另一辆大客车上。
• Police are investigating how £20 million was illegally transferred from/out of the Trust's bank account. 警方正在调查2000万英镑是如何从该基金会的银行帐户上非法转出的。
• The aim is to transfer power/control/responsibility to self-governing regional councils. 目的在于把权力／控制权／责任移交给自治的地方议会。
• I'll be upstairs, so could you transfer my phone calls (= arrange that I can receive them) up there, please? 我要上楼了，请把我的电话转到楼上好吗？
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to change to a different job, team, place of work, etc., or to make someone do this （使）调动；（使）跳槽；（使）转会
• After a year he transferred to University College, Dublin. 一年后，他转到了都柏林大学。
• Some very high-profile British players have transferred to clubs abroad. 一些非常有名的英国球员已经转到国外球队。
• He threatened to give up football if his club didn't transfer him (= sell him to another team). 他威胁说如果球会不让他转到其他球队，他就不踢足球。
transitive
■to make something the legal property of another person 转让（财产）
• She transferred the house to her daughter before she died. 她死前把房子转让给女儿。
verb UK [trænsˈfɜːr] US [ˈtræns.fɜ˞ː]
(-rr-)
  Common Learner Errors  transferWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using transfer in the past tense. The past simple and past participle have 'rr'. Don't write 'transfered', write transferred. The -ing form is transferring.
noun UK [ˈtræns.fɜːr] US [-fɜ˞ː]
MOVE/CHANGE 移动／改变
 ADVANCED
■when something or someone moves or is moved from one place, position, etc. to another 转移；转让；调动
• the transfer of information 资讯的传递
• Black's transfer to an Italian football club came as a shock to Coventry supporters. 布莱克转会到义大利足球会，使考文垂队的球迷大为震惊。
• The official transfer of ownership will take a few days to complete. 所有权的正式移交要花几天时间才能办妥。
noun UK [ˈtræns.fɜːr] US [-fɜ˞ː]
SPORTS 运动
countable
■a player who has moved from one sports team to another 转会的球员
• They've a new transfer from Tottenham playing for them. 他们有一个从托特纳姆队转会来为他们效力的新球员。
noun UK [ˈtræns.fɜːr] US [-fɜ˞ː]
TRAVEL TICKET 车票
countable US
■a ticket which allows a passenger to change routes or to change from one bus or train to another 转车票，换乘票
noun UK [ˈtræns.fɜːr] US [-fɜ˞ː]
PATTERN 图案
countable
■a picture or pattern which can be fixed to a surface by pressing it against the surface and then rubbing or heating it （透过压擦或加热转印到物体表面的）转印图画，转印图案
• The kids bought transfers and ironed them onto their T-shirts. 孩子们买来转印图画，然后用熨斗印到他们的短袖圆领运动衫。
Compare decal
transmit, transfer, transcend, transport, translate
transmit: 发射，播送；传播，传染；留传，遗传；
transfer: 转移，迁移；
transcend: 超过，翻越；
transport: 运输，运送，输送；
translate: 翻译；说明，使变成
transfer, remove, shift, move
这组词都有“从一处移往另一处”的意思，其区别是：
transfer: 一般表示转送或移交迁移，尤指交通运输中的换乘或职务的调动等。
remove: 作“移动”解时，与move可换用，还可指撤职或开除学藉等。
shift: 侧重位置与方向的改变。
move: 普通用词，指从一处到另一外的任何距离的转移。
transfer, transaction, transition, transmission, transformation
这是一组在考研和CET-6中经常出现的形近易混词。
transfer: n.转移，转让；(工作的)调动；(旅途中的)换乘，改变路线。
 • The club's goalkeeper isn't happy here, and has asked a transfer.   这个足球俱乐部的守门员在此过得不愉快，已经要求转会到其他俱乐部。
transaction: n.交易行为，处理。
 • Transactions of shares on the stock exchange were up today.   今天证券交易所的股票成交额上升了。
transition: n. (从一种情况到另一种的)过渡，更替。
 • The transition from high school to college can be difficult for students.   对于学生来说，从中学到大学的过渡会是困难的。
transmission: n.传播(比如疾病)；广播。
 • The transmission of germs can occur by contact, breathing, and eating.   细菌通过接触、呼吸和饮食传播。
transformation: n. (外观或性质的)改变，改观，转变。
 • His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marrige.   他结婚之后性格判若两人。
n. 转让； [计] 转移；传递；过户
 - negotiation, diversion
vi. 转让； [计] 转移；转学；换车
 - make over, dispose of
vt. 转让； [计] 使转移；传递；调任
 - hand, negotiate

Word: analyze
Front: analyze
['ænəlaɪz] (高四托宝 2316/13046)
Vocabulary: analyze
(once / 692 pages)
1v 2v
Analyze means to study or examine something carefully in a methodical way. If you analyze your child's report card, you may determine his strength and weaknesses (and how many times he cut class).
This verb analyze comes from the noun analysis. The noun analysis was in turn borrowed from Greek, from analyein, or "to dissolve." If you go into analysis, it means that you will be examined and helped by a mental health professional — who will analyze your particular problems and help you find solutions.
WORD FAMILY
analyze: analyzable, analyzed, analyzer, analyzes, analyzing+/analyzable: unanalyzable/analyzed: unanalyzed/analyzer: analyzers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new generation of social historians analyzed the concerns of marginalized groups — workers, women, free and enslaved African-Americans, and Native Americans, among others.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And those meetings were preceded by meetings of specially designated committees designed to analyze policies and proposals pertaining to certain aspects of county government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They’ve also analyzed the attributes of old Big Mac containers as part of an exercise aimed at putting objects in historical context.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. <美>分析; 分解; 解释; 对…进行心理分析
时态：analyzed, analyzing, analyzes
分布：分析(92%)，研究(6%)，解析(2%)
分析(ana再次+lyz[=lys]+e)[lys,lyst=breakbown,表示"裂开,分解"]
vt. 对…进行分析，分解（等于analyse）
 - break down

Word: another
Front: another
[əˈnʌðə(r)] (中高 145/150 -K5)
Vocabulary: another
(once / 10 pages)
adj
Another is a word used to describe an alternative. If your first bowling ball lands in the gutter, give it another try before you give up completely.
The word another comes from the Middle English term "an other," which is precisely what another is: some other alternative. It's used to refer to a different person, place or thing, or an additional person, place or thing. "Have another slice of pie," your mom might say. If there's another person in the room, or someone else, she might not be talking to you. Too bad.
WORD FAMILY
another
USAGE EXAMPLES
I found it odd in the heart of Buffalo Bills country to encounter another Seahawks fan.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There will continue to be speculation about Elway rolling the dice on another seasoned star, the way he did so successfully with Peyton Manning.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"This was another chapter in the silent and ruthless war of drug trafficking," state public security secretary, Sergio Fontes, told journalists.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 又一个; 再一个; 另一的; 其他一种
pron. 另一个，别个; 再一个
分布：另一个(84%)，别的(8%)，另一的(3%)，再一个的(3%)，类似的一个(2%)
→来自短语an other .
a.另一个,又,再pron.另一个,类似的一个Otherwise, mother will go to another movie together with brother.不然,妈妈就和弟弟一起去看另一场电影.
US [-ɚ] determiner pronoun
ADDITIONAL 另外的
 ESSENTIAL
■one more person or thing or an extra amount 又一的，再一个的
• I'm going to have another piece of cake. 我要再吃块蛋糕。
• "Would you get me a bar of chocolate from the kitchen?" "Another one?!" “从厨房给我拿块巧克力好吗？”“你还要？！”
• We can fit another person in my car. 我车里还可以再坐一个人。
• Danny's had yet another car accident. 丹尼又出交通意外了。
• For another £30 (= For £30 more) you can buy the model with remote control. 再加30英镑，你就可以买附遥控的那种型号了。
• Just think, in another three months (= three months from now) it'll be summer again. 想想吧，再过三个月就又到夏天了。
one... after another
■a lot of things, one after the other 一个接一个，接连
• I'm not surprised he's feeling ill - he was eating one ice-cream after another! 他生病我不觉得奇怪——他不停嘴地吃霜淇淋！
UK [ə'nʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] determiner pronoun
DIFFERENT 不同的
 ESSENTIAL
■a different person or thing 不同的（人或事物）；别的；另一
• She's finished with that boyfriend and found herself another (one). 她和原来那个男朋友分手了，又另找了一个。
• Do you want to exchange this toaster for another (one) or do you want your money back? 你是想另换一台烤面包机，还是要退货？
one another
■each other 互相，彼此
• They gave one another presents when they met at the airport. 他们在机场见面时互赠了礼物。
one way or another
■in some way that is not known yet 用某种方法，想方设法
• We'll get out of this mess one way or another. 我们得想个甚么办法摆脱这种困境。
UK [ə'nʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] determiner pronoun
be another matter/thing
■to be a different situation which is likely to be judged differently 另当别论；情况不同
• Cars are useful, but their impact on the environment is another matter altogether. 汽车很有用，但对环境的影响则应另当别论。
■to be very different and likely to involve more problems or difficulties 另外一回事；真正难做的事情
• Feeling guilty for the homeless is one thing, finding cheap secure accommodation for them is quite another (thing). 对无家可归者感到内疚是一回事，而为他们找到廉价安全的住所就难了。
UK [ə'nʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] determiner pronoun
be another story
■to be something that you do not want to say more about at this particular time 暂且不提
• When we finally got home, we found that we'd been burgled - but that's another story. 我们好不容易到了家，却发现家里被盗了——这个现在就先甭提了。
UK [ə'nʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] determiner pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  another Remember that another is written as one word. Don't write 'an other', write another :
✗ Would you like an other cup of coffee? Would you like another cup of coffee?
another, other
another: 后接名词单数  another student
other: 后接名词复数, other students,
adj. 又一，另一；另外的；不同的
 - different, diverse, other, unlike, varying

Word: attach
Front: attach
[əˈtætʃ] (高研四六托雅宝 2320/1849 -K3)
Vocabulary: attach
(once / 97 pages)
1v 2v
Use the verb attach when you need to join things together, like a stamp that you attach to a letter.
When you attach something, you join it or tie it to something else. The word can be used to show physically joining things, like a printer that you attach to your computer, or to show a strong personal connection. For example, you can attach yourself to a political cause or to a group of friends.
WORD FAMILY
attach: attachable, attached, attaching, attachment +/ attached: attachedly, unattached / attachment: attachments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Electrodes were attached to the activist’s fingertips and small cameras trained on his pupils while he was asked questions.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Early in her career, she was as an engineer for a research institute attached to the Chinese army’s Second Artillery Corps.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The cloth is attached to the frame by snaps.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 贴上，系; 附上
vt. （有时不受欢迎或未受邀请而）参加; 把…固定; 把…归因于; （使）与…有联系
vi. 从属; 附着; 伴随而来; 联在一起(to, upon)
时态：attached, attaching, attaches
分布：附上(46%)，贴上(22%)，使附属(12%)，系上(8%)，使依附(7%)，使附着(5%)
→前缀at-同ad-，在字母t开头词根前同化为at-. - tach来自stake, 木桩，指固定在木桩上，或钉木桩以宣称所有权，此处s脱落。
附上;依恋(at+tach接角→接触上→附上)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
附上;使属下(at=tach→钉子→附上)[tach=nail表示"钉子"]
v.系,贴,装,连接;使成为一部分;使依恋The bachelor is detached to attach tags to the yacht.学士被派遣去给游艇贴标签.
verb transitive
CONNECT 连接
 ESSENTIAL
■to fasten, join or connect; to place or fix in position 系，绑；连接；使附着；附上；固定
• I attached a photo to my application form. 我在我的申请表上贴了一张相片。
• Use this cable to attach the printer to the computer. 用这条数据线连接列印机和电脑。
• In Britain, packets of cigarettes come with a government health warning attached to them (= on them). 在英国，香烟的包装盒上都印有政府的健康警告。
• slightly formal I attach (= am sending, usually with a letter) a copy of our latest report. 兹附上我们的最新报告一份。
Compare detach
[ə'tætʃ] verb transitive
COMPUTING 电脑技术
 ADVANCED
■to join a file such as a document, picture or computer program, to an email 把…作为电子邮件的附件
[ə'tætʃ] verb transitive
TAKE GOODS 拿走物品 UK legal
■to officially take someone's money or the things that they own, or to arrest them, usually because they have failed to pay money that they owe （通常因为债务人不能偿还债务而）扣押（债务人或其财产）
[ə'tætʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  attach sth to sth slightly formal
■To attach a particular quality to something is to consider it to have that quality 认为…有（重要性、价值、意义等）
• I don't attach any importance/significance to these rumours. 我不把这些谣传当作一回事。
• She attaches great value to being financially independent. 她特别看重经济独立。
[ə'tætʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  attach to sb/sth mainly UK formal
■If you say that a particular quality attaches to someone or something, you mean that they have that quality …具有（特性）；与…有关联
• Don't worry - it was an accident and no blame attaches to either of you. 别担心——这纯属意外，谁也不会怪责你们俩。
• [+ -ing verb] Great honour attaches to winning this award. 获得该奖是莫大的荣誉。
[ə'tætʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] attach yourself to sb/sth
■If you attach yourself to a person or group, you join them, usually for a limited period of time （通常在有限的时间内）与…在一起，成为…的成员，参加
• Being on his own, he attached himself to a noisy group at the bar. 因为独自一人，他跟酒吧里一群闹哄哄的人搭上了话。
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
append, affiliate, attach, link
这组词都有“附加”的意思，其区别是：
append: v.增加，附加(与attach的意思比较接近)。
 • The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.   律师在合同后又附加了两页。
affiliate: v.加入，成为……一部分。
 • an affiliated middle school   一所附属中学
attach: v.将某物系在、贴在、附在另一物上。
 • I attached a note to my report with a paper clip.   我用别针将一张字条别在报告的后面。
link: v.将人或物连接起来。
 • The crowd linked arms to form a barrier.   群众臂挽着臂组成人墙。
vt. 使依附；贴上；系上；使依恋
 - stick on, piece on
vi. 附加；附属；伴随
 - to accompany, be with

Word: for
Front: for
[fə(r)] (中高 13/12 -K5)
Back: prep. 为，为了; 倾向于; 关于; 当作
conj. 因为，由于
分布：因为(33%)，关于(13%)，为(13%)，往(11%)，支持(11%)，代表(11%)，给(8%)
→来自per, 向前，穿过，词源同far, ford. 后主要用做介词或副词使用，与fore在中古英语时期才开始产生词义上的差别。
prep.为了;给;代替;向;支持conj.因为?Is this bus for Beijing?这趟巴士是去北京吗?
US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
INTENDED FOR 为…而准备
 ESSENTIAL
■intended to be given to （表示给予的物件）给
• There's a phone message for you. 你有一个电话留言。
• I'd better buy something for the new baby. 我最好给刚出生的宝宝买些东西。
• There's a prize for the fastest three runners in each category. 每个组别跑得最快的前三名将会获得奖品。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
PURPOSE 目的
 ESSENTIAL
■having the purpose of 为了
• There's a sign there saying 'boats for hire'. 告示牌上写著「小船出租”。
• This pool is for the use of hotel residents only. 这个游泳池只供饭店客人使用。
• I'm sorry, the books are not for sale. 对不起，这些书不卖。
• They've invited us round for dinner on Saturday. 他们已邀请我们星期六去吃晚饭。
• Everyone in the office is contributing money for his leaving present. 为了送他一份离职礼物，办公室里每个人都出了钱。
• I need some money for tonight. 我今晚需要些钱用。
• Which vitamins should you take for (= in order to cure) skin problems? 治疗皮肤病应该服用哪种维生素？
• Put those clothes in a pile for washing (= so that they can be washed). 把那些衣服堆在一起，准备拿去洗。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
BECAUSE OF 因为
 ESSENTIAL
■because of or as a result of something 因为，由于；作为…的结果
• I'm feeling all the better for my holiday. 因为要去度假，我感觉好多了。
• "How are you?" "Fine, and all the better for seeing you!" “你好吗？”“我很好，见到你就更好了！”
• She did fifteen years in prison for murder. 她因为谋杀罪坐了15年牢。
• I don't eat meat for various reasons. 我不吃肉，原因很多。
• I couldn't see for the tears in my eyes. 我眼睛里满是泪水，甚么都看不见。
• The things you do for love! 你出于爱所做的这些事！
• He's widely disliked in the company for his arrogance. 因为傲慢自大，在公司里大家都讨厌他。
• She couldn't talk for coughing (= she was coughing too much to talk). 她咳得说不出话来。
• Scotland is famous for its spectacular countryside. 苏格兰的乡村景色壮丽，远近闻名。
• He's best remembered for his novels. 他的小说最为知名。
• I didn't dare say anything for fear of (= because I was frightened of) offending him. 因为怕冒犯他，所以我甚么都不敢说。
if it wasn't/weren't for (also if it hadn't been for)
■without （如果）没有，要不是
• If it wasn't for the life jacket, I would have drowned. 如果没有这件救生衣，我就淹死了。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
TIME/DISTANCE 时间／距离
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show an amount of time or distance （用来表示时间或距离）达，计
• We walked for miles. 我们步行了数英里。
• She's out of the office for a few days next week. 她下周会有几天不来上班。
• I'm just going to bed for an hour or so. 我就上床睡大约一小时。
• I haven't played tennis for years. 我已经有好多年没打网球了。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
OCCASION 场合
 ESSENTIAL
■on the occasion of or at the time of 在（某一场合或时间）
• What did you buy him for Christmas? 圣诞节你给他买了甚么？
• I'd like an appointment with the doctor for some time this week. 我想这周预约个时间看医生。
• We're having a party for Jim's 60th birthday. 我们要举办派对庆祝吉姆的60岁生日。
• I've booked a table at the restaurant for nine o'clock. 我已经在餐厅订了九点的桌位。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
COMPARING 比较
 ESSENTIAL
■used for comparing one thing with others of the same type （用于同类事物的比较）就…而言
• She's very mature for her age. 就她的年龄而言，她非常成熟。
• For every two people in favour of the law there are three against. 这项法律支持者和反对者的比率为2：3。
• The summer has been quite hot for England. 在英格兰，这个夏天算是很热了。
• It was a difficult decision, especially for a child. 这是困难的决定，尤其是对一个孩子来说。
• For a man of his wealth he's not exactly generous. 对像他这样身价的人来说，他一点都不大方。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
SUPPORT 支援
 ESSENTIAL
■in support of or in agreement with 支援，拥护；赞同
• I voted for the Greens at the last election. 上次大选我投了绿党的票。
• Those voting for the motion, 96, and those voting against, 54. 这一动议96票赞成，54票反对。
• So let's hear some applause for these talented young performers. 那么，我们为这些年轻的天才表演者鼓掌喝彩吧。
• Who's for (= Who wants to play) tennis? 谁想打网球？
be all for sth
■to approve of or support something very much 完全赞同；全力支援
• I've got nothing against change - I'm all for it. 我不反对改变——我完全赞成。
• I'm all for sexual equality, but I don't want my wife earning more than I do. 我完全支援男女平等，但我不希望妻子赚得比我多。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
IN RELATION TO 与…有关
 ESSENTIAL
■in relation to someone or something 对于，关于；在…方面
• Her feelings for him had changed. 她对他的情感发生了变化。
• He felt nothing but contempt for her. 他对她只有蔑视。
• I've got a lot of admiration for people who do that sort of work. 我十分敬佩做那种工作的人。
• He's quite good-looking but he's a bit too short for me. 他长得很帅，但是对我来说有点太矮了。
• The ice-cream was a little bit sweet for me. 我觉得这霜淇淋有点太甜了。
• That jacket looks a bit big for you. 那件外套你穿显得有点大。
• Jackie's already left and, as for me, I'm going at the end of the month. 杰基已经离开了，而我要呆到这个月底。
• Luckily for me (= I was lucky) , I already had another job when the redundancies were announced. 幸运的是，公司宣布要裁员的时候我已经找到了另一份工作。
• How are you doing for money/time (= have you got enough money/time) ? 你手头／时间还宽裕吗？
for all
■despite 尽管
• For all her qualifications, she's still useless at the job. 尽管她有种种资历，她还是不能胜任这项工作。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
PAYMENT 支付
 ESSENTIAL
■(getting) in exchange 以…为交换，以…为代价
• How much did you pay for your glasses? 你配这副眼镜花了多少钱？
• I've sponsored her £1 for every mile that she runs. 她每跑一英里我就捐助一英镑。
• She sold the house for quite a lot of money. 她这栋房子卖了一大笔钱。
• They've said they'll repair my car for £300. 他们说修好我的车要花300英镑。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
REPRESENTING 代表
 ESSENTIAL
■being employed by or representing a company, country, etc 受雇于；代表
• She works for a charity. 她为一家慈善机构工作。
• He used to swim for his country when he was younger. 他年轻时曾效力于国家游泳队。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
TOWARDS 向
 ESSENTIAL
■towards; in the direction of 往，向
• They looked as if they were heading for the train station. 他们看上去像是朝火车站去了。
• Just follow signs for the town centre. 跟着指向市中心的标志牌走就行了。
• This time tomorrow we'll be setting off for the States. 明天这个时候我们将会动身去美国。
• It says this train is for (= going to stop at) Birmingham and Coventry only. 上面写着这列火车只在伯明罕和考文垂两站停车。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
MEANING 意思
 ESSENTIAL
■showing meaning 意思是；表示
• What's the Spanish word for 'vegetarian'? 西班牙语中 vegetarian（素食主义者）这个词怎么说？
• What does the 'M.J.' stand for? Maria Jose? M.J.代表甚么？代表 Maria Jose 吗？
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
TO GET 为获得
 ESSENTIAL
■in order to get or achieve 为得到，为获取
• I hate waiting for public transport. 我讨厌等大众交通。
• I had to run for the bus. 我要去赶公车了。
• Did you send off for details of the competition? 你去函索取介绍竞赛详情的资料了吗？
• I've applied for a job with another computer company. 我已向另一家电脑公司求职。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
DUTY 责任
■the duty or responsibility of 是…的义务（或责任）
• As to whether you should marry him - that's for you to decide. 至于你该不该嫁给他，这得由你自己决定。
• It's not for me to tell her what she should do with her life. 不该由我来告诉她应该过甚么样的生活。
• As to how many she invites, it's not really for me to say. 至于她请多少人，这好像不该我来说。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
IN TROUBLE 遇到麻烦
for it informal
■in trouble 有麻烦
• You'll be for it when she finds out! 等她查出来你就麻烦了！
■ for 1 UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ]
preposition
for all sb cares/knows informal
■said to show that something is not important to someone 对（某人）无所谓，对（某人）不重要
• You could be the Queen of England, for all I care - you're not coming in here without a ticket. 你就算是英格兰女王我也不管——没有票，你就别想进来。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
that/there's ... for you disapproving
■describes something that you think is a typical example of something bad …就是这样
• You spend two hours cooking a meal and they say "it's disgusting" - that's children for you! 你花两个小时做了顿饭，他们却说“难吃死了”——孩子就是这样！
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
what ... for? IMPROVER
■why 为甚么？
• What did you do that for? 你为甚么那么做？
• What are you emptying that cupboard for? 你为甚么把那个橱柜里的东西都拿出来？
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] conjunction old-fashioned or literary
BECAUSE 因为
■because; as 因为，由于…的缘故
• She remained silent, for her heart was heavy and her spirits low. 由于心情沉重情绪低落，她一直沉默不语。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] conjunction old-fashioned or literary
  Common Learner Errors  forRemember: for is only usually used to mean 'because' in old-fashioned or literary English. In ordinary language, don't say 'for', say because :
✗ Erik ate nothing for he was feeling sick. Erik ate nothing because he was feeling sick.
as, because, for, since
这些连词均含有“因为”之意。
as: 从属连词，语意较because, since弱，着重在主句，所表示的原因或理由是“附带的”。
because: 从属连词，语意强，着重直接的原因或理由，所引出的从句是全句的重心，用以回答why提出的问题。
for: 并列连词，语气较弱，所引出的句子一般放在后面，表示附带说明的理由或推断理由。
since: 语意比because弱，但比as强，一般用于表示“由于大家已知的事实”。
during, for
这两个前置词都有“在……期”之意。
during: 侧重指习惯性的某一段时间，而for指特定的某一段时间；during指继续的时间概念，突出事件发生的时刻，而for侧重事件持续时间的总长度。
prep. 为，为了；因为；给；对于；至于；适合于
 - regarding, towards, in the case of
conj. 因为
 - because, since, seeing, that

Word: Indian
Front: Indian
['ɪndiən] (中高四六雅 1436/15712)
Back: n. 印度人；印第安人；印第安语
adj. 印度的；印第安人的；印第安语的
分布：印第安人(35%)，印度的(30%)，印度人(17%)，印第安人的(10%)，印度人的(5%)，印第安语(3%)
→来自波斯语Hindu,河流名，后用于指整个印度。后该词也用来指美洲的土著印第安人，来自16世纪哥伦布初到美洲大陆时误以为到了印度大陆，因此便称当地土著人为印度人，更准确的说法为American Indian.
noun countable
INDIA 印度
■a person from India 印度人
['ɪn.di.ən] noun countable
AMERICA 美国 offensive old-fashioned
■a Native American 印第安人
• playing cowboys and Indians 扮演牛仔和印第安人
['ɪn.di.ən] adjective
INDIA 印度
■from, belonging to or relating to India 印度的；印度人的
• an Indian family 印度家庭
• the Indian ambassador 印度大使
['ɪn.di.ən] adjective
AMERICA 美国 offensive old-fashioned
■belonging or relating to Native Americans 印第安人的
• an Indian chief 印第安酋长
adj. 印度的；印第安人的；印第安语的
 - hindu
n. 印第安人；印度人；印第安语
 - Injun, Red Indian

Word: disaster
Front: disaster
[dɪˈzɑ:stə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 2321/2466 -K3)
Vocabulary: disaster
(once / 159 pages)
n
An earthquake, an oil spill, an economic collapse, a party with inedible food and truly awful music: Each of these could be described as a disaster, a cataclysmic event causing extreme suffering, even total destruction.
Disaster made its way into the English language from Greek. The second part of the word is derived from astron — "star" or "planet," familiar from words like astronomy and astronaut. Dis- is prefix with a meaning similar to "un-" or "mis-," but with clearly negative connotations. Translated literally, disaster means "bad or unlucky star," and it's a relic of a time when astrology was considered a serious science that could predict events — including disasters you might try to avoid — in your life on Earth!
WORD FAMILY
disaster: disasters, disastrous +/ disastrous: disastrously
USAGE EXAMPLES
A search involving about 10 ships was underway to find those who were missing, the National Disaster Mitigation Agency said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
For fans, the thrill derives, in part, from the possibility of disaster.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
A search involving around 10 ships was under way to find those who were missing, the National Disaster Mitigation Agency said.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 灾难; 彻底的失败; 不幸; 祸患
分布：灾难(100%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。-aster, 星星，星辰，词源同star, asterisk.即星位不正，在古代占星术中预示着灾难降临。
灾难,灾祸(dis坏＋ester星→星位不正,表示有灾难)[astro,aster=star,表示"星星"]
n.灾难,大祸;彻底的失败The master's masterpiece caused a disaster to headmaster.主人的杰作给校长造成灾难.
【记】dis反，aster星－星位不正－预示着灾难
【参】asterisk（n 星号）；asteroid（adj 星状的）；disastrous（adj 损失惨重的；灾难性的）
US [-'zæs.tɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(an event which results in) great harm, damage or death, or serious difficulty 灾难，大祸
• An inquiry was ordered into the recent rail disaster (= a serious train accident). 有关方面下令调查最近这次铁路灾难事故。
• It would be a disaster for me if I lost my job. 对我而言，如果丢了工作那将是一场灾难。
• This is one of the worst natural disasters ever to befall the area. 这是该地区所经历的最严重的自然灾害之一。
• Heavy and prolonged rain can spell disaster for many plants. 大量持续的降雨会对很多植物造成巨大的危害。
• Everything was going smoothly until suddenly disaster struck. 灾难突然降临之前一切进行得都很顺利。
• Inviting James and Ivan to dinner on the same evening was a recipe for disaster (= caused a very difficult situation) - they always argue with each other. 在同一天晚上请詹姆斯和伊凡吃饭简直就是自找苦吃——他们在一起总是争来争去。
be a disaster informal
■to be very unsuccessful or extremely bad 非常失败，极为糟糕
• The evening was a complete disaster. 那场晚会糟透了。
• As an engineer, he was a disaster. 作为工程师，他简直糟糕透顶。
disaster, misfortune, calamity, catastrophe
这组词都有“灾难”的意思，其区别是：
disaster: 普通用词，指大破坏、痛苦或伤亡。
misfortune: 普通用词，多批较为严重的不幸，强调不幸多由外界因素所致。
calamity: 多指个人的不幸，比disaster严重，强调灾难引起的悲痛以及对于损失的感觉。
catastrophe: 语气最强，指可怕的灾难，强调最终的结局。
disaster, dilemma, collapse, epidemic
disaster: 灾难
dilemma: 窘境，困境
collapse: 崩溃
epidemic: 流行病
n. 灾难，灾祸；不幸
 - tragedy, evil, calamity, grief

Word: parking
Front: parking
[ˈpɑ:kɪŋ] (高雅 2322/4375 -2)
Back: n. （车辆等的）停放; 停车场所，停车位
v. 停车(park的ing形式)
分布：停车(93%)，停车的(5%)，停车处(1%)，动词park的现在分词.(1%)
→来自park,停车，泊车，-ing,动名词后缀。
US ['pɑ:r-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■leaving a vehicle in a particular place for a period of time 停车
• a parking place/space 停车位
• He was fined for illegal parking. 他因违规停车被罚款。
• Parking fines are given for parking offences/violations. 违规停车要受到罚款。
• US a parking lot 停车场
n. [交] 停车
 - power-off

Word: prospect
Front: prospect
[ˈprɒspekt] (研四六托雅宝 2323/1724 -K4)
Vocabulary: prospect
(once / 117 pages)
1nv 2n
A prospect is the possibility that something fabulous will happen. After you graduate top of your class at Harvard, for example, your job prospects look great.
Prospect is from the Latin word prospectus which means a "view or outlook." A prospect is still a way of looking ahead and expecting good things. It's like potential in that it's something that might be but isn't yet. There is also the potential for something bad to happen, but prospects usually look good. In the 1800s, when men in floppy brown hats started saying "There's gold in them there hills!" the noun became a verb — to prospect is to search for gold. Either way, when you have prospects, you have a golden future.
WORD FAMILY
prospect: prospected, prospecting, prospector, prospects+/ prospector: prospectors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fleeing the prospect of a tough race, Forbes ran in the neighboring Republican district, anchored by Virginia Beach.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
"The relatively wide range for the forecast reflects the higher-than-normal degree of uncertainty regarding the prospects for the UK economy next year," he says.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite the very real prospect of a 0-3 start to Big 12 play, Beard is probably right.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 前景; 期望; 眺望处; 景象
vi. 勘探; 勘察; （矿等）有希望; 有前途
vt. 找矿; 对…进行仔细调查
时态：prospected, prospecting, prospects
分布：前景(81%)，希望(9%)，勘探(5%)，景色(4%)，寻找(1%)
→pro-,向前，-spect,看，词源同specter,spectate.引申诸相关词义。
景象,前景(pro+spect看→向前看→前景)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
展望,前景(pro向前+spect→向前看→展望)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
n.景色;前景,前途,展望The prospective inspector prospected his prospect with his own perspective.未来的检查员用自己的观点勘察的他的前景.
【记】pro前，spect看：向前看－景色，勘探
【参】prospective（adj 预期的）
US ['prɑ:.spekt] noun
POSSIBILITY 可能性
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the possibility that something good might happen in the future （发生好事情的）可能，可能性，机会
• Is there any prospect of the weather improving? 天气有可能好转吗？
• There seems little prospect of an end to the dispute. 争端似乎不大可能平息。
• [+ that] There's not much prospect that this war will be over soon. 这场战争不大可能很快结束。
• There's every prospect of success. 有百分之百成功的希望。
prospects [plural]
■the possibility of being successful, especially at work 成功的机会；前景，前途
• She's hoping the course will improve her career prospects. 她希望这门课能改善自己的事业前景。
• Prospects of/for (= Opportunities for) employment remain bleak for most people in the area. 该地区大多数人的就业前景还是很黯淡的。
only singular
■the idea of something that will or might happen in the future 前景；展望；设想
• The prospect of spending three whole days with her fills me with horror. 想到要和她在一起呆整整三天，我就毛骨悚然。
• I'm very excited at the prospect of seeing her again. 一想到又会见到她我就激动不已。
• We face the prospect of having to start all over again. 我们很可能不得不再次从头开始。
countable
■a person who might be chosen, for example as an employee 有前途的候选人
• We'll be interviewing four more prospects for the posts this afternoon. 今天下午我们要再面试四个有希望征得这些职位的应征者。
UK ['prɒs.pekt] US ['prɑ:.spekt] noun
VIEW 景色
countable formal
■a good view of a large land area or of a city 景色；景观
• From the restaurant there was a marvellous prospect of/over Siena and the countryside beyond. 从餐厅可以看到／俯瞰锡耶纳和更远处乡村的美妙景色。
UK ['prɒs.pekt] US ['prɑ:.spekt] verb intransitive
■to search for gold, oil or other valuable substances on or under the surface of the Earth 探勘
• to prospect for oil/gold 探勘石油／黄金
outlook, expectation, prospect, hope
这组词都有“期望，指望”的意思，其区别是：
outlook: 多指根据征兆或分析对要发生的事情的愿望或预料。
expectation: 指期待某事发生或假设某事能发生，多含揣想的意味。
prospect: 与outlook的含义相近，但侧重对成功、利润和舒适生活等方面的期待。
hope: 通常指建立在愿望基础上的期待。这种期待有可能发生或实现，但也可能相反。
n. 前途；预期；景色
 - scenery, future, picture, expectation, landscape
vi. 勘探，找矿
 - reconnoitre
vt. 勘探，勘察
 - make a survey

Word: boss
Front: boss
[bɒs] (中高研四 2324/2227 -K4)
Vocabulary: boss
(once / 239 pages)
1n 2nv 3adj
A boss is an authority figure, often the person who tells you what to do at work. If you work as a waiter, your boss might be the restaurant manager.
A boss at a job might hire you, give you feedback on your work, or tell you what your responsibilities are. If someone is in charge of a group, you could describe that person as a boss as well: "She's the boss of the French club — she tells everyone what to do." To boss someone is to do just this, order them around. Boss comes from a Dutch root, baas, "master."
WORD FAMILY
boss: bossed, bosses, bossing, bossy, underboss+/ bossy: bossier, bossiest, bossily/underboss: underbosses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maker asked his former boss to screen tape of Robinson and perhaps consider him as a walk-on.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They’ve been real estate developers and politicians. In my time, there’s never been an operating boss in charge of the M.T.A.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I was told by my boss that I will no longer be working with Rex,” Whaley told reporters.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 老板，上司; 领袖，首领; [机]轴套，套筒
vt. 当…的首领; 管理，指挥
vi. 当首领; 发号施令
adj. <俚>很好的，一流的
时态：bossed, bossing, bosses
分布：老板(86%)，上司(8%)，指挥(3%)，管理(2%)，首脑(1%)
→1.老板，来自荷兰语baas, 叔叔。代替过于正式的master.
n.老板,上司vt.指挥,控制,发号施令The gross grocer crossed his legs before the boss.粗鄙的杂货商在老板面前叉起腿子.
US [bɑ:s] noun countable
MANAGER 经理
 ESSENTIAL
■the person who is in charge of an organization and who tells others what to do 老板；上司；头儿
• She was the boss of a large international company. 她是一家大型跨国公司的老板。
• I started up my own business and now I'm my own boss (= I work for myself and no one tells me what to do). 我开办了公司，现在自己当老板。
• informal Who's the boss (= the person who makes all the important decisions) in your house? 你们家谁做主？
UK [bɒs] US [bɑ:s] noun countable
DECORATION 装饰
■a raised rounded decoration, such as on a shield or a ceiling 圆形装饰物；浮雕装饰
UK [bɒs] US [bɑ:s] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition informal disapproving
■to tell someone what to do all the time 对…发号施令；把…差来遣去
• I wish he'd stop bossing me around/about. 但愿他不再把我差来遣去的。
UK [bɒs] US [bɑ:s] adjective slang
■very good or excellent 出色的
• It was a boss party. 那个派对棒极了。
boss, leader, head, chief
这组词都有“拥有权力或统治权的人”的意思，其区别是：
boss: 非正式用词，多作口语用，可指任何负责人，也可指经理、老板或工头。
leader: 指国家、民族、政党、组织等的领导或领袖。强调领导能力、含有能够引导、指导、控制被领导者并获得其支持的意味。
head: 多指一个机构或团体等的负责人或最高首长。
chief: 最广泛用词，上可指最高统治者，下可指顶头上司，即可指任何一级的头头。
n. [劳经] 老板；首领；工头
 - leader, employer, chief, captain, landlord
vt. 指挥，调遣；当…的领导
 - officer, captain, lead
vi. 当首领，发号施令
 - call the shots

Word: complaint
Front: complaint
[kəmˈpleɪnt] (研四六托雅 2325/1996 -K3)
Vocabulary: complaint
(once / 184 pages)
1n 2n
A complaint is an objection to something that is unfair, unacceptable, or otherwise not up to normal standards. If your neighbors have a complaint about noise, they want you to be more quiet.
A complaint is voiced objection to something, like a complaint about cold or disgusting-tasting food in a restaurant. Complaint is also a legal term — the plaintiff's reasons for bringing a civil action. Medically speaking, a complaint is a disorder or disease that is hard to cure completely. Loud cries of pain, anger, or sadness can also be called complaints.
WORD FAMILY
complaint: complaintive, complaints
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite the complaints, the Vatican agency that oversees its real estate holdings approved a lease, and the restaurant quietly opened last week without public protests.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schmidt said a complaint with formal charges is expected to be filed Tuesday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
O’Neill said that complaints about some elementary schools starting too late preceded the change in bell times.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 抱怨，控诉; 委屈，怨言; 平平的来由; 痛苦根源
分布：投诉(44%)，抱怨(38%)，控告(9%)，疾病(5%)，诉苦(4%)
→来自complain, 抱怨，被疾病侵袭。
抱怨(com全部+plaint→对全部东西抱怨)[plaint=complain,表示"抱怨"]
n.抱怨,诉苦,怨言,控告;疾病She poured out complaints before me.她在我面前倾诉苦衷.
noun
REPORT OF A PROBLEM 投诉
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when someone says that something is wrong or not satisfactory 抱怨，牢骚；投诉；不满
• We've received a complaint from one of our listeners about offensive language. 我们收到了一位听众有关用语粗俗的投诉。
• I've made a complaint (= formally complained) to the police about the noise. 我向警方投诉了噪音问题。
• [+ that] We've had complaints that you've been playing your radio too loud. 我们接到投诉说你们的收音机音量开得太大。
• Do you have any grounds for complaint (= reason to formally complain) ? 你有投诉的理由吗？
  Common Learner Errors  complaint or complain? Warning: do not confuse the noun complaint with the verb complain :
✗ I want to complaint about the service in your restaurant. I want to complain about the service in your restaurant.
[kəm'pleɪnt] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
countable
■an illness 病，疾病
• a heart/stomach complaint 心脏／胃病
disorder, complaint
这组词都有“疾病”的意思，其区别是：
disorder: n. (精神或肉体的)疾病(着重于身心、机能的失调、不平衡)；骚乱，动乱；混乱，杂乱。
 • a disorder of the digestive system   消化系统疾病
complaint: n.疾病(主要指病人去看病时向医生描述的病症，既可以是小病、慢性病，也可以是传染性疾病)；抱怨，埋怨，不满。
 • a heart complaint   心脏病
illness, sickness, disease, complaint
这组词都有“疾病”的意思，其区别是：
illness: 不具体指，而是泛指一切疾病，强调生病的时间或状语，语体较sickness正式一些。
sickness: 较口语化，可与illness换用，但还可表示“恶心”。
disease: 指具体的疾病，且通常较严重，发病时间也较长。
complaint: 现代英语中，既可指症状，也可指疾病。
n. 抱怨；诉苦；疾病；委屈
 - sickness, complain of

Word: championship
Front: championship
[ˈtʃæmpiənʃɪp] (托宝 2326/1874 -4)
Vocabulary: championship
(once / 293 pages)
1n 2n
A championship is a contest where a champion — an ultimate winner — is decided.
Champions are the top winners: only one football or baseball team earns the title of champion in a year. The championship is the contest that decides who will be champion. The Super Bowl is a championship. And so are the World Series, the Stanley Cup Finals, and the NBA Finals. Although championship is most often used in sports, you will also hear about the spelling bee championships or chess championships. When you win a championship, you're number one in your field.
WORD FAMILY
championship: championships+/ champion: championed, championing, champions, championship
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It kind of left a bad taste in our mouth after the Big Ten championship game,” Edwards said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Championship rings ordered in shape of Bill Belichick’s giant brain.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Only the national championship game was selling for more.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 锦标赛; 锦标，优胜，冠军称号; 拥护者[支持者，提倡者]的身分; 保持冠军称号的时期
分布：冠军(82%)，锦标赛(17%)，拥护(1%)
→champion, 冠军。-ship, 名词后缀，见friendship.
noun
COMPETITION 比赛
 IMPROVER countable
■a high-level competition to decide who is the best, especially in a sport （尤指体育比赛的）冠军赛，锦标赛
• the British Diving Championship 英国跳水锦标赛
• The world championships will be held in Scotland next year. 世界锦标赛将于明年在苏格兰举行。
• He has been playing championship tennis for three years now. 他参加网球锦标赛至今已有三年了。
countable
■the position of being a champion 冠军地位；冠军称号
• She has held the championship for the past three years. 在过去三年里她一直保持着冠军称号。
['tʃæm.pi.ən.ʃɪp] noun
SUPPORT 拥护
uncountable
■the support someone gives to a person, belief, right or principle 拥护者；卫士，捍卫者；斗士
n. 锦标赛；冠军称号；冠军的地位
 - tournament

Word: coach
Front: coach
[kəʊtʃ] (中高研四六托雅 1033/2347 -K4)
Vocabulary: coach
(once / 94 pages)
1nv 2nv
Nowadays, we mostly think of a coach as someone who trains a team, but it can also refer to a vehicle, such as a horse-drawn coach or coach bus (the kind with a bathroom in the back).
The first meaning of coach was in the mid-16th Century for a carriage, probably named for Kocs, the Hungarian village where they were first made and called kocsi. In the mid-19th Century, the name was given to railway cars, and nowadays the least expensive travel class is described as "coach." It's thought that the idea of a coach as a teacher came about because of the idea that a coach "carries" a student to success through his or her teaching.
WORD FAMILY
coach: coached, coaches, coaching+/coaching: coachings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It wasn’t long before other coaches scrambled to catch up.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
PASADENA, Calif. — In mid-August, after prolonged vacillation, Southern California Coach Clay Helton declared the junior Max Browne his starting quarterback.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Wildcats coach did not specify during his weekly radio show Monday night when the previously-taped talk with Pitino would air.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 教练; （铁路）旅客车厢; 长途客运汽车; 四轮大马车
vt. & vi. 训练; 辅导
vt. 训练; 指导
vi. 作指导; 受训练[辅导]; 坐马车旅行
时态：coached, coaching, coaches
分布：教练(80%)，指导(10%)，训练(8%)，经济舱(1%)，四轮马车(1%)
→一种早期的马车，因产于匈牙利Kocs 村而得名。后用于牛津大学俚语义，即把导师比作马 车，帮助学生通过考试。
n.长途公共汽车;教练v.训练,指导,培训The reproached coach unloaded the loaves to the approachable roadside.遭到责备的教练把面包卸到可接近的路旁.
【记】读：口齿－教练要求口齿伶俐。
US [koʊtʃ] noun countable
TEACHER 教师
 IMPROVER
■someone whose job is to teach people to improve at a sport, skill, or school subject 教练；辅导老师；私人教师；家庭教师
• a tennis/maths coach 网球教练／数学辅导老师
UK [kəʊtʃ] US [koʊtʃ] noun countable
VEHICLE 车辆
 IMPROVER (US usually bus)
■a long motor vehicle with comfortable seats, used to take groups of people on journeys 长途汽车；长途客车
• We're going to the airport by coach. 我们要坐长途汽车去机场。
• a coach trip 乘长途汽车旅行
■an old-fashioned carriage pulled by horses, now used mainly in official or royal ceremonies （老式）四轮大马车（现主要用于官方或皇家典礼中）
■UK (US car)
■a carriage in a train （火车）车厢
UK [kəʊtʃ] US [koʊtʃ] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give special classes in sports or a school subject, especially privately, to one person or a small group 训练；培训；指导；（尤指私人）辅导
• She coaches students in French, usually for exams. 她辅导学生法语，通常是准备考试的学生。
UK [kəʊtʃ] US [koʊtʃ] noun uncountable adverb US
■the cheapest type of seats on a plane or train （飞机）经济舱；（火车）普通车厢
• Even the company's director flies coach most of the time. 即使是公司的主管大多数时候都坐经济舱。
car, bus, truck, lorry, coach, automobile, jeep, carriage, waggon
这些名词都与“车”有关。
car: 多指乘坐人的小汽车或轿车。
bus: 一般指公共汽车或大型客车。
truck: 与lorry同义，都指卡车或货车，前者为美国用词，后者用于英国。
coach: 原义指四轮马车，现指轿式汽车，长途公共汽车，还可指火车设有卧铺的车厢。
automobile: 是汽车的总称。
jeep: 吉普车，指一种小型轻便、适合在崎岖路面或野外使用的车子。
carriage: 指马车，两匹或两匹以上马拉的四轮马。
waggon: 指四轮运货马车或牛车，也指铁路的无盖货车。
instruct, coach, tutor, train, teach, educate
这组词都有“教，教育，培养”的意思，其区别是：
instruct: 与teach含义很接近，但语体较正式。指系统、详细、精心地传播知识，侧重教授与指示。
coach: 指对个人或小组等进行辅导、训练或补课。
tutor: 指进行个别教学或课外辅导。
train: 指训练与培养。
teach: 最普通用词，含义广泛。指直接教某人知识或技能等，侧重传播知识和帮助应用知识。
educate: 较正式用词，指教育，内容比teach广泛，侧重动机或结果，或对潜在能力的开发。
n. 教练；旅客车厢； [车辆] 长途公车；四轮大马车
 - drilling, mentors
vt. 训练；指导
 - discipline, supervise

Word: exercise
Front: exercise
[ˈeksəsaɪz] (中高雅 1487/1233 -K4)
Vocabulary: exercise
(once / 72 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Exercise is physical activity, like an exercise class, or the act of practicing anything — like people who exercise caution while crossing the street.
If your dad tells you to exercise restraint in dealing with your brother who just broke your computer, he hasn't suggested that you tie your brother up — here exercise means "use" or "practice." This might remind you of the writing exercises your teacher gave you: practice in forming letters. In many kinds of exercise, the results come from doing something over and over — just ask anyone who exercises, or works out.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
exercise / exorcise
While both words can refer to ways to get rid of something — belly fat, Satan — that's where the similarities end. Exercise is physical activity but to exorcise is to cast out evil.
Exercise usually refers to working out:
Mrs. Obama has said she wants to help today's youngsters become adults at a healthy weight by eating better and getting more exercise.
Many studies have linked exercise with improved brain health later in life.
It also means to use something, like restraint, or you might even have warm-up exercises in music class.
On the other hand, if you went to see The Exorcist and expected a sports flick, you were in for a big surprise. You'll have to trade in your sneakers for some holy water if you are going to exorcise, orcast out the devil, like in these examples:
Any lingering Hampden Park ghosts were exorcised by within 34 ruthless minutes.
Mr. and Mrs. Metzler, who are devout Catholics, had Father Brown come to the house to exorcise the spirits that were tormenting them.
Although exorcise usually refers to a religious ritual to get rid of actual demons, people often use it to refer to emotions they'd like to purge:
In his view, acting has lent Ms. Schnabel "a vehicle to both exercise, and exorcise, these kinds of complicated demons."
In a way, she figured, she'd get two things done at once — advocate for kids and exorcise her own demons.
The "o" in exorcise is like the "o" in the oath when you vow to rid someone of evil. Don't get the two words mixed up, most demons don't respond to jazzercise.
WORD FAMILY
exercise: exercised, exerciser, exercises, exercising+/exerciser: exercisers/exercising: exercisings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s a great challenge, a great exercise in putting it together.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Maybe that’s why the New Year standbys — lose weight, exercise more — remain such well-polished chestnuts.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Apple’s longtime chief executive, Steven P. Jobs, exercised control over the smallest details about products.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 练习; 运动，训练; 运用; 典礼
vi. 锻炼，训练，练习
vt. 锻炼（身体某部位）; 使焦虑，使忧虑; 实行，发挥（作用）; 运用
时态：exercised, exercising, exercises
分布：锻炼(43%)，运动(33%)，练习(16%)，运用(6%)，作业(2%)
→ex-, 向外。-erc, 保护，限制，隐藏，词源同ark, arcane. 即去除限制，进行练习。
n.练习,习题;训练,锻练v.训练,锻练;行使I highly appreciate the preceding man's precious precise exercise.我高度欣赏前面那个人可贵的精确演练.
US [-sɚ-] note_panel
noun
HEALTHY ACTIVITY 健身活动
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■physical activity that you do to make your body strong and healthy 体育活动；锻炼；运动
• Swimming is my favourite form of exercise. 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。
• You really should take more exercise. 你真的应该多做运动。
• I do stomach exercises most days. 我经常做锻炼腹肌的运动。
UK ['ek.sə.saɪz] US [-sɚ-] note_panel
noun
PRACTICE 练习
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an action or actions intended to improve something or make something happen 练习；训练；演习
• Ships from eight navies will be taking part in an exercise in the Pacific to improve their efficiency in combat. 来自8个国家的海军军舰将参加在太平洋举行的军事演习，以提高其作战效率。
• It would be a useful exercise for you to say the speech aloud several times. 大声朗读几次讲稿，将会有助你的发挥。
• an exercise in public relations 公共关系课的情景模拟练习
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a short piece of written work which you do to practise something you are learning 习题；练习
• The book has exercises at the end of every chapter. 这本书每一章的后面都有练习题。
UK ['ek.sə.saɪz] US [-sɚ-] note_panel
noun
USE 使用
uncountable formal
■the use of something 行使；运用；使用
• The exercise of restraint may well be difficult. 克制情绪可能是件很难的事。
UK ['ek.sə.saɪz] US [-sɚ-] note_panel
noun
CEREMONY 典礼
exercises [plural] US formal
■a ceremony which includes speeches and usually traditional music or activities 典礼；仪式
• graduation exercises 毕业典礼
UK ['ek.sə.saɪz] US [-sɚ-] note_panel
verb
DO HEALTHY ACTIVITY 做健康的运动
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to do physical activities to make your body strong and healthy 锻炼；运动
• She exercises most evenings usually by running. 她几乎每晚都做运动，通常是跑步。
• A work-out in the gym will exercise all the major muscle groups. 健身房里做的运动能使所有主要肌肉都得到锻炼。
transitive
■If you exercise an animal, you make it walk or run so that it stays strong and healthy 遛（动物）
• Now he's retired he spends most afternoons exercising his dogs. 他已经退休了，下午的时间大都用来遛狗。
UK ['ek.sə.saɪz] US [-sɚ-] note_panel
verb
USE 使用
 ADVANCED transitive formal
■to use something 行使；运用；使用
• I exercised my democratic right by not voting in the election. 在选举中，我透过不投票的方式来行使我的民主权利。
• Always exercise caution when handling radioactive substances. 处理放射性物质时要随时小心谨慎。
• We've decided to exercise the option (= use the part of a legal agreement) to buy the house we now lease. 我们已经决定行使合约所赋予的买卖选择权，买下我们现在租住的房屋。
UK ['ek.sə.saɪz] US [-sɚ-] note_panel
verb
exercise your mind formal
■to worry you 使担忧；使烦恼；使不安
• The whole situation is exercising our minds greatly. 整个局势使我们大伤脑筋。
training, practice, exercise, drill, discipline
这组词都有“练习、训练、锻炼”的意思，其区别是：
training: 普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练。
practice: 指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧。
exercise: 主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧。
drill: 侧重进行有系统的，严格和重复的练习。
discipline: 既可指训练又可指为达到某种熟练程度而进行的约束。
practice, exercises, exercise
practice: (反复做的)练习 Practice makes perfect.
exercises: 练习(可数),
exercise: 运动,锻炼(不可数),
n. 运动；练习；运用；操练；礼拜；典礼
 - movement, sport, ceremony, campaign, practice
vt. 锻炼；练习；使用；使忙碌；使惊恐
 - make use of, fashion, occupy, alarm, employ
vi. 运动；练习
 - motion, do sport

Word: fundamental
Front: fundamental
[ˌfʌndəˈmentl] (高研四六托雅宝 2328/2031 -K3)
Vocabulary: fundamental
(once / 254 pages)
adjn
When asked what the fundamental, or essential, principles of life are, a teenager might reply, "Breathe. Be a good friend. Eat chocolate. Get gas money."
Fundamental has its roots in the Latin word fundamentum, which means "foundation." So if something is fundamental, it is a key point or underlying issue — the foundation, if you will — that the thing is built upon. Teachers argue that math fundamentals include memorizing the times tables and understanding long division. Many people would also argue that math fundamentals should include knowing how to use a calculator and knowing where the calculator's extra batteries are kept.
WORD FAMILY
fundamental: fundamentalism, fundamentally, fundamentals+/ fundamentalism: fundamentalisms, fundamentalist, fundamentalistic/ fundamentalist: fundamentalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
So he pushed through what the New York Times called “the most fundamental alteration of its rules in more than a generation.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The two also will be learning the fundamentals of their jobs together.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In theory, progressives recognise the necessity of fundamental social change.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 基础的，基本的，根本的，重要的，原始的，主要的，十分重大的; [物]基频的，基谐波的; [乐]基音的
n. 原理，原则，基本，根本，基础; [乐]基音; [物]基频，基谐波
分布：基础(37%)，基本的(32%)，根本的(14%)，重要的(11%)，基本原理(6%)
→来自fund, 底部，基础。
基础的,根本的[found,fund=base,表示"基础"]
a.基础的,基本的n.(pl.)基本原则,基本原理The fundamental fund functions punctually in conjunction with abundant capital.这笔重要基金与充裕的资本一起准时发挥作用.
US [-tˌəl] adjective
 ADVANCED
■forming the base, from which everything else develops; more important than anything else 基础的；基本的；主要的
• We need to make fundamental changes to the way in which we treat our environment. 我们需要从根本上改变对待环境的态度。
• It's one of the fundamental differences between men and women. 这是男女之间的基本差别之一。
• The school is based on the fundamental principle that each child should develop its full potential. 这所学校的基本原则是充分发挥每个孩子的最大潜力。
• Diversity is of fundamental importance to all ecosystems and all economies. 多样性对所有的生态系统和经济结构都极为重要。
• Some understanding of grammar is fundamental to learning a language. 掌握一些文法对学习一种语言来说很重要。
universal, fundamental, institution
universal: 大众的
fundamental: 基础的，根本的
institution: 制度上的
law, principle, theorem, fundamental
这组词都有“原理、原则”的意思，其区别是：
law: 指一直公认的。陈述各种现象的条理或关系的公理或定理等。
principle: 普通用词，含义广。指作判断的基础或行动的普通准则；也指自然科学的规律。
theorem: 多指经过推理或演算能得到证明的原理、定理或定律。
fundamental: 通常指原理、原则。
basic, fundamental, elementary
basic: a.基本的，基础的，既可用于具体事物，也可用于抽象事物。
 • He has a basic understanding of the problem.   他对问题有基本的了解。
fundamental: a.根本性的，一般只用于抽象的事物；必要的，必须的。
 • Honesty is a fundamental principle in dealing with others.   诚实是与别人相处的基本原则。
elementary: a.初步的，初级的。elementary school小学
institutional, instrumental, universal, fundamental
institutional: 制度上的，公共机构的
instrumental: 起作用的，有助于
universal: 全体的，普及的，大众的
fundamental: 基础的，根本的，必要的
vital, essential, basic, fundamental, radical
这组词都有“基本的，基础的”的意思，其区别是：
vital: 正式用词，侧重指维持生命、活力必不可少的，或生死攸关的。
essential: 语气比basic和fundamental强，强调必不可少，暗含某物如缺少某部分，则失去本质特征的意味。
basic: 普通用词，指明确、具体的基础或起点。
fundamental: 书面用词，不如basic使用广泛，侧重指作为基础、根本的抽象的事物。
radical: 着重指事物的根本或其来源。
adj. 基本的，根本的
 - elementary, basic, essential, organic, primary
n. 基本原理；基本原则
 - basic principle, ultimate, rationale

Word: severe
Front: severe
[sɪˈvɪə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 2330/1923 -K4)
Vocabulary: severe
(once / 78 pages)
adj
Whether you're talking about a punishment, the weather, or how bad your flu is, severe indicates that it's at the limit of the spectrum.
The austerity of a word like severe serves many purposes. The common usage is to describe tough or painful stuff, like icy snowstorms, merciless punishments, or grim conditions (i.e., a severe depression). If things are severe, they're serious. Severe could also describe a person's haircut if it's brutally short and angular, or their wardrobe if it tends to be all black with no flourishes.
WORD FAMILY
severe: severely, severeness, severer, severest, severity +/ severity: severities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Parts of the South are bracing for more rain Tuesday, a day after severe storms killed four people in Alabama.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The doctor may prescribe a steroid cream or, in severe cases, an oral immunosuppressant for the itch.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
His seizures became more severe, and he underwent a tracheotomy to help him breathe.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 严峻的; 严厉的; 剧烈的; 苛刻的
级别：severer, severest
分布：严重的(61%)，严厉的(19%)，严格的(7%)，严峻的(7%)，剧烈的(6%)
→来自拉丁语 severus,严重的，严厉的，困难的，可能异化自拉丁语 serius,重的，词源同 serious. 引申诸相关词义。
严肃的;严厉的[sever=earnest,表示"诚恳"]
a.严厉的;剧烈的,严重的,严峻的,艰难的Several severe federal generals drank the mineral water on the miner's funeral.好几个严厉的联邦将军在矿工的葬礼上喝了矿泉水.
【记】severe的人总是sever
US [-'vɪr] adjective
VERY SERIOUS 非常严重的
 ESSENTIAL
■causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc; very serious 非常严重的；剧烈的；惨重的
• a severe chest infection/leg injury/toothache 十分严重的胸腔感染／腿伤／牙痛
• This is a school for children with severe learning difficulties. 这是一所为有严重学习障碍的孩子设立的学校。
• In parts of Africa there is a severe food/water shortage. 非洲的一些地方存在严重的粮食／水资源短缺问题。
• There is expected to be a severe frost tonight. 今晚预计会出现严重的霜冻。
• Severe cutbacks in public spending have been announced. 已经宣布对公共支出进行大幅度缩减。
■extreme or very difficult 极度的；非常困难的
• This will be a severe test of our strength. 这将是对我们实力的严峻考验。
UK [sɪ'vɪər] US [-'vɪr] adjective
NOT KIND 不和善的
■not kind or sympathetic; not willing to accept other people's mistakes or failures 不和善的；冷酷的；严厉的；苛刻的
• The headteacher spoke in a severe voice. 校长说话的口吻很严厉。
• The government is currently facing severe criticism. 政府目前正遭到严厉的批评。
• There are severe penalties for failing to declare all your income to the tax authorities. 未向税务机关申报个人全部收入会受到严厉的处罚。
UK [sɪ'vɪər] US [-'vɪr] adjective
PLAIN 朴素的 often disapproving
■completely plain and without decoration 不加装饰的，朴素的，简朴的
• She wore a severe black dress, and plain black shoes. 她穿了一件朴素的黑色连身裙和一双普通的黑鞋子。
• I don't like these severe modern buildings. 我不喜欢这些没有任何装饰的现代建筑。
solemn, sober, earnest, grave, severe, serious
这组词都有“严肃的”的意思，其区别是：
solemn: 指人表情或场景气氛严肃，侧重威严名印象深刻。
sober: 侧重因控制或抑制自己的感情而表现出的庄重。
earnest: 指严肃，认真，含诚恳和热情意味。
grave: 侧重严肃和尊严，需要认真思考，含令人担忧意味。
severe: 指面孔的严肃，法律的严厉，伤病的严重。着重严厉性，无丝毫温情。
serious: 指具有关键、严肃或严重意义的事情。
adj. 严峻的；严厉的；剧烈的；苛刻的
 - tight, hard, smart, harsh, rigorous

Word: enhance
Front: enhance
[ɪnˈhɑ:ns] (研四六托雅宝 2331/2669 -3)
Vocabulary: enhance
(once / 638 pages)
v
Many people use the expression "enhance your chance" to point out ways to increase your chances of winning or earning a contest or prize. When you enhance something, you heighten it or make it better.
"Hance" is not a word, but the addition of "en-" does something to enhance it and improve its sound. You can enhance the size of something, too, by altering it or raising it, which is what the word original meant (the "hance" part came via French from Latin altus, meaning "high"). When you enhance something you take it to a higher level, like adding salt to French fries to enhance flavor or adding words to enhance your vocabulary.
WORD FAMILY
enhance: enhanced, enhancement, enhancer, enhances, enhancing+/ enhancement: enhancements/enhancer: enhancers
USAGE EXAMPLES
And she’s not opposed to using technology in museum exhibits, as long as interactive screens and other bells and whistles enhance the interpretation for visitors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many athletes talk to themselves as a way of enhancing performance; Andy Murray yells at himself during tennis matches.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“This certainly enhances your ‘bold city’ image,” Hartzog told the locals.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 提高，增加; 加强
时态：enhanced, enhancing, enhances
分布：提高(57%)，加强(32%)，增加(11%)
→来自拉丁语inaltare, 来自词根alt, 高，见exalt, altitude. -ance, 现在分词。
v.提高,增强The alliance enhanced the reliability of the applicable alloy appliances.盟友增强了适用的合金用具的可靠性.
US [-'hænts] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to improve the quality, amount or strength of something 提高；增加；增强；增进
• These scandals will not enhance the organization's reputation. 这些丑闻并不会提高这个组织的声誉。
enhance, cement, strengthen
enhance: 使…看起来更好；提高；美化
cement: （比喻）将…结合在一起；加强；巩固。如cement a friendship表示“加强友谊”
strengthen: 使…更强
enhance, raise, heighten, intensify, aggravate
enhance: 提高，增强：靠增添某种能增强物质的价值、魅力或声望的东西以指某物超出常规水平或通常的喜人程度或吸引力
raise: 提高，增强，养育，种植，饲养
heighten: 提高到超出平常、陈腐或平庸之辈的承程度，并在尖锐和深刻方面有所增强，表示常规合习惯，现状的升级，侧重加强加深加重
intensify: 一物的加深加强强化到很显著、罕见的深度式强度，尤其是在其特性方面
aggravate: 明显加强了那已是令人不快、困难重重的环境，条件的严重性，说明严重性的增加，要求给与注意
enhance, raise, feed
enhance: 增强，提高，美化（多用于抽象意义）
raise: 养育（孩子），饲养（家畜），生产（作物）,提高，上升，养育
feed: 给（人或动物）食物
vt. 提高；加强；增加
 - raise, cement, boost, muscle, gain

Word: mystery
Front: mystery
[ˈmɪstri] (研四六托 2332/2813 -K3)
Vocabulary: mystery
(once / 62 pages)
n
A mystery is something that baffles our understanding and cannot be explained. The giant slabs of Stonehenge, remain a mystery to this day.
The noun mystery comes from the Greek mysterion, meaning "secret rite or doctrine." A great synonym for secret is enigma. We use this word all the time to describe stuff we don't understand, from crop circles and UFOs to the origins of the universe and the workings of the human brain. In literature, drama, and film, a mystery is a story that centers around a crime, usually murder, which finally gets solved at the very end.
WORD FAMILY
mystery: mysteries, mysterious +/ mysterious: mysteriouser, mysteriousest, mysteriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Whose No. 1 draft pick, Josh Doctson, only got on the field twice this year because of injuries and mysteries?
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Crows soared above sandstone walls as we ran our hands along petrified sand dunes and felt cool mystery.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The whereabouts of the manuscript remained a mystery until its emergence in London.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 秘密，谜; 神秘，神秘的事物; 推理小说，推理剧; 常作 mysteries 秘技，秘诀
分布：秘密(53%)，奥秘(45%)，神秘的人或事物(2%)
→来自希腊语mysterion,神秘的仪式，神秘的教条，来自mystes,开悟的人，神点化的人，通灵的人，巫师，来自myein,关闭，合眼，合嘴，词源同mute,myopia.可能来自巫师做法时的神态。原带有强烈的宗教色彩，后词义通用化，引申词义神秘，奥秘。
n.神秘,神秘的事物;神秘小说,侦探小说The creation of life remains a mystery.生命的创造仍是个谜.
US [-tɚ-] noun
STRANGE/UNKNOWN THING 奇怪／不知名事物
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■something strange or not known which has not yet been explained or understood 神秘的事物，难以理解的事物，谜
• How the massive stones were brought here from hundreds of miles away is/remains a mystery. 巨石到底怎样从几百英里以外运到这里来仍然是个谜。
• The mystery was solved when the police discovered the murder weapon. 警方找到凶器后，谜团就解开了。
• The book tries to explain some of the mysteries of life. 该书试图解释一些生命之谜。
• The details of the scandal remain cloaked/shrouded/wrapped in mystery. 丑闻的详情仍然不明／是一个谜／披着神秘的面纱。
• It's a complete mystery ( to me) that/why (= I do not understand why) she married him at all! 我完全搞不懂她怎么会嫁给他！
UK ['mɪs.tər.i] US [-tɚ-] noun
BOOK/FILM/PLAY 书／电影／剧
countable
■a book, film or play, especially about a crime or a murder, with a surprise ending which explains all the strange events that have happened 悬疑作品；悬疑电影；推理剧
• I really enjoy murder mysteries. 我很爱看谋杀推理作品。
• a mystery writer 侦探小说作家
puzzle, mystery, riddle, problem
这组词都有“谜、难题”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 语气较强，指复杂令人费解的情况或问题。
mystery: 指常人难以认识其起因或性质的奥秘，或指有意不让人理解的奥妙。
riddle: 指供人猜的谜语游戏，也可指终究会有解答的难题。
problem: 指有待探讨的疑难问题，也可指令人困惑的情况。
n. 神秘，秘密；奥秘；神秘的事物
 - secret, privacy, confidence

Word: impose
Front: impose
[ɪmˈpəʊz] (研四六托雅宝 2334/1517 -K4)
Vocabulary: impose
(once / 135 pages)
v
To impose means to force or inflict something on someone else. If you want to impose your musical taste on your parents, play your tunes all day at top volume.
The verb impose emerged in the 1580s, meaning "to lay on as a burden," which is very similar to the modern meaning. Governments often impose taxes, legal restrictions, and other burdensome things on citizens, for example. But you should remember what Confucius once wisely said: "Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire."
WORD FAMILY
impose: imposed, imposes, imposing, imposition, reimpose, superimpose +/ imposed: self-imposed/ imposing: imposingly, unimposing/ imposition: impositions/reimpose: reimposed, reimposes, reimposing, reimposition/ superimpose: superimposed, superimposes, superimposing
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say all potential revenue increases should be on the table, including raising the gas tax and imposing tolls.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Gunmen also attacked a police station Monday in Samarra, north of Baghdad, where clashes continued late into the night and a curfew was imposed.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Fiji government imposed a temporary ban on turtle harvesting in 1995 to halt the decline.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 强加; 征税; 以…欺骗
vi. 利用; 欺骗; 施加影响
时态：imposed, imposing, imposes
分布：强加(91%)，强迫(5%)，课征(4%)
→im-,进入，使，-pos,放置，词源同position,compose.即放置，施压，引申词义推行，强加。
强加;征税(im进+pose→放进去→强加)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
v.征(税);(on)把...强加给The imposing man posed as a man of good disposition and disposed of the rubbish.给人印象深刻的人冒充一个好安排的人并且处理垃圾.
【记】im进入，pose放－把你放在一个被强迫的状态－强制实行
【参】dispose（v 处理；部署；布置）
【反】imposing（adj 使人难忘的；壮丽的）－modest（adj 谦虚的）
US [-'poʊz] verb
FORCE 迫使
 IMPROVER transitive
■to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received 推行；强制实行
• Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes. 最近对香烟开征很高的税。
• Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences. 法官对轻微的违规驾驶开始处以越来越重的罚款。
• The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city parks. 市政会禁止在城市公园中饮酒。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to force someone to accept something, especially a belief or way of living 把（尤指信仰或生活方式）强加于
• I don't want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children. 我不希望他们把自己的宗教信仰强加于我的孩子。
• We must impose some kind of order on the way this office is run. 我们必须就这个办公室的管理制定规章。
UK [ɪm'pəʊz] US [-'poʊz] verb
EXPECT 期望
intransitive
■to expect someone to do something for you or spend time with you when they do not want to or when it is not convenient for them 勉强；硬要
• Are you sure it's all right for me to come tonight? I don't want to impose. 你肯定我今天晚上来没有问题吗？我不想勉强你。
• She's always imposing on people - asking favours and getting everyone to do things for her. 她总是强人所难——要人帮忙做这做那。
tax, duty, tariff, assess, dues, impose
tax: 普通用词，指用各种不同方法向个人或单位征收所得税、房地产税等各种税款。侧重实际征收金钱。
duty: 责任
tariff: 关税
assess: 指一般情况下，征收房地产税、罚款或其它费用。
dues: 会费
impose: 指在决定个别案件中的处罚或罚款，尤指政府征收某种税收的决定。
vi. 利用；欺骗；施加影响
 - do with, trade on
vt. 强加；征税；以…欺骗
 - force, levy tax

Word: poverty
Front: poverty
[ˈpɒvəti] (研四六托雅 2333/2666 -3)
Vocabulary: poverty
(once / 186 pages)
n
Families who live in poverty have a hard time getting enough food to eat. "The loss of jobs in the area led to increased poverty." "The poverty rate is the percent of people who live in poverty in a geographic area."
In the US, the government pays careful attention to how many citizens are living above and below the poverty level, which is defined by a certain maximum level of income. Poverty can also mean the lack of an important quality besides having enough money to live comfortably. For the last five years, David's sister has given him a pair of socks for his birthday. David believes this reflects the poverty of her imagination.
WORD FAMILY
poverty: poverties
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most of the students live in poverty, according to data from the Kansas State Department of Education.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And while poverty creates burdens for all kinds of schools, when it occurs in densely concentrated neighborhoods, it’s harder to overcome, Funk said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s a clichéd saying, but the cycle of poverty is true. It really is a cycle,” Phifer said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 贫穷; 缺乏，不足; 贫瘠，不毛; 低劣
分布：贫困(93%)，贫乏(6%)，劣质(1%)
→来自古法语poverte,贫穷，贫乏，来自拉丁语pauper,穷的，少的，词源同poor.
n.贫穷,贫困The poor man in poverty sleeps on the floor at the doorway.那个贫困的可怜人睡在门口的地板上.
US ['pɑ:.vɚ.tˌi] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the condition of being extremely poor 贫困，贫穷
• Two million people in the city live in abject (= very great) poverty. 这个城市有两百万人生活在赤贫中。
• He emigrated to Australia to escape the grinding (= very great) poverty of his birthplace. 他为了逃避家乡极为贫困的生活而移民到了澳大利亚。
• Helping to alleviate poverty in developing countries also helps to reduce environmental destruction. 帮助缓解开发中国家的贫困也有助减少对环境的破坏。
a poverty of sth formal
■a lack of something or when the quality of something is extremely low …的贫乏，…的缺少；…的劣质
• There is a disappointing poverty of creativity in their work. 他们的工作缺乏创造性，令人失望。
n. 贫困；困难；缺少；低劣
 - difficulty, shortage, hardness, want

Word: other
Front: other
[ˈʌðə(r)] (中高 75/69 -K5)
Vocabulary: other
(once / 4 pages)
adj
Use the adjective other to distinguish something as being different or distinct. You might ask your friend if she's coming to the movies with you, or if she has other plans.
If you don't get the first job you apply for, you'll have to see if other places are hiring. If you're sweating in the hot summer sunshine, you might want to cross to the other side of the street. Other can take various meanings, from "opposite" to "strange" to "additional." You might also notice other in phrases like "how the other half live," meaning rich versus poor people, or "the other day" — a few days ago.
WORD FAMILY
other: otherly, otherness, others
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s not exactly an everyday thing in other sports, either.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bharambe, for his part, argues that Mumbai’s collision statistics look worse than other Indian cities because the Mumbai police are better at recording accidents.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The club’s bar will need government approvals to serve alcohol, not to mention other regulatory issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 别的; 其他的; （两个中的）另一个; 其余的
pron. 其他的; （指两个人或事物中的第二个）那个; （指一组中其余的人或事物）其余的; （指与说话人所在位置等相反的方向或地点）另一边
n. [the other]对立面；对立的事物
分布：其他的(53%)，另一个(25%)，另外的(13%)，另一边(7%)，以其他方式(2%)
→来自古英语other,来自an-tero,异化自al-tero,两个中的另外一个，来自*al,另外，其它，词源同alias,else,*tero,比较级后缀，词源同alternate,exterior.在古英语中鼻音n在摩擦音前自然脱落。
a.另外的,其他的n./pron.另一个人(或事)The cat catches a fat rat and scatters the others under the mat.猫抓了一只肥鼠并驱散了席子下面的其它老鼠.
US [-ɚ] determiner
ADDITIONAL 另外的
 ESSENTIAL
■as well as the thing or person already mentioned 其他的，别的，另外的
• The product has many other time-saving features. 该产品还有许多其他的省时特性。
• There is no other work available at the moment. 目前没有其他的工作了。
• There is only one other person who could help us. 只有另外一个人可以帮助我们。
• Are there any other people we should speak to? 另外还有我们应该与之交谈的人吗？
• I've found one earring - do you know where the other one is? 我找到了一只耳环——你知道另一只在哪里吗？
⇒ See also another
 ESSENTIAL
■used at the end of a list to show that there are more things, without being exact about what they are （用于列举之后）其他的
• The plan has been opposed by schools, businesses and other local organizations. 该计划遭到学校、企业及其他当地组织的反对。
• These two books will be especially useful for editors, journalists and other professional users of the language. 这两本书将对编辑、记者及其他使用该语言的专业人士尤为有用。
UK ['ʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] determiner
OPPOSITE 对面
the other side/end (of sth)
 ESSENTIAL
■the opposite side or end of something 另一边；另一端
• Put the chair at the other end of the desk. 把椅子放到桌子的另一边去。
• The man was waiting on the other side of the street. 那个人在街对面等着。
UK ['ʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] determiner
DIFFERENT 不同的
 ESSENTIAL
■different from the thing or person already mentioned 不同的，其他的，别的
• I've no cash - is there no other way of paying? 我没有现金——没有其他支付方式吗？
• He likes travelling abroad and learning about other people's customs and traditions. 他喜欢到国外旅行，并了解其他民族的风俗习惯。
⇒ See also another
the other day/week, etc.
 IMPROVER
■referring to a day, week, etc. in the recent past without saying exactly when it was （指最近某个大概的时间）那个，某个
• I saw him just the other day/night. 我几天前／几天前的晚上／几周前刚见过他。
other than
 ADVANCED formal
■different from or except 不同于；除了
• Holidays other than those in this brochure do not have free places for children. 除了小册子上规定的假日外，其他假日小孩座位不免费。
• The form cannot be signed by anyone other than yourself. 除了你本人，谁也不能在这张表格上签字。
 ADVANCED
■in a negative sentence, used to mean 'except' ﹝用于否定句﹞除了
• There's nothing on TV tonight, other than rubbish. 今晚的电视除了垃圾，再没别的了。
in other words
 ADVANCED
■used to introduce an explanation that is simpler than the one given earlier 换句话说，换言之
• He was economical with the truth - in other words, he was lying. 他没说多少实话——换言之，他在撒谎。
or other informal
 ADVANCED
■used when you cannot or do not want to be exact about the information you are giving 某些；某个
• The event was held in some park or other. 这个活动是在某个公园举行的。
• We'll find someone or other to help us. 我们会找个人来帮我们的。
UK ['ʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■the second of two things or people, or the thing or person that is left in a group or set of things （两者中的）另一个，第二个；（一组或一套中的）另一个
• Hold the racquet in one hand and the ball in the other. 一只手握拍，另一只手持球。
• Some people prefer a vegetarian diet, while others prefer a meat-based diet. 有的人偏爱素食，而另一些人偏爱肉食。
• She gave me one book last week and promised to bring the others on Wednesday. 上周她给了我一本书，并答应周三把其他的书带来。
UK ['ʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] pronoun
others [plural]
 ESSENTIAL
■more ones 别的，其他的
• I only know about this book, but there might be others (= other books). 我只知道这本书，不过或许还有别的。
 ESSENTIAL
■people in general, not including yourself 别人，其他人
• You shouldn't expect others to do your work for you. 你不应该指望别人替你做事。
UK ['ʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  other To talk about people in general, not including yourself, don't say 'the others', just say others :
✗ Parents must teach their children to respect the others. Parents must teach their children to respect others.
UK ['ʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  others or other? Warning: do not confuse the pronoun 'others' with the determiner other. Before a plural noun, don't say 'others', say other :
✗ I would like to meet others people with the same hobby. I would like to meet other people with the same hobby. Remember: before a singular noun, the correct determiner is another : I met another person with the same hobby.
another, other
another: 后接名词单数  another student
other: 后接名词复数, other students,
adj. 其他的，另外的
 - another, else

Word: entry
Front: entry
[ˈentri] (高研四六托雅宝 2338/1373 -K4)
Vocabulary: entry
(once / 276 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Entry has loads of meanings, most of them concerning going inside someplace and the way you happen to get inside. It can also refer to written records (as in a diary or ledger) or a submission to a contest.
When you go into the room, you make an entry. The door you go through is also an entry. If you write in your diary about all this, you make an entry in your diary. If you submit your diary page to the "Awesome Writer" writing contest, your submission is also called an entry. And, finally, if you keep a spreadsheet for all your writing contest submissions, don't forget to make an entry (for this entry about an entry via an entry).
WORD FAMILY
entry: entries, reentry+/ enter: entered, entering, enters, entrance, entrant, entry, re-enter/entering: enterings/ entrance: entranced, entrancement, entrances, entrancing/ entranced: entrancedly/entrancement: entrancements/entrancing: entrancingly/ entrant: entrants, re-entrant, reentrant/re-enter: re-entered, re-entering/reentry: reentries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Venus Williams, a former champion in Auckland, is due to play New Zealand wildcard entry Jade Lewis on Tuesday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The first and most unsettling voice consists of diary entries written by an unknown student who addresses them to someone named Mousey.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Customs and Border Protection officers who man the ports of entry are reporting a spike in migrants attempting to enter illegally.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 进入，入场; 入口处，门口; 登记，记录; 参加比赛的人
分布：条目(44%)，进入(34%)，入口(21%)，进入权(1%)
→来自enter, 进入。
n.进入,入口;通道;记载,条目No entry.禁止入内.
noun
WAY IN 进入
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when you enter a place or join a particular society or organization 进入；加入，参加
• A flock of sheep blocked our entry to the village. 一群羊挡住了我们进村的路。
• I can't go down that street - there's a 'No entry' sign. 我不能走那条街——那里有“禁止入内”的标志。
• The actress's entry into the world of politics surprised most people. 这位女演员进入了政界，这使得大多数人都感到诧异。
• She made her entry to the ceremony surrounded by a group of photographers. 她在一群摄影师的簇拥下走进典礼仪式现场。
• The burglars gained entry by a top window. 窃贼是从屋顶的天窗进入室内的。
countable
■a door, gate, etc. by which you enter a place 门；入口；通道
• I'll wait for you at the entry to the park. 我会在公园入口处等你。
['en.tri] noun
INFORMATION 资讯
 IMPROVER countable
■a separate piece of information that is recorded in a book, computer, etc 项目；条目；（一则）记录
• They've updated a lot of the entries in the most recent edition of the encyclopaedia. 在最新版百科全书中他们更新了很多条目。
• As his illness progressed, he made fewer entries in his diary. 随着病情加重，他日记记得越来越少。
['en.tri] noun
COMPETITION 竞赛
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a piece of work that you do in order to take part in a competition, or the act of taking part in a competition 参赛作品；参赛
• There have been a fantastic number of entries for this year's poetry competition. 今年的诗歌创作大赛收到的参赛作品很多，令人惊喜。
• the winning entries 获奖参赛作品
• Entry to the competition is restricted to those who have a ticket. 持票者方可参加竞赛。
• Have you filled in your entry form yet? 你填写参赛表了吗？
admission, entry, admittance, entrance
这组词都有“入口或进入”的意思，其区别是：
admission: 指被允许进入某公共场所或建筑物的权利，也指进入某一组织。
entry: 强调正式地、礼仪地进入。用作“入口”解时，多指房门、院门、门廊等。
admittance: 指许可进入某地或某建筑物。
entrance: 含义广泛，作“进入”解时，可用于许多场合；作“入口”解时，指有门或栏的入口处。
n. 进入；入口；条目；登记；报关手续；对土地的侵占
 - threshold, registration, access, portal

Word: fat
Front: fat
[fæt] (中高研 1575/2848 -K4)
Vocabulary: fat
(once / 109 pages)
1nadjv 2adj 3adj
A dangerous word, fat. It means large, or overweight, or — dare we say it? — even obese. If your brother has gotten fat, you might want to be tactful and call him "large-boned" instead.
Fat can be applied not just to people or animals, but to any inanimate object that is notably big. Dictionaries, for example (remember the old-fashioned printed kind?), are inevitably described as "fat tomes," or an engagement ring can be fat if the rock is big enough. In its literal sense, fat simply means flesh, a form of body tissue, and in this sense it doesn't imply anything excessive. Just be careful using it to describe certain people.
WORD FAMILY
fat: fatedly, fatism, fatless, fatly, fatness, fats, fatted, fatten, fatter, fattest, fatting, fattish, fattism, fatty, nonfat+/ fatten: fattened, fattening, fattens/fattened: unfattened/fattish: fattishly/fatty: fattier, fatties, fattiest, fattily, fattiness, fattys
USAGE EXAMPLES
The problem with the argument that “government is fat” is that it’s a subjective argument.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The problem is not just the high fat content.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
And some people appear to be dealt a fat future at birth.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: adj. 肥的; 胖的; 厚的; 大量的
n. 脂肪; 肥肉; 动植物油
vt. 养肥; 在…中加入脂肪
vi. 长肥
时态：fatted, fatting, fats
分布：脂肪(83%)，肥胖的(7%)，肥肉(6%)，丰满的(2%)，多脂肪的(1%)，使变胖(1%)
→来自peie, 肥胖的，流油脂的，词源同pituitary, pitch.
a.多脂肪的,肥胖的;丰厚的n.脂肪,肥肉The cat catches a fat rat and scatters the others under the mat.猫抓了一只肥鼠并驱散了席子下面的其它老鼠.
adjective (fatter, fattest)
BIG 大的
 ESSENTIAL
■having a lot of flesh on the body 胖的，肥胖的
• Like most women, she thinks she's fat. 与大多数女性一样，她觉得自己很胖。
• I have horrible fat thighs. 我的大腿粗得吓人。
• He eats all the time but he never gets fat. 他总是在吃，但从来不长胖。
■thick or large 厚的；大的
• He lifted a fat volume down from the shelf. 他从架子上取下一册厚厚的书。
• Some producers of mineral water have made fat profits. 一些矿泉水生产商获得了丰厚的利润。
[fæt] adjective (fatter, fattest)
NO 无
[before noun] informal
■used in some phrases to mean very little or none 极少的；没有的
• A fat lot of use you are (= You are not useful in any way) ! 你一点用都没有！
• He knows it upsets me, but a fat lot he cares (= he doesn't care). 他知道那让我心烦意乱，但他根本不关心。
[fæt] adjective (fatter, fattest)
fat chance informal
■used to say that you certainly do not think that something is likely to happen 不大可能，希望渺茫
• "Perhaps they'll invite you." "Fat chance (of that)!" “也许他们会邀请你。”“不太可能！”
[fæt] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the substance under the skin of humans and animals that stores energy and keeps them warm 脂肪
• body fat 身体脂肪
• Women have a layer of subcutaneous fat (= fat under the skin) , which provides them with better insulation than men. 女性有一层皮下脂肪，使她们比男性更耐寒。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a solid or liquid substance from animals or plants and used especially in cooking （尤指用于烹饪的）动物油，植物油
• This product contains no animal fat. 本产品不含动物油脂。
• I only use vegetable fats in cooking. 我做饭只用植物油。
[fæt] noun
The fat is in the fire. informal
■said when something has been said or done that will cause a lot of trouble 事情搞糟了；闯祸了
[fæt] noun
live off the fat of the land
■to be rich enough to enjoy the best of everything 过养尊处优的生活
fat, grease, oil
这组词都有“油”的意思，其区别是：
fat: 多指动物性脂肪，常为固态。
grease: 通常指经加热变柔软的油脂。
oil: 泛指植物、动物和矿物性液体油。
stout, plump, fat
这组词都有“肥胖的”的意思，其区别是：
stout: 指膀粗腰圆，身体笨重，暗示肥壮。
plump: 指胖得匀称好看，有曲线感。
fat: 通俗用词，略含贬义。指因体内脂肪过多而显肥胖。
adj. 肥的，胖的；油腻的；丰满的
 - full, fatter
n. [生化] 脂肪，肥肉
 - lipo, fattiness
vt. 养肥；在…中加入脂肪
 - fatten
vi. 长肥
 - flesh up

Word: spending
Front: spending
[ˈspendɪŋ] (雅 2337/2353)
Back: n. 开销，花费
v. 用钱，花钱( spend的现在分词 ); 花费; 消耗; 花（时间）
分布：名词(100%)
→spend,花钱，花销，-ing,动名词后缀。
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the money which is used for a particular purpose, especially by a government or organization （尤指政府或组织的）开支，支出，开销
• government spending on health 政府在医疗保健方面的支出
• spending cuts 削减开支
• Consumer spending has more than doubled in the last ten years. 消费者的支出在过去十年中增加了一倍多。
n. 花费；开销
 - expenditure, payout
v. 花费；度过（spend的现在分词形式）
 - living, costing

Word: king
Front: king
[ kɪŋ] (中高研四雅 2080/612 -K4)
Vocabulary: king
(once / 28 pages)
1n 2n 3n
In a monarchy, the male ruler is called the king. A king or queen rules until death, when the next in line — usually a son or daughter — inherits the throne.
You can also use the word king to describe someone who's very powerful or well-known, like the king of Scrabble competitions or the king of the auto industry. In chess, the king is the most important piece, the one protected by every other piece on the board. King shares an Old English root with kin, or "family."
WORD FAMILY
king: kingdom, kinglike, kingly, kings, kingship+/ kingdom: kingdoms, subkingdom/kingly: kinglily/kingship: kingships/subkingdom: subkingdoms
USAGE EXAMPLES
The monarch, who became king in 2004, is largely respected by the public and seen as being above politics.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“Why not? I live like a king here,” he said, sitting in a steam room.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
KING’S GOODBYE: The Outback Bowl will mark the final appearance by Iowa cornerback Desmond King, one of the best players in school history.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: [男子名] [英格兰人姓氏] 金绰号，来源于中世纪英语、古英语，含义是u201c国王u201d(king); [地名] [巴布亚新几内、美国] 金
分布：国王(85%)，王的(12%)，上帝(1%)，耶稣(1%)，基本的(1%)
→缩写自古英语cyning,国王，君主，统治者，来自Proto-Germanic*kuningaz,对应于kin,家族，种族，氏族，-ing,集合名词后缀。即一个家族或氏族的统领，后用于指国王，君主。引申词义关键的，重要的，大的等。比较其与emperor的区别。
n.君主,国王Twice the twin king wins the winter swinging under the wing of the plane.孪生国王两次赢得冬季机翼下的荡秋千赛.
noun countable
MALE RULER 国王
 ESSENTIAL
■(the title of) a male ruler of a country, who holds this position because of his royal birth 国王，君王
• King Richard II 理查二世
• the kings and queens of England 英格兰国王和女王
[kɪŋ] noun countable
MOST IMPORTANT 最重要者
■the most important, best or most respected member of a group of animals, things or people （同类动物、事物或人中的）首屈一指者，最重要者
• The lion is often called the king of the jungle. 狮子经常被称为丛林之王。
• He's the new king of pop music. 他是新的流行音乐天王。
[kɪŋ] noun countable
GAMES 游戏
■In the game of chess , the king is the most important piece on the board. It can move one square in any direction. （国际象棋中的）国王
■a card with a picture of a king on it, used in games （纸牌中的）K
• the king of hearts 红桃
[kɪŋ] noun countable
a king's ransom
■a large amount of money 一大笔钱，钜款
• That diamond necklace must have cost a king's ransom. 那条钻石项链一定价值不菲。
[kɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
■used as part of the name of something that is larger than the ordinary type （作为名称的一部分，指某一种类中）巨型的，较大的
• king prawns 大虾；大王虾
• a king penguin 王企鹅；国王企鹅
n. 国王；最有势力者；王棋
 - wanax, Rex
vi. 统治；做国王
 - to rule, reign over
vt. 立…为王
 - enthrone

Word: evaluate
Front: evaluate
[ɪˈvæljueɪt] (高研四六托雅 2339/3168 -2)
Vocabulary: evaluate
(once / 1248 pages)
v
When you evaluate something, you're making a judgment, one that most likely results from some degree of analysis.
Breaking down the nutritional pros and cons of dessert options is evaluating. Diving into a tub of Ben and Jerry's because you have a craving is not. The word evaluate was used as a mathematics term before it became part of standard usage. Thus, its wonky connotation of objectivity.
WORD FAMILY
evaluate: evaluated, evaluates, evaluating, evaluation, evaluative, evaluator, reevaluate +/ evaluation: evaluations, underevaluation/evaluator: evaluators/ reevaluate: reevaluated, reevaluating, reevaluation
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brisley said the cause of the outage was still being evaluated.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As for Taylor’s future, Pegula said that was still to be evaluated.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This is a good time to evaluate fresher options for efficiently serving enrollees and taxpayers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 评价; 求…的值（或数）; 对…评价; [数学、逻辑学]求…的数值
vi. 评价，估价
时态：evaluated, evaluating, evaluates
分布：评估(60%)，评价(40%)
→e-, 向外。-val, 力量，价值，词源同value, valiant.
估价,评价(e出+val+uate→出价值→估价)[vail,val=strong,表示"强壮"]
v.估价,评价;求...的值I didn't evaluate the blue glue due to the vague plague.因为不明确的瘟疫,我没有对蓝色胶水估价.
verb transitive
■to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount or value of something 评估，评价；估值
• It's impossible to evaluate these results without knowing more about the research methods employed. 如不能对使用的研究方法有更多了解，就无法对其结果作出评价。
• [+ question word] We shall need to evaluate how the new material stands up to wear and tear. 我们需要对新材料的耐磨损度作出鉴定。
evaluate, rate, value, assess, estimate, appraise
这组词都有“估价，估计”的意思，其区别是：
evaluate: 与appraise相似，指使判断绝对准确，但多用于对人物的某方面的评价，很少用于评价某物的市场价值。
rate: 专指评定价值等级的高低。
value: 侧重指一般人对某物的价值或价格所作的估计。
assess: 原义指对为确定交多少税而估计，引申指通过估价以便更好利用。
estimate: 通常指由个人作出的主观估价。
appraise: 指以专家身份作了最终精确的估价。
vt. 评价；估价；求…的值
 - value, score, rate, prize
vi. 评价；估价
 - to assess, to appraise

Word: symbol
Front: symbol
[ˈsɪmbl] (中高研四六托 2340/2635 -K3)
Vocabulary: symbol
(once / 157 pages)
n
A symbol can be an object, shape, sign, or character used to represent something else. A flag is a symbol of a country. English teachers never tire of talking about symbols in literature.
A pink ribbon is a symbol of breast-cancer awareness, and a yellow ribbon is a symbol of support for U.S. troops. In literature, authors use many symbols. A character doing even a small thing, like eating a cheeseburger, might symbolize something larger about that character. Something you need to be rich to have — like a limousine — is called a "status symbol." Anytime one thing seems to represent a deeper meaning, it's probably a symbol.
WORD FAMILY
symbol: symbolic, symbolical, symbolise, symbolism, symbolize, symbolling, symbols+/ symbolic: symbolically, unsymbolic/symbolisation: symbolisations/symbolise: symbolisation, symbolised, symboliser, symbolises, symbolising/ symbolism: symbolisms, symbolist/symbolist: symbolists/symbolization: symbolizations/ symbolize: symbolization, symbolized, symbolizer, symbolizes, symbolizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The party now looks set for a split with both groups approaching the Election Commission to claim the SP's poll symbol, the bicycle.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Young people may simply like the look of World War II-era German uniforms or see the Nazis as a symbol of strength.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The organization said it will participate in area industry-specific trade shows and brand the region as a recognized symbol of quality workmanship and products.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 象征; 标志; 符号; 记号
vt. 用符号代表
分布：象征(47%)，符号(37%)，标志(16%)
→sym-,一起，一致，-bol,扔，投掷，词源同 ballistic,problem,parabolic.引申词义象征，符号。
符号,象征(sym共同＋bol抛→共同抛出的标志→象征)[ball,bol=throw,dance,ball,表示"抛,舞,球"]
n.符号,标志;象征In the thesis the synthetic symbol symbolizes sympathy.在论文中这个综合符号代表同情.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a sign, shape or object which is used to represent something else 标志，象征
• A heart shape is the symbol of love. 心形是爱的象征。
• The wheel in the Indian flag is a symbol of peace. 印度国旗上的轮子象征和平。
Compare emblem something that is used to represent a quality or idea （某种特性或思想的）代表，象征
• Water, a symbol of life, recurs as an image throughout her poems. 水作为生命的一种象征，在她的诗歌中反覆出现。
■a number, letter or sign used in mathematics, music, science, etc. 符号，代号，记号
• The symbol for oxygen is O 2. 氧的化学元素符号是 O2。
■An object can be described as a symbol of something else if it seems to represent it because it is connected with it in a lot of people's minds 象征
• The private jet is a symbol of wealth. 私人喷射机是财富的象征。
sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge
这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是：
sign: 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。
emblem: 指选定象征一个国家、民族或家庭等的图案或实物。
symbol: 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。
token: 语气庄重，指礼品、纪念物等作为表示友谊、爱情等的象征或标志。
attribute: 指人或物及其地位、属性的象征。
mark: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。
signal: 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
badge: 一般指金属证章或写有姓名的带状标志物。
n. 象征；符号；标志
 - significant, seal, indication, flag

Word: still
Front: still
[stɪl] (中高托 126/112 -K5)
Vocabulary: still
(once / 8 pages)
1adjv 2adjn 3adjnadvv 4adj 5n 6adv 7adv
If something is quiet and calm, it's still. After the noise of the city, it's peaceful to go camping in the woods where everything is still.
Things that are tranquil are still, like the calm surface of a lake or a sleeping baby. If you stand still, you freeze in place. Another meaning of still is an individual shot from a movie, an unmoving snapshot of a single scene. When still is an adverb, it means even now, like when you say you still love an old song or you still remember the kindness of your kindergarten teacher.
WORD FAMILY
still: stilled, stiller, stillest, stilling, stillness, stills+/stillness: stillnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The gunman, who is still at large, hasn’t been identified.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Darnold, still calm as a librarian, said he was a little shocked.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A search continued Tuesday for those still missing.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 仍，仍然; 更，还要; 静静地; 〈诗〉常，不断地
adj. 不动的，静止的; 不狂暴的，温柔的; 没有活力的，死气沉沉的
n. 平静，寂静; 剧照; 静止摄影; 蒸馏器
vt. & vi. （使某物）平静下来，安静; 〈古〉烧（酒），蒸馏
conj. 但是; 然而
时态：stilled, stilling, stills
分布：仍然(72%)，更(14%)，静止的(4%)，寂静(4%)，不动的(2%)，蒸馏器(2%)，静止地(1%)，静寂的(1%)
→来自古英语 stille,固定的，不动的，来自 Proto-Germanic*stilli,固定的，来自 stel,放置， 站立，词源同 stall,stand.引申词义静止的，安静的，及副词词义仍旧，仍然等。
a.静止的,寂静的ad.还,仍然;更;安静地The academic topic is why the blade of the spade is still sharp after decades' decay.学术话题是为什么铁锨刃口经过几十年的腐烂之后仍然锋利.
adverb
CONTINUING 继续
 ESSENTIAL
■continuing to happen or continuing to be done 还，还是；仍然，依旧
• I'm still hungry. 我还是很饿。
• I still haven't finished my essay. 我还是没有完成我的论文。
• There is still no news about the hostages. 仍旧没有人质的消息。
• Do you still work for the government? 你还在为政府工作吗？
• Hope is fading that the missing child is still alive. 失踪孩子仍活着的可能性越来越渺茫。
• There's still time for us to get to the cinema before the film starts. 还有时间，我们能在电影开演之前赶到电影院。
  Common Learner Errors  stillWarning: check your word order! Still usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence. Don't say 'do still something', say still do something :
✗ I still can remember the day we met. I can still remember the day we met. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , still usually goes directly after it
✗ She still is my best friend. She is still my best friend.
[stɪl] adverb
DESPITE 尽管
 ESSENTIAL
■despite that 尽管那样，尽管如此
• You may not approve of what he did, but he's still your brother. 你可能不赞成他的所作所为，但他仍然是你的兄弟。
• I know you don't like her, but you still don't have to be so rude to her. 我知道你不喜欢她，但尽管如此，你也没必要对她那么无礼。
• Even though she hasn't really got the time, she still offered to help. 尽管她并不是真的有时间，但她仍然主动要帮忙。
[stɪl] adverb
GREATER DEGREE 更大程度
 ADVANCED
■to an even greater degree or in an even greater amount （程度或数量）还要，更加
• The number of people killed in the explosion is likely to rise still higher. 爆炸中丧生的人数有可能还会增加。
• The company is hoping to extend its market still further. 公司希望可以进一步拓展市场。
• Still more snow fell overnight. 夜里又下了雪。
• I'll meet you at the theatre. No, better still, let's meet in a pub and have a drink first. 我们在戏院碰面。哦不，更好的是，我们找家酒吧碰面，先喝上一杯。
• I'm worried that his car has broken down, or worse still, that he's had an accident. 我担心他的车坏了，或者，更糟的是，他出了意外。
• Why do you have to tell me still (= even) more lies? 你为甚么还要对我撒谎呢？
[stɪl] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■staying in the same position; not moving 静止的；不动的，安静的
• Children find it difficult to sit/stand/stay still for very long. 小孩子很难长时间坐着／站着／静着不动。
• I can't brush your hair if you don't keep/hold still. 你动来动去的话，我没办法给你梳头。
• She sat perfectly still while I took her photograph. 我给她拍照的时候，她坐着一动也不动。
• The air was so still (= There was so little wind) that not even the leaves on the trees were moving. 一点风也没有，连树叶都一动不动。
• She dived into the still (= calm and not flowing) water of the lake. 她一头潜入了平静的湖水中。
■mainly UK
■A still drink is one that is not fizzy (= with bubbles) （饮料）不含碳酸的，不起泡的
• Would you like still or sparkling water? 你要无气的还是有气的饮料？
[stɪl] adjective
Still waters run deep. saying
■said about a person who says little, but who might in fact know a lot 静水流深；沉默寡言者可能胸藏丘壑
[stɪl] verb transitive
■to make something stop moving or become more calm 使静止；使平静，使安静
• He tried to still the swaying of the hammock. 他努力不让吊床晃来晃去。
• literary She cuddled her baby to still its cries. 她抱着自己的婴儿，哄他不哭。
[stɪl] noun
NOT MOVING 不移动
countable specialized
■a photograph of a piece of action in a film （电影）剧照
uncountable literary
■when it is quiet and calm 静止；安静，平静
• In the still of the night , nothing moved. 夜深人静，万籁俱寂。
[stɪl] noun
EQUIPMENT 设备
countable
■a piece of equipment used for making alcohol （酿酒用的）蒸馏器
noiseless, silent, calm, peaceful, serene, still, quiet
这组词都有“平静的，无声无息”的意思，其区别是：
noiseless: 指无任何噪音或不出声，无声无息。
silent: 普通用词，指缄默不语或无声无息。
calm: 普通用词，既可指天气、海洋等的平静状态，又可指人的镇定沉着、不慌乱，不受外界影响和情绪支配。
peaceful: 普通用词，指一种不受外物扰乱和刺激的内在宁静或和平状态。
serene: 指一种超脱一切烦恼的宁静状态。
still: 指平静而又安定的状态。
quiet: 普通用词，指没有喧闹、活动或骚乱的寂静状态。
whereas, nevertheless, but, however, still, while, yet
这组词都有“但是，可是，然而，而”的意思，其区别是：
whereas: 表对比，一般可与while互换。
nevertheless: 指尽管作出完全让步，也不会发生任何影响。
but: 口语常用词，语气较强，泛指与前述情况相反。
however: 表转折关系，语气稍弱于but，连接性也弱一些，因而常作插入语。
still: 语气强，多用于肯定句或疑问句。指尽管作出让步，采取措施或表示反对，但情况仍然如故，无所改变。
while: 表对比，一般可与whereas换用，但程度弱一些。
yet: 常用于否定句，语气比still稍强。指不管作出多大努力或让步，仍达不到预期的结果。
adv. 仍然；更；静止地
 - toujours, statically
adj. 静止的，不动的；寂静的，平静的；不起泡的
 - peaceful, pacific, quiet, calm, silent
n. 寂静；剧照； [化工] 蒸馏室
 - silence, quietude
conj. 仍然；但是；尽管如此
 - and, granted, but, yet, only
vt. [化工] 蒸馏；使…静止；使…平静下来
 - cool, fine-still
vi. 静止；平静； [化工] 蒸馏
 - rest

Word: trade
Front: trade
[treɪd] (中高研四六雅 800/485 -K5)
Vocabulary: trade
(once / 38 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n
When Bobby has peanut butter but wants bologna and Billy has bologna but wants peanut butter––they can make a trade. Trade also means a set of job skills––to learn a trade means to train for a certain job.
The concept of trading––or bartering––forms the basis of modern civilization––it brings along division of labor, literacy, urbanization. Thinking in those terms you can see how tradespeople––those trained in trades end up essentially trading their services, with money being introduced when the barter system breaks down or becomes too complex.
WORD FAMILY
trade: antitrade, traded, trader, trades, trading+/antitrade: antitrades/trader: traders/trading: tradings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump, however, may pursue populist, anti-globalisation, and protectionist policies that hinder trade and restrict the movement of labour and capital.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Trade Representative, a transition official says, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Trump signaled more protective U.S. trade policies, raising concerns about the impact on developing markets.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 贸易; 行业; <美>顾客; 买卖
vt. & vi. 交易，经商
vt. 交换; 经营…交易，做…的买卖
vi. 贸易; 买卖; 以物易物
时态：traded, trading, trades
分布：贸易(66%)，交易(18%)，行业(5%)，交换(4%)，做生意(2%)，顾客(1%)，交易量(1%)，同行(1%)，营业额(1%)，从事贸易(1%)
→来自中古英语 trade,路径，道路，由中世纪德国汉萨同盟商会引入英国的一个词，来自中古 低地德语 trade,路径，道路，特指航向，航道，来自 Proto-Germanic*trado,路径，道路，来自 der,走，踩踏，词源同 tread,trip.特指比较固定的路径，道路，路线，后引申词义贸易， 交易，行业等，并成为主要词义，其原词义现仅见于 trade wind,信风，贸易风。
n.贸易,商业;职业,行业v.经商,交易I usually trade at our local stores.我平常在本地的商店买东西.
noun
BUYING AND SELLING 买卖
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the activity of buying and selling, or exchanging, goods and/or services between people or countries 贸易；交易；买卖
• The country's trade in manufactured goods has expanded in the last ten years. 该国的工业品贸易在最近十年里扩大了规模。
• Seventy per cent of the country's trade is with Europe. 该国70%的贸易是和欧洲做的。
• The two countries have signed a trade agreement for one year only. 这两个国家签署了一项为期仅一年的贸易协定。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■business activity 生意
• Since the supermarket opened, many small local shops have lost up to 50% of their trade. 自从这家超市开张后，当地许多小商店失去了一半的生意。
• In hot weather, shops do a roaring/brisk trade in (= selling a lot of) cold drinks and ice creams. 天热时，商店里的冷饮和霜淇淋生意非常好。
• This level of confidence in the economy is good for trade generally. 人们对经济的信心水准如此，对进行贸易有利。
[treɪd] noun
BUSINESS 商业
 IMPROVER countable
■a particular business or industry 行业
• the building/catering/tourist trade 建筑／饮食服务／旅游行业
• the book/car/fur trade 图书／汽车／皮毛制品行业
• He worked in the same trade all his life. 他终身从事同一行业。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a job, especially one which needs special skill and which involves working with your hands （尤指需要特殊技术和手工劳动的）职业，行当
• After she left school, she went to college to learn a trade. 她中学毕业后去一家技术学院学一门手艺。
• He's a carpenter by trade. 他是做木工工作的。
the trade only singular
■the people who work in a particular business or industry or in the same one （特定或同一行业的）从业者
• People who work in the trade can buy their books at a discount. 同行购书可以打折。
• The company only supplies its goods to the (building/catering) trade, not direct to the public. 这家公司只向（建筑／饮食服务）从业者提供货物，而不直接面向公众。
[treɪd] adjective
trade publication/journal/magazine/paper
■a newspaper, etc. produced for people working in a particular business or industry 行业出版物／期刊／杂志／报纸
• a steel industry trade journal 钢铁工业的行业刊物
[treɪd] verb
BUY AND SELL 买卖
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to buy and sell goods or services, especially between countries （尤指国与国之间）从事（…）贸易，进行（…）交易
• For centuries, Native Americans traded with European settlers. 美洲印第安人和欧洲殖民者做了几百年生意。
• The company has been trading in oil for many years. 该公司做石油生意已经有许多年了。
• The two countries have become close trading partners. 两国已经成为关系密切的贸易伙伴。
• Our books are traded right across Asia. 我们的书在全亚洲销售。
⇒ See also horsetrade
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to be bought and sold, or to buy and sell shares , on the stock exchange （在证券交易所）买卖，交易
• On London's Stock Exchange, 18.5 million shares were traded yesterday. 昨天伦敦证券交易所成交股票1850万股。
• Shares in the company traded actively. 该公司的股票交易活跃。
[treɪd] verb
EXCHANGE 交换
transitive
■to exchange something, or to stop using or doing something and start using or doing something else instead 交换；改换，更换
• The children traded comics. 孩子们交换了连环漫画。
• [+ two objects] I'll trade you some of my chocolate for some of your ice cream. 我愿意用些巧克力换些你的霜淇淋。
• I wouldn't trade you for the world (= I do not want a different partner). 除了你，我谁都不要。
⇒ See also trade in
transitive
■If people trade statements of a particular type, they say or tell them to each other 互相说
• We sat around the dinner table, trading stories. 我们围坐在餐桌旁，你一言我一语地讲着各自的见闻。
• The two politicians didn't really discuss the issues, they just traded insults. 这两个政客并不是真的在讨论问题，而是在互相辱骂。
[treɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] trade sth in
■to give something you own as part of your payment for something you buy, especially a new type of the same thing 以…折价换购（尤指同类的新品）
• He recently traded in his Jeep for a red Mercedes. 他最近用自己的吉普车折价换购了一辆红色的奔驰轿车。
[treɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  trade on sth
■to use something, especially a characteristic, for your own advantage and usually in an unfair way （为谋私利）利用
• People are always trading on his generosity. 人们总是利用他的慷慨。
• This kind of advertising trades on people's fears. 这种广告利用人们的恐惧心理。
• He trades on his good looks. 他利用自己的英俊相貌来谋取便利。
[treɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  trade up/down
■to buy something, usually a house or car, that is of higher or lower value than the one you already have 买更贵／更便宜的东西（通常指房子或汽车）
• My car is costing me too much to run, so I'm going to trade down to a cheaper model. 我的轿车用起来花费太多，所以我打算卖掉它，再买款用起来便宜点的车。
deal, trade, bargain, commerce, business
这组词都有“贸易，交易”的意思，其区别是：
deal: 口语用词，指买卖双方经过交涉达成协议成交。
trade: 普通用词，含义广。既可指某种具体的商业又可指广泛的贸易。
bargain: 多指买卖双方通过谈判、协商就商品质量、数量、价格等项达成协议所成的生意。
commerce: 多指大规模的买卖或易货关系。
business: 指包括售货、购货、换货在内的综合商业活动，方式可以是批发或零售。
work, vocation, occupation, employment, trade, profession, career, job
这组词都有“职业”的意思，其区别是：
work: 指任何种类的工作，也泛指职业。
vocation: 较正式用词，语气庄重，指长期从事，但不一定以此为主计的职业。
occupation: 泛指任何一种职业，既不分什么行业，也不管是脑力还是体力劳动。
employment: 指受雇于他人，领取工资以谋生计，有较固定工作的职业。
trade: 指需要有熟练技巧、技能和体力的职业。
profession: 以前常指要受过高等教育(尤指法律、医学和神学)才能获得的职业，现在一般指为谋生日的职业，尤指从事脑力劳动和受过专门训练，具有某种专业知识的职业。
career: 指经过专门训练，终身愿意从事的职业。
job: 通常指一切有收入，不分脑力与体力运动，不论是否有技艺的长期或临时的职业。
n. 贸易， [贸易] 交易； [劳经] 行业；职业
 - commerce, profession, employment, career, pursuit
vi. [贸易] 交易，买卖；以物易物
 - traffic, exchange, truck

Word: maker
Front: maker
[ˈmeɪkə(r)] (2343/3102 -4)
Back: n. 制造者，制造商; [法] 签署本票的一方; 上帝; 〈古〉诗人
分布：制造者(87%)，制定者(13%)
→来自make,制造。引申词义造物主，上帝。
US [-kɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the people or company that make something 制作者；制造者；制造商
• They're the biggest maker of fast-food products in the UK. 他们是英国最大的速食产品供应商。
• The makers of the film will want to see a decent return on their investment. 制片方希望影片能为其投资带来丰厚的回报。
your Maker
■God 造物主，上帝
• humorous He's gone to meet his Maker (= He has died). 他已经去见上帝了。
n. [经] 制造者；造物主；出期票人
 - Creator, fabricant

Word: mood
Front: mood
[mu:d] (研四六托雅 2344/2324 -K3)
Vocabulary: mood
(once / 140 pages)
1n 2n
Are you feeling good or bad, cheerful or irritable right now? This is your mood.
Mood refers to how you feel at the present time. If you want to ask your boss for a raise, wait until he or she is in a good mood. Don't ask, though, if he or she is "in a mood" - that means the person is grumpy. If you are in the mood for something like ice cream or spicy food, you would like to have it now. Mood can also describe the attitude of a group of people or the feeling of a film, novel or piece of music.
WORD FAMILY
mood: moods, moody +/ moodiness: moodinesses/ moody: moodier, moodiest, moodily, moodiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Austin Rivers was in no mood for introspection Monday night.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s not so much frustration,” Heat forward Justise Winslow said, talking about the team’s collective mood.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The mood around the locker room and during postgame interviews after Sunday's loss to the Toronto Raptors was generally positive.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 心情; 语气; 气氛; 坏心境
分布：心情(48%)，情绪(43%)，气氛(9%)
→来自古英语mod,心情，心境，勇气，骄傲，暴力，来自Proto-Germanic*moda,勇气，愤怒，热情，感觉，来自mo,努力，意愿，脾气，辛劳，词源同mole,moral.由其基本词义辛劳，努力引申关于心情变化的多种词义，反映了做一件事情时的心境变化。
n.心情,情绪;语气The goodness of the wooden goods gives me good mood.木制商品的精华给我一个好心情.
【参】moody（adj 喜怒无常的；情绪化的）
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the way you feel at a particular time 心境，心情，情绪；精神状态
• She's in a good/bad mood. 她心情好／不好。
• Her mood seemed to change during the course of the conversation. 谈话期间她的心情好像发生了变化。
• The drink had put him in an amiable mood. 喝了杯酒，他的心情变得很愉快。
• The public mood changed dramatically after the bombing. 爆炸发生后，公众的情绪发生了明显的变化。
• The mood of the crowd suddenly turned (= The crowd suddenly became) aggressive. 人群的情绪突然开始激动起来。
[mu:d] noun countable
be in no mood for sth /to do sth
■to not want to do something with someone else, often because you are angry with them 全然不想…／不想做…
• I was in no mood for chatting. 我没有心情聊天。
[mu:d] noun countable
be in one of your moods informal
■If a person is in one of their moods, they are being unfriendly and angry in a way that is typical of them 又心情不好；又生气
• Tim's in one of his moods so I'm keeping out of his way. 蒂姆又闹情绪了，所以我就离他远一点。
[mu:d] noun countable
be in the mood
■to feel like doing or having something 有意（做…）；想要
• I'm not really in the mood for shopping. 我不太想去购物。
n. 情绪，语气；心境；气氛
 - emotion, atmosphere, tone, spirit, feeling

Word: accomplish
Front: accomplish
[əˈkʌmplɪʃ] (高研四托雅宝 2345/5546 -2)
Vocabulary: accomplish
(once / 84 pages)
1v 2v
To accomplish something is to get it done. People usually accomplish things that are sources of pride — like goals or records. But people accomplish immoral acts as well — like scandals or cons.
The verb accomplish also means to bring about or put into effect. The CEO stood before the employees and outlined all she expected to be accomplished in the next year. She ended her speech by saying, "If we are to accomplish this, we must all work together — and work hard — but the rewards if we succeed will be great both for the company and for those that work here. Thank you for your efforts!"
WORD FAMILY
accomplish: accomplishable, accomplished, accomplishes, accomplishing, accomplishment +/ accomplishment: accomplishments, nonaccomplishment
USAGE EXAMPLES
Reviewing the premiere in Philadelphia last fall, Zachary Woolfe of The New York Times called it an “ambitious, accomplished, dramatically direct opera.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Matthews accomplishing the feat might be more impressive.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The king is an accomplished linguist who speaks English, French and Czech.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 完成; 达到（目的）; 走完（路程、距离等）; 使完美
时态：accomplished, accomplishing, accomplishes
分布：完成(70%)，实现(30%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. Zero-grade词根pl, 满，同full, 满的。指装满的，完成的。
强制(ac+cent唱歌→一再唱出→强调)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
成就;完成(ac+com+pli+ish→全部弄满→完成)[ple,plen,plet,pli=full,fill,表示"满,填满"]
v.实现(计划等);达到(目的);完成(任务)In the company my companion accompanied me until I accomplished polishing the shoes.在公司里同伴陪着我直到我完成檫鞋(任务).
【参】accomplished（adj 完成的，多才多艺的）
US [-'kɑ:m-] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to finish something successfully or to achieve something 完成；实现；达到；做到
• The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes. 学生不到十分钟就完成了任务。
• She accomplished such a lot during her visit. 她在访问期间取得了丰硕的成果。
• I feel as if I've accomplished nothing since I left my job. 我觉得辞掉工作以后就一直在虚度光阴。
conclude, finish, accomplish, terminate, complete, end, close
这组词都有“结束，完成”的意思，其区别是：
conclude: 正式用词，多指以某事或活动达到预期目的而告终。
finish: 与complete基本同义，着重圆满地结束或完成已着手的事。
accomplish: 正式用词，强调一个过程的完成；也可指依靠努力达到一定目的，或取得一定的结果。
terminate: 强调有一个空间和时间的限度，届时必须终止。书面语用词。
complete: 侧重指完成预定的任务或使某事完善，补足缺少的部分等。
end: 最普通用词，着重事情的完成。也指某种活动因达到目的而自然结束或由于某种原因而突然中止。
close: 普通用词，着重行为的终止或结束，不强调其目的。
attain, finish, accomplish, complete, achieve
attain: 达到，实现，常用于一般人的能力不易达到的目的。如：Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goals.
finish: 最常用，后接动词的-ing形式，表示在一个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的一步或阶段。如：I’ll finish the job alone. (我要独自完成这项工作。)
accomplish: 表成功，强调完成的结果而不是过程。如：Because of his hard word, things are accomplished. (由于他的努力，事情都已完成了。)
complete: 表示积极的完成，更具体地指建筑、工程等的完成。如：Has he complete his novel yet? (他的小说写完了吗？)
achieve: 完成，实现，强调通过努力而达到目的。如：You will achieve success if you work hard.
vt. 完成；实现；达到
 - carry out, come true, perform, complete, fulfill

Word: emphasis
Front: emphasis
[ˈemfəsɪs] (研四六托 2346/1719 -K3)
Vocabulary: emphasis
(once / 214 pages)
n
While the emphasis, or main focus, for walking a dog might be on "answering the call of nature," the emphasis for the dog might be on chasing squirrels.
If you say emphasis a little louder or with extra oomph in your pronunciation, you are putting emphasis on the word. This emphasis makes it clear that special attention, or emphasis, should be given to the word. Now, having repeated emphasis so many times, the "s" sound really stands out, sort of like in the word "stress." When you stress a point, you put emphasis on something — it is the main thing, the emphasis.
WORD FAMILY
emphasis: emphases, emphasise, emphasises, emphasize, overemphasis+/de-emphasize: de-emphasized/emphasise: de-emphasise, emphasised, emphasising, overemphasise, re-emphasise/ emphasize: de-emphasize, emphasized, emphasizes, emphasizing, overemphasize, re-emphasize /overemphasise: overemphasised, overemphasising/overemphasize: overemphasized, overemphasizes, overemphasizing/ re-emphasize: re-emphasized
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The players are off,” McAdoo said, with emphasis on each word.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The poem’s emphasis on Odysseus’ cunning starts to seem like the celebration of the emergence of a new kind of consciousness.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Of all the presidents in the past 50 years, Nixon placed the least emphasis on the book.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 强调; 着重; （轮廓、图形等的）鲜明; 突出，重读
分布：强调(54%)，重点(46%)
n.强调,重点You always put too much emphasis on the last syllable.你老是把最后一个音节读得太重.
【参】emphasize（vt 强调；着重）；emphatic（adj 语势强的；显著的）
['emp.fə.sɪs] (plural emphases)
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the particular importance or attention that you give to something 重视；强调
• I think we should put as much emphasis on preventing disease as we do on curing it. 我认为我们应该像重视治疗一样重视疾病的预防。
• Schools here put/place/lay great emphasis on written work and grammar. 这里的学校特别重视写作和文法。
 IMPROVER
■the extra force that you give to a word or part of a word when you are saying it 重读；重音
• The emphasis is on the final syllable. 重音在最后一个音节上。
• Where do you put the emphasis in the word 'controversy'? 这个词的重音在哪个音节上？
stress, emphasis
这组词都有“强调”的意思，其区别是：
stress: 常可与emphasis换用，但侧重指迫不及待地强调或坚持。
emphasis: 指尽力突出的重要性或重点。
n. 重点；强调；加强语气
 - stress, unode

Word: illustrate
Front: illustrate
[ˈɪləstreɪt] (研四六托雅宝 2348/1676 -K3)
Vocabulary: illustrate
(once / 72 pages)
v
To illustrate is to make something more clear or visible. Children's books are illustrated with pictures. An example can illustrate an abstract idea.
The word illustrate comes from the Latin illustrare 'to light up or enlighten.' Pictures in a book enlighten the reader, and a good example can enlighten someone on a complex topic. Another use: The government's actions illustrate how out of touch it is with the people. The history of this word illustrates how language changes over time, and how knowing the original meaning can help you understand the word in a deeper way.
WORD FAMILY
illustrate: illustrated, illustrates, illustrating, illustration, illustrative, illustrator +/ illustration: illustrations/ illustrative: illustratively/ illustrator: illustrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, this is “in-depth” and “illustrated”, which is to say, “the same, with pictures”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
That was most clearly illustrated last year as lawmakers considered whether to raise fuel taxes to fund roads and bridges.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Historic buildings across the city will become backdrops for projections illustrating the history of Hull.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 说明; 表明; 给…加插图; （用示例、图画等）说明
vi. 举例说明
时态：illustrated, illustrating, illustrates
分布：说明(83%)，举例说明(12%)，图解(4%)，发亮(1%)
→il-,进入，使，luster,发光，光泽。引申词义解释，阐明。
说明,阐明(il+lustr光＋ate→进入光明→说明)[il-,ir-①放在同辅音词根前表示"不,无"②表示"使…成为,进入"]
说明,阐明(il不断+lustr+ate→不断给光明→说明)[luc,lust=light,shine,表示"光,照亮"]
(il给予+lustr+ate→给予光明→照亮)[lustr=light,表示"光亮"]
v.举例说明,阐明;图解,加插图The teacher illustrated his lesson with pictures.这位教师用图片来讲解课文.
【记】源于luster（n 光彩；光泽vt 使有光泽）－说明
【参】illustration（n 举例说明；例证；插图；图解）；illustrious（adj 杰出的）
【区】illuminate（vt 照明；用语言阐明；说明）
verb transitive
EXPLAIN 阐明
 IMPROVER
■to show the meaning or truth of something more clearly, especially by giving examples （尤指用例子）说明，阐明
• The lecturer illustrated his point with a diagram on the blackboard. 讲师在黑板上用图表来说明自己的观点。
• This latest conflict further illustrates the weakness of the UN. 最近的这次冲突进一步说明了联合国的软弱。
• [+ question word] The exhibition will illustrate how life evolved from water. 这次展览将展示生命是如何从水中演化而来的。
['ɪl.ə.streɪt] verb transitive
PICTURES 图画
■to draw pictures for a book, magazine, etc 给（书籍、杂志等）画插图
• a beautifully illustrated book/old manuscript 配有精美插图的书／旧手稿
manifest, indicate, illustrate
manifest: 表明、透露、清楚表示（show plainly）,显露（性质、感情） [反身用法]显示，出现（reveal）
indicate: 显示，
illustrate: 图例说明
clarify, interpret, account, explain, illustrate
这组词都有“说明”的意思，其区别是：
clarify: 指把已发生的事件。情况和现状说清楚。
interpret: 着重以特殊的知识、经验来解释难理解的事情。
account: 说明某事物如何符合自然法则或逻辑。
explain: 含义广，最普通用词，指把某事向原来不了解、不清楚的人解释明白、说清楚等。
illustrate: 多指用实例或插图、图表加以说明。
demonstrate, illustrate
这组词都有“说明”的意思，其区别是：
demonstrate: v.多指通过具体动作或物体进行演示、示范、表演、展示等以达到说明或解释的目的。
 • This salesman demonstrated how to cook with a pressure cooker.   这个推销员当众演示如何用压力锅煮东西。
illustrate: v.强调通过举例、列图表或比较等方式来说明道理。
 • The teacher illustrated the history lesson by telling a story about George Washington.   那个老师通过乔治·华盛顿的故事来讲述他的历史课。
vt. 阐明，举例说明；图解
 - clarify, elucidate
vi. 举例
 - give an example, cite an example

Word: boot
Front: boot
[bu:t] (高研四雅 2347/2176 -K3)
Vocabulary: boot
(once / 158 pages)
1nv 2v 3n
A boot is the kind of shoe that can rise as high as your knee, like riding boots, or just up to your ankle, like silver-studded Beatle boots. To boot means to kick something (with or without the fancy footwear).
Like most fashionable things, the word boot comes from the Old French bote. It used to refer only to riding boots, but now any big ol’ high-rise shoe kind of thing is a boot. Since boots are for feet, when you boot someone, you kick them. If you give someone the boot, you’re kicking him out. A totally different type of booting involves starting up an operating system on a computer.
WORD FAMILY
boot: booted, booting, bootless, boots, reboot +/bootless: bootlessly/ reboot: rebooted, rebooting, reboots
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last year, Boots reduced the price of "feminine" razors to bring them in line with male equivalents.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
We were walking across the hillsides when my father scuffed a pebble with his boot.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
On this evidence Robert Snodgrass’ left boot should be among the primary exhibits.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 长靴，皮靴; 防护罩; [多用于英国]行李箱; [俚语]解雇，激动
vt. 穿（靴）; 踢; [俚语]解雇; [计算机科学]引导
vi. 帮助或益处
时态：booted, booting, boots
分布：靴子(44%)，踢(24%)，解雇(22%)，猛踢(6%)，逐出(3%)，穿靴子(1%)
→1.靴子，来自beat , 击，打，踢。
n.靴;(汽车后部的)行李箱;解雇After a shot the foot began to root and shoot in the boot.打了一针后,脚开始在靴子里生根发芽.
noun
SHOE 鞋
 IMPROVER countable
■a type of shoe that covers the whole foot and the lower part of the leg 靴子
• wellington boots 长筒胶靴
• walking boots 轻便靴
• riding boots 马靴
[bu:t] noun
CAR 车
countable UK (US trunk)
■a covered space at the back of a car, for storing things in （汽车后部的）行李箱
[bu:t] noun
END 结束
the boot only singular informal
■when your job is taken away from you, usually because you have done something wrong or badly 解雇，开除（通常指因犯错误或表现差而失去工作）
• She got the boot for stealing money from the till. 她因为从收银机里偷钱而被解雇了。
• Williams has been given the boot from the team. 威廉斯已经被开除出队了。
[bu:t] noun
KICK 踢
countable informal
■a kick with the foot 猛踢，猛踹
• He gave the ball a good boot. 他猛地踢了球一脚。
[bu:t] noun
WHEEL 车轮
countable (also Denver boot) US
■a wheel clamp 车轮固定夹
[bu:t] noun
put the boot in informal
■to kick someone when they are already on the ground （在对方已倒地后）继续踢打
■to make a bad situation worse, by criticizing or being unkind 雪上加霜
• After he lost his job, his wife put the boot in by announcing she was leaving him. 他失去工作后妻子又说要离开他，真是雪上加霜。
[bu:t] noun
the boot / shoe is on the other foot
■the situation is now the opposite of what it was, especially because someone who was weak now has power 情况完全反了过来；此一时，彼一时
[bu:t] noun
to boot old-fashioned
■in addition; also 除此以外，而且，加之
• He's kind, handsome and wealthy to boot. 他善良、英俊，还很富有。
[bu:t] verb
KICK 踢
transitive usually + adverb or preposition informal
■to kick someone or something hard with the foot 猛踢，猛踹
• They booted him in the head. 他们猛踢他的头部。
[bu:t] verb
COMPUTER 电脑
intransitive or transitive (also boot up) specialized
■When a computer boots (up), it becomes ready for use by getting the necessary information into its memory, and when you boot (up) a computer, you cause it to do this. （使）（电脑）启动
vt. 引导；踢；解雇；使穿靴
 - aim, kick
n. 靴子；踢；汽车行李箱
 - kick

Word: monitor
Front: monitor
[ˈmɒnɪtə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 2349/2431 -K3)
Vocabulary: monitor
(once / 724 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A monitor is a device or a person who watches or checks to see that all is going well. If you're babysitting, you might use a baby monitor so you can hear if the baby cries in its sleep.
Monitor can be used as a noun or a verb, both of which are concerned with watching over someone or something. A heart monitor displays the rhythm of your heart. A hall monitor is a person who checks to see that students aren't wandering the halls. If you are monitoring your grades, you are keeping track of them to see if they go up or down. And some parents buy a program that will monitor your Internet use, though you might think that this is an invasion of privacy.
WORD FAMILY
monitor: monitored, monitoring, monitors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Finding it would allow doctors to monitor those children.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Federal officials warned the state’s education department in a June letter that they plan to monitor more closely which states comply with the new guidelines.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
“We report them quarterly, but we monitor them daily,” Kay said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 显示屏，屏幕; [计]显示器; 监测仪; 监控人员，班长
vt. 监控，监听; 搜集，记录; 测定; 监督
vi. 监视
时态：monitored, monitoring, monitors
分布：监视(43%)，班长(23%)，监视器(19%)，监督(11%)，监听(3%)，监听员(1%)
→来自拉丁语monere,警告，提醒，监视，使记忆，来自men,思考，考虑，思想，记忆，词源同mania,comment,mind.引申词义学长，班长，监督员等，后也用于指显示屏，监视器等。
劝告者;监视器(monit+or→警告者)[mon,monit=warn,表示"警告"]
n.班长;监听器,监视器v.监控,监测In the chimney the donkey and monkey found the key to the money monitor.猴和驴在烟囱里找到了货币监视器的钥匙.
US ['mɑ:.nɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
PERSON WHO WATCHES 监督员
 ADVANCED
■a person who has the job of watching or noticing particular things 监督员；核查员
• United Nations monitors were not allowed to enter the area. 联合国核查员没有获准进入这个地区。
UK ['mɒn.ɪ.tər] US ['mɑ:.nɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
TESTING MACHINE 监测器
 ADVANCED
■a machine which regularly tests something 监控器；监测器
• a radiation monitor 辐射监测器
UK ['mɒn.ɪ.tər] US ['mɑ:.nɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
SCREEN 萤幕
■a device with a screen on which words or pictures can be shown 显示器；显示幕；监视器
• a computer monitor 电脑显示器
• a TV monitor 电视萤幕
• Doctors watched the old man's heartbeat on a monitor. 医生透过萤幕监测着这个老翁的心跳。
UK ['mɒn.ɪ.tər] US ['mɑ:.nɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
AT SCHOOL 学校里
■a child in school who has special jobs to do （学校的）班长，级长，班代表
• the library monitor 图书馆助理生
UK ['mɒn.ɪ.tər] US ['mɑ:.nɪ.tˌɚ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to watch and check a situation carefully for a period of time in order to discover something about it 监控；监测；监视，密切注视
• The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels. 新发现显示女性应当注意她们的胆固醇浓度。
• The CIA were monitoring (= secretly listening to) his phone calls. 中央情报局正在对他的电话进行监听。
overhear, monitor, bug
这组词都有“偷听，窃听”的意思，其区别是：
overhear: 多指在别人不注意或不知道的情况下偶然听到谈话的内容。
monitor: 通常指用仪器设备偷听别人的谈话内容。
bug: 指在室内等处安装窃听器以窃听他人的谈话内容。
n. [电子] [环境] 监视器； [通信] [军] 监听器； [自] 监控器；班长
 - detectophone, invigilator

Word: Asian
Front: Asian
['eɪʃ(ə)n] (中高 2351/3725)
Back: n. 亚洲人
adj. 亚洲的；亚洲人的
分布：亚洲的(49%)，亚洲人(36%)，亚洲人的(15%)
noun countable
■someone who comes from the continent of Asia, or a member of a race originally from Asia 亚洲人；亚裔人
■in the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, someone from China, Japan or countries near them （在美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和纽西兰指来自中国、日本及其邻国的）东亚人
■in the UK, someone from India, Pakistan or countries near them （在英国指来自印度、巴基斯坦及其邻国的）南亚人
['eɪ.ʒən] adjective
■of or related to Asia 亚洲的

Word: entertainment
Front: entertainment
[ˌentəˈteɪnmənt] (高研四六托雅 2350/3187 -K3)
Vocabulary: entertainment
(once / 207 pages)
n
Entertainment is amusement, usually involving a performance. The clown at a birthday party, a Broadway show, a stadium rock concert, your friends fighting over the last potato chip––these are all forms of entertainment.
Entertainment is from the Old French word entretenir meaning hold together or support. It was associated with hospitality––when you entertained a guest, you were keeping them happy. From there, it came to mean amuse or distract. The entertainment is the amusement or the distraction––we talk about theatrical entertainment as shows, visual entertainment as the stuff you like to look at, and audio entertainment as mostly music.
WORD FAMILY
entertainment: entertainments+/ entertain: entertained, entertainer, entertaining, entertainment, entertains/ entertainer: entertainers/ entertaining: entertainingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The school’s annual holiday play and volleyball games are some of the community’s primary entertainment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Displays of Nazi symbols for commerce or entertainment also occur in mainland China, South Korea and Thailand.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In entertainment news, “Game of Thrones” once again wins the coveted Emmy Award for Drama Series With the Most Naked People.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 娱乐，消遣; 招待，款待; 娱乐节目
分布：娱乐(100%)
娱乐,款待(entertain+ment)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
n.招待,款待;表演文娱节目After the entertainment the captain obtained an entrance fee.娱乐表演之后,船长获得了一笔入场费.
US [-tˌɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■shows, films, television, or other performances or activities that entertain people, or a performance of this type 娱乐，娱乐节目；娱乐表演
• There's not much in the way of entertainment in this town - just the cinema and a couple of pubs. 这个城镇没多少娱乐活动——也就只有这家影院和几家酒馆。
• formal This season's entertainments include five new plays and several concerts of Chinese and Indian music. 这一季的演出节目包括五部新剧和几场中国和印度音乐的音乐会。
fun, recreation, entertainment
fun: 嬉戏，玩耍
recreation: 多指在工作之后通过逗乐或刺激的活动使某人的身心得到恢复，强调自身的放松和消遣；
entertainment: 娱乐（业），供消遣的事物（尤指公众娱乐活动），侧重别人的款待或表演使你得到娱乐；
n. 娱乐；消遣；款待
 - recreation, pleasure, sport, occupation, amusement

Word: bean
Front: bean
[bi:n] (高研四六托 2352/3782 -3)
Vocabulary: bean
(once / 403 pages)
1n 2nv
A bean is a seed you can eat. You might love garbanzo beans but detest large, green lima beans.
When you order rice and beans at a Mexican restaurant, you get a plate full of deliciously spiced, slightly mashed pinto or black beans. You might plant beans in your garden, vine-like climbing plants that grow pods with beans inside. Coffee and chocolate are both foods that start out as beans. If someone beans you during a softball game, it means they hit you with the ball, usually in the head — also colloquially called a bean.
WORD FAMILY
bean: beaned, beaner, beaning, beans+/beaner: beaners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lots of vegetables, which are cheap; lots of grains and beans.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Police used a bean bag gun and stun gun on the animal before catching it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bean lists the center in court papers as her former employer.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 豆; 豆形种子; 毫无价值的东西
vt. 将（球）击中击球员头部
int. 胡说！呸！不可能！
分布：豆(96%)，豆科植物(4%)
→词源不详。
n.豆;菜豆,蚕豆The lean man leans on the clean bean plant to read a leaf leaflet.瘦人斜靠在干净的豆科植物上读叶片传单.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a seed, or the pod containing seeds, of various climbing plants, eaten as a vegetable 豆；豆荚；菜豆；豆科植物
• green beans 四季豆
• French beans 四季豆
• baked beans 焗豆
• Coffee beans are the bean-like seeds of the coffee tree. 咖啡豆是咖啡树结的豆形种子。
[bi:n] noun countable
not have a bean informal
■to have no money 一文不值
n. [植] 豆；嘴峰；毫无价值的东西
 - legumen, nihil

Word: evaluation
Front: evaluation
[ɪˌvæljʊ'eɪʃn] (六宝 2354/2732)
Vocabulary: evaluation
(once / 3308 pages)
n
An evaluation is an appraisal of something to determine its worth or fitness. For example, before you start an exercise program, get a medical evaluation, to make sure you're able to handle the activity.
At the heart of the noun evaluation is the root word value, which means "worth." So an evaluation is an examination to find the worth of something. We do this every day — maybe making an evaluation of the prices in a store to decide whether or not to shop there. We might get an appraisal of our property, which is an evaluation to determine its worth in preparation for taking out a mortgage. Evaluation is vital in planning our lives.
VOCABULARY SHOUT-OUT
Would You Prefer a "Quiz," "Diagnostic," "Test," or "Evaluation"?
Recently a math teacher and Facebook friend of Vocabulary.com posted to her Facebook page: "Would you rather take a 'quiz,' 'diagnostic,' 'test,' or 'evaluation?'"
Responses were clear. One commenter wrote, "Quiz sounds fun. The others are all waiting to judge me." Another weighed in, "Quiz, of course. the others are work."
Why are three of these synonyms seen as negative while another is a clear favorite? A quick look at just the first paragraph of the blurbs for these words in the Vocabulary.com Dictionary explains. Let's start with the traditional test.
Here's the more generalized evaluation.
Diagnostic, our blurb explains, suggests you might be sick.
And finally, here's quiz, the clear favorite. Why? Because, as our blurb explains, it's fun!
Negative and positive associations with words are important. Learning them is just one more reason to look up a word you already know to learn more before you use it.
They can even help you do better on standardized tests such as the SAT. Here, we explain what to do when you know the positive or negative association, but not the meaning of a word in a test-taking situation.
WORD FAMILY
evaluation: evaluations, underevaluation+/ evaluate: evaluated, evaluates, evaluating, evaluation, evaluative, evaluator, reevaluate /evaluator: evaluators/ reevaluate: reevaluated, reevaluating, reevaluation
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Thursday, Gergel ordered another psychiatric evaluation of Roof over the weekend.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The association alleged state law requires an environmental impact evaluation before approval of such a plan.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
But in the letter, Pasztor said she was competent and would refuse to see another doctor for mental health evaluations.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 估价; <数>赋值; 估计价值; [医学]诊断
分布：评价(93%)，估价(7%)
VERB
评估;评价
If you evaluate something or someone, you consider them in order to make a judgment about them, for example about how good or bad they are.
例：They will first send in trained nurses to evaluate the needs of the individual situation...他们首先会派一些训练有素的护士来评估每个病人的需求。
例：The market situation is difficult to evaluate.市场状况难以评价。
n. 评价； [审计] 评估；估价；求值
 - appraisal, valuation, assessment, estimate, judgement

Word: creature
Front: creature
[ˈkri:tʃə(r)] (高研四六 2353/2268 -K2)
Vocabulary: creature
(once / 64 pages)
n
A creature is a living thing: there are flying creatures, sea creatures, and even imaginary creatures, like unicorns.
Ever heard of a "creature feature"? That's a horror movie about weird scary creatures and other monsters. But you can call pretty much any living thing a creature. You'll find all kinds of creatures at the zoo, and maybe even a few lurking in your smelly gym shoes. Bears, bugs, birds, and bunnies are all creatures. When you see the word creature, think "It's alive!"
WORD FAMILY
creature: creatures+/ create: created, creates, creating, creation, creative, creator, creature, miscreate, re-create, recreate /created: re-created/ creation: creationism, creations, re-creation/ creative: creatively, creativeness, creativity, uncreative/ creator: creators/miscreate: miscreated, miscreating, miscreation/miscreation: miscreations/re-create: re-creating/ recreate: recreated, recreates, recreating, recreation / recreation: recreational, recreations/ recreational: nonrecreational, recreationally/uncreative: uncreatively, uncreativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
To care for your fellow creatures is to want them to be happy and prosper, to want to change what is causing them to suffer.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Two years ago, Sieswerda discussed with the Guardian increased sightings around New York City of whales and other large marine creatures, including great white sharks.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Reliefs that once displayed gods and mythical creatures are reduced to random chunks showing a hand or a few feathers of a genie’s wing.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 生物，动物; 人; 创造物; （他人的）工具
分布：生物(50%)，人(28%)，动物(22%)
→来自create, 创造。
生物;创造物(create+ure→创造物,生物)[cre,creas=grow,make,表示"增长,产生"]
n.人,动物;生物He created the great creature with concrete for recreation.他用混凝土创造了这个伟大的创造物作消遣.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■any large or small living thing which can move independently; an animal 生物；动物
• Rain forests are filled with amazing creatures. 雨林中满是奇异的生灵。
• Don't all living creatures have certain rights? 难道不是一切生物都具有某些权利吗？
• Blue whales are the largest creatures ever to have lived. 蓝鲸是有生命以来最大的动物。
 ADVANCED
■used to refer to a life form that is unusual or imaginary （神秘不寻常的）怪物，生物；（想像出来的）生物
• The unicorn is a mythical creature. 独角兽是神话中虚构出来的东西。
• The film was about creatures from outer space. 电影讲述的是来自外部空间的怪物。
• The duck-billed platypus is a truly bizarre creature. 鸭嘴兽的确是一种奇异的动物。
■used to refer to a person when an opinion is being expressed about them …的人
• John is a strange/weak/pathetic creature. 约翰是个怪人／软弱的人／可怜人。
• A lovely blonde creature (= a beautiful blonde woman) walked into the room. 一位美丽的金发女郎走进了房间。
UK ['kri:.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
be the creature of sb/sth formal disapproving
■to do everything that you are asked to do by a particular person or organization, without question 是…的傀儡；成为…的奴才
• He had become the creature of the secret police. 他成了秘密员警的走狗。
UK ['kri:.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
creature of habit
■someone who always does the same thing in the same way 墨守成规的人；生活极有规律的人
• My father's such a creature of habit - he always has to have a biscuit and a cup of tea at bedtime. 我父亲生活极有规律——睡前总要吃块饼干喝杯茶。
beast, brute, creature, cattle, animal
这组词都有“动物”的意思，其区别是：
beast: 指有别于爬行动物、昆虫等的较大的四脚兽类或牛、马等牲畜。
brute: 特指野兽。用于人时，突出其野蛮或残忍。
creature: 通常指生物或动物，与非生动相对。指人时，则含怜悯或轻蔑的意味。
cattle: 指大牲畜，尤其指牛。
animal: 普通用词，指区别于植物和矿物而言的动物的总称。
life, creature, maintenance, survival, existence
life: 生命，生活
creature: 生物，动物，人
maintenance: 保持，保养，维修，一般不指人；
survival: 在困难中的生存、幸存；
existence: 艰难或无聊的生活方式
n. 动物，生物；人；创造物
 - animal, biology, person

Word: commander
Front: commander
[kəˈmɑ:ndə(r)] (四六托 2355/3134 -3)
Vocabulary: commander
(once / 130 pages)
n
A commander is the person in charge, particularly in the military. If you're in the Navy, your commander gives directions that you're expected to follow.
A commander does exactly what it sounds like: she issues instructions or commands and assumes they'll be obeyed. Although there are other kinds of commanders, you're most likely to find the word describing a military official. The President of the United States is considered the "Commander-in-Chief" of the US Armed Forces. The word comes from the Old French comander, "to order."
WORD FAMILY
commander: commanders, commandership, commandery+/ command: commandant, commanded, commander, commanding, commandment, commands, self-command/ commandant: commandants/commandership: commanderships/commandery: commanderies/ commanding: commandingly/commandment: commandments
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a commander in Iraq, General Mattis ordered several investigations into detainee abuse.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In an interview with The Associated Press on Sunday, the senior U.S. military commander, Brig.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Drawing on anthropology theory from the University of Chicago, General Petraeus explained to his commander in chief how neighborhoods in Kandahar related to one another.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 指挥官，司令官; [海]中校，副舰长; 木槌
分布：指挥官(81%)，司令官(19%)
US [-'mæn.dɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an officer who is in charge of a military operation, or an officer of a particular rank in the British Royal Navy 指挥官，长官；（英国皇家海军的）中校
n. 指挥官；司令官
 - comandante, sardar

Word: digital
Front: digital
[ˈdɪdʒɪtl] (高研四六雅 2356/3598 -2)
Vocabulary: digital
(once / 486 pages)
adj
While digital refers to something that can be manipulated by the fingers (called "digits"), it also is a type of electronic signal that uses a binary code (a system using numbers, or "digits") to transmit information.
The Latin digitus means "finger or toe," so it makes sense that by adding the suffix -al, which means "being like," we get the adjective digital, "fingerlike." The idea of the word referring to numerals began around 1938, soon becoming vital in computers. It's easy to imagine the connection between fingers and numbers, as the first mathematical "calculators" were probably fingers and toes. Digital recording appeared in 1960 to challenge analog, soon becoming the broadcasting standard for clearer signals.
WORD FAMILY
digital: digitalise, digitalize, digitally+/ digit: digital, digitise, digitize, digits/digitalise: digitalisation/digitalize: digitalization, digitalized/digitise: digitisation, digitised, digitiser, digitising/digitize: digitization, digitized, digitizer, digitizes, digitizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some fans prefer the "warmth" of the sound compared with digital files, while others buy LPs as souvenirs and works of art.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Another approach is “data localisation” requirements, which mandate that certain types of digital information must be stored locally or remain in the country.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
When traditional companies acquired small technology companies, they typically would place them in a “digital division” separate from the rest of the company.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 数字的; 数据的; 手指的; 指状的
n. 手指; （钢琴等的）琴键; 数字
分布：数字的(44%)，手指的(32%)，数码的(12%)，计数的(12%)
a.数字的;数位的;手指的n.数字The dazzling light from the digital device dizzied me.来自数字化的设备的耀眼的光使我头昏.
US [-tˌəl] adjective
 IMPROVER
■describes information, music, an image, etc. that is recorded or broadcast using computer technology （指采用电脑技术录制或播出资讯、音乐、图像等）数码的，数字的
• digital data 数字信息
• a digital recording 数码录音
• a digital camera 数码相机
• digital TV 数码电视
• digital compact/audio cassettes 数字压缩／录音带
 IMPROVER
■showing information in the form of an electronic image （指用电子显示器显示信息）数字式的
• a digital clock/display 数字钟／显示器
• a digital watch 数字手表
adj. 数字的；手指的
 - numerical
n. 数字；键
 - figure, key, number

Word: arrangement
Front: arrangement
[əˈreɪndʒmənt] (高四托 2357/1092 -K3)
Vocabulary: arrangement
(once / 114 pages)
1n 2n 3n
When you organize things in an orderly way, the result is called an arrangement. If you admire your friend's arrangement of his living room furniture, you might go home and make a similar arrangement.
Your brother might keep an arrangement of Lego creations on his desk, and you could put an arrangement of wildflowers in a vase in the middle of your kitchen table. Another kind of arrangement is one you make when you negotiate an agreement with another person: "We have an arrangement — she gives me a ride to school and I walk her dog in the afternoon." The Old French root, arengier, means "to set in a row."
WORD FAMILY
arrangement: arrangements+/ arrange: arranged, arrangement, arranger, arranges, arranging, disarrange, prearrange, rearrange /arranger: arrangers/arranging: arrangings/disarrange: disarranged, disarrangement, disarranges, disarranging/disarrangement: disarrangements/ prearrange: prearranged, prearrangement, prearranges, prearranging/prearrangement: prearrangements/ rearrange: rearranged, rearrangement, rearranges, rearranging/rearrangement: rearrangements
USAGE EXAMPLES
In those cases, in contrast with the Nike-Michigan arrangement, the teams own the data, a Catapult spokesman said.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
Last year, celebrations in Europe were also overshadowed by security arrangements.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
A lot of Sue’s work begins with a sketch, whether it is to create a new flower arrangement, insect or a design for a customer.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 安排; 排列; 约定; 改编
分布：安排(86%)，布置(8%)，约定(3%)，改编曲(2%)，商议(1%)
排列,布置(arrange+ment)[range=rank,表示"排列,顺序"]
【反】welter（n 翻滚，混乱）－orderly arrangement（有秩序安排）
noun
PLAN 计划
 ESSENTIAL countable usually plural
■a plan for how something will happen 安排；筹划；准备（工作）
• They'd made all the arrangements for the party. 他们为聚会作好了一切准备。
• [+ to infinitive] Arrangements were made to move the prisoners to another jail. 已经作出安排将犯人转至另一监狱。
• What are your current child-care arrangements? 目前你的孩子怎么照顾？
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an agreement between two people or groups about how something happens or will happen 商定；约定
• [+ that] We had an arrangement that he would clean the house and I would cook. 我们定好了，他打扫清洁，我做饭。
• I'm sure we can come to an arrangement (= reach an agreement). 我确信我们之间可以达成协议。
• You can only withdraw money from this account by (prior) arrangement (= after making plans to do so) with the bank. 你必须和银行（预先）约定，才能从这个帐户取钱。
[ə'reɪndʒ.mənt] noun
POSITION 位置
countable
■a group of objects that have been put in a particular order or position 排列，安排
• There was a striking arrangement of dried flowers on the table. 桌上干花的插花样式非常引人注目。
[ə'reɪndʒ.mənt] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable
■a piece of music that has been changed so that it can be played in a different way, especially by a different instrument 改编曲
• This new arrangement of the piece is for saxophone and piano. 这首新改编的乐曲是供萨克斯风和钢琴演奏的。
n. 布置；整理；准备
 - preparation, positioning, preliminary, setting, provision

Word: concentrate
Front: concentrate
[ˈkɒnsntreɪt] (高研四六雅宝 2358/1341 -K3)
Vocabulary: concentrate
(once / 197 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v
Concentrate means to make something stronger, denser, or more focused. If you concentrate your energy, for example, you become more powerful! Concentrate your efforts at digging, and you'll plant that shrub a lot faster.
You may have seen the words "frozen concentrate" used to describe orange juice. That can of frozen orange goo is the juice in its purest, most condensed form — the concentrate — and it's much stronger and sweeter than the juice you'd drink. Another meaning of the verb concentrate refers to your mental focus. You might need to concentrate on what you're reading in order to understand it. When you concentrate, you strengthen your focus to shut out distractions.
WORD FAMILY
concentrate: concentrated, concentrates, concentrating, concentration, deconcentrate+/ concentrated: concentratedly/ concentration: concentrations/deconcentrate: deconcentrated, deconcentrating
USAGE EXAMPLES
He started concentrating on that fix at the World Cup in Australia, where he teamed with Rickie Fowler to finish tied for second.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
And while poverty creates burdens for all kinds of schools, when it occurs in densely concentrated neighborhoods, it’s harder to overcome, Funk said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The problem is exacerbated by how much power is concentrated in the presidency, relative to the legislature or to the judiciary.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 专心于; 注意; 集中; 聚集
vt. 浓缩，（使）浓缩; [采矿]汰选; 选矿，精选，富集
vi. 凝缩，浓缩，提纯
n. 浓缩物
adj. 集中起来的，经过浓缩的
时态：concentrated, concentrating, concentrates
分布：集中(63%)，浓缩(21%)，专心(11%)，浓缩物(5%)
→con-, 强调。-center, 中心。
集中;浓缩[centr=center,表示"中心"]
v.(on)集中,专心;浓缩n.浓缩物The neutral scent of kerosene is concentrated in the center of the scene.煤油的中性气味在场景中心被浓缩.
【记】con共同，centra＝center中心：共同向中心－集中。
【反】deploy（v 展开，配置）；dilute solution＝rarefy（v 稀释）；distend（v 扩大）
US [ˈkɑːnt-]
GIVE ATTENTION 注意
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to direct your attention or your efforts towards a particular activity, subject or problem 专注，专心；全神贯注；集中（注意力）
• Come on, concentrate! We haven't got all day to do this. 快点，集中精神！我们可没有一整天时间来做这件事。
• I can't concentrate on my work with all that noise. 那么吵，我没法集中精力。
• I find running concentrates the mind (= helps me to think). 我发现跑步能使我集中心思。
• I'm going to concentrate on my writing for a while. 我要专心写作一会儿。
• The company is concentrating (its resources) on developing new products. 公司正在集中力量开发新产品。
verb UK [ˈkɒnt.sən.treɪt] US [ˈkɑːnt-]
COME TOGETHER 聚集
[T usually passive or I] [usually + adv/prep]
■to bring or come together in a large number or amount in one particular area 集中；聚集；汇集；集结
• Most of the country's population is concentrated in the north. 该国的大部分人口都集中在北部。
• In the dry season, the animals tend to concentrate in the areas where there is water. 在干旱的季节，动物常常聚集在有水的地区。
verb UK [ˈkɒnt.sən.treɪt] US [ˈkɑːnt-]
REMOVE WATER 把水除去
transitive specialized
■to make a liquid or substance stronger and reduce its size by removing water from it 使浓缩
noun countable or uncountable UK [ˈkɒn.sən.treɪt] US [ˈkɑːn-/
■a liquid from which some of the water has been removed 浓缩物；浓缩液
• fruit-juice concentrate 浓缩果汁
■an ore from which rock has been removed 精矿
• a mineral concentrate 精矿
confinement, confinement, concentrate, restraint, focus, limitation
这组词都有“限制，局限”的意思，其区别是：
confinement: n.限制，囚禁(于某地或某种境地)。
 • The prisoner was sentenced to three months' solitary confinement.   那犯人被判处单独监禁三个月。
confinement: limitation, restraint
concentrate: v.集中，集中精力(后接on，宾语可以是具体或抽象的东西)；浓缩，压缩。
 • During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the questions.   考试期间，同学们集中精力回答问题。
restraint: n.克制，抑制；约束措施。
 • Even though the mother was very angry, she acted with restraint and didn't yell at her child.   即使母亲很生气，她仍克制自己没有向孩子大吼。
focus: v.集中(于某事物)；将(注意力等)集中于……(后接on，宾语一般不是具体的东西)。
 • Please focus your minds on the following problem.   请集中考虑以下问题。
limitation: n.限制，局限；(能力的)缺点，弱点。
 • That employee has limitations on what work he can do.   那个雇员能做的工作有限。
vi. 集中； [物] 浓缩；全神贯注；聚集
 - focus, collect, mass, crowd
vt. 集中； [物] 浓缩
 - centre, localise
n. [物] 浓缩，精选；浓缩液
 - compression, solidification

Word: total
Front: total
[ˈtəʊtl] (中高研四六雅 1038/831 -K5)
Vocabulary: total
(once / 54 pages)
nadjv
There are many meanings of total, but they all have something to do with completeness. A total is a whole or complete amount, and "to total" is to add numbers or to destroy something.
In math, you total numbers by adding them: the result is the total. If you add 8 and 8, the total is 16. If a car is totaled in an accident, it has been completely destroyed. A total defeat is a complete and utter defeat with no chance of recovering. The total resources of a company are all its resources, everything it has.
WORD FAMILY
total: subtotal, totaled, totaling, totalisator, totalise, totaliser, totalism, totality, totalizator, totalize, totalizer, totalled, totalling, totally, totals+/totalisator: totalisators/totalise: totalising/totalism: totalistic/totality: totalities/totalizator: totalizators/totalize: totalized, totalizes, totalizing/totalizer: totalizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A year later, the Spurs were in total control and won in five games.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A total of 24 cities are under a pollution “red alert,” the highest warning level in China’s four-tiered system.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Precipitation during that period totaled just 38.79 inches — roughly half of the normal amount.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 总计的（金额等）; 全部的; 完全的; 绝对的
n. 总计，总数; 全体数量
vt. & vi. 总计达，计算…的总数
时态：totalled, totalling, totals
分布：总数(44%)，总的(15%)，总计(14%)，合计(13%)，完全的(8%)，共计(5%)，全体的(1%)
→来自拉丁语 totus,总的，全部的。
n.总数,合计a.总的,全部的v.合计,总数达Which method of making the metal helmet is more economical in total?生产这种金属头盔的方法哪一种总体上更节约?
US ['toʊ.tˌəl] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the amount you get when several smaller amounts are added together 总额；总数
• At that time of day, cars with only one occupant accounted for almost 80% of the total. 一天中的那个时候，只有一人乘坐的汽车几乎占车辆总数的80%。
• A total of 21 horses were entered for the race. 总共有21匹马报名参加比赛。
• We made £700 in total, over three days of trading. 在三天的交易中，我们一共赚了700英镑。
UK ['təʊ.təl] US ['toʊ.tˌəl] adjective
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■including everything 总的，全部的
• the total cost 全部费用
• Total losses were $800. 总损失为800美元。
UK ['təʊ.təl] US ['toʊ.tˌəl] adjective
VERY GREAT 非常大的
 ADVANCED
■very great or of the largest degree possible 完全的，彻底的；绝对的
• total secrecy 绝密
• a total disregard for their feelings 对他们的感受全然不顾
• total silence 万籁俱寂
• The organization of the event was a total shambles (= very bad). 这次活动的组织工作糟糕透了。
• The collapse, when it came, was total. 这种崩溃一旦来临，便无可救药。
UK ['təʊ.təl] US ['toʊ.tˌəl] verb [L only + noun] transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-) US USUALLY
 ADVANCED
■to have as a complete amount, or to calculate this 总数达；合计为
• This is the eighth volume in the series, which totals 21 volumes in all. 该丛书总共有21册，这是第8册。
• We totalled (up) the money we had each earned, and then shared it equally among the three of us. 我们把每个人赚的钱加起来，然后我们三个人平分这笔钱。
total, whole, sum
这组词都有“总数、全体”的意思，其区别是：
total: 指总量之大，强调每一构成部分或成分均被计算在内。
whole: 着重其中没有部分或成分被忽略不计。
sum: 指两个或更多的数目相加的总和。
total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole, all
这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是：
total: 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。
entire: 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。
gross: 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。
full: 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。
complete: 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。
whole: 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。
all: 有时可与whole, entire和total换用。
adj. 全部的；完全的；整个的
 - entire, all, overall, complete, absolute
vt. [数] 总数达
 - to the amount of
vi. 合计
 - amount, aggregate
n. [数] 总数，合计
 - sum, amount, gross

Word: usual
Front: usual
[ˈju:ʒuəl] (中高研四六雅 2360/1473 -K4)
Back: adj. 通常的，常有的，常见的; 平常的，普通的; 平时的，平日的; 一向的，老是那一套的
分布：通常的(81%)，惯常的(14%)，惯例的(5%)
→来自use,使用，引申义平常的。
通常的,常用的[us,ut=use,表示"用"]
a.通常的,平常的They are going fishing at the usual time.他们在老时间去钓鱼.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■normal; happening, done or used most often 通常的；惯常的
• I went to bed at my usual time. 我和平常一样准时上床睡觉。
• There was more rainfall than usual this summer in the mountain areas. 山区今年夏天的降雨量比往年多。
• You'll find the cutlery in its usual place. 你可以在平常放食具的地方找到刀叉食具。
• Terry was, as usual, slow to respond. 泰瑞一向反应迟钝。
• This shop is open for business as usual despite the shortages. 尽管商品短缺，这家店还是照常营业了。
['ju:.ʒu.əl] noun only singular informal
■Someone's usual is the drink, especially an alcoholic one, which they most often have, for example when they are in a bar 常喝的饮料（尤指酒）
• A gin and tonic for my dad, and I'll have the/my usual. 给我爸来杯加琴通宁鸡尾酒，我还是照旧。
usual, common, universal, general, average
这组词都有“普通”的意思，其区别是：
usual: a.通常的，惯常的，强调"习惯性的，符合规章制度的"，是个一般用语。
common: a.常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为"平凡的"，强调事物的共同性。另外，它还有"公共的，共同的"之意。
 • Car accidents are a common occurrence.   交通事故是很普通的事件。
universal: a.普遍的，比general语气更强，有"全然没有例外"的意思。
 • Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.   贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。
general: a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。
 • In general, the economy is doing well now.   总的来说，现在的经济形式还不错。
average: a.普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准；通常在有数字出现的情况下，表示"平均的"。
 • The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.   跑步者15分钟内平均跑两英里。
usual, ordinary, common, popular, normal, universal, general
usual: 平常的，惯常的
ordinary: 平凡的，词义与common接近，指符合一般或常规事物标准或相同的规格，因而只具有普通的特性
common: 普通的，共有的，指从质量或品德上无特殊或显眼之处，属于大多数人或事物所具有的，常见的；
popular: 大众的，受欢迎的，指属于或代表大众的某事物，强调常见的，大众化的特征
normal: 正常的，正规的，指符合某种标准的
universal: 普遍的，有完全没有例外之意；
general: 一般的，普通的，含有例外情况较少之意或暗示包括全部同一范畴的事物；
usual, ordinary, common, popular, universal, commonplace, general
这组词都有“普通的，普遍的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 指常见常闻和常做的事或举动，强调惯常性。
ordinary: 用于物，指每天发生，十分平淡无奇；用于人，指无特别之处，很一般。
common: 多用于指物，侧重很常见，不稀奇。
popular: 指适应大众爱好、需要，为大家所公认或接受。
universal: 与general同义，但语气较强，侧重对每个人或事物都适用，根本没有例外。
commonplace: 强调缺少新意。
general: 语气强于common，侧重大多如此，很少有例外情况。
usual, habitual, regular, conventional, customary
这组词都有“通常的，惯常的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 普通用词，概念广泛。指经常发生或意料中的事，既可指自然发生的现象，也可指按个人习惯或惯例而做的事。
habitual: 指按个人习惯反复发生的事情。侧重经常性、习惯性。
regular: 着重遵守约定俗成的规则。
conventional: 语气强，指遵守已成习惯的事情，强调符合惯例，由人们普遍认可。
customary: 指特定的个人或群体的平常习惯，或习俗性的行为。
adj. 通常的，惯例的；平常的
 - traditional, conventional, common, ordinary, regulation

Word: anger
Front: anger
[ˈæŋgə(r)] (高研四雅 2362/2489 -K3)
Vocabulary: anger
(once / 47 pages)
nv
If you’re mad about something and you’re not going to take it anymore, you’re feeling anger, a strong emotion you experience when you think someone has done you wrong. If you want to scream and kick, you’re feeling anger.
Anger is a powerful emotion that people feel from time to time when someone or something frustrates or annoys them. One of the roots of anger is the Greek word ankhone for "a strangling," which is a perfect description of the way anger actually feels. Indeed, anger can make you feel like strangling someone. Don’t do it! If you’re feeling a lot of anger, it’s good to take a nice, deep breath.
WORD FAMILY
anger: angered, angering, angers, angry +/ angry: angrier, angriest, angrily, angriness, angryly, unangry
USAGE EXAMPLES
The episode sparked anger in the Philippines and calls for the removal of all U.S. military personnel.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s about getting individuals the help they need, whether its substance abuse, drugs issues, anger management, whatever,” Dotson said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At practice, Harriott urged the players not to let anger distract them.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 生气; 愤怒; 怒气; 愤懑
vt. & vi. 激怒; 使发怒; [医]〈旧，非正式〉使（伤口）炎或疼痛; 恼火
vi. 发怒; 恼火
时态：angered, angering, angers
分布：愤怒(75%)，怒火(15%)，激怒(7%)，发火(3%)
→来自词根ang, 拉紧，疼痛。后转忧虑，生气。
n.愤怒,气愤vt.使发怒,激怒vi.发怒The mouse's tearing the blouse and trousers aroused the housewife's anger.老鼠撕咬短衫和裤子激起了主妇的怒火.
US [-gɚ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a strong feeling which makes you want to hurt someone or be unpleasant because of something unfair or hurtful that has happened 怒，愤怒；怒火
• I think he feels a lot of anger towards his father who treated him very badly as a child. 我想，他对父亲耿耿于怀，是因为小时候受到了他的虐待。
• There is a danger that anger at the new law may turn into anti-government feeling. 存在着一种危险，即对于新颁布的法律的怨愤可能会转化成反政府情绪。
• The people showed no surprise or anger at their treatment. 人们对他们的遭遇没有表现出任何意外和愤怒。
• He found it hard to contain (= control) his anger. 他感到怒不可遏。
UK ['æŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] verb transitive
■to make someone angry 使生气，激怒
• The remark angered him. 这句话激怒了他。
• It always angers me to see so much waste. 看到如此严重的浪费，我总是感到很气愤。
fury, anger, wrath, rage, indignation
这组词都有“愤怒”的意思，其区别是：
fury: 语气最强，指极端的气愤，甚至达到发疯的程度。
anger: 普通用词，通常指因受到侮辱、损害、指责或顶撞等而引起的愤怒。
wrath: 文学用词，含义与anger相近，但语气强，含欲加惩罚或报复的意味。
rage: 侧重突然而猛列发作，难以控制的大怒。
indignation: 较正式用词，指出于正义或对不公正之事而发出的愤怒。
resentment, fury, anger, indignation
这组词都有“愤怒、生气”的意思，其区别是：
resentment: n.愤恨，怨恨，不满，是正式用语，尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到伤害后而产生的愤慨。
 • There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyone's pay was lowered.   大家的工资降低后，办公室里怨声载道。
fury: n.暴怒，大怒，程度较anger要强。
anger: n.气愤，生气，是一般用语。
 • After their argument, he expressed his anger by punching the other man in the face.   争吵之后，他一拳打在那个人的脸上以发泄怒气。
indignation: n.义愤，尤其指出于道义上的激愤。
 • general indignation at the sudden steep rise in bus fares   公共汽车票价突然猛增激起的公愤
n. 怒， [心理] 愤怒；忿怒
 - wrath, bile
vt. 使发怒，激怒；恼火
 - provoke, enrage
vi. 发怒；恼火
 - chafe at, be hot under the collar

Word: psychological
Front: psychological
[ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl] (四六雅 2361/2836 -3)
Vocabulary: psychological
(once / 588 pages)
adj
Psychological means mental or emotional rather than physical. After a shock, your problems, and even your physical pain, stem from psychological sources rather than any bodily ailment.
The word psychological is used to describe things that are primarily mental or emotional, but it can also be used when referring to the field of psychology. You might be interested in studying the psychological issues of teen and childhood in college. Watch out if someone uses psychological warfare on you. He or she uses your own emotions to attack you as when someone tries to guilt you into doing something.
WORD FAMILY
psychological: psychologically+/ psychologist: psychologists/ psychology: psychological, psychologies, psychologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
Psychological coercion is central to how an abuser maintains their power and yet there persists the focus on physical violence.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
For more tips from psychologists on how to keep resolutions, see this advice from the American Psychological Association.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Communism’s psychological and political appeal would be rejected.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 心理的; 精神上的，精神（现象）的; 心理学（上）的; 关于心理学的
分布：形容词(98%)，名词(2%)
US [-kə'lɑ:.dʒɪ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■relating to the human mind and feelings 心理的；心理学的
• psychological problems 心理问题
• He claims that the constant aircraft noise has a bad psychological effect on the residents. 他声称持续不断的飞机噪音给居民造成了不良的心理影响。
• We are concerned with the physical and psychological well-being of our employees. 我们关心员工的身心健康。
■(of an illness or other physical problem) caused by worry or sadness 由焦虑（或悲伤）引起的；存在于心理上的
• I suspect his headaches are purely psychological. 我怀疑他的头痛纯粹是心理作用。
[before noun]
■describes a film or book in which there is a lot of attention given to the way people influence each other's behaviour 心理学的；心理分析的（描述一个电影或一本书中，很多内容都集中讨论人与人之间行为互相影响的方式）
• a psychological thriller 心理分析惊险小说
adj. 心理的；心理学的；精神上的
 - moral, numinous

Word: heavily
Front: heavily
[ˈhevɪli] (高四六 2363/2153 -K)
Vocabulary: heavily
(once / 174 pages)
1adv 2adv
Anything that happens heavily is weighty, extensive, or labored. A car falling off its jack will crash heavily to the ground, and if you are a new runner, you'll be breathing heavily after the first mile.
Sometimes the adverb heavily simply describes the action of something heavy — like kids' feet pounding heavily up the stairs, or an airplane landing heavily on the runway. There's also the "large amount" or "a lot" meaning, like when rain falls heavily or a director is heavily influenced by the cartoons of her childhood. Breathing heavily, on the other hand, means "with effort."
WORD FAMILY
heavy: heavier, heavies, heaviest, heavily, heaviness, heavyly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
When authorities issue red alerts, some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Maybe by the end of 2017, they will find themselves featuring heavily in a highlight reel like this one:
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adv. 在很大程度上; 沉重地; 大量地; 缓慢又高声地
分布：猛烈地(26%)，沉重地(23%)，重重地(19%)，沉闷地(19%)，厉害地(9%)，稠密地(4%)
adverb
TO A GREAT DEGREE 到了严重的程度
 IMPROVER
■to a great degree 严重地
• The terrorists are heavily armed. 恐怖分子全副武装。
• The compound is heavily guarded. 大院子里戒备森严。
• She's heavily involved in the project. 她涉入该项工程甚深。
['hev.ɪ.li] adverb
WEIGHING A LOT 重
■in a way which needs a lot of effort to move or lift 重的，沈的；辛苦的；费力的
• The news she had received weighed heavily on her (= worried her). 她得到的消息使她担心不已。
['hev.ɪ.li] adverb
SOLID 结实
■in a strong, thick or solid way 厚实；坚实，结实
• He's a heavily built (= large and strong) man. 他是个身强体壮的大汉。
['hev.ɪ.li] adverb
be heavily into sth informal
■to be very interested in and involved with something 对…非常着迷
• When I was younger I was heavily into politics. 我年轻的时候对政治十分着迷。
adv. 沉重地；猛烈地；沉闷地
 - strong, hard

Word: peak
Front: peak
[pi:k] (研四六托宝 2364/2312 -K3)
Vocabulary: peak
(once / 229 pages)
1nv 2n
Use the word peak to refer to the pointy top of something, such as the jagged peak of a tall mountain or the tapered peak that forms when you beat egg whites for a recipe.
Peak is one of those words that can play a variety of roles in a sentence. The noun peak can refer to something that is a literal highpoint, like that snow-covered peak over there in the distance, but you will also hear it used to refer to more abstract high points, such as a time of greatest success (“at the peak of your career”) or top performance (“the stock price reached a peak over the summer”) or highest level (“the peak of the flu season”). The word also has a verb form (“Don’t peak to soon”) and an adjective form (“peak productivity”) that carry similar meanings.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
peak / peek / pique
Let's look at three homophones: peak, peek, and pique. Peak is a topmost point, such as a mountain peak, or to reach that point:
We're sort of at peak demand right now.
A peek is a glance or a quick look, like you do with the unwrapped Christmas presents at the bottom of your loved one's closet. It can also mean to glance or to peer at. It's frequently paired with sneak, which can lead you to use the incorrect peak:
Residents take a peek at bike and pedestrian safety plans
Yellowstone Offers Sneak Peek Of New Visitor Center
Finally, pique is to upset or excite someone. You will sometimes see peek one's interest for pique one's interest, but don't be fooled. If you're piquing someone's interest, you are exciting their interest not taking a quick look at it:
If that doesn't pique your interest, you can leave (but I'm keeping your shoes).
Here's your mnemonic device:
- You have to reach to gain the peak.
- If you peer at something, you are peeking.
- And if you're piqued about something, there's usually a question in your mind about it.
WORD FAMILY
peak: peaked, peaking, peaks, peaky+/peaked: peakeder, peakedest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Looking east from his home, he sees the snowcapped Sierra peaks - a welcomed sight missing for several years.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Across the region, health clubs and fitness studios are preparing for peak season.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
During January, Venus will reach its peak height above the horizon, according to the Beckstrom Observatory.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 山峰; 最高点; 尖端; 帽舌
vi. 达到高峰，达到最大值; 消瘦; 变憔悴
adj. 最高的; 最大值的
时态：peaked, peaking, peaks
分布：山顶(38%)，顶峰(34%)，达到顶峰(13%)，尖端(8%)，消瘦(6%)，使处于顶点(1%)
→来自pike变体，由长矛引申词义山峰，山顶，顶锋，峰值等。
n.山顶,最高点;峰,山峰a.高峰的,最高的The weak speaker made a speech on the bleak peak.虚弱的讲话者在荒凉的山峰上发表了演说.
【记】peak作为山峰一意大家都熟悉，见上图的山峰是不是很憔悴。
【参】pecan（n 美洲山核桃树）长在peak上面。
noun countable
HIGHEST POINT 最高点
 ADVANCED
■the highest, strongest or best point, value or level of skill 最高点，高峰
• Holiday flights reach a peak during August. 八月份度假班机的数量达到高峰。
• Beat the egg whites until they are stiff enough to form firm peaks. 不停地搅拌蛋白直至其变成硬尖状为止。
• We saw a victory by an athlete at the very peak of her fitness and career. 我们见证过一位运动员在她的体能和运动生涯的颠峰时期取得比赛胜利。
[pi:k] noun countable
MOUNTAIN TOP 山顶
 ADVANCED
■the pointed top of a mountain, or the mountain itself 山顶；山峰
• It is one of the most difficult peaks to climb. 这是最难攀登的山峰之一。
[pi:k] noun countable
HAT PART 帽子的一部分 mainly UK (US usually visor)
■the flat curved part of a cap which goes above the eyes of the person who is wearing it 帽檐，帽舌
[pi:k] adjective [before noun]
■peak times are the times when most people are using or doing something 高峰的（时期）
• Traffic congestion is really bad at peak (= the most busy) periods. 交通拥挤状况在尖峰时段真是糟糕透了。
• It is most expensive to advertise at peak viewing times (= those with the most people watching). 黄金时段的电视广告费用很高。
• Don't go there in the peak (= busiest) season - it'll be hot and crowded. 不要在旅游旺季时到那里去——那会又热又挤。
■peak levels or rates are when they are at their highest 最后的，巅峰的（水准，率）
• peak rate electricity 峰率电
[pi:k] verb intransitive
■to reach the highest, strongest or best point, value or level of skill 达到顶峰，达到最大值
• Official figures show that unemployment peaked in November. 官方数字显示失业人数在11月达到最高点。
hill, volcano, mountain, range, mount, peak
这组词都有“山”的意思，其区别是：
hill: 通常指小的土山、石山或浅丘。有时也指高山，复数表群山。
volcano: 特指主要由喷出的熔岩和火山灰堆积而成的圆锥形火山。
mountain: 通常指比hill高而陡的高山、山岳。但这种区别不是绝对的，“大”与“小”常常是相对而言。
range: 形成的山脉或岭。
mount: 常用于地名之前， 即一般放在专用名词前，书面用词。
peak: 指山峰，也可指山顶。
peak, sumit, climax, top
这组词都有“顶点”的意思，其区别是：
peak: 指山峰的全部或上部。
sumit: 书面用词，指山的最顶峰部分，也指通过努力可以达到的最高水平，还指最重要的，国家间的首脑最高级会谈。
climax: 指戏剧等的高潮，也指事物发展中的极点，因此多含其后由盛而衰的意味。
top: 普通用词，可指包括人或物或其它任何的最高点或顶点。
n. 山峰；最高点；顶点； [服装] 帽舌
 - height, sky, summit, mount, crown
vt. 使达到最高点；使竖起
 - cock
vi. 消瘦；到达最高点；变憔悴
 - slim down
adj. 最高的；最大值的
 - highest, supreme, maximum, top, tallest

Word: approximately
Front: approximately
[əˈprɒksɪmətli] (高四六托 2365/2850 -K)
Vocabulary: approximately
(once / 877 pages)
adv
Approximately is close to a particular time, measurement, or number — but it's not exact. If you plan to meet a friend at approximately 2:00, it will be okay if you are a bit early or late.
Approximately has its roots in the Latin word proximus, meaning "nearly." So, approximately means "about" or "close to." If you tell someone there will be approximately seventy people at a dinner, it means you expect seventy people, though the actual number could be a little more or a little less than seventy.
WORD FAMILY
approximate: approximated, approximately, approximates, approximating, approximation, approximative+/ approximation: approximations/approximative: approximatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
She lost approximately six units of blood during the crash.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
So what’s in it for Schoolcraft’s approximately 8,000 students?
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Dominion Energy is partnering with other energy companies on the approximately 600-mile-long project.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 近似地，大约; 许
分布：大约(58%)，近似地(42%)
US [-'prɑ:k-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■close to a particular number or time although not exactly that number or time 大约，大概，左右
• The job will take approximately three weeks, and cost approximately £1000. 这项工作大概需时三周，费用为1000英镑左右。
almost, approximately, about, nearly, roughly, around
这组词都有“大约，差不多”的意思，其区别是：
almost: 指在程度上相差很小，差不多。
approximately: 多用于书面语，指精确度接近某个标准以致误差可忽略不计。
about: 常可分almost和nearly换用，但about用于表示时间、数量的“大约”时，实际数量可能多也可能少。
nearly: 与almost含义基本相同，侧重指数量、时间或空间上的接近。
roughly: 指按精略估计，常代替about。
around: 多用于非正式场合，常见于美国英语。
adv. 大约，近似地；近于
 - around, something

Word: increasing
Front: increasing
[ɪn'kri:sɪŋ] (2366/1720)
Vocabulary: increasing
(once / 123 pages)
adj
Increasing means getting bigger or expanding. You'll be glad to have an increasing income, but perhaps less glad to have an increasing pants size.
The adjective increasing describes anything that grows or becomes greater. Increasing volume from your neighbor's radio will drive you crazy, since it's getting louder and louder. If your tiny school attracts increasing numbers of new students, it's likely that new teachers will need to be hired. Increasing comes from the verb increase, or grow, with its Latin root word, increscere, "to grow upon, grow over, swell, or grow into."
WORD FAMILY
increasing: increasingly +/ increase: increased, increases, increasing
USAGE EXAMPLES
But some lawmakers, particularly Republicans and those representing more rural parts of the state, say they are not enthusiastic about increasing child-care aid.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Its prevalence in Africa is unknown, but anecdotally it is thought to be increasing there too.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Iraqi state TV said Hollande will discuss “increasing support to Iraq and the latest developments in the fight against Daesh,” the Arabic acronym for IS.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 增加，增大，增多( increase的现在分词 ); 增强，增进; [缝纫]放（针）; 增强
分布：增加的(50%)，增长的(50%)
V-ERG
增加;增大;增长
If something increases or you increase it, it becomes greater in number, level, or amount.
例：The population continues to increase...人口继续增长。
例：Japan's industrial output increased by 2%...日本工业产量增长了2%。
N-COUNT
增加;增大;增长
If there is an increase in the number, level, or amount of something, it becomes greater.
例：...a sharp increase in productivity...生产率的大幅提高
例：He called for an increase of 1p on income tax.他呼吁所得税提高 1 便士。
PHRASE
正在增加;不断增长
If something is on the increase, it is happening more often or becoming greater in number or intensity.
例：Crime is on the increase.犯罪活动在不断增多。
v. 增加，加大（increase的ing形式）
 - adding, building

Word: disorder
Front: disorder
[dɪsˈɔ:də(r)] (研四六雅 2368/3061 -2)
Vocabulary: disorder
(once / 228 pages)
nv
Disorder is a lack of order — in other words, chaos, clutter, and general disarray.
If everyone in your class is yelling and throwing things, there's no order: there's disorder. If all the library books are out of order and thrown sloppily on the shelf, that's disorder, too. If you mess or mix something up, you're disordering it. Many medical conditions and diseases are also called disorders, like post-traumatic stress disorder. Whenever there's disorder, something is wrong or out of whack.
WORD FAMILY
disorder: disordered, disordering, disorderly, disorders+/disordered: disorderedly/ disorderly: disorderliness/ order: disorder, ordered, orderer, ordering, orderly, orders, reorder, suborder, superorder/ordered: unordered/orderer: orderers/ordering: orderings/ orderly: orderlies, orderliness/reorder: reordered, reordering, reorders/suborder: suborders
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is robust scientific evidence demonstrating the value of the method in coping with O.C.D., phobias, and other anxiety disorders.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
One marcher in the crowd held a sign calling Fisher, who spoke openly about her struggles with bipolar disorder, a mental health advocate.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
“I was admitted into the McCallum place on May 9th for eating disorders.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 混乱，凌乱; 动乱，骚乱; 不正当行为; （身心机能的）失调
vt. 使混乱，使凌乱; 扰乱; 使（身心等）失调; 使（神经等）错乱
时态：disordered, disordering, disorders
分布：混乱(75%)，杂乱(13%)，扰乱(10%)，不适；失调；疾病(2%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。order, 秩序。即没有秩序，混乱。
无秩序(dis+order顺序→没有顺序)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
n.混乱,杂乱;骚乱;失调,疾病No extraordinary disorder happens on the orderly border.在有序的边界上没有发生不寻常的混乱.
【参】disordered（adj 混乱的；发狂的）
US [-'sɔ:r.dɚ] noun
CONFUSION 混乱
uncountable
■a state of untidiness or lack of organization 混乱，凌乱，杂乱无章
• The whole office was in a state of disorder. 整个办公室里凌乱不堪。
• The opposition party have been in such disorder for so long that they pose no real threat to the present government. 反对党长期处于混乱状态，因而不会对现政府构成真正的威胁。
UK [dɪ'sɔ:.dər] US [-'sɔ:r.dɚ] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
countable or uncountable
■an illness of the mind or body 失调，紊乱
• a blood disorder 血液失调
• The family have a history of mental disorder. 该家族有精神病史。
UK [dɪ'sɔ:.dər] US [-'sɔ:r.dɚ] noun
ANGRY SITUATION 愤怒状态
uncountable
■an angry, possibly violent, expression of not being happy or satisfied about something, especially about a political matter, by crowds of people （尤指政治）暴乱，动乱，骚乱
• The trial was kept secret because of the risk of public disorder. 因有发生公众骚乱的危险，审判秘密进行。
disorder, complaint
这组词都有“疾病”的意思，其区别是：
disorder: n. (精神或肉体的)疾病(着重于身心、机能的失调、不平衡)；骚乱，动乱；混乱，杂乱。
 • a disorder of the digestive system   消化系统疾病
complaint: n.疾病(主要指病人去看病时向医生描述的病症，既可以是小病、慢性病，也可以是传染性疾病)；抱怨，埋怨，不满。
 • a heart complaint   心脏病
n. 混乱；骚乱
 - chaos, confusion, disturbance, turmoil, involvement
vt. [医] 使失调； [电子] 扰乱
 - upset, disarrange

Word: missile
Front: missile
[ˈmɪsaɪl] (高研四六雅宝 2367/3749 -3)
Vocabulary: missile
(once / 430 pages)
n
A missile is an object that can be projected toward a target. Examples include a spitball shot through a straw, a poison-tipped arrow sent via bow, or a self-propelled heat-seeking rocket, designed to take out targets at long range.
When you learn about the Cuban Missile Crisis in history, the missiles in question were guided rockets loaded with nuclear warheads, supplied to the Cubans by the Soviet Union. A missile defense strategy is one where you send up defensive missile to blow up your enemy's offensive ones before they can reach you.
WORD FAMILY
missile: missiles
USAGE EXAMPLES
Security Council resolutions ban the North from pursuing its missile program.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In his New Year message at the weekend, Mr Kim Jong-un said North Korea was close to testing long-range missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile, she authorised the transfer to Estonia of high-precision long-range missiles to be deployed alongside drones, tanks and RAF jets.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 导弹; 投射物
adj. 导弹的; 可投掷的; 用以发射导弹的
分布：导弹(98%)，投射物(2%)
→来自拉丁语mittere,送出，发射，词源同emit,commit,-ss,过去分词后缀。引申词义发射物，导弹。
发射物,导弹(miss发送+ile)[-ile 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"物体"]
n.导弹,发射物The dismissed Swiss miss kissed the once missing missile and scissors.被解雇的瑞士小妞吻了一度失踪的导弹和剪刀.
【记】miss送，ile东西－送出去的东西－投射物
【参】dismiss（v 开除，解散）；emissary（n 使者）；missive（n 公文）
US [-əl] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a flying weapon which has its own engine so that it can travel a long distance before exploding at the place that it has been aimed at 导弹
• a missile launcher 导弹发射装置
• Missile attacks on the capital resumed at dawn. 针对首都的导弹袭击在黎明时又重新开始了。
 IMPROVER formal
■any object that is thrown with the intention of causing injury or damage 投掷物
• Stones, bottles and other missiles were thrown at the police. 石块、瓶子和其他投掷物纷纷扔向员警。
n. [航] [军] 导弹；投射物
 - dejectile

Word: equally
Front: equally
[ˈi:kwəli] (2369/1432 -K1)
Vocabulary: equally
(once / 100 pages)
adv
Use the adverb equally to mean "the same way" or "in similar shares." Something that's divided equally is split evenly or fairly between people.
Your mom might say that she loves you and your brother equally — in other words, her affection is fairly distributed between the two of you. If you are equally disturbed by total silence and loud noises, it means that both bother you, to the exact same degree. Equally comes from the adjective equal, with its Latin root word, aequalis, "level, even, or just."
WORD FAMILY
equal: coequal, equaled, equaling, equalise, equality, equalize, equalled, equalling, equally, equals, equate, unequal+/coequal: coequally/ equable: equablest, equably/equaled: unequaled/equalisation: equalisations/equalise: equalisation, equalised, equaliser, equalises, equalising/equalised: unequalised/equalitarian: equalitarianism/ equality: equalitarian, equalities, inequality /equalization: equalizations/equalize: equalization, equalized, equalizer, equalizes, equalizing/equalized: unequalized/equalizer: equalizers/equalled: unequalled/ equate: equable, equatability, equated, equates, equating, equation, equator / equation: equations/ equator: equatorial, equators/equatorial: equatorially, equatorials/ inequality: inequalities/unequal: unequally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some characters want to pose as more than who they are, but an equally human desire is to appear less than one is.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
A Navajo, he said, strives for hozho — balance — in a world where canyons, coyotes, the sky and turtles are considered equally alive.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
For Clemson, the stakes are equally high if a little different.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 相等地; 平等地; 公正地; 平均
分布：相等地(40%)，同样地(33%)，平等地(27%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■fairly and in the same way 平等地…；相同地…
• In an ideal world, would everyone get treated equally? 在理想世界里，每个人都会得到平等待遇吗？
■in equal amounts 平均；均等
• The inheritance money was shared equally among the three sisters. 遗产的钱由三姐妹均分。
■to the same degree 同样地；相等地；相同地；均等地
• You looked equally nice in both dresses. 这两件连衣裙你穿哪件都一样漂亮。
■used for adding an idea that is as important as what you have just said 同样地…（用于加入一个与前面所说内容同样重要的观点）
• Not all businesses are legitimate. Equally, not all customers are honest either. 不是所有的生意都是合法的。同样地，不是所有的顾客都是诚实的。
adv. 同样地；相等地，平等地；公平地
 - similarly, fairly, same, as, likewise

Word: vary
Front: vary
[ˈveəri] (研四六托雅 2371/1510 -K3)
Vocabulary: vary
(once / 60 pages)
v
If you're tired of the same old breakfast of bran flakes and orange juice, vary your routine—put some banana slices on those bran flakes. You can vary the routine by changing the details but keeping the basics the same.
Use the verb vary when you're talking about changing up your usual routine. If your schedule changes at work, you might have to vary your sleep habits. A good dye job will vary the tints a little to look more natural. The ambiance at Olive Garden varies from restaurant to restaurant, but the unlimited breadsticks are always delicious. You'll probably recognize the root vari, which shows up in other words with similar meanings, like various, variable, and even variegated.
WORD FAMILY
vary: co-vary, variable, variant, variate, variation, varied, varies, varying +/ invariable: invariability, invariableness, invariables, invariably /invariant: invariance, invariants/unvaried: unvariedly, unvariedness/ unvarying: unvaryingly/ variability: variabilities/ variable: invariable, variability, variableness, variables, variably/ variance: variances/ variant: invariant, variance, variantly, variants/variate: bivariate, multivariate, variates/ variation: covariation, variations/ varied: unvaried, variedly, variedness/ varying: unvarying, varyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He found that, with varied groups working on such efforts, “often they’re parallel, often they overlap, sometimes they may conflict.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State parties began to receive monthly payments of anywhere from $5,000 to $10,000, an amount that varies depending on the year.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s been working for me, to varying degrees.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vi. 变化; 不同，偏离; [生]变异
vt. 使不同; 使多样化; [音乐]变奏
时态：varied, varying, varies
分布：变化(62%)，改变(30%)，使多样化(8%)
→来自拉丁语vario,改变。
vt.改变,变化;使多样化Salaries vary with various jobs.薪水随各种各样的工作而异.
US ['ver.i] verb intransitive or transitive
BE DIFFERENT 不同的
 ADVANCED
■If things of the same type vary, they are different from each other, and if you vary them, you cause them to be different from each other （使）不同；（使）呈现差异
• Salary scales vary between states/ from state to state/ according to state/ with each state. 工资高低各州／州与州／不同的州／每个州都不同。
• The samples varied in quality but were generally acceptable. 这些样品品质有差异，但是大体上可以接受。
UK ['veə.ri] US ['ver.i] verb intransitive or transitive
CHANGE 改变
■to change or cause something to change in amount or level, especially from one occasion to another 改变；更改
• My taste in classical music varies greatly/widely , but I usually prefer Mozart or Brahms. 我对各种古典音乐的喜好程度很不相同，但我通常比较喜欢莫劄特或布拉姆斯的音乐。
• Some people give a regular monthly donation while others vary the amount they give. 有些人每月向慈善事业捐赠固定数目的善款，而有些人每月捐赠的数额多少不一。
turn, transform, change, modify, convert, vary, alter
这组词都有“变化，改变”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 指外形、颜色、气味、性质等方面的变化，比change更通俗。
transform: 指人或物在形状、外观、形式、性质等方面发生的彻底变化，失去原状成为全新的东西。
change: 指任何变化，完全改变，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。
modify: 强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。
convert: 指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。
vary: 暗示不规则或断断续续地变。
alter: 常指轻微的改变，强调基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
vi. 变化；变异；违反
 - pass, change from
vt. 改变；使多样化；变奏
 - influence, fashion, shift, innovate

Word: wire
Front: wire
[ˈwaɪə(r)] (高研四六 2370/2748 -K3)
Back: n. 金属丝; 电线; 电报; （木偶的）牵线，操纵绳，背后操纵的势力，秘密引线，秘密策略
vi. 拍电报
vt. 拍电报; 给…装电线
时态：wired, wiring, wires
分布：电线(66%)，金属丝(16%)，电报(11%)，电汇(4%)，装电线(1%)，用金属丝把...连一起(1%)，发电报(1%)
→来自wei,弯，转，缠绕，词源同wind,vine。引申词义金属丝。
n.金属线,电线;电报,电信v.发电报(给)The hired admirer inspired his desire for the wire.雇佣钦佩者激发了他对铁丝的渴望.
US [waɪr] noun
METAL THREAD 金属线
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a piece of thin metal thread which can be bent, used for fastening things and for making particular types of objects that are strong but can bend 金属丝；金属线
• a wire fence 金属线栅栏
 IMPROVER countable
■(a piece of) thin metal thread with a layer of plastic around it, used for carrying electric current 电线；导线
• Someone had cut the telephone wires. 有人切断了电话线。
• Don't touch those wires whatever you do. 无论如何都别碰那些导线。
the wire
■the wire fence round a prison or prison camp （监狱等处的）铁丝网
• During the war he spent three years behind the wire (= in prison). 战争期间他蹲了三年监狱。
UK [waɪər] US [waɪr] noun
MESSAGE 消息
countable US informal
■a telegram 电报
UK [waɪər] US [waɪr] noun
down to the wire
■until the last moment that it is possible to do something 直到最后一刻
• I think the election will go right down to the wire (= be won at the last moment). 我认为选举结果要到最后一刻才会见分晓。
UK [waɪər] US [waɪr] noun
get your wires crossed
■When people get their wires crossed, they have a different understanding of the same situation 发生误会；误解
• Somehow we got our wires crossed because I'd got the 23rd written down in my diary and Jen had the 16th. 我们误会了，因为我在日记中写的是23号，而简写的是16号。
UK [waɪər] US [waɪr] noun
under the wire US
■If someone does something under the wire, they do it at the last possible moment 在最后关头
• They got in under the wire just before the entry requirements for the training program changed. 他们在招生要求变更前的最后时刻加入了这个培训计划。
UK [waɪər] US [waɪr] verb transitive
SEND MESSAGE 发送消息 mainly US to send a message using an electrical communication system, especially to send an amount of money to someone in this way 用电报传送；（尤指）电汇
• The insurance company wired millions of dollars to its accounts to cover the payments. 保险公司向其帐户里电汇了几百万美元以支付该款项。
• [+ two objects] Luckily my father wired me two hundred bucks. 幸运的是，爸爸电汇给我200美元。
■mainly US
■in the past, to send someone a telegram （过去）给…发电报
• Janet wired me to say she'd be here a day later than planned. 珍妮特发电报给我，说她要比计划晚一天到这里。
UK [waɪər] US [waɪr] verb transitive
METAL THREAD 金属线
■to fasten two things together using wire 用金属丝捆扎
• She had her jaws wired together so that she wouldn't be able to eat. 她把上下颌用金属丝捆在一起，这样就不能吃东西了。
■(also wire up)
■to connect a piece of electrical equipment with wires so that it will work 为（电子设备）接上电线（或导线）
• The stereo wasn't working because it hadn't been wired up properly. 立体声音响不响了，因为电线没有接好。
• Nearly one home in ten across the country is wired up to receive TV via cable. 该国有近十分之一的家庭透过电缆接收电视讯号。
rope, wire, thread, string, line, cord
这组词都有“线”的意思，其区别是：
rope: 指用于捆绑大物件的粗壮而坚固的绳子，一般用绵、毛、麻、金属或其它材料制成。
wire: 专指用金属制成的线。
thread: 普通用词，指用棉、毛、丝或纤维等纹成的很细的线，通常用于缝纫、纺织等。
string: 普通用词，指捆绑小件物品的细绳或细带子。
line: 普通用词，含义广泛，指任何一种线，常作引申用。
cord: 指比string粗，比rope细，较牢固，通常用于捆扎较小物品的线或绳。用作引申当约束讲。
n. [电] 电线；金属丝；电报
 - electric cord, electrical wiring
vi. 打电报
 - telegraph

Word: round
Front: round
[raʊnd] (中高 2372/730 -K2)
Back: adj. 圆形的; 弧形的; 丰满的，肥胖的; 整数的
adv. 到处; 在周围; 迂回地; 朝反方向
prep. 大约; 绕过，环绕; （表示位置）在…四周; 附近
n. 圆，圆形; 循环; 圆形物，球状物; （会议的）一回合
vt. & vi. 使成圆形; 绕行; 拐过，绕过; 把…四舍五入
时态：rounded, rounding, rounds
分布：圆的(48%)，围绕(11%)，圆形物(6%)，绕行(6%)，丰满的(6%)，球形的(5%)，巡视(5%)，四处(5%)，完整的(4%)，弄圆(2%)，大量的(2%)
→来自拉丁语 rotundus,圆的，词源同 rotund,rotate.引申诸相关词义。
a.圆的prep.围绕ad.在周围v.绕行n.(一)回合The boundary around the round ground separates us from the surroundings.围绕着圆形场地的边界将我们同四周隔开.
preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
AROUND 围绕
 ESSENTIAL
■in a circular direction or position; around 围绕；环绕；绕过
• The Moon goes round the Earth. 月球围绕地球转。
• We ran round (the outside of the house) to the back, looking for the dog. 我们跑到房子后面去找狗。
• The idea has been going round and round in my head all day (= I can't stop thinking about it). 这个想法一整天都萦绕在我心头。
• When one engine stopped, we had to turn round (= turn to face the opposite direction) and fly home. 飞机的一台引擎熄火了，我们不得不掉头飞回。
⇒ See also theatre in the round
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
IN ALL PARTS 到处
 ESSENTIAL
■in every part of a place, or in various parts of a place 在…各处；处处；到处
• The landlord showed me round (the house). 房主带我（在房子里）四处看了看。
• I had to go all round town to find a hotel that was open. 我不得不在城中四处寻找还在营业的宾馆。
• This virus has been going round (the school) (= many people have had it). 这种病毒（在学校）四处传播。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
SURROUNDING 围绕
 IMPROVER
■on all or some sides of something 在…周围；在…附近；方圆
• We sat round the fire. 我们围着火炉坐着。
• The house has trees all round. 这座房子四周都是树。
• The pyramid is 50 metres high and 100 metres round (the base). 这座金字塔高50米，底部周长100米。
• Everyone for a mile round (= in the area) heard the explosion. 方圆一英里之内的人都听到了爆炸声。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
DIRECTION 方向
 IMPROVER
■in a particular direction 在（某处）；在（某个方位）
• The garden is round the back (of the house). 花园在（房子）后面。
• I used to live round (= near) here when I was a child. 我童年时就住在这一带。
• You must come round (to my house) sometime soon. 你找个时间一定（到我家）来坐坐。
• UK not standard We're going round (= to) the pub for a quick drink. 我们要去酒馆抓紧喝上一杯。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
right/wrong way round
■facing the right/wrong way 方向正／相反地；朝向正面／反面
• He put the wheel on the right/wrong way round. 他把车轮子上好／反了。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
round about
■approximately 大约，大概，左右
• "We'll be at your house at round about 9 o'clock, okay?" “我们将在九点左右到你家，好不好？”
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
round the corner
■very near here 在附近；在近处
• There's a great restaurant just round the corner. 在不远的地方就有一家特别好的饭店。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
way round
■a way of dealing with or avoiding a problem （解决或避免问题的）出路，解决办法，余地
• There's no way round this problem. 这个问题没法解决。
[raʊnd] adjective
CIRCULAR 圆形的
 ESSENTIAL
■shaped like a ball or circle, or curved 球形的；圆形的；弧形的
• Tennis balls and oranges are round. 网球和橘子是圆的。
• a round hole/stone/table/window 圆孔／石／桌／窗
• a round face 圆脸
• round eyes 圆眼睛
[raʊnd] adjective
COMPLETE 完整的
■(of a number) whole or complete; given to the nearest 1, 10, 100, etc. and not as exact amounts 整数的；用整数表示的；用约整数表示的
• 2.8 to the nearest round number is 3. 与2.8最接近的整数是三。
• "I've got 95 bottles here for you." "Could you make it a round hundred, please?" “我这里有95瓶给你。”“能不能凑个整数，给100瓶怎么样？”
[raʊnd] noun countable
GROUP 组
 IMPROVER
■a number of things or group of events 一连串的事情；一系列的事件；一系列活动
• Russia and America will hold another round of talks next month. 俄罗斯和美国将在下个月举行另一轮会谈。
• When we were young life was just one long round of parties/pleasure. 我们年轻时，生活的内容好像就是一个又一个聚会／一件又一件令人开心的事情。
■drinks that you buy for a group of people （一人给大家买的）每人一份（饮料），一巡（饮料）
• It's your turn to buy a round. 该你请大家都喝上一杯了。
■UK
■a single slice of toast, or a sandwich （面包的）一片；整片三明治
■UK (US route)
■a set of regular visits that you make to a number of places or people, especially in order to take products as part of your job （尤指作为送货工作的）例行拜访
• He has a milk/paper round. 他挨家送奶／报纸。
■specialized
■a song for several singers, who begin singing one after the other at various points in the song 轮唱曲，轮唱歌
[raʊnd] noun countable
COMPETITION PART 比赛部分
■a part of a competition （比赛的）一轮，一场，一局
• She was knocked out of the championship in the third round. 她在锦标赛的第三轮被淘汰。
■one of the periods of time during a boxing or wrestling match when the competitors are fighting （拳击、摔跤等比赛的）回合
■a complete game in golf （高尔夫球比赛打完场中所有洞的）一场
[raʊnd] noun countable
BULLET 子弹
■a bullet or other single piece of ammunition （子弹的）一发
• The soldiers had only twenty rounds left. 士兵们只剩下20发子弹了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
the daily round UK old-fashioned
■the tasks you have to do every day 日常工作；每天的例行工作
• I get exhausted just by the daily round. 每天的例行工作就已经让我筋疲力尽了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
go the rounds UK
■to go from person to person or place to place 到各处去；到处转；到处传播
• That story has gone the rounds in our office. 那件事已在我们办公室传遍了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
make/do the rounds
■to talk to a lot of people 交谈一圈；四处访问
• I've made/done the rounds of all the agents, but nobody has any tickets left. 我已经问过所有的代理点了，但是都没有票了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
on your rounds
■to be out on a regular visit 巡行；巡视；巡诊
• The doctor's out on his rounds. 大夫出去巡诊了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
round of applause
■when people clap 一阵掌声
• The singer got a big round of applause. 歌手的演唱赢得了一阵热烈的掌声。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
■to go around something 绕过；绕行；拐（弯）
• Colin rounded the corner at high speed. 科林急速拐弯。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] round sth down
■to reduce a number to the nearest whole or simple number 把（数）下舍入，舍弃尾数把（数字）调低为整数
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] round sth off
SHAPE
■to make something that is pointed or sharp into a smooth, curved shape by rubbing it 把…磨光修圆，打磨掉…的锋利边角
• He used a special machine to round off the corners of the old table. 他用了一台特制的机器将这张旧桌子的角打磨成圆形。
COMPLETE
■to complete an event or activity in a pleasant or satisfactory way 圆满完成，圆满结束
• To round off her education, her father sent her to a Swiss finishing school. 为了让她圆满完成学业，父亲把她送进了瑞士的一所女子精修学校。
• We rounded the meal off with a chocolate and rum cake. 最后我们又品尝了巧克力和糖蜜酒蛋糕，美美地吃完了这顿饭。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  round on sb/sth
■If you round on someone or something, you suddenly turn and attack them 突然回击；突然转身攻击；猛然反扑
• The fox rounded on its pursuers. 那只狐狸突然转身向追猎它的人扑来。
• figurative The Prime Minister rounded on his critics with a very forceful speech. 首相突然发表了措词强硬的讲话，回击批评他的人。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] round sth/sb up
■to find and bring together a group of animals or people 使…聚拢；驱拢；使…聚集
• The cowboys rounded the cattle up. 牛仔们将牛赶到一起。
• I'll just go and round up Andrew and Patrick for the meeting. 我去把安德鲁和派翠克找来一起开会。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] round sth up
■to increase a number to the nearest whole or simple number 把（数字）调高为整数
about, round, around
这组词都有“在周围、在附近”的意思，其区别是：
about: 既可表静态，也可表动态。
round: 主要用于英国，多半指动态。
around: 主要用于美国，静态或动态均可。
n. 圆；循环；一回合； [数] 圆形物
 - circulation, revolution, rotation, cycle
adj. 圆的；完全的；大概的；肥胖的
 - complete, absolute, full, total, broad
adv. 在周围；迂回地；朝反方向；挨个
 - indirectly, circuitously
vt. 完成；围捕； [水运] 绕行；弄圆
 - accomplish, carry out, achieve, perform, complete
vi. 进展；变圆； [公路] 环行；发胖
 - circuit, advance
prep. 附近；绕过；大约；在…周围
 - about, around

Word: distribution
Front: distribution
[ˌdɪstrɪˈbju:ʃn] (四六托雅 2373/1456 -K3)
Vocabulary: distribution
(once / 231 pages)
n
Distribution means the passing out of something. A teacher is in charge of distribution of corrected essays. A lunch lady manages the distribution of food.
Distribution can also refer to the way something is distributed. In our country, many are concerned about the distribution of wealth, which is increasingly concentrated in the hands of the richest few. When you put money in a brokerage account, it's called a contribution. Taking it out is a distribution.
WORD FAMILY
distribution: distributional, distributions+/distributary: distributaries/ distribute: distributary, distributed, distributer, distributes, distributing, distribution, distributive, distributor, redistribute / distributed: undistributed/distributer: distributers/ distributive: distributively/ distributor: distributors/ redistribute: redistributed, redistributes, redistributing, redistribution / redistribution: redistributions
USAGE EXAMPLES
They are small electricity generation and distribution systems that operate independently of larger grids.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The company plans to expand distribution early next year.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Both companies are focusing more heavily on digital distribution.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 分配，分布; [法]（无遗嘱死亡者的）财产分配; [无线]频率分布; [电]配电
分布：分布(58%)，分配(31%)，分发(9%)，散布(1%)，销售量(1%)
分配[tribut=give,表示"给予"]
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the process of giving things out to several people, or spreading or supplying something 分发，散发；分配
• Has the Channel Tunnel improved the distribution (= supplying for sale) of goods between the British Isles and mainland Europe? 海峡隧道是否改善了不列颠群岛与欧洲大陆之间的货物流通？
• distribution costs 分销费用
■the way in which people or things are spread out in a place （人或物）的分布，分配
• a map showing distribution of global population 世界人口分布图
• We must find a way of achieving a more equitable distribution (= sharing) of resources/wealth. 我们必须找到一种更为公平的资源／财富分配办法。
n. [统计] 分布；分配
 - allocation, assignment

Word: transportation
Front: transportation
[ˌtrænspɔ:ˈteɪʃn] (四六雅 2374/7832 -2)
Vocabulary: transportation
(once / 814 pages)
n
If you spend $60 a month on subway fare, then your monthly transportation cost is $60, meaning it costs you $60 each month to get from one place to another.
The noun transportation often is used to describe the process of moving things. You might make transportation arrangements, for example, for shipping a pet across the country. Transportation can also refer to a formal system for moving things from place to place, like a public transportation system like the subway or public bus or a transportation company that specializes in moving goods from coast to coast.
WORD FAMILY
transportation: transportations+/ transport: transportable, transportation, transported, transporter, transporting, transports/transporter: transporters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The state pays for roads with the transportation fund, which is built on gas tax revenue and vehicle registration fees.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“But our approach to transportation innovation is that we want to be a catalyst for new and interesting technologies.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
They include shelter costs, transportation, groceries, utilities, insurance, minimum loan payments and child care.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 运送，运输; 运输系统; 运输工具; 流放
分布：运输(86%)，运输工具(8%)，运输系统(6%)
→来自 transport,交通，-ion,名词后缀。引申词义交通业。
运输(业)(transport+ation)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
【记】transport（n /v 运输；狂喜），trans转移，port搬运
US [-spɚ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when people or goods are moved from one place to another 运输，运送，输送
• In the past, British convicts could be sentenced to transportation (to Australia). 过去，英国的犯人可被判处流放（至澳大利亚）。
 IMPROVER US (UK transport)
■a vehicle or system of vehicles, such as buses, trains, etc. for getting from one place to another 交通工具；车辆
• In Los Angeles many companies encourage their employees to use alternative means of transportation, rather than the car. 在洛杉矶，许多公司都鼓励员工不开小汽车，而使用替代交通工具。
traffic, communication, transportation
这组词都有“交通”的意思，其区别是：
traffic: 指来往的东西的情况，表示一种抽象概念的交通流动量。
communication: 指邮电、无线电、铁路、公路等各种交通方式或媒介。
transportation: 指将乘客或货物从一处运到另一处，也可指交通运输工具。
n. [交] 运输；运输系统；运输工具；流放
 - carriage, traffic

Word: holy
Front: holy
[ˈhəʊli] (高研四六 2375/2701 -K3)
Vocabulary: holy
(once / 54 pages)
nadj
Something that is sacred can be described as holy, like the Holy Bible. So can anything associated with God, like a holy day that is observed by attending worship ceremonies.
The adjective holy comes from the Old English word hālig and is related to the German word heilig, meaning “blessed.” There is a relationship between holy and whole, and the religious sense probably developed from keeping believers spiritually whole — and pure. A place, object, or person who has been blessed can be described as holy, meaning "associated with God."
WORD FAMILY
holy: holier, holies, holiest, holily, holiness, unholy+/holiness: holinesses/unholy: unholier, unholiest, unholily, unholiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Sunday, it claimed an attack by five suicide bombers in the Shiite holy city of Najaf, killing eight people and wounding nearly two dozen.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The police and hospital officials said the Sunday attack near the holy Shiite city of Najaf also wounded 22.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
After Klein graduated from Holy Cross Leo High School, he decided to attend Cedar Rapids Barber School through a classmate who chose the profession.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 神圣的; 值得尊敬的，值得推崇的; 圣洁的，圣徒般的; 宗教的
级别：holier, holiest
分布：神圣的(68%)，圣洁的(31%)，令人敬仰的(1%)
→来自古英语halig,神圣的，来自Proto-Germanic*hailaga,来自kailo,完整的，未受伤的，词源同whole,hail,health.其词义演变可能是完整的，完美的，完人，圣人，神圣的。
a.神圣的,圣洁的Who made a whole hole in the holy holiday?谁在神圣的假日里打了一个完整的孔?
US ['hoʊ-] adjective
RELIGIOUS 虔诚的
 ADVANCED
■related to a religion or a god 神圣的；上帝的
• holy scriptures/rites 圣经／神圣的仪式
■very religious or pure 虔诚的；圣洁的
• a holy person 圣洁的人
UK ['həʊ.li] US ['hoʊ-] adjective
EMPHASIS 强调
Holy cow/mackerel/shit, etc! mainly US informal
■used to show surprise, fear, etc （表示惊讶、恐惧等）天哪！
• Holy cow! How did you get that black eye? 天哪！你的眼睛怎么瘀血了？
divine, holy, sacred
这组词都有“神圣的”的意思，其区别是：
divine: 指来源于神或神有关，侧重神性；在现代英语中指绝妙或非人世所有的事物。
holy: 可与sacred换用，但holy侧重于内含一种神圣的本质，使之值得崇拜，通常具有传统、世袭或固有的性质。
sacred: 指由于是献给上帝或神的事物，因而是神圣的，不容亵渎；也指被普遍视为神圣不可侵犯的东西。

Word: ring
Front: ring
[rɪŋ] (中高托 1678/1305 -K3)
Vocabulary: ring
(once / 53 pages)
1nv 2vn 3v 4n
A ring is a circular or oval shape, like the rings around Saturn or a ring of trees surrounding an open field, or the ring of delicious fried pastry that we call a doughnut.
Angels are often shown in paintings with a ring hovering over their heads — a halo. And if you've ever ordered onion rings, you know that they're circle-shaped slices of onion that are battered, fried, and eaten with ketchup. Then there's the ring, usually made of silver or gold, that's worn as jewelry on a finger. As a verb, to ring is to form a circle, as in the children's song and game "Ring Around the Rosie."
WORD FAMILY
ring: rang, ringed, ringer, ringing, ringlike, rings+/ ringer: ringers/ringing: ringings
USAGE EXAMPLES
That ring of the phone produced a Super Bowl ring.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sorry, I can’t hear you, the ushers are ringing the bell.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Erickson, now a paleontologist at Florida State University in Tallahassee, noticed more than 900 fine lines resembling tree rings on the tooth.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 戒指，指环; 铃声，钟声; 环形物; 拳击场
vt. 形成环状; 环绕; 使（例如铃）响; 打电话给
vi. 按铃，敲钟; 回响; 成环形
时态：rang, rung, ringing, rings
分布：戒指(30%)，电话(22%)，环(20%)，打电话(11%)，圈(6%)，铃声(3%)，按铃(3%)，钟声(2%)，回响(1%)，鸣响(1%)，包围(1%)
→拟声词。ring 圆环，环形物，圆形表演场，戒指，帮派，集团
n.戒指;环;铃声;(打)电话v.按(铃),敲(钟)The ring on the spring string rings during springtime.弹簧弦上的环在春天鸣响.
noun
CIRCLE 圆圈
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a circle of any material, or any group of things or people in a circular shape or arrangement 环（状物）；圆形的东西；环形排列
• The game involved throwing metal rings over a stick. 这个游戏的玩法是扔金属环套在一根棍子上。
• The children sat in a ring around the teacher. 孩子们围着老师坐成一圈。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a circular piece of jewellery worn especially on your finger 戒指；指环
• He bought her a diamond/emerald/etc. ring (= a ring with a jewel fixed to it). 他为她买了一只钻石／祖母绿戒指。
countable
■a group of people who help each other, often secretly and in a way which is to their advantage 团伙；帮派；集团
• a drug ring 贩毒团伙
• a spy ring 间谍网
⇒ See also ringleader
countable (US usually element)
■a circular piece of material often made of metal that can be heated in order to be used for cooking 圆形炉盘，火圈
• a gas ring 煤气炉
• an electric ring 电热炉火圈
countable
■a special area where people perform or compete 表演场，竞技场（人们表演或进行竞赛的特殊场所）
• a boxing ring 拳击台
• The horses trotted round the ring. 马绕着圆形表演场小跑。
⇒ See also ringside
rings [plural]
■two round handles at the ends of two long ropes which hang from the ceiling and which are used in gymnastics （体操运动中的）吊环
[rɪŋ] noun
TELEPHONE 电话
only singular mainly UK (US usually and UK also call)
■when you make a telephone call to someone 打电话
• I'll give you a ring tomorrow. 明天我会给你打个电话。
[rɪŋ] noun
SOUND 声音
countable
■the sound a bell makes 铃声；钟声
• There was a ring at the door. 门铃响了。
• He gave a ring at the door. 他按了一下门铃。
[rɪŋ] noun
familiar ring
■If something has a familiar ring, you think you already know it, but you are not sure 耳熟
• Her name had a familiar ring to it. 她的名字听起来耳熟。
[rɪŋ] noun
ring of truth
■If something has a ring of truth, it seems to be true 好像真实；听起来像是真实的
• This story has a/the ring of truth. 这种说法好像是真的。
[rɪŋ] noun
run rings round sb
■If someone runs rings round you, they are very much better, faster, or more successful at something than you are 遥遥领先（某人）；比（某人）出色得多
• Our girls' hockey team have run rings round all their opponents this year. 我们的女子曲棍球队今年的表现远远超过任何对手。
[rɪŋ] verb
TELEPHONE 电话
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive (rang, rung) mainly UK (US usually and UK also call)
■to make a telephone call to someone （给…）打电话
• I ring home once a week to tell my parents I'm okay. 我每周往家打一次电话向父母报平安。
• There's been an accident - can you ring for an ambulance? 出事故了——你能否打电话叫救护车？
• The boss rang (in) to say he'll be back at 4.30. 老板打电话（到办公室）说他在4点30分回来。
• UK I rang round the (= I called many) airlines to find out the cheapest price. 我给多间航空公司一一打电话，想知道哪一家的机票最便宜。
• Why don't you ring (up) Simon and ask him to the party? 你为甚么不给西蒙打电话请他来参加派对呢？
[rɪŋ] verb
SOUND 声音
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive (rang, rung)
■to (cause to) make the sound of a bell （使）发出钟声；（使）响起铃声
• The doorbell/telephone rang. 门铃／电话铃响了。
• Anne's alarm clock rang for half an hour before she woke. 安妮的闹钟响了半个小时她才醒。
• I rang the bell but nobody came to the door. 我按响了门铃，可是没有人来开门。
• My head is/My ears are still ringing (= are full of a ringing noise) from the sound of the military band. 军乐队的乐声仍然回荡在我的脑海中／耳际。
[rɪŋ] verb
CIRCLE 圆圈
transitive (ringed, ringed)
■to surround something 包围；环绕；围住
• Armed police ringed the hijacked plane. 武装员警包围了被劫持的飞机。
• The harbour is dangerous - it's ringed by/with rocks and reefs. 这个港口很危险——周围有很多礁石和暗礁。
transitive (ringed, ringed) UK
■to draw a circle round something 绕…画圆；在…周围画圈
• Students should ring the correct answers in pencil. 学生们应该用铅笔将正确的答案圈出。
transitive (ringed, ringed)
■to put a ring on something, especially an animal （尤指在动物身上）套环，戴上环套
• We ringed the birds (= put rings around their legs) so that we could identify them later. 我们给鸟脚上戴上环套，以便将来可以辨识出它们。
[rɪŋ] verb
ring a bell (ring any bells)
■to sound familiar 听起来耳熟
• The name rang a bell but I couldn't remember where I had heard it before. 这个名字听着很熟，但是我记不起来以前在哪里听到过。
• No, I'm sorry, that description doesn't ring any bells with me. 不！很遗憾，那个说法我听起来不熟。
[rɪŋ] verb
ring the changes (on)
■to do something in a different way in order to make it more interesting 变换花样；使多样化
• For variety, ring the changes on packed lunches using different types of bread and spicy fillings. 为了使盒装午餐有更多的花样，可以用不同的面包和加香料的馅来变换口味。
[rɪŋ] verb
ring true/false
■to seem true/false 听起来是真／假的；给人以真实／虚假的印象
• Her explanations didn't ring true. 她的解释听起来不像是实话。
[rɪŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ring (sb) back UK
 IMPROVER
■to telephone someone who rang you earlier or to telephone someone for a second time 给（某人）回覆电话； 给某人再打电话
• I'm a bit busy - can I ring you back later? 我现在有些忙——我能不能晚些时候给你打回去？
[rɪŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ring off UK
■to end a telephone conversation intentionally 挂断电话
• She said "No, thank you" and rang off hurriedly. 她说了一句“不了，多谢”就匆匆挂了电话。
[rɪŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ring out
■When a sound rings out, it is loud and clear 响亮地发出；清晰地响起
• A cry of warning rang out. 有人大叫一声警告大家小心。
• A shot rang out. 突然听见一声清脆的枪声。
[rɪŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ring sb/sth up
■to make a telephone call to someone （给…）打电话
• She rang me up to say she couldn't come. 她打电话跟我说她不能来。
• He rang up the office and asked to speak to the manager. 他打电话到办公室，要求和经理对话。
[rɪŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ring sth up
■to record the money that has been paid by a customer by pressing buttons on a cash register 把（收到的款额）输入收银机
• I'm sorry, I've rung up the wrong amount. 对不起，我输错钱数了。
[rɪŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ring with sth
■If a place rings with a sound, it is full of it 回响；响彻
• The room rang with his screams. 他的尖叫声在房间里回荡。
vi. 按铃；敲钟；回响；成环形
 - sound
n. 戒指；铃声，钟声；拳击场；环形物
 - bell, annulus
vt. 按铃；包围；敲钟；套住
 - invest, case

Word: twin
Front: twin
[twɪn] (高研四六 2376/2884 -K3)
Back: n. 孪生儿之一，双胞胎之一; 两个相像的人或物之一; 孪晶; 双人床
vt. 尤用于英国)使结成姊妹城市; 使（两人或两事物）紧密结合; 使偶合; 使相连
adj. 成对的; 成双的; 双重的; 双联的
时态：twinned, twinning, twins
分布：双胞胎之一(55%)，孪生的(36%)，紧密联系的(9%)
→词源同 two,二。引申词义成双的，成对的等，后用于指双胞胎。
a.双的,成对的,孪生的n.孪生子,双生子Twice the twin king wins the winter swinging under the wing of the plane.孪生国王两次赢得冬季机翼下的荡秋千赛.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■either of two children born to the same mother on the same occasion 双胞胎之一
• My sister has twin sons. 我姐姐有对双胞胎儿子。
• a twin sister 双胞胎姐妹中的一个
■one of two very similar things 两个极相似的事物之一
• The two countries are often regarded as economic twins. 这两个国家经常被认为经济情况很相似。
[twɪn] adjective [before noun]
■used to describe two similar things that are a pair 成对的，成双的
• twin towers 双子塔
• a car with twin exhausts 双排气管小汽车
■existing at the same time 同时出现的
• his twin obsessions - women and cars 他的两大爱好——女人和汽车
[twɪn] verb UK
be twinned with
■If a town in one country is twinned with a town in another country, the two towns have a special relationship 与…结成姐妹城
• Cambridge is twinned with Heidelberg. 剑桥和海德堡结成了姊妹城。
vt. 使成对
 - conjugate

Word: command
Front: command
[kəˈmɑ:nd] (高研四六 2378/2166 -K3)
Vocabulary: command
(once / 25 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A command is an order that you have to follow, as long as the person who gives it has authority over you. You don't have to comply with your friend's command that you give him all your money.
Command, which can be a noun or a verb, combines the Latin prefix com-, meaning "with," and mandāre, "to charge, enjoin," so to give someone a command is to say something with the authority that charges him to follow it. Your mother might command you to clean your room. Command can also mean a position of power, like having command of a battleship, or possession of a skill, like having a great command of video games.
WORD FAMILY
command: commandant, commanded, commander, commanding, commandment, commands, self-command+/ commandant: commandants/ commander: commanders, commandership, commandery/commandership: commanderships/commandery: commanderies/ commanding: commandingly/commandment: commandments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The firm defines luxury buildings as those that command rents in the top 20% of the market.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The investigative reporting is as strong as the film-making, fearless and commanding.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A few hundred yards away, a similar building marks the place where the border region military command was housed.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 命令，指挥; 司令部，指挥部; [计算机]指令; 控制力
vt. 指挥，控制，命令; 命令; 应得，值得
vi. 给出命令; 命令，指令
adj. 指挥的，根据命令（或要求）而作的
时态：commanded, commanding, commands
分布：命令(74%)，指挥(21%)，掌握(4%)，博得(1%)
→com-, 强调。-mand, 命令，词源同mandate.
命令,指挥(com一起+mand→命令大案一起做→指挥)[mand=order,表示"命令"]
n./v.命令,指挥,控制n.掌握,运用能力The grand commander demands thousands of sandy sandwiches.大司令官要成千个沙色三明治.
【记】com一起，mand命令
【参】demand（v /n 要求, 需求）；countermand（v 撤消命令）；mandatory（adj 命令的）
US [-'mænd] noun
ORDER 命令
 ADVANCED countable
■an order, especially one given by a soldier （尤指军人发出的）命令，指示
• You will run forward at (= when you hear) my command. 听到我的命令你们就向前冲。
• When I give the command, fire! 我一下命令就开火！
• He hated being in the army because he had to obey commands. 他讨厌当兵，因为当兵必须服从命令。
uncountable
■control over someone or something and responsibility for them 指挥；控制；管辖
• Colonel Sailing has command over /is in command of the Guards Regiment. 赛林上校统率着近卫团。
• General Haig took command of the British Expeditionary Force in 1915. 黑格将军在1915年统领英国远征军。
• The soldiers were under the command of a tough sergeant-major. 士兵由一位严厉的军士长指挥。
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
countable
■an instruction to a computer to perform a particular action 指令
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
KNOWLEDGE 知识
[S or U]
■a great knowledge of a subject and an ability to use that knowledge （对知识的）掌握，运用能力
• She has an impressive command of the English language. 她精通英语。
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
VIEW 景色
only singular formal
■a view 景色，风景
• a fine castle with its command of the surrounding countryside 可饱览四周乡间景致的漂亮城堡
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
at your command
■If you have particular qualities at your command, you are able to use them effectively 娴熟，得心应手，运用自如
• As a writer, she has both style and humour at her command. 作为一名作家，她对文风和幽默都能运用自如。
humorous
■If someone says that they are at your command, they mean they are willing to do what you ask 听从（某人）吩咐，任由（某人）安排
• "I can't reach my zip - could you unfasten it, please?" "I'm at your command!" “我触不到我的拉链——请你帮我拉开好吗？”“遵命！”
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
be in command (of yourself)
■to be calm and completely in control of your behaviour and emotions 镇定自若
• Suntanned and relaxed, looking calmly about the room, he appeared completely in command. 他皮肤晒得黑黑的，神态悠闲，镇定地环视房间，显得胸有成竹。
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] verb
ORDER 命令
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to give someone an order 命令，指示
• [+ to infinitive] The officer commanded his men to shoot. 军官命令他的手下射击。
• [+ that] He commanded that the troops (should) cross the water. 他命令部队度河。
intransitive or transitive
■to control someone or something and tell them what to do 指挥；统率；管辖
• Colonel Sailing commands the Guards Regiment. 赛林上校统率着近卫团。
transitive
■to deserve and get something good, such as attention, respect, or a lot of money 应得，值得
• She was one of those teachers who just commanded respect. 她是那些值得尊敬的老师中的一位。
• She commands one of the highest fees per film in Hollywood. 她是好莱坞片酬最高的演员之一。
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] verb
VIEW 景色
transitive formal
■to give a view 呈现，可看到
• The master bedroom commands a view of rolling green hills. 从主卧室望去，绵延起伏的青山一览无遗。
order, command, bid
这组词都有“命令”的意思，其区别是：
order: 普通用词，多指上级对下级，主人对仆人以及教师对学生等发出的命令，也指态度专横地命令他人。
command: 话意强，指正式下令，强调下令者的权威性，要求必须服从。
bid: 与order同义，但较正式，文学意味强，多指口头直接下的命令。
command, commend, demand
command: 命令
commend: 称赞，推荐；
demand: 要求；
order, direction, command, instruction
这组词都有“命令”的意思，其区别是：
order: 普通用词，侧重指具体的命令。
direction: 正式用词，指口头或书面的指示或命令。内容不一定详尽，语气较缓和，不太强调强制性。也可指指导性的说明。
command: 较正式用词，强调权威性、全局性和强制性。
instruction: 书面用词，指不容违反、不容推翻的命令。也多指包含具体说明的指示。
vi. [计] 命令，指挥； [自] 控制
 - order, control over
vt. [计] 命令，指挥； [自] 控制；远望
 - require, possess, regulate, order, contain
n. 指挥， [自] 控制； [计] 命令；司令部
 - instruction, control, headquarters, bidding, order

Word: commission
Front: commission
[kəˈmɪʃn] (研四六托雅宝 2379/898 -K4)
Vocabulary: commission
(once / 63 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4nv 5n 6n
The word commission has several very different meanings, but in its most basic meaning, commission is the act of passing a responsibility to someone else. If you receive a government commission, that means you have been assigned a task by the government.
Another common meaning of commission is the amount of money an employee earns when they sell something: In addition to his salary, he gets a 1% commission on each sale. A commission is also an order for someone to do something and get paid: The artist received a commission for a new painting to hang in the building lobby. And a commission is a high-ranking position in the armed forces, or a special committee that controls or investigates something.
WORD FAMILY
commission: commissioned, commissioner, commissioning, commissions, decommission+/commissioned: noncommissioned/ commissioner: commissioners/decommission: decommissioned, decommissioning
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beyond education efforts, Brewer created by executive order the first state Ethics Commission.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The party now looks set for a split with both groups approaching the Election Commission to claim the SP's poll symbol, the bicycle.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He is the chairman of the Global Commission on Internet Governance, a group of experts which in June published a report on online policy.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 委员会，委员; [商]佣金，手续费; 任命，委任; 委任状
vt. 委任，授予; 使服役; 使（船）服役
时态：commissioned, commissioning, commissions
分布：委员会(59%)，佣金(25%)，委任(6%)，委托(5%)，使服役(2%)，犯罪(2%)，授予(1%)
→com-, 强调。-miss, 派遣，词源同mission.
委员会;委任(com共同＋miss+ion→共同送出［选出］的人→委员会)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
n.委员会;委任,委托(书),代办;佣金,手续费The committee admits it committed an omission in commissioning the mission.委员会承认它在委任使团时犯的疏忽.
【记】com共同，miss＝mit送－共同送东西到指定处－委托com共同，mission（n 使命，任务）－受了别人的委托，说明你得到了别人的信任，所以这是一种使命。
verb
WORK 工作
 ADVANCED transitive
■to formally choose someone to do a special piece of work （正式地）安排（某人）做，委托（某人）做
• The newspaper commissioned a series of articles on the worst excesses of the fashion industry. 报社请人撰写了一系列针砭时装界放肆行为的文章。
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] verb
MILITARY 军事的
transitive usually passive
■to give someone the official authority to be an officer in the armed forces 委任（或任命）…为军官
• Grandfather was commissioned as Group Captain in the RAF just before the war. 就在战争爆发前夕祖父获任命为皇家空军上校。
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
GROUP 团体
 ADVANCED countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who have been formally chosen to discover information about a problem or examine the reasons why the problem exists （负责调查问题真相或原因的）委员会
• a commission on alcohol abuse/racial tension 酗酒问题／种族间紧张关系调查委员会
• The government have set up / established a commission to investigate the problem of inner city violence. 政府设立了专门委员会来调查市中心区的暴力问题。
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
PAYMENT 报酬
countable or uncountable
■a (system of) payment to someone who sells goods which is directly related to the amount of goods sold 佣金；回扣
• Is she paid a regular wage or is it on/by commission only? 她拿正式工资还是只拿佣金？
• She gets a 15% commission on every machine she sells. 她每卖出一台机器就拿15%的佣金。
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
WORK 工作
countable
■a request to do a special piece of work 委托；请求
• [+ to infinitive] She's just got a commission to paint Sir Ellis Pike's wife. 她刚刚受托为艾理斯‧派克爵士的夫人画像。
• Do you do/take commissions? 你接受委托吗？
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
CRIME 罪行
uncountable formal or legal
■the act of committing a crime 犯罪
• the commission of the crime/offence/murder 犯罪／犯法／犯杀人罪
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
MILITARY 军事的
countable
■the official authority to be an officer in the armed forces 军官的职务（或职权）
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
in commission
■If something, such as a machine or a military ship, is in commission it is working and ready for use. （机器、军舰等）在使用中的，在服役的
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
out of commission
■If something, such as a machine or a military ship, is out of commission it is broken or not available to be used. （机器、军舰等）坏了的，不可使用的，退役的
committee, commission
这组词都有“委员会”的意思，其区别是：
committee: 既用作普通名词，也用作集体名词，指通过选举或其它方式而成立的一般委员会。
commission: 指为了某项任务专门成立的委员会。
n. 委员会； [会计] 佣金；犯；委任；委任状
 - council, soviet, brokerage, authorization
vt. 委任；使服役；委托制作
 - depute, authorise

Word: interpretation
Front: interpretation
[ɪnˌtɜ:prɪˈteɪʃn] (四六托 2380/1744 -K2)
Vocabulary: interpretation
(once / 352 pages)
n
When your favorite band covers a classic tune, their version is their interpretation — their translation — of the music. Is it better than the original? That's up for interpretation.
Interpretation is the act of explaining, reframing, or otherwise showing your own understanding of something. A person who translates one language into another is called an interpreter because they are explaining what a person is saying to someone who doesn't understand. Interpretation requires you to first understand the piece of music, text, language, or idea, and then give your explanation of it. A computer may produce masses of data, but it will require your interpretation of the data for people to understand it.
WORD FAMILY
interpretation: interpretations+/ interpret: interpretable, interpretation, interpretative, interpreted, interpreter, interpreting, interpretive, interprets, misinterpret, reinterpret / interpretative: interpretatively/ interpreter: interpreters/interpreting: interpretings/ misinterpret: misinterpretation, misinterpreted, misinterpreting, misinterprets/ misinterpretation: misinterpretations/ reinterpret: reinterpretation, reinterpreted, reinterpreting, reinterprets/ reinterpretation: reinterpretations
USAGE EXAMPLES
DJ: "So the interpretation is perhaps different in England?"
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But the scholars were not united in their interpretation.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He consistently challenged traditional interpretations of art and society and connections between the two.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 解释，说明; 翻译; 表演，演绎; 理解
分布：解释(81%)，翻译(14%)，阐释(5%)
US [-ˌtɝ:.prɪ'tˌeɪ-] noun countable or uncountable
FIND MEANING 解释
 ADVANCED
■an explanation or opinion of what something means 解释，阐释；理解
• The dispute is based on two widely differing interpretations of the law. 争论是源于对法律的两种截然不同的解释。
• The rules are vague and open to interpretation. 规则很含糊，可作各种诠释。
• It is difficult for many people to accept a literal interpretation of the Bible. 很多人觉得难以接受对圣经的字面诠释。
UK [ɪnˌtɜ:.prɪ'teɪ.ʃən] US [-ˌtɝ:.prɪ'tˌeɪ-] noun countable or uncountable
EXPRESS 表达
■a particular way of performing a piece of music, a part in a play, etc. （音乐、戏剧角色等的）演绎；演出；表演
• Her interpretation of Juliet was one of the best performances I have ever seen. 她饰演的茱丽叶是我所看过的最出色的演绎之一。
exposition, definition, description, explanation, interpretation
这组词都有“解释”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 通常指对论点、假设、理论等的重点作详尽的阐述。
definition: 主要指对某一词、短语或专门术语的含义作解释、下定义。
description: 指对某一事物的重要方面进行详细叙述，常含教育与启迪意味。
explanation: 普通用词，指使人明白未知或不清楚的事。
interpretation: 多指对文字上较难的段落，或难于理解，令人迷惑的问题作出解释或说明。
translation, interpretation
translation: 翻译，转换
interpretation: 口译，解释
n. [计] 解释； [语] 翻译；演出
 - explanation, translation, construction, account

Word: breakfast
Front: breakfast
[ˈbrekfəst] (中高雅 2382/2019 -K3)
Back: n. 早餐，早饭; 早餐食物
vi. 吃早餐
vt. 供给…早餐
时态：breakfasted, breakfasting, breakfasts
分布：早餐(85%)，吃早餐(13%)，用早餐(2%)
→break, 打破。fast, 斋戒。原指在斋戒仪式后所吃的第一顿饭。
n.早餐v.(给某人)吃早餐At the breakfast, the steak leaked from the break.早餐时,肉片从缺口处漏出来.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a meal eaten in the morning as the first meal of the day 早餐
• What do you want for breakfast? 你早餐想吃甚么?
• Jane never eats breakfast. 简从来不吃早餐。
• She arrived shortly after breakfast. 她早餐后不久就到了。
• Breakfast is served in the dining room from 8.30-10. 食堂八点半到十点供应早餐。
• I love to eat breakfast in bed on Saturdays. 周六我喜欢在床上吃早餐。
['brek.fəst] verb intransitive formal
■to eat breakfast 吃早餐
• She usually breakfasts alone. 她通常独自一人吃早餐。
• They breakfasted hurriedly on tea and toast (= ate tea and toast for breakfast). 他们早餐匆忙吃了点吐司，喝了点茶。
n. 早餐；早饭
 - brekker, dejeuner

Word: stop
Front: stop
[stɒp] (中高 329/359 -K5)
Vocabulary: stop
(once / 24 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n
You know that red octagonal traffic sign that says STOP? It's telling you to stop moving and to stay put.
You're familiar with stop as a word meaning "quit moving," but the word's original meaning is "to plug up a hole," like when you stop the hole in your bucket with oakum (or napkins). In English, stop came to mean "arrest" for any kind of movement. Stop crime! Stop that check! Stop that thief! Stop writing commands with stop! A stop can also be a place to rest, and the period at the end of this sentence is a "full stop."
WORD FAMILY
stop: nonstop, stoping, stoppable, stoppage, stopped, stopper, stopping, stops+/ nonstop: nonstops/stoppable: unstoppable/stoppage: stoppages/stopper: stoppered, stoppering, stoppers/stoppered: unstoppered/stopping: stoppings/unstoppable: unstoppably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The truck was stopped in a roadway near the entrance to the driveway of Gratton’s Georgia home.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But the judge stopped short of forcing the company to apologise and did not say Chen’s dismissal was related to his gender identity.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“Stop with the unnecessary questions. What about my breast?”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 停止; 中断; 逗留; （使）停止工作
vt. 塞住; 堵塞; 阻挠; 止付
n. 停止; （管风琴的）音栓; 停车站; （管风琴的）音管
时态：stopped, stopping, stops
分布：停止(43%)，车站(31%)，阻止(18%)，停留(4%)，逗留(4%)
→来自古英语 stoppian,关闭，塞住，来自 Proto-Germanic*stuppona,关闭，塞住，可能来自 steup,扩大形式自 steu,推，击，打，词源同 stoop,type,stuff.引申诸相关词义。
v.停止;塞住;阻止,阻挠;逗留n.停车站;停止The football team stopped the steam stream with beams.足球队用横杆堵住了蒸汽流.
US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
FINISH 完成
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to finish doing something that you were doing （使）停止；（使）停下；中断
• Once I start eating chocolate, I can't stop. 我一开始吃巧克力，就停不了嘴。
• [+ -ing verb] Stop shouting - you're giving me a headache! 别再叫了——你搞得我头都痛了！
• I couldn't stop laughing. 我忍不住笑个不停。
• Stop it!/Stop that! 住手！
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to not continue to operate （使）停止工作，（使）停止运作
• My watch must have stopped. 我的手表一定是停了。
• The air conditioner has stopped working. 空调不动了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to not move any more or to make someone or something not move any more （使）停止，（使）停下
• Stop the car, I want to get out! 把车停下来，我要下去！
• I heard him shout "Stop, or I'll shoot!" 我听到他大叫：“停下，否则我就开枪！”
 ESSENTIAL intransitive + -ing verb
■to finish doing something that you do regularly or as a habit 戒除，停止（常做的事或习惯）
• Apparently she's stopped drinking. 显然，她戒酒了。
• I stopped seeing him last year. 去年我和他分手了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to pause in a journey or an activity for a short time 中途暂停；逗留
• Does this train stop at Finsbury Park? 这班列车会停靠芬斯伯里公园吗？
• Why don't you just stop somewhere and ask for directions? 为甚么你不找个地方停一下问问路呢？
• [+ to infinitive] I stopped to pick up a letter that I'd dropped. 我停下脚步，捡起我掉在地上的信。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
PREVENT 阻止
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to prevent someone from doing something 阻止，阻拦
• If she really wants to leave, I don't understand what's stopping her. 如果她真的想走，我不明白有甚么事绊住了她。
• [+ -ing verb] They've put barriers up to stop people (from) getting through. 他们筑起了路障，阻止人们通行。
• Something must be done to stop the fighting. 必须做点甚么来制止争斗。
stop a cheque UK (US stop payment on a check)
■to tell your bank not to deal with a cheque which you have written, so that the money is not paid from your bank account 通知银行止付支票
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
STAY 停留
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to stay in a place 停留，逗留
• Are you coming with me or are you stopping here? 你是和我一起走，还是留在这里？
• I can't stop - Malcolm's waiting for me outside. 我不能再留了——马尔科姆在外面等着我呢。
• UK Now that you're here, why don't you stop for some tea? 既然你已经来了，为甚么不留下来喝杯茶呢？
• UK I've been out every night this week, so I thought I'd stop in (= stay at home) tonight. 这个星期，我每个晚上都在外面，所以今晚想留在家里。
• UK We stopped up (= did not go to bed) until two o'clock last night watching the late film. 我们昨晚看晚场电影，一直熬到两点才睡。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
BLOCK 堵塞
transitive
■to block a hole 堵塞，塞住
• We stopped (up) the gap with some rags. 我们用些破布塞住了裂口。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
stop at nothing
■If you stop at nothing to achieve something, you are willing to do anything in order to achieve it, even if it involves danger, great effort or harming other people 不择手段；不顾一切
• She'll stop at nothing to get her revenge. 为了复仇，她会不择手段。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
stop short of sth
■If you stop short of doing or saying something, you decide not to do or say it although you almost do 差一点没（做或说）；险些（做或说）
• I stopped short of telling him the brutal truth, but only just. 我差点把残酷的真相告诉他，就差那么一点点。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  stop by (somewhere)
■to visit someone for a short time, usually on the way to another place 顺便拜访
• I was passing your house, so I thought I'd stop by for a chat. 我路过你家，所以我想可以顺便找你聊一会儿。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  stop in informal
■to visit a person or place for a short time, usually when you are going somewhere else 顺便拜访；中途停留
• I stopped in at work on the way home to check my mail. 我回家的路上顺便去办公室收邮件。
■UK informal
■to stay at home, especially in the evening （尤指晚上）留在家里，不出去
• I've had my tea and I'm stopping in now. 我已经喝过茶了，现在打算留在家里不出去。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  stop off somewhere
■to visit or stay at a place for a short time when you are going somewhere else 中途拜访，中途停留（在某处）
• I'll stop off at the shops on my way home and get some wine. 我回家的路上会顺便去一下商店，买些酒。
• We're going to stop off in Paris for a couple of days before heading south. 我们去南部之前要在巴黎停留几天。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  stop over
■to stay at a place for one night or a few nights on the way to somewhere else or before returning home 中途停留过夜
• They're stopping over in Malaysia for a couple of nights on the way to Australia. 他们在去澳大利亚的途中要在马来西亚逗留几个晚上。
• UK Come round for dinner one night and you can stop over. 找个晚上来我家吃饭吧，你可以住下。
⇒ See also stopover
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■when you stop an activity or journey, or a period of time when you stop 停止，终止；逗留，停留；停留时间
• Please remain in your seat until the plane comes to a complete stop. 在飞机停妥前请留在自己的座位上。
• We'd have been here sooner, but we made several stops along the way. 我们本来可以早点到这里的，但我们中途停了好几次。
• At the beginning of the project there were a lot of stops and starts. 专案计划刚开始的时候，常常停停走走，时断时续。
⇒ See also doorstop
 ESSENTIAL
■a place where vehicles, especially buses, stop in order to allow passengers to get off and on （尤指公共汽车的）车站
• a bus stop 公车站
• I'm getting off at the next stop. 我下一站下车。
• Is this our stop (= where we must get off) ? 我们是这一站下吗？
UK short form of * full stop
put a stop to sth
■to stop an unpleasant, unwanted activity or habit from continuing 制止；使停止
• He used to smoke in bed when I first got to know him, but I soon put a stop to that! 我刚认识他的时候，他总是躺在床上抽烟，但我很快就让他改掉了！
pause, stop, break, interval, cease, recess, rest
这组词都有“中止，停止，休息”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指短暂的中断或停止，含再进行下去的意味。
stop: 普通用词，指迅速或突然中止某行为、活动或状态。
break: 非正式用词，指突然的或短时间的中止，如工作或活动期间接短暂休息。
interval: 指一出戏在幕与幕之间，音乐会上下串场之间或演出中预先安排的休息；也可泛指事件之间的一段时间。
cease: 正式用词，侧重逐渐结呸某活动或状态，含永远结束的意味。
recess: 正式用词，指业务活动或工作中短暂的或长时间的休息。
rest: 指统称的休息。
stop, terminal, station
这组词都有“站”的意思，其区别是：
stop: 多指公共汽车站，尤指中途停车站。
terminal: 指火车、公共汽车或飞机的终点(总)站。
station: 普通用词，一般指火车站或汽车站。
pause, stop, cease, halt, quit
这组词都有“停止”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指暂时的、瞬间的停顿，隐含有再进行之意。
stop: 指动作、运行、进展等被停下来，含突然、断然的意味。
cease: 指逐渐、徐徐中止某种状态的存在。书面用词。
halt: 侧重突然地、决定性地终止、停止某一活动。
quit: 指最终彻底停止某事，有时暗示遭到失败或面临挫折。
vt. 停止；堵塞；断绝
 - cheese, quit
vi. 停止；中止；逗留；被塞住
 - remain, desist from
n. 停止； [交] 车站；障碍；逗留
 - visit, bar, stay, obstacle, dam

Word: strongly
Front: strongly
[strɒŋlɪ] (四六 2383/1965 -K)
Vocabulary: strongly
(once / 159 pages)
adv
The adverb strongly is useful for describing something that's done powerfully or forcefully. When a teacher speaks strongly, the class pays attention.
If your parents strongly advise you not to borrow their car unless it's an emergency, they really mean it. When your friend says that she strongly dislikes roller coasters, it means she would not enjoy a surprise trip to an amusement park as a birthday present. Strongly means "with strength," and it comes from the adjective strong, with its Old English root word, strang, "physically powerful, forceful, or severe."
WORD FAMILY
strong: stronger, strongest, strongly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Because metabolic activity is strongly dependent on tissue temperature, RMR will therefore fall even more.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Groups like the Clean Air Task Force favor it strongly.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But legal filings strongly suggest a split with his court-appointed defenders about whether to argue that his rampage resulted from mental illness.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 强烈地; 坚强地; 坚固地; 强有力地
分布：强有力地(30%)，坚强地(30%)，激烈地(20%)，气味浓地(20%)
US ['strɑ:ŋ-] adverb
NOT WEAK 不虚弱
 IMPROVER
■very much or in a very serious way 强烈地；坚决地；坚定地
• They strongly believe their children should make choices for themselves. 他们坚信应该由孩子自己来选择。
• Many locals are strongly opposed to the development. 许多当地居民强烈反对这项土地开发。
UK ['strɒŋ.li] US ['strɑ:ŋ-] adverb
DIFFICULT TO BREAK 牢固地
■in a way or form that is difficult to break 牢固地；坚固地；结实地
• Equipment will have to be strongly made to endure the weather conditions on the ice cap. 设备必须制造得非常坚固，才能承受得住冰盖上的天气条件。
adv. 强有力地；坚强地；激烈地；气味浓地
 - forcefully, bitter

Word: engineering
Front: engineering
[ˌendʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ] (研四六雅 2385/1815 -K3)
Vocabulary: engineering
(once / 626 pages)
1n 2n
If you're good at engineering that means you're able to apply scientific or mathematical ideas to real-world projects like designing a bridge, building a radio tower, and of course, designing engines.
Think of engineering as the field where science, math, and technology meet. If you like to understand how things work and like building new things even more, then consider going into engineering. The word comes, predictably enough, from the word engine. You wouldn't want a poet designing the engine of your airplane, would you? Me neither.
WORD FAMILY
engineering: engineerings+/ engine: engineer, enginery, engines/ engineer: engineered, engineering, engineers/enginery: engineries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Singapore's TeleRadio Engineering uses RF signals in its SkyDroner device to track and control drones and a video feed to confirm targets visually.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Who is talking about this: It is shortlisted for the 2017 Royal Academy of Engineering Africa Prize.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“The children get to talk to the residents and, as a bonus, they learn a little engineering and science.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 工程（学）， 工程师行业; 操纵，管理; 土木工程，工事; 开车技术
分布：工程(91%)，工程学(9%)
n.工程学He is studying engineering at college.我正在大学学习工程学.
US [-'nɪr.ɪŋ] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the work of an engineer, or the study of this work 工程设计；工程学
• German/British engineering 德国／英国工程设计
• Richard studied engineering at Manchester University. 理查在曼彻斯特大学攻读工程学。
n. 工程，工程学
 - project
v. 设计；管理（engineer的ing形式）；建造
 - managing, planning, controlling, guiding

Word: luck
Front: luck
[lʌk] (中高研四雅 2384/2598 -K3)
Vocabulary: luck
(once / 75 pages)
n
Luck is chance or happenstance. If something happens from pure good luck, it seemingly came out of nowhere, based only on fate and not on anything you did to make it happen.
If you find a fifty dollar bill on the sidewalk, you might exclaim, "What luck!" Alternately, if you lose all night at the poker table, you'll probably blame it on bad luck. In both examples, you're referring to a mysterious, unpredictable circumstance that affects your life by chance. Luck has a Middle Dutch root, luc, which is a shortened form of gheluc, "happiness or good fortune."
WORD FAMILY
luck: luckless, lucks, lucky +/luckless: lucklessly/ lucky: luckier, luckiest, luckily, luckiness, unlucky/unlucky: unluckily
USAGE EXAMPLES
It wasn’t luck or even a strategic adjustment that turned things around.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He says “luck and fate” prevented it from being worst.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the buildup of forces in the Baltics is an unambiguous warning to him not to push his luck.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 运气; 好运; 机遇; 命运
vi. 交好运，走运; 侥幸成功
分布：运气(72%)，幸运(18%)，走运(4%)，侥幸(3%)，侥幸成功(3%)
→词源不详，原指赌博中的财运。
n.运气;好运,侥幸He had the bad luck to break his leg.他不幸断了一条腿.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the force that causes things, especially good things, to happen to you by chance and not as a result of your own efforts or abilities 运气；（尤指）机遇，机会
• It was just luck that I asked for a job at the right time. 真是机缘巧合，我刚好在合适的时机开口说想找份工作。
• Then I met this gorgeous woman and I couldn't believe my luck. 后来我碰到了这个出色的女人，我不敢相信自己的运气有这么好。
• She wears a charm that she thinks brings her good luck. 她戴了一个她认为会给自己带来好运的护身符。
• He seems to have had a lot of bad luck in his life. 他生活中似乎遇到了不少倒霉的事情。
• So your interview's tomorrow? Good luck! 这么说明天你要去面试？祝你好运！
• The best of luck in/with your exams! 祝你考试顺利！
 ESSENTIAL
■success 成功
• Have you had any luck with (= Have you been successful in) booking your flight? 你订到飞机票了吗？
• He tried to get into teacher training college but with no luck (= no success). 他想进教师进修学院，但未能如愿。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
as luck would have it
■by chance 碰巧，幸好
• We ran out of petrol on the way home, but as luck would have it, we were very near a garage. 我们在回家的路上汽油用光了，幸好当时离加油站不远。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
Bad/Hard/Tough luck!
■said to express sympathy with someone when something bad has happened to them 太倒楣了！真不走运！太不凑巧！
• "They've just run out of tickets." "Oh, bad luck!" “他们刚刚卖光了票。”“哦，真倒楣了！”
[lʌk] noun uncountable
be bad luck on sb mainly UK
■to be a bad thing that happened to someone by chance （某人）碰到倒楣事，不走运
• It was bad luck on Alex that he was ill on his birthday. 亚历克斯过生日那天病倒了，真够倒楣的。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
be down on your luck
■to be experiencing a bad situation or to have very little money 运气不济，不走运
• He's been a bit down on his luck recently. 近来他有些不走运。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
be in/out of luck informal
■to be able/unable to have or do what you want 能够／未能如愿，运气好／差
• "Do you have any tuna sandwiches?" "You're in luck - there's one left." “你们这里有金枪鱼三明治吗？”“你的运气不错——还有一个。”
[lʌk] noun uncountable
be the luck of the draw
■to be the result of chance and something that you have no control over 听天由命，全靠运气
• You can't choose who you play against - it's just the luck of the draw. 你无法选择比赛对手——全靠你的运气了。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
for (good) luck
■to bring good luck 带来好运
• We have a horseshoe hanging on our wall for good luck. 我们在墙上挂了一块马蹄铁，希望能有好运气。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
for luck usually humorous
■used to describe something extra which you take, especially in order to bring you good luck （用于描述额外取用之物，尤指）为了求得好运
• There's two spoonsful of sugar, and one for luck. 有两匙糖，其中一匙是为了求好运。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
more by luck than judgment UK
■by chance and not because of any special skill 运气好而已，碰巧走运
• "You did amazingly well to get the ball in." "Oh, it was more by luck than judgment." “你进的那个球太棒了。”“哦，不过是运气好罢了。”
[lʌk] noun uncountable
no such luck informal
■said after an event or result that would be very good has been suggested, to show disappointment that it cannot or did not happen 没那么走运
• I was rather hoping it would rain today and I wouldn't have to go on the walk, but no such luck. 我特别希望今天能下雨，那样我就不用走路了，不过没有这样的好事。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
with any luck (also with a bit of luck) informal
■used before describing an event or a result that you are hoping for 希望，但愿
• With any luck (= I hope that) we should get to Newcastle by early evening. 但愿我们能在傍晚前到达纽卡素。
[lʌk] noun uncountable
Your luck's in! UK humorous
■something that you say in order to tell someone that you think another person would like a sexual relationship with them 你要走桃花运了！
• He's been looking at you all evening - I think your luck's in, Cath. 他一晚上都在看你——我觉得你要走桃花运了，凯思。
[lʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  luck into sth US informal
■to get something that you want by chance 幸运地获得，碰巧得到
• We lucked into tickets for the World Cup finals. 我们幸运地搞到了世界杯决赛的门票。
[lʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  luck out US informal
■to be very lucky 十分走运
• The Giants really lucked out in last night's game. 巨人队在昨晚的比赛中真走运。
luck, lot, destiny, fortune, doom, fate
这组词都有“命运”的意思，其区别是：
luck: 普通日常用词，指好的或坏的运气，尤多指好运气，有时也指成功或愉快的结局。
lot: 多指偶然的运气或终身遭受的不幸命运。
destiny: 普通用词，侧重预先注定的命运，对未来命运的美好憧憬。
fortune: 普通用词，指由机会或运气来决定的一种命运，如暗示一种比fate好的运气或一种愉快的未来。
doom: 指最终的，常常是灾难性或毁灭性的命运，隐含不可避免的意味。
fate: 较庄严用词，多指不幸的命运，暗示不可避免，令人畏惧和人的意志无法改变，宿命论色彩较浓。
n. 运气；幸运；带来好运的东西
 - fortune, chance, mercy
vi. 靠运气，走运；凑巧碰上
 - have one's day, strike it rich

Word: so-called
Front: so-called
[səʊ kɔ:ld] (四六)
Vocabulary: so-called
(once / 292 pages)
adj
When you say someone is a so-called pacifist, you are suggesting that they are a pacifist in name only. While they are busy making everyone talk about how peaceful they are, chances are they're also bombing villages to dust.
Using the word so-called is a great way to point out systemic hypocrisy and is a much-beloved tool of street preachers and conspiracy cranks the world over. They might talk about our so-called democracy being in fact a sham, and our so-called democratic elections being rigged by forces beyond our control.
WORD FAMILY
so-called
USAGE EXAMPLES
Both species in the new paper are so-called ornithischian dinosaurs, one of the two main groups of dinos based on the shapes of their hips.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Proceeds from a so-called revolutionary tax imposed on wood sales was transferred to his personal accounts, prosecutors allege.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the pillars of Mr. Trump’s campaign was his intention to revive the fortunes of the coal industry through support of so-called clean coal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 所谓的，号称的
分布：所谓的(100%)
a.(贬)所谓的,号称的Palm calmly recalled the so-called caller."手掌"平静地回忆了那个所谓的拜访者.
US [ˌsoʊ'kɑ:ld] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■used to show that you think a word that is used to describe someone or something is not suitable or not correct 所谓的，号称的
• It was one of his so-called friends who supplied him with the drugs that killed him. 是他一个所谓的朋友提供毒品给他，让他因此丧命。
 IMPROVER
■used to introduce a new word or phrase which is not yet known by many people 叫做…的，名叫…的；所谓的
• It isn't yet clear how destructive this so-called 'super virus' is. 目前还不清楚这种名叫“超级病毒”的东西有多大的破坏力。
adj. 所谓的；号称的
 - alleged

Word: constant
Front: constant
[ˈkɒnstənt] (高研四六托雅宝 2386/1915 -K4)
Vocabulary: constant
(once / 63 pages)
adjn
Think of something or someone that does not change as constant. A classmate's constant drumming on the table with his fingers could be a constant source of annoyance.
Constant derives from Latin verb meaning "to stand with," so something constant is continually standing with you and not wavering. You may be thankful for the constant companionship of your dog but not necessarily for your teacher's constant homework assignments. In math and science, a constant is a number that is fixed and known, unlike a variable which changes with the context. That idea crosses over to real life. If a friend is a constant in your life, that means they have always been with you and there for you.
WORD FAMILY
constant: constancy, constantly, constants, inconstant +/ constancy: constancies/ inconstancy: inconstancies/ inconstant: inconstancy, inconstanter, inconstantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Being in constant pain is no way to run a re-election campaign,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It seemed his first duty was keeping a constant smile, even as he battled through what is now his third bout with cancer, Long said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Healthy living is a lifestyle change that requires constant effort.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: adj. 不断的，持续的; 永恒的，始终如一的; 坚定; 忠实的
n. [数]常数，常量; 不变的事物; 永恒值
分布：常数(68%)，不变的(22%)，恒量(6%)，经常的(4%)
→con-, 强调。-st, 站，词源同stand.
不变的;稳定的(con始终+stant→始终站着→不变的)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
a.固定的,持续的,忠实的n.常数,恒量For instance, I can instantly know the constant distance.例如,我可以即刻知道该恒定距离.
【记】con全部，stant站－我们在痛苦的军训过程中站军姿的时候－不变的
【参】constantly（adv 不变地；经常地；坚持不懈地＝frequently）
【反】mercurial（adj 水星的；活泼善变的；水银的）；intermittent（adj 间歇的；断断续续的）
US ['kɑ:nt-] adjective
FREQUENT 频繁的
 IMPROVER
■happening a lot or all the time 经常发生的；连续发生的；连续不断的
• He's in constant trouble with the police. 他与警方麻烦不断。
• machines that are in constant use 经常使用的机器
UK ['kɒnt.stənt] US ['kɑ:nt-] adjective
STAYING SAME 保持不变的
■staying the same, or not getting less or more 恒久不变的；稳定的
• We've kept up a fairly constant speed. 我们保持了比较平稳的速度。
• The fridge keeps food at a constant temperature. 冰箱在恒温下保存食物。
UK ['kɒnt.stənt] US ['kɑ:nt-] adjective
LOYAL 忠实的
■describes a companion or friend who is loyal to you （伴侣或朋友）忠实的，忠贞不渝的，始终如一的
UK ['kɒnt.stənt] US ['kɑ:nt-] noun countable specialized
■a particular number or amount that never changes 常数；常量，恒量
continuous, continual, constant, consistent
continuous: 不断延伸的，连续不断的，强调中间无间断。如：Everything in the universe undergoes continuous development and change.
continual: 频频的，不停的，时断时续，中间可有间歇。如：Continual smoking is bad for health.
constant: 不断的，表示持续和惯常的重现，往往没有变化。如：He attributes his health to his constant exercise.
consistent: 一致的，符合的。如：His action is always consistent with his words.
continuous, constant, continual, incessant
这组词都有“不断的，不停的”的意思，其区别是：
continuous: a.不停的，连续不断的，强调中间不停顿。
 • Our homes and offices need a continuous supply of electricity.   我们的家庭以及办公室需要不间断的供电。
constant: a.不断的，经常的，强调始终如一地经常出现。
 • Everything in the universe is in constant motion.   宇宙中的万物都在不断地运动。
continual: a.连续不断的；频繁的。表示时断时续的发生。
 • That dog's barking is a continual annoyance.   那条狗不停地叫，真是烦死人了。
incessant: a.不停的，持续不断的，强调令人厌烦地重复出现，中间有可能有停顿。
 • Incessant noise makes me appreciate silence.   持续不断的噪声骚扰使我喜欢安静的环境。
loyal, constant, faithful, true
这组词都有“忠实的”的意思，其区别是：
loyal: 一般指对祖国、领袖的忠诚或对事业、原则、誓言的忠实，不动摇。
constant: 侧重指思想状态的稳定或信念的坚定，也指爱情或感情等的忠贞不渝。
faithful: 多指对人对事或对诺言、誓言的始终不渝，侧重在任何情况下都绝不改变。
true: 侧重个人感情上的忠实和不动摇。
constant, continual, consist, frequent
constant: 恒久不变的
continual: 多次重复的，不间断的
consist: 由…组成
frequent: 日常的，频繁的
continuous, constant, continual, persistent, successive
这组词都有“连续的”的意思，其区别是：
continuous: 语意最强，强调在时间和空间上没有间断。
constant: 多指习惯性的重复和不变的持续。
continual: 强调重复或持续发生，但连续之间允许有间断。
persistent: 普通用词，可指不懈的努力，也可指任何连续不断或重复出现的事物。
successive: 强调事物一个接一个地发生，无间断。
adj. 不变的；恒定的；经常的
 - permanent, steady
n. [数] 常数；恒量
 - invariable

Word: race
Front: race
[reɪs] (中高研四六托 716/1107 -K5)
Vocabulary: race
(once / 34 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
Race means to speed or move quickly. A race is a contest to see who is moving the quickest. Race can also mean genetic grouping––if you are reading this, chances are you're a member of the "human race."
After watching an exciting horse race, your heart may be racing, meaning your pulse is moving fast. You may find yourself racing through your day if you have too much to do, or you might race a friend home from school to see which is fastest, walking or taking the bus. On a form that asks you your race, you will often be prompted with racial categories, such as Caucasian, African-American, or Native American.
WORD FAMILY
race: raced, racer, races, racial, racing, racism, racy+/interracial: interracially/racer: racers/ racial: biracial, interracial, multiracial, nonracial, racialism, racially/racialism: racialist/racialist: racialists/racing: racings/ racism: racist / racist: nonracist, racists/racy: racier, raciest, racily, raciness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Barkley shook six defenders to race 79 yards for a touchdown.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At last, it seems, the race to turn CO2 into profit is really on.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
PG: "Yesterday, no. Why today are we in the title race?"
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 赛跑; 人种; 竞争; 民族
v. 参加比赛; 快速移动; 空转
时态：raced, racing, races
分布：赛跑(39%)，种族(23%)，竞赛(23%)，竞争(10%)，人种(4%)，血统(1%)
→1.来自古英语 raes,跑动，跳，来自 Proto-Germanic*res,置换自 ers,移动，运动，词源同 errand.引申词义比赛，竞赛。 2.人种，种族，来自中古法语 razza,种族，世系，家族，可能来自拉丁语 radix,根，词源同 root,radish.
n.赛跑;人种,种族;属,种v.赛跑Lay a layer of clay on the displayed layout before the relay race.接力赛之前在展示的陈设上铺一层黏土.
noun
COMPETITION 比赛
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a competition in which all the competitors try to be the fastest and to finish first 赛跑，速度竞赛
• Do you know who won/lost the race? 你知道比赛谁赢／输了吗？
• Let's have a swimming race. 让我们比一比看谁游得快。
• They're taking part in a race to the top of Ben Nevis. 他们将参加攀登本尼维斯山的比赛。
 ADVANCED countable
■an attempt to be the first to do or to get something 竞争；争夺；抢先
• Kieran and Andrew are in a race for promotion. 基兰和安德鲁为得到升职的机会而展开竞争。
• [+ to infinitive] Three newspapers are involved in a race to publish the story. 三家报纸都争相发表这篇报道。
• Another candidate has now entered the presidential race (= attempted to be elected as president). 另一个候选人现在也加入了竞选总统的行列。
• Finishing this project by December is going to be a race against time/the clock (= an attempt to finish fast within a time limit). 要在12月之前完成这个工程，那就要分秒必争。
races [plural]
■a series of horse races in a particular place on one day 赛马会
• He often has a day at the races. 他经常抽出一天时间去看赛马会。
[reɪs] noun
PEOPLE 一群人
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a group, especially of people, with particular similar physical characteristics, who are considered as belonging to the same type, or the fact of belonging to such a group （尤指）人种，种族
• People of many different races were living side by side. 许多不同种族的人生活在一起。
• Discrimination on grounds of race will not be tolerated. 不能容忍种族歧视。
• An increasing number of people in the country are of mixed race (= with parents of different races). 这个国家人口中混血儿的人数越来越多。
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who share the same language, history, characteristics, etc 民族
• The British are an island race. 英国人是个岛国民族。
[reɪs] noun
play the race card UK disapproving
■to try to win an election by saying unfair things about people from another race 打种族牌（指在竞选中力求获胜而发表带有种族偏见的言论） US disapproving
■to mention someone's race in order to influence the way people think about them 打种族牌（指故意提及某人的种族以影响人们对其的看法）
[reɪs] verb
COMPETITION 比赛
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) compete in a race （使）参加比赛；与…比赛
• He has been racing for over ten years. 他已经有10年多的赛龄了。
• I used to race (against) him when we were boys. 小的时候，我就经常和他赛跑。
• He's racing three of his dogs on Saturday. 星期六他将让他的3只狗参加赛狗。
[reɪs] verb
HURRY 赶紧
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to move or go fast （使）快速移动（或行进；（使）疾走（或疾驰；（使）快速奔跑
• He raced down the street. 他在街上飞奔。
• The ambulance raced (= quickly took) the injured to a nearby hospital. 救护车把伤者迅速送到附近的一间医院。
• The summer seems to have raced by (= passed very quickly). 夏天好像转眼就过去了。
• He raced the car engine (= made it work faster than it needed to) as he sat impatiently at the traffic lights. 等候红绿灯时，他不耐烦地坐在车里，让汽车引擎疯狂地空转。
[reɪs] verb
sb's heart/mind/pulse races
■If your heart/mind/pulse races it works extremely fast because of excitement, drugs, illness, etc （某人）的心脏狂跳不已／脑筋急速转动／脉搏狂跳
• She was hot and sweaty and had a racing heart. 她热得汗流浃背，心怦怦狂跳。
• A glimpse of his bare torso set my pulse racing. 我瞥了一眼他赤裸的躯干，顿时感到血脉贲张。
trot, jog, run, race
这组词都有“跑”的意思，其区别是：
trot: 强调小跑时上下弹跳的动作，是介于跑与走之间轻快的快速运动。
jog: 指从容不迫地慢跑。
run: 最普通用词，指由于各种原因而急速奔跑。
race: 多用于赛跑，指以最快速度奔跑。
race, people, nation
这组词都有“民族，种族”的意思，其区别是：
race: 专指有共同祖先和相同肤色、面部特征等遗传特征以及共同风俗等的人群。
people: 侧重指由有共同文化、社会基础而所形成的人民整体。
nation: 特指居住于同一区域，有共同历史、语言、文化及心理素质等的人类群体。
n. 属，种； [人类] 种族，人种；家庭，门弟
 - family, house, genus

Word: clinic
Front: clinic
[ˈklɪnɪk] (高研六托雅 2388/3298 -3)
Vocabulary: clinic
(once / 617 pages)
1n 2n
A clinic is a doctor's office, particularly one that specializes in one kind of medicine. After you're diagnosed with a broken leg, you may be referred to an orthopedic clinic.
Sometimes the word clinic is used when a medical office isn't a hospital or a private doctor's office. Some clinics help patients who don't need to be hospitalized, or have been released from a hospital, but still need specialized care. Other kinds of clinics provide dental care or immunizations. Clinic is from the Latin clinicus, "physician that visits patients in their beds," with the Greek root klinike, "at the sickbed."
WORD FAMILY
clinic: clinical, clinics+/ clinical: clinically, preclinical, subclinical
USAGE EXAMPLES
A clinic employee invited Mr. Kloski, now 28, to apply for Medicaid.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In a few seconds the results of a heart test are sent to a specialist clinic in the capital.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He teaches and practices at the University of Washington Family Medicine Residency, which is based at the UW Neighborhood Northgate Clinic.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 诊所，门诊部; 特殊病例分析; 临床讲授; 临床实习课
分布：诊所(91%)，门诊部(8%)，科室(1%)
→来自klei,倾斜，词源同lean,incline.原义为躺下，病床，医生上门给病人看病的病床。
n.诊所I perceived that the veil clung on the ceiling of the clinic was deceit.我觉察到粘附在诊所天花板上的幔子是个骗局.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a building, often part of a hospital, to which people can go for medical care or advice relating to a particular condition 诊所；门诊部
• Bring your baby to the clinic and we'll take a look at her. 把你的宝宝带到诊所来，我们帮她检查一下。
• Antenatal clinics provide care for pregnant women. 产前检查诊所为孕妇提供医疗服务。
['klɪn.ɪk] noun countable
hold a clinic
■to be available at a particular place to provide medical care to members of the public 门诊；提供门诊服务
• Dr Clark holds a clinic on Tuesday mornings. 克拉克医生每周二上午门诊。
UK to be available at a particular place to provide advice to members of the public 提供咨询
• Our MP holds a clinic every Friday evening. 我们的议员每周五晚上为公众提供咨询服务。
n. [临床] 临床；诊所
 - ambulatorium

Word: veteran
Front: veteran
[ˈvetərən] (研四六托雅宝 2389/6394 -3)
Vocabulary: veteran
(once / 257 pages)
nadj
Veteran commonly refers to someone who has fought in a war––think Veterans' Day, the Vietnam Veterans' Memorial––but, in fact, the word can mean anyone with experience in a particular field.
Many veterans of World War II went to college afterward, through the G.I. Bill, and pursued professional careers. At the end of those careers, it was not unusual to find among the ranks of veteran teachers or veteran attorneys or veteran doctors men who were also veterans of the war.
WORD FAMILY
veteran: veterans
USAGE EXAMPLES
A fourth-year veteran, Hyde intercepted a pass at the goal line intended for Golden Tate with 1:35 left in the game.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When my husband, a veteran of the Iraq war, strangled me to the point of unconsciousness, I thought I was the only one.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Petraeus and retired astronaut Mark Kelly teamed up this year to launch the gun control advocacy group Veterans Coalition for Common Sense.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 经验丰富的人，老兵; 退伍军人
adj. 有作战经验的; 老兵的; [美国英语]退伍军人的; 老练的，资深的，经验丰富的
分布：老兵(62%)，老手(29%)，老练的(9%)
→来自wet,年，岁月，词源同wether.引申义有经验的，退役的老兵。
老兵[veter=old(老)]
n.老手,老兵The veteran in velvet found that the diameter of the thermometer was one metre.穿天鹅绒的老兵发现温度计的直径为一米.
【记】读：歪特ran＝ren人，身体特别歪的人－老人。
【区】veterinary（n 兽医；adj 医牲畜的），兽医需要经验所以与老人有关。
US ['ve.tˌɚ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who has had a lot of experience of a particular activity 经验丰富的人，老手
• a 20-year veteran of the New York Police Department 在纽约员警署任职20年的老员警
 ADVANCED (US informal vet)
■someone who has been in the armed forces during a war 老兵，退伍军人
• a Vietnam veteran 越战退伍军人
• the surviving veterans of World War II 仍健在的二战老兵
UK ['vet.ər.ən] US ['ve.tˌɚ-] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■having been involved in a particular activity for a long time 资深的，经验丰富的
• She's also a veteran campaigner for human rights. 她还是一位经验丰富的人权活动家。
■UK
■old 古老的
• He collects veteran cars (= cars made before 1905). 他收藏老爷车（1905年前生产的车）。
Compare vintage
n. 老兵；老手；富有经验的人
 - old moustache, warhorse
adj. 老兵的；经验丰富的
 - seasoned

Word: smell
Front: smell
[smel] (中高托 2390/2651 -K3)
Back: n. 嗅觉; 气味; 臭味; 发出臭气的人[东西]
vt. & vi.& link-v. 嗅，闻; 闻出，发觉，查出; 发出…的气味
时态：smelled, smelt, smelling, smells
分布：闻(49%)，气味(32%)，嗅(12%)，嗅觉(5%)，察觉(1%)，有臭味(1%)
→来自中古英语 smellen,闻，嗅，散发气味，来自 Proto-Germanic*smuljana,燃烧，冒烟，来自 smel,燃烧，冒烟，词源同 smolder.引申诸相关词义。
n.气味;嗅觉v.嗅,闻到;散发(...的)气味Spell smell! Very well, the well-being for human being will swell.拼写气味(一词)!很好,人类的福利将会膨胀.
verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
CHARACTERISTIC 特征
 ESSENTIAL intransitive [L only + adj]
■to have a particular quality that others can notice with their noses 有…气味，发出…气味
• My hands smell UKof / USlike onions. 我手上有洋葱味。
• That cake smells good. 那蛋糕闻起来不错。
• There's something in the fridge that smells mouldy. 冰箱里有东西闻起来发霉了。
• Your feet smell (= have an unpleasant smell). Why don't you wash them? 你的脚很臭，为甚么不洗洗呢？
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
DISCOVER 发现
 ADVANCED transitive
■to notice or discover something using the nose 闻出，闻到
• Come and smell these flowers! 过来闻闻这些花！
• Can you smell something burning ? 你闻到烧焦味了吗？
• [+ (that)] Didn't you smell (that) the pie was burning? 你没闻到馅饼烤焦了吗？
• I can smell something nasty in the bottom of the fridge. 我能闻到冰箱底部有甚么东西馊掉了。
transitive informal
■to know about or be conscious of a situation without having to be told about it 嗅到，意识到
• Brenda can smell trouble a mile off (= a long time in advance). 布伦达能很早之前就意识到麻烦。
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
ABILITY 能力
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to have the ability to notice or discover that a substance is present by using your nose 闻，嗅出
• Humans can't smell as well as dogs. 人的嗅觉不如狗灵敏。
• What I hate most about having a cold is not being able to smell. 感冒最让我讨厌的是闻不到气味。
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
come up/out smelling of roses uk (US come up/out smelling like roses)
■to have people believe that you are good and honest after a difficult situation which could have made you seem bad or dishonest 虽卷入…仍保持名誉
• When the results of the fraud investigation were announced last week, the staff came up smelling of roses. 上星期公布的诈骗案调查结果证明员工们是清白的。
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
smell a rat
■to recognize that something is not as it appears to be or that something dishonest is happening 发觉有可疑之处，感到其中有诈
• He's been working late with her every night this week - I smell a rat! 他这周每天晚上总是和她一起工作到很晚——我觉得很可疑！
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
smell blood
■to recognize an opportunity to take advantage of someone who is in a difficult situation 发现有机可乘；意识到可以乘人之危的时机来了
• When she smells blood, you don't get a second chance. 当她意识到机会来临时，你就没有第二次机会了。
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smell somewhere out UK and Australian English (US smell somewhere up)
■to fill a place with a smell, in an unpleasant way （某处）弥漫着难闻的气味
• That aftershave of yours is smelling out the whole house. 整个房子都弥漫着你那个须后水的味道。
[smel] verb (smelled or UK ALSO smelt, smelled or UK ALSO smelt)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smell sth/sb out mainly UK (US usually sniff sth/sb out)
■to discover where something or someone is by smelling 闻出，嗅出
• At customs, dogs are used to smell out drugs in passengers' luggage. 在海关，狗被用来嗅查乘客行李中的毒品。
[smel] noun
CHARACTERISTIC 特征
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the characteristic of something that can be recognized or noticed using the nose 气味
• What's your favourite smell? 你最喜欢甚么气味？
• I love the smell of orange blossoms. 我喜欢柳橙花的芳香。
• The marketplace was filled with delightful smells. 市场上弥漫著令人愉悦的香味。
• There's a delicious smell in here. 这里有一种很香的气味。
• I wish we could get rid of that smell (= bad smell) in the bathroom. 但愿我们能除掉浴室里那种难闻的气味。
the smell of sth literary
■the particular character or feeling that someone or something has 气息
• She's still enjoying the sweet smell (= pleasant experience) of success after her victory in the world championships. 在世界锦标赛获胜后，她仍沉浸在胜利的喜悦之中。
[smel] noun
ABILITY 能力
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the ability to notice or discover that a substance is present by using your nose 嗅觉
• Smell is one of the five senses. 嗅觉是五种感觉官能之一。
• Dogs have a very good sense of smell. 狗的嗅觉很灵敏。
[smel] noun
DISCOVER 发现
only singular mainly UK
■when you put your nose near something and breathe in so that you can discover its characteristics with your nose 闻，嗅
• Have a smell of this perfume. 来闻闻这种香水。
smell, fragrance, incense, perfume, flavour, odour, scent
这组词都有“气味”的意思，其区别是：
smell: 普通用词，与odour很相近，中性词。可指好闻或不好闻或中性气味。
fragrance: 较正式的典雅用词，常指花妆品、花朵和香料等发出的令人感到新鲜、愉快的香味。
incense: 指香燃烧时发出的芳香的烟味。
perfume: 书面用词，指强烈、浓厚天然或人工制造的香气。
flavour: 指影响嗅觉、味觉的香气或香味，多用于指食物等独特的味。
odour: 书面中性词，侧重气味本身的本质，既可指令人愉快的气味，也可指令人作呕难闻气味。
scent: 与smell很接近，但着重某物质或物体所特有的气味，多指好闻的气味。
vi. [生理] 嗅，闻；有…气味
 - snuff at, sniff at
vt. [生理] 嗅，闻；察觉到；发出…的气味
 - nose, snuff at
n. 气味， [生理] 嗅觉；臭味
 - nose, wind, odor

Word: tablespoon
Front: tablespoon
[ˈteɪblspu:n] (2391/13259 -2)
Back: n. 大汤匙，大调羹; 一大汤匙的量
分布：汤匙(96%)，一汤匙容量(4%)
['teɪ.bl.spu:n] (written abbreviation tbsp)
noun countable
■(the amount held by) a large spoon used for measuring or serving food 大餐匙，大汤匙；一大餐匙的量
• 3 tablespoons of sugar 3匙糖
Compare dessertspoon ; teaspoon

Word: capable
Front: capable
[ˈkeɪpəbl] (研四六托 2392/1848 -K3)
Vocabulary: capable
(once / 87 pages)
1adj 2adj
To be capable of something is to be able to do it, like your little brother who is perfectly capable of tying his own shoes, but likes having everyone else do it for him.
When people are capable, they can handle whatever task is at hand, like a capable teacher who can explain difficult concepts and make it fun. You may also have heard that someone "isn't capable" of, say, committing a crime or hurting someone's feelings. In this case, not being capable is a compliment — it means you just won't let yourself do something to violate your own standards for behavior.
WORD FAMILY
capable: capability, capableness, capabler, capablest, capably, incapable +/ capability: capabilities/incapability: incapabilities/ incapable: incapability, incapableness, incapably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Chief among them is a re-entry vehicle capable of withstanding extremes of temperature and vibration.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In his New Year message at the weekend, Mr Kim Jong-un said North Korea was close to testing long-range missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
North Korea just stated that it is in the final stages of developing a nuclear weapon capable of reaching parts of the U.S.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 有能力的; 熟练的; 胜任的
分布：能干的(52%)，有能力的(40%)，有...的可能性(8%)
→来自词根cap, 持，握，抓。词源同accept, capture.
a.有本领的,有能力的;(of)可以...的,能...的Are you capable of chopping down that tree?你能砍下那棵树吗?
adjective
 IMPROVER
■able to do things effectively and skilfully, and to achieve results 有能力的；熟练的；能干的
• She's a very capable woman/worker/judge. 她是个很能干的女人／很熟练的工人／能力很强的法官。
• We need to get an assistant who's capable and efficient. 我们需要一个能力强、效率高的助理。
capable of sth / doing sth
 IMPROVER
■having the ability, power or qualities to be able to do something 有能力做…；能做…
• Only the Democratic Party is capable of running the country. 只有民主党才有能力治理这个国家。
• A force 10 wind is capable of blowing the roofs off houses. 十级的大风能吹走屋顶。
• When she's drunk she's capable of saying (= likely to say) awful, rude things. 她喝醉后会说些难听粗鲁的话。
• I think your plan is capable of being (= could be) improved. 我认为你的计划还可以改进。
Opposite incapable
['keɪ.pə.bl] adjective
in sb's capable hands humorous
■being dealt with by the person mentioned 由（某人）处理
• I'm going away next week, so I'll be leaving everything in your capable hands. 我下周要离开，所以我要把一切交给你处理。
['keɪ.pə.bl] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  capable Don't say 'capable to do something', say capable of doing something :
✗ The new receptionist must be capable to deal with customers. The new receptionist must be capable of dealing with customers.
competent, able, capable
competent: 指“胜任”，“合格”，或受过专业技术等训练的，但不是超群的能力。如：A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. (医生应该能治多种病。)
able: 为常用词，指具有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知识与时间等，一般下效率无关，用作定语表示能力超出平均水平。如：A cat is able to see in the dark. (猫在黑暗中能看见东西。)
capable: 指满足一般要求的能力，可以是表现出来的，也可是潜在的，搭配是be capable of +doing。用作定语，表示的能力没有able表示的能力强。如：He is capable of running a mile in a minute. (他能在一分钟内跑完一英里。)He is a very capable doctor. (他是一位很好的大夫。)
adj. 能干的，能胜任的；有才华的
 - able, competent

Word: nervous
Front: nervous
[ˈnɜ:vəs] (中高研四六托雅 2393/2632 -K3)
Vocabulary: nervous
(once / 124 pages)
1adj 2adj
You know that queasy, uneasy feeling you get before a test? That's a nervous feeling. Everyone gets nervous sometimes.
Being nervous is a major part of life that everyone has to deal with at times. Some people are more nervous than others, but we all get nervous about certain things — for example, having to perform in front of a crowd makes most people nervous. Getting interviewed for a job is a nervous experience. When the stock market keeps going up or down, you could say it's a nervous stock market. Nervous also applies to the body's nervous system, which includes your brain, spinal cord, and the nerves throughout your body. If you think you injured your nervous system, that's a good reason to be nervous.
WORD FAMILY
nervous: nervouser, nervously, nervousness+/ nerve: nerved, nerveless, nerves, nerving, nervous, nervy, unnerve/nerveless: nervelessly, nervelessness/nervousness: nervousnesses/ nervy: nervier, nerviest, nervily/unnerve: unnerved, unnerves, unnerving / unnerving: unnervingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
First-time parents are often nervous about exposing their baby to the world.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Driving away from the scene, the men say little about the ordeal aside from nervous small talk.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
The Boston Globe called “Beginners” “the passive work of a man nervous to touch the third rail of his parents’ discontent.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 焦虑的; 紧张不安的; 神经质的
分布：焦虑的(67%)，易兴奋的(33%)
→来自nerve,神经，神经质。引申词义紧张的。
a.神经的;神经过敏的,紧张不安的The desert deserves the nervous servants to observe.那个沙漠值得神经紧张的公务员们去观察.
US ['nɝ:-] adjective
WORRIED 担心的
 ESSENTIAL
■worried and anxious 担心的；紧张不安的
• Do you feel/get nervous during exams? 考试时，你感到紧张吗？
• I was too nervous to speak. 我紧张得说不出话来。
• She's always been nervous around dogs. 她一直很怕狗。
• I was very nervous about driving again after the accident. 那次事故之后，我很怕再开车。
• He had/was of a nervous disposition. 他是个神经质的人。
  Common Learner Errors  nervousWarning: check the meaning! To talk about someone often becoming annoyed, don't say 'nervous', say irritable or bad-tempered :
✗ The noise of the traffic makes him tired and nervous. The noise of the traffic makes him tired and irritable.
UK ['nɜ:.vəs] US ['nɝ:-] adjective
BODY 身体
■relating to the nerves 神经的；神经系统的
• He suffers from a nervous disorder. 他患有神经紊乱症。
uneasy, impatient, nervous, restless
这组词都有“焦躁的，紧张的”的意思，其区别是：
uneasy: 通常指因焦虑、疑惑或危险而产生的不安。
impatient: 指在心情或情绪上不能克制某种刺激或不适，或缺乏某种容忍与谅解而表现出焦急不安。
nervous: 普通用词，常指内心的紧张心态或生来就容易激动的性格。
restless: 多指经常的、毫无目的行动或活动，也常指思想上的焦躁不安。
adj. [解剖] 神经的；紧张不安的；强健有力的
 - neural, jittery

Word: tourist
Front: tourist
[ˈtʊərɪst] (中高雅 2394/2425 -K3)
Vocabulary: tourist
(once / 440 pages)
n
Someone who visits a city, town, or historic site just for the pleasure of exploring it can be described as a tourist.
When you travel for fun, you're a tourist. Some local inhabitants of vacation destinations might have a negative image of obnoxious, camera-toting tourists, but really they're just travelers who are curious about different parts of the world. Beaches, amusement parks, castles, and big cities are all places you're likely to run into tourists. The term "tourist trap," or a place that exists only to take tourists' money, was first used in 1939 by the novelist Graham Greene.
WORD FAMILY
tourist: tourists, touristy+/ tour: toured, tourer, touring, tourism /tourer: tourers/ tourism: tourist
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tens of thousands of people visit annually, including tourists from the United States.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
According to the Post, signs warned visitors about the crocodiles and tourists were told to keep to the nature trail.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They were just tourists, married for five months, and they wanted to find the perfect place to spend New Year’s Eve,” said Deek.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 旅行者，观光客; 〈美〉冬季到南部做工的流动工人
分布：旅游者(70%)，观光的(14%)，二等舱(12%)，乘坐二等舱的(4%)
→tour,旅游，观光，-ist,人。
旅游者(tour+ist)[tour,torn,tourn=turn,表示"转,环绕"]
n.旅游者,观光客;巡回比赛的运动员Of course the man's courage encouraged the discouraged tourists in the courtyard.自然那个勇敢男子的勇气鼓舞了院子里泄气的游客们.
US ['tʊr.ɪst] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who visits a place for pleasure and interest, usually while they are on holiday 旅游者，游客
• Millions of tourists visit Rome every year. 每年有数百万游客来到罗马。
• Hordes (= very large groups) of tourists flock to the Mediterranean each year. 每年都有潮水般的游客涌向地中海。
• Disneyworld is one of Florida's major tourist attractions. 迪士尼乐园是佛罗里达州的主要旅游景点之一。
• The island is very busy during the tourist season. 这个岛在旅游旺季很繁忙。
■UK
■a member of a sports team who is travelling from place to place in a foreign country, playing games 巡回比赛运动队队员
• The West Indies easily defeated the tourists. 西印度群岛队轻而易举地打败了前来打巡回比赛的对手。
n. 旅行者，观光客
 - traveler, farer
vi. 旅游；观光
 - take a trip, look round sth

Word: light
Front: light
[laɪt] (中高雅 464/529 -K3)
Vocabulary: light
(once / 16 pages)
1nadjv 2adjadv 3vn 4v 5adj
It's pitch black in your room so you switch on the lamp, and your room is filled with light. Light is a source of illumination, whether a natural one (like the sun) or an artificial one (like your lamp).
Like light itself, the word can take a lot of different forms — it can be a noun, an adjective, or a verb, and it can mean "bright" or "not heavy". No matter how you define it, though, the word comes from the Old English word leoht.
WORD FAMILY
light: light-colored, lighted, lighten, lighter, lightest, lighting, lightless, lightly, lightness, lights, lightsome +/ enlighten: enlightened, enlightening, enlightenment, enlightens/ enlightened: enlightenedest, enlightenedly, unenlightened/enlightening: enlighteningly, unenlightening/ enlightenment: enlightenments, unenlightenment/lighted: unlighted/ lighten: enlighten, lightened, lightening, lightens/lightening: lightenings/lighter: lighterage, lightered, lightering, lighters/lighting: lightings/lightless: lightlessness/lightness: lightnesses/ lightsome: lightsomely, lightsomeness, lightsomer, lightsomest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Phototherapy, which uses ultraviolet light to tame inflammation, is an option, too.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The bright fluorescent ceiling lights seem to burn into me.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
This timely novel captures every character in the worst light, and the grudge matches among Brooklyn’s liberal parentocracy are nastier than any playground brawl.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 光; 发光体; 电灯; 点火器
adj. 轻的; 明亮的; 浅色的; 少量的
v. 点燃; 照亮; 用光指引
adv. 轻地，轻装地
时态：lit, lighting, lights
分布：光(53%)，灯(23%)，光线(6%)，点燃(5%)，照亮(5%)，轻的(2%)，浅色(2%)，明亮的(1%)，清淡的(1%)，浅色的(1%)，轻松的(1%)
→来自leuk,发光，明亮，词源同lumen,lucid.light 轻的
n.光;灯v.点燃;照亮a.轻(快);淡;明亮The dazzling light from the digital device dizzied me.来自数字化的设备的耀眼的光使我头昏.
noun
BRIGHTNESS 光亮
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the brightness that comes from the sun, fire, etc. and from electrical devices, and that allows things to be seen 光，光亮，光线
• a bright light 明亮的光线
• fluorescent/ultraviolet light 萤光／紫外光
• a beam/ray of light 一道／束光线
• Light was streaming in through the open door. 光线从敞开的门口倾泻进来。
• It's a north-facing room so it doesn't get much light (= brightness from the sun). 房间朝北，所以光线有些不足。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a piece of equipment which produces light, such as a lamp or a light bulb 发光体；灯，电灯
• Could you switch/turn the light on/off , please? 请把灯打开／关上好吗？
• She could see the city lights in the distance. 她能够看到远处城市的灯光。
• As the lights went down, the audience grew quiet. 灯熄灭后，观众们开始安静下来。
• My front bike light isn't working. 我的自行车前灯不亮了。
[laɪt] noun
FLAME 火焰
a light
 ADVANCED
■something which will produce a flame and cause burning, such as a match or a cigarette lighter 打火机，点火器
• Have you got a light, please? 请问你有打火机吗？
set light to sth UK
■to cause something to start burning 点燃
• The lamp caught fire and set light to the curtains. 灯起火了，烧着了窗帘。
[laɪt] noun
cast/shed/throw light on sth
■Something or someone that casts/sheds/throws light on a situation provides an explanation for it or information which makes it easier to understand 为…提供解释；使…较容易理解
• As an economist, he was able to shed some light on the problem. 作为经济学家，他能解释清楚这个问题。
[laɪt] noun
come to light (also bring sth to light)
■If facts come to light or are brought to light, they become known （真相）为人所知，被披露
• Fresh evidence has recently come to light which suggests that he didn't in fact commit the murder. 新近发现的证据表明那宗凶杀案并不是他干的。
[laɪt] noun
go out like a light informal
■to go to sleep very quickly or to become unconscious very quickly 立即入睡；马上失去知觉
[laɪt] noun
in the light of sth (US usually in light of)
■because of 因为，鉴于
• In the light of recent incidents, we are asking our customers to take particular care of their personal belongings. 鉴于最近发生的几宗事件，我们提醒顾客要特别注意看好自己的个人物品。
[laɪt] noun
light at the end of the tunnel
■signs of improvement in a situation which has been bad for a long time, or signs that a long and difficult piece of work is almost finished 隧道尽头的亮光，曙光（指局势出现好转或艰巨任务即将完成的迹象）
• As the exams approached, she felt that at last she could see the light at the end of the tunnel. 随着考试的临近，她觉得自己终于快要熬出头了。
[laɪt] noun
the light of your life humorous
■the person you love most 最爱的人；心肝宝贝
[laɪt] noun
show someone in a bad light
■to make someone seem to be a bad person 丑化（某人）
• He was concerned that the film had shown him in a bad light. 他担心那出电影丑化了他的形象。
[laɪt] adjective
NOT HEAVY 不重的
 ESSENTIAL
■not heavy 轻的；轻便的
• Here, take this bag - it's quite light. 给你，拿着这个袋子——很轻的。
• He's a few pounds lighter than he used to be. 他的体重比以前轻了几磅。
• How do you get your cakes so wonderfully light, Felicity? 费莉西蒂，你是怎样把蛋糕做得这么松软的？
• He has a very light (= gentle) touch , which is what is required in massage. 正如按摩所要求的那样，他的手法很轻。
• She's very light on her feet (= she moves gracefully). 她走起路来步态轻盈。
 ADVANCED
■describes clothes that are made of thin material which allows you to be cool （服装质料）凉爽的，轻薄的
• a light summer dress 凉爽的连衣裙
[laɪt] adjective
BRIGHT 光亮
 ESSENTIAL
■lit by the natural light of the day 亮的，光亮的，明亮的
• The big windows make the room feel wonderfully light and airy. 大窗户使房间显得特别明亮、通透。
• It gets light very early these summer mornings. 在这样的夏日里天亮得很早。
• Summer is coming and the evenings are getting lighter (= getting dark later). 夏天快到了，天黑得越来越晚了。
[laɪt] adjective
PALE 淡的
 IMPROVER
■(of colours) pale （颜色）淡的，浅的
• light blue/green 浅蓝色／绿色
Opposite dark
[laɪt] adjective
NOT SERIOUS 不严肃的
 ADVANCED
■entertaining and easily understood, but not serious and not intended to make you think 轻松的，愉快的
• I want some light reading for the summer holidays - a romance or something. 暑假里我想读点轻松的东西——比如言情小说之类的。
• A lively argument between the two main speakers provided a bit of light relief (= something enjoyable or amusing) in an otherwise dull conference. 两位主要发言者间热烈的争论是一种令人愉悦轻松的调剂。没有这场争论的话，会议简直就枯燥乏味。
make light of sth
■to behave as if a situation, especially a problem, is not serious or important 轻视，忽视（尤指问题）
• It is easy to make light of other people's problems. 忽视他人的问题很容易。
[laɪt] adjective
NOT MUCH 不多
 ADVANCED
■not great in strength or amount 弱小的；少量的
• A light wind was blowing. 外面有微风。
• The traffic was quite light so we got through London quickly. 路上车不多，所以我们很快就穿过了伦敦。
• It's only light rain - you don't need an umbrella. 只是下了点小雨——你不必拿雨伞。
light eater/drinker/smoker
■someone who eats/drinks/smokes only a little 饭量／酒量／烟瘾小的人
light sleeper
■someone who is easily woken up by noise, etc. 易醒／睡觉轻的人
[laɪt] adjective
MEAL/DRINK 食物或饮料
 ADVANCED
■A light meal is small and easy to digest （食物）少量的，简便的，清淡的
• I don't eat much for lunch - just a light snack. 我午饭吃得不多——只吃一点小吃。
■describes alcoholic drinks that are not strong in flavour 酒精饮料度数低的，低度的
• It's described on the label as 'light, fruity wine'. 标签上写著「浓郁醇香的低度葡萄酒”。
[laɪt] adjective
NOT SEVERE 不严重的
■needing only a very small amount of effort 轻微的，轻松的，容易的
• light exercise, such as walking 散步之类轻微的运动
• a bit of light housework 一点家务工作
■A light sentence in prison is a short one （量刑）轻的
• He got off with a fairly light sentence because it was his first conviction. 因为是初犯，他得以轻判。
make light work of sth/doing sth
■to do something quickly and easily 轻而易举地做某事
• Heather made light work of painting the walls. 希瑟轻而易举地刷完了墙。
• You made light work of that chocolate cake (= you ate it quickly) ! 你三两下就把巧克力蛋糕吃光了，你吃得太快了！
[laɪt] adjective
(as) light as a feather
■very light 轻如羽毛的，极轻的
[laɪt] verb (lit or lighted, lit or lighted)
START FLAMES 点火
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to start to burn or to make something start to burn 点燃，点火
• to light a fire 点火
• I can't get the cooker to light. 我无法点燃煤气炉。
• He lit his fifth cigarette in half an hour. 不到半个小时，他已经开始点第五支烟了。
[laɪt] verb (lit or lighted, lit or lighted)
MAKE BRIGHT 使光明
 ADVANCED transitive
■to produce light which makes an object or area bright or easy to see 照亮，点亮；为…照明
• The stage had been lit with candles. 蜡烛照亮了舞台。
• Fireworks lit up the sky (= made the sky bright). 焰火点亮了天空。
[laɪt] verb (lit or lighted, lit or lighted)
  Phrasal Verbs  light on/upon sth formal
■to find or think of something unexpectedly 突然发现，突然想起
• We lighted upon the solution entirely by accident. 我们想起这个办法实属偶然。
[laɪt] verb (lit or lighted, lit or lighted)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] light (sth) up
EXPRESSION
■If your face or eyes light up, or if a smile lights up your face, you suddenly look happy 使高兴起来，（使）显出笑意
• Rosie's whole face lit up with excitement when she saw the presents. 看到礼物的时候，罗茜满脸兴奋。
CIGARETTE
■to light a cigarette 点烟；点着（烟）
• I was lighting up when I noticed a 'no smoking' sign. 我点烟的时候才发现有一个“禁止吸烟”的牌子。
ignite, light, fire, kindle
这组词都有“点燃、着火”的意思，其区别是：
ignite: 多用于科技文体，指使某物受热直到燃烧或发光，也可指用火花使易燃物迅速燃烧起来。
light: 普通用词，指点燃易燃物，使其能发光，满足各种需要。
fire: 普通用词，指将某物点燃使其燃烧起来，火势可大可小。
kindle: 指艰难或缓慢地把可燃料点燃，可用于比喻。
lamp, light
这组词都有“灯”的意思，其区别是：
lamp: 通常指以油、气或电为能源的照明设备，一般有罩。
light: 普通用词，含义广泛。泛指一切供照明的灯，多指电灯。
flash, glare, blaze, glow, flare, light, twinkle, glitter, flame
这组词都有“火焰、烈火、光”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出而随即消失的闪光。
glare: 指眩目的光。
blaze: 指猛烈燃烧所发生强烈的光。
glow: 指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。
flare: 指摇曳的火焰。
light: 普通用词，指日、月、星或灯等的光。
twinkle: 指如星光等的闪烁。
glitter: 指连续发出闪烁不定的光。
flame: 指一条或多条火舌，多用复数形式，指由许多火舌构成的大火。
n. [光] 光，光亮； [电] 灯
 - lamp, lucency
adj. 轻的；光亮的；容易的
 - easy, shining
vi. 点着；变亮；著火
 - brighten
vt. 照亮；点燃；着火
 - lamp, lumine

Word: toss
Front: toss
[tɒs] (研四六雅宝 2396/4799 -2)
Vocabulary: toss
(once / 197 pages)
vn
When you lightly throw something, you toss it. You might toss your lifejacket and backpack into a canoe before climbing in with the paddles.
You can toss a baseball to your friend in the backyard, or toss your trash in a wastebasket when you're finished with lunch. You can also toss a coin or toss a salad. Another way to toss is to move back and forth — or thrash — like an insomniac in bed or a boat on a stormy ocean.
WORD FAMILY
toss: tossed, tosser, tosses, tossing+/tosser: tossers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Proposals to limit early voting times and locations, following a federal judge’s tossing of a state law that did just that, are also expected.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On the next play, Booker T.’s quarterback, who last year suffered a concussion that left him foaming at the mouth, tossed an interception.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Washington won the coin toss and chose to receive the opening kick.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （轻轻或漫不经心地）扔; （使）摇荡; 摇匀; （为…）掷硬币决定
n. 掷硬币决定; 向上甩头; 猛仰头（尤指表示恼怒或不耐烦）; （尤指比赛或游戏中）投掷
时态：tossed, tossing, tosses
分布：投掷(41%)，辗转(36%)，摇荡(19%)，震荡(4%)
→词源不详。
v.向上掷/扔;摇摆,颠簸n.投,扔;摇动The gossip tossed the mossy blossom fossil.爱讲闲话者向上抛长满苔藓的花化石.
【记】美语发音：他死－因为被漫不经心地扔了。
US [tɑ:s] verb
THROW 抛
 ADVANCED transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to throw something carelessly （随意地）扔，掷，抛
• He glanced at the letter and then tossed it into the bin. 他扫了一眼信就把它丢进了垃圾箱。
• The bull tossed him up into the air. 公牛把他顶到了半空中。
• [+ two objects] Andrew tossed him the ball. 安德鲁将球抛给他。
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
FOOD 食物
transitive
■When you toss food you shake or mix small pieces of it together with a sauce or dressing 摇匀，搅拌（食物）
• a tossed salad 拌沙拉
• carrots tossed in butter 奶油拌胡萝卜
toss a pancake UK
■to quickly and suddenly lift the pan in which a pancake (= thin, flat round cake) is cooking so that the pancake goes up into the air and turns over before falling back into the pan 把煎饼颠起翻面
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
MOVE 移动
transitive
■If you toss your hair or a part of your body you move it up and back suddenly 向后甩（头发或身体部位）
• She tossed her head in annoyance. 她生气地将头向后一甩。
• She tossed back her hair. 她向后甩了甩头发。
toss and turn intransitive
■to move about from side to side or turn a lot in bed, especially because you cannot sleep （尤指因无法入睡而）翻来覆去，辗转反侧
• I was tossing and turning all night. 我整晚辗转反侧，无法入睡。
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
COIN 硬币
intransitive or transitive (also toss sb for sth) (also toss up)
■to throw a coin up into the air and guess which side will land facing up, as a way of making a decision 掷硬币决定
• Let's toss a coin /Let's toss up to see who'll go first. 我们掷硬币来决定谁先去吧。
• "I'll toss you for it - heads or tails?" “我和你掷硬币来决定——你要正面还是反面？”
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] toss sth about/around informal
■If you toss ideas, suggestions or phrases about, you mention them and discuss them with other people. 抛出，提出（想法、建议或说法）
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] toss sth aside literary
■to throw away or get rid of something 丢弃，抛弃
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] toss sth away informal
■to spend or lose something carelessly 随随便便地花掉（或丢掉）
• That much money is not to be tossed away lightly. 那么多钱，不应该随随便便地花掉。
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] toss sth off informal
■to do something quickly, especially in a careless way or with little effort （尤指粗枝大叶或轻而易举地）快速做
• She tossed off a reply to the letter before she left for the meeting. 她去开会之前草草回了这封信。
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  toss (sb) off UK offensive
■to give someone sexual pleasure by rubbing their sex organs, or to do this to yourself （替某人）手淫，自慰
• [R] Is that your idea of a sex-life - tossing off over porn mags? 那就是你所谓的性生活——看成人杂志自慰？
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] noun
MOVEMENT 动作
countable usually singular
■a sudden quick movement 掷；甩
• "I don't care," she replied with a toss of her head. “我不在乎，”她甩了甩头回答道。
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] noun
THROW 掷
a toss of a coin
■when you throw a coin in the air and guess which side will land facing upward as a way of deciding something 掷硬币决定
win/lose the toss
■to guess correctly/wrongly which side of a coin will be facing up when it lands on the ground after being thrown 在掷硬币中猜对了／猜错了
countable
■when you throw something in a careless or relaxed way 漫不经心地（或不小心地）投掷
UK [tɒs] US [tɑ:s] noun
not give/care a toss UK very informal
■to not be worried at all by something 毫不介意；一点也不担心
• I don't give a toss what he thinks. 我根本不在乎他的想法。
fling, throw, cast, heave, toss, hurl, pitch
这组词都有“抛、投、掷”的意思，其区别是：
fling: 指用力投掷，或因感情激动而粗暴地或漫无目的地扔东西。
throw: 普通用词，使用广泛，仅指用力抛掷，不涉及动作方式或感情色彩。
cast: 常可与throw互换，指迅速扔出一个重量较轻的物体。
heave: 指把重物举起后扔出。
toss: 指无什么目的地、轻轻地、随意地掷或扔，所扔掷的东西一般都比较轻。
hurl: 通常指用力投掷，动作迅猛，所投掷的距离也较远。
pitch: 指随意地、轻轻地掷或扔，侧重方向性和有明确的目标。
n. 投掷；摇荡；投掷的距离；掷币赌胜负
 - putting, cast, throw
vt. 投掷；使…不安；突然抬起；使…上下摇动；与…掷币打赌
 - wap
vi. 辗转；被乱扔；颠簸；掷钱币决定某事
 - wallow

Word: crucial
Front: crucial
[ˈkru:ʃl] (研四六托雅宝 2397/2013 -K3)
Vocabulary: crucial
(once / 713 pages)
adj
The word crucial describes something that is important or essential to success, like the crucial dress rehearsals that ensure everything will run smoothly on your play's opening night.
Usage experts insist that the word crucial should be used only to describe something that is truly critical for solving a problem or for resolving a situation, such as a crucial vote that determines a final outcome. In this case the crucial vote is decisive: it determines the outcome. But the word has gained popularity as a way to say that something is important. You might hear someone say, for example, that it is crucial to allow employees to vote on the new schedule to make them feel like they’re part of the process. In this case the sense is “important”: nothing decisive is taking place.
WORD FAMILY
crucial: cruciality, crucially, noncrucial
USAGE EXAMPLES
Attention to detail is crucial because the cuts aren’t erasable.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Even so, both parties concurred on one point: American support for Israel was crucial for advancing the cause of peace.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
These complex processes may pass unnoticed by the driver, but their uninterrupted functioning is crucial.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 关键性的，极其显要的; 决定性的; 十字形的
分布：关键的(65%)，决定性的(35%)
→来自cross，十字，分叉口，引申义关键的。
关键的;十字行的(cruc+ial→十字路口→关键的)[cruc,crus,crux=cross,表示"十字形,交叉"]
a.至关重要的,决定性的This measure may preclude the exclusive agency from selling crucial crude oil.这个措施可以使专有的代理不能出售决定性的原油.
【记】cruc＝cross（十字）－十字路口－关键的
【反】inconsequential（adj 无关紧要的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■extremely important or necessary 至关重要的；关键的；决定性的
• a crucial decision/question 至关重要的决定／问题
• Her work has been crucial to the project's success. 她的工作对于这个专案的成功至关重要。
• [+ that] It is crucial that the problem is tackled immediately. 关键是要马上着手处理这一问题。
critical, crucial, urgent, acute
这组词都有“严重的，重要的”的意思，其区别是：
critical: a.意为"关键的"，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。
 • 与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指"批判性的，分析性的"。
 • It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.   为了考好你必须用功学习，则你会不及格的。
crucial: a.意为"决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的"，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。
 • Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.   消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。
urgent: a.意为"紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的"，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调"紧急的"状态。
 • We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.   我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。
acute: a.剧烈的，严重的；急性的(病)。
 • An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.   食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。
adj. 重要的；决定性的；定局的；决断的
 - important, considerable, material, critical, big

Word: bury
Front: bury
[ˈberi] (高研四 2398/2650 -K3)
Vocabulary: bury
(once / 82 pages)
v
When you dig a hole in the ground, put an object in the hole, and cover it up with dirt, you bury it. Your dog might prefer spending the majority of his time digging holes to bury his toy collection.
You can bury something to hide it, or it can be part of a funeral ritual to bury a person who's died. You could also predict that the coming snow will bury the city, or you might bury your face in your hands if you were feeling dejected. The root of bury is the Proto-Indo-European word bhergh, "to protect or preserve." If you bury your money in the yard, maybe you're trying to protect it from thieves.
WORD FAMILY
bury: burial, buried, buries, burying, rebury +/ burial: burials/buried: buriedest, unburied/burying: buryings, reburying/ rebury: reburial, reburied, reburies
USAGE EXAMPLES
College scout teams consist of scholarship players who are buried on the depth chart and walk-ons who volunteer to be tackling dummies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, I buried it, pretended that it did not exist.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Quinton Adlesh buried a 3 from the wing to put Columbia up by 20 points with 11:16 left and the Lions never looked back.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 埋葬，葬; 为…举行葬礼; 隐藏，埋藏，遮盖，掩蔽; 专心致志于，埋头于，沉溺于
n. 布里
时态：buried, burying, buries
分布：埋葬(94%)，抛弃(3%)，专心致志(2%)，隐匿(1%)
→来自PIE *bhergh, 保护，埋藏。词源同harbor, 港口。
v.埋(葬),安葬;埋藏,遮盖They returned in turn to bury the luxuries burnt in the burst.他们依次返回来埋藏在爆炸中烧毁的奢侈品.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to put a dead body into the ground, or to put something into a hole in the ground and cover it 埋；埋葬，安葬
• His father is buried in the cemetery on the hill. 他的父亲葬在山上的墓地里。
• The dog trotted off to bury its bone. 那只狗颠儿颠儿地跑到一边去埋它的骨头。
• buried treasure 埋藏的财宝
⇒ See also burial usually passive
■to cover something or someone completely with a large quantity of something 掩埋，埋藏
• If an avalanche strikes, skiers can be buried alive by snow. 如果发生雪崩，滑雪者可能会被雪活埋。
■to put something in a place where it is difficult or impossible to find or see 埋藏，隐藏
• I found the article buried (away) in the business section of the newspaper. 我在报纸的商务版找到了这篇文章。
• She buried her face in her hands and began to sob. 她双手掩面开始啜泣。
■to intentionally forget an unpleasant experience 埋藏，忘却（不快的经历）
• He'd had to bury his pain over the years. 多年来他不得不将痛苦埋在心底。
■old-fashioned
■If someone says they buried someone, usually a close relation, they mean that the person died 失去（亲人）
• She buried both her parents last year. 去年她的父母都过世了。
['ber.i] verb transitive
bury the hatchet
■to stop an argument and become friends again 言归于好
• Can't you two just bury the hatchet? 你们俩难道就不能言归于好吗？
vt. 埋葬；隐藏
 - lock, pocket

Word: pray
Front: pray
[preɪ] (高研四六 2399/3042 -2)
Vocabulary: pray
(once / 34 pages)
v
To pray is to talk to a deity or god. Some people pray by asking for help or guidance.
Most religious believers pray in one way or another — some pray out loud, thanking God for the things they have. Others pray silently when they're afraid or worried, or in a group of worshipers at a church or temple. You can also pray in a non-religious way, by begging for something: "I pray you'll really listen to my explanation." Pray comes from the Old French preier, "to pray," with its Latin root word, precari, "ask earnestly, beg, or entreat."
WORD FAMILY
pray: prayed, prayer, praying, prays+/ prayer: prayerful, prayers/prayerful: prayerfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
When Graf met Dr. Wrangle for the first time more than a year and a half ago, she asked him if he prayed.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
So what she does here, she says, is “aim at the middle and pray.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think the next step is Anne and I need to pray about it,” Reeves said, referring to his wife of 25 years.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 祈祷，祷告; 请求，恳求; 央求
vi. 祈祷; 请; 恳求
时态：prayed, praying, prays
分布：祈祷(73%)，祈求(19%)，恳求(4%)，请求(4%)
→来自古法语preier,祈祷，祈求，来自拉丁语precari,乞求，要求，恳求，来自prek,要求，恳求，词源同precarious,deprecate,postulate.
v.请求,恳求;祈祷,祈求The X-rayed prayer preyed a gray tray.照过X光的祈祷者捕获了一个灰色盘子.
verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to speak to a god either privately or in a religious ceremony in order to express love, admiration or thanks or in order to ask for something 祷告，祈祷
• She knelt and prayed silently. 她跪下默默祈祷。
• Let us pray for the victims of this terrible disaster. 让我们为这次可怕灾难的受害者祈祷吧。
• [+ that] We've been praying to God that your son will make a complete recovery. 我们一直在祈祷上帝让你的儿子完全康复。
• formal You must pray (= ask for) God's forgiveness for what you have done. 你必须祈求上帝宽恕你的所作所为。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to hope for something very much 强烈地希望；祈望，祈求
• We're praying for good weather for tomorrow's cricket match. 我们祈祷明天的板球比赛有个好天气。
[preɪ] adverb old use or formal
■a forceful way of saying 'please' 请
• Pray tell your sister that I long to see her. 请告诉你姐姐我想见她。
• And where have you been, pray tell ? 请告诉我你去哪了？
beg, implore, request, pray, require, claim, entreat, ask, demand
这组词都有“要求，请求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 指恳切地或再三地请求或要求，常含低三下四意味，也多用于应酬场合。
implore: 书面用词，着重指迫切、焦急或痛苦地恳求或哀求，常含较强的感情色彩。
request: 正式用词，指非常正式，有礼貌的请求或恳求，多含担心因种种原因对方不能答应的意味。
pray: 语气庄重，指热情、诚恳和敬祈的要求，现不很常用。
require: 强调根据事业、需要或纪律、法律等而提出的要求。
claim: 指有权或宣称有权得到而公开提出的要求。
entreat: 泛指一般“恳求或哀求”，含企图说服对方或用热烈的请求软化反对意见的意味。
ask: 最普通用词，指向对方提出要求或请求，长、晚辈，上下级之间都可使用。
demand: 一般指理直气壮地提出强烈要求，或坚持不让对方拒绝的要求。
beg, plead, petition, appeal, pray, entreat
这组词都有“请求，恳求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 比plead通俗，不用于法律范畴，指低声下气地请求，有时含贬义，指某人喋喋不休地要求得到帮助。
plead: 指谦卑而又不失尊严地请求，侧重迫切感。
petition: 指正式而热切地请愿或祈求。
appeal: 常指以道义原则为基础或以法律为依据的请求。
pray: 指祈求，多用于宗教用语中。
entreat: 意义与beg的大致相同，但较文雅。
vt. 祈祷；恳求；央求
 - beseech, obsecrate
vi. 祈祷；请；恳求
 - cry on, appeal to sb for sth

Word: tomato
Front: tomato
[təˈmɑ:təʊ] (中高研四六托 2400/4402 -K2)
Vocabulary: tomato
(once / 825 pages)
n
Although usually called a vegetable and eaten as such, the tomato is actually a fruit that can be eaten raw or cooked. It might be red or yellow in various sizes, and comes in shapes from round to pear-shaped.
Since the tomato is native to South America, it makes sense that its name is based in the Spanish tomate, and can be traced to the Aztecs, whose language, Nahuatl, contained the word tomatl, or "the swelling fruit." In 1519, Cortez brought tomato seeds to Spain, where the plant was grown as an ornament but not for eating. The French called them pommes d'amour, or “love apples,” and in 1929 the word became American slang for a pretty girl.
WORD FAMILY
tomato: tomatoes, tomatos
USAGE EXAMPLES
Professor Kamoun experimented with editing the genes of a tomato plant so that it would no longer be susceptible to a particular disease.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Remove and discard the rosemary and thyme sprigs from the tomato mixture, then spoon it over the cooked chard.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Once the meat is browned, stir in the tomato paste over medium heat.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 番茄，西红柿; [俚语] 美女
分布：西红柿(75%)，蕃茄(25%)
→来自古班牙语 tomate,来自南美土著语 tomatl,西红柿，拼写受 potato 影响俗化。
n.西红柿Put the spotless potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco atoms into the hot pot.把无斑点的土豆,番茄和烟草微粒放进热锅里.
US [-'meɪ.tˌoʊ] (plural tomatoes)
noun countable or uncountable IMPROVER
■a round red sharp-tasting fruit with a lot of seeds which is eaten cooked or raw as a savoury food 番茄，西红柿
n. [园艺] 番茄，西红柿
 - tamarillo

Word: exception
Front: exception
[ɪkˈsepʃn] (研四六托雅 2401/2045 -K3)
Vocabulary: exception
(once / 111 pages)
n
An exception is something that is left out or not done on purpose. An exception to a rule does not follow that rule.
This word is used for all sorts of things that are not usual or allowed. The saying ”i before e except after c,” is about an exception to a spelling rule. If you run every day but take Saturdays off, you're making an exception. If your teacher punishes you for being late even though you have an excuse, she might say, "I'm sorry, but I can't make an exception." When you see exception, think "Something different than usual is happening."
WORD FAMILY
exception: exceptionable, exceptional, exceptions+/ except: excepted, excepting, exception, excepts/ exceptionable: exceptionably, unexceptionable / exceptional: exceptionally, unexceptional / unexceptionable: unexceptionably/ unexceptional: unexceptionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
First, with the exception of certain categories like power lines, infrastructure is, on average, less metal-intensive than offices or homes.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A birthday cake will be the exception, not the rule.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Book by Feb. 15; stay through Dec. 17, with the exception of July and August.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 例外，除外; 反对，批评; [法律]异议，反对
分布：例外(94%)，反对(5%)，不合规则(1%)
[cept=take拿取]
n.例外,除外;反对;异议As an exception I accept all his concepts and conceptions except one.作为例外,我接受他所有的概念和构想,只有一个除外.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■someone or something that is not included in a rule, group or list or that does not behave in the expected way 除外的人；例外的事物
• Men are usually quite good at map-reading but Tim is the exception. 通常男性都很会看地图，但提姆却是例外的。
• There are exceptions to every rule. 每条规则都有例外。
• I like all kinds of films with the exception of (= but not) horror films. 除了恐怖片之外，各种电影我都喜欢。
• Her books are always entertaining and this one is no exception. 她写的书总是妙趣横生，这本也不例外。
• You must report here every Tuesday without exception. 你每个星期二都必须来这里报告，不可以有例外。
make an exception
■to not treat someone or something according to the usual rules 破例；作为例外
• We don't usually accept late applications, but in this case we will make an exception. 通常我们对逾期的申请都不受理，但这种情况下我们可以破例一次。
take exception to sth/sb
■to be offended or made angry by something or someone 因…而不悦；生…的气；因…而愤恨
• Why did you take exception to what he said? He was only joking. 你何必因为他说的那些话而生气呢？他只是在开玩笑。
[ɪk'sep.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
the exception that proves the rule
■something that emphasizes the general truth of a statement by disagreeing with it 反证规律的例外；足以证明普遍性的例外
• Most company directors are middle-aged men, but this 28-year-old woman is an exception that proves the rule. 大多数公司的董事长都是中年男性，但这位28岁的女董事却是普遍中的例外。
n. 例外；异议
 - dissention, demurral

Word: butter
Front: butter
[ˈbʌtə(r)] (中高研四托 2402/3403 -K3)
Vocabulary: butter
(once / 175 pages)
1nv 2n
Butter is a creamy spread made from milk fat. Your favorite breakfast might be hot toast slathered with butter.
The process of making butter involves churning cream until the fats coagulate and become creamy and pale yellow. Butter is sometimes salted, and usually formed into sticks for cooks to use in frying, baking, and spreading on corn on the cob and baked goods. To do this is to butter your bread. The Greek root word is boutyron, literally "cow cheese," from bous, "cow."
WORD FAMILY
butter: buttered, buttering, butters, buttery, butyraceous+/ butt: butted, butter, butting, butts/ buttery: butteries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Match-day tickets were just the bread and butter of the compromise.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
They’d probably be happy to take your money, but Vegas thinks you’re Nutter Butters if you want to roll with Alabama over Cleveland.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
But what if a sugar cookie picks up peanut butter from an improperly cleaned factory mixer?
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 黄油; 黄油状的食品; 奉承话; 焊膏
vt. 抹黄油于…上; 用黄油煎食物; 讨好
时态：buttered, buttering, butters
分布：黄油(67%)，奶油(26%)，奉承(4%)，涂黄油(3%)
→bu, 牛，同bovine. 指牛奶加工后的产物。
n.黄油,奶油v.涂黄油于...上The button utters in mutter, "The butterfly likes the buttered earthnut/peanut."按钮咕哝着发出声音说:"蝴蝶喜欢涂了奶油的花生."
US ['bʌtˌ.ɚ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a pale yellow solid containing a lot of fat that is made from cream and is spread on bread or used in cooking 奶油，牛油
• We were served scones with butter and jam. 我们吃的是涂有奶油和果酱的烤饼。
• Have some bread and butter (= bread spread with butter). 吃些奶油面包片吧。
• a butter dish 奶油碟
UK ['bʌt.ər] US ['bʌtˌ.ɚ] noun uncountable
butter wouldn't melt in sb's mouth
■when someone looks as if they would never do anything wrong, although you feel they might （某人）装老实相
• Tommy looked as if butter wouldn't melt in his mouth. 汤美装出一副老实相。
UK ['bʌt.ər] US ['bʌtˌ.ɚ] verb transitive
■to spread butter on something 涂奶油于
UK ['bʌt.ər] US ['bʌtˌ.ɚ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] butter sb up informal
■to be very kind or friendly to someone or try to please them, so that they will do what you want them to do 奉承（某人）；拍（某人的）马屁
• You'll have to butter them up a bit before they'll agree. 你得奉承他们一下，他们才会同意。
vt. 涂黄油于；讨好
 - kiss up to, soft-sawder
n. [食品] 黄油；奶油；奉承话
 - cream, beurre

Word: deficit
Front: deficit
[ˈdefɪsɪt] (研六托雅宝 2403/2918 -4)
Vocabulary: deficit
(once / 340 pages)
n
If you're running a deficit, you are losing. You might be losing money or losing a game. Either way, you better make up for it.
When the government runs on a deficit, often the loss can be offset by a raise in taxes. If you have a deficit of iron in your body, you should consider eating more spinach. The word deficit comes from the Latin deficit meaning "it is wanting." A deficit is characterized by the wanting of something missing.
WORD FAMILY
deficit: deficits
USAGE EXAMPLES
North Carolina twice cut the deficit back to single digits down the stretch but got no closer than seven.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The unemployment rate is distressing; the impoverishment of the population is palpable everywhere; our social protection system is in deficit and is in peril.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The deficit was “no big deal,” Harriott assured his guys, but they’d win only if they played as a team.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 不足额; 赤字; 亏空; 亏损
分布：赤字(78%)，逆差(12%)，亏损(4%)，不足(4%)，亏空(2%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-fic, 做，词源同defect, efficient. 即没做好，出现赤字的。
亏空,赤字(de不+fic做+it...做得不够...亏空)[-it 1.表名词,通常是抽象名词2.表名词"…的"]
n.赤字,逆差;亏损,亏空;不足,缺乏The implicit implication about the deficit is not explicit.关于赤字的暗示的暗示不明确.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the total amount by which money spent is more than money received 赤字；逆差；亏损
• The country is running a balance-of-payments/budget/trade deficit of $250 million. 该国的收支差额／预算赤字／贸易逆差已达2.5亿美元。
• The UK's deficit in manufactured goods fell slightly in the last three months. 在过去的三个月里，英国制造业的亏损略有好转。
n. [财政] 赤字；不足额
 - red ink

Word: bathroom
Front: bathroom
[ˈbɑ:θru:m] (中高研四雅 2404/2821 -K3)
Back: n. 浴室; 盥洗室; （带抽水马桶的）厕所; 卫生间
分布：浴室(100%)
n.浴室;盥洗室,卫生间The bathroom is upstairs.洗澡间在楼上.
US ['bæθ-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a room with a bath and/or shower and often a toilet 浴室，洗澡间；盥洗室
• an ensuite bathroom (= a bathroom joined to a bedroom) 与卧房配套的浴室
 IMPROVER US
■a toilet 厕所
• Where's the bathroom? 厕所在哪里？
UK ['bɑ:θ.rʊm/ UK [-ru:m] US ['bæθ-] noun countable
go to the bathroom US
■to use the toilet 上厕所
• Wait a moment, - I just need to go to the bathroom. 等一下，我要去厕所。
n. 浴室；厕所；盥洗室
 - john, convenience, toilet

Word: objective
Front: objective
[əbˈdʒektɪv] (研四六托雅宝 2406/1322 -K3)
Vocabulary: objective
(once / 454 pages)
1n 2adj 3adj 4n
An objective is something you plan to achieve. A military objective is the overall plan for a mission. The objective for a bake sale is to raise money. If your objective is to learn a new word, you have succeeded.
An objective is the point of something. If you don’t understand the objective of a class, then you don’t know what you were supposed to learn. The word itself is often used in business or work. Another meaning of objective is “looking at things in a detached, impartial, fact-based way.” If a police officer falls in love with a witness, it might be hard for her to stay objective. The word comes from the Latin ob "against" + jacere "to throw.”
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
objective / subjective
Anything objective sticks to the facts, but anything subjective has feelings. Objective and subjective are opposites. Objective: It is raining. Subjective: I love the rain!
Objective is a busy word and that's a fact. An objective is a goal, but to be objective is to be unbiased. If you're objective about something, you have no personal feelings about it. In grammar land, objective relates to the object of a sentence. Anyway, people often try to be objective, but it's easier for robots. Here are examples:
"DNA testing and fingerprint analysis and all that technology stuff is objective, they declare confidently. The machine cannot be fooled." (Salon)
"Consider checking in with a third party, to get an objective opinion." (Wall Street Journal)
Subjective , on the other hand, has feelings. Anything subjective is subject to interpretation. In grammar land, this word relates to the subject of the sentence. Usually, subjective means influenced by emotions or opinions. Humans are a subjective bunch and we like it that way! Here's subjective in the wild:
"Because many of the decisions we made are subjective, there is the possibility of human error in our data set." (Slate)
"Now, I realize that is totally subjective because there is no standard unit of measurement for fun." (New York Times)
It's true that opposites attract. Here are some examples of both words cozying up in the same sentence:
"But now we, as a pathologists, need more objective measures because symptoms, to a certain degree, are subjective." ( Time)
"We take our unruly, subjective feelings about a year of television and groom them into something that looks mathematical and objective." (Slate)
Be objective when writing things like summaries or news articles, but feel free to be subjective for arguments and opinions.
WORD FAMILY
objective: nonobjective, objectively, objectiveness, objectives, objectivity, unobjective+/ objectivity: objectivities/unobjective: unobjectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it’s hard to be objective when the scale is still creaking beneath your feet.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
‘We are seeing new attempts by China to acquire companies and technology based on their government’s interests—not commercial objectives.’
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
One of their objectives is to try to prevent Republicans from repealing the ACA without also enacting a replacement.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 客观的，实体的; 目标的; [语]宾格的; [医]他觉的
n. 目标，任务; [光]物镜; [语]宾语，宾格; [事]出击目标
分布：目标(46%)，目的(39%)，客观的(14%)，真实的(1%)
→来自object,目标，物体，-ive,名词后缀。引申词义目标，宗旨等。
客观的n.目标(object+ive)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
n.目标,目的a.客观的,真实的The adjective injected new meaning into the objected objective object.这个形容词给受到反对的客观物体注入了新的意义.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■something which you plan to do or achieve 目标；目的
• Her main/prime objective now is simply to stay in power. 她现在的主要目标就是继续掌权。
• Can the sales force achieve/meet its financial objectives? 销售人员能否完成财务目标？
[əb'dʒek.tɪv] adjective
■based on real facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings 客观的；如实的；不带个人感情的
• an objective and impartial report 客观公正的报告
• I can't really be objective when I'm judging my daughter's work. 评价自己女儿的作品时，我的确无法做到客观。
Opposite subjective
just, impartial, objective, neutral, fair
这组词都有“公正的，公平的，不偏不倚的”的意思，其区别是：
just: 多用于庄重场合，指不受个人利益得失或感情倾向的影响，侧重按照公认的准则或标准处理问题。
impartial: 侧重对任何人或任何一方没有成见或偏袒。
objective: 着重客观、真实，不为个人偏见、兴趣、感情或看法所左右。
neutral: 强调持中立态度，不偏袒任何一方，甚至不作最后的裁决。
fair: 普通常用词，指不偏不倚地对待人和物，侧重不受个人感情、偏见或利益所影响。
obedient, objective, obstinate, obscure
obedient: 服从的，顺从的
objective: 客观的；
obstinate: 顽固的，顽强的；
obscure: 晦涩的，难理解的；
aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object, objective
这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。
aim: 从本义“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
goal: 指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
purpose: 普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实际的目标。
end: 指心目中怀着的某种目的，强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。
target: 指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或潮笑的目标。
object: 强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
objective: 与object基本同义，但语义更广泛，指具体或很快能达到的目的，也可指军事目标。书面用词。
adj. [医] 客观的；目标的； [语] 宾格的
 - impersonal, accusatival
n. 目的；目标； [光] 物镜； [语] 宾格
 - intention, purpose, sake, target, goal

Word: block
Front: block
[blɒk] (高托雅 1314/1641 -K4)
Vocabulary: block
(once / 96 pages)
1vn 2nv 3n 4nv
A block is a painted wooden cube that kids build with, or a squarish chunk of anything, like a block of cheese or cement. And if you block someone, you prevent them from going past by getting in the way.
A sculptor might carve a bird out of a block of marble, and you might eat a whole block of chocolate after dinner. Another block is the row of buildings or houses between four streets: "I'm walking the dog around the block." When block is a verb it means "to obstruct," like when you block your dog from going near the cat food. All these meanings stem from the Old French root bloc, "block of wood."
WORD FAMILY
block: blockage, blocked, blocker, blocking, blockish, blocks, blocky, unblock+/ blockage: blockages/blocker: blockers/blocking: blockings/blockish: blockishly/blocky: blockily/unblock: unblocked, unblocking, unblocks
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s at least a building block leading into Tuesday’s rematch in San Jose.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Pemex spokesman said relatively few gasoline stations were affected, although protesters temporarily blocked storage terminals, delaying the delivery of gasoline to retail points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Blocking the funds, he said, would mean "that more people close to the edge fall over the edge."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 块; 街区; <英>大楼，大厦; 障碍物，阻碍
vt. 阻止; 阻塞; 限制
时态：blocked, blocking, blocks
分布：阻塞(39%)，街区(32%)，大楼(14%)，木块(7%)，一组(6%)，石块(2%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，鼓起。词源同balk, 大块，障碍。
n.大块木(石)料;街区;障碍物v.阻塞,拦阻At the dock I'm shocked to see the pocket rocket made of a block of rock.在码头看到一块岩石做的小巧火箭,我感到震惊.
US [blɑ:k] noun
AREA 区域
 IMPROVER countable mainly US
■the distance along a street from where one road crosses it to the place where the next road crosses it, or one part of a street like this, especially in a town or city 街区；街段
• The museum is just six blocks away. 博物馆离这儿只有六条街。
• My friend and I live on the same block. 我和我的朋友住在同一个街区。
countable
■a square group of buildings or houses with roads on each side 街区里的大楼
• I took a walk around the block. 我围着大楼散步。
round/around the block
■on the next street which crosses this street 在前面拐过去的那条街上
• He lives just round the block. 他就住在前面刚拐过去弯的地方。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] noun
PIECE 块
 ADVANCED countable
■a solid straight-sided piece of hard material 一大块（直边的坚硬物体）
• a block of wood/ice 一大块木头／冰
the block only singular old use
■a large piece of wood on which criminals had their head cut off （罪犯被斩首时的）垫头木
• Anne Boleyn went to (= was killed on) the block. 安妮·博林上了断头台。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] noun
BUILDING 建筑物
countable
■a large, usually tall building divided into separate parts for use as offices or homes by several different organizations or people 大厦，大楼
• an office block 办公大楼
• UK a tower block 塔楼
• UK a block of flats 公寓大楼
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] noun
GROUP 组
countable
■a group of things bought, dealt with, or considered together 一组；一批；一叠
• a block of tickets/seats/shares 一叠票／一个座位区／大宗股票
• Corporate-hospitality firms make block bookings (= buy large numbers of seats) at big sporting events. 负责安排活动招待客户的公司每逢有大型体育赛事就预订团体票。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] noun
PREVENT 阻止
countable usually singular
■something that blocks a tube or opening; a blockage 阻塞，堵塞物
• A block in (= An object blocking) the pipe was preventing the water from coming through. 管道中的东西堵住了水流。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] noun
go on the block US
■to be sold at an auction (= public sale) 被拍卖
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] noun
have/ put your head on the block
■to risk a bad thing happening to you by doing something or helping someone 冒着掉脑袋的危险；冒着受惩罚的危险
• I'm not going to put my head on the block for you. 我不会为你冒险的。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to prevent movement through something, or to prevent something from happening or succeeding 堵塞，阻挡，阻碍
• A fallen tree is blocking the road. 一棵倒下的树挡住了路。
• My view was blocked by a tall man in front of me. 我的视线被前面的高个男子挡住了。
• She was very talented and I felt her parents were blocking her progress. 她很有才华，我觉得她的父母妨碍了她的发展。
• A group of politicians blocked the proposal. 一群政客使该提案流产了。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] block sth in
■to put a vehicle so close to another vehicle that it cannot drive away （车辆）把（其他车辆）堵在里面
• Another car had parked behind me and blocked me in. 另一辆汽车停在我后面，把我的车堵在里面了。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] block sth off
■to close a road, path or entrance so that people cannot use it 封住（路）；封锁（入口）
• All the roads out of the town had been blocked off by the police. 所有出城的路都被员警封锁了。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] block sth out
STOP FROM PASSING
■to stop light or noise from passing through something 挡住（光线或噪音）
• The tree outside the window blocks out the sun. 窗外的树遮住了阳光。
STOP FROM THINKING
■to stop yourself from thinking about an unpleasant memory because it upsets you 不去想（不愉快的往事）
• He's trying to block out memories of the accident. 他努力不去回想那场事故。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] block sth up
■to fill a narrow space with something so that nothing can pass through 堵塞，阻塞
• In autumn, leaves block the drains up. 秋天，树叶会堵塞排水管道。
hamper, hinder, block, prevent, bar, obstruct
这组词都有“阻止、阻塞”的意思，其区别是：
hamper: 侧重因受到约束或阻碍而造成的行动困难。
hinder: 语气较轻，多指阻碍、拖延人或事，强调使进展速度缓慢下来。
block: 语气强烈，指有效堵住了通道，使人或物无法通过。
prevent: 含义广泛，指采取预防措施或设置障碍去阻止某人或某事。
bar: 含义与block很接近，指阻塞通道或禁止出入，但有对暗示不用障碍物的阻止或禁止。
obstruct: 正式用词，语气强，多指以干扰或设置障碍的方式阻碍交通，使不能自由畅通。
n. [计] 块； [建] 街区；大厦；障碍物
 - piece, mass, barrier, bottleneck
vt. 阻止；阻塞；限制
 - stem, dispute, prohibit, discourage
adj. 成批的，大块的；交通堵塞的
 - batched, wholescale

Word: electronic
Front: electronic
[ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk] (高研四六雅 2407/2494 -K3)
Vocabulary: electronic
(once / 381 pages)
adj
Electronic things work because of electricity that's transmitted using tiny parts. The keyboard you play in your band is electronic, and so is the calculator you use in math class.
The adjective electronic describes machines and devices that require electrical currents to run, and that use microchips and transistors to direct that current. There are electronic parts in many areas of our lives — cars use electronic devices, and so do computers, radios, televisions, and cell phones. Electronic instruments like synthesizers have lead to an entire genre of music that's also known as electronic. The word itself was first used in the 1930's to mean "pertaining to electrons."
WORD FAMILY
electronic: electronically, electronics, microelectronic+/microelectronic: microelectronics
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dr. Michael E. Busha, a primary care physician at IU Health in Indianapolis, asked quietly as he updated Mr. Johnson’s electronic record.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Electronic toys and games played outside school plus the availability of knockoff German army clothes may stoke curiosity about the Nazis, Liang said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The mammoth technology industry confab, formerly the International Consumer Electronics Show, used to be centered on big-screen televisions, appliances and speakers.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 电子的; 电子操纵的; 用电子设备生产的; 用电子设备完成的
分布：电子的(71%)，电子学的(29%)
a.电子的The electrical connection in the photoelectric elevator involves electronics.光电升降机内的电气连接涉及到电子学.
US [-'trɑ:.nɪk] adjective
ELECTRICAL 电的
 ESSENTIAL
■(especially of equipment), using, based on or used in a system of operation which involves the control of electric current by various devices （尤指设备）使用电子器件的，电子的
• an electronic keyboard/game 电子键盘／游戏
• electronic components/devices 电子元件／设备
UK [ɪˌlek'trɒn.ɪk] US [-'trɑ:.nɪk] adjective
COMPUTING 电脑技术
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to computers or something that is done by computers 电脑的；电子的
• electronic communication/cash 电子通迅／货币
• electronic publishing 电子出版
electrical, electric, electronic
这三词都与电有关
electrical: 多指本身不产生电，但是与电有关的。如：electrical engineering(电机工程)；an electrical transcription(广播唱片)
electric: 着重于发电的，电动的或导电的。如：electric generator(发电机)；electric light(电灯)
electronic: 电子的，电子操作的。如：electronic engineering(电子工程学)

Word: ally
Front: ally
[ˈælaɪ] (研六托雅 2408/3121 -K4)
Vocabulary: ally
(once / 95 pages)
nv
If you have an ally, you have someone who is on your side, like a more experienced teammate who is your ally in convincing the coach to give you more playing time.
Ally comes from the Latin word alligare, meaning "to bind to," like nations who are allies in wartime — they will act together, and protect one another. You can also use ally as a verb, meaning "join forces with." For example, you might ally yourself with influential people to advance your career. As a noun, pronounce ally like this: "AL-eye." As a verb, it's "uh-LIE."
WORD FAMILY
ally: Allies, alliance, allied, allies, allying, misally+/ alliance: alliances/misalliance: misalliances/misally: misalliance, misallied
USAGE EXAMPLES
The rebel groups questioned Russia’s ability to force the Syrian government and their allies to abide by the terms of the ceasefire deal.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s main ally, for allowing the United Nations to censure his government over its controversial plans to build new settlements in the occupied West Bank.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Taiwan was a Japanese colony from 1895 to the end of World War II and fought along Japan, a German ally, in the Asian theater.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 同盟国，同盟者; 助手，支持者; 协约国; 联盟
vt. &vi. （使）联盟，（使）同盟; （使）结盟，（使）联姻
时态：allied, allying, allies
分布：伙伴(40%)，同盟者(34%)，同盟国(26%)
→前缀al-同ad-. 词根lig, 绑定。
n.同盟者,同盟国,vt.使结盟;与...有关联France and England were allies in the war.法国和英国在战争中是同盟国.
【反】adversary（n 对手）
noun countable /ˈæl.aɪ/
 ADVANCED
■a country that has agreed officially to give help and support to another one, especially during a war （尤指战时的）同盟国，盟友
• North Korea is one of China's staunchest allies. 朝鲜是中国最忠实的盟友之一。
• During World War One, Turkey and Germany were allies/Turkey was an ally of Germany. 在第一次世界大战期间，土耳其和德国是盟国／土耳其是德国的盟国。
⇒ See also the Allies
 ADVANCED
■someone who helps and supports someone else 盟友；支持者
• He is generally considered to be the Prime Minister's closest political ally. 人们普遍认为他是首相最亲密的政治盟友。
verb[əˈlaɪ/
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] ally yourself to/with sb
■to join someone and support them 与（某人）结盟；与（某人）联合
• He allied himself with the left of the party. 他与该党的左翼结成联盟。
unite, ally, combine, associate
这组词都有“联合”的意思，其区别是：
unite: v.联合，合并，团结，尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体，强调结果的一致性。
 • The nation united against its enemy.   国民团结一致共同对敌。
ally: v.使结盟，使联姻，多与with搭配。
 • Several political parties allied with each other against higher taxes.   几个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。
combine: v.联合，化合，混合，多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。
 • The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to made the dough.   小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混合到一起做成面团。
associate: v.交往，结交；联系，联想。多指平等友好的合作，后接with，表示与某人交往或合作，后接in表示在某个方面合作。
 • We associate with our neighbors at church.   在教堂里，我们同邻居交往。
n. 同盟国；伙伴；同盟者；助手
 - friend, partner, assistant, comrade, aid
vt. 使联盟；使联合
 - combine, associate
vi. 联合；结盟
 - band, combine, connect, league, hand in hand

Word: journey
Front: journey
[ˈdʒɜ:ni] (高研四六 2409/1662 -K3)
Vocabulary: journey
(once / 62 pages)
nv
If you're looking for a more refined word to call your latest drive to the beach or trip to the mall, try journey — a noun that describes travel from one place to another.
From the Old French journée, meaning a “day’s work or travel,” journey doubles as both noun and verb. The noun simply refers to a voyage; the verb is the act of taking that voyage. So you can journey across the Sahara, or tell friends about your journey across the desert if you make it back alive. Either way, you should always remember that life is a journey, not a destination.
WORD FAMILY
journey: journeyed, journeyer, journeying, journeys+/journeyer: journeyers/journeying: journeyings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ditch your expectations before beginning the journey and keep an open and curious mind.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He told the Today programme ticket prices are rising because they "need to invest more to provide more and better journeys".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Goff began his journey here last spring as a No. 1 overall draft pick, Hollywood’s newest star, the next Kobe, the new Kershaw.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 旅行，旅程行期; 历程，过程
vi. 旅行，出游
vt. 在…旅行或旅行到过…
时态：journeyed, journeying, journeys
分布：旅行(63%)，旅程(31%)，行程(6%)
→来自古法语journee,一天的行程或工作，来自拉丁语diurnum,天，一天，词源同diurnal.后词义不再受一天的行程所局限，引申词义行程，长途旅程。
旅行,旅程[journ=day,表示"日期"]
n.旅行,旅程v.旅行The honourable journalist spent an hour on the journey of tour.可敬的新闻记者在观光旅程上花了一个小时.
US ['dʒɝ:-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the act of travelling from one place to another, especially in a vehicle （尤指搭乘交通工具的）旅行，行程
• It's a two-hour train journey from York to London. 从约克到伦敦乘火车需要两个小时。
• I love going on long journeys. 我喜欢长途旅行。
• We broke our journey (= stopped for a short time) in Edinburgh before travelling on to Inverness the next day. 我们在爱丁堡稍作停留，第二天继续踏上旅途去印威内斯。
• Did you have a good journey? 你的旅途愉快吗？
• Have a safe journey! 祝你一路平安！
• figurative He views his life as a spiritual journey towards a greater understanding of his faith. 他把生活视作一种深入认识信仰的精神旅程。
See usage note at travel
UK ['dʒɜ:.ni] US ['dʒɝ:-] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition literary
■to travel somewhere 旅行
• As we journeyed south, the landscape became drier and rockier. 我们向南旅行时，土地越来越干燥，岩石越来越多。
expedition, voyage, journey, trip, travel, excursion, tour, cruise
这组词都有“旅行”的意思，其区别是：
expedition: 指有特定目的远征或探险。
voyage: 指在水上旅行，尤指海上旅行，也可指空中旅行。
journey: 最普通用词，侧重指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅行，也指水上或空中的旅行。
trip: 普通用词，口语多用，常指为公务或游玩作的较短暂的旅行。
travel: 泛指旅行的行为而不指某次具体的旅行，多指到远方作长期旅行，不强调直接目的地，单、复数均可用。
excursion: 较正式用词，常指不超过一天的短时期娱乐性游玩，也可指乘火车或轮船往返特定景点的远足旅游。
tour: 指最后反回出发地，旅途中有停留游览点，距离可长可短，目的各异的周游或巡行。
cruise: 主要指乘船的游览并在多处停靠。
n. [交] 旅行；行程
 - tour, trip
vi. [交] 旅行
 - travel, have a trip, go on a trip, wayfare

Word: reputation
Front: reputation
[ˌrepjuˈteɪʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 2411/2235 -K3)
Vocabulary: reputation
(once / 147 pages)
n
Your reputation is the general belief or opinion that other people have about you. If you are considered trustworthy and kind, you have a good reputation.
Reputation comes from the Latin word reputationem, which means "consideration." It's how people consider, or label, you — good or bad. The noun reputation can also mean "being known for having a specific skill or characteristic." For example, if you have a reputation in snow shoveling, your phone will soon be ringing off the hook with your lazy neighbors calling.
WORD FAMILY
reputation: reputations+/disreputability: disreputabilities/ disreputable: disreputability, disreputableness, disreputably/reputability: reputabilities/ reputable: disreputable, reputability, reputably/ repute: disrepute, reputable, reputation, reputed, reputes, reputing
USAGE EXAMPLES
People who live and die by their reputations and therefore cultivate those reputations.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The program’s resources and reputation attract players from across the country.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
As chief minister of Gujarat, one of India’s wealthier states, Modi cultivated a reputation as a master administrator.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 名气，名声; 好名声; 信誉，声望; 荣誉，名望
分布：好名声(100%)
→来自 repute,名誉，名声。
名声(re+put+ation)[put=think,表示"认为,思考"]
n.名誉,名声,声望I'm to be punished for publishing his bad reputation to the public of the republic.我因将他的坏名声公布给共和国的公众将受到惩罚.
noun countable usually singular uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the opinion that people in general have about someone or something, or how much respect or admiration someone or something receives, based on past behaviour or character 名誉；声望；名望
• The company has a worldwide reputation for quality. 这间公司的产品质量誉满全球。
• She has the reputation of being a good doctor. 作为一名优秀的医生，她很有声望。
• His reputation was destroyed when he was caught stealing some money. 他偷钱时被当场抓住，这使他名声扫地。
• The hotel has a bad/good reputation. 这家旅馆名声很好／坏。
• He earned/established/gained/acquired a reputation as an entertaining speaker. 他因为演讲妙趣横生而赢得／享有／得到／获得盛名。
[ˌrep.jʊ'teɪ.ʃən] noun countable usually singular uncountable
by reputation ADVANCED
■not directly, by hearing what other people say 因知名度；听说
• The two men know each other only by reputation. 这两个人只是彼此听说过。
fame, honor, reputation
这些词都可表名声。
fame: 是常用词，一般指好的名声。如：He was not anxious for fame.(他并不渴望成名。)
honor: 荣誉，尊敬，指受到公众崇敬的荣誉和光荣。如：This is an honor more than I can deserve.(这光荣我受之有愧。)
reputation: 名誉，指公众对某人的看法，可好可坏。如：He has a reputation for laziness.(他的懒惰出了名。)
renown, honour, fame, glory, reputation
这组词都有“名声，名誉”的意思，其区别是：
renown: 指远近闻名的声誉。
honour: 侧重指因高尚的举止，忠心或诚实而受到公众钦佩和崇敬，得到好名声和荣誉。
fame: 普通用词，含义广，一般指好名声，可大可小，可远可近。
glory: 指因功绩卓著而获得的令人称颂的光荣或荣誉地位。
reputation: 通常指熟悉某人或某地的人对该人、该地的看法，可好可坏。
n. 名声，名誉；声望
 - credit, name, fame, celebrity, prestige

Word: mixture
Front: mixture
[ˈmɪkstʃə(r)] (高研四六雅 2413/2426 -K3)
Vocabulary: mixture
(once / 276 pages)
n
A mixture is, simply, the product of mixing. Sometimes, like in the case of ice cream with fudge, a mixture can turn out delicious. At other times, though, like with oil and water, a mixture just fails to jive.
A mixture is a concoction of several parts combined. In chemistry, it describes a composition made up of two or more substances that can be separated. When it comes to textiles, mixture describes fabric that consists of various yarn or materials. Note the difference between mix and mixture, though. Elements in a mix retain their unique parts even though they have been thrown together. In a mixture, elements are blended in such a way that they forfeit their individuality.
WORD FAMILY
mixture: mixtures+/intermix: intermixed, intermixes, intermixing, intermixture/intermixture: intermixtures/ mix: intermix, mixable, mixed, mixer, mixes, mixing, mixture, premix/mixable: unmixable/mixed: mixedly, unmixed/mixer: mixers/mixing: mixings/unmixed: unmixedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Remove and discard the rosemary and thyme sprigs from the tomato mixture, then spoon it over the cooked chard.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Transfer the mixture to a blender and blend to fully incorporate the ingredients.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Place dressing ingredients in a jar and use an immersion blender to blend until the mixture resembles a thick paste.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 混合，混杂; 混杂的事物[人群]; 混合（状态）
分布：混合(64%)，混合物(36%)
→来自mix,混合，-t,过去分词后缀，-ure,名词后缀。引申词义混合体。
混合物(mix混合)[-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示"一般状态,行为"…ature","iture"注:-ture在s结尾的词根后变成-sure]
n.混合;混合物,混合剂The pupils will fix with a mixture the fixed figure in the future.学生们将来要用一种混合物整修固定轮廓.
US [-tʃɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a substance made from a combination of different substances, or any combination of different things 混合物；混合体；混合料
• The mixture of flour, water and yeast is then left in a warm place for four hours. 然后将面粉、水和酵母的混合物放在暖和的地方发酵四小时。
• Their latest CD is a mixture of new and old songs. 他们最新的唱片中收录了新歌和老歌。
uncountable
■the process of mixing 混合，拌合
uncountable
■a type of medicine which has to be shaken before being used 合剂
• cough mixture 止咳合剂
compound, blend, combination, mixture, composite
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
compound: 特指两种或多种元素构成的化合物。
blend: 侧重混合成分之间的类似和整个混合物的统一性。
combination: 指相混元素的紧密结合，但不一定的是融合。
mixture: 普通用词，指不同类种、性质不同的事物的混合。
composite: 通常可与compound换用，但倾向于指人为的或偶然的结合或凑合。
n. [热] [化学] [化工] 混合；混合物； [药] 混合剂
 - mix, hybrid, compound

Word: surely
Front: surely
[ˈʃʊəli] (四六 2410/1516 -K3)
Vocabulary: surely
(once / 74 pages)
adv
Use the adverb surely to emphasize your certainty about a point. For example, you could tell your friend that her painting is so good that she'll surely win the art contest.
The word surely can fill in for definitely or absolutely. It comes in handy especially when you're surprised that anyone would doubt what you're saying: "I can't believe the school banned that book. Surely kids should have access to classic literature." Surely comes from the same roots as sure, from the Old French seur, "secure, undoubted, or dependable," and the Latin securus, "free from care, untroubled, or safe."
WORD FAMILY
sure: surely, sureness, surer, sures, surest, unsure+/unsure: unsurely, unsurer
USAGE EXAMPLES
Surely now is the time to let them shine.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The federal government does offer important subsidies for renewable energy, and they will surely become a target in the new Congress.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He thought that the voice of a soprano singing upstairs was surely that of an angel.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 无疑; 一定，确实; （回答）当然，好; 保管
分布：无疑(51%)，一定(21%)，稳当地(21%)，显然(7%)
US ['ʃʊr-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express that you are certain or almost certain about something 肯定地，想必，无疑地
• The fault surely lies in the design of the equipment. 问题肯定出在设备的设计上。
• US "May I sit here?" "Surely (= Yes, certainly)." “我能坐在这里吗？”“当然可以。”
• Without more food and medical supplies, these people will surely not survive. 如果没有更多食品和医疗物资，这些人肯定活不下去。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express surprise that something has happened or is going to happen 表示惊讶
• Surely you don't expect me to believe that? 你总不会认为我会相信那件事吧?
• Surely you're not going out on a night like this? 想必你不会在这样的晚上出去吧?
surely, naturally, certainly, of course
这组词都有“肯定地，当然”的意思，其区别是：
surely: 表一种必然的可能性，也可表示信心或不轻信。强调主观判断。
naturally: 指自然而然，毫无造作或天生如此。
certainly: 强调有把握，深信不疑。
of course: 指毫无疑问，自然如此。可与certainly和naturally换用。
adv. 当然；无疑；坚定地；稳当地
 - certainly, definitely, firmly

Word: tower
Front: tower
[ˈtaʊə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 2412/2131 -K3)
Vocabulary: tower
(once / 93 pages)
1nv 2n
A tower is a tall structure, with the diameter of its base less than its height. Rapunzel lived in a tower. If you have a super tall friend and you're short, you could say they tower over you.
Towers can come in handy––you can build one and climb to the top, looking out for approaching enemies, or in the case of a fire tower, for early signs of forest fires. One of the most famous towers is the Tower of London, with its long-held reputation as a place of torture and execution. Most people are surprised to learn that only seven people were executed in the Tower.
WORD FAMILY
tower: towered, towering, towers+/tow: towage, towed, tower, towing, tows/ towering: toweringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is truly enormous; from the tall observation tower, the ranks of black panels stretch almost to the horizon.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
The plan will result in towering structures in the wrong places, a paucity of parks, crowded schools and a continuation of nightmare-inducing traffic.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In an adjacent anteroom, there’s a stationary bike, 15-pound weights, a multipurpose fitness tower and a TRX suspension trainer hanging on the door.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 塔，楼塔; 要害地; 〈罕〉（负伤鸟的）笔直向上飞; 〈美〉铁路信号所
vi. 远远高于，远远超过; 高耸，超越
na. “Towers“的变体
时态：towered, towering, towers
分布：塔(93%)，高耸(4%)，高楼(2%)，胜过(1%)
→来自古英语 torr,塔，眺望塔，来自拉丁语 turris,塔楼，城堡，高塔，词源同 turret,tor.引申词 义耸立，高耸。
n.塔v.高耸Mr Brown owns the brown towels in the downtown tower.布朗先生拥有闹市区塔里的棕色毛巾.
US [taʊɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a tall narrow structure, often square or circular, which either forms part of a building or stands alone 塔；建筑物的塔形部分；塔楼，高楼
• the Eiffel tower 艾菲尔铁塔
• There's a clock on the church tower. 教堂塔楼上有一座钟。
• He works in an office tower in downtown San Francisco. 他在旧金山市中心的一座高层办公大楼里工作。
■a tall, usually metal structure used for broadcasting 发射塔（通常为金属结构）
• a radio/transmission tower 无线电发射塔／传送塔
UK [taʊər] US [taʊɚ] noun countable
a tower of strength
■a person who gives you help and support when you are in a difficult situation （危难时的）可依靠的人，支柱
• Polly was a tower of strength to me when I was ill. 我生病时，波莉就是我的精神支柱。
UK [taʊər] US [taʊɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to be very tall or large, usually in a way that makes people feel respect 高耸，矗立
• We turned the corner and there was the cathedral, towering in front of us. 我们转过拐角，便看见大教堂高高耸立在面前。
UK [taʊər] US [taʊɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  tower above/over sb/sth
■to be very tall in comparison with someone or something else 比…高；矗立在…上
• Canary Wharf towers above the Dockland area of London. 加那利码头矗立在伦敦码头区。
• Although he's only 12, David towers over his mother. 虽然戴维只有12岁，他已经比妈妈高了。
UK [taʊər] US [taʊɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  tower above/over sth
■to be much bigger and more successful than another thing of the same type 比…优秀；远胜于
• One computer manufacturer towers above all the rest. 一家电脑制造商在同行中一枝独秀。
n. [建] 塔；高楼；堡垒
 - minar, turm
vi. 高耸；超越
 - rise, top, rear

Word: smoke
Front: smoke
[sməʊk] (中高托雅 2414/2750 -K4)
Back: n. 烟; 吸烟
vi. 冒烟; 抽烟; 快速
vt. 用烟熏制; 吸（烟），抽
时态：smoked, smoking, smokes
分布：烟(68%)，吸烟(15%)，抽烟(14%)，冒烟(2%)，无常的事物(1%)
→来自中古英语 smoke,烟，来自古英语 smoca,烟，来自 Proto-Germanic*smukona,冒烟，来自 smeugh,冒烟，可能与 smell 有词源上的联系。引申词义抽烟，吸烟等。
n.烟,烟尘;吸烟,抽烟v.抽(烟);冒烟,冒气The smoke choked the joking stroker at one stroke.烟一下呛住了开玩笑的抚摩者.
US [smoʊk] noun
GREY GAS 灰色气体
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the grey, black or white mixture of gas and very small pieces of carbon that is produced when something burns （燃烧所产生的）烟，烟雾
• cigarette smoke 香烟的烟雾
• a tiny smoke -filled pub 烟雾弥漫的小酒吧
• The fire produced a pall (= large mass) of smoke visible twenty miles away. 大火产生的大团烟雾在20哩之外都能看见。
• Plumes of smoke billowed from the chimney. 滚滚浓烟从烟囱里冒出来。
• She leaned back thoughtfully and blew a puff of (= a small amount of) smoke into the air. 她若有所思地向后靠去，吐出了一口烟。
go up in smoke
■to be destroyed by burning 化成了烟，被大火烧毁
• Because of the fire, hundreds of houses went up in smoke. 由于这场大火，数百栋房屋被烧毁。
■Something that goes up in smoke fails to produce the result that was wanted 未达到预期的效果，化为泡影
• When the business went bankrupt, twenty years of hard work went up in smoke. 公司破产时，20年的苦心经营化为乌有。
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] noun
CIGARETTE 烟
only singular
■the act of smoking a cigarette 抽烟，吸烟
• I really enjoy a smoke at the end of a meal. 我很喜欢在饭后抽一支烟。
countable informal
■a cigarette 烟
• Would you buy me some smokes while you're out? 你出去的时候能帮我买些烟吗？
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] noun
CITY 城市
the (big) smoke UK and Australian English informal
■any large city, especially London, Sydney or Melbourne 大城市（尤指伦敦、雪梨或墨尔本）
• He was a young lad of 16 when he first came to the big smoke. 他初次来到这座大城市时还是个16岁的少年。
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] noun
There's no smoke without fire. UK saying (US Where there's smoke, there's fire.)
■If unpleasant things are said about someone or something, there is probably a good reason for it 无火不生烟；无风不起浪
• She says the accusations are not true, but there's no smoke without fire. 她说那些指控纯属子虚乌有，但无风不起浪。
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] verb
BREATHE SMOKE 吸烟
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to breathe smoke into the mouth and usually lungs from a cigarette, pipe, etc. 吸烟，抽烟
• Do you mind if I smoke? 你介意我抽根烟吗？
• I used to smoke a UKpacket/ USpack of cigarettes a day. 我曾经一天抽一包烟。
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] verb
GREY GAS 灰色气体
intransitive
■to produce smoke as a result of industrial activity or of something such as an electrical fault 冒烟
• The skyline is dominated by smoking factory chimneys. 地平线上全是工厂冒着烟的烟囱。
• Suddenly the TV went blank and started smoking. 电视机突然影像全无，开始冒烟。
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] verb
PRESERVE 保存
transitive
■to preserve meat, fish or cheese using smoke from burning wood （用烟）熏制
• People in the Middle East, South Asia and Egypt were salting, drying and smoking fish and meat 6000 years ago. 中东、印度和埃及的人们6000年前就开始把鱼和肉拿来腌制、风乾和熏制。
• She had champagne and smoked salmon sandwiches at her birthday party. 她在自己的生日派对上喝了香槟，吃了熏鲑鱼三明治。
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smoke sb/sth out
■If you smoke out an animal or person that is hiding, you force them to leave the place where they are by filling it with smoke 用烟把（动物或人）熏出
• figurative The finance minister has promised a tougher approach to smoking out (= finding) tax dodgers. 财政部长已允诺要加强措施，查处逃税者。
n. [环境] 烟；抽烟；无常的事物
 - tobacco, ephemerality
vi. 冒烟，吸烟；抽烟；弥漫
 - fume
vt. 吸烟；抽
 - puff on

Word: confront
Front: confront
[kənˈfrʌnt] (研六托雅宝 2415/3105 -K3)
Vocabulary: confront
(once / 276 pages)
v
Confront means either to face a situation that makes you uncomfortable, or to say something to someone about something they've done that bothers you. Rather than letting things go, when people are rude to you you should confront them.
Confront derives from the Latin con- "with" and -front "front." You can confront a sad truth, you can confront a person by calling them on their behavior, you can confront someone with the fact that they have terrible breath. You can be confronted, too—on the trip through the mountains, we were confronted by the impassibility of the road.
WORD FAMILY
confront: confrontation, confronted, confronting, confronts+/ confrontation: confrontational, confrontations/ confrontational: confrontationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Baseball officials refused to confront the problem for years, then became more aggressive than other pro leagues in policing the use of illicit drugs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Investigators believe the Tunisian cook, 26, confronted Daniel R after he and another Pole stole two bottles of drink from the premises on Saturday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The Look of Silence, meanwhile, focuses on the story of one man whose brother was murdered and who confronts his killers.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 面对; 使面对面，使对质; 碰到，遇到; 比较
时态：confronted, confronting, confronts
分布：面临(56%)，对抗(33%)，遭遇(11%)
→con-, 强调。-front, 前面，前线。
面临,对抗(con互相,共同+front→互相面对→对抗)[front=forehead表示"前额"]
v.使面临,使遭遇;面对(危险等)The minority of us are confronted with difficulty in the frontier of the major.我们少数人在该专业尖端领域面临困难.
【记】con共同，front面，面对－共同面对－对抗
【参】affront（v /n 公开侮辱；冒犯）；effrontery（n 厚颜无耻）confrontation（n 对抗；对质；面对面）
【反】sidestep（v 回避问题；躲避打击）；cower（v 畏缩）；circumvent（v 围绕；智取）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to face, meet or deal with a difficult situation or person 面对，面临；遭遇；直面，正视
• As she left the court, she was confronted by angry crowds who tried to block her way. 她离开法庭时，愤怒的人群试图拦住她的去路。
• It's an issue we'll have to confront at some point, no matter how unpleasant it is. 不管它有多讨厌，我们终究要面对这个问题。
• I thought I would remain calm, but when I was confronted with/by the TV camera, I became very nervous. 我以为我会保持镇静，可是面对电视镜头，我却变得紧张万分。
[kən'frʌnt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  confront sb with sth
■to tell someone what they do not want to hear, often because it is something bad that they have done or because it needs an explanation 跟（某人）对质，跟（某人）当面对证
• I know it's her that made the error, but I don't want to confront her with it in case she breaks down. 我知道是她出了错，但我不想跟她当面对质，以免她受不了。
face, encounter, meet, contact, confront
这组词都有“遇见，会见，碰见”的意思，其区别是：
face: 侧重双方静止地面对面，或指指充满勇气、信心和决心正视人或事。
encounter: 通常指遇到困难或挫折，也指偶然或意外地相遇。
meet: 普通用词，本义指双方或多方从不同方向或相反方向作向对运动，最终相碰(遇)。
contact: 多指通过书信、电话或直接会面和别人联系。口语用词。
confront: 不可避免的，面对面的相遇。也指敢于正视困难或问题的决心和信心。
vt. 面对；遭遇；比较
 - front, compare

Word: pure
Front: pure
[pjʊə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2416/2387 -K3)
Vocabulary: pure
(once / 52 pages)
adj
The adjective pure describes something that's made of only one substance and is not mixed with anything else. For example, your favorite soft, warm winter scarf might be made from pure merino wool.
Anything that's uncontaminated by extra, unnecessary, or unclean substances is pure. You can swim in pure water or wear a necklace that's made of pure silver. Pure can also mean "complete" or "absolute," especially when it describes happiness. A religious meaning of pure is "free from sin", good or wholesome. The Latin word purus, "clean or unmixed," is the root of pure.
WORD FAMILY
pure: impure, purely, pureness, purer, purest, purism, purity +/impure: impurely, impureness, impurer, impurest, impurity / impurity: impurities/purism: purisms, purist / purist: purists/ purity: purities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The 23-year-old Austin said he is moving forward “with pure joy” to chase his dream.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
We’ll never beat Arnie and Jack for pure competitive drama, but Jack and Tiger as historical theater has been pretty good, too.
Golf Digest(Dec 01, 2016)
In today’s NHL, pure enforcers are a dying breed, and as a result, fewer players are known for regularly dropping their gloves.
Washington Post(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 纯的; 单纯的; 纯真的; 干净的
prep. 清晰的，纯正的
级别：purer, purest
分布：纯粹的(42%)，纯的(32%)，纯洁的(26%)
→来自拉丁语purus,纯的，干净的，未装饰的，来自peue,纯化，清洗，词源同purge.
a.纯的,纯洁的;纯理论的,抽象的;完全的He did it out of pure kindness.他做那件事完全出于好心.
US [pjʊr] adjective
NOT MIXED 非混合的
 IMPROVER
■not mixed with anything else 纯的，不掺杂的
• a pure cotton shirt 纯棉衬衫
• pure orange juice 纯柳橙汁
• pure English honey 纯英格兰蜂蜜
• a pure Arab horse 纯种阿拉伯马
 ADVANCED
■describes a colour which is not mixed with any other colour 纯色的
• a swan's pure white plumage 天鹅的纯白色羽毛
 ADVANCED
■describes a sound which is clear and perfect （声音）纯净的
• the pure vocal tones of the choirboy 唱诗班男童纯净的嗓音
 ADVANCED
■clean and free from harmful substances 洁净的，纯净的，无有害物质的
• The mountain air was wonderfully pure. 山上的空气极为纯净。
• Tap water is never chemically pure. 自来水绝对不是化学上的纯水。
Opposite impure
UK [pjʊər] US [pjʊr] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■complete; only 完全的，纯粹的，十足的
• It was pure coincidence/chance that we met. 我们见面纯属巧合。
• This last month has been pure hell. 对我们来说，上个月是十足的地狱。
• Her face had a look of pure delight. 她满脸的愉悦。
• The minister dismissed the newspaper reports as pure speculation. 部长称这篇新闻报道纯属臆测而不予理睬。
[before noun]
■describes an area of study that is studied only for the purpose of developing theories about it, not for the purpose of using those theories in a practical way 纯理论的；抽象的
• pure mathematics 理论数学；纯数学
• pure economics 理论经济学
pure and simple
■used after a noun to mean 'and nothing else' （用于名词后）完全是，不折不扣，不过是
• He is motivated by greed, pure and simple. 他完全是被贪婪所驱使。
UK [pjʊər] US [pjʊr] adjective
MORALLY GOOD 道德高尚的
■behaving in a way that is morally completely good, or not having sex 纯洁的；无邪的；清白的；贞洁的
• I'm trying to think only pure thoughts. 我正试图保持思想纯洁，没有邪念。
• He invited me up to his flat for coffee, but I didn't think that his motives were entirely pure. 他邀请我去他的公寓喝咖啡，但我认为他动机不单纯。
• In many cultures, it is considered important for a woman to keep herself pure (= not to have sex) until she marries. 许多文化很注重女性在婚前要保持贞洁。
Opposite impure
UK [pjʊər] US [pjʊr] adjective
be as pure as the driven snow
■to be morally completely good （道德）纯洁无瑕
• How dare he criticize me for having an affair? He's not exactly as pure as the driven snow himself. 他怎么敢指责我有外遇？他自己也不是纯洁无瑕的。
adj. 纯的；纯粹的；纯洁的；清白的；纯理论的
 - stainless, whole, white, clean, net

Word: glance
Front: glance
[glɑ:ns] (高研四六宝 2417/2192 -3)
Vocabulary: glance
(once / 48 pages)
1vn 2v
Glance involves quick contact. When you glance at someone you take a quick peek at them. When a knife blow glances off you, it doesn't penetrate, but hits at an angle.
When you glance at someone, it's often because you don't want to be caught staring. Remember: "Strangers in the night/exchanging glances..." In certain circles, if someone is caught glancing at someone else's girlfriend, he'll find himself in a fist fight, praying only that his beefy opponent will deliver only a glancing blow.
WORD FAMILY
glance: glanced, glances, glancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such a minor delay may be caused by any minimal distraction: a sudden noise, a quick glance at the phone or a random thought.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A quick glance at catwalk signs for 2017 shows that the hems of women's skirts will be falling - to just below the knee.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
They’re in a zone, glancing at the phone or chatting, he said.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 一瞥; 闪微光; 掠过，擦过; 随便提到，简略地触及
n. 浏览; 闪光; 歪斜，一掠
时态：glanced, glancing, glances
分布：一瞥(44%)，扫视(22%)，掠过(12%)，闪烁(10%)，匆匆一看(6%)，反光(6%)
→来自拉丁文glacies, 冰，词源同cold,插入鼻音字母n. 即冰上滑过的光线，引申义瞥过。
v.(at,over)扫视n.匆匆看,一瞥,一眼He could tell at a glance what is wrong with a bike.他一眼就可以看出自行车有什么毛病.
【反】peruse（v 细读）；scrutiny（n 详细审查）
US [glænts] verb
LOOK 看
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to give a quick short look 瞥一眼；迅速地看一眼；扫视
• She glanced around/round the room to see who was there. 她扫视了一眼房间，看看谁在里面。
• He glanced up from his book as I passed. 我走过的时候，正埋头读书的他抬头瞥了我一眼。
• Could you glance over/through this letter and see if it's alright? 你能不能看一下这封信，看看写得好不好？
UK [glɑ:nts] US [glænts] verb
SHINE 发光
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to shine, reflect light or sparkle 闪耀；闪光；闪烁
• The sunlight glanced on the lake. 湖面上波光粼粼。
UK [glɑ:nts] US [glænts] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  glance off (sth)
■to hit or touch something quickly and lightly at an angle and move away in another direction 擦过，掠过（指偏斜击中某物后变向而去）
• The bullets glanced off the car. 子弹擦过汽车。
UK [glɑ:nts] US [glænts] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a quick short look 瞥一眼；迅速地看一眼；扫视
• She took/cast a glance at her watch. 她看了一下手表。
at a glance
■immediately 立刻
• He could tell at a glance that something was wrong. 他一眼就看出问题了。
at first glance
■when first looking 乍看之下；最初看到时
• At first glance I thought it was a dog (but I was mistaken). 乍看之下，我还以为是一只狗呢（但是我看错了）。
peer, peep, gape, glance, stare, gaze, glare, glimpse
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
peer: v.指眯起眼睛仔细看，尤指看不清楚的情况下；费力地看，凝视。
 • Being somewhat short-sighted, she has the habit of peering at people.   因为有点近视，她有眯着眼睛看人的习惯。
peep: v.窥视，偷看。
 • The mother peeped into the bedroom to see if her child was asleep.   母亲偷偷向卧室看了一下，看她的孩子是否睡着了。
gape: v. (张着嘴、瞪大眼睛)呆看，强调一种吃惊的状态。
 • The children gaped at the big elephant in the zoo.   在动物园，孩子们张大了嘴巴呆呆地看着大象。
glance: v. (粗略地、随便地)一瞥，看一眼。
 • He glanced over the letter he had just received.   他把刚收到的那封信粗略地看了一遍。
stare: v.凝视，盯着，指由于好奇、惊讶、赞叹等原因而瞪大眼睛长时间地、直接地注视，常常含有粗鲁无礼的意思。
 • I told my son to stop staring at that fat woman; it wasn't nice.   我告诉儿子不要盯着那个胖女人，那样看人不礼貌。
gaze: v.凝视，注视，指由于好奇、感叹、长时间目不转睛地看。
 • She gazed at her beautiful new diamond ring.   她凝视着自己的这颗美丽崭新的钻戒。
glare: v.怒目而视，强调怀有敌意或在气愤的情绪下看；眩目地照射。
 • The woman glared at the man after he shouted rudely at her.   那男人粗暴地冲她大声喊叫，她也怒目而视。
glimpse: v.与glance意思相近，短促地看一眼，一瞥。
n. 一瞥；一滑；闪光
 - dekko, shufti
vi. 扫视，匆匆一看；反光；瞥闪，瞥见
 - run one's eyes over, catch a glimpse of
vt. 扫视；瞥见；擦过
 - run one's eyes over, catch a glimpse of

Word: dimension
Front: dimension
[daɪˈmenʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 2420/2699 -2)
Vocabulary: dimension
(once / 557 pages)
nv
A dimension is the measurement of something in physical space. You might give the painters every dimension of the rooms you want painted, including depth, height, and width.
In addition to physical objects, dimension can describe something less tangible, such as the magnitude or extent of something. You might be shocked by the dimension of damage from the explosion down the street. Dimension can also be a feature of something, such as an experience, situation, flavor, or thing. Painting your bedroom purple will add a mystical dimension to your dwelling, especially if you add unicorn accents.
WORD FAMILY
dimension: dimensional, dimensioned, dimensioning, dimensions+/dimensional: dimensionality, dimensionally, multidimensional
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its dimensions are five feet wide by twelve feet long by six and a half feet high.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“We are interested in something that extends beyond the dimensions of an exhibition,” Mr. Szymczyk said.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“From 10 paces back, it reads as clean, fresh and neutral while showing dimension and texture up close,” said New York designer Drew McGukin.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 尺寸; [复]面积，范围; [物]量纲; [数]次元，度，维
adj. （石料，木材）切成特定尺寸的
vt. 把…刨成（或削成）所需尺寸; 标出尺寸
时态：dimensioned, dimensioning, dimensions
分布：维度(52%)，尺寸(30%)，方面(6%)，次元(4%)，范围(3%)，容积(3%)，标尺寸(1%)，形成 ... 尺寸(1%)
→di-, 分开，散开，来自dis-变体。-mension, 测量，词源同measure, meter.即测量，尺寸，维度。
大小,面积(di加强+mens测量+ion→加强测量→计算[面积])[meter,metr,meas,mens=measure,表示"计量,测量等"]
n.尺寸,尺度;维(数),度(数)There is another dimension you haven't mentioned.这个问题还有一个方面你没提到.
【记】measure（n 尺寸；测量；vt 测量）
noun
countable often plural
■a measurement of something in a particular direction, especially its height, length or width 空间，尺寸
• Please specify the dimensions (= the height, length and width) of the room. 请明确说明房间的大小。
• a building of vast dimensions (= size) 一座规模很大的建筑物
countable
■a part or feature or way of considering something 层面，维度；特点
• His personality has several dimensions. 他是个有多重性格的人。
• These weapons add a new dimension to modern warfare. 这些武器为现代战争增添了一个新的特点。
• There is a spiritual dimension to her poetry. 她的诗还有一个精神层面。
n. [数] 维；尺寸；次元；容积
 - measurement, size

Word: toy
Front: toy
[tɔɪ] (中高研四六宝 2418/3412 -K3)
Back: n. 玩具，玩物; 小装饰品; 无实用价值的东西
vi. 玩弄; 不认真地考虑
adj. 玩具的; 作玩具的; 个头很小的; 小体型品种的
时态：toyed, toying, toys
分布：玩具(100%)
→来 自 中 古 英 语 toye, 玩 具 ， 玩 物 ， 可 能 来 自 荷 兰 语 toy, 工 具 ， 设 备 ， 装 饰 品 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*teuhana,拉出，引出，来自 deuk,拉，引导，词源同 tow,tie,duct.
n.玩具vi.(with)漫不经心地考虑;摆弄On the voyage, the enjoyable toy brought me joy and annoyance.在航行中,使人愉快的玩具给我带来快乐和烦恼.
【反】think over seriously（严肃思考）
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an object for children to play with 玩具
• a cuddly/soft/stuffed toy 可爱的／柔软的／填充玩具
• a clockwork/wind-up toy 装有发条的玩具
• a toy train/farm/soldier 玩具火车／农场／士兵
• UK toy bricks (UStoy blocks) 玩具积木
• Put your toys away now - it's time for bed. 现在把玩具收拾好——该睡觉了。
• Leave daddy's camera alone - it isn't a toy! 别碰爸爸的照相机——它不是玩具！
■an object which is used by an adult for pleasure rather than for serious use （供成年人玩赏的）玩意
• His latest toy is a mobile phone. 他的新玩意是一部手机。
• She has several executive toys on her desk. 她桌上有几件行政人员用的玩意。
[tɔɪ] adjective [before noun]
■belonging or relating to a very small breed of dog that is kept as a pet （宠物狗）小的
• a toy poodle/spaniel 小鬈毛狗／小猎
[tɔɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  toy with sth
CONSIDER
■to consider something or doing something, but not in a very serious way, and without making a decision 不太认真地考虑
• We're toying with the idea of going to Peru next year. 我们动了明年去秘鲁的念头。
TOUCH
■to touch an object or move it around with your hand, without any purpose but while thinking about something else 摆弄，拨弄
• She just toyed with her salad. 她只是拨弄着她那份沙拉。
• He toyed nervously with a button on his jacket as he was speaking. 他边说话边紧张地拨弄着一颗上衣扣子。
[tɔɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  toy with sb/sth old-fashioned
■to not care seriously about someone or about their feelings, especially during a romantic friendship 玩弄（感情）；随随便便对待（某人）
n. [轻] 玩具；小装饰品；不值钱的东西
 - nick-nack, plaything
vi. 玩弄；调情；随随便便地对待
 - play fast and loose, trifle with

Word: prisoner
Front: prisoner
[ˈprɪznə(r)] (中高研四六 2419/1932 -K4)
Vocabulary: prisoner
(once / 67 pages)
n
A prisoner is a person being held in prison as a punishment. During wartime a prisoner is someone held captive by the enemy. Alternately, if you’re so attractive you can’t leave the house, you’re a prisoner of your own good looks.
Someone who's caught robbing a bank or stealing a car will probably become a prisoner, locked inside a prison for as long as the sentence specifies. If you feel stuck or confined in some way, you may consider yourself a metaphorical prisoner, like an actor who whines that he’s a prisoner of his own success, since he’s not able to go anywhere without cameras flashing and fans screaming.
WORD FAMILY
prisoner: prisoners+/ prison: prisoner, prisonlike, prisons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, there were several other instances of prisoner abuse involving the division.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Sadeghi is one of eight prisoners said to be on hunger strike in Iran.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
We are simply beneficiaries of their good graces, and prisoners of their rages.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 囚犯; 犯人; 俘虏; 刑事被告
分布：囚犯(100%)
n.囚犯The newly imprisoned prisoners poisoned poisonous moisture are hoisted out from the prison.中了有毒湿气毒的新近关押的囚犯被从监狱吊出.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who is kept in prison as a punishment 犯人，囚犯
• Prisoners climbed onto the prison roof to protest at the conditions inside the prison. 犯人们爬上监狱屋顶对监狱里的条件环境表示抗议。
⇒ See also political prisoner
hold/keep/take sb prisoner
■to catch someone and guard them so that they cannot escape 监禁，拘押（某人）
• Of 10 000 troops, 7000 were killed, wounded or taken prisoner. 1万人的军队中，有7000人阵亡、受伤或被俘。
• The pilot and several passengers were held prisoner by the gunmen for 57 hours. 飞行员和几名乘客被持枪歹徒扣押了57个小时。
UK ['prɪz.ən.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
take no prisoners
■If someone takes no prisoners, when they try to achieve something they are very determined and do not care about other people's feelings 格杀勿论（take no prisoners 是“格杀勿论”，意思是不要俘虏、统统杀掉。如果某人“格杀勿论”，那么他们企图获得某物时就会非常坚定，不在乎其他人的感受）
• When Eric's anger is aroused, he takes no prisoners. 当埃里克被激怒时，他就会对别人的感受毫不理会。
convict, captive, prisoner
这组词都有“囚犯、俘虏”的意思，其区别是：
convict: 指经判决而在狱中服刑的人。
captive: 指战争中抓到的俘虏，也可作引申用。
prisoner: 指关入监狱的囚犯，包括战俘，也可作引申用。
n. 囚犯，犯人；俘虏；刑事被告
 - capture, galley slave

Word: fellow
Front: fellow
[ˈfeləʊ] (高研四六 2421/2954 -K4)
Vocabulary: fellow
(once / 31 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Fellow is an old fashioned word for “guy.” If you’re wearing a top hat, you may address someone as “my good fellow.” It’s also a non-stuffy word to describe people in the same situation, such as you and your fellow Vocabulary.com fans.
Other words for fellow include "chap" and "dude." A fellow can also be someone’s boyfriend, as in “Is he your fellow?” an interested suitor might ask. Another kind of fellow is an academic who's either reached a high position or won a prestigious scholarship. A MacArthur Fellow, for example, is a person who won a MacArthur fellowship (a well-deserved hunk of money). Fellow comes from an Old English word, feolaga, "one who shares with another."
WORD FAMILY
fellow: fellows, fellowship +/ fellowship: fellowships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The other contestants will include fellow Olympians Louis Smith and Jade Jones, and model Caprice Bourret.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
To care for your fellow creatures is to want them to be happy and prosper, to want to change what is causing them to suffer.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
And, fellow Lion Dennis Boles marvels, customers from “practically every African country.”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 同伴; 男子; （大学的）研究员; （某些学院或大学的）董事
adj. 同伴的; 同事的; 同类的; 同情况的
vt. 使…与另一个对等; 使…与另一个匹敌
分布：家伙(60%)，同事(14%)，同伴(6%)，研究员(5%)，同事的(5%)，同伴的(5%)，同类的(4%)，校董(1%)
→来自古英语feolaga, 同伴，合作者。feo-,同fee, 古义金钱，laga-, 同lay, 放置。即合伙做事情的人，同伴。
n.人,家伙;伙伴,同事a.同样的,同事的The fellow's yellow pillow is hollowed by his follower.那个家伙的黄色枕头被他的跟随者掏空了.
US [-oʊ] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■describes someone who has the same job or interests as you, or is in the same situation as you 同事的；同伴的；同情况的
• She introduced me to some of her fellow students. 她把我介绍给她的几位同班同学。
• Our fellow travellers were mostly Spanish-speaking tourists. 和我们同行的旅伴大多是讲西班牙语的游客。
UK ['fel.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun countable
MAN 人 informal
■a man, used especially in the past by people in a higher social class 人，男人，家伙（尤为旧时社会阶层较高的人使用）
• He seemed like a decent sort of a fellow. 他似乎是个正派的人。
UK ['fel.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun countable
MEMBER 成员
■a member of a group of high-ranking teachers at a particular college or university or of particular academic societies （学院或大学的）研究员；（学术协会的）会员
• Georgia's a fellow of Clare College, Cambridge. 乔治亚是剑桥大学卡莱尔学院的研究员。
■a member of an official organization for a particular subject or job （官方机构的）成员
• He's a fellow of the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors. 他是皇家特许测量师协会的会员。
comrade, companion, colleague, partner, fellow, associate
这组词都有“同事，伙伴”的意思，其区别是：
comrade: 指具有共同的事业、利益关系相一致的人。
companion: 指陪伴他人的人，即同伴或陪伴。
colleague: 一般用于对同事的正式称呼，基本上专用在职业关系上。
partner: 指事业中处于合伙关系的人，或指婚姻、游戏、跳舞中的另一方。
fellow: 多用复数形式，指一块住、生活或同行共事的人。
associate: 普通用词，侧重指在利害关系上密切相关。
n. 家伙；朋友；同事；会员
 - apple, customer, friend, member, guy
adj. 同伴的，同事的；同道的
 - companionate

Word: smooth
Front: smooth
[smu:ð] (中高研四六托雅宝 2422/2682 -K3)
Vocabulary: smooth
(once / 112 pages)
1adjvn 2adjv
Something smooth is free of roughness, stubble, or other imperfections that you can feel with your hands. If your wooden table is giving you splinters, use a sander to smooth it down and make it smooth. As you can see, smooth works as both a verb and an adjective.
Smooth has lots of interesting uses: Caught in a wind storm? Better smooth out your hair when you head inside. Got a friend who's good with the ladies? Try imitating his smooth moves. Need help to smooth out a dispute between two friends? Invite them out for coffee and offer to help them smooth out their differences. Some pianists prefer ivory keys to plastic because they're less smooth, and their fingers don't slip. The best dancers can move smoothly from one move to another.
WORD FAMILY
smooth: smoothed, smoother, smoothest, smoothing, smoothingly, smoothly, smoothness, smooths, unsmooth+/smoothed: unsmoothed/smoother: smoothers/smoothness: smoothnesses/unsmooth: unsmoothly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It is so smooth that in some respects it doesn’t even look dictatorial,” he said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Backstage, he gravely smoothed his lapels, now a matter of concern.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The elder Word predicts the transition will be smooth.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 光滑的; 流畅的; 柔软的; 温和的，安详的
vt. 使平滑; 排除，消除; 安抚，平息; 使优雅
vi. 变平和，变缓和
n. 平地，平面
时态：smoothed, smoothing, smooths
分布：光滑的(47%)，消除(16%)，流畅的(9%)，平稳的(8%)，圆滑的(7%)，均匀的(7%)，可口的(2%)，使光滑(2%)，安祥的(1%)，安慰(1%)
→来自中古英语 smoothe,来自古英语 smothe,平的，光滑的，词源不详，可能来自辅音丛 sm-
a.光滑的;顺利的;柔和的v.(over)掩饰By the spoon you'll soon see the smooth tooth of the moon above the booth.借助勺子你可以立刻看到电话亭上方月亮的光滑牙齿.
【反】corrugated（adj 起皱的）；serrated（adj 锯齿状的）；spiny（adj 多刺的）
adjective
REGULAR 规则的
 ESSENTIAL
■having a surface or substance which is perfectly regular and has no holes, lumps or areas that rise or fall suddenly 光滑的，平滑的
• a smooth surface/texture/consistency 光滑的表面／平滑的质地／平滑而浓稠
• This custard is deliciously smooth and creamy. 这种蛋塔细腻润滑、香浓可口。
• Mix together the butter and sugar until smooth. 把奶油和糖混合调匀。
• The road ahead was flat and smooth. 前面的路平坦光滑。
• This cream will help to keep your skin smooth. 这种护肤霜有助于保持皮肤光滑。
[smu:ð] adjective
NOT INTERRUPTED 未打断的
■happening without any sudden changes, interruption, inconvenience or difficulty 顺利的，流畅的
• We had a very smooth flight with no turbulence at all. 我们的飞行很顺利，没有碰到乱流。
• The car's improved suspension gives a much smoother ride than earlier models. 这辆车改良过的避震装置让它行驶起来比以前的型号更加平稳顺畅。
• An efficient transport system is vital to the smooth running of a country's economy. 高效的交通系统对一个国家经济的稳定发展至关重要。
[smu:ð] adjective
TASTING PLEASANT 口感好的
■having a pleasant flavour which is not sour or bitter 醇厚的，香醇的
• This coffee is incredibly smooth and rich. 这种咖啡的味道香醇浓郁。
[smu:ð] adjective
INSINCERE 不真诚的
■very polite, confident and able to persuade people, but in a way that is not sincere 圆滑的，能言善道的
• The foreign minister is so smooth that many of his colleagues distrust him. 这位外交部长非常圆滑，他的很多同事都不信任他。
• In job interviews, the successful candidates tend to be the smooth talkers who know exactly how to make the right impression. 在求职面试中，成功的应征者往往是那些能言善道、清楚知道如何给人留下良好印象的人。
[smu:ð] adjective
as smooth as silk /a baby's bottom
■extremely smooth 非常光滑
• Her skin was as smooth as silk. 她的皮肤如丝一般光滑。
[smu:ð] verb
MAKE FLAT 铺平
intransitive or transitive
■to move your hands across something in order to make it flat 抚平；（使）平整
• He straightened his tie nervously and smoothed (down) his hair. 他紧张地整了整自己的领带，顺了顺头发。
[smu:ð] verb
REMOVE PROBLEMS 解决疑难
transitive
■to remove difficulties and make something easier to do or achieve 使顺利，使顺畅
• We encourage parents to help smooth their children's way through school. 我们鼓励父母帮助自己的孩子为求学之道铺路。
• We must do more to smooth the country's path to democratic reform. 我们必须再接再厉，为国家的民主改革铺路。
[smu:ð] verb
RUB 擦
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to cover the surface of something with a liquid, cream or wax, using gentle rubbing movements 擦，抹
• Pour some oil into the palm of your hand and then smooth it over your arms and neck. 在手掌里倒一点油，然后把它轻轻涂在手臂和脖子上。
[smu:ð] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smooth sth away
■to remove the difficulties from something 克服（困难）
• My mother was always there to smooth away my fears. 我母亲总会帮我克服恐惧。
[smu:ð] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smooth sth out
■to reduce the difficulties or changes in a process or situation 消除，缓和
• By investing small amounts regularly, you can smooth out the effects of sudden rises and falls in the stock market. 定期小额投资能够减少股市突然涨跌所造成的影响。
[smu:ð] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smooth sth over
■to make problems, difficulties or disagreements less serious or easier to solve, usually by talking to the people involved （通常透过交谈沟通的方式）缓和，调解
• Would you like me to try to smooth things over between you and your parents? 需要我来尝试缓和一下你和你父母之间的关系吗？
smooth, level, flat, even
这组词都有“平的，平坦的”的意思，其区别是：
smooth: 侧重指表面十分平滑，无任何粗糙的感觉。引申作圆滑解。
level: 强调没有高低之处，且在同一水平面，可引申指才能相等或与相邻某物平行。
flat: 指光滑平整的表面，但不一定是水平的。
even: 通常指平面上的各点或一条直线的各点处在同一平面或直线上。
adj. 顺利的；光滑的；平稳的
 - glabrous, favourable
vt. 使光滑；消除（障碍等）；使优雅；缓和
 - eliminate, avoid, relax
adv. 光滑地；平稳地；流畅地
 - quietly, glossily

Word: nearby
Front: nearby
[ˌnɪəˈbaɪ] (高研四六 2423/3327 -K3)
Back: adj. 在附近的，位于附近的
adv. 附近地，不远地
分布：附近的(60%)，在附近(40%)
→near,靠近，by,附近。
a.附近的ad.在附近prep.在...附近The slave safely saved the sharp shavers in a cave nearby the cafeteria.奴隶将锋利的剃刀安全地保存在自助餐厅附近的洞穴里.
US [ˌnɪr-] adverb adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■not far away 在附近；附近的
• If there's a cafe nearby, we could stop for a snack. 如果附近有小餐馆的话，我们可以停下来吃点东西。
• I noticed a policeman standing nearby. 我注意到有一名员警站在附近。
• We stopped at some nearby shops to buy some food. 我们顺路在附近的一些商店里买了些食物。
near, nearby, close
这组词都有“接近的”的意思，其区别是：
near: 语气弱于close，也指时间或空间上的接近，但无“紧接，接触”的含义。
nearby: 指距离上很近，近在咫尺。
close: 语气强于near。指时间、地点或程度方面的接近，有紧靠、相邻的意味。
adj. 附近的，邻近的
 - adjacent, surrounding
adv. 在附近
 - around, close by
prep. 在…附近
 - in the shadow of, in the vicinity of

Word: peer
Front: peer
[pɪə(r)] (研六托雅宝 2424/3899 -3)
Vocabulary: peer
(once / 174 pages)
1v 2n 3n
A peer is someone at your own level. If you are a 10th grader, other high school students are your peers.
Peer comes from the Latin par which means equal. When you are on par with someone, you are their peer. If kids your age are pressuring you to do something you don't want to do, that's peer pressure. In the sport of basketball, Michael Jordan was without peer, no one could equal his talent. When he switched to baseball, he found himself to be among peers again.
WORD FAMILY
peer: peered, peering, peerless, peers+/ peerless: peerlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They will play 17 games this month — 12 of them against conference peers — and with their best players battling ailments.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Post-Dispatch analysis showed that students at small schools in Missouri fare about as well on state exams as their peers at larger schools.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Medically vulnerable children such as Arianna and AJ are often forced to live lives of social isolation and separation from their peers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 凝视; 盯着看; 隐退，若隐若现; 同等，比得上
n. 同辈，同等的人; 贵族; 同伴，伙伴
adj. 贵族的; （年龄、地位等）同等的; 相匹敌的
时态：peered, peering, peers
分布：贵族(32%)，同辈(27%)，凝视(22%)，窥视(11%)，同等的人(8%)
→来自拉丁语par,对等，等同，词源同pair.引申词义同辈。词义贵族来自小说家模仿英国Arthur王传说中的圆桌骑士改编的八世纪法国君主Charlemagne大帝的十二骑士（Twelve Peers）的传奇故事。peer 仔细看，端详
n.同辈,同等地位的人;贵族v.凝视,隐约出现The peer's queer peering is a sheer sneer.贵族的奇怪盯着看是完全讽笑.
【记】ee与眼睛有关
US [pɪr] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
 ADVANCED
■to look carefully or with difficulty 仔细看，端详；费力地看
• When no one answered the door, she peered through the window to see if anyone was there. 没有人开门，她就费力地透过窗户往里望去，看是否有人在。
• The driver was peering into the distance trying to read the road sign. 司机费力地看着远方，想要看清路标。
UK [pɪər] US [pɪr] noun countable
EQUAL 平等的
 ADVANCED
■a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group 同龄人；同辈；同侪；同等社会地位（或能力）的人
• Do you think it's true that teenage girls are less self-confident than their male peers? 你是否认为十几岁的女孩子不如同年龄的男孩子自信？
• He wasn't a great scholar, but as a teacher he had few peers (= not as many people had the same ability as him). 他算不上伟大的学者，但作为教师没有几个人能与他相提并论。
UK [pɪər] US [pɪr] noun countable
HIGH RANK 很高的地位
■in Britain, a person who has a high social position and any of a range of titles, including baron , earl and duke , or a life peer 贵族
• a hereditary peer 世袭贵族
• a Conservative peer 保守党贵族
peer, peep, gape, glance, stare, gaze, glare, glimpse
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
peer: v.指眯起眼睛仔细看，尤指看不清楚的情况下；费力地看，凝视。
 • Being somewhat short-sighted, she has the habit of peering at people.   因为有点近视，她有眯着眼睛看人的习惯。
peep: v.窥视，偷看。
 • The mother peeped into the bedroom to see if her child was asleep.   母亲偷偷向卧室看了一下，看她的孩子是否睡着了。
gape: v. (张着嘴、瞪大眼睛)呆看，强调一种吃惊的状态。
 • The children gaped at the big elephant in the zoo.   在动物园，孩子们张大了嘴巴呆呆地看着大象。
glance: v. (粗略地、随便地)一瞥，看一眼。
 • He glanced over the letter he had just received.   他把刚收到的那封信粗略地看了一遍。
stare: v.凝视，盯着，指由于好奇、惊讶、赞叹等原因而瞪大眼睛长时间地、直接地注视，常常含有粗鲁无礼的意思。
 • I told my son to stop staring at that fat woman; it wasn't nice.   我告诉儿子不要盯着那个胖女人，那样看人不礼貌。
gaze: v.凝视，注视，指由于好奇、感叹、长时间目不转睛地看。
 • She gazed at her beautiful new diamond ring.   她凝视着自己的这颗美丽崭新的钻戒。
glare: v.怒目而视，强调怀有敌意或在气愤的情绪下看；眩目地照射。
 • The woman glared at the man after he shouted rudely at her.   那男人粗暴地冲她大声喊叫，她也怒目而视。
glimpse: v.与glance意思相近，短促地看一眼，一瞥。
vi. 凝视，盯着看；窥视
 - pore, stare at
n. 贵族；同等的人
 - prince, noble, nobility

Word: designer
Front: designer
[dɪˈzaɪnə(r)] (雅宝 2426/2766 -3)
Vocabulary: designer
(once / 575 pages)
n
A designer is a person who plans how something will look. An architect is a designer of buildings, drawing detailed blueprints indicating what the structures should look like and how they should be built.
The word designer came into English in the seventeenth century meaning "one who schemes." The word soon came to describe someone who figures out how something should look, especially something artistic. If you're reading a newspaper, a graphic designer planned how the text and images should look on each page. You might also be familiar with a fashion designer, someone who comes up with a vision for a garment and creates sketches to show what the finished product will look like.
WORD FAMILY
designer: designers+/ design: designed, designer, designing, designs, redesign /designed: designedly, undesigned/ designing: designingly, designings/ redesign: redesigned, redesigning, redesigns/undesigned: undesignedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The reason was for the national interest,” explained the ceremony’s general music designer.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Inside, carpenters, electricians and designers scrambled to complete work on the $7.5 million lodge in the run-up to its official opening late last month.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Women and their connection to power was a topic on the mind of New York-based designers in particular.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 设计师; 设计者; 构思者
adj. 由专门设计师设计的; 标有设计师名字的; 时尚的; 时髦的
分布：设计者(95%)，由专门设计师设计的(5%)
【记】de加强语义，sign标记，er表示人－做标记的人－设计者
US [-nɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a person who imagines how something could be made and draws plans for it 设计者，设计师
• a fashion/software/theatrical designer 时装／软体／舞台设计师
UK [dɪ'zaɪ.nər] US [-nɚ] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■made by a famous or fashionable designer 出自著名设计师的，名师设计的
• designer jeans/sunglasses 名师设计的牛仔裤／太阳眼镜
• I can't afford designer labels /designer label clothes. 我买不起出自名师之手的品牌服装。
n. [建] 设计师；谋划者
 - stylist
adj. 由设计师专门设计的；享有盛名的；赶时髦的
 - fashion-conscious, turned-on

Word: personnel
Front: personnel
[ˌpɜ:səˈnel] (高研四六托雅宝 2425/2556 -3)
Vocabulary: personnel
(once / 815 pages)
n
Personnel is a noun describing a group of people who follow orders, usually at a company. If you have a job, you’re probably considered personnel to be managed.
The word personnel is also sometimes short for the "personnel department," another name for the human resources or employment office. One of the things they might have in the personnel department is your personnel, which contains your employment records.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
personal / personnel
Choose the right word for each sentence:
XYZ Co. is letting go of personal/personnel at an alarming rate.
My personal/personnel files include notes on how to take over the world using just a red paperclip.
Match.com and other dating sites have eliminated the need to advertise in the personals/personnels.
The HR department kept James' personal/personnel file updated with all the complaints about his work habits.
Personal and personnel can be confused if the writer is not diligent, especially as both can be used as a noun and an adjective. Let's go through the quiz to uncover all four usages.
The first example could say that XYZ Co. is laying off employees or staff; the correct choice here is personnel, a plural noun. You wouldn't have one personnel; you'd have many.
The second sentence calls for personal. Personal refers to something of a particular person's, something done in person, something related to a person, and so on. My files belong to me; they are personal. They don't have anything to do with my employer.
The third sentence refers to those ads placed in a newspaper by people looking for romance or wishing to send messages to others. Personals is the correct, if increasingly rare, choice.
In the final sentence, a personnel file is an employee file. Although the file is about one person and is somewhat private, it is limited to James' work life at his current company; it is a file kept by the company about its employee.
To remember which word is which, try this: Personnel has two ns, just as a company has to have at least two employees to have personnel. Anything personal (one n) is about one individual.
WORD FAMILY
personnel: antipersonnel, personnels
USAGE EXAMPLES
The episode sparked anger in the Philippines and calls for the removal of all U.S. military personnel.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Eight Camp Whitehorse personnel were charged with crimes, including negligent homicide.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Emergency personnel arrived just after midnight Sunday at the Campbell Industrial Park in Kapolei to find the two victims injured.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 全体员工; （与复数动词连用）人员，员工; 人事部门
分布：人事部门(62%)，职员(38%)
→来自法语personnel,人的，来自person,人。其原义为相比于物质的特征而言的人的特征的，后形容词作名词，引申词义全体人员，职员等。
全体人员(person人)[-el表名词"人或物"]
n.全体人员,全体职员;人事(部门)That person personally persuaded the personnel with persuasive words.那个人用有说服力的话亲自说服了人事部门.
US [ˌpɝ:-] noun uncountable [+ sing/pl verb]
 IMPROVER
■the people who are employed in a company, organization or one of the armed forces （公司、组织或军队的）全体人员，员工，职员
• The new director is likely to make major changes in personnel. 新主管可能会在人事上做出大变动。
• military personnel 军事人员
 IMPROVER
■the department of a company or organization that deals with its employees when they first join, when they need training or when they have any problems 人事部门；人力资源部
• Personnel will help you find a flat to rent. 人事部会帮你租一个公寓。
• For more information about the job, please contact the personnel manager. 如欲了解这份工作的详情，请联络人事部经理。
n. 人事部门；全体人员
 - crew, Personnel Department

Word: shape
Front: shape
[ʃeɪp] (中高研四六 1267/1200 -K4)
Vocabulary: shape
(once / 90 pages)
1nv 2n 3v
The form of something gives it its shape. Basic shapes include the square, the circle, and the triangle. You may have a nose the shape of a ski slope.
When you admire someone's shape, you're admiring their form, or their body. When you're out of shape or vowing to get back into shape, you're using shape to refer to your physical stamina or overall health. You can shape something by giving it form, as in "shape the dough into a braided twist," or influence someone, as in a teacher who shapes young minds.
WORD FAMILY
shape: ill-shapen, reshape, shaped, shapeless, shapely, shaper, shapes, shaping, unshapen+/ reshape: reshaped, reshapes, reshaping/shaped: unshaped/shapeless: shapelessly, shapelessness/ shapely: shapelier, shapeliest, shapeliness, unshapely/shaper: shapers/shaping: shapings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Martin King of the Beatles Story museum in Liverpool said Mr. Williams played a vital role shaping the youthful band.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
His group is suing the state over the unwieldy shape of six state Senate and five state House of Delegates districts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Hancock likes to play with shapes in plants to augment his home decor.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 形状; 模型; 状态; 身材
vt. 塑造; 使符合; 体现
vi. 使成形; 形成
时态：shaped, shaping, shapes
分布：形状(74%)，塑造(15%)，身材(6%)，定形(2%)，形式(2%)，使 ... 成形(1%)
→来自古英语 scapan,塑造，成形，来自 Proto-Germanic*skapjanan,塑造，成形，来自 skep, 切，削，词源同 ship,-scape.引申诸相关词义。
n.形状,外形;情况,状态;种类v.成型,塑造The scraped escapee taped the grapes into various shapes.擦伤的逃犯用带子把葡萄扎成各种形状.
noun
FORM 形状
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the particular physical form or appearance of something 形状，形态，外形
• Clay can be moulded into almost any shape. 黏土可以塑成几乎任何形状。
• These bricks are all different shapes. 这些砖块形状都不同。
• Kim's birthday cake was in the shape of a train. 吉姆的生日蛋糕是火车形状的。
• Our table is oval in shape. 我们的饭桌是椭圆形的。
• My bicycle wheel has got bent out of shape. 我的脚踏车轮子已经弯曲变形了。
• This T-shirt has been washed so many times that it's lost its shape (= has become loose and lost its form). 这件T恤已经洗过多次，都变得没形了。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an arrangement that is formed by joining lines together in a particular way or by the line or lines around its outer edge 图形
• a round/square/circular/oblong shape 圆／方／椭圆／长方形
• A triangle is a shape with three sides. 三角形是有三条边的图形。
• The children made patterns by sticking coloured shapes onto paper. 孩子们把彩色图形黏贴在纸上构成图案。
countable
■the physical form or appearance of a particular person or thing （某人或某物的）样子，外表
• In the story, Faust is tempted by the Devil, who has taken the shape of a man. 故事中，浮士德被化作人形的魔鬼所诱惑。
• Life on Earth takes many shapes. 地球上的生物千姿百态。
countable
■a person or object that you cannot see clearly because it is too dark, or because the person or object is too far away 模糊的影子
• I could see a dark shape in the street outside. 我可以看到外面街道上有个黑漆漆的人影。
all shapes and sizes
■many different types 各种各样
• We sell all shapes and sizes of teddy bear. 我们出售各种各样的玩具熊。
• Cars come in all shapes and sizes. 汽车有各种不同的型号。
in any shape or form
■of any type 任何类型的；任何形式的
• I'm opposed to war in any shape or form. 我反对任何形式的战争。
[ʃeɪp] noun
CHARACTER 特征
uncountable
■the way something is organized, or its general character or nature 形式；特征
• Technological developments have changed the shape of industry. 科技的发展改变了工业的面貌。
• We need to change the whole shape of our campaign. 我们需要彻底改变我们宣传活动的形式。
[ʃeɪp] noun
CONDITION 情况
uncountable
■condition, or state of health 情况；健康状况
• He bought up businesses that were in bad/poor shape, and then sold them off bit by bit. 他收购状况不好的企业，然后再一点点地把它们变卖掉。
• "How are you?" "Oh, I'm in great shape." “你身体怎么样?”“哦，好极了。”
• You're in no shape (= not in a good enough state of health) to go to work today. 你今天身体不好，不能去上班。
uncountable
■good structural or physical condition 良好的结构（或身体状况）
• It's taken us five years to get our house into shape. 我们花了五年的时间才把房子整理得像个样子。
• She runs six miles every day to help keep herself in shape. 她每天要跑六哩路以保持健康。
• I haven't had any exercise for weeks, and I'm really out of shape (= not in good physical condition). 我有好几个星期没运动了，所以现在身体状况真的不太好。
[ʃeɪp] noun
be in good shape
■to be prepared and ready to do something 整装待发
• All our bags are packed, and we don't have to leave for another hour, so we're in good shape. 我们所有的行装都收拾好了，我们在一个小时后才出发，因此现在是准备妥当了。
[ʃeɪp] noun
in the shape of sth
■in the form of something; appearing as something 以…的形式；看似…
• Luckily, help arrived in the shape of a police officer. 幸运的是，一名员警模样的人过来帮忙。
[ʃeɪp] noun
knock/lick sth/sb into shape (US usually whip sth/sb into shape)
■to take action to get something or someone into the good condition that you would like 把…整理好；使变好
• to knock the economy into shape 整顿经济
• A better teacher would have licked him into shape. 如果有位好老师，本来是能把他调教好的。
[ʃeɪp] noun
the shape of things to come
■the form or style that is likely to develop or be popular in the future 可能出现（或流行）的形式（或风格）
• I hope the fashions pictured in this magazine are not the shape of things to come. 我希望这本杂志上刊登的时装不是将来的流行款式。
[ʃeɪp] noun
take shape
■to start to develop a more clear or certain form 成形；有了模样
• We watched the vase begin to take shape in the potter's hands. 我们看着花瓶在陶工的手中逐渐成形。
• Our ideas are beginning to take shape. 我们的想法开始成形。
[ʃeɪp] verb transitive
CHARACTER 特征
 ADVANCED
■to decide or influence the form of something, especially a belief or idea, or someone's character 决定（或影响）（尤指信仰或思想）的形式；决定，影响（性格）
• Many people are not able to shape their own destinies. 很多人不能决定自己的命运。
• My relationship with my father played a major part in shaping my attitude towards men. 我和父亲之间的关系在很大程度上决定了我对男性的看法。
• He was very influential in shaping the government's economic policy/strategy. 在左右政府的经济政策／战略方面，他有着极大的影响力。
[ʃeɪp] verb transitive
FORM 形状
■to make something become a particular shape 使成形，塑造
• The skirt has been shaped so that it hangs loosely. 这条裙子设计得很宽松。
• When you've made the dough, shape it into two loaves. 生面团揉好后，把它捏成两个长条面包。
■slightly formal
■to make an object from a physical substance 做成，制作
• Early humans shaped tools out of stone. 早期的人类用石头制作工具。
[ʃeɪp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  shape up informal
[usually continuous]
■to develop 进展；发展
• How are your plans shaping up? 你的计划进展如何?
• Things seem to be shaping up nicely. 事情似乎进展顺利。
• Colin is shaping up quite well in his new job. 科林的新工作做得不错。
■to improve your behaviour or performance 表现变好
• I've been told that if I don't shape up, I'll lose my job. 我被告知如果不改好，就会被解雇。
Shape up or ship out! informal
■said to tell someone that they must improve their performance or behaviour or they will have to leave 不改进就开除你！
figure, form, shape, outline
这组词都有“形式”的意思，其区别是：
figure: 指轮廓、外形，尤指体态，相貌或身体。
form: 最普通用词，含义广，既可指客观物体的外形，又可用于抽象概念的“形”。
shape: 通常指由线和面所围成的外观上的形，侧重立体形状。
outline: 指任何形状的轮廓线。
mould, shape, from, forge
这组词都有“使成形”的意思，其区别是：
mould: 通常指把有延展性的材料浇铸或塑成所需形状的物品。
shape: 比mould使用广泛，指用许多不同的方法制成不同形状的制品。
from: 通常指对尚未成形的物品作进一步加工，使成为成品。
forge: 意义较窄，指用锤子和砧对金属材料进行加工或锻造。
n. 形状；模型；身材；具体化
 - matrix, form, model
vt. 形成；塑造，使成形；使符合
 - mold, make, model
vi. 形成；成形；成长
 - to come into being, to form

Word: educator
Front: educator
[ˈedʒukeɪtə(r)] (高 2429/12905)
Back: n. （尤指作为一种职业的）教育工作者，教员，教师; 教育学家，教育家; 教学管理者
分布：教育学家(82%)，教育行政官员(18%)
US [-tˌɚ] mainly US
noun countable
■a person who teaches people 教师；教育工作者
n. 教育家；教育工作者；教师
 - teacher, professor, master

Word: relative
Front: relative
[ˈrelətɪv] (高研四六 2428/2255 -K3)
Vocabulary: relative
(once / 98 pages)
adjn
A relative is a person who is part of your family. Parents, siblings, uncles, aunts, grandparents, cousins, nieces and nephews — they're all relatives.
A relative can be connected to your family through blood or by marriage. If you are a child or grandchild of Maria's, for example, you are a blood relative of her family. If you marry Maria's son, you become a relative by marriage. Relative is also an adjective that means "estimated by comparison," like the steep hill that is tiny, relative to the mountain behind it.
WORD FAMILY
relative: relatively, relatives, relativise, relativism, relativity, relativize+/interrelate: interrelated, interrelating, interrelation/ interrelated: interrelatedness/interrelation: interrelations, interrelationship/interrelationship: interrelationships/ relate: interrelate, related, relates, relating, relation, relative / related: relatedly, relatedness, unrelated / relation: relational, relations, relationship /relational: relationally/ relationship: relationships/relativistic: relativistically/ relativity: relativistic, relativities/relativize: relativizes/ unrelated: unrelatedly, unrelatedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Media outlets report the woman’s name was withheld pending notification of relatives.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say the name of the man is being withheld until his relatives are notified.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And the chaebol did more than that, sometimes channeling money to the presidents’ personal coffers or those of their relatives and associates.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 相关的; 相对的; 相互有关的; 比较而言的
n. 亲属，亲戚; 相关物; 亲缘植物（或动物）; [语法学]关系词
分布：亲戚(42%)，相对的(36%)，相关的(19%)，比较的(3%)
→来自 relation,联系，关联，亲属，-ive,形容词后缀。
a.相对的,比较的,有关系的n.亲戚,关系词One of my relatives, a late translator, translated a book relating to public relations.我的一位亲戚,一个已故翻译,翻译了一本有关公共关系的书.
US [-tˌɪv] noun countable (Australian informal rellie)
 ESSENTIAL
■a member of your family 亲戚；亲属
• I haven't got many blood relatives (= people related to me by birth rather than by marriage). 我没有几个有血缘关系的亲戚。
• All her close/distant relatives came to the wedding. 她所有的近亲／远亲都来参加她的婚礼了。
UK ['rel.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] adjective formal
COMPARING 比较的
 ADVANCED
■being judged or measured in comparison with something else 相比较而言的；比较的
• We weighed up the relative advantages of driving there or going by train. 我们权衡了一下，看看开车去那里和乘火车去哪种方式更有利。
 ADVANCED
■Relative can also mean that something is true to a particular degree when it is being compared with other things 相对的；相比之下有的
• Since I got a job, I've been living in relative comfort (= more comfort than before). 自从我有了工作，日子过得就相对舒适一些了。
UK ['rel.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] adjective formal
CONNECTED 相应的
relative to
■If something is relative to something else, it varies according to the speed or level of the other thing 按…的比例；与…相应
• The amount of petrol a car uses is relative to its speed. 汽车耗油量和其行驶速度是成比例的。
■If something is relative to a particular subject, it is connected with it 与…相关；有关；涉及
• Are these documents relative to the discussion? 这些文件和我们讨论的问题有关吗？
relation, relative
这组词都有“亲戚、亲属”的意思，其区别是：
relation: 一般指因血统或婚烟关系形成的亲戚。
relative: 普通用词，常可与relation换用，有时指一般的亲戚。
adj. 相对的；有关系的；成比例的
 - opposing, proportional
n. 亲戚；相关物； [语] 关系词；亲缘植物
 - kin, belongings

Word: immigration
Front: immigration
[ˌɪmɪˈgreɪʃn] (高六托 2431/5448 -3)
Vocabulary: immigration
(once / 672 pages)
n
Immigration is the process of moving to a new country to stay. New York's Ellis Island was considered a gateway for European immigration to the United States during the early 1900's. Nowadays, people immigrate through airports instead of islands.
The word migration is in immigration, which is something we think of birds doing when they fly South for the winter. It's not an accident — if American birds had little passports, they'd have to go through immigration when they got to Mexico. When humans immigrate, they have to follow the rules of the new country or else they risk getting in trouble. Immigration is the act of going to a new country, while emigration refers to the process of leaving one.
WORD FAMILY
immigration: immigrations+/ immigrate: immigrated, immigrates, immigrating, immigration
USAGE EXAMPLES
Turkish immigration authorities informed the Brunsons that they would be detained pending deportation from the country.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Customs and Border Patrol computer problems hit several U.S. airports on Monday, causing long lines at immigration checks, airport officials said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“And under California law they are protected, regardless of immigration status.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 移居; 移民人数; 移民局检查站
分布：移民(97%)，移居(3%)
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone comes to live in a different country 移民（入境）
• There are strict limits on immigration (into the country). （该国）对入境移民有着严格的限制。
 ADVANCED
■the process of examining your passport and other documents to make certain that you can be allowed to enter the country, or the place where this is done 移民局入境检查；移民局入境检查处
• After you've been through immigration (control) , you can go and get your luggage. 通过移民局入境检查之后，你就可以去取行李了。
• immigration policy 移民政策
• immigration officers 移民局官员
n. 外来移民；移居
 - settling, transmigration

Word: belt
Front: belt
[belt] (高研四托 2430/2870 -K3)
Vocabulary: belt
(once / 244 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4v
A belt is an accessory you wear around your waist that helps hold your pants up. Other types of belts can hold tools or weapons.
Most belts are made of leather and buckle at the front of the waist. Tool belts have loops for keeping hammers and screwdrivers handy, and a seat belt fastens across your waist and shoulders to keep you safe in a moving car. If you belt someone, it takes on a different meaning: to hit hard. The Latin root is balteus, "girdle or sword belt," and the original definition of the verb was "to hit with a belt."
WORD FAMILY
belt: belt-like, belted, belting, beltless, beltlike, belts, unbelt+/belting: beltings/unbelt: unbelted, unbelting, unbelts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Toledo started it off by losing to the Sun Belt champion Appalachian State in the Camellia Bowl.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She added that cities in the Rust Belt are “all looking at how immigrant integration plays a part in that revitalization of a city.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The men then detonated explosive belts they were wearing, killing themselves and the two security men.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 腰带; 区域; 传送带; 带状物
vt. 环绕，包围; 用带做记号; 用力打; 绕着系上带子
时态：belted, belting, belts
分布：皮带(46%)，腰带(36%)，地带(7%)，疾驰(3%)，用皮带抽打(3%)，带状物(2%)，用带系上(1%)，大声歌唱(1%)，用带标示(1%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，鼓起，词源同ball. 指鼓起来的一圈，绕一圈的带子。
n.(皮)带,腰带;地带The cell seller seldom sees the bell belt melt.小单间的卖主很少见到铃铛带子融化.
noun
CLOTHING 服饰
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a strip of leather or material worn around the waist to support clothes or for decoration 腰带
• She fastened her belt tightly around her waist. 她把腰带束紧。
• He had eaten so much that he had to undo his belt a couple of notches. 他吃得太多，不得不把腰带放松几个扣。
[belt] noun
MOVING STRIP 输送带
 IMPROVER countable
■a flat strip of material in a machine that moves round continuously to keep another part turning, or to keep objects on it moving round 输送带；传送带
• a fan belt 风扇皮带
• a conveyor belt 输送带
[belt] noun
AREA 区域
countable usually singular
■an area, usually just outside a city, where a particular group of people live, such as the commuter belt and stockbroker belt, or an area that is known for a particular characteristic, such as the cotton belt (= area where cotton is grown) 地带：（特定的）区域
[belt] noun
HIT 击
countable usually singular informal
■a hard hit or punch 猛击，狠打
• a belt on the jaw 对准下巴猛击
[belt] noun
belt and braces UK informal
■when two or more actions are done in order to be extra careful about something, although only one is really necessary 双重保险，万无一失
• I wrote to them and telephoned as well - belt and braces, I admit. 我既写了信，又打了电话给他们——我想应该万无一失了。
[belt] noun
have sth under your belt
■to have learned or succeeded in something which might be an advantage in the future 已经掌握…；已经获得…
• Basic computer skills are a good thing to have under your belt. 掌握基本的电脑使用技巧对你有好处，将来说不定有用。
[belt] verb
MOVE FAST 快速移动
intransitive + adverb or preposition UK informal
■(especially of a vehicle) to travel with great speed （尤指交通工具）快速移动
• The car was belting along/down the road. 那辆车一路疾驶。
[belt] verb
HIT 击
transitive informal
■to hit someone or something hard, especially with violence 重击
• He belted him in the face. 他朝他的脸上猛击一拳。
[belt] verb
CLOTHING 服饰
transitive
■to tie something with a belt 用带子束紧
• I belted my coat tightly. 我束紧了外套的腰带。
[belt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] belt sth out informal
■to sing or play a musical instrument very loudly 引吭高歌；高声演奏
• The band was belting out all the old favourites. 乐队正在高声演奏所有的经典老歌。
[belt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  belt up
BE QUIET 安静 UK very informal
■used to tell someone to stop talking or making a noise 住嘴，安静下来
• Just belt up, will you! I'm trying to concentrate. 你闭口！我正在思考。
FASTEN 系紧 UK informal (US buckle up)
■to fasten the belt that keeps you in your seat in a car or a plane 系紧安全带
• Don't forget, belt up before you drive off. 别忘了开车前系好安全带。
region, area, belt, district, zone
region: 地区，指较大范围内的区域，一般按自然条件和自身特点划分。如：an autonomous 　region(自治区)
area: 面积，范围，一般用语，没有明确的外围界限，也可指占地面积。如：The factory covers an area of 500 mu.(这工厂占地50亩。)
belt: 地带，通常指狭长的地带。如：The northern part of the country is usually regarded as the wheat belt.(这国家的北部通常被看作小麦种植地带。)
district: 区，行政区，指一国家或城市按行政区的划分。如：the economic development district(经济开放区)
zone: 地带，地区，区域，指某一特定的地方或区域。如：Most of China is in the temperate zone.(中国的大部分地区在温带。)
region, area, districk, belt, neighbourhood, zone, section, quarter
这组词都有“地区”的意思，其区别是：
region: 普通用词，常指地球上、大气中具有自然分界线的区域，特指按照气候、人体或其他特征鲜明、自成一体的地区。
area: 普通用词，指整体中较大的，界线不分明的一部分。
districk: 多指由政府等机构出于行政管理等目的而明确划分的地区。
belt: 从本义“带，带状物”引申而指任何广阔的长条地带，也可指种植某种作物的地区。
neighbourhood: 指比section的划定更清楚，范围更小。具体指城市中的住宅区，也可指附近一带。
zone: 科技用词，指圆形或弧形地带，尤指地图上按温度划分的五个地带。用作一般意义时，也可指具有某种特征的其它地区。
section: 普通用词，指城市、国家或天然界线形成的地区。
quarter: 指城市里具有相同性质或独特风味的地区，比section范围小，但划分更精确。
n. 带；腰带；地带
 - band, strip, zone, terrain, tract
vi. 猛击
 - drive, jab at

Word: teaspoon
Front: teaspoon
[ˈti:spu:n] (2432/12738 -2)
Back: n. 茶匙; 一茶匙的量
分布：茶匙(93%)，小匙(7%)
noun countable
■a small spoon used to stir (= mix) tea or coffee in a cup 茶匙 Compare dessertspoon ; tablespoon

Word: birthday
Front: birthday
[ˈbɜ:θdeɪ] (中高 2433/2488 -K3)
Vocabulary: birthday
(once / 372 pages)
n
Your birthday is the day of your birth! It’s the yearly anniversary that marks the day you were born. Not everyone celebrates, but a birthday is a good excuse for a party and cake.
You can use birthday both to refer to the specific day of a baby's birth, and the annual marking of that day throughout the years that follow. Sometimes people talk about the birthday of a country, group, or even a building: "It's the art museum's fiftieth birthday next year." The Old English byrddæg originally referred to the celebration of a king or saint's birth, but over the years it was extended to include everyone.
WORD FAMILY
birthday: birthdays
USAGE EXAMPLES
MacDill officials say the uniforms were bought for a Marine Corps birthday pageant.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A birthday cake will be the exception, not the rule.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
“This place would be perfect for my next birthday,” she said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 生日; 诞辰; 成立纪念日
分布：生日(100%)
n.生日;(成方)纪念日Sir, your bird stirred my girlfriend's birthday party.先生,你的鸟搅了我女友的生日聚会.
US ['bɝ:θ-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the day that is exactly a year or number of years after a person was born 生日
• Happy birthday! 生日快乐！
• Are you going to Ellen's birthday party next week? 下周你会参加爱伦的生日派对吗？
• It's her 21st birthday. 这是她21岁的生日。
UK ['bɜ:θ.deɪ] US ['bɝ:θ-] noun countable
in your birthday suit humorous
■not wearing any clothes 赤身裸体

Word: implication
Front: implication
[ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn] (研四六托宝 2434/1627 -K3)
Vocabulary: implication
(once / 954 pages)
n
An implication is something that is suggested, or happens, indirectly. When you left the gate open and the dog escaped, you were guilty by implication.
Implication has many different senses: Usually used in the plural, implications are effects or consequences that may happen in the future. You might ask, "What are the implications of our decision?" Implication is also the state of being implicated, or connected to something bad: "Are you surprised by their implication that you were involved in the crime?"
WORD FAMILY
implication: implicational, implications+/ imply: implication, implicative, implied, implies, implying
USAGE EXAMPLES
They found enough reasons to play their best, despite the absence of any postseason implications.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
That combination put this game, with no playoff implications, in a secondary role.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
That resolution is about to be overturned, with big implications for, well, how much rich people pay in taxes.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 含义; 含蓄，含意，言外之意; 卷入，牵连，牵涉，纠缠; [逻辑学]蕴涵，蕴含
分布：暗示(54%)，含意(22%)，牵连(16%)，卷入(8%)
→来自implicate,牵连，牵涉。
连累;含蓄(implicate+ion)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
n.含意,暗示,暗指;牵连The implicit implication about the deficit is not explicit.关于赤字的暗示的暗示不明确.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly 含意；暗指，暗示
• [+ that] From what she said, the implication was that they were splitting up. 她的话暗示他们将要分手。
• She accused the party and, by implication, its leader too. 她指责了该政党，也含蓄地指责了该党的领袖。
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■the effect that an action or decision will have on something else in the future 可能影响；可能后果
• The company is cutting back its spending and I wonder what the implications will be for our department. 公司正在削减开支，真不知道这将会对我们部门产生甚么影响。
• What are the implications of the new law? 这部新法意味着甚么呢？
uncountable
■when you suggest or show that someone is involved in a crime 牵连，涉及
• The case depended upon his implication of his co-workers in the fraud. 这个案件取决于他能否指证他的同事参与了诈骗。
implication, sense, meaning
这组词都有“含义，意义，意思”的意思，其区别是：
implication: 指暗含的意思。
sense: 特指词、短语或句子的某种特定意思。也常指多种解释的一种。
meaning: 普通用词，使用广泛。既可指语言表达的意思，又可指手势、符号、表情或艺术品或抽象概念所含的意义。
implication, suggestion, hint
这组词都有“暗示，暗指”的意思，其区别是：
implication: 指对某事不公开发表自己的意见，仅用语言动作或表情表明态度，要对方进行推断。
suggestion: 既可指比较明显的暗示，又可指客观上流露出的迹象。
hint: 最常用用词，多指无意中的，间接的暗示。
n. 含义；暗示； [法] 牵连，卷入
 - connotation, meaning, import, involvement, reminder

Word: perfectly
Front: perfectly
[ˈpɜ:fɪktli] (四六 2435/2036 -K3)
Back: adv. 完美地; 理想地; 完全地; 无瑕疵地
分布：完美地(40%)，完全地(22%)，无瑕疵地(22%)，圆满地(11%)，完整地(5%)
US ['pɝ:-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in a perfect way 完美地，圆满地
• The jacket fits perfectly, the skirt not so well. 这件短上衣非常合身，裙子却不太合身。
• They're perfectly suited. 他们是天造地设的一对。
 ADVANCED
■used to emphasize the word that follows （用于强调所修饰的词）十足地，完全地，彻底地
• To be perfectly honest, I don't care any more. 十分坦白地说，我已不在乎了。
• You know perfectly well what the matter is. 你很清楚是怎么回事。
• I made it perfectly clear to him what I meant. 我把我的意思非常清楚明白地告诉了他。
• I was perfectly happy on my own. 我一个人生活非常幸福。
adv. 完美地；完全地；无瑕疵地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully

Word: coast
Front: coast
[kəʊst] (中高研四六 2436/1854 -K4)
Vocabulary: coast
(once / 62 pages)
1n 2vn 3n
The noun coast describes the area where the land meets the sea — the seashore. When your mom says, "We're going to the coast," pack your bathing suit, because you'll be near the ocean.
Coast also has a verb form that describes an effortless movement, like when you're riding your bike down a hill and you don't have to pedal at all. It can also be used figuratively to describe something that's gained without much difficulty. You might coast to victory in the playoffs when your team wins 8-0 and is never threatened.
WORD FAMILY
coast: coastal, coasted, coaster, coasting, coasts+/coaster: coasters
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was the second episode of heavy rain within days for some areas, especially along the Gulf Coast.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The search began Friday evening when the Coast Guard received a call that the Cessna disappeared from radar while en route to Molokai from Honolulu.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Okaloosa County Sheriff’s Office, fire department first responders, the Walton Sheriff’s Office, the Coast Guard and others assisted in searching for the man.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 海岸; 滑坡
vi. （汽车或自行车）（尤指不用动力向山坡下）滑行; （做事）不出力; 不费力地取得成功; （不用多少动力）快速平稳地移动
vt. 沿海岸航行
时态：coasted, coasting, coasts
分布：海岸(91%)，海滨(9%)
→来自拉丁语costa,肋骨，边，词源同costal,accost.词义由岸边引申为海岸。
n.海岸,海滨The boastful toaster roasts himself on the coast in the sunshine.好说大话的祝酒者在海岸上晒太阳.
US [koʊst] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the land next to or close to the sea 海岸；沿海地区
• Rimini is a thriving holiday resort on the east coast of Italy. 里米尼是义大利东岸一个繁华的渡假胜地。
• The accident happened three miles off the coast (= in the sea three miles from land). 意外发生在距离海岸三英里的海域。
• We spent a week by/on the coast (= by the sea). 我们在海滨渡过了一个星期。
coast to coast
■from one side of the country to the other 从（一国的）此岸到彼岸
• We travelled across America coast to coast. 我们的旅程横跨美国东西海岸。
■mainly US
■in every part of a country 全国各地
• The visiting politician received coast-to-coast media attention. 来访的政客受到全国媒体的关注。
UK [kəʊst] US [koʊst] noun countable
the coast is clear
■it is safe to do something or go somewhere because no one is watching or listening who would prevent you or catch you 已无危险；没有被发现（或抓住）的危险
• You can come out now, the coast is clear. 现在你可以出来了，危险已经过去。
UK [kəʊst] US [koʊst] verb intransitive
■to move forward in a vehicle without using the engine, usually down a hill （通常指下山时凭借惯性）滑行，下滑
• At the top of the hill I switched off the engine and we just coasted down the other side. 在山顶，我关上引擎，我们就沿着另一侧的山坡顺势滑行。
■to progress or succeed without any effort or difficulty 毫不费力取得进展；轻而易举取得胜利
• While I struggled, my sister coasted through school with top grades. 上学时我总觉得很吃力，而我妹妹却一路学得轻轻松松，成绩一直很优异。
shore, bank, seaside, beach, coast
这组词都有“岸”的意思，其区别是：
shore: 指紧靠大湖泊或海洋的陆地边缘或靠海的休养地。
bank: 多指有一定坡度的河岸、湖岸或堤岸。
seaside: 尤指疗养地、游览地区的海边。
beach: 指倾斜度小，被海、湖或河水冲刷而有沙或卵石积存的地方。
coast: 地理学上的名词，专指被视为边界的沿海陆地的尽头。
vi. 滑行；沿岸航行
 - taxi
n. [海洋] 海岸；滑坡
 - rivage, seacoast

Word: supporter
Front: supporter
[səˈpɔ:tə(r)] (2437/2059 -K)
Back: n. 支持者，拥护者; 支持物; 赡养者，抚养者
分布：支持者(87%)，拥护者(12%)，支撑物(1%)
→support,支持，-er,人。
US [-'pɔ:r.tˌɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who supports a particular idea, group or person 支持者，拥护者
• He is one of the Prime Minister's strongest supporters within industry. 他是首相在任内最坚定的拥护者之一。
 ESSENTIAL UK (US fan)
■someone who wants a particular team to win and might show it by going to watch them play （某个运动队的）支持者
• Thousands of supporters have travelled to London for the cup final. 成千上万的球迷来到伦敦观赏杯赛决赛。
n. 支持者；拥护者
 - champion, advocate

Word: accompany
Front: accompany
[əˈkʌmpəni] (高研四六托雅宝 2438/1902 -K3)
Vocabulary: accompany
(once / 66 pages)
v
The verb accompany means to keep someone company, or to be their companion on a trip or journey. In a musical sense, accompany means to play background music for the lead singer or soloist.
If you want your friend to keep you company on your way to the store, you could ask her to accompany you on the walk. Or, if you want your friend to play piano while you sing a song, you could ask her to accompany you on piano. Just don’t ask her to do both at the same time or your friend may not want to accompany you anywhere any longer.
WORD FAMILY
accompany: accompanied, accompanies, accompaniment, accompanist, accompanying, accompanyist+/accompanied: unaccompanied / accompaniment: accompaniments/accompanist: accompanists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It included 15,000 fireworks and was accompanied by music from some of the city's most famous musical exports.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Lane argued it was a complimentary reference to physical strength and “was not accompanied by any overtly racial slurs.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their stories are accompanied by montages of period photos intended to create an air of credence.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 陪伴，陪同; 附加，补充; 与…共存; 为…伴奏
vi. 伴奏
时态：accompanied, accompanying, accompanies
分布：陪伴(67%)，伴奏(24%)，补充(7%)，伴随...发生(1%)，给 ... 伴奏(1%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. company,同伴，公司, 来自词根pan,面包，同food. 指一起吃面包的人。比较mate，词源同meat, 一起吃肉的人。
v.陪伴,陪同;伴随,和...一起发生,伴奏In the company my companion accompanied me until I accomplished polishing the shoes.在公司里同伴陪着我直到我完成檫鞋(任务).
【记】ac朝…方向，company同伴，公司
【参】accompaniment（n 伴随物；[音]伴奏）；accompanist（n 伴奏者）
verb transitive
GO WITH 和…一起去
 IMPROVER
■to go with someone or to be provided or exist at the same time as something 陪同，陪伴；伴随，和…一起提供（或存在）
• The course books are accompanied by four cassettes. 这些课本配有四盒录音带。
• Depression is almost always accompanied by insomnia. 忧郁症几乎总是和失眠分不开。
• The salmon was accompanied by (= served with) a fresh green salad. 那道鲑鱼菜佐以新鲜的蔬菜沙拉。
■slightly formal
■to show someone how to get to somewhere 陪送，陪同前往
• Would you like me to accompany you to your room? 我送你到房间去，好吗？
■formal
■to go with someone to a social event or to an entertainment 陪同，陪伴（某人参加社交或文娱活动）
• "May I accompany you to the ball?" he asked her. “我可以陪您去参加舞会吗？”他问她。
• I have two tickets for the theatre on Saturday evening - would you care to accompany me? “我有两张周六晚上的戏票，你愿意陪我一起去吗？”
[ə'kʌm.pə.ni] verb transitive
MUSIC 音乐　
■to sing or play an instrument with another musician or singer 为…伴唱（或伴奏）
• Miss Jessop accompanied Mr Bentley on the piano. 杰索普小姐为本特利先生钢琴伴奏。
conduct, attend, escort, accompany
这组词都有“陪同，伴随”的意思，其区别是：
conduct: 无论用于人或物均指引导带领。
attend: 侧重主从关系，即下级对上级，学生对老师等，或表恭、服侍。
escort: 通常指用车或人在陆上伴随、护送，其目的是保护或出于礼节。
accompany: 既可指人也可指物。用于人时，侧重关系紧密或同时发生。
vt. 陪伴，伴随；伴奏
 - attend, keep company

Word: silver
Front: silver
[ˈsɪlvə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 2439/2244 -K3)
Back: n. 银; 银币; 银制品; 银色
adj. 银制的; 像银的; 银色的; 银白色的
vt. （在某物上）镀银; 使具有银色光泽，使变成银色
时态：silvered, silvering, silvers
分布：银(83%)，银色的(4%)，银的(4%)，银币(4%)，银器(3%)，银灰色(1%)，镀银于(1%)
→来自中古英语 silver,银，来自古英语 seolfor,银，来自 Proto-Germanic*silubra,银。引申词义 银器，银白色等。金属元素银来自拉丁语 argentum,银，词源同 argent,Argentine.
n.银;银器;银币v.镀银The silly spilled the milk on the silver silk.傻子把牛奶溅到银白色的丝绸上.
US [-vɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a valuable shiny white metal that is used for making utensils (= knives, spoons, etc.) , jewellery, coins and decorative objects 银，银子
• We gave Alison and Tom a dish made of solid silver as a wedding present. 我们送给爱丽森和汤姆一个纯银盘子作为结婚礼物。
• Cleaning the silver (= silver objects) is a dirty job. 擦洗银器是一件很讨厌的事。
• Shall we use the silver (= utensils made of silver) for dinner tonight? 今天晚餐要用银餐具吗?
• I need some silver (= coins made of silver or a metal of similar appearance) for the ticket machine in the car park. 我需要一些银币来使用停车场的售票机。
■(also silver medal countable)
■a small disc of silver, or a metal that looks like silver, which is given to the person who comes second in a competition, especially in a sport 银牌
• Britain won (a) silver/a silver medal in the javelin. 英国队在标枪比赛中获得了银牌。
UK ['sɪl.vər] US [-vɚ] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■made of silver, or of the colour of silver 银质的；银色的
• a silver ring 银戒指
• My grandmother has silver hair. 我的祖母一头银发。
UK ['sɪl.vər] US [-vɚ] verb transitive often passive
■to cover something, especially a window, with a thin layer of silver-coloured material in order to make a mirror 给（窗户等）镀上银色物质
n. [化学] 银；银器；银币；银质奖章；餐具；银灰色
 - plata, argentum
adj. 银的；含银的；有银色光泽的；口才流利的；第二十五周年的婚姻
 - lunar, argentic

Word: teenager
Front: teenager
[ˈti:neɪdʒə(r)] (高研四六 2440/3812 -3)
Back: n. 十几岁的青少年; 十三岁到十九岁的少年
分布：青少年(99%)，13岁到19岁的年轻人(1%)
青少年(teenage十一到十九岁)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
n.十几岁的青少年The teenagers in the canteen are keen to see the queen sitting between the green screens in the greenhouse.食堂里的少年们巴望见到坐在温室里的绿色屏风间的女王.
US [-dʒɚ] (informal teen)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a young person between 13 and 19 years old （13岁至19岁的）青少年
• The magazine is aimed at teenagers and young adults. 这份杂志的读者对像是青少年和二十来岁的成年人。
adolescent, teenager, youth, juvenile
这组词都有“年轻人，青少年”的意思，其区别是：
adolescent: 比teenager正式，侧重年龄。
teenager: 主要指13岁到19岁之间的青少年，强调这个年龄段的人的本身特点。
youth: 现在几乎专指男青年，尤指10多岁到20多一点的男青年，但作为集合名时间男女青年都可指。
juvenile: 指青少年，系法律上的常用词。

Word: recognition
Front: recognition
[ˌrekəgˈnɪʃn] (研四六托 2441/1628 -K3)
Vocabulary: recognition
(once / 259 pages)
1n 2n
Recognition is when you remember something or someone you're familiar with — like the flash of recognition you experience at your high school reunion.
Recognition isn't just about remembering what something looks like — it's also used to describe when you remember that someone has done something special, and decide to recognize their efforts with an award or speech. This type of recognition is a form of acknowledgment, a way to say "we approve" or "good work!"
WORD FAMILY
recognition: recognitions+/derecognize: derecognized/ recognizable: recognizably, unrecognizable/ recognize: derecognize, recognition, recognizable, recognized, recognizes, recognizing/recognized: recognizedly, unrecognized/unrecognizable: unrecognizably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Because of the nature of the job, Dowdy said, agents receive little public recognition.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Some fans thought Western’s record deserved even more recognition than a top 15 spot and a Cotton Bowl berth.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Twenty bodies that were found inside the vessel were burned beyond recognition and were transferred to a police hospital for identification, said Col.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 认识，识别; 承认，认可; 褒奖; 酬劳
分布：承认(58%)，认出(27%)，赏识(15%)
→来自 recognize,认识，认出。
n.认出,辨认;承认He has changed beyond recognition.他变得使人认不出来.
noun
ACCEPTING 接受
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■agreement that something is true or legal 承认；认可；接受
• It's a new country, hoping for diplomatic recognition from the international community. 这是个新国家，它希望在外交上得到国际社会的承认。
• [+ that] There's a growing recognition that this country can no longer afford to be a nuclear power. 越来越多的人认识到，这个国家再也无力充当一个核大国了。
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■If you are given recognition, people show admiration and respect for your achievements 赏识，赞赏；表彰
• Ella complained that the company never gave her any recognition for her work. 艾拉抱怨说公司从未认可过她的工作。
• He was presented with a gold watch in recognition of (= to show respect for) his years as club secretary. 俱乐部赠予他一只金表，以感谢他多年作为俱乐部干事所付出的心血。
[ˌrek.əg'nɪʃ.ən] noun
KNOWING 认出
uncountable
■when you know someone or something because you have seen, heard or experienced them before 认出，认识；识别
• When he returned to his home town after the war, he found it had changed out of all/beyond all recognition (= it had changed so much that he no longer recognized it). 战后他回到家乡时，发现一切已经面目全非了。
n. [计] [免疫] 识别；承认，认出；重视；赞誉；公认
 - identification, discernment

Word: retirement
Front: retirement
[rɪˈtaɪəmənt] (六托雅 2442/2435 -K3)
Vocabulary: retirement
(once / 408 pages)
n
Retirement is when someone stops working, usually after many years, to take a break or start a new occupation.
In order to consider retirement, a worker must usually have saved enough money to stop working. This most commonly happens after years at a job, and retirement is often a cause of celebration. Sometimes, as in "early retirement," a much younger person is able to stop working for pay — in some cases, because she's become wealthy from a business venture. The Middle French root word is retirer, "to withdraw."
WORD FAMILY
retirement: retirements+/ retire: retired, retiree, retirement, retires, retiring / retired: retiredly/ retiree: retirees/ retiring: retiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He cited health reasons for his sudden retirement in 2004.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Obama, who will remain in the nation’s capital for the next year or so, does not appear ready to slip quietly into retirement.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At a recent celebration, friends used one cake to congratulate Bill Word on his retirement and compliment Matt Word on his new job.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 退休，退职; 引退，隐居; 退隐处
分布：退休(99%)，隐匿处(1%)
→来自 retire,撤离，退休。
US [-'taɪr-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■when you leave your job and stop working, usually because you are old 退休；退职；退役
• Many teachers over the age of 50 are taking early retirement. 很多50岁以上的老师都提前退休。
• What is the normal retirement age in this country? 这个国家人们通常多大年纪退休？
 ESSENTIAL
■the period in someone's life after they have stopped working because they reached a particular age 退休生活；退休后的岁月
• We wish you a long and happy retirement. 我们祝愿您退休后幸福长寿。
n. [劳经] 退休， [军] 退役
 - superannuation

Word: flag
Front: flag
[flæg] (中高研四六托雅宝 2444/3502 -K3)
Vocabulary: flag
(once / 120 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n 6v
A flag is a piece of cloth that represents a country, group, or institution. If you're particularly proud of your Irish heritage, you might fly an Irish flag in your front yard.
A real flag enthusiast might fly the American flag, their state flag, their city's flag, and the flag of their parents' birth countries. There are also flags used for signaling on ships at sea and during races and sporting events, and flags that represent armies or advertise products. When flag is used as a verb, it means "to lose energy or enthusiasm." When students start to flag in the afternoon, they tend to take a quick nap — sitting up at their desks.
WORD FAMILY
flag: flagged, flagging, flags+/ flagging: flaggingly, flaggings, unflagging/unflagging: unflaggingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A flag was thrown immediately, and the call was upheld on review.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its scoreboard is flanked by American and Israeli flags.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are warning flags on Iowa’s fiscal horizon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 旗; 旗帜; 信号旗; 菖蒲
vt. 标示
vi. 疲乏，变弱，热情衰减
时态：flagged, flagging, flags
分布：旗(84%)，旗帜(13%)，信号旗(1%)，枯萎(1%)，减退(1%)
→来自辅音丛fl, 扑腾，拍打，拟声词。即模仿旗帜或菖蒲在风中晃动的声音。引申义热情衰减，主要用于形容词unflagging, 不懈的。
n.旗The lagging man tagged the bags among the luggage with small flags.落伍者给行李中的袋子加上小旗标签.
【记】在没风的时候flag就flag
【参】flaggy（adj 不振作的；萎靡的）
【反】wax（vi 变大；增大；月亮渐满）；flagging（衰弱的）－thriving（adj 欣欣向荣的）/ vibrant（adj 充满活力的）
noun countable
SYMBOL 象征
 IMPROVER
■a piece of cloth, usually rectangular and fixed to a pole at one edge, that has a pattern which shows it represents a country or a group, or has a particular meaning 旗
• Flags of all the participating countries are flying outside the stadium. 所有参赛国家的国旗都挂在体育场外。
• Flags were flapping/fluttering in the breeze. 旗子在和风中飘扬。
• The guard waved his flag and the train pulled away from the station. 护卫挥旗示意，火车从车站驶离。
[flæg] noun countable
STONE 石头
■a flagstone
[flæg] noun countable
PLANT 植物
■a type of large iris (FLOWER) 菖蒲（一种大的鸢尾花）
[flæg] noun countable
keep the flag flying mainly UK
■to act or speak for the country or group which a flag represents 代表国家（或组织）行动（或发言）
[flæg] noun countable
Put the flags out! UK humorous
■something that you say when you are pleased and surprised that something has happened 悬旗致敬！（表示对发生的事感到惊讶和高兴）
• Josh has cleaned the bathroom - put the flags out! 乔希清理了浴室——向他悬旗致敬！
[flæg] noun countable
wave/show/fly the flag UK
■to show support for the country, group or organization that you belong to （对自己的国家、团体或组织）表示拥护，摇旗呐喊
[flæg] verb (-gg-)
MARK 记号
transitive
■to put a mark on something so it can be found easily among other similar things 给…做标记
• Flag any files which might be useful later. 给日后可能有用的档做上标记。
transitive specialized
■to mark computer information with one of two possible values so that you can process it later 标记（将电脑里可能有用的资讯标注出来，以便日后处理）
• We'll flag the records of interest in the database and then we can give you a print-out. 我们会在资料库中把感兴趣的纪录标记出来，之后列印一份给你。
[flæg] verb (-gg-)
BECOME TIRED 变得疲倦
intransitive
■to become tired or less interested 变得疲倦；兴趣衰减
• I was starting to flag after the ninth mile. 走了九英里后，我开始感到疲倦了。
• The conversation was flagging. 谈话越来越乏味了。
[flæg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] flag sth/sb down
■to cause a vehicle to stop by waving at its driver 挥手示意（某人）停车
• I managed to flag down a passing police car. 我挥手示意，设法拦下了一辆路过的警车。
flag, banner
这组词都有“旗”的意思，其区别是：
flag: 普通用词，含义最广，多指有彩色图案，悬挂于旗杆或绳索上的长方形旗帜，或国旗，也可指单位或组织的旗。
banner: 比较庄重文雅的用词，指表示象征性的旗帜，如常用于指党旗或代表某种主义的旗。
vi. 标记；衰退；枯萎
 - fail, decay
vt. 标记；插旗
 - emblemize
n. 标志；旗子
 - symbol, seal

Word: recovery
Front: recovery
[rɪˈkʌvəri] (研四六 2443/2256 -3)
Vocabulary: recovery
(once / 242 pages)
n
The noun recovery refers to the process of healing after an illness or injury. Your recovery from your broken leg will go quicker if you keep off the leg. Use your crutches and definitely no skiing or hopscotch!
A recovery is when you save something that was lost, in danger of becoming lost, or retrieved. If something was taken from you, such as diamonds, money, or your dignity, and you get it back, you can say that you are glad for its recovery. The noun recovery also refers to a return to a natural or original state. After a devastating hurricane, an area's recovery may take many years.
WORD FAMILY
recovery: recoveries+/ cover: coverage, covered, covering, coverlet, covers, recover, uncover, undercover/ coverage: coverages/covering: coverings, uncovering/coverlet: coverlets/irrecoverable: irrecoverably/ recover: recoverable, recovered, recoverer, recovering, recovers, recovery / recoverable: irrecoverable, recoverably, unrecoverable/recoverer: recoverers/uncover: uncovered, uncovers/uncovering: uncoverings/unrecoverable: unrecoverably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The school announced the procedure is scheduled for Friday, with an anticipated recovery time of four weeks.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Yet my doctor told me to expect weeks to months of recovery.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He credits an immunotherapy drug called Keytruda for his recovery.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 恢复，复原; 重获; 痊愈; 矫正
分布：恢复(80%)，痊愈(10%)，复原(6%)，重获(4%)
n.痊愈,复元;重获,恢复The recovery of the Japanese economy after the war surprised many people.战后日本的经济复苏使许多人惊讶.
US [-ɚ-] noun [S or U]
 ESSENTIAL
■the process of getting back something lost, especially health, ability, possessions, etc （尤指健康、能力、所有物等）失而复得，重新得到，追回，收复，寻回
• Mira made a full/speedy, etc. recovery from (= became well again after) the operation. 米拉手术后完全／很快康复了。
• At last the economy is showing signs of recovery (= is starting to improve). 经济最终出现了复苏迹象。
• The police arranged the recovery (= the getting back) of her body from the river. 员警安排从河中打捞她的尸体。
n. 恢复，复原；痊愈；重获
 - regression, restoration, rehabilitation, retrieval, renewal

Word: whisper
Front: whisper
[ˈwɪspə(r)] (高研四六宝 2446/2623 -K3)
Vocabulary: whisper
(once / 61 pages)
nv
Psst! When you speak very quietly, so that hardly anyone can hear, you're whispering, or speaking in a whisper.
A whisper is the opposite of a shout. When teachers talk about using your outside voice (when you're outside) and your inside voice (for speaking normally), the whisper is even quieter than the inside voice. This word can apply to other sounds too: you could say the wind is whispering. Whispers really do sound a lot like "Psst psst psst" to anyone who can't hear the exact words. You're likely to hear a lot of whispering in the library.
WORD FAMILY
whisper: whispered, whisperer, whispering, whispers+/whispered: self-whispered, whisperedly/whisperer: whisperers/whispering: whisperingly, whisperings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Morgan and Huth are whispering to one another about something.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Whispers persist that Moore, who led the team in tackles his first three seasons, is considering the NFL.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Even then, there were already whispers about the talent and potential from Ramczyk on the scout team.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 低声说; 私语; 密谈，密谋坏事; 私下说
vi. 沙沙地响; 耳语; 密谈
n. 低语，耳语; 飒飒声; [医]嗫音; 传闻
时态：whispered, whispering, whispers
分布：耳语(39%)，低语(23%)，私语(15%)，窃窃私语(9%)，低声说(7%)，飒飒地响(5%)，飒飒的声音(2%)
→拟声词。
v.耳语;私下说,偷偷告诉n.耳语;传闻The whistler whispered, "Which is rich?"鸣笛者低语道:"哪一个富有?"
US [-pɚ] verb
SPEAK 讲话
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to speak very quietly, using thebreath but not the voice, so that only the person close to you can hearyou 小声说话；低语；耳语
• Sheleaned over and whispered something in his ear. 她俯身对他耳语了些甚么。
• What are you twogirls whispering about? 你们两个女孩子在窃窃私语些甚么？
• [+ speech] "Where are the toilets?" she whispered. “洗手间在哪里？”她低声问道。
• It's rude towhisper! 窃窃私语是不礼貌的！
UK ['wɪs.pər] US [-pɚ] verb
SUGGEST 迹象
[+ that]
■to suggest privately that somethingmight be true 私下里说；传闻
• People are whispering that she's going to retire next year. 人们私下里说她明年要退休了。
UK ['wɪs.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
SPEECH 说话
countable
■a way of speaking very quietly, using the breath butnot the voice, so that only the person close to you can hear you 小声说话；低语；耳语
• I heard whispersoutside my room. 我听见有人在我房间外窃窃私语。
• She said it in a whisperso I presumed it wasn't common knowledge. "You see," she said, lowering hervoice to a whisper, "he hasn't been well recently." 她说这件事时声音很小，所以我推断并不是人人都知道。“你知道，”她说着就把声音压得很低，“他最近身体一直不太好。”
only singular literary
■a soft, lownoise 沙沙声；飒飒声
• Thesilence was broken only by the whisper of theleaves in the gentle breeze. 这片寂静被微风吹拂树叶的沙沙声打破了。
UK ['wɪs.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
SUGGESTION 迹象
countable
■a suggestion or piece of information that you hearprivately from someone 传闻；私下的议论
• I've heard a whisper that they're heading for divorce. 我听人们私下里说他们要离婚。
whisper, mutter, murmur
这组词都有“低语”的意思，其区别是：
whisper: 通常指耳语、窃窃私语。
mutter: 多指别人不易听到的低语。
murmur: 通常指人、微风或小溪等的低沉、柔和或连续的声音。
n. 私语；谣传；飒飒的声音
 - aside
vi. 耳语；密谈；飒飒地响
 - collogue

Word: watch
Front: watch
[wɒtʃ] (中高托 323/490 -K3)
Vocabulary: watch
(once / 23 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
When you watch something, you observe it or guard it — like when you watch the latest episode of your favorite television show or when you watch your baby cousin.
You use the word watch (rather than look) when you'll be observing for a while, and with some care. If you agree to watch your neighbor's puppy, it means that you've promised to observe him carefully and make sure he doesn't get into trouble. When watch is a noun, it is the timepiece you wear on your wrist. Many people use their cell phones to get the time of day, instead of their watches.
WORD FAMILY
watch: midwatch, watched, watcher, watches, watchful, watching+/midwatch: midwatches/unwatchful: unwatchfully/watcher: watchers/ watchful: unwatchful, watchfulest, watchfully, watchfulness/watchfulness: watchfulnesses/watching: watchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Obama and his top advisers watch a live feed of the mission from the White House Situation Room.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Jimmy Carter watched haplessly as the Soviets marched into Afghanistan and the Iranians held America hostage for 444 days.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
It caused some pain at halftime Sunday, and is something the Lakers are watching.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 注视，注意; 看守，监视; 守候（机会等）; 密切注意
n. 表; 值夜，值班; 看守，监视; 值班人员
vi. 观看; 注视; 守候; 看守
时态：watched, watching, watches
分布：手表(55%)，观看(21%)，监视(9%)，注视(7%)，看守(6%)，值班(2%)
→来自weg,强健的，有活力的，词源同vegetable,wake,引申义看管，看护，插入字母t比较，bake, batch,make,match.同时，用做名词指手表。
v.观看;注视;看守;警戒n.注视;手表;守护I scratched a match and saw my watch catching a patch.我划了一根火柴发现我的手表钩着了一块补丁.
US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
LOOK AT 看
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to look at something for a period of time, especially something that is changing or moving 观看；注视
• I had dinner and watched TV for a couple of hours. 我吃了饭，然后看了几个小时电视。
• He spent the entire afternoon watching a cricket match. 他整个下午都在看一场板球比赛。
• [+ obj + infinitive without to] I watched him get into a taxi. 我看着他坐上一辆计程车。
• I got the feeling I was being watched. 我有种被人监视的感觉。
• [+ obj + -ing verb] I sit by the window and watch people walking past. 我坐在窗边，看着人们来回走过。
• [+ question word] Just watch how he slides that ball in past the goalkeeper. 看看他是多么巧妙地带球越过守门员而入网的。
• Bonner watched helplessly as the ball sneaked in at the near post. 邦纳无助地看着球从近端的球门柱旁滚进球门。
• She'll pretend that she hasn't seen us - you watch. 她会假装没看见我们的——你看着吧。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to stay with something or someone such as a child for a short time to make certain that they are safe 看护；照顾
• If you want me to watch the kids for a couple of hours while you go out, just let me know. 如果你想在出门时需要我帮忙照顾孩子们几个小时，跟我说一声就行了。
• Could you watch my bags for me, while I go to the toilet? 我去一趟洗手间，你帮我看一下这些袋子好吗？
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
BE CAREFUL 小心
 ADVANCED transitive
■to be careful of something 小心，当心，留神
• I have to watch my weight (= be careful not to become too heavy) now I'm not doing so much sport. 我必须注意自己的体重，因为我现在不怎么运动。
• Watch your language (= Do not use rude words) in front of ladies, young man! 在女士面前请注意言语得体，年轻人！
• [+ (that)] Watch (that) you don't get glue on your fingers, won't you? 注意别把胶水黏到你的手指上，可以吗？
• [+ question word] Watch wh at you're doing with that knife, Jim, it's sharp. 用那把刀时小心点，吉姆，它很锋利的。
• You want to (= You should) watch him - he's a bit of a strange character. 你应该注意他——他的脾气有点怪。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch your back
■to be careful of the people around you, making certain that they do nothing to harm you 提防周围的人
• I have to watch my back at work - there are a lot of people who would like my job. 我上班时不得不提防周围的人——很多人都想得到我这份工作。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch your step
■to be very careful about how you behave （行为）要小心谨慎
• He'll have to watch his step if he wants to keep that job of his! 他要是想保住自己那份工作，就得小心行事！
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch it informal
■used to tell someone to be careful 小心，注意
• Watch it, you nearly knocked my head off with that plank! 小心点，你差点用那块厚木板把我的脑袋砸掉了！
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch paint dry informal humorous
■used to refer to an activity that you consider extremely boring 闲着看油漆变干（表示某事很无聊）
• "So you don't want to watch the football?" "To be honest I would rather watch paint dry". “这么说，你不想看这场足球赛？”“说实话，我宁愿看油漆变干。”
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch the clock disapproving
■to often notice the time and wish that it was later, especially when you are doing work that you do not like （尤指在做自己不喜欢的工作时）不停地看表（希望时间过得快一点）
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch the world go by
■to look at people as they go past 看着人来人往
• I love sitting in outdoor cafes watching the world go by. 我喜欢坐在露天咖啡茶座，看着人们来来往往。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch this space
■If someone says watch this space, they mean that there will very soon be an exciting change in their situation. 注意看着（精彩的情形即将发生）
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  watch out
 IMPROVER
■used to warn someone of danger or an accident that seems likely to happen 当心，小心，留神
• "Watch out!" he shouted, but it was too late - she had knocked the whole tray of drinks on the floor. “当心！”他喊道，但为时已晚——她已经将整盘饮料都摔到地上。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  watch out for sb/sth
■to be careful to notice someone or something interesting 留神，密切注意，关注
• Watch out for his latest movie, which comes out next month. 请密切留意他的新片，下个月就要上映了。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  watch over sb
■to protect someone and make certain that they are safe 保护；照顾
• The prince has two bodyguards watching over him every hour of the day. 王子有两名24小时贴身保护的保镖。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] noun
SMALL CLOCK 小型钟表
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a small clock which is worn on a strap around the wrist or, sometimes, connected to a piece of clothing by a chain 表，手表
• My watch seems to have stopped - it says 10:15 but I'm sure it must be later. 我的手表好像停了——它显示的是10：15，但我可以肯定实际时间要晚一些。
• He glanced nervously at his watch. 他紧张地瞥了一眼手表。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] noun
LOOKING 观察
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■when you watch or give attention to something or someone, especially to make certain nothing bad happens 观察；监视；注意
• Once your name has been linked with a drug offence, the police keep a close watch on you. 一旦你与毒品案有牵连，警方就会严密监视你。
• The soldiers slept at night, except for one who stayed awake on watch/to keep watch. 夜里除了一个人站岗之外，其他的士兵都睡觉了。
only singular
■a person or group of soldiers or guards whose duty is to protect a person, place or thing from danger or attack 警卫；哨兵警卫队；治安队
countable
■a fixed period of time during which a person or a group of soldiers or guards has the duty of protecting and warning of danger 警戒时间；（警卫或治安队等的）值班时间
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] noun
a watch out
■when you watch carefully and look for someone or something 留意，寻找
• Keep a watch out for Nicki and Steve - they should be here somewhere. 留意一下尼基和史提夫——他们应该在这一带。
look, see, observe, watch, witness
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
look: 侧看“重”的动作。
see: 指看见。
observe: 侧重以客观的态度进行观察。
watch: 指用眼睛跟随某物，以便对每一个变化、运动等进行观察。
witness: 指当场看见，亲眼看见。
vt. 观察；注视；看守；警戒
 - protect, look into
n. 手表；监视；守护；值班人
 - observation, monitoring, surveillance
vi. 观看，注视；守侯，看守
 - sight, regard

Word: gentleman
Front: gentleman
[ˈdʒentlmən] (中高研四六 2447/1455 -K3)
Back: n. 先生; 绅士; 有身份地位的人
分布：绅士(64%)，先生(33%)，有教养的人(3%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同generate. 原指出生高贵的，优雅的，后指绅士。
n.绅士,先生Ladies and gentlemen!女士们,先生们!
US [-tˌl-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a polite way of talking to or referring to a man 先生（对男士的礼貌称呼）
• Ladies and gentlemen, the show is about to begin. 各位先生女士，演出就要开始了。
• Excuse me, this gentleman has a question for you. 对不起，这位先生要问你个问题。
 ADVANCED approving
■a man who is polite and behaves well towards other people, especially women （尤指对女性）彬彬有礼的男士，有教养的男人；君子
• He was a perfect gentleman. 他是个极有修养的君子。
• Not holding a door for a lady? You're no gentleman, are you? 你都不为后面的女士扶一下门吗？这可真没绅士风度，是不是？
■approving
■a man of a high social class 上流社会的人，有身份的人；绅士
• a gentlemen's club 绅士俱乐部
n. 先生；绅士；有身分的人
 - sir, don, Mister, Monsieur

Word: corn
Front: corn
[kɔ:n] (高研四六托 2448/4957 -2)
Vocabulary: corn
(once / 143 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v
Corn is a plant that grows long ears of kernels on tall, grass-like stalks. Many large farms grow fields of corn each year, for human or animals to eat, or to make corn-based products.
Corn is an important crop in North America, since many animals raised for meat eat corn, not to mention the corn that people consume. In addition, products like high fructose corn syrup and ethanol fuel are made from corn. Many people also love to eat corn on the cob slathered with butter in the summer time. In many parts of the world, it's called maize instead of corn, which is an Old English word meaning "grain."
WORD FAMILY
corn: corned, corning, corns, corny +/ corny: cornier, corniest, cornily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nelson predicts the low prices for corn, cattle and almost everything else produced in rural Nebraska will remain low for a while.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Smithfield buys about 150 million bushels of corn, soybeans, wheat and sorghum per year to feed its 16 million hogs, according to a Smithfield spokeswomen.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
“It’s a New York institution,” she said, anticipating she’d order a “Woody Allen,” an overstuffed sandwich of half pastrami and half corned beef.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. <英>谷物; <美>玉米; 鸡眼
时态：corned, corning, corns
分布：玉米(88%)，谷物(10%)，腌(1%)，伤感平庸作品(1%)
→词源同grain, 谷物。
n.谷物,庄稼,玉米The corps' corn in the corner is scorned by the stubborn corporation.军团种在角落里的玉米遭到顽固公司的蔑视.
US [kɔ:rn] noun
FOOD 食物
 ADVANCED uncountable UK
■(the seeds of) plants, such as wheat , maize , oats and barley that can be used to produce flour （小麦、玉米、燕麦、大麦等）谷物，谷粒
• a sheaf of corn 一捆谷物
• grains of corn 谷粒
uncountable US
■the seeds of the maize plant, or the plant itself 玉米（粒）
UK [kɔ:n] US [kɔ:rn] noun
AREA OF SKIN 小块皮肤
countable
■a small painful area of hard skin that forms on the foot, especially on the toes （尤指脚上的）钉胼，鸡眼
UK [kɔ:n] US [kɔ:rn] noun
EMOTION 情感
uncountable mainly US slang
■something which is old-fashioned, boring, or done to cause emotion 陈腐的东西；老一套；煽情的东西
• Everyone says it's a great movie, but I think it's just corn. 人人都说这是部好电影，但我觉得无非又是老一套。
grain, crop, corn
这组词都有“谷物”的意思，其区别是：
grain: 指稻、麦等谷类及其粒子。
crop: 指谷物或果类等一年或一季的收成，也可指地里的农业作物或谷物。
corn: 主要指大麦、小麦、燕麦、裸麦、玉蜀黍这5种谷物及其粒子。
n. （美） [作物] 玉米；（英）谷物； [皮肤] 鸡眼
 - grain, zea mays
vt. 腌；使成颗粒
 - preserve

Word: moon
Front: moon
[mu:n] (中高 2450/2646 -K3)
Vocabulary: moon
(once / 179 pages)
1nv 2v
Werewolves love to howl at a full moon. The moon is our planet’s satellite, and it rotates around the earth and reflects light from the sun. Also, “to moon” means to show your rear. The moon is out! Giggle giggle.
The earth has just one moon, but the word moon can mean any natural satellite of any planet. Astronomers have discovered many moons — there are more than 160 in our solar system alone. Poets have been fascinated by the moon for a long time, and "to moon" also means "to act in a dreamy or aimless way." Our months are marked by changes in the moon's phase, and the Proto-Indo-European root means both "moon" and "month."
WORD FAMILY
moon: mooned, mooning, moonless, moonlike, moons
USAGE EXAMPLES
I believe it dawned when the moon was in the seventh house and Jupiter aligned with Mars.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It was to enable a permanent moon base to support missions to “Mars and other destinations.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The technology it uses derives partly from systems designed to grow crops on the moon.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 月亮，月球; 卫星; 月状物，新月状物
vi. 闲逛; 出神; [俚语] 露出屁股以戏弄
vt. 虚度
时态：mooned, mooning, moons
分布：月球(49%)，月亮(47%)，虚度(2%)，闲逛(1%)，露光臀示人(1%)
→来自古英语mona,来自me,测量，词源同meter,measure.即通过看月亮月相变化来测量日期。引申动词词义思念，参照诗句“海上生明月，天涯共此时”。
n.(加the)月球,月亮;卫星By the spoon you'll soon see the smooth tooth of the moon above the booth.借助勺子你可以立刻看到电话亭上方月亮的光滑牙齿.
noun
the moon
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the round object which moves in the sky around the Earth and can be seen at night 月球，月亮
• What time does the moon rise/set (= appear/disappear in the sky) ? 月亮何时升起／落下？
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■the shape made by the amount of the moon that you can see at a particular time 月相
• There's no moon (= You cannot see the moon) tonight. 今晚没有月亮。
• a crescent/full/new moon 弦／满／新月
countable
■a similar round object that moves around another planet 卫星
• Jupiter has at least sixteen moons. 木星至少有16颗卫星。
[mu:n] noun
be over the moon
■to be very pleased 非常高兴，非常快活
• She was over the moon about/with her new bike. 她得了一辆新脚踏车，快乐极了。
[mu:n] noun
many moons ago old-fashioned
■a long time ago 很久以前
[mu:n] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move or spend time in a way which shows little interest and no clear purpose 闲逛；懒散度日，虚度时光
• She was mooning about/around the house all weekend. 整个周末她都在房子里闲呆着。
• He's been mooning over (= looking foolishly at) those holiday photos all afternoon. 整个下午他都呆呆地看着那些假期里拍的照片。
n. 月亮；月球；月光； [天] 卫星
 - satellite, parish lantern
vi. 闲荡；出神
 - muck about, fool around
vt. 虚度
 - dream away, idle

Word: inner
Front: inner
[ˈɪnə(r)] (研四六托 2449/2014 -K3)
Vocabulary: inner
(once / 182 pages)
adj
Something that's described as inner is at the center or interior. You inner ear, for example, is the part of your ear that you can't see.
The inner pocket of your winter coat is the one closest to your body, and an inner courtyard is usually surrounded by at least one surrounding outer courtyard. Inner strength is the kind that comes from deep within your essential self, and an "inner circle" is a small privileged group of people with special access to information or influence. The "inner city" usually means the poorest section of a big city.
WORD FAMILY
inner: innerer, innerest, innerly, innermost +/ innermost: innermostest, innermostly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite the capable inner circle he is assembling, and his innate political skills, Mr. Trump will learn that the presidency is a forlorn place.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Air Force, the Federal Aviation Administration and industry experts — found “buckles,” or valleys, in the vessels’ inner liners.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The role in Trump’s inner sanctum is, by some measures, a surprising spot for Priebus.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 内部的，内心的; 精神的; 秘密的
n. 内部，里面; 射中接近靶心部分的一发
分布：内心的(54%)，内部的(19%)，里面(14%)，里面的(13%)
→来自in的比较级。
a.内部的,里面的;内心的We are dined and wined in the inner dining-room of the inn.在旅店的内部餐厅,我们受到了酒宴款待.
US [-ɚ] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■inside or contained within something else 里面的
• Leading off the main hall is a series of small inner rooms. 从主客厅开始是一系列小的内室。
• humorous Few people ever managed to penetrate the director's inner sanctum (= very private room). 很少人进过经理的私人密室。
 IMPROVER
■Inner feelings or thoughts are ones that you do not show or tell other people 内心的
• Sarah seemed to have a profound sense of inner peace. 萨拉内心好像非常平静。
interior, inward, inner, inside, internal
这组词都有“内部的，内在的”的意思，其区别是：
interior: 指某物的内部，尤指某物的内侧；也可指内地的或国内的。
inward: 指朝着中心或内部方向的，侧重方向而不是位置；也可指内心的隐密活动。
inner: 含义广泛，指事物中心或接近中心的部位，也可指内心隐密的活动。
inside: 多指处于某物内部或靠近内部，常可与inner换用，可引申指内幕的，秘密的。
internal: 书面用词，医学上多用，指事物的内部，也可指国内的或内政的。
adj. 内部的；内心的；精神的
 - internal, mental, inside, spiritual
n. 内部
 - interior, inside

Word: junior
Front: junior
[ˈdʒu:niə(r)] (高研四六雅 2451/2820 -K3)
Back: adj. 较年幼的，较年小的; 三年级的，低年级的; 资历较浅的; 后进的
n. 年少者，青少年; 晚辈; 三年级生; 职位较低者
分布：年少者(26%)，晚辈(22%)，下级的(14%)，资历较浅的(13%)，年少的(10%)，地位较低者(10%)，三年级生(5%)
→来自拉丁语junior,小的，缩写自juvenior,年青的，来自iuvenis的比较级，词源同young,juvenile.
年少的(jun年轻)[-ior表形容词"较…的"]
a./n.年少的/者,三年级的/学生,下级(的)The junior and senior of the senate all have driver's licenses.参议院的年长者和年少者都有驾驶执照.
US [-njɚ] noun
LOW RANK 低级别
countable
■someone who has a job at a low level within an organization 地位（或等级）较低者；年资较浅者，晚辈
• an office junior 下级军官
UK ['dʒu:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] noun
STUDENT 学生
countable UK
■a student at a junior school 小学生
countable US
■a student in the third year of a course that lasts for four years at a school or college （美国四年制中学或大学的）三年级学生
the juniors UK * junior school
• Lewis has just moved up to the juniors. 路易士刚上小学。
UK ['dʒu:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] noun
YOUNGER 较年幼者
countable
■a young person below a particular age who is involved in an activity, especially sport 初级者（参与某项活动，尤其是体育活动时低于特定年龄的年青人）
• Saturday morning sessions are for juniors only. 周六早上的课节只为大学三年级学生而设。
three/eight, etc. years your junior
■three/eight, etc. years younger than you 较年幼者（比你小3/8岁）
• My brother is five years my junior. 我弟弟比我小五岁。
• My sister is my junior by three years (= My sister is three years younger than me). 我妹妹比我小三岁。
Compare senior
UK ['dʒu:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] noun
SON 儿子
only singular mainly US
■used to refer to your son （用于指自己的）儿子
• Come on, Junior, time for bed. 来，儿子，该上床睡觉了。
UK ['dʒu:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] adjective
LOW RANK 低级别
 IMPROVER
■low or lower in rank 地位（或等级）较低的；年资较浅的
• I object to being told what to do by someone junior to me. 我不愿意让资历比我低的人告诉我该怎么做。
• a junior doctor/partner 资历较浅的医生／资浅合伙人
Compare senior
UK ['dʒu:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] adjective
YOUNGER 较年幼的
■connected with or involving young people below a particular age 初级的（低于特定年龄的）
• junior orchestra 初级组管弦乐团
• Junior members are not permitted to compete. 不允许初级会员参加比赛。
■(US written abbreviation Jr) (mainly UK written abbreviation Jnr)
■used after a man's name to refer to the younger of two men in the same family who have the same name （置于姓名后表示家庭同名两人中的较年幼者）小
• Sammy Davis, Jr 小萨米‧戴维斯
adj. 年少的；后进的；下级的
 - inferior, lower

Word: rather
Front: rather
[ˈrɑ:ðə(r)] (中高研四六 860/460 -K5)
Vocabulary: rather
(once / 19 pages)
1adv 2adv 3adv
Use rather to specify a preference for one thing over another. Wouldn't you rather go to the movies than stay home and clean the house?
Rather can also be used to mean "on the contrary," or to introduce a contradiction. You didn't believe in ghosts — rather thinking there was a scientific explanation for any ghostly appearances — until you saw a ghost yourself. The adverb rather also means "to a certain degree." You might grudgingly admit that your mom's strange-sounding chocolate-avocado pudding was actually rather tasty.
WORD FAMILY
rather: rathers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Friends with recent pneumonia experience confirmed this rather depressing outlook.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Rather, he said, its goal was to capture the challenge of talking to young children about difficult subjects.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adv. 稍微，有点; 相当，颇; 宁愿; 相反地
int. 当然啦，怎么不
分布：相当(62%)，宁愿(35%)，有点儿(3%)
→来自 rathe,早的，急切的，-er,比较级后缀。即更早的，更快的，引申副词词义相当，颇，相 较。
ad.相当,有一点儿;宁愿,宁可I would rather withhold than uphold you unfold the gold foil on the threshold.我宁愿扣留而不支持你展开黄金箔在门槛上.
US [ˈræD.ə˞]
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
 ESSENTIAL
■quite; to a slight degree 相当；有点，稍微
• It's rather cold today, isn't it? 今天相当冷，是不是？
• That's rather a difficult book - here's an easier one for you. 那本书有点难——这本对你来说容易些。
• The train was rather too crowded for a comfortable journey. 这趟列车上相当拥挤，旅途不太舒服。
• She answered the telephone rather sleepily. 她带着睡意接电话。
• I rather doubt I'll be able to come to your party. 我说不太准能不能去参加你的派对。
adverb UK [ˈrɑː.Dər] US [ˈræD.ə˞]
MORE EXACTLY 更准确地
 ESSENTIAL
■more accurately; more exactly 更确切些；更准确地说
• She'll go to London on Thursday, or rather, she will if she has to. 她将于周四去伦敦，更确切地说，如果她不得不去的话。
• He's my sister's friend really, rather than mine. 确切地说，他是我妹妹的朋友，而不是我的。
 ADVANCED
■used to express an opposite opinion 恰恰相反；而是
• The ending of the war is not a cause for celebration, but rather for regret that it ever happened. 战争的结束并没有甚么好庆祝的，恰恰相反，人们倒是应该为战争的爆发而感到痛惜。
• No, I'm not tired. Rather the opposite in fact. 不，不累。恰恰相反，我感觉精力还很充沛。
adverb UK [ˈrɑː.Dər] US [ˈræD.ə˞]
PREFERENCE 偏爱
rather than
 ESSENTIAL
■in preference to; instead of 宁愿，更喜欢；而不是
• I think I'd like to stay at home this evening rather than go out. 我觉得我今晚更想呆在家里，而不是出去玩。
adverb UK [ˈrɑː.Dər] US [ˈræD.ə˞]
Rather you than me.
■said by someone who does not want to do the thing that someone else is doing （表示不想做别人正在做的事）换了我才不会去呢
• "I've got to have two teeth out next week." "Rather you than me." “下周我要去拔两颗牙。”“换了我才不会去呢。”
adverb predeterminer UK [ˈrɑː.Dər] US [ˈræD.ə˞]
 ESSENTIAL
■very; to a large degree 非常；很
• Actually, I did rather well in my exams. 实际上我各科考试发挥得很好。
• I've got rather a lot of work to do at the moment. 现在我有很多工作要做。
exclamation UK [ˌrɑːˈDɜːr] US [ˌræDˈɜ˞ː] mainly UK old-fashioned
■certainly; yes 当然；的确
• "Do you want to come out for dinner with us this evening?" "Rather!" “你今天晚上想跟我们一起出去吃饭吗？”“当然！”
quite, rather, pretty, fairly
这组词都有“相当，颇”的意思，其区别是：
quite: 含义比fairly稍强，与不定冠词连用时，一般放在不定冠词之前。
rather: 语气比quite强，褒意贬意无可使用。可与too和比较级连用。
pretty: 用法与rather相似。常用于非正式文体。
fairly: 语意最弱，多用于褒义，表示适度地、尚可的意思。不可与too或比较级连用。
adv. 宁可，宁愿；相当
 - soon, first, lot, bit, preferably

Word: throat
Front: throat
[θrəʊt] (高研四六雅 2454/2449 -K3)
Back: n. 咽喉; 颈前部; [植物学]管颈
vt. 用沙哑的声音或嗓音发音
分布：喉咙(65%)，嗓子(30%)，颈部(2%)，嗓音(2%)，低语(1%)
→来自古英语 throte,喉咙，来自 Proto-Germanic*thrut,喉咙，来自 trud,膨胀，鼓起，词源 同 throttle.
n.咽喉,嗓子When the boat floats through the throat, the goat in overcoat goes to the goal.当船漂过狭口时,穿大衣的山羊朝目标走去.
US [θroʊt] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the front of the neck, or the space inside the neck down which food and air can go 颈前部；咽喉，喉咙
• A fish bone got stuck in my throat. 我喉咙里鲠了一根鱼刺。
• a sore throat 咽喉痛
• He cleared his throat (= coughed so he could speak more clearly) and started speaking. 他清了清嗓子，然后开始讲话。
UK [θrəʊt] US [θroʊt] noun countable
at each other's throats
■If two people are at each other's throats, they are arguing angrily （两人）激烈争吵
• Those two are always at each other's throats. 那两人总是吵个没完。
UK [θrəʊt] US [θroʊt] noun countable
force/ram sth down sb's throat
■to force someone to listen to opinions and ideas and to try to get them to accept them 强迫（某人）接受
• I can't bear it when someone starts ramming their views down your throat. 我受不了别人把自己的观点强加于人。
n. 喉咙；嗓子，嗓音；窄路
 - organ, voice

Word: salary
Front: salary
[ˈsæləri] (高研四六雅 2455/2751 -K3)
Vocabulary: salary
(once / 256 pages)
n
The pay or wages you earn for doing your job is called your salary. You might prefer your low-paying job to one with a higher salary because you have so much fun with your co-workers.
Salary comes from the Latin word salarium, which also means "salary" and has the root sal, or "salt." In ancient Rome, it specifically meant the amount of money allotted to a Roman soldier to buy salt, which was an expensive but essential commodity. Today, salt is an inexpensive purchase at the grocery store, and your salary is certainly to be paid in your country's currency.
WORD FAMILY
salary: salaries
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said he'd consider a reduced salary to return, which would probably be the only way for that to happen.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The teachers at Strain-Japan earn an average of $32,471 a year, which is a third less than the average Missouri teacher’s salary.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Franklin earns $4.5 million a year, plus bonuses, according to USA Today’s college football salary database.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 薪水，薪金，薪俸
vt. 给…加薪; 给…薪水; 发…薪水; 付…薪水
分布：薪水(99%)，给 ... 薪水(1%)
→来自拉丁语 salarium,薪金，薪水，薪俸，来自 sal,盐，词源同 salt,盐。字面意思即买盐钱， 因盐的重要性而得名，或来自古代社会给士兵发盐的真实历史。
工资(古代工钱以盐多少计算)[sal=salt表示"盐"]
工资(sal盐,古代发盐抵工资)[-ary 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,场所,物"]
n.薪金,薪水What's your salary?你领取多少薪水?
US [-ɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a fixed amount of money agreed every year as pay for an employee, usually paid directly into his or her bank account every month 薪资，薪水
• an annual salary of £20 000 年薪20000英镑
• His net monthly salary is £1500. 他每月薪资净领1500英镑。
• She's on quite a good/decent salary in her present job. 她目前的工作薪水相当丰厚。
• He took a drop in (= accepted a lower) salary when he changed jobs. 换工作时，他接受了较低的薪水。
• a 10% salary increase 加薪10％
Compare wage
fee, earnings, wage, allowance, income, pay, salary
这组词都有“工资、收入”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指提供某种服务收取的固定费用。
earnings: 多指通过劳动或投资等手段所得到的收入。
wage: 多用复数形式，指按小时、日或星期的报酬，通常指体力劳动者的工资。
allowance: 指收入中的补贴部分。
income: 与earnings含义很相近，但前者强调总收入。
pay: 是个通用词，可取代salary与wage.
salary: 指按年定下，按月或星期平均给予的报酬，指脑力劳动者的薪水。
n. [劳经] 薪水
 - emolument, paycheck

Word: swing
Front: swing
[swɪŋ] (中高研四六托雅宝 2453/2479 -K3)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）摇摆; （使）摇荡
n. 摇摆，摆动; 摆程，振幅; 秋千; 音律
vt. 使旋转; 使做曲线运动; 挥舞; 悬吊
vi. 悬摆; 迅速打击; 侧转，转弯; 轻快摇摆地走
时态：swung, swinging, swings
分布：摇摆(46%)，秋千(40%)，旋转(7%)，改变(5%)，动摇(1%)，冲力(1%)
→来自古英语 swingan,击打，鞭笞，猛扑，来自 Proto-Germanic*swingan,摇摆，来自 sweng, 弯，转，摇摆，来自 swei,弯，转，摇摆，词源同 sweep,swivel.后原词义消失，引申诸 相关词义以及名词词义秋千等。
v.摇摆,摇荡,回转,旋转n.秋千;摇摆,摆动Twice the twin king wins the winter swinging under the wing of the plane.孪生国王两次赢得冬季机翼下的荡秋千赛.
【记】源于：sway（v 摇摆）
verb (swung, swung)
MOVE SIDEWAYS 向侧面移动
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to move easily and without interruption backwards and forwards or from one side to the other, especially from a fixed point, or to cause something or someone to do this 摆动，摇摆，摇晃
• He walked briskly along the path swinging his rolled-up umbrella. 他摇着收起的伞，步履轻快地走在路上。
• The door swung open. 门开了。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to change 改变，变化
• His mood swings between elation and despair. 他情绪多变，一下子兴高采烈，一下子又伤心绝望。
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
BE EXCITING 令人兴奋
intransitive informal
■to be exciting and enjoyable 令人兴奋，欢快热闹
• You need music to make a party swing. 要有音乐，晚会才会热闹。
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
MUSIC 音乐
intransitive or transitive
■(of music, especially jazz) to have a strong exciting rhythm with notes of different length, or (of musicians) to play especially jazz in this way （尤指爵士乐）有强烈节奏感；（乐手）演奏（尤指节奏感强烈的爵士乐）
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
ARRANGE 安排
transitive informal
■to arrange for something to happen, by persuading people and often by acting slightly dishonestly （常指透过稍有些不诚实的手段）设法办成，安排
• If you want an interview with Pedro, I could probably swing it (for you). 如果你想采访佩德罗，也许我可以帮你安排。
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
swing both ways informal
■to be sexually attracted to both men and women 两性同体的；雌雄同体（对男人和女人均有性吸引力的）
• I've seen her out with men as well. She swings both ways, you know. 我在外面也看到过她和男人在一起。她对男人和女人都有吸引力，你知道。
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
swing for it UK informal
■to be punished severely for something that has happened 被严惩，受到严厉惩罚
• If there's an error in the calculations, you know who'll swing for it! 如果计算出错，你知道谁会受到严惩！
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
swing into action
■to quickly start working 迅速开始行动
• The emergency services swung into action as soon as the news of the bomb explosion reached them. 紧急救援队一得知爆炸的消息，就马上开始行动。
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
swing the balance
■If something swings the balance, it is the thing which causes a particular situation to happen or a particular decision to be made instead of other situations or decisions which are possible 使天平发生倾斜，具决定性作用
• This latest election promise might just swing the balance in the government's favour. 最近作出的这一选举承诺，可能会使政府处于更有利的位置。
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
  Phrasal Verbs  swing at sb
■to try to hit someone 试图打（某人）
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
  Phrasal Verbs  swing for sb UK old-fashioned informal
■to hit someone 打（某人）
[swɪŋ] verb (swung, swung)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] swing (sth/sb) round UK (US swing (sth/sb) around)
■to turn round quickly, or to turn something or someone round quickly （使）迅速转身，（使）快速转向
• She heard a sudden noise behind her, and swung round to see who was there. 听到身后突来的声响，她马上转身去看谁在那里。
[swɪŋ] noun
SIDEWAYS MOVEMENT 摆动
 ADVANCED countable
■a swinging movement 摆动，摇摆，摇晃，摇荡
countable
■an attempt to hit someone （为打某人而）挥舞，挥动，挥拳
• The drunk took a wild swing at Harry. 那个醉汉发狂似的挥拳向哈里打去。
countable
■a change 改变，变化
• He experiences severe mood swings (= sudden changes from one extreme mood to another). 他的情绪波动很大。
• The Democrats only need a 5% swing (= need 5% of voters to change to supporting them) to win this election. 只要再有5%的选民转而支援他们，民主党就可以在选举中获胜。
[swɪŋ] noun
SEAT 座位
countable
■a seat joined by two ropes or chains to a metal bar or a tree, on which especially a child can sit and move backwards and forwards 秋千
[swɪŋ] noun
BE EXCITING 令人兴奋
go with a swing UK informal
■If an event, especially a party, goes with a swing, it is very exciting and successful （尤指聚会）气氛热烈，热闹非凡
• The Festival always goes with a swing. 这个节日总是热闹非凡。
[swɪŋ] noun
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable
■a type of dance music that was popular in the 1930s and 1940s （流行于20世纪30和40年代的）摇摆乐
[swɪŋ] noun
get into the swing of it / things informal
■to start to understand, enjoy and be active in something 开始积极投入
• I hadn't worked in an office for several years, so it took me a while to get back into the swing of it. 我已经好几年没有在办公室里工作了，所以过了很长时间才能真正投入工作。
[swɪŋ] noun
What you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts. (also It's swings and roundabouts.) UK saying
■said to mean that the positive and negative results of a situation or action balance each other 有得也有失；有利也有弊；失之东隅，收之桑榆
• "The route through town would be shorter, but there'll be more traffic." "Well, it's just swings and roundabouts." “穿过市镇的这条路更近一些，但是车也更多。”“哦！就是有利也有弊。”
sway, rock, swing
这组词都有“摇动”的意思，其区别是：
sway: 主要指树枝等的来回摇动。
rock: 多指猛烈地摇动或摇晃。
swing: 指有规律地前后、上下摆动，也可指不停地转动。
n. 摇摆；摆动；秋千；音律；涨落
 - bob, ricketiness
vi. 摇摆；转向；悬挂；大摇大摆地行走
 - turn towards, sense of rotation
vt. 使旋转；挥舞；悬挂
 - turn, hang, spin
adj. 旋转的；悬挂的；强节奏爵士音乐的
 - rotary, rolling, revolutionary

Word: observer
Front: observer
[əbˈzɜ:və(r)] (四六 2456/2645 -3)
Vocabulary: observer
(once / 191 pages)
n
An observer is someone who watches or pays attention to something — if you're an observer of current events, you probably watch the news and read the newspaper every day to keep up with what's going on.
You can be an accidental observer of something, like pedestrians who happen to witness an accident and become observers of it. Another kind of observer is one who notices things deliberately, like political observers who watch and comment on various events. Many newspapers once had the word observer in their names, from this second sense of the word. The verb observe has a Latin root, observare, which means "watch over, note, heed, or attend to."
WORD FAMILY
observer: observers+/ observable: observably, unobservable/ observance: nonobservance, observances/ observant: nonobservant, observantly, unobservant/ observation: observational, observations/observational: observationally/ observatory: observatories/ observe: observable, observance, observant, observation, observatory, observed, observer, observes, observing/ observed: unobserved/observing: observingly/unobservable: unobservably/unobservant: unobservantly/unobserved: unobservedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The move by Swiss authorities also indicates a tougher stance, observers say.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Dr. Victor, a professor at the University of California at San Diego, is one of the closest observers of global climate politics.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The court will appoint observers to run cricket administration in India until a new president and secretary are appointed.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 遵守者，观察者; 观察团; 观察员
分布：观察者(100%)
US [-'zɝ:vɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who watches what happens but has no active part in it 观察者；观察家
• observers of the political situation/political observers 政治观察家
• UN observers are monitoring the ceasefire. 联合国观察员在监督此次停火。
n. [仪] [天] 观察者； [电子] 观测者；遵守者
 - viewer, watcher

Word: due
Front: due
[dju:] (高研四六托雅 1796/1280 -K4)
Vocabulary: due
(once / 40 pages)
nadjadv
Things that are due are owed — it's time to come up with them. Loans, library books, and school assignments usually have a due date.
The first question students usually ask when given an assignment is "When is it due?" The word due has to do with deadlines and things that are owed. When you're time is up on a library book, it's due. Many bills — such as cable and phone bills — are due once a month. If you miss a due date, you could be in trouble: you might get a bad grade on your paper or the cable guy might take away your favorite stations.
WORD FAMILY
due: duely, dues, duly, endue, overdue, subdue, undue +/ duly: dulys/ endue: endued, endues, enduing/subduable: unsubduable/ subdue: subduable, subdued, subduer, subdues, subduing/ subdued: subduedly, subduedness, unsubdued/subduer: subduers/ undue: unduely, unduly /unsubduable: unsubduably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prior to his injury, Ross split time between receiver and cornerback due to depth concerns.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most of these cases are due to pneumonia being misdiagnosed as malaria.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Sparks police say 43-year-old Tom Anderson complained of possible hypothermia due to exposure after he was transported to police headquarters following Monday’s arrest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 由于; 适当的; 预定; 到期
n. 应有的权利; 应得到的东西; 应缴款
adv. 正向; 正对着
分布：到期的(31%)，应有的(25%)，应付的(13%)，应得物(13%)，会费(9%)，预定的(9%)
→来自拉丁语debere, 欠款，欠债，应还，词源同debt,indebted.
a.(to)应支付的;(车,船等)预定应到达的I didn't evaluate the blue glue due to the vague plague.因为不明确的瘟疫,我没有对蓝色胶水估价.
US [du:] adjective
EXPECTED 预计的
 ESSENTIAL
■expected to happen, arrive, etc. at a particular time 预计的，预期的
• What time is the next bus due? 下一班公车甚么时候来？
• The next meeting is due to be held in three months' time. 下次会议预计将在三个月后召开。
• Their first baby is due in January. 他们的第一个孩子预产期在一月份。
in due course formal
■at a suitable time in the future 在（将来）适当的时候
• You will receive notification of the results in due course. 在适当的时候你会收到结果通知的。
UK [dju:] US [du:] adjective
RESULTING 造成
due to
 IMPROVER
■because of 由于，因为
• A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom. 她的不开心主要是因为无聊。
• Due to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an hour late. 由于湿滑的树叶散落在轨道上，这班列车将迟一小时来。
UK [dju:] US [du:] adjective
OWED 亏欠的
■owed as a debt or as a right 欠债的，应支付的；应给的
• The rent is due (= should be paid) at the end of the month. 租金应在月底交。
• Fifty pounds is mainly UKdue to me/ mainly USdue me by the people I worked for last month. 上个月雇主欠我50英镑。
• Our thanks are due to everyone. 我们应该感谢每一个人。
• UK legal He was found to have been driving without due (= the necessary) care and attention. 他被发现未审慎驾驶。
UK [dju:] US [du:] noun
give sb their due
■said when you are praising someone for something good they have done, although you dislike other things about them 说句公道话，实事求是地讲
• He failed again, but to give him his due, he did try hard. 他又失败了，但说句公道话，他确实尽力了。
dues [plural]
■the official payments that you make to an organization you belong to 会费
• Members of the society pay $1000 in annual dues. 这个社团的会员每年支付1000美元的会费。
UK [dju:] US [du:] adverb
■in a direction that is straight towards the north, south, east or west 正向，正对着（东、南、西或北）
• From here, you go due east until you get to a forest. 你从这里朝正东走，一直走到一片林区。
adj. 到期的；预期的；应付的；应得的
 - expected, mature, just, payable, prospective
adv. 正（置于方位词前）
 - plumb

Word: straight
Front: straight
[streɪt] (高托 1634/1598 -K4)
Vocabulary: straight
(once / 55 pages)
1adjadvn 2adjadv 3adjn 4adjn 5adj 6adj
Arrows, sides of a rectangle, well-organized lines of people waiting to get into the theater or the ladies' room, and anything else free from curves can be described as straight. The word can also mean honest, uninterrupted, undiluted, or heterosexual.
In Middle English, strecchen meant "to stretch." Streght "stretched" emerged from it and morphed into straight. It's easy to see the connection: If you stretch out a piece of spaghetti or a curl, it looks linear. Today the word means free from bends, breaks, or irregularities literally or figuratively. "Give it to me straight" means "just the facts, ma'am." "I was up for seven straight days" means "I haven't slept in a week."
WORD FAMILY
straight: straighten, straighter, straightest, straightly, straightness, straights+/straighten: straightened, straightener, straightening, straightens/straightener: straighteners/straightness: straightnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Penn State has won eight straight to make its first appearance in the title game.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
A victory for Oklahoma State would be its second over the Sooners in three years, and its second straight in Norman.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
James and Wade played together for four seasons in Miami, leading the Heat to two titles and four straight Finals appearances.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 直的; 连续的; 直率的; 整齐的
adv. 直地; 直接地; 坦率地; 立即
n. 直线; 直线部分
级别：straighter, straightest
分布：直接(47%)，直的(25%)，笔直地(7%)，连续的(4%)，正直的(4%)，坦率地(3%)，连续不断地(3%)，异性恋者(3%)，准的(2%)，异性恋的(1%)，直的东西(1%)
→来自中古英语 streight,拉直的，过去分词格于 strechen,拉直，展开，来自古英语 streccan,拉 直，展开，词源同 stretch,伸展，延伸。拼写比较 bake,batch.引申词义正的，正直的，以及现 代词义传统的，异性恋的等。
a.直的;整齐的,端正的ad.直接;正直,直率The bright fighter is frightened and flies upright in straight line from the right.那架明亮的战斗机受到惊吓后呈直线地从右边垂直飞起来.
adjective adverb
NOT CURVING 不弯曲的
 ESSENTIAL
■continuing in one direction without bending or curving 直的（地），笔直的（地）
• a straight line 直线
• She's got straight blonde hair. 她有一头金色直发。
• Skirts this summer are long and straight. 今夏的裙装流行长长的直筒裙。
• Can't you see it? - it's straight ahead (of you)! 难道你看不见吗？——就在（你）正前面！
• The dog seemed to be coming straight at/for me. 那只狗似乎是一路朝我跑过来的。
• Go straight along this road and turn left at the traffic lights. 沿着这条路一直走，到了红绿灯那里向左转。
[streɪt] adjective adverb
HONEST 诚实的
■honest 坦诚的，直率的
• Just be straight with her and tell her how you feel. 直接告诉她你的感觉即可。
• informal Tell me straight, would you rather we didn't go tonight? 请坦白告诉我，你是不是希望我们今天晚上不去？
Compare bent
straight out
■If you tell someone something straight out, you tell them directly and honestly, without trying to make what you are saying more pleasant 直接了当地；不拐弯抹角地
• I told her straight out that I didn't love her anymore. 我直接了当告诉她我不再爱她了。
[streɪt] adjective adverb
straight arrow US
■someone who is very honest and careful to behave in a socially acceptable way 正直而坦率的人
• Friends described Menendez as a straight arrow who rarely drank and was close to his family. 朋友们说梅内德斯是正直而坦率的人，极少喝酒且和家人非常亲近。
[streɪt] adjective adverb
(as) straight as a die
■extremely straight 笔直
• The road runs (as) straight as a die for fifty or so miles. 这条路笔直地延伸了50英里左右。
■completely honest 完全坦白，非常诚实
• She's as straight as a die, I can trust her to tell me what she's really thinking. 她非常诚实，我相信她会告诉我她的真实想法。
[streɪt] adjective adverb
straight up slang
■used to show that you are telling the truth 真的，属实
• You're a really attractive woman, straight up! 你是个非常有魅力的女人，真的！
■2. "You're not telling me she's sixteen! Straight up? (= Are you telling the truth) ?
[streɪt] adverb
IMMEDIATELY 立即
 ESSENTIAL
■without pausing or delaying 径直，直接；立即
• I got home and went straight to bed. 我回到家就立即上床睡了。
• Shall we go straight to the party or stop off at a pub first? 我们应该直接去参加聚会，还是先找个酒吧坐一会儿？
• Time is short so I'll get straight to the point (= explain the matter immediately). 时间不多，所以我就有话直说了。
⇒ See also straightaway
straight away/off
 IMPROVER mainly UK
■immediately 立即，马上
• I knew straight away what you were thinking. 我立刻就知道你在想甚么。
• We don't need to go straight off - we can stay for a little while. 我们用不着马上就走——我们可以留一会儿。
[streɪt] adverb
CLEAR 清楚的
■clearly 清楚地
• You know you've had too much to drink when you can't see straight. 如果你眼都花了，那你就知道自己喝得太多。
• I'm so tired I can't think straight any more. 我累坏了，头脑都不清楚了。
[streɪt] adjective
CLEAR 清楚的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■clear or not complicated 清楚的；简单明了的
• It's a straight choice - either you leave him or you stay. 你的选择很简单——不是离开他，就是留下。
• Let's get this straight - you're travelling to Frankfurt on Monday and Brussels on Tuesday, is that correct? 我们把状况弄清楚——你周一要去法兰克福，周二去布鲁塞尔，对吗？
⇒ See also straightforward
[streɪt] adjective
LEVEL 平的
■level and not sloping to either side 平的，平直的；正的
• This picture's not straight. 这幅画不正。
• The shelf isn't straight - it sags in the middle. 架子不平——中间陷下去了。
[streɪt] adjective
TIDY 整齐的
[after verb] mainly UK
■tidy, or arranged in order 整齐的，整洁的；井井有条的
• It only took an hour to get the flat straight after the party. 聚会之后，只用了一个小时就把公寓收拾得整整齐齐。
• Have you got a mirror? - I'll just put my hair straight. 你有镜子吗？——我要把头发梳理整齐。
[streɪt] adjective
PLAIN 纯的
■plain and basic, or without anything added 纯的，不掺其他东西的
• No tonic for me, please, I like my vodka straight. 请不要给我加奎宁水，我喜欢喝纯伏特加。
• Straight pasta is very bland - you need some kind of sauce to make it interesting. 甚么佐料也不加的义大利面条没甚么味道——你需要加些酱汁才会有滋味。
[streɪt] adjective
FOLLOWING EACH OTHER 一个跟一个
[before noun]
■following one after another without an interruption 连续的，不间断的
• They're the only team to have won ten straight games this season. 他们是这个赛季唯一一支连赢十场比赛的球队。
[streɪt] adjective
TRADITIONAL 传统的 informal
■traditional or serious 传统的，正统的；规矩的；严肃的
• disapproving He was a nice enough bloke, but he was so straight - I always felt I had to be on my best behaviour with him. 他是个不错的家伙，不过太严肃了——我总是觉得我和他在一起都得规规矩矩的。
• There's a lot of straight theatre at the festival as well as the newer, more experimental stuff. 戏剧节上有许多正统的戏剧作品，也有不少比较新、更有实验性的剧目。
[streɪt] adjective
SEXUAL PREFERENCE 性倾向 informal
■not homosexual 异性恋的
[streɪt] adjective
NO DRUGS 不吸毒的 informal
■not using illegal drugs or alcohol 不吸毒的；不酗酒的
• He's been straight for five months. 他戒毒已经有五个月了。
[streɪt] adjective
NOT OWING MONEY 不欠钱的
[after verb] informal
■neither owing nor owed any money 不欠钱的；两清的
• You bought the tickets, so if I pay for the taxi, we'll be straight. 你买门票，因此如果我付计程车费，我们就扯平了。
[streɪt] adjective
put/set someone straight
■to make certain that someone knows the real facts about a situation 确保（某人）了解实情；使（某人）了解真相
• Don't worry, I set him straight (on this matter). 不用担心，我（把这件事）跟他说清楚了。
[streɪt] noun countable
SPORTS TRACK 跑道 (US usually straightaway)
■the straight part of a racetrack (= the track on which competitors race) 直线跑道
• And the runners are just coming up to the finishing straight. 选手刚跑上最后一个直道。
[streɪt] noun countable
SEXUAL PREFERENCE 性倾向 informal
■a person who is not homosexual 异性恋者
[streɪt] noun countable
the straight and narrow humorous
■If you keep on the straight and narrow, you behave in a way that is honest and moral 正直坦荡（如果你正直坦荡做人，那么你的行为举止是诚实的、合乎道德规范的）
• The threat of a good beating should keep him on the straight and narrow. 害怕遭到痛打，应可以使他正直做人。
adj. 直的；连续的；笔直的；正直的；整齐的
 - continuing, endless, ordered, regular, running
adv. 直接地；不断地；立即；坦率地
 - constantly, directly, forever, rapidly, continually
n. 直；直线
 - beeline, gerade

Word: publication
Front: publication
[ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn] (研四六托雅 2459/1656 -K3)
Vocabulary: publication
(once / 189 pages)
n
A publication is something made to communicate with the public. Publications are usually printed on paper (like magazines and books), but online publications are delivered via the Internet.
The noun publication comes from the Latin word publicare, meaning “make public.” Publication usually means something is written and made available publicly, but a company or government can submit publications of things like earnings or unemployment indexes that are communicated differently. If you are an aspiring author, publication of your work is, most likely, the Holy Grail you seek.
WORD FAMILY
publication: publications+/ publish: publication, publishable, published, publisher, publishes, publishing, republish/publishable: unpublishable/ published: unpublished / publisher: publishers/publishing: publishings/republication: republications/republish: republication, republished, republishes, republishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
So it was something of a surprise when, this past February, an academically inclined online publication appeared, full of erudite arguments in favor of Trump.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
As a longtime state politician, Bill agrees to a lengthy sit-down interview with me for another story for this publication, which is forthcoming.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Write down the name of that publication and avoid them in the future.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 出版; 出版物; 公布; 发表
分布：出版(52%)，出版物(28%)，发表(10%)，公布(5%)，发行(5%)
→来自拉丁语publicare,使公开化，使公众化，词源同public.引申词义出版，发行。
出版(public公众的+ation)[Popul,publ=people,表示"人民"]
n.出版物;出版,发行;公布,发表Congress has approved a new publication law.国会已通过一项新的出版法.
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the act of making information or stories available to people in a printed form 发表；公布；出版
• The brochure will be ready for publication in September. 这本小册子将在九月份出版。
• Will you arrange the publication of the names of the winners? 你能安排公布优胜者的姓名吗？
• When is the publication date (= When will the book be available to buy) ? （书）哪天出版？
 IMPROVER countable
■a book, magazine, newspaper or document in which information or stories are published 出版物
• Our latest publication is a magazine for health enthusiasts. 我们最近的出版物是一本为热爱健康人士办的杂志。
exposure, printing, release, publication
exposure: 暴露，揭露，一般指不好的事情
printing: 印刷，出版
release: 释放，出版，一般用来指唱片，电影的发行，强调经过努力才得以发表
publication: 发表，公之于众
journal, magazine, press, periodical, review, newspaper, publication
这组词都有“出版物或定期刊物”的意思，其区别是：
journal: 本义为“日报”，现在可指定期发生的周刊、月刊、季刊等或指学术团体出版的刊物、杂志或学报。
magazine: 指刊登各种文章、小说、诗歌、评议的杂志。
press: 系报刊总称，也指报界或报业。
periodical: 通常指除日报以外的定期出版刊物。
review: 多指登载评论性文章或讨论重大事件的文章的刊物。
newspaper: 一般指每日出版的报纸。
publication: 指出版物，发行物。
n. 出版；出版物；发表
 - announcement

Word: pretty
Front: pretty
[ˈprɪti] (中高研四六 797/1782 -K4)
Vocabulary: pretty
(once / 35 pages)
1adjadv 2adj
Use the word pretty to describe something with a delicate and pleasant appearance. Something that’s pretty is less powerful and intimidating than something that’s beautiful, the way a pretty floral raincoat is less intimidating than a beautiful film star.
The adjective pretty describes things that look nice, but it can also be used jokingly to say that something’s bad. If you say, “That’s a pretty mess you got me into!” that means it’s a bad mess. Pretty has an adverb form that means something is present to a moderate degree, another way to say fairly. You might be pretty sure you’ll be done studying by 9:00. That means you’re fairly certain but not positive.
WORD FAMILY
pretty: prettied, prettier, prettiest, prettily, prettiness, prettyly+/prettiness: prettinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I thought it was just a bruise - a pretty good bruise,” White said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“Meetings with no answers. That pretty much says it all.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s a pretty consistent group, so there’s a community here, which is a bit different than some of the big gyms,” said Heather, 30.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 漂亮的; 机灵的，聪明的
adv. 相当，颇
n. 漂亮的人（或东西）
级别：prettier, prettiest
分布：漂亮的(84%)，好看的(5%)，相当地(3%)，使漂亮(2%)，秀丽的(2%)，漂亮的东西(2%)，美人(2%)
→来自古英语praettig,狡猾的，精明的，有技巧的，来自Proto-Germanic*prattuz,夸夸其谈，吹牛，拟声词，词源同prate,prattle.后词义褒义化，引申词义相当好的，美丽的，漂亮的，后用于副词颇，相当。词义演变比较prestige.
ad.相当,很a.漂亮的,俊俏的,标致的The pretty priest protested the contest of protein test.漂亮牧师抗议蛋白质化验赛.
US ['prɪtˌ-] adverb informal
 ESSENTIAL
■quite, but not extremely 相当，颇，很，非常
• The house has four bedrooms, so it's pretty big. 这栋房子有四间卧房，因此非常大。
• I'm pretty sure it was her. 我相当肯定是她。
• I've got a pretty good idea of how to get there. 我很清楚那里该怎么去。
pretty much/well
 ADVANCED
■almost 差不多；几乎全部地，几乎完全地
• I've pretty much finished here. 我这里基本上完成了。
• She knows pretty well everything there is to know on the subject. 对这个问题她几乎了若指掌。
UK ['prɪt.i] US ['prɪtˌ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■pleasant to look at, or (especially of girls or women or things connected with them) attractive or pleasant in a delicate way （尤指女孩、女子或与其相关事物）漂亮的，美丽的，标致的
• That's a pretty hat you're wearing. 你戴的帽子很漂亮。
• The sofa was covered in very pretty flowery material. 沙发表面是一种很漂亮的花朵图案布料。
• She's got such a pretty daughter. 她有一个如此美貌的女儿。
UK ['prɪt.i] US ['prɪtˌ-] adjective
cost sb a pretty penny
■to be very expensive 花费（某人）很多钱
• That coat must have cost you a pretty penny! 那件外套一定花了你很多钱！
UK ['prɪt.i] US ['prɪtˌ-] adjective
not be a pretty sight humorous
■to be ugly or unpleasant to look at 不顺眼；有碍观瞻
• I can tell you, first thing in the morning he's not a pretty sight. 我可以肯定地跟你说，早上一起来他就让人看了不顺眼。
UK ['prɪt.i] US ['prɪtˌ-] adjective
not be just a pretty face humorous
■If someone is not just a pretty face, they are not only attractive but also intelligent 不只是一张漂亮脸蛋；不只是虚有其表（意即既漂亮（英俊）又聪明）
• 'How did you know that?' 'Well, I'm not just a pretty face, you know.' “你是怎么知道的？”“嘿！我又不只是虚有其表，你知道的。”
UK ['prɪt.i] US ['prɪtˌ-] adjective
a pretty pass old-fashioned
■a bad situation 糟糕的局面
• Things have come to a pretty pass when a referee can no longer be trusted. 当裁判不再可信时，情况就很糟糕了。
quite, rather, pretty, fairly
这组词都有“相当，颇”的意思，其区别是：
quite: 含义比fairly稍强，与不定冠词连用时，一般放在不定冠词之前。
rather: 语气比quite强，褒意贬意无可使用。可与too和比较级连用。
pretty: 用法与rather相似。常用于非正式文体。
fairly: 语意最弱，多用于褒义，表示适度地、尚可的意思。不可与too或比较级连用。
beautiful, lovely, handsome, fine, pretty, fair
这组词都有“美丽的，漂亮的”的意思，其区别是：
beautiful: 普通用词，含义广泛，语气最强，指优美和谐，是一种几乎接近完美的美。指人时通常形容女人或小孩，很少用于描写男子。
lovely: 普通用词，描写人时，主要指女人和小孩的相貌，语气不如beautiful强。
handsome: 多用于描写男性的英俊潇洒。有时也形容女人，指其五官端正，体态秀丽。
fine: 指在容貌、身材或风度等方面令人感到可爱。用于事物时，强调形式或内容的优美。
pretty: 普通用词，语气比beautiful弱，多用于描写妇女、儿童以及小巧玲珑，精美可爱之物。
fair: 正式用词，多用于文学中，形容女子和儿童，侧重外表的美。
beautiful, handsome, pretty, good-looking
beautiful: 貌美动人，气质高雅；
handsome: 体态健美端庄；
pretty: 活泼可爱；
good-looking: 一般性“好看”
adj. 漂亮的；可爱的；优美的
 - lovely, taking, smart, cute, tony
adv. 相当地；颇
 - relatively, fairly, comparatively, reasonably, considerably

Word: crop
Front: crop
[krɒp] (高研四六 2461/2655 -K3)
Vocabulary: crop
(once / 152 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v
A crop is a large amount of one kind of fruit or vegetable that's grown on a farm. Your farmer uncle's corn crop might be especially large after a summer with plenty of rain.
A major crop in parts of Asia is rice, while the coffee bean crop is important to the economics of several African and South American countries. A different kind of crop is the short whip that some riders use on horses — and when you crop something, you cut it short. You might decide to crop your hair at the beginning of the summer each year. The noun came first, originally defined as "the top of a sprout or herb."
WORD FAMILY
crop: cropped, cropping, crops, overcrop+/cropped: uncropped/overcrop: overcropped, overcropping
USAGE EXAMPLES
He first became interested in growing crops indoors in the two-thousand-aughts.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
From the earliest days of agriculture, farmers discovered various ways to prevent crop yields from declining over time: by restoring nitrogen to their fields.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
“Who else would pick the crops? Who would build the homes?”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 农作物; 产量; 庄稼; 平头
vt. 种植; 收割; 修剪; 剪短
vi. 收成; 收获
时态：cropped, cropping, crops
分布：农作物(27%)，庄稼(21%)，收成(17%)，出现(16%)，收获(11%)，修剪(5%)，啃吃(3%)
→来自ger, 团，块，群，词源同grape, group。原指鸟的嗉囔，后主要指成熟的庄稼穗。
n.农作物,庄稼,产量v.收割,收获The chop shopkeeper let the blood drip to the crops.排骨店老板让血滴到庄稼上.
US [krɑ:p] noun
PLANT 植物
 IMPROVER countable
■(the total amount collected of) a plant such as a grain, fruit or vegetable grown in large amounts 庄稼，作物；收成，收获量
• The main crops grown for export are coffee and rice. 主要的出口作物是咖啡和大米。
• a bumper (= very good) potato crop 薯仔大丰收
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] noun
GROUP 一批
countable usually singular informal
■a group of people or things with something in common, that exist at a particular time （同时涌现的）一批，一帮（人或事物）
• The judges will select the best from this year's crop of first novels. 评委们将从今年的一批处女作小说中选出最出色的一部。
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] noun
HAIR CUT 剪发
countable
■a short hair cut 平头发型
• She's had a very short crop. 她留着很短的平头。
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] noun
THROAT 喉咙
countable
■a part of the throat in many birds where food is stored before going into the stomach （鸟的）嗉囊
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] noun
STICK 棍子
countable
■a short stick used to control a horse by hitting it 短马鞭
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
CUT 剪
transitive
■to make something shorter or smaller, especially by cutting 修剪；剪短
• He had his hair cropped when he went into the army. 他进部队时把头发剪短了。
transitive
■When animals such as sheep or horses crop grass or other plants, they eat the top parts. （羊、马等）啃食（草或其他植物）的顶部
transitive
■to cut off some or all of the edges from a photograph, leaving only the most important part 剪裁（照片）
• He cropped the photo so that only the face remained. 他把照片剪到只剩下脸。
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
PLANT 植物
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If a plant crops, it produces fruit, flowers, etc. （植物）结果，开花，收成，收获
• The carrots have cropped (= grown) well this year. 今年的胡萝卜收成很好。
transitive usually passive
■to grow crops on land 种植（庄稼）
• The land is intensively cropped. 这片地庄稼种得很密。
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  crop up informal
■to happen or appear unexpectedly 意外发生；冒出；突然出现
• Her name keeps cropping up in conversation. 谈话中不断提到她的名字。
yield, harvest, crop
这组词都有“收成”的意思，其区别是：
yield: 指生产物，农作物的总产量。
harvest: 主要指农作物或水果的收获量，有时也指收割的行为。
crop: 普通用词，侧重指农作物一次收割或一季的收成。
grain, crop, corn
这组词都有“谷物”的意思，其区别是：
grain: 指稻、麦等谷类及其粒子。
crop: 指谷物或果类等一年或一季的收成，也可指地里的农业作物或谷物。
corn: 主要指大麦、小麦、燕麦、裸麦、玉蜀黍这5种谷物及其粒子。
n. 产量；农作物； [作物] 庄稼；平头
 - output, yield, plant, harvest
vt. 种植；收割；修剪；剪短
 - plant, shear, grow, gather, harvest
vi. [农学] 收获
 - to harvest, get in

Word: dig
Front: dig
[dɪg] (中高 2460/2810 -K3)
Vocabulary: dig
(once / 218 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
When you dig, you scoop or shovel up dirt, sand, or some other material. Your dog might whine to go outside so she can dig a hole in your dad's garden.
You can dig with your hands, a shovel, or even a tractor or backhoe. City crews dig up roads to repair water pipes, and gardeners dig small for planting bulbs. You can even say you dig your brother in the side when you jab him there. If someone says, "I dig you," they mean, "I understand," and if they say, "I dig your outfit," they like it. Both slang usages come from 1930s African American English.
WORD FAMILY
dig: digger, digging, digs+/digger: diggers/digging: diggings
USAGE EXAMPLES
More than two thousand people worked on the extension, tunnelling through granite and digging through sand and mud.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
As reported in this space for years, I totally dig the Seattle Boat Show.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Weirdly enough, it never occurred to me that smashing busts of Thatcher might be considered a little dig.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. （如用铲、锨或推土机等）挖掘; 探究，发掘; 刺，戳; 喜欢，欣赏
vi. 挖掘，松土; 整理; 〈俚〉已理解
n. 一拳，一推; 挖苦，讽刺; 考古发掘
时态：dug, digging, digs
分布：挖(52%)，掘(20%)，挖掘(16%)，挖苦(4%)，戳(4%)，探究(2%)，推(1%)，捅(1%)
→来自dhigw, 刺，挖，词源同dike, ditch.
v.挖,掘The pig is obliged to dig a big pit for the pigeon.猪被迫为鸽子掘一个大坑.
verb (digging, dug, dug)
MOVE soil 移土
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to break up and move soil using a tool, a machine or your hands 挖，挖掘（土）
• Digging (in) the garden is good exercise. 在花园里挖土是一种很好的锻炼。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to form a hole by moving soil 凿出，打（洞）
• The tunnel was dug with the aid of heavy machinery. 在重型机械的帮助下，隧道挖通了。
• The dog was digging a hole to hide its bone in. 狗正在刨坑以便把骨头藏起来。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
SEARCH 寻找
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to search for an object or information or to find it after looking 寻找，搜寻，找到
• He dug into his pocket and took out a few coins. 他把手伸进口袋里摸索一番后掏出了几枚硬币。
• As I dug deeper into his past (= found out more about it) , I realized that there was a lot about this man that I didn't know. 随着我对他过去的深入了解，我意识到自己对这个人知道得还太少。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
PRESS 按
dig sb in the ribs
■to push the side of someone's body quickly with your elbow (= the middle part of the arm where it bends) often as a way of sharing a private joke with them or to get their attention 用肘部碰（某人）的肋部（常用来分享私密笑话或引起对方注意）
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
APPROVE 赞同
transitive old-fashioned slang
■to like or understand something 喜爱；理解，懂得
• Hey, I really dig those shoes! 嘿，我真的非常喜欢那双鞋！
• You dig my meaning, man? 伙计，你懂我的意思吗？
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
dig your heels in
■to refuse to change your plans or ideas, especially when someone is trying to persuade you to do so （尤指不顾他人劝说）坚持己见，一意孤行
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
dig (deep) into your pocket(s)/resources/savings
■to give away money 掏腰包
• Richer countries must dig deeper into their pockets if global problems, such as pollution, are to be solved. 在解决如污染等的全球问题时，富国必须掏更多的钱。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
dig yourself into a hole informal
■to get yourself into a difficult situation 使自己陷入困境，把自己推入困境
• The government has really dug itself into a hole with its economic policies. 政府的经济政策的确使自己陷入了困境。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
dig your own grave
■to do something which causes you harm, sometimes serious harm 自掘坟墓
• She dug her own grave when she made fun of the boss. 她取笑老板时是在自找倒楣。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] dig (yourself) in
■to make arrangements to protect yourself from an attack by the enemy in a war situation, for example by digging trenches (= long, narrow holes) （挖壕沟等）掩蔽，防御
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
  Phrasal Verbs  dig in informal
■to start eating 开始吃
• The food's going cold - dig in! 东西快凉了——开始吃吧！
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
  Phrasal Verbs  dig (sth) into sb/sth
■to press or push, or to press or push an object, hard into someone or something 压，推，（把…）压入（或推入）
• A stone was digging into my heel. 一块石头嵌进了我的鞋后跟。
• She dug her fingernails into my wrist. 她的指甲嵌入了我的手腕。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dig sb/sth out
■to get someone or something out of somewhere by digging 把…弄出；把…扒出来；把…挖出来
• Firefighters helped to dig out the people trapped in the snowdrift. 消防队员帮忙把被困在雪堆里的人救了出来。
• The doctor used a sharp instrument to dig a piece of glass out of my finger. 医生用尖头工具把我手指里的一块玻璃碎剔了出来。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dig sth out informal
■to find something that you have not seen or used for a long time 找出（很久不见或未用的东西）
• Mum dug out some old family photos to show me. 妈妈翻出一些家里的老照片给我看。
[dɪg] verb (digging, dug, dug)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dig sth up
MOVE SOIL
■to take something out of the ground by digging 挖出，掘出
• It's time we dug up those potatoes. 现在我们该挖那些马铃薯了。
■to break the ground or to make a hole in it with a tool, machine, etc. 破土
• They're digging up the road outside to repair the electricity cables. 为了维修电缆他们在挖外面的路。
INFORMATION
■to discover secret or forgotten facts by searching very carefully 挖掘，搜寻（秘密或被遗忘的事）
• I've been doing some research on our family history and I've dug up some interesting information. 我一直在研究我的家史，并且挖掘出了一些有趣的资讯。
• She's one of those journalists who's always trying to dig up dirt on (= unpleasant private details about) celebrities. 她是一贯热衷于挖掘名人隐私的记者之一。
[dɪg] noun countable
REMARK 评论
■a remark which is intended to criticize, embarrass or make a joke about someone 奚落，取笑，嘲笑
• He's always having/taking/making digs at me. 他总是奚落我。
[dɪg] noun countable
REMOVE SOIL 移动泥土
■the careful removal of soil and objects from an area of historical interest （考古）挖掘
• an archaeological dig 考古挖掘
[dɪg] noun countable
ACCOMMODATION 住所
digs [plural] mainly UK informal for
■ lodgings
• Many students in London have to live in digs. 很多在伦敦的学生不得不寄宿在别人家中。
vt. 挖，掘；探究
 - tunnel, pick
vi. 挖掘
 - tap into
n. 戳，刺；挖苦
 - spine, thrust

Word: strike
Front: strike
[straɪk] (高研四六托雅 1145/1294 -K4)
Vocabulary: strike
(once / 45 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n
At its most basic, strike means to hit. If you strike someone, you hit them with your hand or a weapon. If lightning strikes, it makes contact. If you strike out on a trip, you're "hitting" the road. If you strike gold, you've "struck it rich"!
Strike can also mean not to hit, as in miss –– as in "three strikes and you're out." That meaning might have evolved from strike meaning to cross off, as in "If you don't come to practice, coach will strike your name from the starting lineup." It might also have led to the idea of a labor strike. If employees want to protest their work conditions, they go on strike, or refuse to work until conditions improve.
WORD FAMILY
strike: counterstrike, stricken, striker, strikes, striking +/counterstrike: counterstrikes/ stricken: strickenly/striker: strikers/ striking: strikingly, strikingness, strikings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The strike started December 28 after Pacific Choice Seafood in Humboldt County, California, offered to pay $2.75 a pound for the tasty crustacean.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Sadeghi is one of eight prisoners said to be on hunger strike in Iran.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Its visible geothermal features are nowhere near as striking as Yellowstone’s geysers and consist mainly of above-ground, pungent smelling sulphur springs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 罢（工、课等）; 撞; 攻击; 来到
vi. 罢工; 打击; 朝某一方向前进
n. 攻击; 罢工[课，市]; 发现
时态：struck, striking, strikes
分布：罢工(73%)，打(19%)，打击(5%)，撞(1%)，殴打(1%)，划燃(1%)
→来自古英语 strican,轻触，抚摸，刮，来自 Proto-Germanic*strikana,轻触，刮，来自 streig, 刮，磨，轻触，词源同 streak,stroke.后词义由轻触过渡到猛击，踢打等。
n./vi.罢工vt.打,击;攻击;给...深刻印象Likewise, my bike gave a striking strike to the two men alike.同样,我的自行车给那两个相象的人惊人的打击.
【参】striking（adj 惹人注目的；打击的；罢工的）主要背惹人注目的，源于strike人心的－惹人注目的
verb
STOP WORK 停止工作
 IMPROVER intransitive (struck, struck)
■to refuse to continue working because of an argument with an employer about working conditions, pay levels or job losses 罢工
• Democratization has brought workers the right to strike and join a trade union. 民主化赋予工人罢工和加入工会的权利。
• We're striking for a reduction in the working week and improved safety standards. 我们举行罢工，要求减少每周工作时间并提高安全标准。
[straɪk] verb
CAUSE SUFFERING 使受苦
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive (struck or ESP. US stricken, struck or ESP. US stricken)
■to cause a person or place to suffer severely from the effects of something very unpleasant that happens suddenly 突然侵袭；使受折磨；使遭受重创
• I've got a life insurance policy that will look after my family if disaster strikes. 我有人寿保险，这样即使灾难降临，我的家人也会有保障。
• The disease has struck the whole community, sometimes wiping out whole families. 疾病袭击整个社区，有时整个家族都无一生还。
• They predict that a large earthquake will strike the east coast before the end of the decade. 他们预测这十年内东海岸就会发生一场大地震。
[straɪk] verb
HIT 击打
intransitive or transitive (struck, struck)
■to hit or attack someone or something forcefully or violently 击，打；撞击；碰撞；攻击
• Her car went out of control and struck an oncoming vehicle. 她的汽车失控，撞上了迎面开来的一辆车。
• The police have warned the public that the killer could strike again. 警方提醒民众，杀手可能会再次下手。
• The autopsy revealed that his murderer had struck him on the head with an iron bar. 尸体解剖显示，杀手用一根铁棍猛击他的头部。
• Have you ever been struck by lightning? 你被闪电击中过吗？
• My golf was terrible today - I just didn't strike the ball well. 我今天高尔夫打得很糟糕——我就是打不好球。
intransitive or transitive (struck, struck)
■When a clock strikes, its bells ring to show what the time is （时钟）敲，鸣，报时
• The clock was striking ten as we went into the church. 我们走进教堂时响起了十点的报时钟声。
intransitive (struck, struck)
■When a particular time strikes, a clock's bells ring to tell people what time it is （时间）鸣报
• Midnight had just struck when I went upstairs to bed. 我上楼睡觉时，时钟刚刚敲过午夜12点。
transitive (struck, struck)
■If you strike a match, you cause it to burn by rubbing it against a hard rough surface 擦，划（火柴）
• She struck a match and lit another cigarette. 她划了根火柴，又点燃了一支香烟。
• He lent down and struck a match on the sole of his boot. 他俯下身，在靴底上擦亮了一根火柴。
[straɪk] verb
REMOVE 移走
transitive usually + adverb or preposition (struck or ESP. US stricken, struck or ESP. US stricken) formal
■to remove something officially from a document （正式从档中）删除，取消
• Please strike my name from your mailing list immediately. 请立即将我的名字从你的邮件列表中删除。
• Several unreliable dealers have been struck off our list of authorized suppliers. 几个不可靠的供应商已从我们的许可供应商名单中去除掉了。
strike camp (struck , struck)
■to take down your tents in preparation for leaving the place where you have been camping （离开营地时）拆除帐篷
• We woke up late and it was ten o'clock before we struck camp. 我们起床晚了，撤营离开时已经十点钟。
[straɪk] verb
DISCOVER 发现
transitive (struck, struck)
■to discover a supply of oil, gas or gold underground 发现，探测到（地下石油、天然气或黄金矿藏）
• The first person to strike oil in the US was Edwin Laurentine Drake. 第一个在美国发现石油的人是埃德温‧劳伦廷‧德雷克。
[straɪk] verb
AGREE 同意
transitive (struck, struck)
■to reach or make an agreement 达成，制定（协议）
• Do you think the government should try to strike a deal with the terrorists? 你认为政府应该尝试与恐怖分子达成协议吗？
[straɪk] verb
FEEL/THINK 感觉／想法
transitive (struck or ESP. US stricken, struck or ESP. US stricken)
■to cause someone to have a feeling or idea about something 给人以…感觉；让…觉得；使产生…想法
• Doesn't it strike you as rather odd that he never talks about his family? 他从来都不谈他的家人，难道不让你感到奇怪吗？
• I was immediately struck by the similarities between the two murders. 我立即感到这两宗谋杀案有相似之处。
• So how does my proposition strike you (= What do you think of it) ? 那你觉得我的建议如何？
• [+ (that)] It strikes me (that) you'd be better off working for someone else. 我觉得你换个老板会好一点。
transitive (struck, struck)
■If a thought or idea strikes you, you suddenly think of it （想法或主意）突然闪现在…的脑海；猛然意识到
• [+ that] It 's just struck me that I still owe you for the concert tickets. 我突然想起来，我还没给你音乐会门票的钱。
• Sitting at her desk, she was struck by the thought that there must be something more to life. 她坐在书桌前，突然意识到生活一定还意味着更多东西。
[straɪk] verb
MOVE BODY 移动身体
strike a pose/attitude (struck, struck) formal
■to move your body into a particular position 摆出姿势
• She may be 67, but Joan Collins can still strike a sexy pose. 琼‧柯林斯可能都67岁了，但她仍然能摆出非常性感的姿势。
• Bainbridge pulled up his sagging trousers and struck the pose of a fearless sea captain. 斑布里奇提起松松垮垮的裤子，摆出一副无所畏惧的远洋船长的架势。
[straɪk] verb
MAKE COINS 铸币
transitive (struck, struck)
■to make a metal disc-shaped object such as a coin with a machine that quickly presses a picture into a piece of metal 铸造；压出，冲制
• When was the first pound coin struck? 第一枚一英镑的硬币是何时铸造的？
• A special medal has been struck to celebrate the end of the war. 铸造特殊纪念章是为了纪念战争结束。
[straɪk] verb
be struck dumb
■to be so surprised by something that you cannot say anything 震惊得哑口无言
• We were struck dumb when she announced she was pregnant. 她宣布怀孕的消息时，我们都吓得目瞪口呆。
[straɪk] verb
strike a balance
■If you strike a balance between two things, you accept parts of both things in order to satisfy some of the demands of both sides in an argument, rather than all the demands of just one side （在争论中）找到折衷办法，求得平衡
• It's a question of striking the right balance between quality and productivity. 问题在于要在品质和生产力之间求得适当的平衡。
[straɪk] verb
strike a blow against/at sth
■to do something which harms something severely 严重伤害，沉重打击
• Her resignation has struck a blow against the company's plans for expansion. 她的辞职对于公司的扩张计划是个沉重的打击。
[straɪk] verb
strike a blow for sth
■to do something which supports or defends something 维护，支持，捍卫
• The judge's ruling has struck a blow for racial equality. 法官的裁决捍卫了种族平等。
[straɪk] verb
strike a chord
■If something strikes a chord, it causes people to approve of it or agree with it 引起共鸣，得到赞同
• The party's policy on childcare facilities has struck a responsive chord with women voters. 该党在儿童保育设施方面的政策赢得女性选民的热情支持。
• Her speech struck a sympathetic chord among business leaders. 她的演讲博得商界领袖的共鸣。
■If something strikes a chord, it causes people to remember something else because it is similar to it. 拨动心弦；使触景生情
[straɪk] verb
strike a note
■to express and communicate a particular opinion or feeling about something 表达看法，传达感觉
• I find it really difficult to strike the right note when I'm writing job applications. 我发现写求职信时很难说到重点上。
• At the end of her speech, she struck a note of warning about the risks involved in the project. 演讲的最后，她就这个专案计划所潜藏的风险发出警告。
[straɪk] verb
strike at the heart of sth
■to damage something severely by attacking the most important part of it 攻击…的要害，沉重打击
• By its nature, terrorism is designed to strike at the heart of our democratic values. 从本质上讲，恐怖主义意欲破坏我们民主价值观的核心。
[straɪk] verb
strike attitudes
■to speak or act in ways that make it very clear what you want others to think you believe or support 装腔作势；装模作样（说话或行动的方式，使你想要其他人认为你相信或支持甚么等，是非常明显的）
• Some politicians prefer to strike attitudes on the world stage rather than deal with problems in their own countries. 一些政治家喜欢在国际舞台上装腔作势，而不是处理他们本国的问题。
[straɪk] verb
strike fear/terror into sb
■to make someone extremely frightened 使（某人）极度恐惧
• The brutal military regime has struck terror into the whole population. 残暴的军事政权使全体人民惊恐万分。
[straɪk] verb
strike gold literary
■to win a gold medal in a sports competition （在体育比赛中）夺金
• She is the favourite to strike gold in the 400 metres hurdles. 她是400公尺跨栏的夺金热门选手。
■to make large profits or to become rich 获利丰厚，赚大钱；发财
• A few lucky people have struck gold by investing in this company. 少数幸运儿投资这家公司赚了大钱。
[straɪk] verb
strike home
■to hit the intended place or have the intended effect 命中预定目标；达到预期效果
• The laser guidance system dramatically increases the likelihood that the missile will strike home. 雷射导航系统大大增加了飞弹的命中率。
• The government's message about the dangers of smoking seems to have struck home. 政府对吸烟有害健康的宣传似乎达到了预期效果。
[straɪk] verb
strike it lucky (UK also strike lucky)
■to suddenly have a lot of unexpected luck 突然意外得到好运
■1. What would you do if you struck it lucky in the national lottery? strike 1 如果你在全国彩券中了好运，你打算做甚么？
[straɪk] verb
strike it rich
■to become rich suddenly and unexpectedly 一夜致富，发横财
• His father struck it rich in the diamond business. 他父亲做钻石生意发了大财。
[straɪk] verb
strike while the iron is hot
■to take advantage of an opportunity as soon as it exists, in case the opportunity goes away and does not return 打铁趁热
• He doesn't often make such offers - I'd strike while the iron is hot if I were you. 他不常主动提出这样的提议——我要是你就打铁趁热，赶紧答应。
[straɪk] verb
within striking distance
■near 距离很近
• We live within striking distance of both Baltimore and Washington. 我们家离巴尔的摩和华盛顿都很近。
■very near to getting or achieving something 近在咫尺；唾手可得
• His victory in the Brazilian Grand Prix puts him within striking distance of the world championship. 他在巴西汽车大奖赛上获胜，使他距离世界冠军只有一步之遥。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  strike back
■to attack someone who has attacked you 反击，回击
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] strike sb down
■If someone is struck down, they die suddenly or start to suffer from a serious illness 使（某人）猝然死去；使（某人）病倒
• It's a tragedy that these young people were struck down in their prime. 这些年轻人英年早逝，真令人痛心。
• He was struck down by polio when he was a teenager. 他十几岁时得了小儿麻痹症。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] strike sth down US legal
■to rule that a law is illegal and should not be obeyed 裁定非法（规定某一法律条文非法，不应遵守）
• The courts struck down local segregation laws because they violated the federal constitution. 法庭裁决当地的隔离法非法，因为该隔离法违反宪法。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] strike sb off (sth) UK
■If someone with a responsible job such as a doctor or lawyer is struck off, they are officially not allowed to continue in that work because they have done something seriously wrong. 取消（医生、律师等）的执业资格
• A solicitor who insulted two officials from the Law Society was struck off for abusive behaviour. 一名诉讼律师辱骂律师公会的两位官员，这谩骂行为令他被取消了执业资格。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  strike on/upon sth
■to discover or think of something 发现；想起
• She struck on the idea for her novel while she was travelling in Russia. 她在俄罗斯旅行途中萌生了该小说的创作灵感。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  strike out (somewhere)
■to start on a long or difficult journey in a determined way 毅然出发，坚定地启程
• In heavy rain, we struck out across the field. 我们在大雨中毅然动身穿过田野。
• She struck out for the opposite bank. 她奋力向对岸游去。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  strike out
START
■to start doing something new, independently of other people 独立开创新事业；自立谋生
• After working for her father for ten years, she felt it was time to strike out on her own. 她为父亲工作了十年之后，感到是时候该自己独立开创一番事业。
FAIL US informal
■to be unsuccessful 失败，砸锅
• I really struck out with her - she wouldn't even kiss me goodnight. 我确实得罪她了——她连吻我道声晚安都不肯。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] strike (sb) out
■to fail three times to hit the ball successfully in baseball and therefore to lose one of your team's chances to score, or to cause someone to do this （使）（某人）三振出局
• The pitcher struck out both batters in the ninth inning and saved the game. 投手在第九局让两名打者三振出局，挽救了比赛。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] strike sth out/through
■to draw a line through text in a document to show that it does not relate to you or is not correct 划掉，删去（文件中无关或错误之处）
• Please strike out whichever option does not apply to you. 请将不适用的选项划掉。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  strike up (sth)
■to start to play or sing something 开始演奏；开始唱
• When the applause had died down, a regimental band struck up the national anthem. 掌声渐渐平息之后，军乐队奏响了国歌。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  strike up sth
■to start a relationship or conversation with someone 建立（关系）；开始（交谈）
• He gets really jealous if his girlfriend strikes up a friendship with another man. 如果他的女友和其他男性建立起友谊的话，他会很嫉妒。
• It can be difficult to strike up a conversation with a complete stranger. 和完全陌生的人攀谈会是件很困难的事。
[straɪk] noun countable
STOP WORK 停止工作
 IMPROVER
■when workers refuse to continue working because of an argument with an employer about working conditions, pay levels or job losses 罢工
• After last year's long and bitter strike, few people want further industrial action. 经历去年那场漫长而艰苦的罢工之后，没甚么人再想发起劳工运动了。
• Most of the workers have ignored their union's call for strike action. 大多数劳工对工会要求进行罢工的呼吁置之不理。
• Some miners are calling for a nationwide strike in support of their sacked colleagues. 一些矿工呼吁举行全国性罢工，以声援那些被解雇的同事。
• They have voted to stage lightning/wildcat (= sudden and short) strikes in pursuit of their demands. 为了使自己的要求得到满足，他们表决通过举行闪电罢工。
• We've voted to stage a series of one-day strikes. 我们已表决通过举行一系列为期一天的罢工。
• A wave of strikes swept the country. 罢工风潮席卷全国。
• The result of the strike ballot will be known tomorrow morning. 罢工投票的结果明天早上就能知道。
on strike (UK also out on strike)
 IMPROVER
■taking part in a strike 参与罢工
• The city's bus drivers have been on strike for three weeks. 城里的公车司机已经进行了三个星期的罢工。
go on strike
■to start to strike 开始罢工，举行罢工
• All 2 500 employees went on strike in protest at the decision to close the factory. 2500名员工全部参加了罢工，以抗议关闭工厂的决定。
[straɪk] noun countable
HIT 击打
 ADVANCED
■when something hits or attacks with force 击，打；撞击；袭击
• Lightning conductors protect buildings and tall structures from lightning strikes. 避雷针保护大楼和高层建筑物免遭雷击。
⇒ See also strike force
 ADVANCED
■a sudden short military attack, especially one by aircraft or missiles 军事攻击，突袭；（尤指）空袭，飞弹袭击
• The United Nations has authorized the use of air strikes. 联合国授权采取空中攻击。
• The violence is unlikely to stop without military strikes against terrorist bases. 不对恐怖分子的基地采取军事攻击，暴力袭击就不可能休止。
• Would you support a nuclear strike to bring an end to a war? 你支持采用核子攻击来结束战争吗？
• We have no intention of launching a pre-emptive strike, but we will retaliate if provoked. 我们无意发动先发制人的攻击，但若遇挑衅，我们定会还以颜色。
[straɪk] noun countable
DISCOVERY 发现
■when a valuable substance is discovered underground （地下贵重物质的）发现
• The population and settlement of Colorado expanded after the gold strike of 1858. 1858年发现黄金后，科罗拉多的人口和定居户数大幅成长。
[straɪk] noun countable
FAILURE 失败
■Iin baseball) a ball that has been thrown by the pitcher and not been hit successfully when it should have been 挥棒落空
• A batter is out after three strikes. 打者遭到三振出局。
■US
■a failure, mistake or disadvantage 失败；错误；不利之处
• California's "three strikes and you're out" bill means that from now on criminals found guilty of three crimes are jailed for life. 加州的“三振出局”的法案意味着： 从现在起罪犯若三次被判有罪，就会被终身监禁。
• One strike against him as a candidate is his perceived lack of charisma. 作为候选人，他的不利之处之一在于人们认为他缺乏个人魅力。
strike, beat, hit, thrash, whip
这组词都有“打”的意思，其区别是：
strike: 普通用词，多指急速或突然一次猛击。
beat: 普通用词，含义广泛，指连续打击。游戏、竞赛或战争中作打败解。
hit: 普通用词，常与strike换用，侧重有目标的猛击，强调用力击中。
thrash: 侧重指用棍子或鞭子等痛打。
whip: 多指用鞭子抽打。
knock, beat, strike, hit
knock: 敲门；
beat: 打鼓;连续打；
strike: 敲锣，钟敲几点，猛的一击；
hit: 击中，打一下
strike, fight
strike: 打击，撞，猛然攻击或袭击
fight: 多指在战斗中用暴力对抗，打架
vi. 打，打击； [劳经] 罢工；敲，敲击；抓；打动；穿透
 - grasp, beat upon
vt. 打，击； [劳经] 罢工；撞击，冲击；侵袭；打动；到达
 - impact, beat upon
n. [劳经] 罢工；打击；殴打
 - stroke, shock, hit, hiding

Word: permanent
Front: permanent
[ˈpɜ:mənənt] (高研四六托雅宝 2464/1993 -K3)
Vocabulary: permanent
(once / 134 pages)
adjn
Something that’s permanent is constant and lasting, as opposed to temporary. Think twice about writing in permanent marker or getting a tattoo — both are just about impossible to erase.
If you wait around for something permanent to change, you'll be there for a long time — maybe forever. That's because the adjective permanent is used to describe something that continues on into the foreseeable future without shifting, moving, or changing at all. You might also come across the noun permanent, which refers to a chemical treatment used to curl your hair. But please know that "perms" aren't really cool anymore.
WORD FAMILY
permanent: impermanent, lastingly, permanence, permanency, permanently, permanents, semipermanent+/impermanence: impermanences/impermanency: impermanencies/ impermanent: impermanence, impermanency, impermanently/ permanence: permanences/permanency: permanencies/semipermanent: semipermanently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Without a sustainable budget solution, the annual Permanent Fund dividend soon will disappear, as will our savings accounts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was to enable a permanent moon base to support missions to “Mars and other destinations.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With a permanent smile fixed on her face, she runs to the altar and settles into a life of suburban contentment.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 永久（性）的，永恒的，不变的，耐久的，持久的，经久的; 稳定的; 常务的，常设的
n. 电烫发，烫发
分布：永久的(79%)，持久的(21%)
→per-,整个的，-man,停留，驻立，词源同mansion,remain.引申词义永久的。
永久的(per+man拿住＋ent→永久拿住→永恒的)[per-①表示"贯穿,自始至终"②表示"假,坏"]
持久的,不变的(per始终+man+ent→始终逗留→持久的)[man,main=stay,表示"逗留"]
a.永久的,持久的I'm determined to permit the permanent term on detergent.我决心同意有关洗涤剂的永久条款.
【反】evanescent（adj 渐消失的；短暂的）；interim（adj 中间的；临时的）；ephemeral（adj 朝生暮死的；短暂的）
US ['pɝ:-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■lasting for a long time or forever 长久的；永久的，永恒的
• She is looking for a permanent place to stay. 她正在寻找一个固定的住所。
• Are you looking for a temporary or a permanent job? 你是想找一份临时的还是固定的工作？
• The disease can cause permanent damage to the brain. 这种疾病可能导致大脑永久性损伤。
• A semi-permanent hair dye will wash out after about three months. 半永久性染发剂大约三个月后开始褪色。
• He entered the United States in 1988 as a permanent resident because of his marriage to a U.S. citizen. 他因和一位美国公民结婚而于1988年移居美国并成为永久居民。
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something that exists or happens all the time 常在的；固定的；永久的
• Mont Blanc has a permanent snow cap. 白朗峰的山顶终年积雪。
• Our office is in a permanent state of chaos. 我们的办公室永远都是一团糟。
UK ['pɜ:.mə.nənt] US ['pɝ:-] noun countable US for perm
permanent, eternal, perpetual, everlasting, endless
这些形容词均有“持久的，永久的”之意。
permanent: 指总是处于相同的情况和地位，可长期持续下去，永久不变。
eternal: 语体较庄重，侧重指永远存在，无始无终。
perpetual: 语气最强，指保持永久不变，没有中断的行为，永无止境地持续下去。有时用于贬义，指令人厌烦之事。
everlasting: 语气较庄重，有时可与eternal换用，侧重持续不尽，或指开始后一直进行下去。
endless: 系日常用词，指无尽无休。
adj. 永久的，永恒的；不变的
 - eternal, constant, steady, lasting, perpetual

Word: plant
Front: plant
[plɑ:nt] (中高雅 623/690 -K5)
Vocabulary: plant
(once / 40 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A plant is a living thing that loves dirt, sun, and water but can’t move. That tree outside? Plant. Your dog? Not a plant. A plant can also be a factory, like a nuclear power plant.
Trees, flowers, and vegetables are all plants, and you help them get started every time you plant a seed in soil. Another kind of plant is a factory or another business where goods are manufactured, and then there's the plant that means "spy or informer." The Latin root of plant is planta, "sprout or shoot," which may stem from plantare, "push into the ground with the feet," from planta, "sole of the foot."
WORD FAMILY
plant: plantal, plantation, planted, planter, planting, plantlet, plants, replant+/ plantation: plantations/planted: unplanted/planter: planters/planting: plantings/plantlet: plantlets/replant: replanted, replanting
USAGE EXAMPLES
The industrial plant appears especially significant as it offers a breakthrough by capturing CO2 without subsidy.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Size is an important consideration with plants, says Mr. Hancock, who notes that the plants should complement the furnishings and space, not dominate it.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
His second decision was to announce big projects like new motorways, power plants and job creation schemes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 植物，草木; 设备; 工厂; 庄稼
vt. 种植; 安，插; 建设，布置; 移民于
时态：planted, planting, plants
分布：植物(62%)，种植(20%)，工厂(12%)，设备(3%)，建立(1%)，安插(1%)，设施(1%)
→来自拉丁语planta,草木，植物，嫩枝，脚底板，来自plat,展开，放平，来自pele,展开，放平，词源同plan,place.引申动词词义种植，栽培，并由此引申工厂，工厂设备，电厂等诸多词义。
n.植物,作物;工厂;装置v.栽种,播种,栽培The lean man leans on the clean bean plant to read a leaf leaflet.瘦人斜靠在干净的豆科植物上读叶片传单.
【反】deracinate（v 根除；灭绝）
US [plænt] noun
LIVING THING 生物体
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a living thing which grows in earth, in water or on other plants, and usually has a stem, leaves, roots and flowers and produces seeds 植物
• native plants and animals 原产于当地的动植物
• garden/greenhouse/indoor plants 花园／温室／室内植物
• a tomato plant 一株番茄
⇒ See also houseplant
UK [plɑ:nt] US [plænt] noun
BUILDING/MACHINES 建筑物／机器
uncountable
■machines used in industry 机器，设备
• The industry was accused of having invested little in workers, plant or infrastructure. 工业界被指责在工人、工厂和基础设施方面投入太少。
countable
■a factory in which such machines are used 工厂
• Two more car-assembly plants were closed by the strike. 又有两家汽车装配厂因罢工而关闭。
uncountable UK and Australian English
■a large heavy machine or vehicle used in industry, for building roads, etc （用于修路等的重型）设备，装置，机械
• The sign by the roadworks said 'Slow - heavy plant crossing'. 道路工程旁边的告示牌上写著「减速——前方有重型施工机械”。
• The firm's main business was plant hire. 这家公司的主要业务是设备租赁。
UK [plɑ:nt] US [plænt] noun
PUT SECRETLY 偷偷放置
countable usually singular
■something illegal or stolen that has been put secretly in a person's clothing or among the things that belong to them to make them seem guilty of a crime 栽赃物品
• He insisted the money was a plant. 他坚持说被人栽赃嫁祸，钱不是他偷的。
UK [plɑ:nt] US [plænt] verb
LIVING THING 生物体
 IMPROVER transitive
■to put a plant into the ground or into a container of earth so that it will grow 种植，栽种
• We planted trees and bushes in our new garden. 我们在新花园里种了树和灌木。
• Hyacinth bulbs planted in pots now will flower early in the spring. 如果现在种在花盆里，风信子的球茎会在早春开花。
transitive
■If you plant a particular area, you put plants into the ground there 于…栽种植物
• The plot was surrounded by a stone wall and planted with flowering trees. 那个地方围着石墙，种着繁花盛开的树。
• a densely planted garden (= one in which the plants are close together) 花木茂密的花园
UK [plɑ:nt] US [plænt] verb
PUT 放置
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to put something firmly and strongly in a particular place 放置，安放
• [R] My brother planted himself on the sofa in front of the television. 我哥哥坐在电视机前的沙发上。
• He planted a kiss on her forehead/a blow on his opponent's jaw. 他在她的额头上吻了一下／一拳打在对手的下巴上。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to cause an idea or story to exist 注入，灌输
• That incident planted doubts about him in my mind. 那件事让我对他产生了怀疑。
• Who planted these rumours ? 谁制造了这些谣言？
UK [plɑ:nt] US [plænt] verb
PUT SECRETLY 偷偷放置
transitive usually + adverb or preposition informal
■to put something or someone in a position secretly, especially in order to deceive someone 藏匿；栽赃
• She insisted that the drugs had been planted on her without her knowledge. 她坚持说在她毫不知晓的情况下，有人把毒品栽赃于她。
• The bomb was planted in the station waiting room. 炸弹被放置在车站的候车室内。
UK [plɑ:nt] US [plænt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] plant sth out
■to put a plant into the ground outside to continue growing 把…移植到室外
• Plant out the geraniums in early June. 在六月初把天竺葵移植到室外。
plant, grow
plant: 移植,移栽已经长成秧苗的植物 plant the trees
grow: 使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去, trees are growing
plant, mill, factory, works
这组词都有“工厂”的意思，其区别是：
plant: 多指电力或机械制造方面的工厂。
mill: 原义指粮食加工厂。现多指轻工业类的工厂。
factory: 最普通用词，可泛指任何制造产品的地方。
works: 多指钢铁等重工业方面的工厂，也指一些特定的厂。
n. [工经] 工厂，车间； [植] 植物；设备；庄稼
 - factory, equipment, furniture, facility, mill
vt. 种植；培养；栽培；安置
 - cultivate, crop, establish, rear, station
vi. 种植
 - put in, to raise

Word: phenomenon
Front: phenomenon
[fəˈnɒmɪnən] (高研四六托雅 2466/2392 -2)
Vocabulary: phenomenon
(once / 204 pages)
n
A phenomenon is an extraordinary occurrence or circumstance. In the 1950s, rock-n-roll was considered a new cultural phenomenon, while today we think of crop circles as a mysterious phenomenon.
Like many words with Greek roots, phenomenon started out as a science term. Scientists used it (and still do) to describe any event or fact that could be observed, amazing or not. An earthquake, for example, was a phenomenon, because you could see it (and hear it and feel it). Phenomenon is an example of a word having a specific meaning for one group of people that gets changed when used by the general public.
WORD FAMILY
phenomenon: phenomena, phenomenons
USAGE EXAMPLES
These local measures—the product of labor-backed advocacy campaigns such as the “Fight for $15”—are still a relatively new phenomenon.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
It holds meetings and conferences in which voice-hearers discuss their experiences, and it campaigns to increase public awareness of the phenomenon.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Despite his liberal views, Professor Smith argued that science might not totally explain natural phenomena like evolution.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 现象，事件; 奇迹; 非凡的人
分布：现象(99%)，奇事(1%)
→pheno-,显示，展现，-men,名词后缀。引申词义现象，有代表性的体现，后也用于指非凡的人。其复数形式为phenomena.
现象(phen+omen预兆+on-显示预兆-现象)[phen=show(显示)]
n.现象,稀有现象,珍品,奇迹,杰出人才Not for a moment has the comment on commercial phenomenon been mentioned.那个关于商业现象的评论从未被提及过.
US [-'nɑ:.mə.nɑ:n] (plural phenomena)
noun countable
EXISTING THING 存在的事物
 ADVANCED
■something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something which is unusual or interesting （尤指不寻常的或有趣的）现象
• Gravity is a natural phenomenon. 重力是一种自然现象。
• Do you believe in the paranormal and other psychic phenomena? 你相信超自然及其他通灵现象吗？
• There's evidence to suggest that child abuse is not just a recent phenomenon. 有证据显示虐待儿童并不是近来才有的现象。
UK [fə'nɒm.ɪ.nən] US [-'nɑ:.mə.nɑ:n] (plural phenomena)
noun countable
SUCCESS 成功
■someone or something extremely successful, often because of special qualities or abilities 非凡的人（或事物）；奇才；奇迹
• The Beatles were a phenomenon - nobody had heard anything like them before. 披头四乐团真是个奇迹，在此之前人们从未听说过有像他们那样成功的乐队。
phenomenon, miracle, marvel, wonder
这组词都有“奇迹”的意思，其区别是：
phenomenon: 指罕见的现象或奇人、奇事。
miracle: 一般指被认为是人力所办不到的奇异之事。
marvel: 侧重异乎寻常，奇怪，从而使人好奇。
wonder: 通常指使人惊奇的事迹、人物或景观，主要指人创造的奇迹。
n. [物] 现象；奇迹；杰出的人才
 - wonder, miracle

Word: anxiety
Front: anxiety
[æŋˈzaɪəti] (高研四六托雅 2467/2612 -K3)
Vocabulary: anxiety
(once / 135 pages)
n
Anxiety is the vague, uneasy feeling you get when you're dreading something. Anxiety can also be a permanent state of nervousness that some people with mental illnesses experience, a milder version of panic.
When a scary or unpleasant event is looming, like getting a family portrait taken the year you have braces, you might feel some anxiety. You might also feel anxiety about passing chemistry, especially if you’ve skipped a lot of classes. Someone who suffers from a mild or severe mental illness might feel anxiety all the time. Deep breathing, playing relaxing music, and medication have all been known to help reduce anxiety.
WORD FAMILY
anxiety: anxieties, overanxiety
USAGE EXAMPLES
But I also saw how the money helped us, how it kept other anxieties at bay.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
There is robust scientific evidence demonstrating the value of the method in coping with O.C.D., phobias, and other anxiety disorders.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“This week, there were a lot of emotions and a lot of anxiety,” Smith said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 焦虑，忧虑; 切望，渴望; 令人焦虑的事; 挂念
分布：焦虑(86%)，担心(8%)，渴望(6%)
n.挂念,焦虑,焦急,忧虑;渴望,热望The anxious man is unconscious of my anxiety.那个不安的人没有觉察到我的忧虑.
US [-tˌi] noun
WORRY 忧虑
 IMPROVER uncountable
■an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness or worry about something that is happening or might happen in the future 焦虑，不安，担心
• Children normally feel a lot of anxiety about their first day at school. 第一天上学，孩子通常都会感到非常不安。
• That explains his anxiety over his health. 那就是他担心自己健康的原因。
• Her son is a source of considerable anxiety. 她的儿子总让她很放心不下。
countable
■something that causes a feeling of fear and worry 令人焦虑的事；焦虑的原因
• job anxieties 工作上的烦恼
UK [æŋ'zaɪ.ə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
EAGERNESS 渴望
uncountable + to infinitive
■eagerness to do something 渴望，热望；急切
• Peter's leaving at the end of this week - hence his anxiety to get his work finished. 彼得本周末就要离开了，所以他急着把工作赶完。
UK [æŋ'zaɪ.ə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
MEDICAL CONDITION 病理状况
uncountable
■a medical condition in which you always feel frightened and worried 焦虑（症）
• He has helped patients suffering from anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. 他曾医治过患有焦虑症、抑郁症和进食障碍的病人。
• an anxiety disorder/ attack 焦虑症／焦虑症发作
anxiety, concern, care, worry
这组词都有“焦虑、关心”的意思，其区别是：
anxiety: 指对预料中的不祥之事的焦虑。
concern: 作“关心”用时，是indifference(冷漠)的反义词，侧重对他人健康、安全等的关心，也可暗示对困难、危险或失败等的忧虑。
care: 强调因出于责任感或顾虑等而产生的不安。
worry: 侧重对未知事态演变的忧虑。
n. [心理] 焦虑；渴望；挂念；令人焦虑的事
 - solicitude, aspiration

Word: unlike
Front: unlike
[ˌʌnˈlaɪk] (高研四六 2468/2194 -K3)
Back: prep. （表示属性）与…不同; 不像
adj. 不同的; 相异的; 不相似的
分布：与 ... 平时不同(100%)
a.不同的,不相似的prep.不象,和...不同Her voice was quite unlike her usual one.她的声音和平常完全不同.
preposition
DIFFERENT FROM 不同于
 IMPROVER
■different from 不像；与…不同
• Dan's actually quite nice, unlike his father. 丹可不像他父亲，他实际上人很不错。
• Unlike you, I'm not a great dancer. 我可不像你，我不太会跳舞。
[ʌn'laɪk] preposition
NOT TYPICAL 不典型的
 ADVANCED
■not typical or characteristic of 非…的特点，不像（…的典型样子）
• It's unlike you to be quiet - is something wrong? 这么安静可不是你的风格——出甚么事了吗？
adj. 不同的，不相似的
 - different, diverse, varying, another, dissimilar

Word: wet
Front: wet
[wet] (中高 2471/2343 -K3)
Back: adj. 湿的; 下雨的; 懦弱的; （儿童）尿湿尿布的
n. 湿地; 液体; 窝囊废; 雨天
vt. 使潮湿; 把…弄湿
时态：wet, wetting, wets
分布：湿的(71%)，雨天(22%)，雨天的(3%)，潮气(3%)，懦弱的(1%)
→来自wed,水，湿的，词源同water,otter.
a.湿的,潮湿的;有雨的,多雨的v.弄湿,沾湿The wet pet in the net hasn't got on the jet plane yet.网中的湿宠物还没有登上喷气飞机.
adjective (wetter, wettest)
NOT DRY 不亁的
 ESSENTIAL
■covered in water or another liquid 湿的，潮湿的
• a wet floor 潮湿的地板
• a wet umbrella 湿淋淋的伞
• wet hair 湿头发
• My bike got wet in the rain. 我的脚踏车在雨中淋湿了。
• I had to cycle in the rain and got soaking (= very) wet. 我不得不骑车在雨中行进，全身都淋湿了。
• informal You poor thing - you're all (= very) wet. 你这个可怜的家伙——全身都淋湿了。
 IMPROVER
■describes paint, ink, or a similar substance when it has not had time to dry and become hard （油漆、墨水等）未干的
• The paint's still wet. 油漆还未亁。
• a notice saying 'Wet paint!' 一块写有“油漆未干！”的告示牌
 IMPROVER
■describes weather or periods of time when rain falls 多雨的，下雨的
• We've had wet weather all week. 整个星期都在下雨。
• This is the first wet day for two months. 两个月以来，今天是第一次下雨。
• The presentation will take place indoors if it 's wet. 如果下雨，仪式就在室内举行。
be wet through
■to be completely wet 全湿透了
• Come in quickly - you're wet through. 快点进来——你全身都湿透了。
[wet] adjective (wetter, wettest)
WEAK 软弱的
■describes someone who has a weak character and does not express any forceful opinions 软弱的；懦弱的；窝囊的
• Don't be so wet. 别那么窝囊。
[wet] adjective (wetter, wettest)
be wet behind the ears
■to be young and without experience 乳臭未干的，无经验的
[wet] verb transitive
■to make something wet 把…弄湿；使潮湿
• Wet the powder thoroughly and mix to remove lumps. 将这些粉末彻底弄湿，搅拌均匀并剔除结块。
• He wetted a cloth and tried to rub the mark away. 他沾湿了一块布，试图将那污迹擦掉。
wet yourself
■to urinate in your clothes by accident 尿湿自己的衣服
wet the/ your bed
■to urinate in your bed by accident 尿床
• She still sometimes wets the bed at night. 她夜里有时还尿床。
[wet] verb transitive
wet your whistle old-fashioned informal
■to have an alcoholic drink 喝杯酒
[wet] noun
WATER 水
uncountable
■liquid, especially water 液体（尤指水）
• Don't put your newspaper down in the wet. 别把报纸放进水中。
the wet mainly UK
■wet weather 雨天
• Don't leave it out there in the wet. 雨天不要把它放在外面。
[wet] noun
PERSON 人
countable UK disapproving
■someone who has a weak character and does not express any forceful opinions 软弱的；懦弱的；窝囊的
• Come on Tom, don't be such a wet! 汤姆，快点！别这么窝囊！
countable UK disapproving
■a member of the Conservative Party in Britain with no strong or extreme opinions 英国保守党中观点不够鲜明（或激烈）的人
damp, moist, wet, humid
这组词都有“潮湿的”的意思，其区别是：
damp: 指吸进或覆盖着一点水份，常表示潮湿得使人不舒服。
moist: 指微湿，侧重不干，但并非湿得使人不快。
wet: 普通用词，指各种潮湿的状态。
humid: 正式用词，特指空气与天气的潮湿，相对湿度大。
damp, soak, wet
这组词都有“使潮湿”的意思，其区别是：
damp: 指全部弄湿，侧重状态。
soak: 多指浸没，侧重最后结果。
wet: 普通用词，一般指水所发挥的作用。
adj. [气象] [物] 潮湿的；有雨的
 - humid, moisty
n. 雨天；湿气
 - humidity, a rainy day
vt. 弄湿
 - moisten, bemoisten

Word: literally
Front: literally
[ˈlɪtərəli] (研六托雅 2469/3512 -2)
Vocabulary: literally
(once / 320 pages)
1adv 2adv
The adverb literally means "actually," and we use it when we want others to know we're serious, not exaggerating or being metaphorical.
If your mom complains that your room is overflowing with clothes, she probably doesn't mean this literally. Your room might be messy and chaotic, but your clothes aren't actually piled so high that they're flowing into the hallway. Your mom is being figurative — she's exaggerating. Now, if your clothes really were piled up so high that they were flowing into the hallway, your mom would say, "Your room is literally overflowing with clothes!"
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
figuratively / literally
Figuratively means metaphorically, and literally describes something that actually happened. If you say that a guitar solo literally blew your head off, your head should not be attached to your body.
Most of us were taught that figuratively means something other than literal, and that literally means "actually" or "exactly." Somewhere along the line, literally began to be used as, well, figuratively, like this:
But they're also going to create literally a tidal wave of data. (Washington Post)
There wasn't an actual tidal wave, just a lot of data. Here are some examples that make word nerds literally smile:
Today, protesters literally occupy Wall Street, camping in Zuccotti Park at the heart of New York's financial district. (Washington Post)
They're really, actually there.
People can literally drown in their own body fluids. (Scientific American)
"We literally had fish blood running through the parking lot," he says. (Forbes)
Ew, but true.
Figuratively is more imaginative, it's used when you mean something didn't really happen. It's metaphorical, as in these examples with boats and feathers:
Besides, figuratively speaking, they are still in the same boat. (Mayne Reid)
So Josh—as he figuratively put it—had not a feather to fly with. (Burford Delannoy)
Although literally has been horning in on figuratively's turf, they're really not the same, in fact the two words are often go together to complete a picture:
Watching a waterfall drowns out — literally and figuratively — everyday cares. (Seattle Times)
"The Piano Lesson" tells a more haunting story, both literally and figuratively. (New York Times)
Will people understand you if you use literally when you mean figuratively? Sure. Most people will recognize that when you say, "The guitar solo literally blew my head off" it was an awesome solo, but your head is, in fact, still on your neck.
WORD FAMILY
literal: literalise, literalism, literalize, literally, literalness, literals, nonliteral+/literalise: literalised, literalises, literalising/literalize: literalized
USAGE EXAMPLES
"They should be starting with the outcome that they want and working backwards. Right now they are literally just kind of flying blind."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Louis CK is a comedian whose work is highly autobiographical, though not literally so.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
It was literally by chance that we survived.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 逐字地; 照字面地; 确实地，真正地; [口语]差不多，简直（用于加强语意）
分布：逐字地(44%)，简直(34%)，不夸张地(10%)，正确地(6%)，按照字面上地(6%)
ad.照字面意义,逐字地;确实The lateral elite is literally illiterate.边上的杰出人物简直是文盲.
US ['lɪtˌ.ɚ.əl.i] adverb
 IMPROVER informal
■used to emphasize what you are saying （用于强调）确实，真正地
• He missed that kick literally by miles. 他那一脚踢丢得确实相差好几英里远。
• I was literally bowled over by the news. 我听到这个消息真的惊呆了。
■having the real or original meaning of a word or phrase 名副其实地，按字面含义来讲
• They were responsible for literally millions of deaths. 他们的确对数百万人的死负有责任。
• We live literally just round the corner from her. 我们住的地方离她那里真的只需要转一个弯。
• You'll lose marks if you translate too literally (= one word at a time). 你如果逐字逐字地翻译会丢分的。
■informal
■simply or just 只是，仅仅，就
• Then you literally cut the sausage down the middle. 那么你就从香肠的中间切开吧。
adv. 照字面地；逐字地
 - verbatim

Word: resist
Front: resist
[rɪˈzɪst] (高研四六托 2470/2415 -K3)
Vocabulary: resist
(once / 79 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To resist something is to keep it at bay or to fend off its influence or advance. You might not be able to resist the temptation to sneak out to the dance in spite of your parents' objections.
The verb resist comes from the Latin word resistere, meaning “to take a stand,” or “withstand.” People who are able to put up a wall — be it mental, physical, philosophical, emotional, or otherwise — to defend themselves or their group against a threat can be said to resist. The Amish community is still able to resist the influence of technology. Many a child will resist the suggestion to use a napkin. You might resist a second helping of pie.
WORD FAMILY
resist: resistance, resistant, resisted, resister, resisting, resistive, resistless, resists+/nonresistant: nonresistance/ resistance: resistances/ resistant: non-resistant, nonresistant, resistanter, unresistant/resister: resisters/resisting: unresisting/resistive: resistivity/resistless: resistlessly/unresisting: unresistingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here are six ways women are resisting Trump.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
They initially claimed he fell unconscious after repeatedly and violently resisting arrest, then died of a heart attack.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And yet many Muslim women resist the negative responses of others to lay claim to their beach space.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 抵抗，抗拒; 忍耐; 反对，抵制
n. 防染剂; 防腐剂
时态：resisted, resisting, resists
分布：抵抗(48%)，抵制(35%)，反抗(11%)，忍住(5%)，防蚀涂层(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-sist,站，站立，词源同 stand,assist.引申词义反抗，抑制。
反抗,抵抗(re+sist站→反着站→反抗)[re-①表示"向后,相反,不"②表示"一再,重新"]
反抗,对抗(re反＋sist→反进来站→反抗)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
v.抵抗,反抗;抗,忍得住,抵制I can't resist baked apples.我顶不住烤苹果的诱惑.
【记】re反，sist站－反站－反抗
【反】acquiesce（v 默许）；capitulate（v 有条件投降）
verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to fight against something or someone that is attacking you 反抗；回击；抵抗
• The soldiers resisted (the enemy attacks) for two days. （面对敌人的进攻）士兵们抵抗了两天。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to refuse to accept or be changed by something 抵制；阻挡；抗拒
• The party leader resisted demands for his resignation. 该党领导人拒不答应他辞职的要求。
• He tried to run away from the police and was charged with resisting arrest. 警方逮捕他时，他企图逃跑，结果被控拒捕。
• The new hybrid crops are much better at resisting disease. 这种新杂交作物抗病能力更强。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to stop yourself from doing something that you want to do 按捺；忍住；拒受…的影响
• I can never resist temptation/chocolate/ the urge to laugh. 我向来无法抗拒诱惑／我永远不可能抵挡巧克力的诱惑／我要是想笑，怎么也忍不住。
• [+ -ing verb] She couldn't resist laughing at him in those clothes. 看到他那副穿戴，她忍不住大笑起来。
withstand, defy, resist, oppose
这组词都有“反抗，抵抗”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 较正式用词，指坚强地抵抗攻击或压力，有时也指抗住影响或吸引力。
defy: 指公开地、勇敢地反对或抵抗，有时含公然挑衅之意。
resist: 指积极地反抗一种攻击或暴力，或诱惑。
oppose: 普通用词，可表不同程度的抵抗。
protest, resist, object, oppose
这组词都有“反对”的意思，其区别是：
protest: 一般指通过言语或文字或行为表示出的强烈抗议、反对。
resist: 指用力量或意志抵抗、制止对方的入侵或诱惑、影响等。
object: 多指因厌恶或反感而反对，但不一定明显地表露出来。
oppose: 普通用词，含义广，语气强于object。多指反对一些较重大的事，隐含其正当性。
revolt, resist, rebel
revolt: 反叛，造反，反对，反抗；
resist: vt. 抵抗，反抗，一般为褒义；
rebel: 造反，反叛，贬义
vi. 抵抗， [法] 抗拒；忍耐
 - hit back, stick up to
vt. 抵抗；忍耐，忍住
 - tough, hit back
n. [助剂] 抗蚀剂；防染剂
 - reserving agent

Word: convention
Front: convention
[kənˈvenʃn] (研四六托雅 2472/1947 -K3)
Vocabulary: convention
(once / 91 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A convention is a meeting, usually of a particular group. Political parties, teachers, plumbers, gardeners, toymakers and computer designers all hold conventions.
In fact, lots of cities have built Convention Centers in hopes of attracting convention-goers. The best-known conventions happen every four years when the Democrats and Republicans meet to nominate presidential candidates. A convention can also be used to describe the normal or accepted way of doing things. It's the convention, for example, for your employer to give you a three-day weekend around the Fourth of July, even if it falls on a weekend.
WORD FAMILY
convention: conventional, conventioneer, conventions+/ convene: convened, convener, convenes, convening, convention, reconvene /convener: conveners/ conventional: conventionalise, conventionalism, conventionality, conventionalize, conventionally, unconventional /conventionalisation: conventionalisations/conventionalise: conventionalisation, conventionalised, conventionalises, conventionalising/conventionalism: conventionalisms/conventionality: conventionalities/conventionalize: conventionalization, conventionalized, conventionalizing/conventioneer: conventioneers/ reconvene: reconvened, reconvenes, reconvening/ unconventional: unconventionality, unconventionally/unconventionality: unconventionalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
These days Miss Cartwright spends some of her time doing sci-fi autograph conventions, where she meets fans from around the world.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Beyond defining its scope, there are competing ideas about what a convention should tackle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He’s also helped sell the game during marketing conventions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 会议; 全体与会者; 国际公约; 惯例，习俗，规矩
分布：大会(52%)，公约(22%)，惯例(17%)，协定(9%)
→来自convene, 会议召集。
集会;惯例(con大家+vent+ion→大家来到→起→集会)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
n.大会,会议;惯例,常规,习俗;公约,协定The unconventional convention put many people to inconvenience.那个不合惯例的大会使很多人感到不便.
【记】con共同，vent来：共同来到一起开政治大会
【参】conventionality（n 常规惯例；老一套）
【反】ossify（v 使硬化，僵化）－transcend conventions（超越常规）
noun
MEETING 会议
 IMPROVER countable
■a large formal meeting of people who do a particular job or have a similar interest, or a large meeting for a political party 大会；会议
• the national Democratic convention 民主党全国大会
• Where are they holding their party convention? 他们在哪里召开党员大会？
[kən'vent.ʃən] noun
CUSTOM 风俗
countable or uncountable
■(an example of) a usual or accepted way of behaving, especially in social situations, often following an old way of thinking or a custom in one particular society 传统；（尤指社会）习俗；常规；惯例
• They defied/flouted/broke with convention by giving up their jobs and becoming self-sufficient. 他们离经叛道，放弃了工作，开始过自给自足的生活。
• Convention dictates that it is the man who asks the woman to marry him and not the reverse. 根据习俗，应由男人向女人求婚而不是反过来。
• In many countries, it is the/a convention to wear black at funerals. 在葬礼上穿黑色的衣服是许多国家的习俗。
countable
■a common way of showing something in art or writing （艺术、写作上的）传统手法
• an artistic convention 传统艺术手法
[kən'vent.ʃən] noun
AGREEMENT 协议
countable
■a formal agreement between country leaders, politicians and states on a matter which involves them all 公约；协定
• the Geneva Convention 日内瓦公约
• a convention on human rights 人权公约
habit, practice, tradition, convention, usage, manners, custom
这组词都有“习惯，风俗，传统”的意思，其区别是：
habit: 侧重于自然养成的，不易去掉的个人习惯。
practice: 常指习惯性的做法或行为。
tradition: 广义指世代相传的伦理、行为规范和生活方式，特指因长久奉行而几乎具有法律效力的习惯、习俗，侧重历史意义。
convention: 多指约定俗成的行为方式规则或公认的标准，或指艺术上公认的技巧。
usage: 指持续时间长，为很多人公认采纳的惯例、习俗。
manners: 指在某一时期或某一团体中盛行的社会礼仪或社会风俗模式。
custom: 指一个国家、一个民族、一个地区或一个社会的习惯、行为方式或风俗习惯。也可指个人的习惯。
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。
agreement, contract, treaty, convention, bargain, understanding, accord
这些名词均含“协定，协议，契约，合同”之意。
agreement: 普通用词，含义最确定，泛指个人、团体或国家之间取得一致而达成的任何协议、协定或合同、契约等，可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。
contract: 侧重指双方或多方订立的具有法律效力的正式的书面合同或契约。
treaty: 指国家之间经外交谈判后依照国际法签订的正式条约。
convention: 比treaty更专门化，但不及treaty正式。也可指国家之间就有关事情签订的条约。
bargain: 通常指商业交往中的购销合同。
understanding: 指不具约束力的非正式的协议。
accord: 多指国际间的非正式协议。
n. 大会； [法] 惯例； [计] 约定；协定；习俗
 - tradition, usage, institution, appointment, bond

Word: embrace
Front: embrace
[ɪmˈbreɪs] (研四六托雅宝 2473/3968 -2)
Vocabulary: embrace
(once / 142 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
To embrace something is to welcome it with open arms, hold, hug, accept completely. You might embrace your sweetheart, or even changes in technology.
Embrace is from the French verb embrasser, which started out meaning "to clasp in the arms" (but now includes kissing). You embrace someone by giving her a giant hug, and when you embrace a new idea, it's like your brain gives it a hug. The noun and verb form are similar: If you embrace someone who isn't your sweetheart, you might get caught in an embrace. In Henry IV, Shakespeare writes about a really, really tight embrace: "I will embrace him with a soldier's arm/That he shall shrink under my courtesy."
WORD FAMILY
embrace: embraced, embracement, embraces, embracing+/embracement: embracements/embracing: embracings
USAGE EXAMPLES
For all the praise he receives for embracing 21st-century social media, the president-elect seems to understand little about modern technology.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We will continue to learn from this. We will embrace our past to create our future, and it just wasn't enough tonight.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Which is why Trump’s embrace of the carbon bubble is particularly foolish.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 拥抱
vt. 包括; 包含; 接受; 信奉
n. 拥抱，怀抱
时态：embraced, embracing, embraces
分布：拥抱(64%)，接受(25%)，信奉(5%)，包含(4%)，包围(2%)
→em-, 进入，使。brace, 胳膊，箍子。
拥抱(em+brace胳膊→进入怀抱)[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
拥抱;包括(em进入+brace→进入两臂→拥抱)[brace=two arms表示"两臂"]
v.拥抱;包含;包围;环绕;采用;接受I feel a trace of disgrace for the gracious man's embracing her bracelet.我对仁慈男子拥抱她的手镯感到一丝耻辱.
【记】em进入，brace胳膊－拥抱
【反】eschew（v 避开）；ostracize（v 放逐）；spurn（v 弃绝）；abrogate（vt 废除；取消）；abjure（vt 发誓放弃）；renounce（v 断绝关系）；condemn（vt 判刑；谴责）
verb
ACCEPT 接受
 ADVANCED transitive formal
■to accept something enthusiastically 欣然接受；乐意采纳
• This was an opportunity that he would embrace. 这样的机会他是求之不得的。
[ɪm'breɪs] verb
HOLD 抱
intransitive or transitive literary
■to hold someone tightly with both arms to express love, liking or sympathy, or when greeting or leaving someone 抱，拥抱
• She saw them embrace on the station platform. 她看到他们在月台上拥抱。
• He leant over to embrace the child. 他弯腰去拥抱那个孩子。
[ɪm'breɪs] verb
INCLUDE 包括
transitive formal
■to include something, often as one of a number of things 包括，包含
• Linguistics embraces a diverse range of subjects such as phonetics and stylistics. 语言学包括一系列不同的科目，如语音学和文体学。
hold, contain, involve, embrace, comprise, comprehend, include
这组词都有“包括，包含”的意思，其区别是：
hold: 常和contain换用。指能够容纳或有足够的容纳量。强调包容能力。
contain: 普通用词，所涉及的物体常常是其组成部分或内容。强调包容关系。既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西。
involve: 把包含因整体的性质决定的成分或结果。所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申。
embrace: 正式用词，指把某事物纳入整个之中。
comprise: 书面用词，暗指一个整体包括不同部分所组成，可与include交换使用。
comprehend: 正工用词，指包含在整体范围以内。
include: 普通用词，指一整体包含着各独立的部分，也指某东西包含另一东西的某一部分。
vt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含
 - involve, contain
vi. 拥抱
 - hug, cuddle
n. 拥抱
 - hug

Word: supply
Front: supply
[səˈplaɪ] (中高研四六雅 1494/1048 -K4)
Vocabulary: supply
(once / 48 pages)
vn
To supply the definition of a word is to provide that definition. That's supply used as a verb. If you're talking about the noun, however, then the supply is the thing itself.
People who think the world is coming to an end generally like to keep a supply of fresh water on hand. Though, if the world did come to an end, you wouldn't need to supply water to anyone, would you? That's a case of supplying a supply. If there is a big enough demand for ping-pong balls, a person could get rich, if they controlled the supply. Having to supply all those balls could be exhausting, though.
WORD FAMILY
supply: oversupply, supplied, supplier, supplies, supplying+/oversupply: oversupplied, oversupplies, oversupplying/supplier: suppliers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, Islamic State militants launched an attack on the main road from Baghdad to Mosul, a key military supply route.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Dak Prescott isn't a wheelbarrow full of rusty plumbing supplies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“The demand is there, but not the supply,” he said.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 供给; 补充; 弥补（缺陷、损失等）; 向…提供（物资等）
n. 供给物; 储备物质; 粮食
vi. 暂代他人职务
时态：supplied, supplying, supplies
分布：供应(49%)，提供(42%)，补充(4%)，补给(4%)，贮备(1%)
→来自拉丁语 supplere,装满，来自 sub,在下，向上，plere,装填，词源同 fill,full,complement.引 申诸相关词义。
供应,补给(sup在下面+ply→重叠下去→供应[下去])[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
v.(with,to)供给,供应,补足n.供应,供应量I'm liable to give reliable reply to the application for supply of apples.我有责任对申请供应苹果给予可靠答复.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to provide something that is wanted or needed, often in large quantities and over a long period of time 供应，提供，供给
• Electrical power is supplied by underground cables. 电力是由地下电缆输送的。
• Three people have been arrested for supplying arms to the terrorists. 有三个人因为向恐怖分子提供武器而被捕。
• The company has supplied the royal family (= provided them with something they need) for years. 该公司多年来一直为皇室供货。
• At the beginning of term, students are supplied with a list of books that they are expected to read. 在学期初，学生们拿到一份阅读书目清单。
[sə'plaɪ] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an amount of something that is available for use 供应量，供给量
• Whenever she goes out with her baby, she always takes a large supply of baby food with her. 每次她带孩子出门，总会带上大量婴儿食品。
• In London, demand for cheap housing far outstrips supply (= what is provided). 在伦敦，廉价住宿远远供不应求。
supplies [plural]
■food or other things necessary for living 生活必需品，日用品
• The refugees are urgently in need of food and medical supplies. 难民急需食品和医疗用品。
■an amount of something available 供应量，供给量
• Extensive mining has reduced the supplies of coal in the area. 大量开采，已减少了该地区的煤炭供应量。
the gas/electricity, etc. supply
■the system used for supplying gas, electricity, etc. to people 煤气／电力等供应系统
• Someone has turned off the electricity supply. 有人切断了供电系统。
in short supply
■when there is little of something available 供应不足，短缺
• Strawberries are in short supply at the moment. 目前，草莓供应不足。
[sə'plaɪ] noun
supply and demand
■the idea that the price of goods and services depends on how much of something is being sold and how many people want to buy it 供应与需求，供求
equip, furnish, present, provide, volunteer, propose, supply, offer, afford
equip: 侧重提供与技术有关的装备或设备等
furnish: 多指添置家具等供给生活的必需品或为生活舒适提供所需的服务设施
present: 既可指提出意见建议等，又可指拿出某物供人欣赏或赠送
provide: 与supply近义，但强调人的深谋远虑，侧重用贮备等方法作充分准备
volunteer: 侧重出于自愿，而不是奉命做某事
propose: 指直接而主动地提出问题或建议等，也指在讨论或争辩中提出具体意见或建议
supply: 普通用词，指提供任何所需求的东西
offer: 多指主动提出或提供意见或东西等，但是否接受由对方自行决定
afford: 一般只用于对抽象事物提供，也可指经济能力上的供给或支付
n. 供给， [经] 补给；供应品
 - provision, furnishing
vt. [经] 供给，提供；补充
 - afford, tender, lend
vi. [经] 供给；替代
 - provide with, furnish with

Word: assist
Front: assist
[əˈsɪst] (高研四六托 2475/2162 -K3)
Vocabulary: assist
(once / 48 pages)
vn
You run up the field, pass the ball to the forward and she scores! It’s your third assist of the game. On and off the soccer field, to assist is to help or contribute.
The English word assist came to us in the early 15th century from the French word assister, meaning to "to stand by or help.” The French word is pronounced "ah-sis-tay" and is not to be confused with "a sister." Even if your sister is helpful.
WORD FAMILY
assist: assistance, assistant, assisted, assisting, assistive, assists+/ assistance: assistances/ assistant: assistants/assisted: unassisted
USAGE EXAMPLES
Notre Dame’s Lindsay Allen began the game ranked No. 8 nationally with an average of 7.2 assists and finished the game with eight.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He finished with 11 assists, six rebounds, two steals and just one turnover.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Okaloosa County Sheriff’s Office, fire department first responders, the Walton Sheriff’s Office, the Coast Guard and others assisted in searching for the man.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 帮助; 援助; 机器助手; 辅助装置
vt. 帮助; 援助; 帮助某人做某事; 搀扶（某人）上下车
vi. 援助; 出席; 参加
时态：assisted, assisting, assists
分布：协助(61%)，帮助(35%)，出席(2%)，助攻(1%)，协助的器械(1%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. 词根sist, 站，词根st的反复形式。
帮助(as+sist站→站过来→帮助)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
帮助;参加(as加强动作+sist→站在一起→帮助)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
vt.协助,帮助,促进vi.帮忙,参加I assisted him in writing his paper.我帮助他写论文.
【记】as朝向，sist站立－站在你一边－帮助
【参】persistence（n 坚持）；resistance（n 抵抗）
[ə'sɪst] formal
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to help 帮助；协助；援助
• The army arrived to assist in the search. 军队赶到协助搜寻。
• You will be expected to assist the editor with the selection of illustrations for the book. 希望你能帮助编辑为此书挑选插图。
assist the police with/in their inquiries UK
■If someone is assisting the police with their inquiries, it usually means they have been taken to the police station to be asked questions about a crime. 配合警方的询问
help, assist, aid
这组词都有“帮助”的意思，其区别是：
help: 最普通用词，含义广泛。指一般性的或迫切需要的帮助，侧重积极地为他人提供物质、精神或其他方面的帮助。
assist: 强调在提供帮助时，以受助者为主，所给的帮助起第二位或从属的作用。
aid: 正式用词，指帮助他人脱离危险或战胜困难，着重强者对急需帮助的弱者的帮助。

Word: exhibition
Front: exhibition
[ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 2476/1426 -K3)
Vocabulary: exhibition
(once / 275 pages)
n
An exhibition is a collection of items for public display, like an exhibition of children’s artwork, antique vases, or memorabilia from a science fiction movie series.
In the 19th century, exhibition was used to refer to a collection of objects, while exhibit designated a single item in an exhibition. Nowadays, exhibition and exhibit are often used interchangeably. Exhibition comes from the Latin ex-, meaning "out," and habere, meaning "hold" — as objects in an exhibition are "held out," or shown, to the public. The h in "hold out" might help you remember to include the h when spelling exhibition.
WORD FAMILY
exhibition: exhibitioner, exhibitionism, exhibitions+/ exhibit: exhibited, exhibiting, exhibition, exhibitor, exhibits/exhibitioner: exhibitioners/ exhibitionism: exhibitionisms, exhibitionist, exhibitionistic/ exhibitionist: exhibitionists/exhibitor: exhibitors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wendy Garden, the curator of last year’s art exhibition On the Beach, wrote that beaches occupied “a privileged place in the national psyche”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Occupied as an artists squat starting in the 1980s, Les Frigos is today an emblematic artistic hub with coveted studios and exhibition space.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The exhibition in Paris, which is drawing large crowds, coincides with “History Begins in Mesopotamia,” a show at the Louvre’s regional museum in Lens.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 陈列，展览; 展览品，陈列品; 表明; [法]（证据等的）提出
分布：展览(93%)，展示(7%)
展览,表演(exhibit+ion)[hibit=hold,表示"拿住"]
n.展览会;陈列,展览I feel a bit of bitterness for his ambitious exhibition.我为他雄心勃勃的展览感到一点点触痛.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when objects such as paintings are shown to the public, or when someone shows a particular skill or quality to the public 展览（会）；表现，显示
• The photographs will be on exhibition until the end of the month. 这些照片将一直展出到月底。
• There's a new exhibition of sculpture on at the city gallery. 市立美术馆正在举行一场新的雕塑作品展。
• The athlete's third, and winning, jump was an exhibition of skill and strength. 这个运动员的第三次试跳，也是获胜的那一跳，充分展示了他的技巧和体能。
[ˌek.sɪ'bɪʃ.ən] noun countable or uncountable
make an exhibition of yourself disapproving
■to do something stupid in public 出洋相；出丑
• I hope I didn't make an exhibition of myself last night. 我希望我昨晚没有出丑。
exhibition, demonstration
exhibition: 展示，展览
demonstration: 示范，证实
exposition, display, show, exhibition, fair, exhibit
这组词都有“展览”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 多指大型博览会或国际博览会。
display: 指展销会，商店橱窗或柜台上的陈列品。
show: 指艺术品、农产品、工业品或商品等的任何形式的公开展览。
exhibition: 一般指较正规的展览会。
fair: 侧重指为促销商品而举办的展览会或商品交易会。
exhibit: 多指个人或团体陈列的展览品，规模可大可小。
n. 展览，显示；展览会；展览品
 - expo, display, show, fair, manifestation

Word: construct
Front: construct
[kənˈstrʌkt] (高研四六托宝 2477/2058 -K3)
Vocabulary: construct
(once / 81 pages)
1v 2v 3vn 4v
To construct things is to build them. You might construct a sand castle the next time you're at the beach, or you might construct a theory about why your brother always manages to get away with breaking the rules.
The verb construct comes from the Latin word constructus, meaning “to heap up.” If you work in construction you're in the business of building things, and you probably construct buildings, roads, municipal parks, and other large permanent structures. Students of psychology are familiar with the noun form of construct, which refers to an abstract concept. Much of psychological theory is founded on constructs — like gender, morality, and intelligence.
WORD FAMILY
construct: constructed, constructing, construction, constructive, constructor, constructs, deconstruct, reconstruct +/ construction: constructions/ constructive: constructively, constructiveness, constructivism, unconstructive/constructivism: constructivist/constructivist: constructivists/constructor: constructors/ deconstruct: deconstructed, deconstructing, deconstruction, deconstructivism, deconstructs/deconstruction: deconstructionism, deconstructions/deconstructionism: deconstructionist/ reconstruct: reconstructed, reconstructing, reconstruction, reconstructive, reconstructs/reconstructed: unreconstructed/ reconstruction: reconstructions/unreconstructed: unreconstructedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
With two minutes to play, he needed to construct a drive from his own 25-yard line into field goal range for a tying kick.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Inner speech may participate in reasoning about right and wrong by constructing point-counterpoint situations in our minds.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
If “La La Land” weren’t so impeccably constructed, you might say it belongs in another era.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. 修建，建造; 构成; 创立; [数]作图
n. 结构（物）; 构想; 概念
时态：constructed, constructing, constructs
分布：建造(51%)，构筑(29%)，构想(20%)
→con-, 强调。-str, 拉长，展开，建造，词源同structure,instruct. 即展开的，建造的。
构造,建筑(con共同+struct→共同建立→建造)[struct=build,表示"建立"]
v.建设,建造,构造;创立The instructor struggled to say, "The structure of the construction led to the destruction."教师挣扎着说:"建筑物的构造导致这场毁灭."
【记】con共同，struct建立－共同建立－建造
【参】destruction（n 破坏；毁灭）；obstruct（v /n 妨碍，阻塞）construction（n 建筑物；解释）；constructive（adj 建设性的）
US [ˈkɑːn-] formal
■an idea or an imaginary situation 构想；观念；编造，杜撰
• His reputation as an eccentric is largely a media construct. 他行为古怪的名声多半源于媒体的杜撰。
erect, establish, set up, construct, build, found
这组词都有“建设，建立，建造”的意思，其区别是：
erect: 侧重指对高而垂直物的建造。使用不如build广泛。
establish: 着重稳固地建成，可具体指国家、政府、学校或商店等的建立，也可指信仰、信用、名誉、法律、制度、规则等的建立。
set up: 作“建立”用时，侧重于“开始”。可指具体或抽象的建立。
construct: 较正式用词，强调根据一定计划进行的规模较大，结构较复杂，要求较高技术的建造。
build: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指一切具体或抽象的建造或建立。
found: 侧重打下基础或创办，具体或抽象事物均可用。
vt. 建造，构造；创立
 - found, institute, frame, structure, father
n. 构想，概念
 - concept, formulation, idea, notion

Word: viewer
Front: viewer
[ˈvju:ə(r)] (高 2478/4851 -2)
Back: n. 电视观众; 观看者，观察者; 阅读器; 看片机（把幻灯片等放大观看的装置）
分布：观看者(60%)，电视观众(27%)，观察器(13%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who watches something, especially television （尤指电视）观众
• Millions of viewers will be glued to their sets for this match. 数百万观众将会目不转睛地盯着电视观看这场比赛。
■a device for looking at slides (= photographs on small pieces of film) 幻灯机
n. [光] 观察者；观看者；电视观众； [仪] 指示器
 - indicator, observer

Word: pan
Front: pan
[pæn] (高研四六宝 2479/4319 -K3)
Vocabulary: pan
(once / 669 pages)
1nv 2v 3v
A pan can be a cooking utensil, a negative opinion, or a sweeping camera shot. You cook eggs in a pan, but as a film critic you might pan a new docudrama for poor editing and overuse of pan shots.
A pan is a shallow metal object that you use to cook food. It can also be a verb indicating you're expressing a negative view. To pan a performance, book, or movie is to say that you think it stunk. If all the critics pan something, sales usually go down, but not always. To pan a film or video camera is to move it from left to right or right to left in a smooth motion.
WORD FAMILY
pan: paned, panned, panning, pans
USAGE EXAMPLES
An online humor site panned the four options and urged its readers to vote for what it considered the worst, a boring black-and-white option.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Put a griddle pan on to a high heat and leave to warm up.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
This dish is a small miracle in a smaller skillet, an impossibly rich butter-laden cornmeal cake fired in an individual-sized cast-iron pan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 平底锅; 盘状的器皿; 淘盘子，金盘，秤盘
vt. 淘金; 在浅锅中烹调（食物）; [非正式用语]严厉的批评
vi. 淘金; 在淘洗中收获金子
时态：panned, panning, pans
分布：平底锅(67%)，盘子(19%)，严厉批评(8%)，淘盘(4%)，盘状物(2%)
→来自古英语panne,锅，盘，可能来自pete,展开，词源同feather,patella.后引申动词词义淘金，即用锅洗砂子淘金，并用于俚语严厉批评。字母t脱落，比较fain,来自古英语fagen.Pan 潘，潘神
n.平底锅,盘子,面板The fanciful panda fan panics over the span of the pan-like panel.爱幻想的熊猫迷对盆状仪表板的全长感到恐慌.
【记】拼：盘，长得象平底锅－用平底锅打你一下－严厉批评
【反】rave（v 咆哮；吹捧）；eulogize（v 称赞）
noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
 ADVANCED
■a metal container that is round and often has a long handle and a lid, used for cooking things on top of a cooker 平底锅
• Heat the milk in a small pan. 用小平底锅把牛奶煮热。
• This dishwasher even washes pots and pans (= different types of pan). 这个洗碗机还能洗各种锅罐。
 ADVANCED mainly US
■a metal container used for cooking things inside the cooker 烤盘，（炊具里的）盘状器皿
[pæn] noun countable
TOILET 厕所 UK the bowl-shaped part of a toilet 马桶
[pæn] noun countable
go down the pan slang
■to fail or to be lost or destroyed 失败；被浪费；被毁
• We don't want to see our business go down the pan. 我们不想看到自己的生意完蛋。
[pæn] verb (-nn-)
MOVE SLOWLY 缓慢移动
intransitive
■(of a film camera) to move slowly from one side to another or up and down （摄录机）追拍，摇摄
• In the first scene, the camera pans slowly across the room. 在第一个镜头里，摄录机慢慢摇摄拍出房间的全景。
[pæn] verb (-nn-)
CRITICIZE 批评
transitive informal
■to criticize something severely 严厉批评
• The critics panned the film version of the novel. 评论家严厉批评了根据这本小说改编的电影。
[pæn] verb (-nn-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pan out informal
■to develop in a particular way or in a successful way （以某种方式）发展；进展顺利
• We'll have to see how things pan out. 我们要看看事情如何发展。
• Their attempt to start a new business didn't pan out. 他们试图开展新的事业，但没有成功。
n. [轻] 平锅，盘子；摇镜头
 - holloware

Word: consultant
Front: consultant
[kənˈsʌltənt] (高研六托雅 2480/2605 -3)
Vocabulary: consultant
(once / 962 pages)
n
A consultant is an expert in a particular field. Sometimes a business will rely on the guidance of a consultant to help change its image.
How did the word consultant come about? Consult dates to the 1520s and comes from the French word consultare, meaning "take advice of." The related noun consultant, to mean someone qualified to give advice, is believed to have first appeared in an 1893 Sherlock Holmes story.
WORD FAMILY
consultant: consultancy, consultants+/ consult: consultant, consultation, consultative, consultatory, consulted, consulting, consultive, consults/ consultancy: consultancies/ consultation: consultations
USAGE EXAMPLES
To his friends in Texas, he’s not a consultant.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Christine Sublett, an information security consultant who counts wearable tech and medical device companies as clients, was concerned about the potential for hacking.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
Close-protection security consultants work on the principle that a client should never be more than eight seconds from rescue.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （受人咨询的）顾问; 会诊医生，（顾问）医生; 求教者，（与人）商议者，征求意见者，查阅者，咨询者
分布：顾问(98%)，咨询者(2%)
→来自consult, 协商。
n.会诊医师,顾问医生;顾问The consul's consultant hauled out the assaulter from the vault.领事的顾问把袭击者从地窖中拖了出来.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who advises people on a particular subject 顾问；咨询师
• a management/financial/computer consultant 管理／财务／电脑顾问
• a firm of public relations consultants 公关顾问公司
UK
■a specialist (= doctor with special training and knowledge in a particular area of medicine) 高级顾问医师；会诊医师；医学专家
n. [经] 顾问；咨询者；会诊医生
 - adviser, counselor

Word: soon
Front: soon
[su:n] (中高 610/615 -K5)
Back: adv. 立刻，马上; 一会儿，不久; 快; 宁愿
分布：不久(35%)，很快(25%)，早(20%)，快(20%)
→来自古英语 sona,立即，马上，来自 Proto-Germanic*seno,立即，马上，来自 so,指示代词 词干，词源同 so,sic.
ad.不久,即刻;快,早By the spoon you'll soon see the smooth tooth of the moon above the booth.借助勺子你可以立刻看到电话亭上方月亮的光滑牙齿.
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in or within a short time; before long; quickly 不久，很快
• She'll soon be here./She'll be here soon. 她很快就到。
• It will soon be impossible for foreigners to enter the country. 不久以后，外国人就不能进入这个国家了。
• The sooner we leave, the sooner we'll get there. 我们出发得越早，到那里也就越早。
• Soon after agreeing to go, she realized she'd made a mistake. 同意前去之后不久，她就意识到自己犯了一个错误。
• How soon (= When) can we sign the contract? 我们甚么时候能签订合约？
• "When would you like to meet?" " The sooner the better." “你想甚么时候见面？”“越快越好。”
• I couldn't get out of that place soon enough. 我恨不得马上离开那个地方。
as soon as
 IMPROVER
■at the same time or a very short time after 一…就
• As soon as I saw her, I knew there was something wrong. 我一看到她就知道出事了。
as soon as possible
 IMPROVER
■If you do something as soon as possible, you do it as quickly as you can 尽快
• We need the repairs done as soon as possible. 我们需要尽快修好。
[su:n] adverb
no sooner... than
■used to show that one thing happens immediately after another thing 刚…就…；一…就…
• No sooner had I started mowing the lawn than it started raining. 我刚开始修剪草坪就下起了雨。
[su:n] adverb
no sooner said than done
■used to say that you will do something immediately 马上就做，说干就干
[su:n] adverb
sooner or later ADVANCED
■used to say that you do not know exactly when something will happen, but you are certain that it will happen 迟早
• Sooner or later she's going to realize what a mistake she's made. 她迟早会意识到她犯了一个多么严重的错误。
[su:n] adverb
would (just) as soon (also would sooner)
■If you would (just) as soon do something or would sooner do something, you would prefer to do it rather than something else which is possible 宁可，宁愿
• "Would you like to go out for dinner?" "I'd just as soon stay in - I'm not feeling very well." “出去吃饭怎么样？”“我宁愿待在家里——我有些不舒服。”
instantly, right away, directly, soon, at once, shortly, presently, immediately
这组词都有“立刻，马上”的意思，其区别是：
instantly: 指恰恰就在此刻，一秒钟也没耽误。
right away: 主要用于美国英语，语气稍弱于at once，强调动作迅速。
directly: 和immediately同义，指毫无迟疑。
soon: 常用词，指行动快，完成速度快。
at once: 口语中常用，语气强烈，指时间紧迫，一刻也不能耽误。
shortly: 和soon同义，指动作发生或完成的速度之快。
presently: 指不久、即将。
immediately: 指做完一件事后，立即就做另一件事，中间一般没有明显的时间间隔。
adv. 快；不久，一会儿；立刻；宁愿
 - immediately, rather, now, first, quick

Word: line
Front: line
[laɪn] (中高研四六雅 276/277 -K5)
Vocabulary: line
(once / 17 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5v
Line has many meanings, most stemming from the basic idea of something unbroken and often straight. It might be the line you wait in at the market, or just a connection of two points.
The original meaning of line came from the Latin word linea, or “linen thread.” Your career is also your "line of work." Since you're an engineer, you might say "that's not in my line" if you are asked to bake a cake. A "pick-up line" is something you might hear from a person at a party who's flirting with you. It will probably be corny.
WORD FAMILY
line: lineal, linear, lineation, lined, linelike, liner, lines, lining, reline, underline+/interlineal: interlineally/lineal: interlineal, lineally/ linear: interlinear, linearise, linearity, linearize, linearly, nonlinear/linearity: linearities/lineation: lineations/lined: unlined/liner: liners/ lining: linings/reline: relined, relining/underline: underlined, underlines, underlining
USAGE EXAMPLES
Your airways are lined with hairlike cilia that consolidate microbes and mucus and help move it toward the exit.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Maybe it’s the illustrations, simple black-and-white line drawings of slightly pudgy people in baggy T-shirts and pants doing really simple maneuvers.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“We need to understand what is collected and be transparent. We need some kind of oversight in place before the line gets pushed too far.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 线条; 排; 行列; 界线
vt. 排队; 用线标出; 沿…排列成行; 给…安衬里
vi. 形成一层; 排队; 击出平直球
时态：lined, lining, lines
分布：线(63%)，行(22%)，排队(5%)，路线(2%)，界线(2%)，行业(1%)，绳子(1%)，台词(1%)，皱纹(1%)，家族(1%)，航线(1%)
→来自拉丁语linum,亚麻，词源同linen,linseed.引申词义麻绳，绳索，行业等诸多词义。
n.线;路线,航线;排;线路;界线v.排队;加衬The bright fighter is frightened and flies upright in straight line from the right.那架明亮的战斗机受到惊吓后呈直线地从右边垂直飞起来.
noun
LONG MARK 长长的标记
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a long thin mark on the surface of something 线，线条
• a straight line 直线
• Sign your name on the dotted line. 请在虚线处签名。
• She was very old and her face was covered with lines. 她已非常年迈，脸上布满了皱纹。
• My legs felt all wobbly when I stood up and I couldn't walk in a straight line (= walk without moving to the side while moving forward). 我站起来时觉得腿直打颤，走起路来左右摇晃。
[laɪn] noun
ROW 行
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a group of people or things arranged in a row 行，排，列
• a line of trees 一行树
• The prisoners formed a line against the wall. 犯人靠墙站成了一排。
 ESSENTIAL countable US (UK queue)
■a group of people standing one behind the other who are waiting for something （一群人排列等候所形成的）队，排
• Just get in line and wait your turn like everyone else. 和别人一样排队等着去。
• I had to wait/stand in line for three hours to get tickets. 我排了三个小时的队才买到票。
a long line of
■a series of people or things that follow each other in time （相继的）一系列
• She is the latest in a long line of controversial leaders. 她最近刚成为一系列颇具争议的领导者之一。
• He comes from a long line of doctors (= A lot of his relatives were doctors before him). 他出身医生世家。
[laɪn] noun
EDGE 边缘
 IMPROVER countable
■a long thin and sometimes imaginary mark that forms the edge, border or limit of something 边线，界线；界限
• That ball was definitely in! It was nowhere near the line! 那个球绝对是界内！离边线还远着呢！
• The police couldn't arrest him because he'd fled across the state line. 警方无法逮捕他，因为他已经逃过了国界。
• For many television viewers the dividing line between fact and fiction is becoming increasingly blurred. 在许多电视观众看来，事实与虚构之间的界限已经越来越模糊了。
[laɪn] noun
TELEPHONE 电话
 IMPROVER countable
■a connection to a telephone system 电话线（路）
• I'm afraid your line's been disconnected because your last bill hasn't been paid. 我估计你的电话线已经被切断了，因为上次的帐单你还没付呢。
• If you want to air your opinions live on the radio, the lines will be open (= you can telephone) from eight o'clock. 如果你想透过电台广播发表自己的看法，可从八点起拨打电话。
• I've got Chris Foster on the line for you. Do you want to take it now or call her back later? 克丽丝‧福斯特打电话找你。你想现在接电话还是过一会儿给她打回去？
• formal Please hold the line (= wait). I'll see if she's available. 请等一下。我看她在不在。
[laɪn] noun
RAILWAY 铁路
 IMPROVER countable
■(the route followed by) a railway track 铁轨；铁道；铁路线
• The train was delayed, apparently due to leaves on the line. 火车显然因为铁路线上的落叶而晚点了。
• The Northern Line is the worst on the London Underground. 北线是伦敦地铁最糟糕的线路。
• Main line services can be very quick, but travelling on the branch lines is much slower. 乘坐干线火车速度很快，但支线就慢得多了。
[laɪn] noun
APPROACH TO SUBJECT 方法
 IMPROVER countable
■a way of dealing with or thinking about something or someone 做法，方法；看法，立场
• The government's official line has always been to refuse to negotiate with terrorists. 政府的官方立场一贯是拒绝与恐怖分子谈判。
• The courts should take a tougher line with (= punish more severely) sex offenders. 法庭应对性犯罪者实施更加严厉的惩罚。
• Several Labour MPs disagree with their party's line on taxation. 几名工党议员对该党的税收政策持不同意见。
• What sort of line (= method of arguing) do you think we should take in the pay negotiations? 你认为我们在工资谈判中应采取哪种策略？
• The police are confident that this new line of inquiry will lead them to the murderer. 警方相信采用这种新的调查方法一定会找出凶手。
• It seems inevitable that the country will be divided along ethnic lines. 那个国家似乎无法避免民族分裂的命运。
[laɪn] noun
MILITARY 军事
 ADVANCED countable
■a row of positions used to defend against enemy attack, especially the ones closest to enemy positions 防线，战线
• They were taken prisoner while on a reconnaissance mission behind enemy lines. 他们是在敌后执行侦察任务时被俘的。
• figurative In a game of football, the goalkeeper is the last line of defence. 在足球比赛中，守门员是最后一道防线。
[laɪn] noun
SHAPE 形状
countable
■the shape of something that has been designed or created （设计或创造出的）轮廓，外形线条
• They have a reputation for designing cars with elegant aerodynamic lines. 他们以设计优雅的流线型汽车而享有盛誉。
[laɪn] noun
SUPPORT 支撑
countable
■a long strong thin piece of material, such as string, rope or wire, that is used to support something 绳，索
• I'd hung the washing out on the clothes line. 我会把洗好的衣物晾在晾衣绳上。
• Can you feel the fish tugging on the line? 你能感觉到鱼在钓线上挣扎吗？
[laɪn] noun
COMPANY 公司
countable
■a company that transports people or goods 客运公司；运输公司
• a shipping line 海运公司
[laɪn] noun
REMARK 话语
countable
■a remark that is intended to entertain, persuade or deceive （为达到逗乐、劝说或欺骗目的而说的）话语，词句，言语
• a speech full of memorable lines 令人难忘的讲话
• He keeps giving me that line about not being able to do any work because his computer isn't working properly. 他不停地跟我说因为电脑有问题他没法工作了。
• Who was it who came up with that famous line about "lies, damned lies and statistics"? “谎言，可恶的谎言和资料”这句名言是谁说的？
[laɪn] noun
WORDS 字词
countable
■a row of words that form part of a text （文本中的）字行
• We could get more lines on the page if we reduced the type size. 如果把字型大小调小一点，我们就可以在这一页上多加几行字。
• The computer screen displays eighty characters per line. 电脑萤幕每行可显示80个字元。
countable
■a short series of musical notes 一串音符
countable usually plural
■the words that an actor speaks when performing in a film, play etc （电影或话剧演员的）词，台词
• I only had two lines in the whole play. 在整出戏中我只有两句台词。
• She hasn't learned her lines yet, and we've got our first rehearsal tomorrow. 我们明天就要进行首次排练了，可她连台词还没记熟呢。
• I'm terrified of forgetting my lines. 我特别害怕忘词。
lines [plural] UK
■a punishment for school students in which a sentence has to be written repeatedly （学校里对学生作出的）罚抄写
• She got 200 lines for swearing at her teacher. 她因辱骂老师被罚抄写200遍。
[laɪn] noun
JOB 工作
countable usually singular
■the kind of job someone does 行业
• "What line of work are you in?" "I'm a teacher." “你是做哪一行的？”“我是老师。”
• You meet some very interesting people in my line of business. 做我这行可以遇到一些非常有趣的人。
[laɪn] noun
GOODS 商品
countable
■a range of similar things that are for sale （商品的）类，类别
• There are discounts on many items from our older lines. 我们这里的很多旧货都打折。
• I was shown all their new lines. 他们给我看了他们所有的新货。
[laɪn] noun
all along the line
■ever since the beginning of a relationship or process （关系或进程）一直，自始至终
• The project's been plagued with financial problems all along the line. 这个专案自始至终都受到资金问题的困扰。
[laɪn] noun
along the lines of sth (also along those lines)
■similar in type 类似于，与…近似
• I was thinking of doing a meal along the lines of that dinner I did for Annie and Dave. 我想做一顿类似那次给安妮和戴夫做的饭菜。
• They're campaigning for the electoral system to be reformed along the lines of (= so that it becomes similar to) the one in Germany. 他们在争取仿照德国的选举制度而对自己进行改造。
[laɪn] noun
be in line for sth
■to be likely to get something, especially something good 有可能获得（尤指好东西）
• If anyone's in line for promotion, I should think it's Helen. 如果有人会获得晋升，我觉得应该是海伦。
[laɪn] noun
be in line to do sth
■to have a very good chance of doing something 有做…的好机会，有干…的好时机
• Kim Bailey is next in line to replace Chris Finlay as managing director. 金．贝利有望接替克里斯‧芬利成为总经理。
[laɪn] noun
be in line to the throne
■to be the person who will become king or queen after the present ruler 是王位继承人
• Prince Charles is first in line to the British throne. 查理斯王子是英国王位的第一继承人。
[laɪn] noun
be in line with sth
■to be similar to, or at the same level as something 与…相似；与…处于同等水准
• The company's results are in line with stock market expectations. 公司业绩与股票市场预期一致。
• We're seeking a pay rise that's in line with inflation. 我们在努力争取使加薪幅度与通货膨胀相挂钩。
• The salaries of temporary employees ought to be brought into line with those of permanent staff. 临时工的工资应该与固定工的工资保持同等水准。
[laɪn] noun
be on the line
■to be at risk 面临危险，处于危险之中
• Almost 3 000 jobs have been lost recently, and a further 3 000 are on the line. 最近已有将近3000人失去了工作，另外还有3000人也面临着失业的危险。
[laɪn] noun
be out of line with sth
■to be different from something 与…不同，有别于
• Their predictions were hopelessly out of line with the actual results. 他们的预测与实际结果大相径庭。
[laɪn] noun
get a line on sb mainly US
■to find out information about someone that you do not know 弄清（陌生人）的情况
• I've been trying to get a line on the guy they've nominated with no luck. 我一直想了解那个他们称之为倒楣蛋的家伙的情况。
■ line 1 /laɪn/
noun
have a nice/good etc. line in sth UK informal
■to do something skilfully and successfully 善于做，擅长于
• He has a good line in anecdotes. 他很会讲趣闻轶事。
[laɪn] noun
in the line of duty
■Something which happens to you in the line of duty happens when you are doing your job 在工作中；在执行任务时
• This year alone eight police officers have been killed in the line of duty. 仅今年一年就有八位警官殉职。
[laɪn] noun
line of sight
■the direction in which a person must look in order to see a particular object 视线（某人看某物的方向）
• The cannon can be linked to the line of sight of the gunner so that it points in the same direction that he is looking in. 加农炮可与炮手的视线连成一线，因此它所瞄准的方向和炮手观察的方向一致。
[laɪn] noun
put/lay sth on the line
■to risk something 使…冒风险
• Firefighters put their lives on the line every working day. 消防队员每天上班都要冒着生命危险。
[laɪn] noun
somewhere along the line
■at some moment during a relationship or process （关系或进程的）某个时刻
• I don't know what went wrong with our relationship, but somewhere along the line we just stopped loving each other. 我不知道我们的关系出了甚么问题，只是不知从甚么时候开始我们已不再相爱了。
[laɪn] noun
step/be out of line
■to behave in an unsuitable way 犯错；行为不当
• It was made quite clear to me that if I stepped out of line again I'd be out of a job. 他们和我讲得很清楚，我如果再犯错就会丢饭碗了。
[laɪn] verb transitive
FORM ROW 形成一排
■to form a row along the side of something 沿着…形成一排
• Thousands of people lined the streets to watch the presidential procession pass by. 数千人站在街道两旁观看总统车队通过。
• Police lined the route of the demonstration. 员警站在游行路线的两侧。
• country lanes lined with trees 乡村林荫路
[laɪn] verb transitive
COVER 覆盖
■to cover the inside surface of something 衬；铺，垫
• I lined the drawers with old wallpaper. 我用旧墙纸垫抽屉。
• How much would it cost to have this jacket lined? 给这件外套做个内衬需要多少钱？
• Full-length mirrors lined each wall of the bathroom. 洗手间的每一面墙上都挂着全身镜。
[laɪn] verb transitive
line your pocket(s)
■to earn money using dishonest or illegal methods （以欺骗或非法手段）敛财，搞钱；中饱私囊
• Staff at the bank have apparently been lining their pockets with money from investors' accounts. 很显然，银行职员一直在挪用投资者帐户中的资金为自己赚钱。
[laɪn] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] line (sb) up IMPROVER
■to arrange people or things in a row or to stand in a row 排列，排队；使（某人）排成行
• A fight broke out behind me as we lined up to receive our food rations. 我们排队领取配给的食物时，在我后面有人打起架来。
• The soldiers lined us up against a wall and I thought they were going to shoot us. 士兵们让我们靠墙排成一排，我以为他们要向我们开枪了。
[laɪn] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] line sth up
■to prepare, organize or arrange something 准备；组织；安排
• Have you got anything exciting lined up for the weekend? 这个周末你有甚么好安排吗？
• I've lined up a meeting with them for tomorrow morning. 我已经和他们约好明天上午见面。
• [+ to infinitive] Have you got anyone lined up to do the catering at the Christmas party? 你是否已经安排人承办圣诞晚会的餐饮服务了？
queue, rank, line, row
这组词都有“列、队、排”的意思，其区别是：
queue: 指人们为做某事而有顺序排成的队，在等的过程中不断向前移动。
rank: 和file常为军事用语，前者指肩并肩排列整齐的士兵横排，后者指纵队。
line: 指人或物排成的行列。
row: 指单独的一列，也可指平行的数行中的一行，而不论是横或纵。
rope, wire, thread, string, line, cord
这组词都有“线”的意思，其区别是：
rope: 指用于捆绑大物件的粗壮而坚固的绳子，一般用绵、毛、麻、金属或其它材料制成。
wire: 专指用金属制成的线。
thread: 普通用词，指用棉、毛、丝或纤维等纹成的很细的线，通常用于缝纫、纺织等。
string: 普通用词，指捆绑小件物品的细绳或细带子。
line: 普通用词，含义广泛，指任何一种线，常作引申用。
cord: 指比string粗，比rope细，较牢固，通常用于捆扎较小物品的线或绳。用作引申当约束讲。
n. 路线，航线；排；绳
 - vector, row, range, thread, rank
vi. 排队；站成一排
 - fall in, queue

Word: administrator
Front: administrator
[ədˈmɪnɪstreɪtə(r)] (托雅 2484/4362 -2)
Vocabulary: administrator
(once / 823 pages)
n
The boss, the head honcho, the person in charge: An administrator is the person responsible for managing things and running the show.
Administrators are often found directing government agencies, organizing institutions, or leading school departments. They're the decision makers and the planners, the people who put in place or administer the rules and guidelines. In other words, the administrator's office is probably the last place you want to end up if you're in trouble.
WORD FAMILY
administrator: administrators+/ administrate: administrated, administrates, administrating, administrative, administrator / administrative: administratively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Problems arose immediately for students, faculty and administrators.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As chief minister of Gujarat, one of India’s wealthier states, Modi cultivated a reputation as a master administrator.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Administrators are still working on the other two strands.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 管理者; 有管理（或行政）才能的人; [法]（由遗嘱检验法庭指定的）遗产管理人; 地产管理人
分布：管理人(64%)，行政官(36%)
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■someone whose job is to control the operation of a business, organization or plan 管理人员，行政人员
• From 1969 to 1971, he was administrator of the Illinois state drug abuse program. 从1969年到1971年间，他主持伊利诺州禁毒计划。
• She works as a school administrator. 她是学校的一名行政人员。
n. [管理] 管理人；行政官
 - supervisor, conductor

Word: date
Front: date
[deɪt] (中高托雅 1201/571 -K4)
Vocabulary: date
(once / 63 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A date is a particular day of the month, and to date is to go out with someone. You might have the date of your first date with a special someone marked on your calendar. Awwwwwwww.
Date comes from the Latin datus, "given," because in ancient Rome when people wrote letters or decrees, they'd say, "given ("data") May 1st" (for example). Date can mean a day of each year, like May 1st, or one historical day, like May 1st, 1873. You make a date to meet someone for dinner. You date your letter. If you make many appointments with one special lady, you're dating her. A date is also a fruit, from the date palm.
WORD FAMILY
date: antedate, datable, dateable, dated, dateless, dates, dating, foredate, misdate, postdate, predate +/ antedate: antedated, antedates, antedating/datable: undatable/ dated: datedly, undated/dateless: datelessly/dating: datings/misdate: misdated, misdates, misdating/postdate: postdated, postdates, postdating/ predate: predated, predates, predating
USAGE EXAMPLES
Smarter Applications is launching a fridge webcam at CES that alerts owners to when food nears its expiry date.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Iridium says it in a tweet that it is pleased with the SpaceX’s announcement and target launch date.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The new community plan replaces one dating back to 1990.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 日期，日子; 约会; 时代，年代; （北非和西亚常见的海枣树的）海枣
vt. 过时; 使…显老; 显示出…时代（或年龄）; 鉴定…的年代
vt. & vi. 与人约会，相约
vi. 属于某一特定时期; 从某时起计算日期; 记载日期; 注有（或注明）日期
时态：dated, dating, dates
分布：日期(62%)，约会(23%)，追溯到(5%)，过时(4%)，年代(3%)，约会对象(1%)，枣椰树(1%)，枣子(1%)
→1.日期，来自拉丁语datum, 给予，来自do, 给予，词源同donate, dowry. 来自古罗马时期的书信习惯，在结果处写上datum, 附上年月日，因此引申该词义。
n.日期,年代v.注明...的日期n./v.约会The fateful up-to-date data of the gate have a fatal error.大门的决定性最新数据有一个致命错误.
noun countable
DAY 日期
 ESSENTIAL
■a numbered day in a month, often given with a combination of the name of the day, the month and the year 日期；日子
• What's the date (today)?/What date is it?/What's today's date? 今天是几号？
• Today's date is (Friday) the 24th of June/June the 24th (1994). 今天是（1994年）6月24日（星期五）。
• What is your date of birth ? 你的出生日期是哪一天？
• The closing date for applications is the end of this month. 申请截止日期为本月底。
• We've agreed to meet again at a later date. 我们定好稍后再见面。
• I'd like to fix a date for our next meeting. 我想定下我们下次见面的日期。
• I've made a date (= agreed a date and time) to see her about the house. 我已与她说好了见面谈房屋的日期。
⇒ See also out-of-date
 ESSENTIAL
■a particular year 年份
• The date on the coin is 1789. 硬币上的年份是1789年。
• Albert Einstein's dates are 1879 to 1955 (= he was born in 1879 and died in 1955). 阿尔伯特‧爱因斯坦生于1879年，卒于1955年。
 ESSENTIAL
■a month and a year （年月）时间
• The UK expiry / US expiration date of this certificate is August 2005. 本证书的失效日期为2005年8月
[deɪt] noun countable
MEETING 会面
 ADVANCED
■a social meeting planned before it happens, especially one between two people who have or might have a romantic relationship （异性间的）约会，幽会
• He's asked her out on a date. 他把她约了出去。
• She has a hot date (= an exciting meeting) tonight. 她今晚有一个朝思暮想的约会。
 ADVANCED US
■a person you have a romantic meeting with 约会对象
• Who's your date for the prom? 你约了谁去参加舞会？
[deɪt] noun countable
PERFORMANCE 表演
■a performance 演出，表演
• They've just finished an exhausting 75-date European tour. 他们刚刚结束了欧洲巡回表演，一共演了75场，可谓筋疲力尽。
[deɪt] noun countable
FRUIT 水果
■the sweet fruit of various types of palm tree 海枣
[deɪt] noun countable
it's a date informal
■used to say that a particular time is a suitable time to meet （会面时间）很合适，没问题，就这样定了
• "I can't make it at seven o'clock. How about nine-thirty?" "Sure, it's a date." “我7点钟不行。9点30分怎么样？”“当然可以，没问题。”
[deɪt] noun countable
to date formal
■up to the present time 至今，迄今
• This novel is his best work to date. 这部小说是他迄今为止最好的作品。
[deɪt] verb
TIME 时间
 ADVANCED transitive
■to write the day's date on something you have written or made 在…上写上日子，在…上标明日期
• [+ obj + noun] Thank you for your letter dated August 30th. 谢谢你8月30日的来信。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to say how long something has existed or when it was made 确定…的年代，推算…形成的时间
• Archaeologists have been unable to date these fossils. 考古学家无法确定这些化石的生成年代。
• An antique dealer had dated the vase at (= said that it was made in) 1734. 古董商推算那个花瓶的制造年代为1734年。
[deɪt] verb
MEET 会见
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive mainly US
■to regularly spend time with someone you have a romantic relationship with 约会，（和…）谈恋爱
• They were dating for five years before they got married. 他们谈了5年恋爱才结婚。
• How long have you been dating Nicky? 你和尼基谈恋爱有多久了？
[deɪt] verb
BECOME OLD 变老
intransitive or transitive
■to stop being fashionable or become old-fashioned, or to show the age of a person or thing 过时，不流行；表明（某人的）年龄；揭示…的年代
• Some James Bond films have dated more quickly than others. 和另外一些电影相比，詹姆斯‧庞德系列电影中有一些很快就过时了。
• I can remember watching live TV coverage of the first lunar landing, so that dates me (= shows how old I am). 我还能记得观看首次登月电视直播的情景，由此可以看出我的年纪。
[deɪt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  date back
■to have existed a particular length of time or since a particular time （时间）追溯
• This tradition dates back to medieval times. 这个传统可以追溯到中世纪时期。
date, appointment, engagement
这组词都有“约会”的意思，其区别是：
date: 主要指朋友之间的随便约见或男女之间的约会。
appointment: 通常指严格根据时间表上预约的时间进行的约见或约会，其目的主要是讨论公事或业务问题。
engagement: 普通用词，可与本组的另外两个词换用。泛指任何商定的地点和时间见面，专指针对某一目的约会。
day, date
这组词都有“日”的意思，其区别是：
day: 泛指任何一天，或指含有“一昼夜”意义的一天，也可指工作日。可用复数表时代、时期。
date: 指具体的年、月、日，或指年代、时代。
n. 日期；约会；年代；枣椰子
 - era, years, engagement
vi. 过时；注明日期；始于（某一历史时期）
 - get out of fashion, out of season

Word: occasionally
Front: occasionally
[əˈkeɪʒnəli] (四六托 2485/2205 -K)
Vocabulary: occasionally
(once / 139 pages)
adv
Something that happens occasionally doesn't happen all the time, just every once in a while. You play poker occasionally just to remind yourself that you always lose.
The adverb occasionally is good for things that happen every now and then. You get tired of the cold occasionally, but the snow is lovely. Occasionally, you think of your long lost love, but never write. The idea comes to you occasionally that you should move somewhere with more people and warmer weather. I worry about you occasionally.
WORD FAMILY
occasional: occasionally +/ occasion: occasional, occasioned, occasioning, occasions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Occasionally, the drugs provoke a severe auto-immune response, resulting in potential toxicities including inflammatory lung, liver and thyroid disorders.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
After that, we bumped into each other occasionally on the street, spending a few minutes catching up.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The underlying absurdity of those shows was redoubled through his lens, occasionally in the form of magical realism.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 偶尔; 偶然; 有时候
分布：偶尔地(100%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■sometimes but not often 偶尔，间或；有时
• I see him occasionally in town. 我偶尔在城里见到他。
• Occasionally I'll have a piece of chocolate, but it's quite rare. 有时我会吃块巧克力，不过这种时候极少。
adv. 偶而，间或
 - sometimes, betweenwhiles

Word: mayor
Front: mayor
[meə(r)] (研四六 2486/3215 -K3)
Vocabulary: mayor
(once / 189 pages)
n
The mayor is the leader of a city. He or she heads the city government. Just as a president leads a country, a mayor leads a city. Like other politicians, mayors must run for office and win an election.
The word mayor comes from the Old French maire for "head of a city or town government" but most mayors probably like the original meaning, which is "greater, superior." Alas, mayors do run cities but calling them all superior is a stretch! In the United States, the president leads the country, a governor leads a state, and a mayor leads a city. If it’s used as a title for a particular mayor, as in Mayor Smith, it’s capitalized.
WORD FAMILY
mayor: ex-mayor, mayoral, mayors
USAGE EXAMPLES
“A museum should not be cloistered away from the people,” LA Mayor Garcetti said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We need to demonstrate clearly how this will help labor and the economy in general,” the mayor’s office wrote.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Conference of Mayors Status Report on Hunger and Homelessness” in 38 U.S. cities conducted in December and released Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 市长; 镇长; （英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰由议员选举产生的）镇长; （民选的）市长
分布：市长(100%)
→来自major的法语拼写，即主要的，重要的。后用为名词用于镇长或市长的头衔。
市长(may[=maj]+or人→大人→市长)[maj=great,表示"大,伟大"]
n.市长"The gay mayor maybe lay in the hay by the Baby bay," he says in dismay.他沮丧地说:"快活的市长大概躺在婴儿湾边上的干草中."
US [mer] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who is elected or chosen to be the leader of the group who governs a town or city 市长
n. 市长
 - burgomaster, demarch

Word: consideration
Front: consideration
[kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn] (高研四六托 2487/1248 -K2)
Vocabulary: consideration
(once / 97 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Consideration is kindness and thoughtful regard for others, or an act of thoughtfulness. Treating others as you would have them treat you (the Golden Rule) is one example of consideration.
The verb consider comes from the Latin for "contemplate," and hidden in the word is sid,, the Latin root for "star." Originally it meant to examine something very thoroughly, or carefully, as if you were staring at the night sky, contemplating its mystery. If you give something consideration, you think about it carefully, and not too quickly. When you’re making a tough decision, you need to give consideration to all possible outcomes before making up your mind.
WORD FAMILY
consideration: considerations, inconsideration+/ consider: considerable, consideration, considered, considering, considers, reconsider / considerable: considerabler, considerablest, considerably, inconsiderable/ considered: ill-considered, unconsidered/inconsiderable: inconsiderably/inconsideration: inconsiderations/ reconsider: reconsideration, reconsidered, reconsidering, reconsiders/reconsideration: reconsiderations
USAGE EXAMPLES
That is one consideration, but it may be hard considering how great the need is now.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This pattern, and Bellevue’s capacity to accommodate more of the region’s new jobs and residents, is an important consideration as growth policies evolve.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But sometimes there are more strategic considerations at play.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 考虑，考察; 照顾，关心; 报酬; 尊敬
分布：考虑(88%)，体贴(6%)，考虑因素(3%)，意见(2%)，敬重(1%)
n.需要考虑的事,理由;考虑,思考;体谅,照顾That matter is under consideration.那件事正在考虑之中.
noun
CAREFUL THINKING 仔细考虑
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when you think about something carefully 考虑，斟酌
• After some consideration, we've decided to sell the house. 一番斟酌之后，我们决定卖掉房子。
• The whole matter needs (to be given) careful consideration. 整件事需要仔细考虑。
[kənˌsɪd.ə'reɪ.ʃən] noun
SUBJECT/FACT 事件／事情
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you give attention to a particular subject or fact when judging something 考虑到；注意到
• It may be fairly cheap to buy, but you've got to take into consideration the money you'll spend on repairs. 买它可能很便宜，但你得考虑你要花多少修理费。
• Comfort/Safety is an important consideration. 舒适性／安全性是需考虑的重要因素。
  Common Learner Errors  take into considerationRemember: use the correct preposition. Don't say 'take in/under/to consideration', say take into consideration :
✗ Please take all my suggestions in consideration. Please take all my suggestions into consideration.
[kənˌsɪd.ə'reɪ.ʃən] noun
CARE 关心
uncountable
■when you are kind to people or think about their feelings 体贴，关心
• You've got no consideration for others! 你毫不关心别人！
• Could you turn your music down and show a little consideration for the neighbours! 你能把音乐声量调低、考虑一下邻居吗？
• We didn't publish the details, out of consideration for the victim's family. 出于对受害者家属的考虑，我们没有公布细节。
[kənˌsɪd.ə'reɪ.ʃən] noun
MONEY 酬金
countable old-fashioned or humorous
■a payment for a service 报酬，酬金
• For a small consideration, madam, I'll show you the way there myself. 夫人，如果给点报酬，我会亲自带您到那里。
n. 考虑；原因；关心；报酬
 - attention, compensation, payment, cause, matter

Word: CEO
Front: CEO
None (2210/27067)
Back: abbr. 首席执行官；执行总裁（chief executive officer）
分布：名词(100%)
US [-'oʊ] noun countable abbreviation for
■ chief executive officer : the person with the most important position in a company 执行长，首席执行官

Word: secure
Front: secure
[sɪˈkjʊə(r)] (高研四六托宝 2489/1654 -K4)
Vocabulary: secure
(once / 32 pages)
1adjv 2adjv 3v
Secure means safe, protected. Your money is secure in a bank. Supportive friends and family make you feel secure.
Secure can also be used as a verb. You secure the sails before you take out the sailboat, which means you tie them down. If you secure someone a ticket to a popular Broadway play, you've found them a hard-to-find seat. On an airplane, you're told that in the event you need an oxygen mask, you should secure yours — get it in place — before helping someone else. Almost all meanings contain the idea of safety: making sure things are right.
WORD FAMILY
secure: insecure, secured, securely, secureness, securer, secures, securest, securing, security +/ insecure: insecurely, insecureness, insecurity / insecurity: insecurities/secured: unsecured/securer: securers/ security: securities
USAGE EXAMPLES
He focused only on securing a perfect ending to an epic evening.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Packers won Sunday night at Detroit to secure the NFC North title.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The probability of this is low as the area was secure and well-supervised.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 安全的; 牢固的; 有把握的; 安心的
vt. 保护; （使）获得; 使安全; 担保
vi. 获得安全，变得安全; 安全，保险; 承保，担保; [航海学]停止工作
时态：secured, securing, secures
分布：安全的(58%)，获得(18%)，固定(15%)，使安全(5%)，牢靠的(3%)，稳妥的(1%)
→se-,分开，没有，-cur,关心，挂念，照顾，词源同 cure,curator.即不需要挂念的，引申词义安 全的，可靠的等。
安全的(sc分开+cure→不关心,不担忧→安全的)[cur=care,表示"关心"]
a.(from,against)安全的,放心的v.得到;防护The furious obscure curer is curious to secure the curly-curved mercury curiosity.盛怒的不出名治疗者渴望弄到这种带卷曲曲线的水银珍品.
【反】unfasten（v 解开；放松）
US [-'kjʊr] adjective
FIXED 固定的
 ADVANCED
■positioned or fixed firmly and correctly and therefore not likely to move, fall or break 牢靠的；牢固的
• That ladder doesn't look very secure to me. 那梯子我看不太稳固。
• Check that all windows and doors are secure. 检查一下，看门窗是否都关紧了。
• figurative Her promotion has made her position in the company more secure. 她的升职使她在公司的地位更加稳固。
• figurative The museum has been promised £22 million by the government, so its future is relatively secure. 政府承诺拨款2200万英镑给博物馆，因此该博物馆的未来相对无忧。
 ADVANCED
■A secure place is one that it is difficult to get out of or escape from （地方）守卫森严的，插翅难逃的
• He killed the man just a month after his release from a secure mental hospital. 他离开戒备森严的精神病院才一个月就杀了那个人。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] adjective
PROTECTED 受保护的
■(especially of objects, situations, etc.) able to avoid being harmed by any risk, danger or threat （尤指物品、境况等）安全的
• Car manufacturers ought to produce vehicles which are more secure against theft. 汽车制造商应该生产出防盗更佳的汽车。
• Endangered species need to be kept secure from poachers. 应该保护濒危物种不被盗猎。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] adjective
CONFIDENT 自信的
■not doubting or being worried about yourself and your personal relationships 无忧无虑的；安心的
• Children need to feel secure in order to do well at school. 孩子们需要感到安心在学校学习才会有好成效。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] verb
GET 获得
 IMPROVER transitive formal
■to get something, sometimes with difficulty 获得；设法得到
• He was disappointed by his failure to secure the top job with the bank. 他因没能得到银行的高层工作而失望。
• The change in the law will make it harder for the police to secure convictions. 法律的变更会使警方更难定罪。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] verb
PROTECT 保护
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to make certain something is protected from danger or risk 使安全；保护；保卫
• The building has only one main entrance and would be easy to secure (against/from intruders). 该建筑只有一个主要入口，所以（防止外人闯入的）守卫工作很容易。
• This form of investment is an excellent way of securing your children's financial future. 这种投资方式是为你的孩子提供日后经济保障的极佳方式。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] verb
FINANCE 金融
transitive
■to make certain that money which has been lent will be paid back, by giving the person who lends the money the right to own property belonging to the person who borrows it, if the money is not paid back 抵押；为…担保
• a secured loan 抵押贷款
• Her bank loan is secured against/by/on her house. 她的银行贷款是用房子抵押的。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] verb
FIX 固定
transitive
■to fasten one object firmly to another 紧固，拴牢，扣紧
• The gate won't stay open, so we'll have to secure it to that post. 大门没办法一直保持开着，所以我们不得不将它拴在那根柱子上。
chain, tie, secure, bind, fasten
这组词都有“扎牢、捆、绑”的意思，其区别是：
chain: 专指用链条或金属环将某人或某物锁住或系住。
tie: 普通用词，指用绳索等将东西扎紧捆牢。
secure: 指将某物紧紧地固定起来，使之完全无损。
bind: 多指把两个或两个以上的人或物牢牢地系或扎在一起。
fasten: 指把某物牢牢地拴在、钉在或锁在另一物上，使不能任意移动。
safe, secure
这组词都有“安全的”的意思，其区别是：
safe: 主要指人或物未受危险或损害。
secure: 着重指由于环境等因素而使人产生的安全感，含可以不必担心或害怕的意味。
acquire, obtain, get, secure, win, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得、取得、得到”的意思，其区别是：
acquire: 强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
obtain: 较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
get: 普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
secure: 强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。
win: 主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
earn: 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
gain: 侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
attain, acquire, obtain, secure, achieve, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得，取得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。
 • The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.   这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
acquire: v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调"一经获得就会长期持有"的含义。
 • It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.   正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
obtain: v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。
 • He obtained the property with a bank loan.   他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
secure: v.得到；把……拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为"安全的"。
 • A million signatures have been secured.   已征集到了100万人的签名。
 • He secured the office before leaving it for the night.   他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。
achieve: v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
 • The movie star achieved success and wealth.   这个影星取得了成功和财富。
earn: v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
 • How much do you earn a week?   你一星期挣多少钱？
gain: v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
 • An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.   投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。
adj. 安全的；无虑的；有把握的；稳当的
 - safe, certain
vt. 保护；弄到；招致；缚住
 - invite, court, preserve, spell
vi. 获得安全；船抛锚；停止工作
 - call it quits, place out of service

Word: pink
Front: pink
[pɪŋk] (中研四六雅 2488/2698 -K3)
Vocabulary: pink
(once / 217 pages)
1adjn 2n 3n 4v 5v
Anything pink is colored a shade that's a combination of red and white. Young girls are traditionally dolled up in pink outfits, until they eventually rebel and refuse to wear pink as tweens.
The color pink varies from a soft, pastel shade to a bold, bright one — but they're all a lighter version of red, or red with some white added. Many flowers are pink, and there are even a few known as pinks, or garden pinks. If your doctor tells you you're "in the pink" after your checkup, she means you're very healthy. The word began as the flower name, probably from Dutch, in which pink means "small."
WORD FAMILY
pink: pinked, pinker, pinkest, pinking, pinkish, pinkly, pinkness, pinks+/pinkish: pinkishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
By the time he walked over, Quinlan’s lips were once again a healthy pink.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
She’s also showing off some pink highlights in her hair.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Closely held Accolade Wines, also based in Australia, in November launched a pink version of its Sauvignon Blanc Ta_Ku brand.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 粉红色的; 淡红色的; 略带左翼政治观点的; 与同性恋者有关的
n. 粉红色; 典范; 香石竹; 顶点，极度
vt. 刺、扎; 打出小孔图案; 戳
时态：pinked, pinking, pinks
分布：粉红色(69%)，粉红色的(31%)
→词源不确定，可能来自中古法语piquer,刺，扎，穿透，词源同pike,pick.或来自拉丁语pungere,刺，扎，穿透，词源同puncture.引申词义打孔，使成锯齿状，后用于指香石竹花，因其花瓣凹凸不平，有如锯齿而得名，因这种花多开粉红色花朵，后引申词义粉红色的。后引申俚语义同情共产党的，政治左倾的，同时，也用于指娘娘腔，同性恋。
n.粉红色a.粉红色的While sinking into thinking, the shrinking linkman drank the pink ink sprinkled on the wrinkly paper.陷入沉思时,退缩的联络员喝掉了洒在皱纹纸上的粉红色墨水.
adjective
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL
■of a pale red colour 粉红色的
• pretty pink flowers 美丽的粉色花朵
• Have you been in the sun? Your nose is a bit pink. 你晒太阳了吗？你的鼻子有点发红。
[pɪŋk] adjective
POLITICS 政治 old-fashioned disapproving
■(slightly) supporting socialist ideas and principles （略）倾向于社会主义的；（稍微）左倾的
[pɪŋk] adjective
HOMOSEXUAL 同性恋的
■connected with homosexual people 同性恋者的
• the growth in the pink economy 与同性恋者相关的经济增长
[pɪŋk] noun
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a pale red colour 粉红色
• She's very fond of pink. 她很喜欢粉红色。
[pɪŋk] noun
PLANT 植物
countable
■a small garden plant which has sweet-smelling pink, white or red flowers and narrow grey-green leaves, or one of its flowers 石竹
[pɪŋk] noun
in the pink mainly humorous
■in very good health 非常健康，容光焕发
[pɪŋk] verb intransitive UK (US ping)
■When a car engine pinks, it makes a high knocking sound because the fuel is not burning correctly. （汽车引擎）咯噔咯噔地响，发爆声，爆震
n. 粉红色；化身，典范；石竹花；头面人物
 - picture, ideal
vt. 扎，刺，戳；使…变粉红色；使…面红耳赤
 - stick, string

Word: estimate
Front: estimate
[ˈestɪmət] (研四六托雅 1798/1826 -K4)
Vocabulary: estimate
(once / 81 pages)
1vn 2n
A rough calculation or appraisal is an estimate. When you hit another baseball through the kitchen window, your parents will get an estimate of the repair costs. And you should estimate being grounded for approximately 3 weeks.
An estimate is kind of like a very educated guess. Making an estimate takes good evaluation skills, and usually estimates are pretty close to the actual outcome. If the garage bill is way higher than the estimate they gave you, for example, you have a right to be angry. But if you forgot to factor in rush hour traffic when you estimated the drive from Boston to New York, that's your own fault.
WORD FAMILY
estimate: estimable, estimated, estimates, estimating, estimation, estimator, misestimate, overestimate, underestimate +/ estimable: estimably, inestimable / estimation: estimations/estimator: estimators/ inestimable: inestimably/misestimate: misestimated, misestimates, misestimation/ overestimate: overestimated, overestimates, overestimating, overestimation/overestimation: overestimations/ underestimate: underestimated, underestimates, underestimating, underestimation/underestimation: underestimations
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, it is estimated that if YouTube was included, the figure for streams accessed by music fans in the UK would double.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The worldwide total for “Sing” through the weekend is expected to hit $285 million, Universal officials estimated.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That is a little over 3% of the estimated 90 million downloads of the game.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 估计，预测; 报价，预算书; 评价，判断
vt. 估计，估算; 评价，评论; 估量，估价
时态：estimated, estimating, estimates
分布：估计(86%)，评价(8%)，估价(6%)
→来自拉丁语aestimare, 估计，评估，判定价值，来自aes, 铜，词源同ore, -tim, 砍，切，词源同anatomy. 比较同源词esteem.
估计,估量[estim=value(价值)]
v./n.估计,估价;评估My intimate mate's ultimate estimate approximates the appropriate value.我亲密伙伴的最终估计接近恰当的值.
verb transitive /ˈes.tɪ.meɪt/
 ESSENTIAL
■to guess the cost, size, value, etc. of something 估计；估算；估价
• Government sources estimate a long-term 50% increase in rail fares. 政府消息人士估计火车票价将有一个涨幅达50%的长期调涨。
• [+ (that)] They estimate (that) the journey will take at least two weeks. 他们估计这次行程至少需要两周时间。
• [+ question word] It was difficult to estimate how many trees had been destroyed. 很难估计有多少树被毁。
noun countable /ˈes.tɪ.mət/
 IMPROVER
■a guess of what the size, value, amount, cost, etc. of something might be 估计；估算；估价
• The number of people who applied for the course was 120 compared with an initial estimate of between 50 and 100. 最初估计申请选修这门课程的学生也就是50到100人，可是实际上报名的有120人。
• We'll accept the lowest of three estimates for the building work. 在对这项建筑工程的三个投标中，我们将采纳报价最低的那个。
• a conservative (= low) estimate 保守估计
• a rough (= not exact) estimate 粗略估计
evaluate, rate, value, assess, estimate, appraise
这组词都有“估价，估计”的意思，其区别是：
evaluate: 与appraise相似，指使判断绝对准确，但多用于对人物的某方面的评价，很少用于评价某物的市场价值。
rate: 专指评定价值等级的高低。
value: 侧重指一般人对某物的价值或价格所作的估计。
assess: 原义指对为确定交多少税而估计，引申指通过估价以便更好利用。
estimate: 通常指由个人作出的主观估价。
appraise: 指以专家身份作了最终精确的估价。
calculate, compute, estimate
calculate: 通常指用数学方法进行比较复杂，难度较大的精确计算。如：You can’t expect a schoolboy to calculate distances in astronomy.
compute: 常指比较简单的运算。如：It was computed that two thirds of the students in the class passed the examination.
estimate: 估计，常指对数量、成本等事先进行判断或估计。如：Some farmers asked the weatherman to estimate next year’s rainfall.
vi. 估计，估价
 - evaluate, guess at
n. 估计，估价；判断，看法
 - computation, appraisal, calculation, assessment, judgment, evaluation, viewpoint
vt. 估计， [数] 估量；判断，评价
 - measure, value, score

Word: buck
Front: buck
[bʌk] (雅宝 2493/7627 -2)
Vocabulary: buck
(once / 960 pages)
1n 2v 3v 4n 5n
A buck is an adult male deer, antelope, reindeer, or rabbit. You can usually tell a buck by its large horns. If it’s a bunny, you just have to ask. A buck is also slang for an American dollar.
Full-grown male kangaroos are bucks, too. When a male animal is a buck, the female is a doe. A buck is a male deer, and so a doe is a female deer. When it's used as a verb, buck means to move in an abrupt, jerky way — when a horse bucks, it jumps and kicks its back legs out behind it. If someone bucks the system, they’re pushing against it. Colloquially, "to buck up” means to cheer up.
WORD FAMILY
buck: bucked, bucking, bucks
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I think with the state legislatures it’s just simply a matter of saving a few bucks,” said Kip Cassino, a media analyst at Borrell Associates.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He bucked the 2016 trend of draft prospects bypassing a bowl game to protect their NFL futures for one last game with his teammates.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Owners of the independent mountains say they’re trying to buck the consolidation trend by competing with personality.
Seattle Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. （美）钱，元; 雄鹿; 花花公子
vt. & vi. （马等）猛然弓背跃起; 抵制; 猛然震荡
时态：bucked, bucking, bucks
分布：钱(68%)，雄鹿(18%)，抵制(6%)，振作(5%)，雄兔(2%)，马弓背踢后腿挑起(1%)
→来自PIE *bhug, 公羊，同时指公鹿，公兔等其它雄性动物，后主要指雄鹿。美元义来自于美国西部大开发中鹿皮做为土著印地安人和欧洲殖民者间的货币媒介。Buck ’s Fizz 巴克泡腾酒
【记】读：罢课。一种竭力反对上课的行为。
【反】assent to（同意）
noun
MONEY 钱
countable (plural bucks) informal
■a dollar （美）元
• Can I borrow a couple of bucks? 我能借几美元吗？
• He charged me twenty bucks for a new hubcap. 一个新的毂盖他要了我20美元。
countable (plural bucks) informal
■used in a number of expressions about money, usually expressions referring to a lot of money （用于某些表达方式中）许多钱
• He earns mega- bucks (= a lot of money) working for an American bank. 他在一家美国银行工作，赚钱很多。
• So what's the best way to make a fast buck (= earn money easily and quickly) ? 能快速赚钱的最好办法是甚么？
[bʌk] noun
ANIMAL 动物
countable (plural buck or bucks)
■the male of some animals such as deer and rabbits, or (in South Africa) a male or female antelope 雄性动物；雄鹿；公兔；（南美）羚羊 Compare doe
[bʌk] noun
pass the buck mainly disapproving
■to blame someone or make them responsible for a problem that you should deal with 推卸责任
• She's always trying to pass the buck and I'm sick of it! 她老是想推卸责任，我非常讨厌这一点。
[bʌk] noun
The buck stops here. saying
■said by someone who is responsible for making decisions and who will be blamed if things go wrong 责任到此，不能再推卸；我负责
[bʌk] verb intransitive
■(of a horse) to jump into the air and kick out with the back legs （马）弓背跳跃，尥起后蹄跳跃
[bʌk] verb intransitive
buck the system
■to refuse to follow the rules of an organization 反抗现存体制
• Alex is always looking for ways to buck the system. 亚历克斯总是想方设法抗拒现行制度。
[bʌk] verb intransitive
buck the trend
■to be noticeably different from the way that a situation is developing generally, especially in connection with financial matters （尤指经济上）逆潮流，逆势
• This company is the only one to have bucked the trend of a declining industry. 这家公司是在行业日益不景气的情况下唯一一家蒸蒸日上的企业。
[bʌk] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  buck (sb/sth) up UK informal
■to become happier or more positive or to make someone happier or more positive （使）高兴起来；（使）振作起来
• Oh, buck up for heaven's sake, Anthony! I'm sick of looking at your miserable face. 噢，安东尼，看在老天的份上振作起来！我不愿看到你那副愁眉苦脸的样子。
• She was told that if she didn't buck her ideas up (= start working in a more positive way) , she'd be out of a job. 她被告知，如果工作再不积极点儿就会丢了饭碗。
• A holiday will buck her up. 休个假会使她精神焕发的。
n. （美）钱，元；雄鹿；纨绔子弟；年轻的印第安人或黑人
 - money, yuan, QIAN, pocket, sen

Word: historic
Front: historic
[hɪˈstɒrɪk] (研六雅 2492/3232 -3)
Vocabulary: historic
(once / 403 pages)
adj
Something that's historic was important in its day and continues to be studied and remembered, like the historic integration of segregated schools and the historic March on Washington in 1963.
When you describe something that's historic, it's either the first or the only of its kind. Historic moments are so important or momentous that they'll show up in history textbooks. A building can be historic, and so can a speech or a battle or a disaster. The root word is the Greek historia, "a learning by inquiry or history," although historic specifically means "important in history."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
historic / historical
Something historic has a great importance to human history. Something historical is related to the past. People with big egos get them mixed up if they say they had a historic family background. Unless they helped win a war, it was probably just historical.
Historic describes something huge that happened in the past, something that affected human history. Historic things can be important figures, like Abraham Lincoln, or pivotal events, like the invention of the printing press. Historic lows are the lowest in history. Here are some historic examples from the news:
The last one closed in October as the museum moves historic objects out of its west wing for a major renovation beginning early next year.  (Washington Post)
A private funeral for the rap legend will be held at the historic Grace Baptist Church in Mount Vernon, just north of New York City. (Seattle Times)
Germans have little incentive to save, with interest rates at historic lows. (Business Week)
Something historical, like an event or an object, doesn't have to concern all of human history or be of worldwide importance, it's just something connected to the past, like these examples:
Other blow-by-blow historical Twitter efforts have run aground. (New York Times)
Kugel regularly furnished historical information that other Madoff employees used to fabricate trades, the government charged. (Washington Post)
Our package also included photos, video, story, historical timeline, readers' memories and polls. (Seattle Times)
The Battle for Bunker Hill was an important battle in the Revolutionary War, making it historic. While the battle for the last piece of your mom's chocolate cake might live in your family history as huge event, it's historical.
And by the way, if you pronounce the h- in either historic or historical, you should use a rather than an before it.
WORD FAMILY
history: historian, historic, historical, historicism, histories, prehistory +/ historian: historians/ historical: ahistorical, historically, historicalness, prehistorical/ prehistoric: prehistorically/ prehistory: prehistoric
USAGE EXAMPLES
Polly Sheppard said Roof told her he wanted to leave her alive to tell the world why he attacked a historic African-American church.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mascher later successfully got the building added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While it isn’t considered a historic structure, it’s more than 50 years old which means the city must approve of renovation plans.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 在历史上重要的，有历史影响的; 历史的，历史上的
分布：有历史意义的(65%)，历史的(35%)
a.有历史意义的;历史的The Chinese people have performed great historic feats.中国人民立下了伟大的历史功绩.
US [-'stɔ:r-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■important or likely to be important in history 历史上著名（或重要）的，有历史意义的
• historic buildings 有历史意义的建筑
• a historic day/moment 具有历史意义的日子／时刻
• In a historic vote, the Church of England decided to allow women to become priests. 英国圣公会在一项具有历史意义的表决中决定女性可以担任牧师。
historical, historic
这组词都有“历史的”的意思，其区别是：
historical: 指历史上的或历史的，侧重在历史上出现过或与历史有关的。
historic: 指历史上有名的，具有历史意义的或者可成为史料的。

Word: poem
Front: poem
[ˈpəʊɪm] (中高研四六 2494/2181 -K3)
Vocabulary: poem
(once / 97 pages)
n
A poem is written by composing lines of metrical feet (those are like beats or counts of syllables), arranged rhythmically. If you're looking to impress your crush, try penning a poem.
Poetry is literature in metrical form, and a poem is what we call a piece of poetry. There are so many different kinds of poems it's almost impossible to define, but usually poems are written in short lines, and sometimes don't have too many lines. What counts in a poem is distilling something down, and finding the right words. If someone tells you that your Tweets are like little poems, then you must be a lovely writer.
WORD FAMILY
poem: poems
USAGE EXAMPLES
Problem is, his poems fade in the fifth stanza.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The poem’s emphasis on Odysseus’ cunning starts to seem like the celebration of the emergence of a new kind of consciousness.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Today, the poem reads like an eerie anticipation of liberal incredulity at Brexit and Trump and the other recent upheavals.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 诗; 韵文; 诗一样的作品; 富有诗意的东西
分布：诗(98%)，韵文(2%)
→来自拉丁语poema,诗，诗歌创作，来自希腊语poiein,产生，制造，创作，来自kwei,建造，制造，词源同onomatopoeia.
n.诗He recited the poem to the class.他背诵那首诗给全班听.
【参】poetaster（n 打油诗人；劣等诗人）poet诗人，aster星星：像星星一样多的诗人－打油诗人
US ['poʊ.əm] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a piece of writing in which the words are arranged in separate lines, often ending in rhyme, and are chosen for their sound and for the images and ideas they suggest 诗
• a book of love poems 爱情诗集
• The poet recited some of her recent poems. 诗人朗诵了她最近写的几首诗。
verse, poetry, poem
这组词都有“诗”的意思，其区别是：
verse: 多指诗句、诗行或诗节，也可作诗歌、韵文的总称。
poetry: 指诗的总称。
poem: 通常指一首诗或诗体文。
n. 诗
 - poetry, verse

Word: grandmother
Front: grandmother
[ˈgrænmʌðə(r)] (中研四六 2495/4338 -K2)
Vocabulary: grandmother
(once / 303 pages)
n
Your grandmother is your mom or dad's mother. In many traditional cultures, a grandmother lives with her adult child's family and helps raise her grandchildren.
Everyone has two biological grandmothers, maternal (your mother's mother) and paternal (your father's mother). If you're lucky, your grandmother is someone you get to know well. One of the most well-known fictional grandmothers appears in "Little Red Riding Hood," the fairy tale in which a wolf disguises himself as Red Riding Hood's grandmother in an attempt to fool her into being eaten.
WORD FAMILY
grandmother: grandmothers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then his grandmother ordered him to board that school bus.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Coroner David West says the child left the apartment while his grandmother was braiding her granddaughter’s hair.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Ms. Cook-Lopez’s father and grandfather ran Cook & Son Television Service, where customers would notice her grandmother, Virginia, working with yarn.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （外）祖母; 老奶奶; 女祖先
vt. 当…的祖母
vi. 当祖母
分布：名词(100%)
n.祖母,外祖母My grandmother has been ill for a week.我祖母已生病一个星期了.
UK ['græm-] US [-ɚ] (informal grandma) (granny) (gran)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the mother of a person's father or mother （外）祖母
UK ['grænd.mʌð.ər] UK ['græm-] US [-ɚ] (informal grandma) (granny) (gran)
noun countable
teach your grandmother to suck eggs UK disapproving
■to give advice to someone about a subject that they already know more about than you 班门弄斧
n. 祖母；女祖先
 - nin, grammy

Word: bind
Front: bind
[baɪnd] (研四托雅 2496/1888 -2)
Vocabulary: bind
(once / 225 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5v
If you're in a bind, you have been hindered by some situation. You'll find yourself in a bind if you agree to bring dessert to a party, only to realize that you're out of fruit, sugar, and chocolate chips.
The verb bind means to tie, secure, or fasten as with string or rope. When you put a Christmas tree on the top of your car, you need to bind it with twine to make sure it stays there while you drive. The past tense of bind is "bound." To bind is also to create an emotional attachment. Your love for your family binds you to them.
WORD FAMILY
bind: bindable, binded, binder, bindery, binding, binds, rebind, unbind+/ binder: binders/bindery: binderies/binding: bindingly, bindings/rebind: rebinding, rebinds/unbind: unbinding, unbinds
USAGE EXAMPLES
First of all, you need natural gas as a source of hydrogen, the element to which nitrogen binds to form ammonia.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
To restrain Burr, Hamilton wrote Morris, would be “to bind a Giant by a cobweb.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Martin’s books, season 6 finally broke free of its literary bindings.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 约束; 装订; 捆绑; （用长布条）缠绕
vt. & vi. （使）结合
n. 窘境，困境; 捆绑; 植物的藤蔓
时态：bound, binding, binds
分布：约束(37%)，装订(23%)，捆绑(21%)，团结(8%)，窘境(7%)，强迫(4%)
→词源同band, 绑。
v.捆,绑,包括,束缚I finally find that the financial findings are binding.我终于发现财经调查结果具有约束力.
verb (bound, bound)
 ADVANCED transitive
■to tie tightly or to fasten 捆绑，捆扎
• They bound the packages with brightly coloured ribbon. 他们用鲜艳的彩带把包裹扎起来。
• Bind together the two broken ends. 把断了的两端连起来。
• The prisoner was bound hand and foot. 那名囚犯手脚被绑。
transitive
■to unite people 使团结；使联合
• The things which bind them together are greater than their differences. 将他们团结在一起的力量胜过他们的分歧。
transitive (also bind up)
■To bind a part of the body, especially a part which is damaged, is to tie something round it 包扎
• He had already bound the child's arm when I arrived. 当我到达时，他已经把孩子的手臂包扎好了。
transitive
■to sew or stick material along the edges of something such as a jacket, in order to make it stronger or to decorate it 给…镶边；缝牢…的边
transitive
■to make separate pieces of paper into a book 装订（书籍）；把…装订成册
• There are several different ways to bind a book, for example you can stitch or stick the pages together. 钉装书籍的方法有几种，比如你可以将书页缝在一起或黏在一起。
⇒ See also bookbinding
intransitive or transitive
■When an egg or water is used especially in cooking to bind something it provides a way of making everything stick together in a solid mass （使）黏合；（使）凝结
• The mixture wouldn't bind (together). 这种混合物不会凝结。
[baɪnd] verb (bound, bound)
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] bind sb to sth
■to force someone to keep a promise 使（某人）保证；迫使（某人）遵守约定
• His sister had been bound to secrecy. 他妹妹被迫承诺保守秘密。
• We are bound to the original contract. 我们都要遵守原本的合约。
[baɪnd] noun only singular informal
■a difficult situation in which you are prevented from acting as you might like 困境
• Having to visit her every week is a terrible bind. 每周都要拜访她，真令人难受。
• Borrowing money may put you in a real bind. 借钱可能会令你真正陷入困境。
chain, tie, secure, bind, fasten
这组词都有“扎牢、捆、绑”的意思，其区别是：
chain: 专指用链条或金属环将某人或某物锁住或系住。
tie: 普通用词，指用绳索等将东西扎紧捆牢。
secure: 指将某物紧紧地固定起来，使之完全无损。
bind: 多指把两个或两个以上的人或物牢牢地系或扎在一起。
fasten: 指把某物牢牢地拴在、钉在或锁在另一物上，使不能任意移动。
limit, restrain, bind, confine
limit: （能力或数量上）有限的
restrain: 抑制的，遏制的，可指彻底阻止也可指将……纳入控制、约束之中，强迫意味，可表示自我抑制vt
bind: 有约束力的
confine: （空间上）受限的
grant, restrain, bind
grant: 由于慷慨、仁慈而给予某物，通常是应请求人或根据权力要求的人（通常指下级）以某一要求所给予的东西
restrain: 抑制的，遏制的，可指彻底阻止也可指将……纳入控制、约束之中，强迫意味，可表示自我抑制vt
bind: 有约束力的
vi. 结合；装订；有约束力；过紧
 - bond, couple, become one, combine
vt. 绑； [法] 约束；装订；包扎；凝固
 - restrict, rope
n. 捆绑；困境；讨厌的事情；植物的藤蔓
 - difficulty, corner, dilemma, fix

Word: fifth
Front: fifth
[fɪfθ] (中高雅 2497/2418 -4)
Back: num. 第五
n. 五分之一; 第五音，五度音程; <美>五分之一加仑（瓶）
分布：第五(83%)，五分之一(17%)
ordinal number
 ESSENTIAL
■5th written as a word 第五（的）
• the fifth floor of the building 大楼的五楼
• Tomorrow is the fifth (of September). 明天是（9月）5号。
[fɪfθ] ordinal number
I take/plead the Fifth (Amendment) US humorous
■something that you say in order to tell someone you are not going to answer a question 表示拒绝回答
• 'So, who do you like best, Jenny or Kim?' 'Sorry, I take the Fifth on that.' “那么，你最喜欢谁？是珍妮还是金姆？”“对不起，我拒绝回答。”
[fɪfθ] noun countable
■one of five equal parts of something 五分之一
• One fifth is the same as 20 percent. 五分之一也就是20%。
n. 第五；五分之一
 - Quincy

Word: constantly
Front: constantly
[ˈkɒnstəntli] (托 2498/2628 -K)
Vocabulary: constantly
(once / 139 pages)
adv
When something happens constantly, it never stops or changes. If you sister constantly complains that she's hungry, she is always insisting that she's starving.
If your dog barks constantly when he's in the car, he doesn't stop until you reach your destination, and if you're constantly thinking about your upcoming trip to France, you can't ever get it out of your head. The adverb constantly comes from constant, or "continual," which is rooted in the Latin constantem, "standing firm, stable, steadfast, or faithful."
WORD FAMILY
constant: constancy, constantly, constants, inconstant +/ constancy: constancies/ inconstancy: inconstancies/ inconstant: inconstancy, inconstanter, inconstantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Alexander says Parkes constantly yelled at her, denied her requests for training and failed to inform her of meetings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Unless they continue to fight it constantly, they will regain the weight,” he said.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Tiny, almost massless, these constantly whizz through our planet and our bodies.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 不断地，时常地; 时刻; 常川; 历来
分布：不断地(80%)，经常地(20%)
US ['kɑ:nt-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■all the time or often 总是；经常地，不断地
• He's constantly changing his mind. 他的想法时常在变。
• She has the television on constantly. 她总是开着电视。
adv. 不断地；时常地
 - forever, continually, unceasingly, straight, endlessly

Word: enterprise
Front: enterprise
[ˈentəpraɪz] (高研六托雅宝 2499/1566 -3)
Vocabulary: enterprise
(once / 149 pages)
n
Enterprise describes a readiness to act boldly to get something started, like the enterprise it takes to start a charity with only a dream and a few dollars.
Another meaning of enterprise is "a business venture," like a frozen yogurt enterprise. It requires a lot of determination, hard work and the steady belief that people will love your yogurt. People will say you show extraordinary enterprise for your willingness to take on such a challenging project, meaning you have initiative and drive.
WORD FAMILY
enterprise: enterpriser, enterprises, enterprising +/enterpriser: enterprisers/ enterprising: enterprisingly, enterprisingness, nonenterprising, unenterprising
USAGE EXAMPLES
“That’s why the majority of the poor are still in favour of this move,” says Bhardwai, from the small enterprise lobby.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The challenge is turning the popular app into a commercial enterprise.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But it also employs other people so the enterprises are fully integrated into the community, Hill said.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 企（事）业单位; 事业，计划; 事业心，进取心
分布：企业(87%)，事业(9%)，进取心(3%)，谋划(1%)
→enter-, 更里面，中间。-prise, 拿，承担，缩写自prehend, 词源同apprise, comprehend. 后用来指企业，特别是具有冒险精神的，能承担风险和具有挑战精神的企业。
事业;进取心(enter进入+prise进入抓住[目标]→事业)[pris=take表示"拿住,抓住"]
n.事业,企(事)业单位;事业心,进取心"The enterprise will be supervised by a group comprising prominent men," the despising chairman said concisely with no compromise."企业将由杰出人员构成的小组来监管,"轻
US [-tˌɚ-] noun
BUSINESS 企业
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and important plan, especially one that will earn money 组织；（尤指）公司，企业；（尤指营利性的、艰巨而重大的）计划，事业
• Don't forget this is a commercial enterprise - we're here to make money. 不要忘记这是一个商业组织——我们到这儿来是为了赚钱的。
• Those were the years of private enterprise (= businesses being run privately, rather than by the government) , when lots of small businesses were started. 那是一个私人企业的时代，许多小公司就是那时创建的。
• Her latest enterprise (= plan) is to climb Mount Everest. 她最新的雄心壮志是攀登圣母峰。
UK ['en.tə.praɪz] US [-tˌɚ-] noun
PERSONAL QUALITY 个人素质
 ADVANCED uncountable
■eagerness to do something new and clever, despite any risks 事业心；进取心；创业精神；冒险精神
• They've showed a lot of enterprise in setting up this project. 开始这个案子显示出他们豪迈的进取精神。
• We need someone with enterprise and imagination to design a marketing strategy. 我们需要一位元有进取心和创新精神的人来为我们制定市场战略。
n. [经] 企业；事业；进取心；事业心
 - career, cause, undertaking, project, push

Word: favor
Front: favor
['feɪvə] (研四雅 2500/49170)
Vocabulary: favor
(once / 65 pages)
1nv 2n
A favor is an act of kindness, like doing your friend a favor by letting her borrow your calculator to take the big math test.
Favor can be used as a noun: an advantage, like having experience in your favor when you apply for a job; a nice gesture, like giving your friend a ride to school; or a party favor, a little gift you get at a party. As a verb, favor means "like the most," like foods you favor, or "treat gently," like favoring your right leg when walking because it hurts to put weight on it.
WORD FAMILY
favor: disfavor, favorable, favored, favoring, favors+/ disfavor: disfavored, disfavoring, disfavors/ favorable: favorableness, favorablest, favorably, unfavorable/favored: favoredest, favoredly, ill-favored/unfavorable: unfavorableness, unfavorablest, unfavorably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The following year, a county judge ruled in the conservancy's favor.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Christian Weiss, who supervises the coin and bank-note collection at the Swiss National Museum, said the Swiss favor cash even when traveling abroad.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He showered a handful of businesses with favors such as tax benefits, cheap electricity, a buy-Korea policy and the suppression of organized labor.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 好感; 宠爱; 关切; 欢心
vt. 支持; 赞成; 照顾; 促成
时态：favored, favoring, favors
分布：赞成(42%)，支持(27%)，偏爱(13%)，利于(12%)，给予(2%)，关心(1%)，特权(1%)，长得像(1%)，好意(1%)
n.(favour)好感;喜爱;关切v.赞成,支持,偏爱May I ask you a favor?我可以请您帮个忙吗?
vt. 赞成；喜欢；像；赐予；证实
 - agree, love, uphold, make sure, sustain
n. 喜爱；欢心；好感
 - affection, keen on

Word: testing
Front: testing
['testɪŋ] (2501/3548 -3)
Vocabulary: testing
(once / 569 pages)
n
Use the word testing to mean the process of evaluating how something works or how well students have learned. Most colleges require applicants to undergo testing.
There are two kinds of testing: the testing that's done on products to make sure they work or are safe, and the testing that's done on students to make sure they're learning what they need to know. If you've seen a label on shaving cream or hand lotion that says "no animal testing," it means the company didn't experiment on animals when they determined the product's safety.
WORD FAMILY
testing: testings+/ test: sub-test, tested, testee, tester, testing, tests/tested: untested/testee: testees/tester: testers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The family hoped genetic testing would provide an answer.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In his New Year message at the weekend, Mr Kim Jong-un said North Korea was close to testing long-range missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But Watson, who is often reluctant to change equipment, is not your typical player who endures endless hours of product testing.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 测试
adj. 与试验有关的，试验的; 棘手的
v. 测验(test的现在分词)
分布：测试(94%)，试验的(3%)，伤脑筋的(2%)，动词test的现在分词.(1%)
mainly UK
adjective
■difficult 困难的，棘手的
• These are very testing times for our family. 这些日子是我们家极其困难的时期。
• The testing Hungaroring circuit is a challenge for any racing driver. 艰险的匈格罗宁赛车场对任何赛车手都是个挑战。
adj. [试验] 试验的；棘手的
 - trial, awkward

Word: stomach
Front: stomach
[ˈstʌmək] (中高研四六托雅宝 2503/2661 -K3)
Vocabulary: stomach
(once / 255 pages)
nv
The stomach is the organ of your body — kind of a big sac — that digests food. We also say people have a stomach for something unpleasant when they can handle it.
Without a stomach, you'd be in trouble: that's where your food gets digested and turned into useful material your body can use for energy. If you ever got punched in the stomach or had a stomach ache, it can hurt a lot. Also, stomach can mean having a hunger, or at least tolerance, for something. If you can't stomach watching football, then you can't stand watching it. If you have a stomach for something, you can swallow it.
WORD FAMILY
stomach: stomachal, stomached, stomaches, stomachic, stomaching, stomachs
USAGE EXAMPLES
A very difficult loss to stomach and very sad to lose Tyler Lockett, a great player and young man.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
A pathologist determined the cause of death to be a shot to the stomach, causing heavy blood loss.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Then she slapped her hand against her own taut stomach.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 胃; 腹部; 食欲; 欲望
vt. 容忍; 吃…吃得津津有味; 〈古〉对…发怒
时态：stomached, stomaching, stomaches
分布：胃(76%)，腹部(12%)，胃口(6%)，忍受(5%)，吃得下(1%)
→来自古法语 estomac,胃，来自拉丁语 stomachus,喉咙，食道，胃，来自希腊语 stomachos,喉 咙，食道，嘴，口，来自 stoma,嘴，口，来自 stomen,嘴，口。
n.胃,胃口;肚子,腹部vt.承受,忍受The engineer examined the engine of the mining machine for stomach.工程师检查采矿机的发动机是否有肚子痛.
【记】古希腊人认为胃部是在忍受一件事时的反应最强烈的地方。S死to偷ma妈ch吃：我偷来的汉堡被妈妈吃了，只好忍了。
【反】refuse to tolerate（拒绝忍受）
noun countable (plural stomachs)
 ESSENTIAL
■an organ in the body where food is digested , or the soft front part of your body just below the chest 胃；肚子，腹部
• He was punched in the stomach. 他的肚子挨了一拳。
• The doctor asked him to lie down on his stomach. 医生要他俯卧。
• The sight of blood always churns/turns my stomach (= makes me feel as if I am going to vomit). 看见血总会令我反胃。
• She's got a very delicate stomach and doesn't eat spicy food. 她肠胃不好，不能吃辛辣食物。
• I was hungry and my stomach had started growling/rumbling (= making noises). 我饿了，肚子开始咕咕叫。
• He felt a knot of nervousness in the pit (= bottom) of his stomach. 他心里一阵紧张。
• I suggested that a cup of tea might settle (= calm) her stomach. 我建议她喝杯茶，也许可以缓解她胃部的不适。
['stʌm.ək] noun countable (plural stomachs)
have a strong stomach
■to be able to smell, taste or see unpleasant things without feeling ill or upset 不易反胃；忍耐力极强
• You need to have a very strong stomach to watch some of the surgery scenes. 要观看某些外科手术场面，你需要有极强的忍耐力。
['stʌm.ək] noun countable (plural stomachs)
have a weak stomach
■to easily feel ill or upset when you smell, taste or see something unpleasant 易反胃；忍耐力极弱
['stʌm.ək] noun countable (plural stomachs)
not have the stomach for sth (also have no stomach for sth)
■to not feel brave or determined enough to do something unpleasant 没有做…的勇气；缺乏做…的决心：
• I didn't have the stomach for another fight. 我没有勇气再打一架。
['stʌm.ək] verb transitive usually in negatives
■to be able to accept an unpleasant idea or watch something unpleasant 能够容忍，承受得住（令人不快的想法或景象）
• He can't stomach the idea that Peter might be the next chairman. 他一想到彼得可能会出任下届主席就很不舒服。
• She found the violence in the film hard to stomach. 她觉得这部电影中的暴力场面令人难以忍受。
n. 胃； [解剖] 腹部；胃口
 - abdomen, belly
vt. 忍受；吃下
 - go, stand, abide, tough, tolerate
vi. 忍受
 - suffer from, bear with

Word: apparent
Front: apparent
[əˈpærənt] (高研四六雅 2502/1770 -K3)
Vocabulary: apparent
(once / 56 pages)
adj
Apparent means obvious, but — and this is confusing — it can also mean something that seems to be true but isn't definite. "The train's arrival is apparent — it's in the station — but apparently my friend missed it because she is not getting off."
It makes sense that apparent has the same ancient root as appear because it's about what is plain to see. Its subtle power of suggestion, however, is wonderfully useful. The "heir apparent" technically means next in line, but the ink isn't dry. The power of apparent is that it leaves the door open for a little ambiguity. Maybe the heir apparent will be the next king, or maybe he'll be overthrown in a bloodless coup by his apparently more ambitious cousin.
WORD FAMILY
apparent: apparency, apparently, apparentness, unapparent
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is apparent what is in Russian President Vladimir Putin’s soul, and it ain’t pretty.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
This side of Priebus was not always apparent over the past year.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But one significant aspect of the deal, among the richest in college sports, was not apparent to the crowd.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
Back: adj. 易看见的，可看见的; 显然的，明明白白的; 貌似的，表面的; 显见
分布：明显的(87%)，表面上的(13%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. 词根par, 出现，见appear.
显而易见的(ap+par+ent→一再能看见→显而易见)[par,pear=comeinsight,表示"看见"]
a.表面上的,貌似真实的;显然的,明明白白的His parents apparently stare at the transparent cigarettes.他父母显然凝视着透明香烟.
US [-'per-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■able to be seen or understood 清晰可见的；显而易见的；明白易懂的
• Her unhappiness was apparent to everyone. 谁都看得出她很不开心。
• [+ that] It was becoming increasingly apparent that he could no longer look after himself. 他再也不能生活自理了，这一点日益明显。
• I was on the metro this morning when for no apparent reason the man opposite suddenly screamed. 今天上午在地铁上，我对面的一个男人突然莫名其妙地尖叫起来。
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■seeming to exist or be true 表面上的；貌似（真实）的；显得…的
• There are one or two apparent discrepancies between the two reports. 这两份报告看上去有一两处出入。
• She has this apparent innocence which, I suspect, she uses to her advantage. 她貌似天真，但我认为，这只是对她有利的伪装。
obvious, apparent, conspicuous
obvious: 明白的，清楚的，平淡无奇的
apparent: 清楚易见或易懂的，表面上的
conspicuous: 明显的，惹人注目的
clear, obvious, evident, apparent, manifest, definite, plain, distinct
这组词都有“清楚的，明白的，明显的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 普通用词，侧重清楚明白。
obvious: 语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。
evident: 指根据事实成为显然的。
apparent: 强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。
manifest: 语义较强，书面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。
definite: 语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。
plain: 普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。
distinct: 较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。
adj. 显然的；表面上的
 - transparent, decided, patent

Word: weigh
Front: weigh
[weɪ] (中高研四六 2504/3088 -K3)
Vocabulary: weigh
(once / 161 pages)
v
To weigh is all about judging; you could be seeing how heavy something is or if it is a good choice. You could weigh the tomatoes you're buying or weigh your options when applying to college.
To weigh something can mean to physically assess its weight — is it 3 pounds? 40 kilos? 22 grams? But it's no accident that the symbol for justice is often a scale. That's because all of the facts of a case need to be weighed or evaluated for justice to be served. And hopefully the decision will be balanced and fair.
WORD FAMILY
weigh: overweight, weighed, weigher, weighing, weighs+/overweight: overweights/weigher: weighers/weighing: weighings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those with a fruit bowl weighed 13 pounds less.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Australian authorities relaxed drone regulations in September, allowing anyone to fly drones weighing up to 2kg without training, insurance, registration or certification.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
She is currently weighing whether to run again and meanwhile is running Emerge Colorado, a branch of Emerge America.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 称…的重量; 权衡，考虑; 用手掂估; 使吃重
vi. 具有重要性; 重量为; 起锚; 成为…的重荷
n. 权衡; 称重量
时态：weighed, weighing, weighs
分布：衡量(94%)，重达 ...(6%)
→来自wegh,承载，运输，词源同way,vehicle,wagon.引申义承载，重量。
v.称...重量,称;重达;考虑,权衡This box weighs five kilogrammes.这只箱子重五公斤.
verb
HEAVINESS 重量
 IMPROVER [L only + noun] transitive
■to have a heaviness of a stated amount, or to measure the heaviness of an object 有…重；称…的重量
• Yesterday a satellite weighing 15 tonnes was successfully placed in orbit. 昨天一颗重15公吨的卫星被成功送入了轨道。
• [R] She weighs herself every week on the scales in the bathroom. 她每周都用浴室里的秤称体重。
• Your luggage must be weighed before it is put on the aircraft. 你的行李在送上飞机之前必须要称重。
[weɪ] verb
INFLUENCE 影响
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■(of something such as a fact or an event) to have an influence or be important （事实或事件）有影响，很重要
• Easy access to a railway network weighed heavily with us when we chose a site for the new factory. 我们选择新工厂的厂址时，能否离铁路网比较近，对我们非常重要。
[weɪ] verb
CONSIDER 考虑
transitive
■to carefully consider, especially by comparing facts or possibilities, in order to make a decision 仔细考虑；权衡
• Only when we have weighed all the factors involved can we decide when would be the best time to start. 我们只有权衡了所有相关因素后，才能决定何时开始最好。
• Economic benefits must be carefully weighed against the possible dangers of handling radioactive waste. 在衡量处理放射性核废料可能出现的危险时，必须认真考虑其经济收益问题。
Compare outweigh
[weɪ] verb
SHIP 船
weigh anchor
■to lift the anchor (= a heavy metal object) of a ship from under the water so that it can move freely 起锚，启航
[weɪ] verb
weigh your words (also weigh each word)
■to carefully think about everything you are going to say before you say it 推敲；斟酌字句
• He gave evidence to the court, weighing each word as he spoke. 他字斟句酌地向法庭提供了证词。
[weɪ] verb
weigh a ton informal
■to be very heavy 非常重，特别沉
• What on Earth have you got in this bag, Elaine? It weighs a ton! 伊莱恩，你这个袋子里装的到底是甚么？重死了！
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M usually passive] weigh sb/sth down
■If someone or something is weighed down with something, they are carrying a lot of or too much of it 压倒；压弯
• Weighed down with supplies, they found the steep path difficult to climb. 由于背着沉重的补给品，他们觉得陡峭的小路很难攀爬。
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M usually passive] weigh sb down
■to make a person feel worried and unhappy because of problems, responsibilities and duties 使（某人）焦虑；使（某人）沮丧
• I thought she looked somehow older, weighed down by all her new responsibilities. 我觉得她被那些新职责弄得心力交瘁，看上去都老了些。
• Too much responsibility when too young can weigh down on a child. 年幼时背负过多的责任会使孩子不堪重负。
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  weigh in
SPORT
■to be officially weighed before competing in a sport, especially boxing or horse racing （尤指拳击或赛马比赛之前）量体重
• Tyson weighed in at 245 lbs for the fight. 泰森打这场比赛时体重为245磅。
DISCUSSION informal
■to become involved in an argument or discussion in a forceful way 积极参与（辩论或讨论）
• Several leading architects weighed in with criticisms regarding the design of the new museum. 几位著名的建筑师加入讨论，对新博物馆的设计方案提出了批评意见。
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  weigh on sb/sth
■If a problem or responsibility weighs on you, it makes you worried or unhappy （问题、责任等）使（某人）焦虑不安，使（某人）担忧
• He's under huge pressure at work and it's really weighing on him. 他工作压力很大，内心负担很重。
• She knew she had treated him badly and it weighed heavily on her mind for a long time. 她知道自己以前对他很差，这件事压在她心头已经很长时间了。
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] weigh sth out
■to measure an amount of something 称出（一定重量的某物）
• Will you weigh out two kilograms of flour for me please? 请给我称两公斤面粉好吗？
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] weigh sth up
■to think carefully about the advantages or disadvantages of a situation before making a decision 就…仔细考虑（利弊）；就…权衡
• I'm weighing up my options before I decide to apply for the job. 我在权衡自己的选择，然后再决定是否要申请那份工作。
[weɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] weigh sb up
■to form an opinion about a situation or someone's abilities and character by thinking about them carefully 估计（形势）；评估（某人的能力、品质）
• I weighed up my chances of escape, and decided to wait for a better moment. 估量了一下逃跑的胜算有多大后，我决定等待一个更好的时机。
• When you're a detective you learn to weigh people up quickly. 如果你是个侦探，就要学会快速判断一个人。
weigh, consider, study, contemplate, ponder
这组词都有“考虑、思考、估量”的意思，其区别是：
weigh: 指作出决策前把问题的各个方面进行比较，权衡利害得失，取有利的方面。
consider: 既指一时的对某事的考虑，也指长时间的深入的思考。
study: 普通用词，指对各方面考虑，在制订出计划或采取具体动作之前作认真检查。
contemplate: 通常指长时间思考某事，有时含无确定的实际目的。
ponder: 侧重仔细、深入、连续地考虑问题，以作出认真的估计和正确的抉择。
vt. 权衡；考虑；称…重量
 - view, measure, study, regard, think of
vi. 重量为…；具有重要性；成为…的重荷；起锚
 - break ground
n. 权衡； [计量] 称重量
 - trade-off

Word: install
Front: install
[ɪnˈstɔ:l] (研四六托雅宝 2505/2603 -K3)
Vocabulary: install
(once / 345 pages)
1v 2v
Use the verb install to mean "set up" or "put in place." You can install new software on your computer, or even install new officers to your honor society.
The word install traces back to the Latin word installare, from in-, meaning “into,” and stallum, meaning “place” or “stall.” Install has to do with putting someone or something in a chosen place. For example, you might install a solar panel on your roof, install your best friend in a cushy job at your company, or install yourself at the best table in your favorite restaurant.
WORD FAMILY
install: installation, installed, installment, installs, reinstall+/installation: installations/installment: installments/reinstall: reinstalled, reinstalling
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dear Heloise: I am a handyman, and each year I install and remove dozens of window air conditioners.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
N.F.L. installs replay policy that mandates official review of every gain of more than 2 yards.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The sensors, which were installed in the 1990s, monitor fast-moving gushes of mud and debris, or lahars.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 安装; 安顿，安置; 任命; 使…正式就职
时态：installed, installing, installs
分布：安装(98%)，安置(1%)，使 ... 就职(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-stall,站立，词源同stand,stall.引申词义安装，设置，就职等。
安装;就职(in进+stall→放进去→安装)[stall=place,表示"放"]
vt.(instal)安装,设置,安置;使就职,任命The tall man installed a small wallet on the wall.高个男子把一小钱包安放到墙上.
【记】windows环境下的软件安装用install，dos环境用setup。In里面，stall（n 货摊；厩v 使停止）－停在职位中－就职
【参】installation（n 就职；[计]安装）
US [-'stɑ:l] verb transitive
READY TO USE 安装
 IMPROVER
■to put furniture, a machine or a piece of equipment into position and make it ready to use 安装
• The plumber is coming tomorrow to install the new washing machine. 水管工明天来安装新的洗衣机。
 IMPROVER specialized
■to put a computer program onto a computer so that the computer can use it 把…安装到电脑上
• Andrew, can you help me install this software? 安德鲁，你能帮我安装这个软体吗？
(UK also instal) UK [ɪn'stɔ:l] US [-'stɑ:l] verb transitive
GIVE JOB 任命
■to place someone in an official position 正式任命，使正式就职
• She has installed a couple of young academics as her advisers. 她任用几名年轻的大学教师作为顾问。
(UK also instal) UK [ɪn'stɔ:l] US [-'stɑ:l] verb transitive
PLACE 安置
install sb/yourself in/at somewhere UK to put someone/yourself in a comfortable position where you want to stay 将（某人）／自己安顿在某处
• He seems to have installed himself in your spare room for good! 看来他要在你那间闲置的睡房里永远安顿下来了。
vt. 安装；任命；安顿
 - fit, constitute, fix, place, name

Word: sensitive
Front: sensitive
[ˈsensətɪv] (高研四六托雅宝 2506/2372 -K3)
Vocabulary: sensitive
(once / 224 pages)
adjn
Sensitive describes something or someone who reacts quickly and strongly. It's often something to protect — like baby skin, government documents, or a fragile ecosystem.
Anything sensitive should be treated with special care. It can mean "raw or hurting" when talking about a part of the body. After people visit the dentist, their gums are often sensitive because of the way that big angry lady cleaned their teeth. Sensitive people get their feelings hurt easily. Sensitive documents have big secrets that shouldn't get out. A sensitive tape recorder catches all the little background sounds. Now you should have a sense of the word sensitive.
WORD FAMILY
sensitive: hypersensitive, insensitive, nonsensitive, oversensitive, sensitise, sensitively, sensitiveness, sensitives, sensitivity, sensitize, supersensitive+/desensitise: desensitisation, desensitising/ desensitize: desensitization, desensitized, desensitizes, desensitizing/hypersensitive: hypersensitively, hypersensitivity/insensibility: insensibilities/ insensible: insensibility, insensibly/ insensitive: insensitively, insensitiveness, insensitivity/insensitivity: insensitivities/ nonsense: nonsenses, nonsensical / nonsensical: nonsensicalest, nonsensicality, nonsensically/oversensitive: oversensitively, oversensitiveness/ sensation: aftersensation, sensational, sensations/ sensational: sensationalism, sensationally, unsensational/sensationalism: sensationalisms, sensationalist, sensationalistic/sensationalist: sensationalists/ sense: nonsense, sensation, sensed, senseless, senses, sensible, sensing, sensitive, sensor, sensorial, sensuous /senseless: senselessly, senselessness/ sensibility: sensibilities/ sensible: insensible, sensibilise, sensibility, sensibilize, sensibleness, sensibler, sensiblest, sensibly/sensitise: desensitise, sensitisation, sensitised, sensitiser, sensitising/sensitised: hypersensitised, supersensitised/sensitiser: sensitisers/sensitiveness: sensitivenesses/ sensitivity: sensitivities/sensitize: desensitize, sensitization, sensitized, sensitizer, sensitizes, sensitizing/sensitized: hypersensitized, supersensitized/sensitizer: sensitizers/sensor: sensors/sensorial: sensorially/ sensuous: sensuously, sensuousness/supersensitive: supersensitively/unsensational: unsensationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The skin of rosacea patients is very sensitive,” says John Wolf, chair of dermatology at Houston’s Baylor College of Medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Avoiding computers may indeed be a relatively reliable, if productivity-limiting, strategy for guarding sensitive material.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A senior DHS official, speaking on the condition of anonymity to discuss a sensitive security matter, defended the report.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 敏感的; 感觉的; [仪]灵敏的; 易受影响的
n. 敏感的人; 有灵异能力的人
分布：敏感的(64%)，灵敏的(16%)，敏感的人(8%)，感光的(6%)，易受伤害的(3%)，善解人意的(3%)
→来自 sense,感觉，知觉，-itive,形容词后缀。引申诸相关比喻义。
敏感的(sens+itive)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
敏感的(sense感觉)[-itive表形容词"…的"]
a.(to)敏感的,易受伤害的;灵敏的A sensible man's sensor is sensitive to nonsense on census.明智者的传感器对人口调查废话敏感.
【记】sens感觉，itive过分：过分有感觉－敏感的
【反】numb（adj 麻木的）
US [-sə.tˌɪv] adjective
UPSET 不快的
 IMPROVER
■easily upset by the things people say or do, or causing people to be upset, embarrassed or angry 神经过敏的；易被冒犯的；敏感的
• Her reply showed that she was very sensitive to criticism. 她的回答显示她对批评很敏感。
• He was very sensitive about his scar and thought everyone was staring at him. 他对自己的伤疤很敏感，以为每个人都在盯着他看。
 IMPROVER
■A sensitive subject, situation, etc. needs to be dealt with carefully in order to avoid upsetting people （话题、形势等）敏感的，须谨慎对待的
• Sex education and birth control are sensitive issues. 性教育和计划生育都是敏感的话题。
• The stolen car contained military documents described as very sensitive. 被盗的汽车里有据称非常敏感的军事档。
UK ['sent.sɪ.tɪv] US [-sə.tˌɪv] adjective
KIND 和善的
 ADVANCED
■understanding what other people need, and being helpful and kind to them 善解人意的；体贴的；体谅的
• Representatives of the company claim their plan will be sensitive to local needs. 公司代表们说，他们的计划会照顾到当地的需要。
• In the movie, he plays a concerned and sensitive father trying to bring up two teenage children on his own. 在影片中，他扮演了一个关怀备至、体贴入微的父亲，努力独自抚养两个十几岁的孩子。
UK ['sent.sɪ.tɪv] US [-sə.tˌɪv] adjective
REACTING EASILY 轻易作出反应的
■easily influenced, changed or damaged, especially by a physical activity or effect 娇嫩的；脆弱的；敏感的
• Some people's teeth are highly sensitive to cold. 一些人的牙齿对冰冷极为敏感。
• sensitive skin 敏感的皮肤
■Sensitive equipment is able to record small changes （仪器）灵敏的； 感度高的
• The patient's responses are recorded on a sensitive piece of equipment which gives extremely accurate readings. 病人的反应由一台敏锐的仪器记录下来，该仪器能显示出极其精确的读数。
sensible, senseless, sensitive
sensible: 懂事的，明智的。如：He is a sensible child.(他是个懂事的孩子。)
senseless: 愚蠢的(常作定语)；无知觉的(常作表语)。
sensitive: 有感觉的，敏感的。如：Eyes are very sensitive to light.(眼睛对光敏感。)
sensational, sensible, sentimental, sensitive
这是一组形近易混词。
sensational: a.耸人听闻的，令人激动的。
 • I read a sensational story about a ten-year-old mother.   我听到一则耸人听闻的故事：十岁女孩做妈妈。
sensible: a.有知觉的，可感知的；明智的。
 • The patient was speechless but still sensible.   病人虽然不能说话但仍然有知觉。
sentimental: a.多愁善感的，感伤的。
 • The novel has scenes full of love and loss; it is so sentimental!   小说有多处场景充满爱情的悲欢离合，真是感伤啊！
sensitive: a.敏感的，灵敏的。
 • This film is sensitive to light.   这种胶片对光很敏感。
adj. [仪] 敏感的；灵敏的；感光的；易受伤害的
 - vulnerable, subtle, quick

Word: suggestion
Front: suggestion
[səˈdʒestʃən] (中高雅 2507/1775 -K3)
Vocabulary: suggestion
(once / 135 pages)
n
A suggestion is an idea someone proposes. You can accept or reject a suggestion.
When someone gives an order — like in the military — it has to be carried out. On the other hand, a suggestion is an idea that's optional. At a restaurant, a waiter may make a suggestion of a good soup. A friend could make a suggestion of a fun movie. If you're new in town, you might ask for suggestions of good neighborhoods. Suggestions are ideas that can be taken or rejected; it’s up to the person who receives the suggestion.
WORD FAMILY
suggestion: self-suggestion, suggestions+/ suggest: suggested, suggester, suggestible, suggesting, suggestion, suggestive, suggests/suggester: suggesters/suggestible: suggestibility/ suggestive: suggestively
USAGE EXAMPLES
These may not be the most practical or, to many, desirable suggestions.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But his campaign suggestions - more deep space exploration, less Earth science - seem to bode well for Alabama and for Marshall Space Flight Center.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hey kids, good suggestions for a near 80 year old too!
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: n. 建议，意见，暗示; 联想，启发; 微量
分布：建议(91%)，意见(6%)，联想(2%)，有...迹象(1%)
→suggest,提议，建议，-ion,名词后缀。
建议;暗示(suggest+ion)[gest,gister=carry,bring,表示"带来,产生"]
n.建议,意见;细微的迹象;暗示,联想He made the suggestion that we go by train.他建议我们坐火车去.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■an idea, plan or action that is suggested or the act of suggesting it 提议；建议
• I don't know what to wear tonight - do you have any suggestions? 我不知道今晚该穿甚么——你有甚么建议吗？
• She made some very helpful suggestions but her boss rejected them all. 她提了些很有帮助的建议，但被她的老板全部否定了。
• [+ that] They didn't like my suggestion that we should all share the cost. 他们不喜欢我所提出费用分摊的建议。
• I have a few favourite restaurants that I tend to go back to, but I'm always open to new suggestions (= willing to try new ones that people suggest). 我有几家很喜欢的餐馆，常常会去光顾，但有新提议的话，我也很乐意换换口味。
• I went to the Park Street dentist's at Ann's suggestion (= as a result of Ann suggesting it) and I was really impressed. 我听从安的建议去了派克街的牙医诊所，结果发现真的很不错。
■communication of an idea without stating it directly 暗示
• the suggestion of his guilt 暗示他的罪行
■a slight amount or trace of something 微量；细微迹象
• a suggestion of an Irish accent 微微有些爱尔兰人的口音
[sə'dʒes.tʃən] noun countable or uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  suggestionWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'do a suggestion' or 'give a suggestion', say make/put forward/offer a suggestion :
✗ He did some suggestions about how to improve our service. He made some suggestions about how to improve our service.
advice, opinion, progposal, suggestion, recommendation, view
这些名词均含“意见、建议”之意。
advice: 普通用词，侧重依据个人经验、学识和正确判断而提出的忠言。
opinion: 日常用词，泛指对某事物的想法和意见。
progposal: 指正式提出来供研究、采纳或实行的建议。
suggestion: 普通用词，语气比advice婉转客气，也不如proposal正式。着重为改进工作、解决困难等提出的建议，有时含所提建议不一定正确，仅供参考的意味。
recommendation: 指在自己经历的基础上而提出的有益建议、意见或忠告。
view: 侧重指对重大的或引起公众关注的问题所持的看法和态度。
implication, suggestion, hint
这组词都有“暗示，暗指”的意思，其区别是：
implication: 指对某事不公开发表自己的意见，仅用语言动作或表情表明态度，要对方进行推断。
suggestion: 既可指比较明显的暗示，又可指客观上流露出的迹象。
hint: 最常用用词，多指无意中的，间接的暗示。
n. 建议；示意；微量，细微的迹象
 - advice, proposal, instance, recommendation, trace

Word: mail
Front: mail
[meɪl] (中高雅 2508/2485 -K3)
Vocabulary: mail
(once / 183 pages)
1nv 2n
Mail is anything that's delivered to your mail box or post office box — letters, bills, packages, magazines, or anything else that's sent through the postal service. Email is the internet's version of mail.
Mail carriers' bags are full of mail, and the system that allows this mail to be delivered all over the world is also called the mail. As a verb, to mail something is to send it via this system: when you write a letter, address and stamp it, and put it in a mailbox, you mail it. In the seventeenth century, mail meant "bag full of letters," from the Old French male, "wallet, bag, or bundle."
WORD FAMILY
mail: mailed, mailer, mailing, mails+/mailer: mailers/mailing: mailings
USAGE EXAMPLES
They mailed 360 letters to residents, explained the plans and asked for input.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Some examples are David Rose from the UK who writes for The Mail on Sunday.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“All his letters were like mail art,” Mr. Lethem said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 邮件，邮政; 邮政（制度）; 邮务员，邮递员; 〈古〉袋，旅行包
vt. 邮寄; 给…穿盔甲
vi. 投邮
时态：mailed, mailing, mails
分布：邮件(76%)，邮寄(16%)，邮政(8%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*malho,来自molko,皮袋，袋子。后引申词义旅行袋，信件袋，邮袋，最终用于指邮件。mail 锁子甲
n.邮件v.邮寄The sailor was nailed on the rail for he failed to trail the mail.水手被钉在横木上,因为他未能跟踪邮件.
noun
POST 邮件
 ESSENTIAL [S or U] (mainly UK post)
■the letters and parcels which are sent by post, or the postal system itself 邮件，信件；邮包；邮政（系统）
• She spent the morning reading and answering her mail. 她花了一个上午处理信件。
• All of our customers will be contacted by mail. 我们利用邮件方式联络所有的客户。
• The book came in yesterday's mail. 书是昨天寄达的。
• Some strange things get sent through the mail. 一些奇怪的东西经邮政系统寄了出去。
[meɪl] noun
COVERING 覆盖物
uncountable
■ chain mail
[meɪl] verb transitive mainly US (mainly UK post)
■to send a letter or parcel or email something 邮寄；把…寄出
• She mailed it last week but it still hasn't arrived. 上周她就把它寄出了，但还没有寄达。
• [+ two objects] I promised to mail him the article/mail the article to him. 我答应过把文章寄给他。
mail, post
这组词都有“邮件，邮寄”的意思，其区别是：
mail: 主要用于美国。
post: 主要用于英国。
n. 邮件；邮政， [邮] 邮递；盔甲
 - armour, dawk
vi. 邮寄；寄出
 - send off, pack off

Word: recipe
Front: recipe
[ˈresəpi] (高研六托雅宝 2509/3661 -2)
Vocabulary: recipe
(once / 859 pages)
n
A recipe is directions for making a dish or dessert, like your mother's award-winning recipe for chocolate chip cookies.
The word recipe is most often used when talking about cooking. It includes two things: a list of ingredients that you'll need and the steps to take in order to make it. You can find recipes in cookbooks, on Web sites, in newspapers and magazines — or handed down in your family. Other than cooking, a recipe can also be a formula: the recipe for success is hard work, good timing and a little luck.
WORD FAMILY
recipe: recipes
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There are 33 separate recipes, preserved on three different cuneiform tablets,” said Tate Paulette, a postdoctoral fellow at Brown University who studies Mesopotamian cuisine.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Recipes were judged on flavor, creativity and originality, accuracy and methodology.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
I created many of the recipes on the menu, and they are heavy on yogurt, chilies and saffron.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 食谱; 处方; 秘诀
分布：食谱(80%)，秘诀(16%)，药方(4%)
→re-,向后，往回，-cip,抓住，词源同 receive,participate.引申词义食谱，秘诀。
n.烹饪法,食谱;诀窍,方法I use the ripe recipe to wipe the pipeline.我用成熟的配方来擦拭管道.
【记】re反复，cip掉，e饿：反复掉入饿的状态，因为总是看食谱！
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a set of instructions telling you how to prepare and cook food, including a list of what food is needed for this 食谱；烹饪法
• For real South Asian food, just follow these recipes. 要做地道的印度饭菜，只需遵照这些食谱即可。
• Do you know a good recipe for wholemeal bread? 你知不知道怎样做很棒的全麦面包？
['res.ɪ.pi] noun countable
be a recipe for disaster/trouble/success, etc.
■to be very likely to become a disaster/success, etc 是灾难的祸因／麻烦的源头／成功的诀窍等
• All those children unsupervised sounds to me like a recipe for disaster. 那些孩子全都没人看管，在我听来这会出大乱子。
n. 食谱； [临床] 处方；秘诀
 - secret, tips

Word: reasonable
Front: reasonable
[ˈri:znəbl] (高研四六雅 2510/1549 -K3)
Vocabulary: reasonable
(once / 157 pages)
adj
Reasonable describes someone or something that's sensible and fair, like your teacher who gives reasonable homework assignments — they don't take you forever to do and they relate to what you are studying.
If you're reasonable, you have good sense and judgment. A reasonable decision is rational and thought out, like your mom's reasonable rule about not eating crumbly foods in her car. When you describe a store's prices as reasonable, you mean they're fair — not too high. And if you are given a reasonable amount of time to do a project for school, you have no excuse for it being late.
WORD FAMILY
reasonable: reasonableness, reasonabler, reasonablest, reasonably+/ reason: reasonable, reasoned, reasoner, reasoning, reasonless, reasons, unreason/reasoner: reasoners/ reasoning: reasoningly, reasonings, unreasoning/unreason: unreasonable, unreasons/unreasonable: unreasonably/unreasoning: unreasoningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The law mandates that only “reasonable” fees be charged for public records.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Also, the MDX is a reasonable size, adding to its nimbleness, especially in parking lots.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Buyers based in other European capital cities will likely note how reasonable these prices are by comparison.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 合理的，公道的; 明白道理的; 适当的; 有理性的
分布：合理的(93%)，通情达理的(6%)，公平适度的(1%)
→来自 reason,理由，-able,形容词后缀。
a.合理的,有道理的;通情达理的;适度的It's a treason terror of the seasonal oversea seafood is reasonable.认为季节性的海外海鲜的价格是合理的就是背叛.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■based on or using good judgment and therefore fair and practical 合情理的；讲道理的；公平的
• If you tell him what happened, I'm sure he'll understand - he's a reasonable man. 如果你把发生的事情说给他听，我相信他肯定会理解的——他是个通情达理的人。
• He went free because the jury decided there was a reasonable doubt about his guilt. 他没有被判罪，因为陪审团认定指控他犯罪的证据不足。
 ADVANCED
■acceptable 可以接受的；合意的；尚好的
• We had a reasonable journey. 我们去了一次不错的旅行。
• We have a strong team and a reasonable chance of winning the game. 我们队很有实力，相当有把握赢出比赛。
 ADVANCED
■not too expensive （价钱）公道的，不太贵的
• Tomatoes are very reasonable at this time of year. 每年这个季节番茄的价格很划算。
sensible, rational, reasonable
这组词都有“明智的，合情合理的”的意思，其区别是：
sensible: 一般指合乎常情、切合实际的行为与思想，侧重明白事理。
rational: 指有理性的，有思维推理能力，而不是凭感觉冲动从事。
reasonable: 一般不十分着重推理的能力，而往往用来表示合乎情理、公正或务实。
realistic, practical, feasible, reasonable
realistic: 符合实际的，现实的
practical: 实际的，现实的，实用性的
feasible: 可行的，适当的
reasonable: 合理的，有道理的，适当的
adj. 合理的，公道的；通情达理的
 - rational, logical, possible, just, legitimate

Word: preparation
Front: preparation
[ˌprepəˈreɪʃn] (高研四六 2513/2091 -K3)
Vocabulary: preparation
(once / 132 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Preparation is the act of preparing — getting ready, planning, training, or studying with a goal in mind.
If you know pre means before, then you have a clue to the meaning of preparation. Dressing up before a date, learning your lines for a play, and attending medical school are all forms of preparation. Boot camp is preparation for soldiers. Rehearsal is preparation for actors. In cooking a huge meal, you have to do a lot of preparation before actually beginning to cook. If you fail a test, you clearly need to do more preparation next time.
WORD FAMILY
preparation: preparations+/preparative: preparatively/ preparatory: preparatorily/ prepare: preparation, preparative, preparatory, prepared, prepares, preparing/prepared: preparedly, preparedness, unprepared/unprepared: unpreparedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In preparation for the session next month, Pinto reached across the aisle to Rep. Ron Kresha, who will serve as co-host.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Stage Three is the “Preparation Stage” and this is a good place to be at the beginning of the new year.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In Tokyo, this preparation is typically served over rice with a light dusting of the powdered Japanese pepper called sansho.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 准备，预备; 准备工作; 配制品; 制剂
分布：准备(89%)，预备(7%)，配制(4%)
n.准备,预备;制剂,制备品We made preparations for the trip.我们为旅行作准备.
US [-ə'reɪ-] noun
GETTING READY 预备
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the things that you do or the time that you spend preparing for something 准备工作；准备，预备
• The teacher didn't seem to have done much preparation for the class. 看来这位教师这堂课准备得不是太充分。
• The team blamed injuries and lack of preparation for their failure to win. 这支球队把他们未能获胜归咎于受伤和准备不充分。
• Yasmin assisted in the preparation of this article. 亚斯明帮忙做了一些这篇文章的准备工作。
preparations [plural]
 ADVANCED
■plans or arrangements that you make to prepare for something 准备，预备
• [+ to infinitive] We are making preparations to fly Mr Goodall to the nearest hospital. 我们正在着手准备透过飞机将古多尔先生送往最近的一家医院。
• Preparations for the opening ceremony are well under way. 开幕式的准备工作正在顺利进行中。
UK [ˌprep.ər'eɪ.ʃən] US [-ə'reɪ-] noun
MIXTURE 混合物
countable
■a mixture of substances, often for use as a medicine 配制品；（常指医药）制剂
• a preparation for nappy rash 治疗尿布疹的药剂
n. 预备；准备
 - arrangement, preliminary, provision

Word: wooden
Front: wooden
[ˈwʊdn] (高研四六 2512/2452 -K3)
Back: adj. 木制的; 木头的; 僵硬的; 呆板的
分布：木制的(95%)，生硬笨拙的(5%)
木制的(wood木头)[-en 1.表动词"变成"2.表形容词"由…制成",通常加在名词后面3.表名词"人或物"]
a.木制的;呆笨的The goodness of the wooden goods gives me good mood.木制商品的精华给我一个好心情.
adjective
WOOD
 IMPROVER
■made of wood 木制的
• The house was surrounded by a tall, wooden fence. 这所房子被一道高高的木制篱笆围了起来。
• Stir the mixture with a wooden spoon. 用木勺搅打混合物。
['wʊd.ən] adjective
AWKWARD 笨拙的 disapproving
■describes behaviour that is awkward or shows little expression （行为）僵硬的，呆板的
• She gave a wooden smile to the camera. 她向相机不自然地笑了一下。
• I thought the lead actor gave rather a wooden performance. 我觉得那个主角的表演相当呆板。
adj. [木] 木制的；僵硬的，呆板的
 - mechanical, rigid, dead

Word: elementary
Front: elementary
[ˌelɪˈmentri] (研四六托雅宝 2511/7127 -1)
Vocabulary: elementary
(once / 700 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
Things that are elementary are simple or not very advanced, as in elementary school or Sherlock Holmes' famous line, "Elementary, my dear Watson!"
Remember elementary school? That's an earlier, less advanced type of school than middle and high school. Things that are elementary are simpler — easy enough for a first grader to handle. A puzzle that's a snap to solve could be called elementary. We can also say that something is elementary when it's a basic building block of something else: a good breakfast is elementary to healthy nutrition, for example.
WORD FAMILY
elementary: elementarily+/ element: elemental, elementary, elements /elemental: elementally
USAGE EXAMPLES
The agency also focuses on eliminating drugs in schools from elementary through college.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Players in elementary grades at Jewish schools now set their sights on yeshivas with the most powerful hockey programs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Elementary schools, which open in two waves, now start at 9 a.m. or 9:25 a.m.,
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 基本的; 初级的; [化]元素的; 初等
分布：基本的(60%)，初级的(25%)，元素的(15%)
→来自element, 基础，基本。
基本的(element元素,要素)[-ary 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,场所,物"]
a.初步的;基本的;[化]元素的;自然力的The mental patient thinks the cement is the elementary element of the ornament.精神病人认为水泥是装饰品的基本成分.
US [-tˌɚ-] adjective
■basic 基本的
• I have an elementary knowledge of physics. 我懂一些基本的物理知识。
• They made some elementary mistakes. 他们犯了一些很基础的错误。
• Millions of travellers fail to take even the most elementary of precautions. 上百万的旅客甚至没有采取最基本的预防措施。
■relating to the early stages of studying a subject 初级的；基础的
• This book contains a series of elementary exercises for learners. 本书含有为学习者设计的一系列基础练习。
basic, fundamental, elementary
basic: a.基本的，基础的，既可用于具体事物，也可用于抽象事物。
 • He has a basic understanding of the problem.   他对问题有基本的了解。
fundamental: a.根本性的，一般只用于抽象的事物；必要的，必须的。
 • Honesty is a fundamental principle in dealing with others.   诚实是与别人相处的基本原则。
elementary: a.初步的，初级的。elementary school小学
primary, elemental, elementary
这组词都有“基本的”的意思，其区别是：
primary: 可与作“初步的，初级”的elementary换用。
elemental: 强调属于事物的基础或本质。
elementary: 指属于事物的初步或起始阶段
adj. 基本的；初级的； [化学] 元素的
 - basic, fundamental, essential, primary, first

Word: concert
Front: concert
[ˈkɒnsət] (中高研四六托雅 2515/2941 -K3)
Vocabulary: concert
(once / 237 pages)
1n 2v
A concert is a performance by musicians or singers for an audience. If you're in the glee club, you know about singing in concerts, and maybe you've seen your favorite bands in concert, too.
A concert usually doesn't involve theatrical staging. You can have a concert version of an opera, but that means the singers stand there and sing without sets or props, and without much acting or moving around. Less commonly, concert is a verb (accent on the second syllable), meaning to agree with others on something. That meaning shows up in the phrase in concert — your objections will carry more weight if you act in concert with your neighbors.
WORD FAMILY
concert: concerted, concerting, concertise, concertize, concerts+/ concerted: concertedly, preconcerted/concertize: concertized, concertizing/preconcerted: preconcertedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Aleppo was never far from the minds of the band Musiqana and the crowd at its record release concert in Berlin.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On New Year's Eve he performed two concerts.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s an outdoor stage in the middle of a city; it’s one segment of a long show, not a concert production controlled by the star.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 音乐会; 一致，和谐
vt. 通过双方协议来计划或安排; 调整，解决
vi. 协调一致行动
分布：音乐会(91%)，一致(4%)，和谐(2%)，合作(1%)，协定(1%)，协同安排(1%)
→con-, 强调。-cert, 唱，词源同chant, cantor. 字母n被r化。即一起唱歌，音乐会。
n.音乐会,演奏会;一齐,一致The drug trafficker is concerned about the condition of the traditional concert.毒品贩子担心传统音乐会的状况.
US ['kɑ:n.sɚt] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a performance of music by one or more musicians or singers 音乐会
• a pop/classical concert 流行／古典音乐会
• a school concert 学校音乐会
UK ['kɒn.sət] US ['kɑ:n.sɚt] noun countable
in concert
■playing or singing with other musicians in a public performance （一同）演出
• She was appearing in concert at Carnegie Hall. 她参加了在卡内基音乐厅的演出。
formal
■together 共同，一起；一致
• If the member countries would act in concert, the problem might be solved more easily. 如果成员国行动一致，这个问题可能会更容易解决。
n. 音乐会；一致；和谐
 - accordance, unity, agreement, identity, keeping
vt. 使协调；协同安排
 - coordinate with, attune
vi. 协调；协力
 - cooperate, sort

Word: aggressive
Front: aggressive
[əˈgresɪv] (高研四六托雅宝 2514/3648 -K3)
Vocabulary: aggressive
(once / 424 pages)
adj
Someone or something aggressive shows a lot of energy and has a strong impact. After the aggressive salesman stopped them again on their way through the mall, the couple got aggressive and replied in a loud, made-up foreign language until he went away.
Being aggressive often means being physical or showing force, but it is equally powerful as an adjective reflecting a forceful determination to get something done. An aggressive football player may tackle everyone in sight to get a win, while a driven student might tackle a project or problem head-on with aggressive determination to improve their grade. Aggressive comes from the Latin aggress-, "attack," and being aggressive shows an intention to attack bodily, mentally, or verbally whatever gets in the way.
WORD FAMILY
aggressive: aggressively, aggressiveness, nonaggressive, unaggressive+/aggress: aggressed, aggresses, aggressing, aggression, aggressive, aggressor/ aggression: aggressions, nonaggression/aggressor: aggressors/unaggressive: unaggressively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“What he said was, ‘Be thoughtfully aggressive,’” Ms. Burwell said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Baseball officials refused to confront the problem for years, then became more aggressive than other pro leagues in policing the use of illicit drugs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In November, he was diagnosed again, this time with an aggressive brain cancer called glioblastoma.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 侵略的，侵犯的，攻势的; （美）有进取心的，积极行动的; 有进取心的，有闯劲的; 好争斗的，借故生端的，爱打架的，要打架的
分布：有进取心的(36%)，好斗的(27%)，侵略的(25%)，进攻性的(12%)
侵略的;进取的(ag+gress+ive)[gress=go,walk表示"行走"]
a.侵略的,好斗的,有进取心的,敢作敢为的The oppressor suppressed his aggressive opinion about compressor.压制者制止了他的有关压缩机的挑衅性观点.
【反】even-meaning（adj 性格温和的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■behaving in an angry and violent way towards another person 好斗的；富于攻击性的；挑衅的
• Men tend to be more aggressive than women. 男性往往比女性更具有攻击性。
• If I criticize him, he gets aggressive and starts shouting. 如果我批评他，他就会寻衅大吵大闹。
 ADVANCED
■determined to win or succeed and using forceful action to achieve victory or success 积极进取的；有冲劲的；雄心勃勃的
• an aggressive election campaign 声势浩大的竞选活动
• aggressive marketing tactics 雄心勃勃的行销策略
• Both players both won their first-round matches in aggressive style. 两名选手都以全力以赴、志在必得的打法赢得了第一轮比赛。
adj. 侵略性的；好斗的；有进取心的；有闯劲的
 - invasive, enterprising

Word: FALSE

Word: intention
Front: intention
[ɪnˈtenʃn] (中高研四六托 2517/1523 -K3)
Vocabulary: intention
(once / 92 pages)
n
An intention is idea that you plan (or intend) to carry out. If you mean something, it's an intention.
Your goal, purpose, or aim is your intention. It's something you mean to do, whether you pull it off or not. You may have the best intention of cooking an incredible meal, but if you leave the burner on and burn the house down, you will not be remembered as an excellent chef. When a father asks his daughter's boyfriend "What are your intentions?" that means something specific: Does he want to marry her?
WORD FAMILY
intention: intentional, intentions+/ intend: intended, intending, intends, intention / intended: intendedly, unintended/ intentional: intentionality, intentionally, unintentional /unintended: unintendedly/ unintentional: unintentionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
The White House is warning Trump officials not to reverse course and says Cubans are worried about the next administration’s intentions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hooker announced his intentions Monday with a post on Twitter.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the pillars of Mr. Trump’s campaign was his intention to revive the fortunes of the coal industry through support of so-called clean coal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 意图，目的; 意向; 意义，意旨; [医]愈合
分布：意图(42%)，打算(29%)，目的(16%)，意向(13%)
→来自intent,意图，目的。
故意(intent意图+ion→有意图,故意)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
n.意图,意向,目的For convenience of intensive study, he has an intense intention of making friend with me.为便于强化学习,他有和我交朋友的强烈意向.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■something that you want and plan to do 意图，打算
• [+ to infinitive] It wasn't my intention to exclude her from the list - I just forgot her. 我并不是故意将她排除在名单之外——只是把她忘了而已。
• I've no intention of changing my plans just to fit in with his. 我不打算改变自己的计划来迁就他。
• He's full of good intentions, but he never does anything about them! 他有很多好的打算，但从未有过实际行动！
intention, intent, design
这组词都有“意图，企图”的意思，其区别是：
intention: 普通用词，指某人内心产生的想做某事的想法，侧重内心活动。
intent: 法律用词，常指某人怀有歹意而犯罪。
design: 多用复数形式，含贬义多指行为不轨的意图。
idea, intention, purpose
idea: 指“意见”，“见解”。
intention: 主要指个人心里产生的做某事欲望或得到某物的想法，常见的搭配是have the intention of doing something.
purpose: 意为“目的”，着重于实现目的的决心和待付出的努力。如：For what purpose do you learn English?(你学英文的目的是什么？)
n. 意图；目的；意向；愈合
 - goals, purpose, sake, meaning, will

Word: channel
Front: channel
[ˈtʃænl] (高研四六托雅 2518/1617 -K4)
Vocabulary: channel
(once / 151 pages)
1n 2nv 3n
A channel is a passageway, a means of access for a thing, a communication, or an idea.
Think of a channel as sort of a tunnel or a funnel that moves something directly through. The noun channel can be used for many such avenues. It can mean a waterway such as the English Channel — the "Chunnel" is a tunnel beneath the Channel — or a means of accomplishing a goal, as in "going through legal channels." Use it as a verb when you channel your energies to achieve success.
WORD FAMILY
channel: channeled, channeling, channelise, channelize, channelled, channelling, channels+/channelise: channelisation/channelize: channelization, channelized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins is to swap two wheels for two skis after signing up to appear on Channel 4's winter sports show The Jump.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But they’ve yet to channel that tangibly since they were reunited three games ago.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He works with local officials in Mexico to help channel remittances into projects in Ixmiquilpan, including a roof over a village school yard.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 频道，波道; 渠道; 途径; 海峡
vt. 引导，开导; 形成河道
时态：channelled, channelling, channels
分布：通道(35%)，频道(29%)，海峡(19%)，方法(8%)，引导(7%)，形成河道(2%)
→词源同cane, canal.
航道(chann管道+el)[-el表名词"人或物"]
n.海峡,水道;信道,波道;路线,途径The hungry drunk plunged a trunk of lungs into the tunnel under the channel.饥饿的醉汉把一大箱肺投进了水渠下面的隧道.
noun countable
TELEVISION 电视
 ESSENTIAL
■a television station 电视台；电视频道
• a cable/terrestrial channel 有线频道／地面频道
• a music/movie/news/shopping/sports channel 音乐／电影／新闻／购物／体育频道
• the news on Channel 4 四频道的新闻
• She switched/turned to another channel to watch the football. 她换到另一个频道看足球比赛。
['tʃæn.əl] noun countable
PASSAGE 通道
 ADVANCED
■a passage for water or other liquids to flow along, or a part of a river or other area of water which is deep and wide enough to provide a route for ships to travel along （水或其他液体流通的）管道，管道；航道
• There are drainage/irrigation channels all over this flat agricultural land. 在这片平坦的农田上遍布着排水／灌溉渠。
• The boats all have to pass through this narrow channel. 所有船只都必须通过这条狭窄的航道。
the (English) Channel
■the area of sea which separates England from France 英吉利海峡
• We're going to have a day-trip across the Channel. 我们将进行一次横度英吉利海峡的一日游。
• We took the car to France overnight on a (cross-) channel ferry. 我们头一天晚上用横度英吉利海峡的度船把汽车运到了法国。
['tʃæn.əl] noun countable
AIRPORT/PORT 机场／港口
■a route or way out of an airport or port where travellers' bags are examined （机场或港口检查旅客行李的）通道
• If you have nothing to declare, go through the green channel. 如果你没有东西要申报，就走绿色通道。
• Goods to declare - use the red channel. 有商品要报税——走红色通道。
['tʃæn.əl] noun countable
COMMUNICATING 交流
■a way of communicating with people or getting something done 途径，管道；手段
• We must open the channels of communication between the two countries. 我们必须打开两国之间的交流管道。
• The government pursued every diplomatic/official channel to free the hostages. 政府利用一切外交／官方途径以使人质获释。
• Complaints should be made through the proper/usual channels. 应当透过适当的／正常的管道进行投诉。
['tʃæn.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to direct something into a particular place or situation 引导；把…导入，将…引入
• Ditches were constructed to channel water away from the buildings. 修造沟渠是为了给建筑物排水。
• If she could only channel all that energy into something useful. 要是她能把那些精力都倾注到有用的事情上就好了。
• A lot of money has been channelled into research in that particular field. 大笔经费被投入到那个领域的研究中去了。
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
strait, channel
这组词都有“海峡”的意思，其区别是：
strait: 指短而窄的海峡。常用复数形式但作单数用。
channel: 指比strait长而宽的海峡。
vt. 引导，开导；形成河道
 - aim, boot
n. 通道；频道；海峡
 - door, exit, neck, route, narrow

Word: extreme
Front: extreme
[ɪkˈstri:m] (高研四六雅 2519/2528 -K3)
Vocabulary: extreme
(once / 53 pages)
1adjn 2adjn
Something extreme is far out, either in terms of distance or intensity. Extreme sports are wild or dangerous, and an extreme height is very high.
When you talk about extreme things, you're talking about things that are very, very...something. An extreme point is the farthest distance from a place. Extreme eating is a type of contest — like hot dog-eating — in which people eat a freakish amount of food to compete with each other. An extreme biker is biking down dangerously steep mountain sides. Anything extreme is pushing the limits and taking things about as far as they can go.
WORD FAMILY
extreme: extremely, extremeness, extremes, extremest, extremism, extremity +/extremeness: extremenesses/ extremism: extremisms, extremist / extremist: extremists/ extremity: extremities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Between these two extremes exists the little-known but thriving world of interscholastic floor hockey at yeshiva high schools in New York City and surrounding towns.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Airlines are not obliged to compensate travelers with lodging or meals for delays because of extreme weather.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s current government is “driven by its most extreme elements.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 极端的，过激的; 极限的，非常的; 末端的; （政治上）急进的
n. 极端; 困境; [数]极限值; [常用复数]在两末端的事物
级别：extremer, extremest
分布：极端(67%)，极端的(22%)，极限(7%)，极度的(4%)
→extra-, 外面的，超过的。-m, 最高级后缀，见intimate, ultimate.
极端的(extr+eme表最高级→超出主题→极端的)[extr(e),exter=out表示"出去"]
a.末端的,尽头的;极度的n.极端;最大程度The extra theme of the supreme scheme is an extreme secret.至高无上的计划的额外主题是个极端机密.
adjective
GREAT 极大的
 IMPROVER
■very large in amount or degree 极大的；极度的；极端的
• extreme pain/stupidity/wealth 极其痛苦／愚蠢／富有
[ɪk'stri:m] adjective
BAD 糟糕的
■very severe or bad 极严厉的；严重的；极差的
• extreme weather conditions 极其恶劣的天气条件
• In extreme cases , the disease can lead to blindness. 这种疾病最严重可导致失明。
[ɪk'stri:m] adjective
BELIEFS 信仰
■describes beliefs and political parties which most people consider unreasonable and unacceptable （信仰或政党）偏激的，过激的，极端的
• He has rather extreme views. 他的观点很偏激。
• He's on the extreme right-wing of the party. 他属于这个政党的极右翼势力。
[ɪk'stri:m] adjective
FURTHEST POINT 极点
[before noun]
■at the furthest point, especially from the centre 末端的，尽头的；尤指离中心最远的
• They live in the extreme south of the island. 他们住在这个岛的最南端。
[ɪk'stri:m] noun countable
■the largest possible amount or degree of something 极度；极端
• I've never witnessed such extremes of wealth and poverty. 我从未见过如此悬殊的贫富差距。
• Most people I know work fairly hard but she takes it to extremes. 我认识的人里面大多数工作都很努力，但是她这种做法也太拼命了。
in the extreme
■used for emphasis; extremely （用于强调）极其，非常，极度
• Some of the scenes were unpleasant in the extreme. 有些场景令人极其反感。
■a situation, feeling, etc that is the opposite or very different from another one 极端；极端不同的事物
• My moods seem to go from one extreme to another (= my moods often change from very bad to very good). 我的心情有时很好，有时又好差。
extreme, furthest, outermost, utmost, farthest
这组词都有“最远的”的意思，其区别是：
extreme: 普通用词，指最远的意思时，与farthest和outermost含义相当。
furthest: 与farthest相比，除指数量或程度上的最多或最大。
outermost: 指离中心最远的或指一个平面或物体最外边的部分。
utmost: 较正式用词，指最远部分或最远地区。
farthest: 是far的最高级形式，指最大的距离。
adj. 极端的；极度的；偏激的；尽头的
 - ultra, excessive
n. 极端；末端；最大程度；极端的事物
 - terminal, bottom

Word: tube
Front: tube
[tju:b] (高研四六托雅 2520/2688 -K3)
Vocabulary: tube
(once / 264 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A tube is a pipe shape, a cylinder with a hollow space inside. If you're like most people, you sip your milkshake through a straw — a long, plastic tube.
Chemists use glass tubes in labs, and plumbers work with pipes — tubes made of plastic and metal. Another kind of tube is the rubber one inside a tire. If you slide down a snowy hillside on an inflated tire tube, or ride through choppy water while sitting on one, you can also use tube as a verb. Though it's not true in the US, in London the subway is also familiarly known as the Tube.
WORD FAMILY
tube: tubal, tubed, tubeless, tubelike, tubes, tubing, tubular+/tubing: tubings/tubular: tubularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
And, hey, maybe the kid is unusually good at navigating the series of tubes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She is fed through a feeding tube and uses a ventilator much of the day to help her breathe.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I administered diuretics and fitted an oxygen tube to his nostrils.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 管，管状物; 电子管; 地铁; 电视机
vt. 把…装管; 把…弄成管状; 用管输送
vi. 乘地铁; 不及格
时态：tubed, tubing, tubes
分布：管子(68%)，电视(17%)，管状器官(9%)，管状物(4%)，提供或装上管子(2%)
→来自拉丁语 tubus,管子，管道，词源同 tuba.
n.管,软管;电子管,显像管;地铁The steel tubes were clogged with dirty matters.钢管里塞满了脏物.
US [tu:b] noun
PIPE 管子
 IMPROVER countable
■a long hollow cylinder made from plastic, metal, rubber or glass, especially used for moving or containing liquids or gases （塑胶、金属、橡胶或玻璃制成的）管，管子
• Gases produced in the reaction pass through this tube and can then be collected. 反应中产生的气体透过这个管子就可以收集起来。
countable
■in biology, any hollow cylindrical structure in the body that carries air or liquid （生物的）管状器官，管，道
• the bronchial tubes 支气管
UK [tju:b] US [tu:b] noun
CONTAINER 容器
countable
■a long thin container made of soft metal or plastic, which is closed at one end and has a small hole at the other, usually with a cover, and which is used for storing thick liquids （由软金属或塑胶制成的通常有盖的，盛膏状物的）软管
• a tube of toothpaste 一管牙膏
countable Australian informal
■a can or bottle of beer 一听（或一罐）啤酒
• a tube of lager 一瓶淡啤酒
UK [tju:b] US [tu:b] noun
TRAIN 列车
the tube only singular (often the Tube) UK informal
■London's underground train system （伦敦的）地铁
• I got the Tube to Camden Town. 我乘地铁去卡姆登镇。
• I go to work on the tube. 我坐地铁去上班。
• a Tube station 地铁站
UK [tju:b] US [tu:b] noun
TELEVISION 电视
the tube only singular mainly US
■the television 电视；电视机
• What's on the tube this weekend? 这个周末有甚么电视节目？
UK [tju:b] US [tu:b] noun
go down the tubes informal
■to fail completely 彻底失败；完蛋
• If business doesn't pick up soon, the company will go down the tubes. 如果生意近期没有起色的话，公司将会倒闭。
UK [tju:b] US [tu:b] noun
have your tubes tied informal
■If a woman has her tubes tied, she has a medical operation in which her fallopian tubes are closed to stop her eggs being released so that she cannot become pregnant. 接受了输卵管结扎手术（如果某一妇女接受了输卵管结扎，那么她的输卵管在手术时已被封闭，排卵受阻，不会怀孕）
subway, tube, underground
这组词都有“地铁”的意思，其区别是：
subway: 指城市中的地铁或通道，主要用于美国。
tube: 主要用于英国口语中。
underground: 一般用词，指城市中的地铁，主要用于英国。
n. [生物] 管；电子管；隧道；电视机
 - pipe, tunnel
vi. 乘地铁；不及格
 - fail, take the subway

Word: drawing
Front: drawing
[ˈdrɔ:ɪŋ] (高研四六托 2521/1892 -K2)
Vocabulary: drawing
(once / 96 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A drawing is a sketch or a picture, usually made with a pencil or pen. You might use extra class time after you've finished a test to make a quick drawing of your teacher sleeping at his desk.
A drawing is an artwork that's not a painting — it's made of sketched lines and represents some object, person, or form. An architect might begin working on a project for a house design by doing some drawings, and a kindergartener might proudly hang a drawing of her family on the refrigerator. Another kind of drawing is the act of pulling, which is also the earliest meaning of the word.
WORD FAMILY
drawing: drawings+/ draw: drawed, drawee, drawer, drawing, draws, drew, overdraw/drawee: drawees/ drawer: drawers/drawers: underdrawers/overdraw: overdrawing, overdrawn, overdraws, overdrew
USAGE EXAMPLES
His mask - which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator - features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The cinematography of “Louie” was more artful, often drawing from the French New Wave.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
His mask — which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator — features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 绘画; 制图; 图画; 图样
v. 绘画(draw的现在分词); 拖; 拉; 拔出
分布：绘图(52%)，图画(26%)，素描(15%)，抽签(5%)，动词draw的现在分词形式.(2%)
→来自draw, 画画。
n.绘图,图样This is a fine drawing.这是一幅好看的素描.
US ['drɑ:-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the act of making a picture with a pencil or pen, or a picture made in this way 绘画；图画
• Rosie loves drawing. 罗西喜欢画画。
• She gave me a beautiful drawing of a horse. 她送了我一幅很漂亮的画，上面画着一匹马。
picture, photo, drawing
picture: 可指相片,图片,电影片,
photo: 用照相机拍摄的照片,
drawing: 画的画 Let's go and see a good picture.
picture, sketch, cartoon, illustration, diagram, painting, portrait, drawing
这组词都有“画，图”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 指广义的“图画”，现多用来指相片、画像。
sketch: 通常指只画出物体主要特征的图画。
cartoon: 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。
illustration: 指插入书页之间帮助说明的任何插图或图解。
diagram: 多指科技书籍或文献中具有概括解说作用的图表、图样或略图。
painting: 指着色的画。
portrait: 指肖像，只用于指人。
drawing: 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。
n. 图画；牵引；素描术
 - picture, traction
v. 绘画；吸引（draw的ing形式）；拖曳
 - painting, gaining

Word: protein
Front: protein
[ˈprəʊti:n] (研四六托雅 2523/2193 -3)
Vocabulary: protein
(once / 1346 pages)
n
Protein makes up your nails, your hair, and the egg on your plate. This nitrogenous substance we call protein consists of chains of amino acids and is necessary for life functions.
The linguistic origins of protein — from the Greek proteios, meaning “first place” or “primary” — are fitting for a substance that is one of life’s chief components. Although protein is a word often heard in labs and biology classes, it has everyday context too, particularly in the kitchen. Protein-rich foods like eggs, cheese, meats, peanuts or beans are an essential part of good nutrition.
WORD FAMILY
protein: proteinaceous, proteins
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s a Styku 3-D body scanner, tucked away in a room next to a minibar serving protein shakes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Cheese proteins contain casomorphins, chemical compounds that attach to the same opiate receptors in the brain as heroin or morphine.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Spinraza addresses the underlying genetic cause of the disease and enables a backup gene to produce more of the necessary protein.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. [化]朊，蛋白（质）
adj. 蛋白质的
分布：蛋白质(100%)
→proto-,原始的，最早的，-ine,化学名词后缀，氨。后拼写变为protein.
n.蛋白质The pretty priest protested the contest of protein test.漂亮牧师抗议蛋白质化验赛.
US ['proʊ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■one of the many substances found in food such as meat, cheese, fish or eggs, that is necessary for the body to grow and be strong 蛋白质
n. [生化] 蛋白质；朊
 - albumose
adj. [生化] 蛋白质的
 - glaireous

Word: quit
Front: quit
[kwɪt] (高研四六雅 2522/5298 -K2)
Vocabulary: quit
(once / 148 pages)
v
To quit means to stop doing something. You might quit a lousy job or quit eating dessert.
The verb quit can also mean to leave a place or depart from a location. This meaning isn't used as frequently in conversation now as it used to be, but you can still use it to mean leaving somewhere. For example, if you choose to move from sunny California to Maine because you think you'll like the seasons better, you could say you plan to quit California for a colder climate.
WORD FAMILY
quit: quits, quitted, quitter, quitting+/quitter: quitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
So after calling lawyers and the police, he quit Twitter, at least temporarily, until there is some sort of resolution to Cernovich’s attacks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Besides, whatever happened to “finish what you start” and “winners never quit and quitters never win”?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
After his father’s death, he quit ad work.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 离开; 放弃，抛弃; 停止，中断; 偿清
vi. 停止; 放弃斗争; 辞职
adj. 自由的; 摆脱了责任或义务的
时态：quit, quitting, quits
分布：辞职(44%)，离开(21%)，退出(19%)，停止(16%)
→来自拉丁语quietus,安静的，平和的，词源同quite.引申词义免于干扰，免于麻烦，后用于指 自由的，释放的，结清债务的。并引申动词词义离开，离职等。比较acquit,requite.
停止,放弃(放弃[追求],获得自由)[Quit=free,表示"自由"]
v.离开,退出;停止,放弃,辞职The biscuit compels the mosquitoes quit the equipment.这种饼干迫使蚊子离开设备.
[kwɪt] (quitting, quit, quit)
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to stop doing something or leave a job or a place 停止；离开；辞职；放弃
• Would you quit your job if you inherited lots of money? 假如继承了一大笔钱，你会辞掉工作吗？
• [+ -ing verb] I'm going to quit smoking. 我准备戒烟了。
• Quit wasting my time! 别浪费我的时间！
• Press Q to quit the program. 请按Q结束程式。
pause, stop, cease, halt, quit
这组词都有“停止”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指暂时的、瞬间的停顿，隐含有再进行之意。
stop: 指动作、运行、进展等被停下来，含突然、断然的意味。
cease: 指逐渐、徐徐中止某种状态的存在。书面用词。
halt: 侧重突然地、决定性地终止、停止某一活动。
quit: 指最终彻底停止某事，有时暗示遭到失败或面临挫折。
leave, start, depart, quit, set out, go
这组词都有“离开某处”的意思，其区别是：
leave: 侧重出发地而不是目的地。
start: 可与leave换用，强调目的地，但不及leave普通。
depart: 较正式用词，指经过周密考虑或郑重地离开，强调离开的起点。
quit: 侧重指离开令人烦恼的地方，或摆脱使人不快的人或事。
set out: 书面用词。
go: 一般用词，指从所在地到其它地方去，着重目的地而非出发地。
vt. 离开；放弃；停止；使…解除
 - yield, desert, split, get out
vi. 离开； [劳经] 辞职；停止
 - split, get out
n. 离开； [计] 退出
 - leaving, Gone away

Word: absence
Front: absence
[ˈæbsəns] (高研四六托 2524/1585 -K3)
Vocabulary: absence
(once / 116 pages)
1n 2n
Absence is the state of not being someplace, like school. It can also refer to the amount of time something has been, or plans to be gone.
We most commonly think of absence as the opposite of present in places school, but really it can refer to anything that's missing or something that's lacking. Darkness is an absence of light, and cold is an absence of heat. The figure of speech "absence makes the heart grow fonder" means "when my beloved isn't here, my feelings for them get even stronger" or "when something's gone, you want it even more."
WORD FAMILY
absence: absences+/ absent: absence, absented, absentee, absenting, absently, absents/ absentee: absenteeism, absentees
USAGE EXAMPLES
They found enough reasons to play their best, despite the absence of any postseason implications.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
This was not what the Rams — or most fans — were expecting when the franchise returned from St. Louis after a more than two-decade absence.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In their absence, the Jags turned to second-year player Corey Grant, and he did not disappoint.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 缺席，缺勤; 缺乏，缺少，无; 心不在焉，不注意
分布：缺席(71%)，缺乏(29%)
→前缀ab-,离开。-sence为essence缩写，指存在，词根esse的名称形式, 词源同is ,am .
n.缺乏,不存在;缺席,不在;缺席的时间He was always absence in his mind.他总是心不在焉.
noun
NOT PRESENT 不在场的
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when someone is not where they are usually expected to be 缺席；缺勤；不在
• A new manager was appointed during/in her absence. 她不在的时候任命了一位新经理。
• She has had repeated absences from work this year. 今年她屡次旷工。
['æb.sənts] noun
NOT EXISTING 不存在
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when something does not exist 不存在；缺乏
• He drew attention to the absence of concrete evidence against the defendant. 他使大家注意到，并不存在可以证明被告有罪的确凿证据。
• In the absence of (= because there were not) more suitable candidates, we decided to offer the job to Mr Conway. 由于没有更为合适的人选，我们决定把这个工作机会给康韦先生。
['æb.sənts] noun
Absence makes the heart grow fonder. saying
■This means that when people we love are not with us, we love them even more. 人远心更近。／不相见，倍思念。
shortage, absence, scarcity, lack, want
这组词都有“缺乏，不足”的意思，其区别是：
shortage: 指不足，但侧重达不到规定的，需要的或已知应有的数量。
absence: 指某物根本不存在或完全短缺，或某人虽存在，但未到现场。
scarcity: 指产量不足或缺乏某物难以应付或满足需要。
lack: 普通用词，指部分或完全的不足。
want: 指完全或短缺某物，侧重缺少之物是必需的东西。使用范围比lack窄些。
n. 没有；缺乏； [法] 缺席；不注意
 - shortage, deficiency, need, short of, drought

Word: roll
Front: roll
[rəʊl] (高研四六托雅 1249/1856 -K4)
Back: vt. 辗; 使（眼球等）左右转动; （使）原地转圈; 滚动
vi. 左右摇晃; 翻滚; 开始移动，启动
n. 名册; 滚翻
时态：rolled, rolling, rolls
分布：滚(45%)，卷(35%)，滚动(9%)，转动(3%)，名单(2%)，绕(2%)，摇摆(2%)，展开(1%)，颤音(1%)
→来自古法语 rolle,纸卷，文件，来自拉丁语 rotulus,纸卷，来自 rota,轮子，词源同 rotary,round. 引申诸相关词义。
v.滚动;使摇摆;卷,卷起n.卷,卷形物;名单By the ruler's schedule, the molecule capsules will play an important role in the roller.根据统治者的时间表,这种分子胶囊将在滚筒上起重要作用.
US [roʊl] verb
MOVE 移动
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause to) move somewhere by turning over and over or from side to side （使）翻滚；（使）滚动
• The vase rolled off the edge of the table and smashed. 花瓶从桌边滚落下来摔得粉碎。
• The dog rolled over onto its back. 那只狗翻了个身四爪朝天躺着。
• I rolled the wheel along the side of the road back to the car. 我沿路边把车轮滚回到汽车旁。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to move somewhere easily and without sudden movements 滚动；滚移；飘移
• A tear rolled down his cheek. 一滴泪水顺着他的脸颊滚下。
• A wave of cigarette smoke rolled towards me. 有人在抽烟，一团烟雾向我这边飘来。
• The piano's on wheels, so we can roll it into the room. 钢琴装有轮子，所以我们可以把它推进屋里来。
intransitive
■If an aircraft or a ship rolls, it leans to one side and then to the other because of the wind or waves. （船或飞机因为风或浪而）摇晃，摇摆
intransitive
■If a machine is rolling, it is operating （机器）运转，启动，开动
• Just as the television cameras started rolling, it began to pour down with rain. 正当电视摄像机启动拍摄时，突然下起了瓢泼大雨。
transitive
■If you roll your eyes, you move them so that you are looking up, to show that you consider someone or something stupid or silly （表示认为某人或某事很愚蠢）翻（白眼），向上翻动（眼球）
• When he suggested they should buy a new car, she rolled her eyes in disbelief. 他建议说他们应该买辆新车，听到这个，她翻了翻白眼，一副不相信自己耳朵的样子。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
TURN OVER 翻转
 IMPROVER transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to (cause something to) turn over onto itself to form a cylinder or a sphere （使）卷；（使）绕；裹；滚搓
• He rolled the clay into a ball in his hands. 他把黏土用手搓成一个球。
• As I got closer, the hedgehog rolled itself (up) into a ball. 我靠近时，刺猬缩成了一个球。
transitive
■to make a cigarette by wrapping a piece of paper around some tobacco 卷（烟）
intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to fold over a piece of clothing or material to make it shorter （被）卷起
• We rolled back the carpet to see the floorboards. 我们把地毯卷了起来查看地板。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
SMOOTH 平的
transitive
■to make something smooth and flat 擀平；碾平；滚平
• [+ obj + adj] She borrowed a garden roller to roll the grass flat. 她借了一台园圃滚压器来把草地轧平。
• When you have rolled (out) the pastry, place it in a pie dish. 把馅饼皮擀好后放入馅饼盘子里。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
SOUND 声音
intransitive
■to make a continuous repeated deep sound 发出持续而低沉的声音，隆隆作响，轰轰响
• The drums rolled as the acrobat walked along the tightrope. 在咚咚鼓声的伴奏下，杂技演员在钢丝上行走。
transitive
■If you roll your r's, you pronounce them with your tongue moving quickly and repeatedly against the top of the mouth 发…的舌尖颤音
• The Italians roll their r's. 义大利人发r时带有舌尖颤音。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
rolled into one
■If someone or something has several qualities rolled into one, they have all of those qualities 融为一体；集于一身
• He is a father, sales manager, and athlete all rolled into one. 他是一位父亲、一名销售经理，还是运动员，集三个角色于一身。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
rolling in it (also rolling in money) informal
■extremely rich 非常富有，财源滚滚，腰缠万贯
• If they can afford a yacht, they must be rolling in it. 如果他们可以买得起一艘游艇，那他们肯定富得流油。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
rolling in the aisles informal
■laughing uncontrollably 笑得前仰后合；笑得打滚；乐不可支
• The comedian had the audience rolling in the aisles. 那个喜剧演员的表演逗得观众乐不可支。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
Roll on the weekend/five o'clock!, etc. UK informal
■said when you want time to go quickly because you are looking forward to something 但愿周末／五点钟等快点到！
• I can't wait to be finished with this project - roll on October! 我真想这个专案计划马上结束——恨不得十月份快点到！
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
Roll up! Roll up! UK old-fashioned
■said, especially in the past, by someone who wanted people to come and pay to look at something unusual or interesting （尤在旧时用於呼唤人们观看稀罕或有趣的事物）快来看哪！快来看哪！
• "Roll up! Roll up! Come and see the amazing bearded lady!" shouted the circus man. “快来看哪！快来看哪！过来看长胡子的怪女人！”那个马戏团的人喊道。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
roll up your sleeves informal
■to prepare for hard work 摩拳擦掌，跃跃欲试，捋起袖子（准备行动）
• There's a lot of work to do, so roll up your sleeves and get busy. 有很多工作要做，捋起袖子来，赶快做吧。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
roll with the punches informal
■to be able to deal with a series of difficult situations 渡过一道道难关；克服一连串困难
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] roll sth back
■to reduce the cost or price of something 减（价），降（价），削减（价格）
• The furniture dealer is rolling back the prices on all beds for this week only. 家俱商对所有的床降价销售，优惠时间仅本周一周。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  roll by literary
■If an amount of time rolls by, it passes （时间）流逝
• The years rolled by, and I didn't see her again until she was married with two children. 流年似水，我再见到她时，她已经结了婚有两个孩子了。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  roll in informal
■to arrive in great numbers or amounts 纷至沓来；大量涌入；滚滚而来
• Once our business gets started, the money will be rolling in. 等我们的生意一开张，就会财源滚滚。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] roll (sth) out
■to make a new product, service or system available for the first time 推出（新产品、服务等）；实行（新制度）；开展
• The government plans to roll out a series of tax cuts over the next few years. 政府计划在未来几年中推出一系列的减税措施。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  roll (sth) over sth
■If you roll over something on a computer screen, you move the mouse over an active place so that you can see information that is hidden underneath 滚动，拖动（如果你在电脑萤幕上把滑鼠滚到某处，就是把滑鼠移动到一个活动位置，使你能看到其中隐藏的资讯）
• If you roll your mouse over a word, its definition will appear. 如果你把滑鼠拖动到某个词上，这个词的定义就会显示出来。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] roll sth up
■to fold something around itself to make the shape of a ball, or to fold cloth around itself to make a piece of clothing shorter 卷起；绕起；使成球（或筒）状
• Could you roll up that string for me? 你能帮我把那条线绕起来吗？
• I rolled up my sleeves and began to wash the dishes. 我卷起袖子开始洗碟子。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  roll up informal
■to arrive at a particular place or event, usually late 到来，到达；（通常指）姗姗来迟
• They rolled up at the party two hours late and rather drunk. 派对开始两小时后他们才醉醺醺地赶到。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] noun
TUBE 筒
 IMPROVER countable
■a piece of film, paper or cloth that is rolled into the shape of a tube 一卷；筒形物；卷轴
• a roll of carpet 一卷地毯
• a toilet roll (= a roll of toilet paper) 一卷卫生纸
countable
■If a person or animal has rolls of fat on their body, they are very fat （人或动物身上由于肥胖而突起的）赘肉，肥肉
• The dog had rolls of fat along its neck. 这条狗脖子上有一圈圈的赘肉。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] noun
BREAD 面包
countable (also bread roll)
■a small loaf of bread for one person 面包卷；小圆面包
• Would you like a roll and butter with your soup? 要不要来份奶油面包卷配你的汤？
• UK I bought a cheese roll (UScheese on a roll) (= a small piece of bread filled with cheese) for lunch. 我午饭买了一个起司面包卷吃。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] noun
LIST 名单
countable
■an official list of names 名单；花名册；登记表
• Is your name on the electoral roll (= the list of people who can vote) ? 你的名字在选民册上吗？
take/call the roll mainly US
■If you take/call the roll, you read aloud the names of all the people on the list to make certain that they are present 点名
• The teacher called the roll to see if any students were absent. 老师点名看是否有学生缺席。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] noun
MOVEMENT 滚动
countable
■when something or someone rolls on the ground 滚动；打滚；翻滚
• The dog went for a roll in the grass. 狗跑到草丛里打了个滚。
a roll in the hay humorous
■sexual activity which is quick and enjoyable and does not involve serious feelings 苟合；野合（a roll in the hay 是指“在干草上打滚”；暗示快速的、令人愉快的性行为，不涉及认真的感情）
• I wouldn't sacrifice my marriage for a roll in the hay with a waitress. 我绝不会为了在一个女侍者身上找刺激而牺牲了我的婚姻。
uncountable
■The roll of a ship or aircraft is its movement from side to side in the water or air. （船或飞机的）左右摇晃，摇摆
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] noun
SOUND 声音
countable usually singular
■a continuous repeated deep sound 发出持续而低沉的声音，隆隆作响，轰轰响
• a drum roll 一阵鼓声
• a deafening roll of thunder 一阵震耳欲聋的雷声
■ roll 1 UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl/
noun
be on a roll informal
■to be having a successful or lucky period 连连获胜；好运连连
• Pippa won five games in a row and it was obvious she was on a roll. 彼帕一连赢了五场比赛，很明显她这段时间打得很顺。
rgeister, schedule, roll, form, catalog(ue), chart, list, table
这组词都有“名单、目录、表格”的意思，其区别是：
rgeister: 多指官方对人或事作出的正式书面记录或详细清单。
schedule: 既可指时间或计划的安排表，又可指详细列出的所有分类项的清单或细表。
roll: 多指人员的姓名名单，尤指属于团体或军事单位的全体人员名单。
form: 指上面印有横线或格让人填写规定内容的表格。
catalog(ue): 指列出有全部队名、物名或项目等的目录，有时附有简要说明的分类名单或一览表。
chart: 指把资料制成表格等形式供人看的图表。
list: 最普通用词，含义广。指按字母顺序、时间先后或类别等排列的姓名或项目等的单子。
table: 普通用词，一般指易于迅速查阅使用，具有特定编排方法的目录或表格。
whirl, turn, roll, rotate, revolve, spin, circle
这组词都有“转动、旋转”的意思，其区别是：
whirl: 指旋转或作圆周运动，侧重急速或力量。
turn: 普通用词，中性，含义不确切，可指作一个圆周运动或连续地作圆周运动，也可指仅是沿圆的弧形转动。
roll: 指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。
rotate: 侧重指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。
revolve: 强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。
spin: 指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。
circle: 指作圆周运动。
vt. 卷；滚动，转动；辗
 - turn, wheel
vi. 卷；滚动；转动；起伏，摇晃
 - wave, turn, screw, rock
n. 卷，卷形物；名单；摇晃
 - book, volume

Word: Latin
Front: Latin
['lætɪn] (研四六 2526/3324)
Back: adj. 拉丁语的；拉丁人的
n. 拉丁语；拉丁人
分布：拉丁语(38%)，拉丁语的(22%)，拉丁语系国家的(18%)，拉丁人(13%)，拉丁人的(9%)
→来自拉丁语Latinus,即Latium，古罗马地名，词源同latitude,展开，宽度。即Latium人的语言，拉丁语。
a.拉丁的,拉丁文的n.拉丁语He is studying Latin.他在学习拉丁语.
US ['lætˌ-] noun uncountable
■the language used by ancient Romans and as the language of educated people in many European countries in the past 拉丁语
UK ['læt.ɪn] US ['lætˌ-] adjective
■written in Latin 用拉丁语写的
• a Latin poem 拉丁语诗歌
■relating to (people or things in) countries which use a language which developed from Latin 拉丁语系国家的；拉丁语系民族的；拉丁人的
• his Latin good looks 他那拉丁人特有的英俊相貌

Word: rapidly
Front: rapidly
['ræpɪdlɪ] (四六 2527/1967 -K)
Vocabulary: rapidly
(once / 104 pages)
adv
When you do something rapidly, you do it very quickly. A rapidly moving train is going at full speed.
You may notice that the grass in your yard grows rapidly during the rainy summer days and more slowly when there's a heat wave. You might also get a speeding ticket for driving too rapidly in a school zone. In either case, something's happening fast. The adverb rapidly comes from the adjective rapid, "moving quickly," with the Latin root rapidus, "hasty, swift, fierce, or impetuous."
WORD FAMILY
rapid: rapidity, rapidly, rapidness, rapids+/rapidity: rapidities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though rivers along the Gulf Coast were rising rapidly Monday, only minor flooding was predicted.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In a rapidly changing climate, they may get it.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It rapidly became the source of conventional left-liberal wisdom on the treaty.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 很快地，迅速地; 立即
分布：迅速地(58%)，很快地(42%)
ADJ-GRADED
快速的；迅速的
A rapid change is one that happens very quickly.
例：...the country's rapid economic growth in the 1980's...20世纪80年代该国经济的迅速增长
例：This signals a rapid change of mind by the government.这标志着政府思想的急剧转变。
ADJ-GRADED
（动作）很快的，迅速进行的
A rapid movement is one that is very fast.
例：He walked at a rapid pace along Charles Street.他快步走过查尔斯大街。
例：...whether the Tunnel will provide more rapid car transport than ferries...隧道是否能够提供比渡船更加快捷的车辆运输
adv. 迅速地；很快地；立即
 - quickly, fast, directly, promptly, ready

Word: jail
Front: jail
[dʒeɪl] (四六雅 2528/5079 -3)
Vocabulary: jail
(once / 232 pages)
nv
A jail is a place where people are confined while they're being punished for a crime. If you end up getting a mug shot and put behind bars, chances are you are In jail.
To arrest someone and put them in a jail cell is to jail them. Jail prisoners are often simply waiting for their trials — they've been charged with a crime, but they haven't yet been found to be guilty (or innocent). Jail was originally spelled gayhol, and in Britain it's also spelled gaol. This can be traced back to the Medieval Latin gabiola, from Late Latin caveola and the Latin cavea, "cage or enclosure."
WORD FAMILY
jail: jailed, jailer, jailing, jailor, jails+/jailer: jailers/jailor: jailors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Someone convicted of killing a turtle faces a maximum fine of about $240 and up to three months in jail.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His deputy was also jailed for bribery two years ago.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 监狱; 拘留所
vt. 监禁; 拘留
时态：jailed, jailing, jails
分布：监狱(74%)，监禁(16%)，监牢(5%)，拘留所(4%)，下狱(1%)
→来自拉丁语caveola,笼子，词源同cage,cave.引申词义监狱。拼写比较nail,rule.
(UK old-fashioned gaol) [dʒeɪl] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a place where criminals are kept to punish them for their crimes, or where people accused of crimes are kept while waiting for their trials 监狱；看守所
• the country's overcrowded jails 该国过于拥挤的监狱
• a 13-year jail sentence/term 被判13年监禁
• The financier was released from jail last week. 那个金融家上周获释了。
• They spent ten years in jail for fraud. 他们因欺诈罪入狱十年。
(UK old-fashioned gaol) [dʒeɪl] verb transitive often passive
 IMPROVER
■to put someone in a jail 监禁
• He was jailed for three years. 他被监禁了三年。
jail, imprison, confine
这组词都有“监禁”的意思，其区别是：
jail: (英国用gaol)多指审判之间的拘禁或对罪行较轻的罪犯的监禁。
imprison: 较正式用词，多指较长时间的监禁。
confine: 指监禁或幽禁；也指任何使行动受到限制的行为。
prison, cell, jail
这组词都有“牢房，监狱”的意思，其区别是：
prison: 指触犯刑律的人被关押的地方，通常指判决后的罪犯居留地。
cell: 指单人牢房或几个人合住的小牢房。
jail: (英国英语拼写为gaol)指收犯轻罪的人或未经判决的人的处所。
n. [法] 监狱；监牢；拘留所
 - prison, big house
vt. 监禁；下狱
 - prison, imprison

Word: comment
Front: comment
[ˈkɒment] (高研四六托雅 1363/1279 -K4)
Vocabulary: comment
(once / 65 pages)
nv
To comment is to state your opinion or make a remark on something. Of course, it's good to know when to hold your tongue. Comment on the latest movie? No problem. Comment on the annoying airport security measures while having your baggage checked? Better not.
A written explanation or criticism is a comment. Your teacher's comments on your paper may thrill you when you do excellent work or unnerve you when you receive the message, "See me!" If you state your opinion, this is also a comment. Politicians talking to the press are fond of the statement, "No comment," which means they don't want to express an opinion — or more likely, they don't want to get in trouble.
WORD FAMILY
comment: commentary, commentate, commented, commenting, comments+/ commentary: commentaries/commentate: commentated, commentates, commentating, commentator / commentator: commentators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lincoln once commented that there was no glory in the presidency, only “ashes and blood.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
There was no immediate comment from either North or South Korea on Mr. Trump’s latest remarks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Customs and Border Patrol officials were not immediately available for comment.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 评论; 注释; 意见; 说明
vt. & vi. 评论，谈论
vt. 表达意见; 解释，注释
vi. 作注释; 作注解; 作解释; 作评语
时态：commented, commenting, comments
分布：评论(82%)，注释(16%)，闲话(2%)
→com-, 强调。-ment, 思考，词源同mind.
评论,评注(com共同+ment→共同思考→评论)[ment=mind,表示"思考,神智"]
n.注释,评论,意见v.(on)注释,评论Not for a moment has the comment on commercial phenomenon been mentioned.那个关于商业现象的评论从未被提及过.
【记】com共同，ment闷他：大家一起用激烈的评论把他闷的投不过气来。
【参】commentary（n 注释，解说词）；commentator（n 评论员，讲解员）
US ['kɑ:.ment] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that you say or write that expresses your opinion 评论；意见；评价；评语
• I don't want any comments on/about my new haircut, thank you! 我不想听到谁对我的新发型说三道四，谢谢各位了！
• He made negative comments to the press. 他向报界作了些负面的评论。
• I suppose his criticism was fair comment (= a reasonable opinion). 我认为他的批评合乎情理。
• She was asked about the pay increase but made no comment (= did not give an opinion). 有人问她关于加薪的事，但她拒绝评论。
No comment.
■used to say that you do not want to answer someone's question 无可奉告。
UK ['kɒm.ent] US ['kɑ:.ment] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make a comment 评论；议论；发表意见
• My mum always comments on what I'm wearing. 我妈妈总是对我的衣着指指点点。
• [+ that] He commented that the two essays were rather similar. 他评论说两篇文章颇为相似。
• The official refused to/declined to comment on the matter. 那位官员拒绝对此事发表意见。
n. 评论；意见；批评
 - opinion, criticism, mind, judgement, thinking
vi. 发表评论；发表意见
 - declare oneself, air one's opinion

Word: diversity
Front: diversity
[daɪˈvɜ:səti] (托宝 2531/4642 -2)
Vocabulary: diversity
(once / 919 pages)
n
When there's diversity, there's variety. Often, this word is used for diversity of race, class, or gender.
To have diversity, you need a mix of whatever you're talking about. If you like science fiction, romantic comedies, cartoons, and action movies, then you like a diversity of types of films. If you like nothing but kung fu films, then you don't like a diversity of films. No matter what kind of diversity you're talking about, there needs to be a real mix, kind of like a huge box of Crayolas.
WORD FAMILY
diversity: diversities+/ diverse: diversely, diverseness, diverser, diversity
USAGE EXAMPLES
The marching bands were the very soul of diversity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The broadcaster commissioned British photographer Martin Parr to "capture an evolving portrait of modern Britain in all its diversity" for 2017.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
“I don’t think diversity is a political statement,” she said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 多样化，（人在种族、民族、宗教等方面的）多样性; 差异; 分歧
分布：多样性(88%)，差异(12%)
多样性[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
【记】di分开，vers转－多样性
【参】adversity（n 不幸；灾祸；逆境；versatile（adj 多才多艺的）；diverse（adj 不同的；变化多的）；diversification（n 多样化）
【区】diversion（n 转移；解闷；娱乐）使你转向一边的行为－娱乐
【反】uniformity（n 同样；一致；均匀）
US [dɪ'vɝ:.sə.tˌi] noun [S or U]
 ADVANCED
■when many different types of things or people are included in something 多样性，多样化
• Does television adequately reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country? 电视节目能充分反映出这个国家民族和文化的多样性吗？
• There is a wide diversity of opinion on the question of unilateral disarmament. 对于单方面裁军问题，人们的看法各不相同。
n. 多样性；差异
 - difference, multiplicity

Word: honest
Front: honest
[ˈɒnɪst] (中高研四 2530/2681 -K3)
Vocabulary: honest
(once / 75 pages)
adj
The adjective honest is perfect for describing someone who tells the truth. If you're always honest, it means you're truthful and sincere no matter what.
Honest comes from the Latin word honestus, which means "honorable or respected," and around 1300, honest was popularly used to mean "respectable and of neat appearance." We don't use it these days to describe the way someone dresses, but instead how truthful they are, and sometimes to emphasize how simple and straightforward something is, like "good, honest home-cooked food."
WORD FAMILY
honest: dishonest, honester, honestest, honestly, honestness+/ dishonest: dishonester, dishonestly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The important thing is that they are honest with you about it if you ask.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
In truth, customers lost only $1.5 million, which, if we’re being honest, is minuscule for a bank the size of Wells Fargo.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think we match up really well, to be honest,” Barkley said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 诚实的; 坦诚的; 老实的; 辛勤挣得的
分布：诚实的(79%)，正直的(15%)，坦率的(6%)
→来自拉丁语honestus,尊敬的，荣誉的，来自honos,尊敬，荣誉，词源同honor.引申词义正直的，高尚的，诚实的等。
a.诚实的,正直的,老实的Except dishonest ones, anyone who is honest can get honey, everyone thinks so.除了不诚实的人外,任何诚实的人都能得到蜂蜜,人人都这么想.
US ['ɑ:.nɪst] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■telling the truth or able to be trusted and not likely to steal, cheat or lie 诚实的；可信的
• She's completely honest. 她很诚实。
• I'd like you to give me an honest answer/your honest opinion. 我希望你给我一个诚实的回答／坦诚的意见。
• He had an honest face (= He looked like he could be trusted). 他看起来忠厚可信。
• To be honest (with you), I don't think it will be possible. （跟你）说老实话，我认为那根本不可能。
Opposite dishonest
UK ['ɒn.ɪst] US ['ɑ:.nɪst] adjective
honest (to God/goodness) informal
■used to emphasize that what you are saying is true （用于强调）上帝作证，说真的
• I tried to be nice to him, honest to God I did! 说真的，我试过对他好些。
UK ['ɒn.ɪst] US ['ɑ:.nɪst] adjective
make an honest living humorous
■earn money by working hard at a job 努力工作谋生
UK ['ɒn.ɪst] US ['ɑ:.nɪst] adjective
make an honest woman (out) of sb informal humorous
■to marry a woman you are having a sexual relationship with 娶（已经与自己发生性关系的女人）为妻
open, frank, sincere, blunt, honest, plain, straightforward
这组词都有“坦率，诚实”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指不隐瞒自己的秘密，愿意向他人表露自己或公开暴露自己的缺点。
frank: 强调毫无保留地畅所欲言，不受任何约束。
sincere: 侧重指一个人出自内心地对某人某事表示一种诚意。
blunt: 指讲话坦白直率、不客气，但隐含不得体、不顾及他人感情等意味。
honest: 指遵守正直等道德准则。
plain: 指直言不讳，毫不做作或故弄玄虚。
straightforward: 多用于答复、叙述等场合。指直截了当，不回避，或故弄玄虚。
adj. 诚实的，实在的；可靠的；坦率的
 - responsible, effective, transparent, reliable, tried

Word: Palestinian
Front: Palestinian
[.pælə'stɪniən] (2532/5911)
Back: 巴勒斯坦人
巴勒斯坦的
分布：巴勒斯坦(44%)，巴勒斯坦人(26%)，巴勒斯坦的(15%)，巴勒斯坦人的(15%)
adjective
■from, belonging to or relating to Palestine 巴勒斯坦的
• Representatives of the Palestinian Authority attended the meeting. 巴勒斯坦当局代表出席了会议。
• the Palestinian people 巴勒斯坦人
[ˌpæ.lə'stɪn.i.ən] noun countable
■a person from Palestine, especially a member of the Arab people of Palestine 巴勒斯坦人

Word: pace
Front: pace
[peɪs] (高研四六托雅 2533/2461 -K3)
Vocabulary: pace
(once / 111 pages)
1nv 2nv
Pace is how fast something travels a particular distance, like a runner who tries to achieve a consistent pace, running each mile in more or less the same amount of time.
Pace comes from the Latin word passus, meaning “a step.” Pace is a noun, meaning "the speed at which something happens." Some say city life has a faster pace because everyone hurries and there are so many exciting things to do. Pace is also a verb — if you pace yourself, you’ll have enough energy to experience all of that city's sights, from the rush of rush hour to the late-night party scene.
WORD FAMILY
pace: paced, pacer, paces, pacing+/pacer: pacers/pacing: pacings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Unsecured debt, including spending on credit cards, is rising at its fastest pace in 11 years, the Bank of England said.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Over the weekend, a report showed that China’s manufacturing sector continued to expand in December, though at a slightly slower pace than the month before.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The arms race is fed in part by the slow pace of government regulation for drones.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 一步; 长度单位; 步幅，步调; 快步
vt. 踱步，走来走去; 步测; 调整步调; 训练马溜蹄
vi. 踱; 溜蹄
prep. 蒙…恩准，怀着对…的敬意
时态：paced, pacing, paces
分布：速度(51%)，步伐(43%)，踱步(6%)
→来自拉丁语passus,步伐，来自pete,展开，词源同feather,compete.pace 请原谅
n.步,步伐,步调,速度v.踱步,用步测The runner's pace quickened.跑者的脚步加快.
noun
SPEED 速度
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the speed at which someone or something moves, or with which something happens or changes （移动的）步调；（发生的）速度；节奏
• a slow/fast pace 慢／快步
• When she thought she heard someone following her, she quickened her pace. 她觉得听见有人在尾随她，便加快了脚步。
• Could you slow down a bit - I can't keep pace with (= walk or run as fast as) you. 您能走慢一点吗——我跟不上您。
• For many years this company has set the pace (= has been the most successful company) in the communications industry. 多年来该公司在电讯业一直处于领导地位。
• These changes seem to me to be happening at too fast a pace. 这些变化在我看来发生得也太快了。
• I don't like the pace of modern life. 我不喜欢现代生活的节奏。
⇒ See also pacemaker
force the pace
■to make other people in a race go faster by going faster yourself （在速度比赛中）透过加速迫使对手加速
[peɪs] noun
STEP 脚步
countable
■a single step, or the distance you move when you take a single step 一步；一步之距
• Take two paces forwards/backwards. 向前／向后迈两步。
• The runner collapsed just a few paces from the finish. 那名赛跑选手在距终点线只有几步之遥的地方倒下了。
[peɪs] noun
put sb/sth through their paces
■to make someone show their skills or knowledge, or to make something show its good qualities 使展示本领，使展现良好性能
• All the candidates were put through their paces during the television debate. 在电视辩论会上所有候选人都使出了他们的看家本领。
[peɪs] verb
SPEED 速度
transitive
■to establish a speed for someone who is training for a race or running in a race, for example by running with them 为…定速度
pace yourself
■to be careful not to do something too quickly so that you do not get too tired to finish it 控制自己的速度；调整自己的工作（或活动）节奏
• No more soup, thank you. I'm pacing myself so that I have room for a dessert. 不要加汤了，谢谢！我在调整我的进食量，这样我就能吃甜点。
[peɪs] verb
STEP 脚步
intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to walk with regular steps in one direction and then back again, usually because you are worried or nervous （通常因焦虑或担忧而）来回踱步；走来走去
• He paced the room nervously. 他紧张地在房间里来回踱步。
• He paced up and down , waiting for the doctor to call. 他踱来踱去，等着医生叫他的名字。
[peɪs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pace sth off/out
■to measure a distance by taking steps of equal size across it and counting them 步测…的距离或大小
• You can get a rough idea of the size of the room by pacing it out. 透过步测可以大概知道这个房间的大小。
pace, stroll, strut, stride, walk
这组词都有“行走，徒步”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 指踱步，走步。
stroll: 多指走走停停，步子缓慢，悠闲自得，漫无目的。
strut: 指大摇大摆地走，含过分自信或自高自大意味。
stride: 着重步子大而且节奏有力，流露出匆忙、烦恼、得意等情绪。
walk: 最常用词，中性词，指除跑、跳之外所有移步的动作。
pace, step
这组词都有“步，步态”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 指身体向前移动的速度和情况。表一步距离时，可与step换用。
step: 普通用词，指脚抬起落下的动作和一步的距离。抽象概念指步骤。
pace, rate, speed, velocity
这组词都有“速度、速率”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 普通用词，指步行的速度，常引申指活动的进度或生产率。
rate: 作“速度”讲时，与speed同义，可换用。作速率解时，指相对增长的速度，也指两种相比较而得出的标准速度。
speed: 普通用词，指单位时间内行进的固定速度或速率，也指可能达到的最高速度。
velocity: 技术用词，指物体沿着一定方向运动时的速率。
n. 一步；步速；步法
 - footwork

Word: employment
Front: employment
[ɪmˈplɔɪmənt] (研四六雅 2534/933 -K3)
Vocabulary: employment
(once / 130 pages)
1n 2n
Employment is your occupation or the fact that you have a job. If you are looking for employment, you might start by attending a job fair — if you make a good impression, you might get hired immediately.
If you have employment, it means you have a job. You can also use the noun employment to talk about exactly what that job involves, like your employment in the entertainment industry or in the carnival business. Employment also refers to the act of giving someone a job. The Latin root is the word implicare, meaning "enfold, involve, or be connected with."
WORD FAMILY
employment: employments, unemployment +/ employ: employable, employed, employee, employer, employing, employment, employs/employable: employables, unemployable/ employed: self-employed, underemployed, unemployed/ employee: employees/ employer: employers/ unemployment: unemployments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Explaining this research is clearly within the mandate of the Labor Department, whose mission statement includes a pledge to “advance opportunities for profitable employment.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Her appointment sparked controversy due to her previous employment links to China’s military.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Walker says he wants to tie funding to performance, such as enrollment, students in high-demand areas, graduation rates and graduates gaining employment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 雇用; 使用; 职业; 有益的活动
分布：职业(55%)，雇用(28%)，使用(17%)
雇佣,就业(employ+ment)[ploy=use,invlve,表示"用,参与"]
n.雇用;使用;工作,职业He left his home to look for employment.他离家去找职业.
noun uncountable
PROVIDE JOB 就业
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone is paid to work for a company or organization 受雇；就业
• Employment levels are unlikely to rise significantly before the end of next year. 在明年年底之前就业率很难有大幅度提升。
• How long have you been looking for employment? 你找工作已经找了多久时间了？
be in employment
 ESSENTIAL formal
■to have a job 有工作，在职
• Are you in employment at the moment? 你现在有工作吗？
[ɪm'plɔɪ.mənt] noun uncountable
USE 利用 formal
■use 使用；利用
• How can you justify the employment of capital punishment? 你如何证明实行死刑是正当的？
work, vocation, occupation, employment, trade, profession, career, job
这组词都有“职业”的意思，其区别是：
work: 指任何种类的工作，也泛指职业。
vocation: 较正式用词，语气庄重，指长期从事，但不一定以此为主计的职业。
occupation: 泛指任何一种职业，既不分什么行业，也不管是脑力还是体力劳动。
employment: 指受雇于他人，领取工资以谋生计，有较固定工作的职业。
trade: 指需要有熟练技巧、技能和体力的职业。
profession: 以前常指要受过高等教育(尤指法律、医学和神学)才能获得的职业，现在一般指为谋生日的职业，尤指从事脑力劳动和受过专门训练，具有某种专业知识的职业。
career: 指经过专门训练，终身愿意从事的职业。
job: 通常指一切有收入，不分脑力与体力运动，不论是否有技艺的长期或临时的职业。
n. 使用；职业； [劳经] 雇用
 - usage, utilization, profession, career, use, pursuit

Word: speaker
Vocabulary: speaker
(once / 414 pages)
1n 2n
A speaker is someone who delivers a speech or a device that makes sounds louder. The speaker gave a great speech but you couldn't hear it because the speaker was turned off.
Speaker has a few different meanings, from the person who addresses a group, to the piece of equipment that amplifies sound to someone who is fluent in a particular language. For example, a native Spanish speaker can usually tell if someone learned the language in high school because textbooks don't always include the slang and idioms of everyday speech.
WORD FAMILY
speaker: speakers, speakership+/ misspeak: misspeaking, misspeaks/speak: misspeak, speakable, speaker, speaking, speaks, spoke, spoken/speakable: speakably, unspeakable/speaking: nonspeaking, speakingly, speakings/spoke: spokes/spoken: spokenest, spokenly, unspoken/unspeakable: unspeakably
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was re-elected twice without opposition, serving as speaker of the House in his third term.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ryan will almost certainly re-emerge as speaker in Tuesday’s floor vote.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The speakers at Heritage that day differed in the degree of optimism they allowed themselves.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)

Word: impression
Front: impression
[ɪmˈpreʃn] (高研四六宝 2537/1846 -K3)
Vocabulary: impression
(once / 90 pages)
1n 2n
An impression is an imprint, either in one’s mind or on an object. To make a good impression on your friend's parents, don't let your muddy boots leave impressions on their perfect white kitchen floor.
The noun impression comes from the Latin word imprimere, which means “press into or upon,” or “stamp.” When you press a coin into a piece of modeling clay there will be an impression, or likeness, of its design in the clay. Another kind of impression is a performance in which you act, talk, move and even attempt to look like another person, like the impression of your teacher that got you into trouble when he saw you.
WORD FAMILY
impression: impressionable, impressionistic, impressions+/ impress: impressed, impresses, impressible, impressing, impression, impressive, impressment/ impressed: unimpressed/impressible: impressibly/ impressionable: unimpressionable/ impressionistic: impressionistically/ impressive: impressively, impressiveness, unimpressive/impressment: impressments/unimpressive: unimpressively
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the Americans, John Paton Davies Jr., jotted down his impressions of the city:
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At first impression, Panzer said he liked the facility.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Here are my three first impressions from the Peach Bowl:
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 印象，感觉; 影响，效果; 盖印，印记
分布：印象(92%)，感觉(6%)，印刷(1%)，模仿(1%)
→来自impress,留下印象。
印象;感想(impress+ion)[press=press表示"挤压"]
n.印象,感想;盖印,压痕The man depressed by the pressure from the press expressed the impression on him.那个受到来自新闻界压力压抑的人表达了他的印象.
noun
OPINION 意见
 IMPROVER countable
■an idea or opinion of what something is like 印象；感想
• I didn't get much of an impression of the place because it was dark when we drove through it. 我对这个地方印象不深，因为我们开车驶过时天已经黑了。
• What was your impression of Charlotte's husband? 你对夏洛特的丈夫印象如何？
• I don't tend to trust first impressions (= the opinion you form when you meet someone or see something for the first time). 我不怎么相信第一印象。
• [+ that] When I first met him I got/had the impression that he was a shy sort of a bloke. 初次见到他时，我觉得他属于那种害羞的人。
be under the impression
 ADVANCED
■to think or understand a particular stated thing 觉得，有…的想法
• I was under the impression (that) you didn't get on too well. 我感觉你们相处得不太好。
• He was under the mistaken (= false) impression (that) you were married. 他误以为你结婚了。
[ɪm'preʃ.ən] noun
EFFECT 效果
 IMPROVER only singular
■the way that something seems, looks or feels to a particular person 印象，感触
• It makes/gives/creates a very bad impression if you're late for an interview. 面试如果迟到会给人留下很坏的印象。
• [+ (that)] He likes to give the impression (that) he's terribly popular and has loads of friends. 他想给人留下这样一种印象：他很受欢迎，而且朋友众多。
[ɪm'preʃ.ən] noun
COPY 模仿
countable
■an attempt at copying another person's manner and speech, etc. or an animal's behaviour, especially in order to make people laugh 模仿；（尤指）滑稽模仿
• She does a really good impression of the president. 她模仿总统真是唯妙唯肖。
[ɪm'preʃ.ən] noun
MARK 印痕
countable
■a mark made on the surface of something by pressing an object onto it 压印，压痕
• There were impressions round her ankles made by the tops of her socks. 她的脚踝周围有袜口留下的勒痕。
[ɪm'preʃ.ən] noun
BOOKS 书
countable usually singular (US also printing)
■all the copies of a book that have been printed at the same time without any changes being made 重印本；印次
• This is the second impression of the encyclopedia. 这是这部百科全书的第二次印刷。
[ɪm'preʃ.ən] noun
make an impression on sb
■to cause someone to notice and admire you 给（某人）留下深刻的印象
• He made quite an impression on the girls at the tennis club. 他给网球俱乐部的女孩子留下了很好的印象。
conception, concept, idea, notion, impression, thought
这组词都有“思想、观点、观念”的意思，其区别是：
conception: 通常指个人或一些人所持有的具体概念或念头，也可指概念的形成过程，含一定的想象和感情色彩意味。
concept: 指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的概念或看法。
idea: 最普通常用词，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。
notion: 指的是一种模糊的，变化的莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，未经深思熟虑的观点。
impression: 指外部刺激在思想中所产生的印象。
thought: 指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其结果。
n. 印象；效果，影响；压痕，印记；感想
 - infection, effect, influence, affection, print

Word: essay
Front: essay
[ˈeseɪ] (高研四六雅 2536/3147 -K2)
Vocabulary: essay
(once / 205 pages)
1n 2vn 3v
A composition that is usually short and has a literary theme is called an essay. You should probably start writing your essay on "To Kill a Mockingbird" sometime before the bus ride to school the day it is due.
As a noun, an essay is also an attempt, especially a tentative initial one. Your essay to make friends at your new school would probably work better if you actually spoke to other students. As a verb, to essay is to make an attempt. If you essay to run for student council, you might lose to the girl who promises more recess, longer lunches, and less homework.
WORD FAMILY
essay: essayed, essayer, essaying, essayist, essays+/essayer: essayers/essayist: essayists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Running year-round in four-week sessions, the program consists of 12 levels of language attainment, with components including grammar and vocabulary, essay writing, and conversational English.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Do you think the essay collection will change the way you approach your fiction in the future?
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
The essay was meant to provoke conservatives, and it succeeded.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验
vt. 尝试; 试验
时态：essayed, essaying, essays
分布：论文(59%)，散文(22%)，尝试(11%)，试图(7%)，短评(1%)
→来自拉丁语exigere, 尝试，测试，来自ex-, 向外，ig-, 做，尝试，词源同agent. 英国学者弗朗西斯·培根用该词命名一种新的写作文体。assay为其拼写异体词，但词义发生了变化。
n.文章,短文Initially I kept silent to the essential essay.起初我对这个重要的短评保持沉默.
noun countable /ˈes.eɪ/ UK (US paper)
 ESSENTIAL
■a short piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one done by students as part of the work for a course （尤指学生写的作为课程作业的）短文，论说文，小品文，散文
• For homework I want you to write an essay on endangered species. 我想让你们写一篇关于濒危物种的文章作为作业。
verb transitive /eˈseɪ/ old-fashioned
■to try to do something 企图；尝试
• The procedure was first essayed in 1923. 1923年有人首次尝试这种做法。
article, paper, theme, composition, dissertation, essay, prose, thesis
这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
article: 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
paper: 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
theme: 一般指大学或高中生作为作业所写的篇幅有限、较完整论述某个观点的文章。也可指作品或谈话的主要论题。
composition: 多指学校里老师给学生的作文练习。
dissertation: 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
essay: 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
prose: 专指散文。
thesis: 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
n. 散文；试图；随笔
 - attempt, prose
vt. 尝试；对…做试验
 - sample, have a try

Word: respondent
Front: respondent
[rɪˈspɒndənt] (宝 2538/4251 -1)
Vocabulary: respondent
(once / 3792 pages)
1adjn 2n
A respondent is a person who gives an answer. For example, on some Monday mornings, your teacher might feel like she is talking to the walls — although she asks questions, none of the sleepy students are willing respondents.
A respondent is a person who answers a question, letter, email message, survey, or anything else that requires a response. You can see the word respond, which means "answer or reply to" in respondent. If a poll reveals that bullying is the top concern regarding school safety, you know that many respondents checked the box marked "bullying."
WORD FAMILY
respondent: co-respondent, respondently, respondents+/ respond: responded, respondent, responder, responding, responds, responsive / responder: responders/ responsive: responsively, responsiveness, unresponsive / unresponsive: unresponsively, unresponsiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Of the respondents with plans, 45 percent say that they will travel only domestically.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But the class divide is more interesting: Sixty-five percent of white working-class respondents said the ’50s were better.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The margin of sampling error for all respondents is plus or minus 3 percentage points.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 回答者; [法]（特指离婚诉讼的）被告; [生]反应，反射
adj. 应答的; 有反应的; [法]被告的
分布：被告(48%)，应答者(21%)，回答的(13%)，应答的(11%)，感应的(7%)
→来自 respond,回答，答复。
被告a.被告的(回答原告的人)[Spond,spons=promise,表示"承诺"]
US [-'spɑ:n-] noun countable specialized
■a person who answers a request for information 回答者；答覆者；应答者
• In a recent opinion poll, a majority of respondents were against nuclear weapons. 在最近的一次民意调查中，大多数调查物件表示反对发展核武器。
■legal
■in a court case, the person who a petition (= a formal letter to the court requesting a particular action) is made against, especially in a divorce case （尤指离婚案件中的）被告
• She divorced the respondent on the grounds of unreasonable behaviour. 她以被告行为失当为由与其离婚。
Compare co-respondent
adj. [医] 回答的；应答的
 - answering
n. [法] 被告；应答者
 - accused person, indictee

Word: giant
Front: giant
[ˈdʒaɪənt] (研四六托 2539/3790 -K3)
Vocabulary: giant
(once / 120 pages)
nadj
A giant is someone that's unusually enormous. You can also use the word giant to describe something or someone that is really big. That giant green guy over there? That's the jolly green giant. Ho ho ho.
A star basketball player might be described as a giant, or a stunningly tall redwood tree, or even a very large business. These giants come from the giants of mythology, huge creatures that are featured in fairy and folk tales and inspired by the giants of Greek myth, who were a separate race of strong, aggressive gods. The Greek root is Gigas, with the plural form Gigantes.
WORD FAMILY
giant: giantism, giantly, giants, supergiant+/supergiant: supergiants
USAGE EXAMPLES
They fought with jabs from a kid quarterback, roundhouses from acrobatic receivers and knockdowns by giant linemen.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Giants at Packers: Perhaps the two most formidable challengers to the Cowboys in the NFC meet in the opening round.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
So as soon as that throw landed in the arms of Giants defensive back Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie, the decision-making process began.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 巨人，大汉; 巨兽，巨物; 卓越人物
adj. 特大的，巨大的; 伟大的
分布：巨大的(51%)，巨人(44%)，大公司(3%)，巨物(2%)
→来自希腊语gigas, 巨大，词源同gigabyte.
n.巨人a.巨大的To the ants, the infant elephant is a giant in the plantation.对蚂蚁们来说,幼小的大象是种植园里的庞然大物.
noun countable
VERY TALL PERSON 巨人
 ADVANCED
■an imaginary creature like a man but extremely tall, strong and usually very cruel, appearing especially in children's stories （尤指儿童故事中凶残的）巨人
⇒ See also gigantic
■someone who is taller or larger than usual 身材异常高大的人，巨人
['dʒaɪ.ənt] noun countable
LARGE BUSINESS 大企业
■a very successful and powerful person or organization （成功且有影响的）伟人，巨头，大公司
• He was one of the intellectual/political giants of this century. 他是本世纪知识界的巨擘／政界巨头之一。
• The takeover battle is between two of America's industrial/retail giants (= large companies). 这场收购战是在两个美国工业／零售业巨头之间展开的。
['dʒaɪ.ənt] adjective
 IMPROVER
■extremely large 巨大的，特大的
• a giant earth-moving machine 大型掘土机
• to take giant steps 大步流星
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的，庞大的”的意思，其区别是：
tremendous: 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。
colossal: 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge: 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic: 指面积或体积的巨大，但多用于引申意义。
massive: 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
vast: 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
enormous: 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense: 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant: 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
n. 巨人；伟人； [植] [动] 巨大的动物
 - Titan, jotun
adj. [动] 巨大的；巨人般的
 - huge, tremendous, enormous, massive, macro

Word: cake
Front: cake
[keɪk] (中高研四 2540/2309 -K3)
Vocabulary: cake
(once / 218 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4v
A cake is a baked dessert that's often topped with frosting or decorations. For many people, it's not a proper birthday without a birthday cake.
Most cakes are made with flour, fat, a sweetener, and something to make the cake rise — like eggs or baking powder. You might prefer denser, richer cheesecakes or tiny, delicate cupcakes, or even a savory version made of potatoes and vegetables. If someone says, "Well, that takes the cake," they're expressing their surprise at something, and if you say, "That exam was a piece of cake," it as easy as eating a piece of cake.
WORD FAMILY
cake: caked, cakes, caking
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sweet cakes and breads will be avoided because you grew up without them.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Only there does he discover that his face is caked with blood and that there is a long, gaping laceration on his right temple.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
At a recent celebration, friends used one cake to congratulate Bill Word on his retirement and compliment Matt Word on his new job.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 蛋糕; 糕饼; 块状物; 沉积物
vt. & vi. （使）结块; （使）胶; 涂厚厚的一层
时态：caked, caking, cakes
分布：蛋糕(98%)，块状物(2%)
→来自PIE *gog，圆块，块状，词源同cog, cudgel.原指圆块状的物体或块状面包，而非现在所理解的蛋糕。与cook同词源性已被否定。
n.饼,糕,蛋糕;扁平的块状物The cake maker shakes a naked snake with the quaking rake without sake.蛋糕制造者无缘无故地用抖动的耙子摇一条赤裸的蛇.
noun
FOOD 食品
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a sweet food made with a mixture of flour, eggs, fat and sugar 蛋糕
• Would you like a piece of/a slice of/some cake? 你想来块／片／点蛋糕吗？
• chocolate/sponge cake 巧克力／海绵蛋糕
• a birthday/christmas cake 生日／圣诞蛋糕
• cream cakes 鲜奶油蛋糕
• He made/baked a delicious cake. 他做／烤了个美味的蛋糕。
⇒ See also oatcake,pancake
[keɪk] noun
SHAPE 形状
countable
■a small flat object made by pressing together a soft substance 饼状物
• fish/potato cakes 鱼／马铃薯饼
• a cake of soap 一块肥皂
[keɪk] noun
have your cake and eat it
■to have or do two good things at the same time that are impossible to have or do at the same time 两者兼得
• You can't have your cake and eat it - if you want more local services, you can't expect to pay less tax. 你不能二者兼得——想获得更多的地方服务就不能指望少付税金。
[keɪk] noun
the slice/share of the cake
■the amount of money, goods, etc., available 可得到的一份钱财（或货物等）
• Everyone should have a fair slice of the cake. 每个人都应公平地分到一份。
[keɪk] verb transitive usually passive
■to cover something or someone thickly with a substance that then dries out （用会变干的东西厚厚地）覆盖
• The men were caked in layers of filth and grime. 他们身上积了一层层污垢。
• boots caked with mud 黏着泥巴的靴子
n. [食品] 蛋糕；块状物；利益总额
 - Swiss roll, torta
vt. 使结块
 - agglomerate

Word: historian
Front: historian
[hɪˈstɔ:riən] (研六雅 2542/2722 -2)
Vocabulary: historian
(once / 270 pages)
n
A historian is someone who is an authority on history. Your American History textbook was written by a historian.
If you've ever taken a history class, chances are it was taught by a historian — someone who is an expert on history. You don't get to be a historian overnight; most historians have studied history for years and have a Master's or Ph.D. in history. If you want an informed opinion on past elections, wars, disasters, and trends, talk to a historian or read a book by one. Historians are experts on the past.
WORD FAMILY
historian: historians+/ historical: ahistorical, historically, historicalness, prehistorical/ history: historian, historic, historical, historicism, histories, prehistory / prehistoric: prehistorically/ prehistory: prehistoric
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dr. Appleby was part of a generation of historians who examined the ideologies and beliefs that animated the American Revolution.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The final days are Obama’s last chance to define his presidency before he loses the bully pulpit and cedes his legacy to historians.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One of them, a historian on the archives staff who was writing a book on the de Carvajal family, accused a rival of the theft.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 历史学家，史学工作者
分布：历史学家(99%)，编史者(1%)
→来自history,历史。
历史学家(history历史+ian)[-ian 1.表名词"某种人"2.表形容词"…国家的"]
n.历史学家He is a historian.他是个历史学家.
US [-'stɔ:r.i-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who writes about or studies history 历史学家

Word: negotiate
Front: negotiate
[nɪˈgəʊʃieɪt] (高研六托宝 2541/2586 -4)
Vocabulary: negotiate
(once / 140 pages)
1v 2v
To negotiate is to try to work out an agreement between parties that each want something out of the deal. You might negotiate with your mom — offering to do more chores for a raise in your allowance. Good luck.
Negotiation is all about give and take. Governments are always negotiating with unions, trying to define the terms of new contracts. The government might offer the teachers union a raise, if they agree to work 200 days a year instead of 180. The verb negotiate can also mean to successfully pass through or travel along. You may have to negotiate a hazardous road, or a tricky path through sticker bushes.
WORD FAMILY
negotiate: negotiable, negotiated, negotiates, negotiating, negotiation, negotiator, renegotiate+/ negotiable: negotiably, non-negotiable/ negotiation: negotiations/ negotiator: negotiators/renegotiate: renegotiated, renegotiates, renegotiating
USAGE EXAMPLES
The only certainty is this: That interception in the final 90 seconds of Sunday’s game will haunt Cousins at the negotiating table.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
During the campaign, Mr. Trump called the Iran accord “the worst deal ever negotiated.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say the car was traveling westbound and couldn’t negotiate a curve in the road.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 谈判，协商，交涉
vt. 谈判达成; 成功越过; 议价出售
时态：negotiated, negotiating, negotiates
分布：谈判(62%)，协商(27%)，交涉(5%)，谈判达成(4%)，议价出售(1%)，成功越过(1%)
→来自negotiation的回构词。
v.商订;谈判,洽谈,交涉They negotiated with the management for an improvement in working conditions.他们与资方交涉,以便改善工作条件.
US [-'goʊ-] verb
DISCUSS 讨论
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to have formal discussions with someone in order to reach an agreement with them （就…）谈判，（就…）磋商
• The government has refused to negotiate with the strikers. 政府拒绝与罢工者谈判。
• I'm negotiating for a new contract. 我正在为签订一份新合同进行协商。
• I've managed to negotiate (= get by discussion) a five per cent pay increase with my boss. 透过与老板协商，我的薪水将提高5%。
UK [nə'gəʊ.ʃi.eɪt] US [-'goʊ-] verb
MANAGE TO DO 设法做到
transitive
■to manage to travel along a difficult route 设法穿过，越过（难走的路段）
• The only way to negotiate the muddy hillside is on foot. 要越过那条泥泞的山坡只能靠步行。
transitive
■to deal with something difficult 解决（难题）
• The company's had some tricky problems to negotiate in its first year in business. 公司运营的头一年有些棘手的问题要解决。
UK [nə'gəʊ.ʃi.eɪt] US [-'goʊ-] verb
EXCHANGE 交换
transitive specialized
■to get or give a sum of money in exchange for a financial document of the same value 议付，洽兑
confer, negotiate, consult
这组词都有“协商、商量”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 正式用词，强调对观点或意见的交换。
negotiate: 正式用词，指双方通过争论或讨论最后达成协议等；也指通过商议从而解决问题。
consult: 多指向权威或有识之士请教或咨询。
vt. 谈判，商议；转让；越过
 - transfer, surmount
vi. 谈判，交涉
 - transact

Word: restore
Front: restore
[rɪˈstɔ:(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2543/2217 -K3)
Vocabulary: restore
(once / 93 pages)
v
If you restore furniture for a living, you clean and repair it to bring it back to its original beauty.
When you restore something, you are simply bringing it back to what it once was. You are not making it better, nor are you adding something that wasn't there. You can restore a damaged reputation, your health, or an old house, though the latter may be easiest of those three to accomplish. If the electricity goes out, you will have to sit in the dark until the power is restored.
WORD FAMILY
restore: restoration, restorative, restored, restorer, restores, restoring+/ restoration: restorations/ restorative: restoratives/restorer: restorers
USAGE EXAMPLES
EST, and continued for about four hours, according to the CBP, before systems were restored at around 9 p.m.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
"Please be advised, @CustomsBorder outage is nationwide. They are working to restore. Thanks for your patience," Miami International Airport said on its Twitter feed.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“They would restore a more working market in pharmaceuticals,” he added.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 归还; 交还; 使恢复; 修复
vt. & vi. 恢复（某种情况或感受）; 使复原; 使复位; 使复职
时态：restored, restoring, restores
分布：恢复(92%)，归还(5%)，复原(3%)
→re-,再，重新，store,储藏，存放。引申词义恢复，修复。
v.恢复,使回复;归还,交还;修复,重建After an explosion the explorer restored the storage of the explosive in the exploiter's storehouse.爆炸过后勘探者恢复了剥削者的仓库里炸药的储量.
US [-'stɔ:r] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to return something or someone to an earlier good condition or position 修复；使重定；使复职
• The badly neglected paintings have all been carefully restored. 那些由于严重疏忽而损毁的画作得到了精心修复。
• After a week in bed, she was fully restored to health (= she felt healthy again). 卧床一周后，她完全恢复了健康。
• The former leader was today restored to power in the first free elections for twenty years. 今天，在20年来首次举行的自由选举中，这位前领导人又重新当选上台。
 IMPROVER
■If you restore a quality or ability that someone has not had for a long time, you make it possible for them to have that quality or ability again 使恢复；使复原
• Doctors have restored his sight. 医生们使他重见光明。
• The government is trying to restore public confidence in its management of the economy. 政府正在努力恢复公众对政府经济管理能力的信心。
■to bring back into use something that has been absent for a period of time 重新采用；恢复使用
• Some people are in favour of restoring capital punishment for murderers. 有些人赞成对杀人犯恢复执行死刑。
■formal
■to give something that has been lost or stolen back to the person it belongs to 归还；交还
• The painting was restored to its rightful owner. 这幅画被归还给其合法主人。
regain, restore, reclaim, recover
这组词都有“重新获得，重新找到，恢复”的意思，其区别是：
regain: 着重指通过努力使失去的东西复得。
restore: 指建筑物、工艺品恢复原状，也指健康、能力等的恢复。
reclaim: 主要指回收或利用废物。
recover: 普通用词，含义广，可泛指收回去的物质的或精神的东西，也指无意中找到失物。
vt. 恢复；修复；归还
 - replace, return, repair
vi. 恢复；还原
 - recover from, unsave

Word: substantial
Front: substantial
[səbˈstænʃl] (研四六托雅宝 2544/1536 -K3)
Vocabulary: substantial
(once / 248 pages)
adj
Something substantial is large in size, number, or amount: If you want to say someone spent a lot of money without being too specific, you could say they spent a substantial amount of money.
The adjective substantial derives from the Latin substantia "substance," which means "stuff." A substantial meal is large enough to satisfy hunger. A substantial structure is strongly made or built. And a substantial man possesses wealth and property. Related to this last sense, "a man of substance" refers to a wealthy man with property.
WORD FAMILY
substantial: insubstantial, substantialer, substantiality, substantially, substantialness, unsubstantial+/ insubstantial: insubstantiality, insubstantially/insubstantiality: insubstantialities/ substance: substances, substantial /substantiality: substantialities/unsubstantial: unsubstantialise, unsubstantialize, unsubstantially/unsubstantialise: unsubstantialised
USAGE EXAMPLES
Separate events in both chambers will be held on Tuesday, leaving both the House and Senate with substantial Republican majorities.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
That means substantial revenue measures, not just cuts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In this piece, originally published Sept. 1, columnist Nancy Kaffer explored potential conflicts related to a substantial philanthropic donation to fund Kalamazoo city government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 大量的; 结实的，牢固的; 重大的
n. 本质; 重要材料
分布：大量的(46%)，可观的(20%)，实质的(16%)，本质(10%)，坚固的(6%)，重要部份(2%)
→substance,基础，根据，-al,形容词后缀。引申比喻义大量的，重大的。拼写比较 space,spatial.
本质的;实在的(sub+stant+ial→本质的)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
a.实质的;相当的;显著的;坚固的;富裕的The substantial part of the constitution about the institution of institutes is substituted.宪法中有关设立协会的实质性部分被替换.
【记】源于：substance（n 物质）
【反】tenuous（adj 纤细的）；vaporous（adj 蒸气多的；不实质的）；diaphanous（adj 透明的）
adjective
LARGE 大的
 IMPROVER
■large in size, value or importance 大的；可观的；价值巨大的；重大的
• The findings show a substantial difference between the opinions of men and women. 这些发现显示男性和女性之间存在重大的意见分歧。
• She inherited a substantial fortune from her grandmother. 她从祖母那里继承了一笔数目可观的遗产。
• The first draft of his novel needed a substantial amount of rewriting. 他小说的初稿有很多地方需要重写。
[səb'stæn.ʃəl] adjective
GENERAL 大体的
[before noun] formal
■relating to the main or most important things being considered 基本上的；大体上的
• The committee were in substantial agreement (= agreed about most of the things discussed). 委员会基本上达成一致意见。
adj. 大量的；实质的；内容充实的
 - massive, extensive, macro, much, volume
n. 本质；重要材料
 - essence, entity, principle, texture, interior

Word: pop
Front: pop
[pɒp] (中研四六雅 2545/3228 -K3)
Back: vi. （意外地、突然地）出现; 突然出现; 发出爆裂声; （突然地）行动
vt. （突然地）伸出; （突然地）提出问题; （把准备好的东西）突然拿出来; 敲击
n. 流行音乐; 汽水; （尤用作称呼）爸; （迅速打上的）记号
adj. 流行音乐的; 通俗风格的; 通俗的; 现代的
adv. 爆炸；砰地
abbr. 邮局协议(post office protocol)
时态：popped, popping, pops
分布：流行的(36%)，突然出现(16%)，取出(11%)，热门的(8%)，通俗的(6%)，开枪(6%)，爆开(6%)，睁大(4%)，突然行动(4%)，爆裂声(3%)
→拟声词。
a.流行的n.(发出)砰的一声v.突然出现The pop song is popular in the populous city.这首流行歌曲在人口稠密的城市流行.
US [pɑ:p] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 IMPROVER uncountable (formal popular music)
■modern popular music, usually with a strong beat, created with electrical or electronic equipment, and easy to listen to and remember 流行音乐
• pop music 流行音乐
• a pop concert/song 流行音乐会／歌曲
• What do you want to listen to - jazz, classical or pop? 你想听甚么——爵士乐、古典音乐还是流行音乐？
• The song reached No. 32 in the pop charts. 这首歌升到了流行音乐排行榜的第32位。
• She wants to be a pop singer/star like Madonna. 她想成为一名像玛丹娜那样的流行歌手／歌星。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] noun
SOUND 声音
countable
■a short sharp sound, like something exploding 发出砰的一声
• I heard a pop and the lights went out. 我听到砰的一声，灯就灭了。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] noun
FATHER 父亲 mainly US informal
■a father 爸爸
• [as form of address] Hey Pop, can I do anything to help? 嘿，爸，我能帮甚么忙吗？
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] noun
DRINK 喝
uncountable (US usually soda) old-fashioned informal
■a sweet fizzy (= with bubbles) drink, usually with a fruit flavour （通常有果味的）汽水
• a bottle of pop 一瓶汽水
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] noun
CRITICISM 批评
take a pop at sb UK informal
■to criticize someone, especially in public （尤指当众）批评（某人），指责（某人）
• She never expected anyone from her own family to take a pop at her. 她从未料到自己的家人会当众指责她。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] noun
OCCASION/OBJECT 事情／项目
countable usually singular US informal
■each particular occasion or object in a series （一系列事情中的）一次，一项
• She gives lectures and gets paid $5 000 a pop. 她做系列讲座，每次报酬5000美元。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] noun
go pop humorous
■to explode 爆炸
• If I eat any more I'm going to go pop! 我再吃肚子就会撑破了！
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
GO 去
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition mainly UK informal
■to go to a particular place 去
• I've just got to pop into the bank to get some money. 我刚去银行领了些钱。
• Paula popped out for a minute. 宝拉出去了一会儿。
• Would you pop upstairs and see if Grandad is okay? 你能上楼去看看爷爷怎么样了吗？
• Why don't you pop in/over and see us this afternoon? 你今天下午为甚么不过来看看我们呢？
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
SOUND 声音
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something to) make a short explosive sound, often by breaking something （使）发出砰的一声；（使）爆开
• The kids were popping all the birthday balloons. 孩子们把所有的生日气球都弄爆了。
• The music played and champagne corks popped. 音乐声响起，香槟酒砰砰地打开了。
intransitive
■If your ears pop, you experience a strange noise and feeling in your ears as a result of a sudden change in air pressure （耳压）变化；耳膜胀痛
• My ears always pop as the plane comes in to land. 飞机降落时我的耳朵总是胀痛。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
MOVE 移动
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to move quickly and suddenly, especially from a closed space （尤指从封闭的空间）爆开，弹出来
• When you open the box, a clown pops out. 你打开盒子时，一个小丑会弹出来。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
PUT 放置
transitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to put or take something quickly 迅速地拿；快速地放
• If you pop the pizza in the oven now, it'll be ready in 15 minutes. 如果你现在把比萨放在炉子里，15分钟就好了。
• He popped his head into the room/ round the door and said "Lunchtime!" 他把头探进房间／从门后探出来说：“吃午饭了！”
• Pop your shoes on and let's go. 穿上鞋，我们走吧。
pop pills informal
■to take pills regularly, especially ones containing an illegal drug 经常性服药；（尤指）服用违法药品，磕药
• A decade of heavy drinking and popping pills ruined her health. 十年来的酗酒和服药毁了她的健康。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
your eyes pop out of your head informal
■a way of describing the way you look when you are extremely surprised to see something or someone （表示惊奇）眼睛瞪得都要掉出来了
• When she saw the amount written on the cheque, her eyes nearly popped out of her head. 当她看到支票上的数字时，她的眼珠子瞪得都快要掉出来了。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
pop your clogs UK humorous
■to die 死，死亡
• I think I'll leave all my money to charity when I pop my clogs. 我想我死后要把所有的钱都捐给慈善事业。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
pop the question
■to ask someone to marry you 求婚
• So did he pop the question, then? 那么，接着他求婚了？
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pop off humorous
■to die 死，死亡
• You're all just waiting till I pop off so you can get your hands on my money. 你们都在等我死，好来分我的钱。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pop sb off humorous
■to kill someone 杀死（某人），干掉（某人）
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pop up informal
■to appear or happen, especially suddenly or unexpectedly （尤指突然地）出现，发生
• She's one of those film stars who pops up everywhere, on TV, in magazines, on Broadway. 她是那种四处露脸的影星，在电视上、杂志上、百老汇，到处可见她的身影。
• The words 'Hard disk failure - program aborted' popped up on the screen. “硬碟故障——程式终止”这几个字突然出现在萤幕上。
UK [pɒp] US [pɑ:p] adjective [before noun]
■enjoyed by many people and easy to understand 流行的（许多人欣赏且容易理解的）
• Dario Fo, the famous Italian playwright, is a pop Pirandello. 达里奥‧福是著名的义大利剧作家，和皮兰德娄齐名，只是剧作较流行通俗。
• 'Silence of the Lambs' was pop film-making at its best. “沉默的羔羊”是流行电影业的代表作品。
n. 流行音乐；汽水；砰然声；枪击
 - world music, fizzwater
vi. 突然出现；爆开；射击；瞪大；发出爆裂声
 - crop up, break out in
vt. 取出；开枪打；抛出；突然伸出；突然行动
 - extract, take of
adj. 流行的；通俗的；热门的
 - popular, fashionable, going, ruling, epidemic
adv. 突然；砰地
 - short, amain

Word: particular
Front: particular
[pəˈtɪkjələ(r)] (高研四六宝 948/431 -K4)
Vocabulary: particular
(once / 31 pages)
1adjn 2adjn
As an adjective, particular describes something specific, such as when you prefer one particular type of cereal over another. The noun form means specific points or details, as in the particulars of a police investigation.
The idea of particular referring to details comes from the Latin particula, which means "particle" or "small part," and in Middle English the word meant something that referred to a single person or thing. You can note that in the phrase "in particular" which means "especially." As in, one breed of dog in particular would suit you best, with your floppy ears and friendly personality.
WORD FAMILY
particular: particularise, particularism, particularity, particularize, particularly, particulars+/particularise: particularisation, particularised, particularises, particularising/particularism: particularisms, particularistic/particularity: particularities/particularization: particularizations/particularize: particularization, particularized, particularizes, particularizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
If nothing else, policymakers say, such comparisons prompt discussions across borders to learn best practices in addressing particular health problems.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Indeed, officials say it is possible that the traffic is benign, since this particular IP address is not always connected to malicious activity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And now that trend is amplified by other developments, including a reassessment of the whole issue brought on by the Selig vote in particular.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 特别的; 详细的; 独有的; 挑剔的
n. 特色，特点; （可分类，列举的）项目; 详细情节，细情，细目; 某一事项
分布：特定的(39%)，特别的(29%)，特殊的(22%)，细节(4%)，挑剔的(3%)，详情(2%)，专指的(1%)
→来自particle,个体，颗粒。即个别的，引申词义特别的，特殊的。
特别的;各自的(part+icuar有...的→有自己的部分→特别的)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
a.特殊的,苛求的,个别的n.详情,细节,特色The Particle party's partner participated in the particular Parliament.粒子党的合伙人参与了特别议会.
US [pɚ'tɪk.jə.lɚ] adjective
SPECIAL 特殊的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■special, or this and not any other 特定的，具体的
• She wanted a particular type of cactus. 她要某一品种的仙人掌。
• He wouldn't take just any book - he had to have this particular one! 他不会随便买书——他要买这本！
• "Why did you ask?" "Oh, no particular reason, just making conversation." “你为甚么问呢？”“哦，没甚么特别的原因，就是没话找话。”
in particular
 ADVANCED
■especially 特别，尤其　
• What in particular did you like about the last apartment that we saw? 我们最后看的那个公寓你特别喜欢它哪一点？
• Are you looking for anything in particular? 你在找些甚么吗？
UK [pə'tɪk.jʊ.lər] US [pɚ'tɪk.jə.lɚ] adjective
NOT EASILY SATISFIED 不易满足的
[after verb]
■not easily satisfied and demanding that close attention should be given to every detail 讲究的；苛求的，挑剔的
• He's very particular about the kitchen - everything has to be perfectly clean and in its place. 他对厨房非常挑剔——每样东西都必须一尘不染，物归原位。
• She's very particular about what she eats. 她对吃的非常挑剔。
UK [pə'tɪk.jʊ.lər] US [pɚ'tɪk.jə.lɚ] noun
particulars [plural]
■details or information about a person or an event, especially when officially recorded 个人资料；具体资讯
• There's a form for you to note down all your particulars. 这里有一份表格，请在上面填写你所有的个人资料。
the particular formal
■If you are considering the particular, you are considering single examples rather than general matters or ideas 具体情况，详情，细节
• The report focuses on the particular rather than the general and so doesn't draw any overall conclusions. 这份报道着重详细情况，而非整体概貌，所以没有作出总体结论。
typical, unique, rare, common, particular, special
typical: 典型的
unique: 唯一的
rare: 罕见的，珍贵的
common: 共同的
particular: 特定的，特殊的
special: 特殊的，特别的
typical, unique, particular, unusual
typical: 典型的
unique: 独一无二的，其同类中唯一现存的
particular: 特别的 一整体或类别中单一可区分的部分或个体，侧重同类中某一个有别于其他的独特性质，或在一般情况下所有的独特性质
unusual: 不同寻常的
especial, peculiar, distinctive, unique, particular, special
especial: 特别的，含有优越或偏好的意义，多用于书面语。
peculiar: 独特的，独有的，强调某一个体或某一集团所独有的、与众不同的，常与介词about, in, to等搭配。
distinctive: 特别的，有特色的
unique: 独特的，强调独一无二的
particular: 特殊的，过于讲究的，强调同类中某一个体所具有的独特性质，常与介词about, as to, over, to搭配。
special: 特设的，专门的，着重指某事物具有自己特有的性质、性格或个性，与同类明显相异的，常与介词about, to搭配。
peculiar, especial, specific, particular, special, exceptional, extraordinary
这组词都有“特殊的，特别的”的意思，其区别是：
peculiar: 强调指与众不同或独特的意思。
especial: 和special含义很接近，较正式，但侧重有特殊的意义或重要性。
specific: 着重指某种、某类事物具有的特殊或特定的属性，也可指专门提出作特别考虑的事物。
particular: 侧重不同于普遍性的个性或特殊性。
special: 普通用词，指不同于一般、与众不同，着重事物的专门性，突出与一般不同。
exceptional: 指不同于一般，本身是特别的或异常的事物。
extraordinary: 语气比exceptional强，指极大地超过一般或正常情况。
adj. 特别的；详细的；独有的；挑剔的
 - extraordinary, strict, detailed, special, exclusive
n. 详细说明；个别项目
 - detailed specification, detailed description

Word: specialist
Front: specialist
[ˈspeʃəlɪst] (高研四六 2546/1808 -K3)
Vocabulary: specialist
(once / 662 pages)
n
A specialist has an area of expertise in a profession or branch of learning. Call an ear, nose, and throat specialist if you can’t shake a stuffy nose, but go to a Shakespeare specialist to learn about King Lear.
Specialist started off as a word used just for doctors who focused particular diseases or parts of the body, but now a specialist can be someone with a narrow focus in any field. A specialist is any professional with a specialty — lawyers are specialists because each lawyer deals with a specific kind of legal work. To be a specialist you have to study or get experience in a specific field for a long time.
WORD FAMILY
specialist: specialistic, specialists+/overspecialize: overspecialized/ special: specialise, specialism, speciality, specialize, specially, specialness, specials/specialisation: specialisations/specialise: overspecialise, specialisation, specialised, specialiser, specialises, specialising/specialised: unspecialised/specialism: specialisms, specialist /speciality: specialities/ specialization: specializations/ specialize: overspecialize, specialization, specialized, specializer, specializes, specializing/ specialized: unspecialized/specializer: specializers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Problem: It is difficult for people in rural areas to travel to the cities to see heart specialists.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Ryan was a defensive specialist who oversaw a unit that finished 19th in yards allowed in each of his two seasons.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The experience helped her land a job as a communications specialist at T-Mobile.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 专家; 行家; 专科医生
分布：专家(92%)，专科医生(7%)，专食性动物(1%)
→special,特殊的，专门的，-ist,人。
n.专家This section about insects is written by a respectable specialist.关于昆虫的这一节是由一位可敬的专家撰写的.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who has a lot of experience, knowledge or skill in a particular subject 专家；专业人员
• a software specialist 软体专家
• She's a specialist in modern French literature. 她是现代法国文学专家。
• specialist advice/help 专家建议／专业帮助
 IMPROVER (UK also consultant)
■a doctor who has special training in and knowledge of a particular area of medicine 专科医生
• She's a specialist in childhood illnesses. 她是小儿科专家。
• I've asked to be referred to a specialist about my back pain. 我已经要求转诊，让专科医生来治我的背痛。
• a leading cancer/eye specialist 杰出的癌症／眼科专家
n. 专家；专门医师
 - expert, mavin
adj. 专家的；专业的
 - professional

Word: origin
Front: origin
[ˈɒrɪdʒɪn] (高研四六托雅 2547/1898 -K3)
Vocabulary: origin
(once / 102 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An origin is a start. You could say that the origin of yoga was in India, since that's where the practice began, or that the origin of the strawberries in the market is Mexico, since they were grown there.
If your best friend asks you about the origin of your fear of mariachi bands, it means that she wants to know where your phobia came from. Your ancestry is another kind of origin — you might mention your Eastern European origin if that's where your ancestors came from. The root, start, or birth of something is its origin. The origin of the word origin is the Latin word originem, meaning "rise, beginning, or source."
WORD FAMILY
origin: originate, origins+/ originate: originated, originates, originating, origination, originative, originator/origination: originations/originator: originators
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Scottish government money will help mark the origins in 1947 of the Edinburgh International, Fringe and Film Festivals.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
For instance, the first form is modeled after a talwar, a curved sword with Indian origins.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One was a French citizen of Tunisian origin, who died with her Tunisian husband, according to the French Foreign Ministry.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 起源，根源; 出身; [数]原点，起点; [解]（筋，神经的）起端
分布：起源(77%)，出身(15%)，起因(8%)
→来自拉丁语origo,升起，上升，来自oriri,升起，出现，来自ergh,升起，上升，词源同orient,orogeny.引申词义起源，发源。
起源;出身(orig+in→[生命]开始→起源)[ori,orig=rise,begin,表示"升起,开始"]
n.起源,由来;出身,来历Many Americans are African by origin.许多美国人是非洲血统.
US ['ɔ:r.ə-] noun
 IMPROVER countable (also origins)
■the beginning or cause of something 起源；源头；起因
• It's a book about the origin of the universe. 这是一本关于宇宙起源的书。
• Her unhappy childhood was the origin of her problems later in life. 她不幸的童年导致她后来生活中的诸多问题。
• What's the origin of this saying? (= Where did it come from?) 这格言出自甚么地方？
origins
 ADVANCED [plural]
■used to describe the particular way in which something started to exist or someone started their life 起源，来历，出身，家庭背景
• The story has obscure origins (= No one knows how it started). 这个故事的起源已不可考。
• The president's family was of humble origins (= They were poor people without a good position in society). 总统家庭出身卑微。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■where a person was born 出生地
• He is of North African origin. 他是北非裔人。
• What is your country of origin? 你出生在哪个国家？
 ADVANCED uncountable
■where an object was made （原）产地
• The furniture was French in origin. 这家俱产于法国。
opponent, opposite, original, origin
opponent: 反对者
opposite: 相反的
original: 原创
origin: 起源
source, root, origin
这组词都有“起源，起因，根源”的意思，其区别是：
source: 本义指某地系河流或瀑布的源头，引申指某事的来源出处，但更多指抽象事物的根源或来源。
root: 通常指事物产生的原因或根源。
origin: 侧重指事物的起源或由来，也指人的出身。
commencement, origin, founding, initiation
commencement: 学位颁授典礼
origin: 起点，开端，来源，作复数时指血统，背景，出身
founding: 弃儿
initiation: 开始，发起，initiation of sth
n. 起源； [数] 原点；出身；开端
 - birth, extraction, dawn

Word: approval
Front: approval
[əˈpru:vl] (研四六托雅 2549/2223 -K3)
Vocabulary: approval
(once / 267 pages)
n
Approval is a formal agreement. It's probably not a good idea to mail the invitations for your beach party until you've gotten official approval for the enormous bonfire you're planning to light.
Building designs, budgets, grant applications — these all require official approval before they can be put into effect. You can also use the word approval to talk about less formal permission, like a teacher's approval of your plan to buy pizza for the whole class. Approval also means the belief that something is good, like your approval of your neighbor's purple house. Until 1800, it was much more common for people to use the word approvance to mean the same thing.
WORD FAMILY
approval: approvals+/approbative: approbatively/ approve: approbative, approbatory, approval, approved, approver, approves, approving, disapprove /approver: approvers/approving: approvingly/ disapproval: disapprovals/ disapprove: disapproval, disapproved, disapproves, disapproving / disapproving: disapprovingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
After a temprorary fix, the company plans its next launch Jan. 8, pending FAA approval.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The company is now targeting Jan. 8 for its return to flight, pending FAA approval.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The issue is exemplified by the last drug to win FDA approval in 2016.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 同意; 批准; 赞成
分布：批准(55%)，同意(21%)，认可(13%)，赞同(11%)
赞成(approve+al)[prob,prov=test表示"测试,证明"]
n.批准,通过;赞成,同意He showed his approval by shaking my hands.他和我握手,表示赞成.
noun uncountable
GOOD OPINION 好的看法
 IMPROVER
■when you have a positive opinion of someone or something 赞成；同意；称许
• He showed his approval by smiling broadly. 他持赞成的态度，这从他开心的微笑就看得出来。
• Alan is someone who always needs the approval of other people. 艾伦这个人做甚么事都希望得到别人的赞许。
• Sam always tried hard to win his father's approval. 萨姆总是尽一切努力去赢得父亲的赞赏。
• formal Does the wine meet with your approval (= Do you like the wine) ? 这酒合您的口味吗？
on approval
■If you buy something on approval, you can return it without payment if it is not satisfactory. （商品）试用，不满意可退货
[ə'pru:.vəl] noun uncountable
PERMISSION 许可
 IMPROVER
■official permission 批准，核准；认可
• The project has now received approval from the government. 这个企划案现在得到了政府的批准。
• The teacher gave the student a nod of approval. 老师向学生点点头表示许可。
approval, permission
approval: 赞同，许可
permission: 批准
n. 批准；认可；赞成
 - confirmation, authorization, validation, ratification

Word: quietly
Front: quietly
['kwaɪətlɪ] (2553/2171 -K)
Back: adv. 平静地; 静止地; 轻声地; 在暗中
分布：安静地(47%)，悄悄地(30%)，平静地(23%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■without making much noise 安静地，静悄悄地
• I slipped quietly out of the back door. 我悄悄地从后门溜了出去。
• He is a quietly spoken, thoughtful man. 他是个说话轻柔、体贴周到的人。
■in a way that is not obvious to other people because you do not say much 不声张地
• He is quietly confident that there will be no problems this time. 他心里暗暗相信这次必定没有问题。
adv. 安静地；秘密地；平稳地
 - smoothly, underground, privately, secretly

Word: advise
Front: advise
[ədˈvaɪz] (中高研四六托 2552/1728 -K3)
Vocabulary: advise
(once / 77 pages)
v
To advise someone is to give them advice, or counsel. If you live in Iceland and a friend visiting you from Hawaii asks what he should pack, advise him to bring warm clothes and snow boots.
Advise comes from a Latin word for vision. We want people to advise us if we think they can see the whole picture better than we can. For this reason, we often seek the advice of trained people. Financial advisors advise their clients on which funds to invest in. Legal advisors advise their clients on the law. To advise can also be to give notice. You should advise your boss of your decision to quit at least two weeks in advance.
WORD FAMILY
advise: advisable, advised, advisee, advisement, adviser, advises, advising, advisor, advisory, misadvise+/ advisable: advisability, advisabler, advisablest, advisably, inadvisable, unadvisable/advised: advisedly, ill-advised, unadvised/advisee: advisees/advisement: advisements/ adviser: advisers/ advisor: advisors/ advisory: advisories/ inadvisable: inadvisability, inadvisably/misadvise: misadvised, misadvising/unadvisable: unadvisably/unadvised: unadvisedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sidney D. Drell, a Stanford physicist who advised presidents from Nixon to Obama, signed the letter before dying late last month at 90.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The year before, he set up a Vatican commission, including some victims, to advise local Churches on how to prevent abuse.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
They’d be well advised to fire their Growth Hackers and start prioritizing intellectual integrity over content farming.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. （商业）通知，报告; 提议，建议
vi. 接受劝告，商量; 建议，提供意见
时态：advised, advising, advises
分布：建议(69%)，通知(16%)，劝告(8%)，忠告(6%)，提建议(1%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根vis, 看，同vision, 视野。去看，去给建议。
忠告,劝告(ad使+vis+e使[别人]看到→劝告[别人])[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
vt.忠告,劝告,建议;通知,告知The vice-adviser advised the reviser to devise a device for getting rid of vice.代理顾问建议校订者想出一个根除恶习的计策.
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to give someone advice 劝告；忠告；向…提供意见，给…出主意
• [+ to infinitive] I think I'd advise him to leave the company. 要是我，我会建议他离开这家公司。
• His doctor advised him against smoking. 他的医生劝他戒烟。
• I'd strongly advise against making a sudden decision. 我会极力奉劝不要草率作出决定。
• [+ that] They're advising that children be kept out of the sun altogether. 他们建议绝对不要让儿童在阳光下曝晒。
• [+ -ing verb] I'd advise waiting until tomorrow. 我建议等到明天再说。
• [+ question word] She advised us wh en to come. 她给我们出主意，告诉我们该甚么时候来。
• She advises the President (= gives information and suggests types of action) on African policy. 她是总统的非洲政策顾问。
• You would be well- advised to (= It would be wise for you to) have the appropriate vaccinations before you go abroad. 明智的做法是，在出国前接种适当的疫苗。
transitive formal
■to give someone official information about something 通知；（正式）告知
• They were advised of their rights. 他们获悉自己的权利。
• [+ that] Our solicitors have advised that the costs could be enormous. 我们的律师已经告知我们，诉讼费用可能会非常高。
persuade, advise, convince
这组词都有“劝说”的意思，其区别是：
persuade: 指用感情说服某人去做某事。如：I persuaded him to go back to work. (我说服他回去工作了。)
advise: 表建议，规劝某人应该做某事或如何做。如：He advised me to put my money in the bank. (他劝我把钱存入银行。)
convince: 指向某人陈述事实，运用推理或逻辑证明使某人信服。如：We convinced Smith to go by train rather than plane. (我们说服了史密斯乘火车而不乘飞机前往。)
warn, caution, advise, admonish, counsel
这组词都有“劝告、忠告、警告”的意思，其区别是：
warn: 含义与caution相同，但语气较重，尤指重后果。
caution: 主要指针对有潜在危险而提出的警告，含小心从事的意味。
advise: 普通用词，泛指劝告，不涉及对方是否听从劝告。
admonish: 一般指年长者或领导对已犯错误的或有过失的人提出的忠告或警告以避免类似错误。
counsel: 正式用词，语气比advise强一些，侧重指对重要问题提出的劝告、建议或咨询。
persuade, advise, suggest
persuade: 劝说（并使之听从）
advise: 劝说（但不一定说服）
suggest: 建议，提议
propose, advise, suggest
propose: 提议，供大家讨论
advise: 给对方建议劝告对方，但对方是否接受不抱希望（弱势对强势）；
suggest: 建议希望对方做某事，往往带有敦促、鼓励或警告之意（强势对弱势）
inform, notify, advise, acquaint
这组词都有“通知、告知”的意思，其区别是：
inform: 普通用词，指传达事实或信息，或指经过研究或调查而获得的事实或信息。
notify: 指正式通知需要注意的事情。
advise: 指正式通知某件重要事，所通知的事情与被通知的人有关。
acquaint: 指提供有关信息或情况使某人熟悉某些过程或复杂的情况。
vt. 建议；劝告，忠告；通知；警告
 - alarm, message
vi. 建议；与…商量
 - agree to sb, make suggestions

Word: conventional
Front: conventional
[kənˈvenʃənl] (高研四六托宝 2554/2253 -K3)
Vocabulary: conventional
(once / 251 pages)
1adj 2adj
Conventional is an adjective for things that are normal, ordinary, and following the accepted way. Ho-hum.
This word describes what is typical and ordinary and that which follows accepted standards of behavior or taste. This is a word that's current definition is still very similar to its Latin root, conventionalis, which is "pertaining to an agreement." One way this word is used is with respect to conventional weapons, as in those "not using, making, or involving nuclear weapons or energy; nonnuclear."
WORD FAMILY
conventional: conventionalise, conventionalism, conventionality, conventionalize, conventionally, unconventional +/ convene: convened, convener, convenes, convening, convention, reconvene /convener: conveners/ convention: conventional, conventioneer, conventions/conventionalisation: conventionalisations/conventionalise: conventionalisation, conventionalised, conventionalises, conventionalising/conventionalism: conventionalisms/conventionality: conventionalities/conventionalize: conventionalization, conventionalized, conventionalizing/conventioneer: conventioneers/ reconvene: reconvened, reconvenes, reconvening/ unconventional: unconventionality, unconventionally/unconventionality: unconventionalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The teams play mostly in conventional gyms set up with temporary barriers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It rapidly became the source of conventional left-liberal wisdom on the treaty.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Of course, maybe I just liked it because, as the world’s most conventional person, I enjoy being considered a rebel at anything.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 传统的; 习用的，平常的; 依照惯例的; 约定的
分布：传统的(74%)，常规的(21%)，惯例的(5%)
a.惯例的,常规的The chairman made a few conventional remarks.主席说了几句客套话.
【反】outlandish（adj 外国气派的；奇异的）；offbeat（adj 不规则的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■traditional and ordinary 传统的；常规的；普通的
• conventional behaviour/attitudes/clothes 传统行为／态度／服装
• conventional medicine/farming 传统式药物／耕作
• a conventional wedding 传统婚礼
• disapproving I find his art rather dull and conventional. 我觉得他的艺术作品乏味俗套。
Opposite unconventional describes weapons which are not nuclear, or methods of fighting a war that do not involve nuclear weapons （武器、战争）传统式的
• conventional weapons/bombs 传统式武器／炸弹
usual, habitual, regular, conventional, customary
这组词都有“通常的，惯常的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 普通用词，概念广泛。指经常发生或意料中的事，既可指自然发生的现象，也可指按个人习惯或惯例而做的事。
habitual: 指按个人习惯反复发生的事情。侧重经常性、习惯性。
regular: 着重遵守约定俗成的规则。
conventional: 语气强，指遵守已成习惯的事情，强调符合惯例，由人们普遍认可。
customary: 指特定的个人或群体的平常习惯，或习俗性的行为。
adj. 符合习俗的，传统的；常见的；惯例的
 - traditional, usual, familiar, classical

Word: drop
Front: drop
[drɒp] (中高研四六雅 690/925 -K4)
Vocabulary: drop
(once / 35 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn
When you drop something, you let go of it and it falls. To drop a football is every receiver's nightmare. If you decide to drop your girlfriend or boyfriend, it will be their nightmare.
You might drop your dog's leash so she can sprint across the beach, or drop the heavy bags you've been carrying as soon as you walk in your front door. You can also drop to the ground yourself, to avoid being hit by your brother's remote control airplane. A drop is a fall, plummet, or plunge — literal, or figurative: "A drop in profits means we'll have to lay off some workers."
WORD FAMILY
drop: droplet, dropped, dropper, dropping, drops+/droplet: droplets/dropper: droppers/dropping: droppingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The number of turtles were dropping and the size, you can’t see any big ones, only small,” he said later in the day.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"At 2-2 I just started to drop and got punished."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
That dropped the Nittany Lions ’ record to 2-2, and the next week the home fans booed and chanted, “Fire Franklin!”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）落下; 投下; （使）降低; 减少
vt. 放弃; 停止; （故意）降下; 垂下（眼睛）
n. 滴; 空投; 降落; 少量
vi. （水或其他液体）滴; 结束; （因受伤或死等）倒下; 退出
时态：dropped, dropping, drops
分布：下降(30%)，落下(22%)，滴(15%)，放弃(10%)，减少(9%)，微量(6%)，滴状物(5%)，跌倒(1%)，漏掉(1%)，断绝关系(1%)
→来自dhreu, 滴，词源同drip.
n.滴;落下;微量v.落下;下降;失落The temperature suddenly dropped to zero.气温突然下降到了零度.
US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
FALL 下落
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to fall or to allow something to fall （使）落下，（使）掉下；丢下
• She dropped her keys. 她把锁匙掉了。
• I'm always dropping things. 我总是掉东西。
• Amanda dropped her sunglasses in/into the fountain. 阿曼达把太阳镜掉进喷水池里了。
• The book dropped from/off the shelf. 书从书架上掉了下来。
• Don't drop it!/Don't let it drop! 别让那东西掉下来！
drop dead
■to die suddenly and unexpectedly 暴亡，猝死，突然死去
• He dropped dead on the squash court at the age of 43. 他猝死在壁球场上，年仅43岁。
drop sb a line informal
■to write someone a letter, especially a short informal one 给（某人）写信（尤指非正式的简短书信）
• Just drop me a line when you've decided on a date. 一旦你确定了日期给我写信就行。
drop (sb) a hint informal
■to tell someone something in a way that is not direct 暗示（某人），给（某人）露口风
• Margaret dropped a hint that she'd like to come to the party. 玛格丽特暗示她想来参加派对。
drop your aitches/h's UK
■to not pronounce the letter h at the beginning of words in which it should be pronounced 漏发词首h音
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
LOWER 降低
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to move to a lower level, or cause something to move to a lower level （使）下降，（使）降低
• The water level in the flooded region has finally begun to drop. 受灾地区的洪水终于开始退去了。
• The land drops (away) (= slopes down) sharply behind the barrier. 在这道屏障的后面，地势急剧倾斜而下。
• We've had to drop our prices because of the recession. 由于经济不景气，我们不得不降低了价格。
  Common Learner Errors  dropDrop meaning 'move to a lower level' is not usually followed by the adverb 'down', don't say 'drop down', say drop :
✗ The rate of unemployment dropped down significantly. The rate of unemployment dropped significantly.
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
STOP 停止
 IMPROVER transitive
■to stop doing or planning something, especially an activity 停止，放弃（尤指某种活动）
• I'm going to drop yoga and do aerobics instead. 我准备不再练瑜伽而开始做有氧运动。
• Can you drop what you're doing and help me with this report? 你能停下手里的工作来帮我写这份报告吗？
 IMPROVER transitive
■to stop including someone in a group or team 将（某人）排除在外；开除；使离队
• He's been dropped from the team because of injury. 他因受伤而未能入选球队。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
TAKE 运送
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to take someone to a particular place, usually in a car, and leave them there （通常指用汽车）带，捎（某人至某地）
• They dropped me off at the main entrance. 他们把我带到正门。
• I dropped him at the library and went shopping. 我开车把他带到图书馆后就去买东西去了。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
be fit/ready to drop informal
■to be extremely tired 快累趴下了，快累垮了
• I'd just walked ten miles and was ready to drop. 我刚走完十英里的路程，都快累趴下了。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
drop sb/sth like a hot potato informal
■to quickly stop being involved with someone or something because you do not now like them or you think they will cause problems for you 立即摆脱，马上放弃
• He dropped the plan like a hot potato when he realized how much it would cost him. 当他意识到这个计划的代价后立即就放弃了这个烫手的山芋。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
drop a brick/clanger UK
■to do or say something which makes you feel embarrassed （在言行上）出丑，露怯
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
Drop dead! slang
■a rude way of telling someone that you are angry with them and want them to go away or be quiet 滚开！闭嘴！
• Oh, just drop dead! 哦，滚开！
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
drop everything
■to stop whatever you are doing 停止一切活动，停下手上的工作
• We just dropped everything and rushed to the hospital. 我们立刻放下手上的工作，跑到医院去了。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
drop it/the subject
■to stop talking about something, especially because it is upsetting or annoying 别提了，不说了（尤指令人苦恼或烦扰之事）
• I don't want to talk about it anymore - let's drop the subject. 我不想再谈这件事了——我们不要再提它了。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
drop the ball US informal
■to make a mistake, especially by doing something in a stupid or careless way 犯错误（尤指由于愚蠢或粗心）
• For god's sake don't drop the ball on this - we're relying on you. 千万不要搞砸了，我们就靠你了！
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
drop-dead gorgeous informal
■extremely attractive 魅力无穷的，极有魅力的
• He's not drop-dead gorgeous or anything, but he's quite nice. 他不是特别有魅力，但很有亲和力。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drop behind
■to get further behind or away from something or someone 落后，掉队，跟不上
• As the pace quickened, Pepe began to drop behind. 随着速度的加快，佩佩开始跟不上了。
• She stopped going to classes and dropped behind in her schoolwork. 她不去上课，功课也就落了下来。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drop by/in informal
■to visit someone 拜访，看望
• I dropped in on George on my way home from school. 在放学回家的路上我去看了一下乔治。
• Drop by and pick up that book sometime. 甚么时候有空就来取那本书。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drop off
SLEEP
■to start to sleep 入睡
DECREASE
■If the amount, number or quality of something drops off, it becomes less 减少，下降
• The demand for mobile phones shows no signs of dropping off. 人们对手机的需求并未出现下降的迹象。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drop sb/sth off informal
■to take someone or something to a particular place, usually by car, as you travel to a different place （通常指用汽车）捎带…（至某地）
• We dropped our luggage off at the hotel and went sightseeing. 我们把行李放在饭店后就去观光了。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drop out
■to not do something that you were going to do, or to stop doing something before you have completely finished 停止；退出；中断
• He dropped out of the race after two laps. 在跑了两圈后他退出了比赛。
■If a student drops out, they stop going to classes before they have finished their course. 退学，辍学
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] noun
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a small round-shaped amount of liquid 滴
• I thought I felt a drop of rain. 我觉得有一滴雨落在了身上。
• There were little drops of paint on the kitchen floor. 厨房地板上有几小滴油漆。
 IMPROVER only singular
■a small amount of liquid you can drink （饮料）少许，一点
• I'll have a drop more juice, please. 请再给我来一点果汁。
• "Would you like some more?" " Just a drop, please." “你想再喝点吗?”“请稍加一点。”
drops [plural]
■liquid medicine given in very small amounts （药物）滴液，滴剂
• eye/nose/ear drops 眼药水／滴鼻剂／滴耳剂
countable mainly UK
■a small piece of sweet food made of sugar 小块甜食
• fruit/pear drops 水果／梨味糖
• chocolate drops 巧克力糖
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] noun
LOWER 下降
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■the distance from one thing to something lower 下降距离，下落距离
• There's a drop of two metres from the window to the ground. 窗户离地面有两米的距离。
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a reduction in the amount or level of something 降低的程度；减少的数量
• The recent drop in magazine subscriptions is causing some concern. 最近杂志订阅数量的减少引起了一些关注。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] noun
FALL 下降
countable
■when things such as supplies, medicine, etc. are delivered , often by dropping them from an aircraft （补给品、药品等的）空投，空降
• a food drop 空投食品
• The helicopter made a drop of much-needed supplies to the stranded hikers. 直升机向被困的徒步旅行者空投了他们急需的用品。
countable
■when something is left in a place and later collected by someone else, usually a spy （间谍等等的人）拿取被丢弃的（某物）
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] noun
a drop in the ocean UK (US a drop in the bucket)
■a very small amount compared to the amount needed 沧海一粟；杯水车薪
• My letter of protest was just a drop in the ocean. 我的抗议书不过是杯水车薪。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] noun
a drop too much (to drink) mainly UK
■too much alcohol to drink 酒多得喝不完
■ drop 1 UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p/
noun
at the drop of a hat
■If you do something at the drop of a hat, you do it immediately without stopping to think about it 不加思索地，毫不犹豫地
• People will file lawsuits at the drop of a hat these days. 现在人们动不动就打官司。
drop, fall, sink, descend
这组词都有“落下，下降”的意思，其区别是：
drop: 指物体从一定高度落下。
fall: 与drop同义，指突然或猛烈地降落，但fall也可指任何下落，同高度或形式无关。
sink: 指在空气或水中垂直下降、下沉。
descend: 通常指沿斜线或斜坡下降。
vt. 滴；使降低；使终止；随口漏出
 - kill, closure
vi. 下降；终止
 - decline, determine, finish, pass, go down
n. 滴；落下；空投；微量；滴剂
 - suggestion, falling, trace

Word: count
Front: count
[kaʊnt] (中高研四六 1331/1830 -K1)
Vocabulary: count
(once / 30 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4n
To count is to calculate how many or how much of something there is. A first grade teacher might stop and count her students before they board a bus after a field trip.
You can count your money, adding up the dollars and quarters, or count the calories in the food you eat each day. When your cat has kittens, you might count them and announce, "Seven kittens!" Another way to count is to list the numbers in order: "One, two, three, four..." When count is a noun, it refers to the title of a nobleman. This meaning comes from the Latin comes, "companion," or specifically "companion to the emperor."
WORD FAMILY
count: countable, counted, counter, counting, countless, counts, miscount, recount +/counted: uncounted/ counter: countered, countering, counters, encounter /counting: countings/ countless: countlessly, countlessness/ encounter: encountered, encountering, encounters/miscount: miscounted, miscounting, miscounts/ recount: recounted, recounting, recounts/recounting: recountings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Christmas was over, but the Christmas Bird Count was not.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
By some counts the states are a half-dozen shy of the number needed to force a convention on that subject.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof faces a second death-penalty trial early this year in state court, where he’s charged with nine counts of murder.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 总数; 数数; 罪状; 论点
v. 数数; 计算总数; 把…算入; 重要
时态：counted, counting, counts
分布：计数(66%)，计算(23%)，总数(6%)，依赖(4%)，视为(1%)
→1.数数，来自compute的拼写变体。
v.数,计算;算入;看作,认为n.计数,总数The county councilor encountered the accountant at the counter of a countryside shop.县委委员在一乡村商店的柜台边碰到了会计师.
verb
NUMBER 数位
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to say the names of numbers one after the other in order, or to calculate the number of people or things in a group （按顺序）数，数数；计算；计数
• Let's count out loud (= speak the words) from one to ten. 我们来大声地从一数到十。
• The teachers counted the students as they got on to the coach. 学生们上车时老师点了一下人数。
• Count your money carefully to make sure it's all there. 好好数数你的钱，看看它们有没有丢。
• [+ question word] We need to count wh o's here, so we can make sure that no one's missing. 我们要点一下谁在这里，以确定无人缺席。
• There'll be eight for dinner, counting (= including) ourselves. 算上我们自己，共有八人就餐。
• We're still waiting for the votes to be counted (up). 我们仍在等待统计选票。
count heads
■to count the number of people present somewhere 点人数
• There look to be about fifty people present - I haven't counted heads yet. 看起来大概有50人在场——我还没有清点人数。
[kaʊnt] verb
HAVE VALUE 有价值
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to have value or importance; to matter 有价值；很重要；要紧
• I've always believed that happiness counts more than money. 我一直认为幸福比金钱更重要。
• My opinion doesn't count for anything around here (= no one values my opinion). 我的看法在这里丝毫不受重视。
[kaʊnt] verb
CONSIDER 认为
intransitive or transitive
■to consider or be considered as 认为；看作；当作
• [R] I count myself fortunate to have had such a good education. 能受到如此良好的教育我认为自己很幸运。
• I've had three jobs in the last five years, but one of them was unpaid, so it doesn't count (= cannot be considered as a real job). 过去五年中我做过三份工作，但其中有一份没有薪酬，因此不能算。
• I've always counted Lucy among my closest friends. 我一直把露西当作我最知心的朋友之一。
• I didn't think his grudging remarks really counted as an apology. 我觉得他那些勉强说出的话不能算是真正的道歉。
[kaʊnt] verb
could count on (the fingers of) one hand
■If you could count something on (the fingers of) one hand, it doesn't happen very often or exists in very small numbers 屈指可数；寥寥无几
• I could count the number of times he's paid for a round of drinks on the fingers of one hand. 他请大家喝酒的次数屈指可数。
[kaʊnt] verb
count your blessings
■to be grateful for the good things in your life, often to stop yourself becoming too unhappy about the bad things 往好处想；知足
[kaʊnt] verb
count the cost
■to start to understand how badly something has affected you 开始吃苦头
• I didn't read the contract fully before I signed it but I'm counting the cost now. 我没有细阅合同就签了名，现在尝到了苦头。
[kaʊnt] verb
Don't count your chickens before they're hatched. saying
■said to emphasize that you cannot depend on something happening before it has happened 不要蛋未孵出就数小鸡；不要高兴得太早；不要过早乐观
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  count against sb/sth
■to make someone or something more likely to fail 对…不利；对…起反作用
• Gail's qualified for the job, but her lack of experience will count against her. 盖儿能胜任这份工作，可是经验不足会对她不利。
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] count sb in informal
■to include someone in an activity or arrangement 把（某人）算在内；包括（某人）
• "Do you want to come swimming tomorrow?" "Yes, count me in." “明天你们想来游泳吗？”“想，算上我。”
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  count on sb
■to be confident that you can depend on someone 依靠（某人）；指望（某人）
• You can always count on Michael in a crisis. 在危急关头你总能依靠迈克尔。
• [+ to infinitive] I can count on my parents to help me. 我可以指望父母来帮我。
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  count on sth
■to expect something to happen and make plans based on it 期望；指望；料想到
• [+ -ing verb] I'm counting on the meeting finishing on time, or I'll miss my train. 我指望会议准时结束，否则我就要错过火车了。
• Sorry I'm late, I didn't count on being held up in the traffic. 对不起，我迟到了，我没想到路上会塞车。
• There's never a taxi when you want one - that's the one thing you can count on! 你需要计程车时它一辆都不来——这种事情是料想到的！
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] count sth out
■to count coins or notes one by one as you put them down 逐个数出
• She counted out five crisp new $100 bills. 她数出五张崭新的100美元钞票。
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  count sb out
NOT INCLUDE informal
■to keep someone out or not include them in an activity or arrangement 不把（某人）算在内；将（某人）排除在外
• Scuba diving? Oh no, count me out - I hate water! 戴水肺潜水？噢，不，别算上我——我讨厌水！
BOXING [often passive]
■In a boxing competition, the referee counts someone out by counting to ten when they fall to the floor and announcing that they have lost the fight if they fail to get up before the ten seconds is over （拳击裁判）数到十后判（某人）失败
• Cooper was counted out in the final round. 库珀在最后一个回合中被裁判数到十后判负。
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  count towards sth
■to be part of what is needed to complete or achieve something 算作…的一部分
• The work that the students do during the year will count towards their final degrees. 学生这一年的学业将被算作最终获得学位的一部分。
[kaʊnt] noun countable
NUMBER 数位
■the act of counting, or the total number of things counted 计数，计算；总数
• Early vote counts show Mr Adams in the lead. 早先的计票显示亚当斯先生领先。
• We had 450 members at the last count (= when they were last counted). 根据最新统计，我们有450位成员。
keep count UK
■to record how many of something there are, or how many times something has happened 记录（数量或发生的次数）
• I'm trying to lose weight, so I'm keeping count of the number of calories I eat every day. 我在努力减肥，所以我每天都记下摄取的卡路里。
lose count
■to not be able to remember how many times something has happened 不记得数目；记不清
• I've lost count of how many times she's been late for work this month. 我已记不清她这个月迟到多少次了。
■a scientifically measured amount of something （科学）计数，测得数目
• a high pollen count 高花粉数量
• a low blood/sperm count 低血细胞／精子数量
on the count of 3/4/5, etc.
■when a particular number is reached 数到3／4／5等
• On the count of three, I'd like you all to stand up. 我数到三时希望你们全都起立。
[kaʊnt] noun countable
MAN 男子
■a European man of the same social rank as an English earl （欧洲贵族称号）伯爵
⇒ See also countess
[kaʊnt] noun countable
CRIME 罪行 legal
■a particular crime which a person is accused of 指控的罪状
• The prisoner was found guilty on two counts of murder. 该囚犯被判定犯有两宗谋杀罪。
[kaʊnt] noun countable
OPINION 观点
■an opinion in a discussion or argument 看法，主张
• I'm afraid I disagree with you on all/several counts (= I disagree with all/several of your opinions). 恐怕我完全不能同意你的看法／恐怕我不能同意你的几点看法。
[kaʊnt] noun countable
be out for the count
■to be sleeping, especially heavily 酣睡，在沉睡
• It looks like Ben's out for the count. 看起来本已在酣睡了。
reckon, count, calculate, compute
这组词都有“计算”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 通常指较简单的数学计算，也可指心算。
count: 指逐一计算而得出总数。
calculate: 通常指要求细致精确和复杂的计算，以解决疑难问题，多用于自然科学、生产部门或要求专门计算的场合。
compute: 一般指已有数据的，较简单但数字长的数学运算。
reckon, think, count, consider, deem, regard, believe
这组词都有“认为”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 指对人或事作全面“权衡”，把各方面意见考虑进去后得出结论。
think: 普通用词，指按照自己的意见提出看法。
count: 指作出判断后而得出的看法等。
consider: 指经过考虑和观察后得出的结论。
deem: 正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考。
regard: 侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断。多强调观点。
believe: 通常指根据一定的证据，经思考后而认为属实。
vt. 计算；认为
 - figure, expect, guess, find, feel
n. [数] 计数；计算；伯爵
 - calculation, computation, valuation

Word: depth
Front: depth
[depθ] (高研四六雅 2555/2159 -K3)
Vocabulary: depth
(once / 116 pages)
n
Depth is the measure of how deep something goes. The swimming pool has a depth of six feet. The well has an unknown depth. People can be deep as well—you know by looking at some people that they have depth.
Depth goes with other measure words that end in "th." Length is how long something is. Breadth is how wide or broad. The expression "plumb the depths" means to take a measure of how deep something goes. Depth also can mean deepness—your English teacher might instruct you to write papers with depth.
WORD FAMILY
depth: depths+/ deep: deepen, deepest, deeply, deepness, deeps, depth /deepen: deepened, deepening, deepens/deepening: deepenings/deeply: deeper
USAGE EXAMPLES
College scout teams consist of scholarship players who are buried on the depth chart and walk-ons who volunteer to be tackling dummies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Prior to his injury, Ross split time between receiver and cornerback due to depth concerns.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s easy to imagine that she’s walking into the murky depths, never to return.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 深度; 深处，深海; 深奥，奥妙; 进深
分布：深(60%)，深度(35%)，深奥(2%)，深刻(2%)，厚度(1%)
→来自deep的名词形式。
深度(dep=deep深的)[-th表名词,通常指抽象名词]
n.深,深度,深奥,深刻Snow accumulated to a depth of 12 feet.雪已积到十二英尺深.
noun
DISTANCE DOWN 向下的距离
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the distance down either from the top of something to the bottom, or to a distance below the top surface of something 深度；高度
• the depth of a lake/pond 湖泊／池塘的深度
• There are very few fish at depths (= distances below the surface) below 3000 metres. 水下3000米处很少有鱼。
• The river froze to a depth of over a metre. 河面冰层厚度超过一米。
the depths [plural] literary
■the lowest part of the sea 海底；深渊
• The ship sank slowly to the depths of the ocean. 那艘船慢慢沉入大洋深处。
[depθ] noun
SERIOUSNESS 严肃
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you have serious qualities or the ability to think seriously about something （思维的）深度，深刻；洞察力
• Terry lacks depth - he's a very superficial person. 特里的思想缺乏深度——他是个很肤浅的人。
• Her writing shows astonishing depth. 她的作品思想深刻，令人惊讶。
• Jo has hidden depths (= serious qualities that you do not see immediately). 祖是个深藏不露的人。
in depth
■in a serious and detailed way 深入细致地
• I'd like to look at this question in some depth. 我要深入细致地研究一下这个问题。
[depθ] noun
DISTANCE BACKWARDS 深度
countable or uncountable
■the distance from the front to the back of something 深度；厚度；宽度
• Measure the depth of the cupboard/shelf. 量一量橱柜／书架的深度。
[depθ] noun
STRENGTH 力度
countable or uncountable
■when a feeling, state or characteristic is strong, extreme or detailed （情感、状态、特性等的）深度，力度，强度
• He spoke with great depth of feeling. 他饱含深情地发表讲话。
• I was amazed at the depth of her knowledge. 她的学识渊博，令我十分惊讶。
in the depth(s) of sth
■experiencing an extreme and negative emotion 处于极为…的消极情绪之中
• He was in the depths of despair/depression about losing his job. 他丢了工作，深感绝望／沮丧。
■during the worst period of a bad situation 处于最艰难的时期
• The company was started in the depth of the recession of the 1930s. 该公司在20世纪30年代经济最萧条的时期创办。
[depθ] noun
LOW SOUND 低音
uncountable
■the quality of having a low sound （声线）深沉，低沉
• The depth of his voice makes him sound older than he is. 他声线低沉，听起来要比他实际年龄大一些。
[depθ] noun
DARKNESS 暗
uncountable
■when something, especially a colour, has the quality of being dark and strong （尤指颜色的）浓厚
• I love the depth of colour in her early paintings. 我喜欢她早期油画作品的浓厚色彩。
[depθ] noun
in the depth(s) of somewhere
■in the middle of somewhere, and a long distance from its edges 在…的深处
• a house in the depths of the forest 森林深处的房屋
[depθ] noun
in the depth(s) of winter
■in the middle of winter 隆冬
[depθ] noun
out of your depth
■not having the knowledge, experience, or skills to deal with a particular subject or situation 无法驾驭，不能胜任
• I was out of my depth in the advanced class, so I moved to the intermediate class. 由于高级班太难，我转到了中级班。
■in water that is so deep that it goes over your head when you are standing 淹没头顶，没过头顶
• I'm not a strong swimmer so I prefer not to go out of my depth. 我不谙水性，所以不会到水深超过我身高的区域。
n. [海洋] 深度；深奥
 - profoundity, deepness

Word: wealth
Front: wealth
[welθ] (中高研四六雅 2559/2310 -K3)
Vocabulary: wealth
(once / 71 pages)
n
The word wealth has many shades of meaning, but most involve having a lot of something — often money or something else that's valuable. You might have a wealth of experience, or you might have great personal wealth.
First used in the mid-13th century, the noun wealth can mean having a lot of material goods or money. A person with this kind of wealth may have a chateau in Italy with a vineyard and a personal yacht. Wealth can also mean a big supply of something. The birth of a newborn baby will surely bring a wealth of happiness and joy to a family.
WORD FAMILY
wealth: wealths, wealthy +/ wealthy: wealthier, wealthiest, wealthily, wealthiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The “unprecedented” personal wealth of Trump’s nominees warrants the delays, one senior Democratic aide said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
A wealth ratio is a measure of how effectively you’ve converted your lifetime income into wealth.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The trial is the first since France started investigating African leaders accused of illegally acquiring wealth.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 财产，财富; 富豪（阶级）; 丰富，大量; 繁荣
分布：财产(51%)，丰富(25%)，大量(24%)
→来自wel,希望，愿望，词源同will,volunteer.引申义按自己意愿，随心所欲，财富等。
n.财富,财产;大量The healer reveals an appealing fact that health is great wealth to the commonwealth.医治者揭示一个吸引人的事实:健康是联邦的巨大财富.
noun
MONEY 钱财
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a large amount of money or valuable possessions that someone has 财富，钱财
• During a successful business career, she accumulated a great amount of wealth. 在成功的经商生涯中，她积累了巨额财富。
[welθ] noun
LARGE AMOUNT 大量
only singular
■a large amount of something good 大量；丰富；充裕
• Jim has a wealth of teaching experience. 吉姆有丰富的教学经验。
• Russia has a wealth of coal and timber. 俄罗斯有丰富的煤炭和木材资源。
resources, assets, goods, wealth, property, estate
这组词都有“财产、财富”的意思，其区别是：
resources: 指在需要时可以动用的财产，包括国家土地、矿藏、水力等自然资源或个人的存款及其他财产。
assets: 法律和商业用词，指包括全部动产和不动产的资产。
goods: 含义较窄，主要指个人动产。
wealth: 普通用词，含义广。既可指大笔的钱财或物质财富，也可指抽象的精神财富。
property: 含义较estate宽，指个人或团体合法拥有的财产，包括动产与不动产，或临时的财产。
estate: 多指地产或建在地面上的房产。
n. [经] 财富；大量；富有
 - treasure, lots of, ocean, money, fortune, sea

Word: disability
Front: disability
[ˌdɪsəˈbɪləti] (高 2558/3323 -2)
Vocabulary: disability
(once / 1522 pages)
n
A disability is a physical or mental condition that makes you unable to function in some way. Deafness is a disability.
Break down this word and you get dis and ability — literally, "the opposite of ability." So having a disability means you're unable to do something, incapacitated or at some kind of disadvantage. Being blind (unable to see) is a physical disability. A lack of kitchen experience could be considered a disability in a cooking contest. A common word for a person with physical disabilities used to be handicapped, but that's a little old-fashioned now.
WORD FAMILY
disability: disabilities+/ ability: abilities, inability / able: ability, abler, ablest, ably, disable, enable, unable/ disable: disabled, disablement, disables, disabling /disabled: disability /disablement: disablements/disenable: disenabled, disenabling/ enable: disenable, enabled, enables, enabling / inability: inabilities/unable: unablest, unably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ten of them are adopted children with significant disabilities.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The disability charity Scope said it was a "staggering" number.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Rogers works alongside those without disabilities as part of Linen Works’ inclusionary model.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 无力，无能; 残疾; [法]无能力，无资格
分布：残疾(87%)，无能(7%)，无力(5%)，不利条件(1%)
US [-ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an illness, injury or condition that makes it difficult for someone to do the things that other people do 残疾，缺陷，残障
• a physical/learning disability 身体残疾／学习障碍
• She is deaf, but refuses to let her disability prevent her from doing what she wants to do. 虽然她的耳朵听不见声音，但她却并没有让这一残疾妨碍她去做自己想做的事情。
• Trying to change attitudes to disability is an uphill struggle. 改变对待残疾的态度是一项艰苦的工作。
Compare inability
n. 残疾；无能；无资格；不利条件
 - physical disabilities, drawback

Word: shell
Front: shell
[ʃel] (研四六托雅宝 2560/2687 -K3)
Back: n. （贝、卵、坚果等的）壳; 外壳; 炮弹; （人的）表面性格
vt. 去壳，脱落; 炮击
vi. 剥皮; 炮轰
时态：shelled, shelling, shells
分布：壳(85%)，炮弹(9%)，炮轰(3%)，去壳(1%)，脱落(1%)，拾贝壳(1%)
→来自古英语 scell,贝壳，蛋壳，来自 Proto-Germanic*skaljo,分开，切开，来自 skel,切， 分，词源同 scale,shelf.引申诸相关比喻义。
n.壳,贝壳;炮弹The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身.
noun
COVERING 外壳
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the hard outer covering of something, especially nuts, eggs and some animals （尤指坚果、蛋、某些动物的）壳
• Brazil nuts have very hard shells. 巴西果的壳很坚硬。
• A piece of shell fell into the cake mixture. 有片蛋壳掉进蛋糕面糊里了。
• the shell of a snail/crab/tortoise 蜗牛／蟹／乌龟的壳
• a shell necklace (= a piece of jewellery made out of the shells of small sea animals) 贝壳项链
⇒ See also eggshell;nutshell;seashell;shellfish
countable
■the basic outer structure of a building or vehicle, especially when the parts inside have been destroyed or taken or have not yet been made （尤指内部遭破坏、被去除或尚未建成的建筑物、车辆的）框架，骨架
• the shell of a burnt-out farmhouse 大火后农舍的残骸
[ʃel] noun
EXPLOSIVE 爆炸物
countable
■a container, usually with a pointed end, which is filled with explosives and shot from a large gun 炮弹
• Artillery and mortar shells were landing in the outskirts of the city. 大炮和迫击炮弹落在城市周边地区。
[ʃel] noun
BOAT 船
countable
■a type of boat used for racing, driven by people using oars (= poles with flat ends) 赛艇（用于竞赛的一种船，由人们使用扁头的船桨划动）
[ʃel] noun
come out of your shell (also bring sb out of their shell)
■If you come out of your shell, you become more interested in other people and more willing to talk and take part in social activities, and if someone brings you out of your shell, they cause you to do this （使）变得不再自闭，（使）融入外部世界
• Derek has really come out of his shell since he started working here. 自从开始在这里工作以后，德里克真正变得活跃起来。
[ʃel] noun
crawl/go/retreat/retire into your shell
■to become less interested in other people and less willing to talk and take part in social activities 变得自闭起来
• The more they tried to get her to talk about her experiences, the further she retreated back into her shell. 他们越是想让她谈谈自己的经历，她越是沉默寡言。
[ʃel] verb transitive
COVERING 外壳
■to remove peas, nuts, etc. from their shells or their natural protective covering 剥去…的壳
[ʃel] verb transitive
EXPLOSIVE 爆炸
■to fire shells at something 炮轰，炮击
• They were under orders to shell the hospital and the town hall. 他们奉命炮轰医院和市政厅。
[ʃel] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shell (sth) out informal
■to pay or give money for something, usually unwillingly （通常指不情愿地）支付，拿出（钱）
• Having shelled out fifty pounds for the tickets, I wasn't going to miss the show. 我忍痛花了50英镑买票，说什么也不会错过演出。
shell, bullet
这两个名词均与枪弹有关。
shell: 指发射后会爆炸的炮弹。
bullet: 含义广泛，指各种枪用的子弹。
n. [动] [机] 壳，贝壳；炮弹；外形
 - configuration, profile, shot
vi. 剥落；设定命令行解释器的位置
 - chip, flake off
vt. 剥皮；炮轰
 - skin, flay

Word: general
Front: general
[ˈdʒenrəl] (中高研四六托雅 804/301 -K5)
Vocabulary: general
(once / 12 pages)
1adjn 2nv
If I ask you to give me a general sense of how a car works, I'm looking for you to describe the two or three main principals in a few minutes, not to open the hood, take apart your engine, and tell me everything you know.
General comes from the French word générale, which means "common to all people," but we use it for more than just people. You might inquire about the general habits of schoolchildren, or the general temperature at night in the desert. And when someone's a general in the army or another organization, like the Surgeon General of the United States, for example, that means they oversee everything. So "general" is a high ranking, because generals are in charge of so many.
WORD FAMILY
general: generalcy, generaled, generalise, generality, generalize, generalled, generalling, generally, generals, generalship+/generalcy: generalcies/generalisation: generalisations/generalise: generalisation, generalised, generalises, generalising, overgeneralise/ generality: generalities/ generalization: generalizations/ generalize: generalization, generalized, generalizes, generalizing, overgeneralize/generalship: generalships/overgeneralize: overgeneralized, overgeneralizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It will also include very general instructions for committees in the House and Senate to write the actual bills repealing the law.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We need to demonstrate clearly how this will help labor and the economy in general,” the mayor’s office wrote.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Its study, by general secretary Andrew Harrop, was based on recent election results and polling.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 大致的; 综合的; 总的，全体的; 普遍的
n. 上将; 一般; 一般原则; 常规
分布：将军(45%)，一般(33%)，普遍的(8%)，总的(6%)，笼统的(2%)，大致的(2%)，常规的(1%)，全面的(1%)，首席的(1%)，一般性的(1%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同generate. 即同种类的，通用的。引申词义将军。
普通的n.总论(gener+al→出生[一般]→普通的)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
a.一般的,普通的;总的,大体的n.将军The generous general's genuine genius is in making generators.那位慷慨将军的真正天才在于制造发电机.
US [-ɚ-] adjective
COMMON 普遍的
 ESSENTIAL
■involving or relating to most or all people, things or places, especially when these are considered as a unit 全体的，总的，普遍的
• The general feeling at the meeting was that a vote should be taken. 所有与会者都感到应该投票表决。
• There is general concern about rising crime rates. 人们普遍对犯罪率上升感到担忧。
• My general impression of the place was good. 我对这个地方的总的印象很好。
• The talk is intended to be of general interest (= of interest to most people). 这次商谈是要探讨大家普遍感兴趣的话题。
• UK formal Rain will become more general in the south-east during the afternoon. 降雨范围将在下午进一步扩展到东南地区。
in general IMPROVER (also as a general rule)
■usually, or in most situations 一般来说；通常；在一般情况下
• In general, men are taller than women. 一般来说，男人个子比女人高。
• As a general rule, we don't allow children in the bar. 一般情况下，我们不允许儿童进入酒吧。
■considering the whole of someone or something, and not just a particular part of them 总的来说；从总体上看
• So, apart from the bad ankle, how are you in general? 那么，除了踝部的伤病，你身体的一般状况怎样？
be in the general interest formal
■to be a good thing for the public 对大多数人有好处；符合公众利益
• The government will only say it is not in the general interest to reveal any more information. 政府只能说，透露更多的资讯有损公众的利益。
UK ['dʒen.ər.əl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
NOT DETAILED 笼统的
 ESSENTIAL
■not detailed, but including the most basic or necessary information 大体的；大致的；笼统的
• What he said was very general. 他说得很笼统。
• The school aims to give children a general background in a variety of subjects. 学校旨在向孩子们概要介绍各种学科的背景知识。
• I'm not an expert, so I can only speak in general terms on this matter. 我不是专家，我只能泛泛地谈这个问题。
the general
■things considered as a unit and without giving attention to details 一般事物；大致情况，总体情况
• His book moves from the general to the particular. 他的书先介绍总体情况然后探讨具体问题。
UK ['dʒen.ər.əl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
NOT LIMITED 普通的
 ESSENTIAL
■including a lot of things or subjects and not limited to only one or a few 一般的；普通的；非专门的
• general knowledge 常识
 ESSENTIAL
■used as part of the title of a job of someone who is in charge of a whole organization or company （用于头衔中，表示负责整个组织或公司）总管的，首席的，全面负责的
• the general manager 总经理
• the General Secretary of the UN 联合国秘书长
UK ['dʒen.ər.əl] US [-ɚ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a very high-ranking officer, especially in the army （尤指陆军中的）将军
usual, common, universal, general, average
这组词都有“普通”的意思，其区别是：
usual: a.通常的，惯常的，强调"习惯性的，符合规章制度的"，是个一般用语。
common: a.常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为"平凡的"，强调事物的共同性。另外，它还有"公共的，共同的"之意。
 • Car accidents are a common occurrence.   交通事故是很普通的事件。
universal: a.普遍的，比general语气更强，有"全然没有例外"的意思。
 • Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.   贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。
general: a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。
 • In general, the economy is doing well now.   总的来说，现在的经济形式还不错。
average: a.普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准；通常在有数字出现的情况下，表示"平均的"。
 • The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.   跑步者15分钟内平均跑两英里。
usual, ordinary, common, popular, normal, universal, general
usual: 平常的，惯常的
ordinary: 平凡的，词义与common接近，指符合一般或常规事物标准或相同的规格，因而只具有普通的特性
common: 普通的，共有的，指从质量或品德上无特殊或显眼之处，属于大多数人或事物所具有的，常见的；
popular: 大众的，受欢迎的，指属于或代表大众的某事物，强调常见的，大众化的特征
normal: 正常的，正规的，指符合某种标准的
universal: 普遍的，有完全没有例外之意；
general: 一般的，普通的，含有例外情况较少之意或暗示包括全部同一范畴的事物；
usual, ordinary, common, popular, universal, commonplace, general
这组词都有“普通的，普遍的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 指常见常闻和常做的事或举动，强调惯常性。
ordinary: 用于物，指每天发生，十分平淡无奇；用于人，指无特别之处，很一般。
common: 多用于指物，侧重很常见，不稀奇。
popular: 指适应大众爱好、需要，为大家所公认或接受。
universal: 与general同义，但语气较强，侧重对每个人或事物都适用，根本没有例外。
commonplace: 强调缺少新意。
general: 语气强于common，侧重大多如此，很少有例外情况。
adj. 一般的，普通的；综合的；大体的
 - ordinary, integrated, synthetic, comprehensive, average
n. 一般；将军，上将；常规
 - strategos, aga

Word: criticize
Front: criticize
[ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz] (研四六 2550/4040 -K3)
Vocabulary: criticize
(once / 600 pages)
v
To criticize is to find what's wrong with something, like the improbabilities in a movie's plot line, or double standards in your father's rules.
The verb criticize comes from the noun, critic, and means "to act like a critic." A critic is someone who judges, and that doesn't have to mean negative judgment (think of a glowing movie review from a movie critic), but when we use criticize we always mean finding what's wrong, instead of what's good, with something. If your friend is just learning to bake, don't criticize his first batch of burned cookies too harshly; he'll just give up.
WORD FAMILY
criticize: criticized, criticizes, criticizing+/ critic: critical, criticise, criticize, critics/ critical: acritical, criticality, critically, criticalness, criticism, hypercritical, noncritical, overcritical, supercritical, uncritical/criticise: criticised, criticises, criticising/ criticism: criticisms, self-criticism/ hypercritical: hypercritically/overcritical: overcritically/uncritical: uncritically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brewer criticized school busing, as did foes of desegregation, but he appeared moderate on race when compared with Wallace.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
According to WTOP-TV, the piece was criticized as an insult to law enforcement.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“He caves on energy policy and he criticizes those who are trying to turn things around.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 分析，评估; 批评; 挑剔
时态：criticized, criticizing, criticizes
分布：批评(87%)，评论(8%)，挑剔(2%)，非难(2%)，吹毛求疵(1%)
v.(criticise)批评,评论The policy of the government was criticized.政府的政策受到批评.
US ['krɪtˌ-] verb
 IMPROVER intransitive transitive often passive
■to express disapproval of someone or something 批评，批判；指责
• The government is being widely criticized in the press for failing to limit air pollution. 政府因未能控制空气污染而受到媒体的广泛指责。
• We'll get nowhere if all you can do is criticize. 如果你只会一味地指责，我们甚么也谈不成。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to give an opinion or judgment about a book, film, etc. 评论，评判（书、影片等）
• We're a group of artists who meet to discuss things and criticize each other's work. 我们是一帮碰了面就讨论问题、互相评论彼此作品的艺术家。
vt. 批评；评论；非难
 - observe on, to comment on
vi. 批评；评论；苛求
 - observe on, to comment on

Word: fast
Front: fast
[fɑ:st] (中高宝 1096/1833 -K4)
Vocabulary: fast
(once / 46 pages)
1adjadv 2adjadv 3adj 4adj 5adj 6vn
When you see fast, you might think of Olympic runner Usain "Lightning" Bolt or a Porsche 911 Turbo. Alternatively, and quite confusingly, fast also means to refrain from eating for a certain period, usually for religious reasons.
Fast is another of those deceptively simple words that have a number of other meanings beyond their most common usages. If something "sticks fast" it means it cannot be removed — like a leech or a stain. "To stand fast" means not to give up your point of view or to remain loyal. Then there's also the slang meaning of living beyond the constraints of normal behavior — as in "the fast life," "the fast track," or "the fast lane."
WORD FAMILY
fast: fasted, faster, fastest, fasting, fastingly, fastly, fastness, fasts+/faster: fasters/fastest: fastests/ fasting: fastings/fastness: fastnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
House prices grew much faster in eastern England and the West Midlands than in London, according to Zoopla.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s the fastest in the country, though it’s slower than a few places in the world.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
SpaceX plans to eventually change the design of the vessels to prevent buckles, which the company said will allow for faster loading operations.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 快的; 走得快; 感光快的; 紧的
adv. （比准确的时间或宣布的时间）快; 迅速地; 紧紧地; 彻底地
vi. 禁食，（尤指）斋戒
n. 禁食期，斋戒期; 断食，节食
时态：fasted, fasting, fasts
分布：快的(37%)，禁食(22%)，斋戒(17%)，迅速的(7%)，紧紧地(6%)，快速地(4%)，紧的(3%)，放荡的(3%)，深深地(1%)
→来自past,固定，稳固，进一步来自pag, 固定，连接，词源同fang, pact.用于宗教术语斋戒，绝食。同时由稳固的衍生词义快速的。类似词义演变参照very, 原义真实的，fair, 原义美丽的，或汉语成语欲速则不达。
a.快的,迅速的;坚固的ad.紧紧地;迅速地Your watch is 10 minutes fast.你的表快了十分钟.
【记】fast绝食要慢慢来，不能fast
【参】fasting（adj 禁食的n 禁食）
【反】loosely attach（宽松的连接）
US [fæst] adjective
QUICK 快的
 ESSENTIAL
■moving or happening quickly, or able to move or happen quickly 快的；迅速的；敏捷的
• fast cars 速度快的汽车
• a fast swimmer 速度快的游泳者
• Computers are getting faster all the time. 电脑的速度不断提升。
• The fast train (= one that stops at fewer stations and travels quickly) to London takes less than an hour. 到伦敦的快车需时不到一小时。
■If your watch or clock is fast, it shows a time that is later than the correct time. （钟表）走得快的
■specialized
■describes photographic film which allows you to take pictures when there is not much light or when things are moving quickly （照相胶片）感光快的
fast and furious
■describes something that is full of speed and excitement 快速激烈的，充满速度与激情的
• It's not a relaxing film - it's pretty fast and furious. 这不是一部轻松的电影——它节奏很快，扣人心弦。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adjective
IMMORAL 不道德的 old-fashioned disapproving
■without moral principles 放荡的
• a fast crowd 一群生活放荡的人
• a fast woman 淫妇
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adjective
FIXED 固定的
■If the colour of a piece of clothing is fast, the colour does not come out of the cloth when it is washed. （衣服）不褪色的
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■quickly
• The accident was caused by people driving too fast in bad conditions. 意外是因在恶劣环境下车速过快造成的。
• You'll have to act fast. 你必须迅速行动。
• Children's publishing is a fast-growing business. 儿童出版是一个发展迅速的行业。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adverb
as fast as your legs would carry you
■as quickly as possible 拚命地，尽快
• He scuttled back into the house as fast as his legs would carry him. 他匆忙地全速奔回屋里。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adverb
play fast and loose with sth/sb
■to treat something or someone without enough care 轻率地对待（某人或某事）
• Like many film-makers, he plays fast and loose with the facts to tell his own version of the story. 他和许多电影制作人一样，对事实不那么在乎，喜欢以自己的角度讲述故事。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adverb adjective
■firmly fixed 牢固地（的）
• The glue had set and my hand was stuck fast. 胶水凝固了，我的手被牢牢黏住。
• He tried to get away, but she held him fast. 他想逃走，但是她紧紧抓住了他。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adverb adjective
hold/stand fast
■to firmly remain in the same position or keep the same opinion 屹立不动，不后退；坚持
• The rebels are standing fast and refuse to be defeated. 叛乱者拒不退让，坚持抵抗。
• He held fast to his principles. 他坚持自己的原则。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] noun countable
■a period of time when you eat no food 禁食期；斋戒期
• Hundreds of prisoners began a fast in protest about prison conditions. 数百名犯人开始绝食，抗议监狱条件太差。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] verb intransitive
■to eat no food for a period of time 禁食；斋戒
• One day a week he fasts for health reasons. 他出于健康考量每周禁食一天。
fast, quickly
fast: 侧重于指人或物体具有运动速度快的特点, run fast,
quickly: 侧重指某事完成或发生的快 answer the question quickly
hasty, quick, prompt, fast, instant, rapid, speedy, swift
hasty: 多指匆忙、草率或仓促的行动，着重缺乏深思熟虑。
quick: 特指瞬时动作，强调动作敏捷迅速；也指匆忙的行为，而不暗示速度很快。
prompt: 主要指动作迅速，毫不拖延，含“快得令人愉悦”的意味。
fast: 常指人或物持续地高速运动，强调运动的方式。
instant: 指某事很快发生或急待解决，含刻不容缓之意。
rapid: 比fast和quick正式，常指运动本身，侧重速度惊人。所指动作可能是短暂的，也可能是持续的。
speedy: 指人或物或其运动、活动时，着重极度的快捷，多含匆忙意味。
swift: 正式用词，强调非常迅速，往往含动作轻快敏捷之意。
adj. [摄] 快速的，迅速的；紧的，稳固的
 - rapid, sudden, tight, forward, ready
adv. 迅速地；紧紧地；彻底地
 - quickly, rapidly, thoroughly, entirely, completely, fully
n. 斋戒；绝食
 - apastia, starvation

Word: professional
Front: professional
[prəˈfeʃənl] (研四六托雅 1094/947 -K4)
Vocabulary: professional
(once / 154 pages)
adjn
When an athlete "goes pro," she goes professional–-she is paid for her service rather than doing it on an amateur basis. Other professionals, including doctors and lawyers, are also paid for their work, which, we hope, they conduct in a professional manner.
In the 15th century, the word profession referred to vows taken upon entering a religious order. A monk or priest professed his faith. Now, the word suggests competence and expertise and even dignity––"He can't ask me to go out for coffee. I'm a vice president. That just wouldn't be professional!"
WORD FAMILY
professional: nonprofessional, professionalise, professionalism, professionalize, professionally, professionals, semiprofessional, unprofessional+/ profess: professed, professes, professing, profession /professed: professedly/ profession: professional, professions/professionalise: professionalisation, professionalised/ professionalism: professionalisms/professionalize: professionalization, professionalized, professionalizes, professionalizing/semiprofessional: semiprofessionals/unprofessional: unprofessionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Young professionals ages 21-39 who join the BRAVO! club and students under 18 save 50 percent on tickets.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
And otherwise credible professionals like the lawyer David Boies remain on the company’s board.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Demand for urban properties jumped after the housing bust as young, high-earning professionals eschewed homeownership and flocked to big cities.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 专业的; 专业性的; 职业的
n. 专业人士
分布：专业的(75%)，职业的(13%)，专业人员(8%)，专门的(4%)
→来自profession,职业，专业。
职业的[fess=speak,表示"说"]
a.职业的,专门的n.自由职业者,专业人员The chess professor confessed his professional blessing in the confession.象棋教授在供状中承认了其职业福气.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■related to work that needs special training or education 职业的；专业的
• Chris, you're a nurse, so can I ask your professional opinion on bandaging ankles? 克丽丝，你是个护士，能否征求一下你对踝部包扎的意见？
• Both doctors have been charged with professional misconduct (= bad or unacceptable behaviour in their work). 这两位医生都被控渎职。
Compare amateur
 IMPROVER approving
■having the qualities that you connect with trained and skilled people, such as effectiveness, skill, organization and seriousness of manner 非常内行的；极为称职的
• It would look more professional if the letter was typed. 这封信如果列印出来的话看起来会更正式些。
• She always looks very professional in her smart suits. 她穿上漂亮的套装总是显得很专业。
• You've done a very professional job stripping that floor! 你地板拆得非常专业！
 IMPROVER
■describes someone who does a job that people usually do as a hobby 把（别人通常作为爱好的活动）作为职业的
• She's a professional dancer/photographer. 她是一位职业舞者／摄影师。
• He's a runner who's just turned professional. (= His running used to be a hobby, but now it is his job.) 他是一位刚刚转为职业运动员的赛跑选手。
 IMPROVER
■having the type of job that is respected because it involves a high level of education and training 专业人士的；为专业人士的
• Room for rent in shared house - would suit professional person. 出租合住房间——适合专业人士。
• a bar full of young professional types in suits 挤满了身穿套装的年轻专业人士的酒吧
[prə'feʃ.ən.əl] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who has the type of job that needs a high level of education and training 专业人员
• health professionals 医疗保健方面的专业人员
Compare amateur informal
■someone who has worked hard in the same type of job for a long time and has become skilled at dealing with any problem that might happen 内行，专家
• I thought the whole meeting was going to fall apart but you rescued it like a true professional! 我原以为整个会议要开不下去了，但你就像个真正的行家那样挽救了局面！
• the consummate professional 技艺高超的专家
■a person who does a job that people usually do as a hobby 把（别人通常作为爱好的活动）作为职业的人
• He's only been playing football as a professional for two years. 他成为职业足球选手只有两年的时间。
■a sportsperson, especially a golf or tennis player, who is employed by a club to train its members in a particular sport （受雇于高尔夫或网球协会的）职业教练
adj. 专业的；职业的；职业性的
 - vocational, specialized, occupational
n. [管理] 专业人员；职业运动员
 - career man

Word: effectively
Front: effectively
[ɪˈfektɪvli] (雅 2566/1805 -K2)
Vocabulary: effectively
(once / 649 pages)
adv
Effectively is an adverb with two meanings; use it if you want to describe something that's done in an effective manner or as a replacement for words like "actually" or "basically."
If wearing special gloves helps you catch a football more effectively, then it helps you get the job done better and more efficiently. People usually want to do their jobs more effectively. But this word can also mean actually or basically. If your grandparents are raising you, they are effectively your parents, and you are effectively their children. Whether they're raising you effectively in the first sense is another matter.
WORD FAMILY
effective: effectively, effectiveness, effectivity, ineffective, uneffective+/ effect: effected, effecter, effecting, effective, effector, effects, effectuate /effecter: effecters/effector: effectors/ effectuate: effectuated, effectuates, effectuating, effectuation/ ineffective: ineffectively, ineffectiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When you play a quarterback like that, the game is effectively lost before it starts.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
No matter how much they scouted their opponents, they couldn’t imitate them effectively in practice, because their bench players weren’t good enough.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A wealth ratio is a measure of how effectively you’ve converted your lifetime income into wealth.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 有效地; 实际上，事实上
分布：有效地(69%)，事实上(31%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a way that is successful and achieves what you want 有效地
• The tablets work more effectively if you take a hot drink after them. 服用这些药片后再喝杯热饮，药效会更好。
■used when you describe what the real result of a situation is 实际上；事实上
• His wife left him when the children were small, so he effectively brought up the family himself. 在孩子还很小的时候妻子就离开了他，所以实际上是他一手把孩子们拉拔长大的。
• Effectively, we have to start again from scratch. 实际情况是，我们不得不重新从零开始。
adv. 有效地，生效地；有力地；实际上
 - efficiently, actually, really, even

Word: biological
Front: biological
[ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪkl] (雅 2564/3586 -2)
Vocabulary: biological
(once / 1250 pages)
adj
When you use the word biological, you're talking about life and living things. You'll recognize the root "bio-," meaning "life," as in biography — the story of someone's life — and biology — the study of living organisms.
The woman who gave birth to you is your biological mother — she's passed her genes on to you and you're related to her, even if somebody else raised you. Anybody you share genes with is your biological relative. Biological cleaning products make use of natural enzymes, and they're supposed to be safe and non-toxic. On the other hand, biological warfare uses bacteria, viruses, and other naturally occurring poisons to injure and kill people.
WORD FAMILY
biological: biologically+/ biologist: biologists/ biology: biologic, biological, biologies, biologist, microbiology/microbiologist: microbiologists/microbiology: microbiologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
The whole point of the article is that it is mostly biological determinism.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
We’d say “that’s a lot of monkey business” were it not an unforgivable misuse of biological nomenclature.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The site is powered by Cytoscape, software designed for biological research and for complex network analysis and visualisation.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 生物学的; 生物的; 与生物学相关的; 有血亲关系的
n. [药]生物制品，生物制剂
分布：生物学的(50%)，生物的(50%)
US [-'lɑ:.dʒɪ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■connected with the natural processes of living things 生物的；与生命过程有关的
• the biological sciences 生物科学
• Eating is a biological necessity ! 吃是一种生理需求！
[before noun]
■related by birth 亲生的
• She decided to search for her biological mother after her adoptive parents died. 在养父母去世后，她决定去寻找自己的生母。
■UK
■describes a substance used for cleaning that uses enzymes to remove dirt 生物（洗涤）的；加（生化）酶的
• biological washing powder 加酶洗衣粉
⇒ See also non-bio
■using living matter, such as bacteria, to seriously harm and kill people and animals, and to damage crops 生化武器的
• biological weapons/warfare 生物武器／生物战
adj. [生物] 生物的；生物学的
 - biotic, organismal

Word: onion
Front: onion
[ˈʌnjən] (高研四六 2567/5108 -K2)
Vocabulary: onion
(once / 550 pages)
n
An onion is a plant that grows as a bulb underground and can be harvested and eaten. Note: onions may be tasty, but they sure can make your breath stink.
Onions are bulbs, like tulips or daffodils — most of the plant is hidden in the soil, with roots stretching down and stalks that grow upward and eventually bloom with small flowers. Onions are typically harvested in the fall, and they come in many shapes, sizes, and colors, all of which can be eaten. The Latin root of onion, unionem, was used in colloquial Roman to mean both "a type of onion" and "a pearl."
WORD FAMILY
onion: onions
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he added that “we’re starting to peel back some of the layers of the onion here.”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Sweat the onion, minced garlic, red pepper flakes and paprika for 3 minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Drain the pieces and place on a platter, garnishing with the green onion.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 洋葱（头）
分布：洋葱(100%)
→来自one,一，-ion,名词后缀。比喻用法，因洋葱包在一起而得名。
n.洋葱In my opinion, only the onion can grow in the iron environment.据我看,只有洋葱能在铁质环境中生长.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a vegetable with a strong smell and flavour, made up of several layers surrounding each other tightly in a round shape, usually brown or red on the outside and white inside 洋葱（头）
• I always cry when I'm chopping onions. 我切洋葱的时候，总是被呛得流眼泪。
• Fry the onion and garlic for about two minutes. 把洋葱和大蒜炒大约两分钟。

Word: deputy
Front: deputy
[ˈdepjuti] (研四六托雅宝 2568/1827 -4)
Vocabulary: deputy
(once / 215 pages)
1n 2n
A deputy is a sheriff's assistant, the person who fills in when the sheriff isn't available. When a deputy is in charge, she has the same powers and authority as the sheriff.
You can use the noun deputy for anyone who is singled out to step in for another person. A deputy leader of a government fills in when the president or prime minister is ill, and a magazine's deputy editor is qualified to edit an issue when the editor isn't available. The Middle French root is députer, "appoint or assign," from the Late Latin deputare.
WORD FAMILY
deputy: deputies, deputise, deputize +/deputise: deputised, deputising/ deputize: deputized, deputizes, deputizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
His deputy was also jailed for bribery two years ago.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“It is in the national interest of the U.S. to maintain an open investment policy,” said Aimen Mir, Treasury’s deputy assistant secretary for investment security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Deputies told State Police investigators that they gunned down Senegal after he pointed a pistol at them.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 副手; 代理人; 代表
adj. 副的; 代理的
分布：副手(58%)，代表(37%)，议员(5%)
→来自depute, 授权，使担任副职，代表。
n.代理人,代表a.副的,代理的The deputy chairman of the charity clarified the importance of clarity and purity.慈善的副会长验证明了和纯洁的重要性.
【记】de下，put放－下放权力－代理
【参】depute（v 委托）；repute（n 名声）；dispute（v /n 反驳）；deputize（v 代表）
US [-tˌi] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who is given the power to do something instead of another person, or the person whose rank is immediately below that of the leader of an organization 代理人；副职，副手
• I'd like you to meet Ann Gregory, my deputy. 我想请你见见我的副手安•葛列格里。
• I'm acting as deputy while the boss is away. 老板不在的时候，我就代理他的工作。
• She's deputy (head) of a large North London school. 她在伦敦北部一间很大的中学里当副校长。
• the deputy chairperson/manager/ USsheriff, etc. 副主席／经理／治安官等
representative, deputy, substitute, agent, delegate
这组词都有“代表、代理人”的意思，其区别是：
representative: 一般指被选举或委派代表某人或一些人或某个较大团体的人，其职务有时是较长期的。
deputy: 指上级授权代理行事的代表，特指被选择为执行全部或部分公务的人。
substitute: 主要强调某人或某物可以用来代替别的人或物的作用。
agent: 普通用词，通常指经授权代理另一个人或团体，或指在双方之间代表一方起中间作用的人。
delegate: 指一般被派参加某一会议的代表。
deputy, vice, under, associate
deputy: 第一副职，部长不在时，由其代理
vice: +president/chairman/governor；
under: +secretary(副部长)；
associate: +professor;
n. [法] [贸易] 代理人，代表
 - agent, representation, factor, secondary, proxy
adj. 副的； [法] [贸易] 代理的
 - acting, vice, agent, auxiliary

Word: flat
Front: flat
[flæt] (中高研四六托雅 2569/1448 -K4)
Vocabulary: flat
(once / 98 pages)
1adjnadv 2adjn 3adjadv 4adjn
A flat is an apartment. If a girl invites you up to her flat, she's not trying to squash you, she's inviting you over. And she's probably from England, because flat is much more common in British than American English.
Geometrically, something flat is an even, level plane, like Kansas relative to the Rocky Mountains, or the cargo area of a flatbed truck. As an adjective, flat means "less than lively." A flat soda has no bubbles. If your speech falls flat, no one was excited. If you get mugged you might choose to lie flat on the ground. A flat note is just below the right pitch. And if you're cooking is flat, it's boring.
WORD FAMILY
flat: flatlet, flatly, flatness, flats, flatted, flatten, flattest, flatting+/flatlet: flatlets/flatness: flatnesses/flatten: flattened, flattening, flattens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr Tsang pleaded not guilty to three charges of bribery and misconduct, relating to a luxury flat in China.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Gold XAU= was sluggish, with the precious metal sliding about 0.1 percent to $1,150.82, after a flat start to the year on Monday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The 25-year-old victim fell through the corrugated plastic ceiling of a kitchen annexe in a basement flat on Charles Road on New Year's Day.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 平的; 单调的; 不景气的; 干脆的
adv. （尤指贴着另一表面）平直地; 断然地; 水平地; 直接地，完全地
n. 平地; 公寓; 平面
vt. 使变平; [音乐]使（音调）下降，尤指降半音
vi. 逐渐变平; [音乐]以降调唱（或奏）
级别：flatter, flattest
分布：平坦的(34%)，扁平的(27%)，单调的(11%)，平直地(9%)，气不足的(4%)，变平(4%)，断然的(3%)，直截了当(3%)，住公寓(2%)，降调(2%)，平面部分(1%)
→来自pele, 平的。词源同plan, plane. 引申词义套间，公寓。
a.平坦的,扁平的,平淡的n.一套房间;平面On the flat platform the bat will pat whatever hat it likes.在平坦的站台上,蝙蝠会拍打它喜欢的任何帽子.
adjective (flatter, flattest)
LEVEL 水准的
 ESSENTIAL
■level and smooth, with no curved, high, or hollow parts 水准的；平坦的
• An ice rink needs to be completely flat. 溜冰场地必须十分平坦。
• Roll out the pastry on a flat surface. 在平的面板上把油酥面团擀薄。
• Much of the countryside in East Anglia is very flat. 英吉利亚东部的许多乡村都地势平坦。
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
NOT HIGH 不高的
■level but having little or no height 扁平的
• flat shoes (= shoes which do not have a raised heel) 平底鞋
■describes bread which is made without yeast, and therefore does not rise （面包）未发酵的
• Pitta and naan are two types of flat bread. 嵌面包和印度薄饼是两种未发酵的面包。
flat cap/hat UK
■a hat which is not rounded on top and has little height 低顶帽
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
NOT ACTIVE 不积极的
■not active; not interesting or without emotion 不积极的；不感兴趣的；缺乏热情的
• After the excitement of the party, life seems rather flat now. 派对的兴奋感过去之后，生活现在似乎相当乏味。
• I thought her performance a little flat. 我觉得她的表演有点平淡。
• I think the colours in this painting are rather flat (= not varied or bright). 我认为这幅油画的色彩相当平淡。
• UK I left my car lights on all night and now the battery is flat (US dead)(= has no electrical power left in it). 我的车灯整晚没关，现在电池没电了。
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
DRINK 饮品
■describes a drink which has stopped being fizzy (= with bubbles) （饮品）走了气的
• If you don't put the top back on that bottle of beer, it will go flat. 你要是不把那瓶啤酒的瓶盖盖上，它会走气的。
Compare still
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
COMPLETE 完全的
[before noun] (US also flat-out)
■complete or certain, and not likely to change 彻底的；肯定的；断然的
• His request for time off work was met with a flat refusal. 他的歇班要求遭到了断然拒绝。
• The minister has issued a flat denial of the accusations against her. 那位部长矢口否认对她的那些指控。
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
WITHOUT AIR 无气体
■If something such as a tyre or ball is flat, it does not contain enough air （轮胎或球）泄了气的，撒了气的
• I got a flat UK tyre / US tire (= The air went out of it) after driving over a nail. 我的车胎扎了钉子后泄了气了。
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
FIXED 固定的
[before noun]
■(especially of an amount of money) fixed; not likely to change （尤指钱数）固定的，不变的
• We charge a flat fee/rate of $25 per hour. 我们每小时统一收费25美元。
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
And that's flat! UK informal
■used to tell someone that the decision you have just announced will not change even if they try to persuade you to change it 没有商量的余地，就这么定了
• I'm not coming, and that's flat! 我不去，不用再说了！
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
be (as) flat as a pancake informal
■to be very flat 非常平坦，平坦如镜
• The countryside around Cambridge is as flat as a pancake. 剑桥周围的乡村地势平坦如砥。
[flæt] noun
HOME 家
 ESSENTIAL countable UK (US apartment)
■a set of rooms for living in which are part of a larger building and are usually all on one floor 公寓；单元房
• a furnished/unfurnished flat 配家俱／未配家俱的公寓
• a block of flats 一栋公寓楼
• They have a house in the country and a flat in London. 他们在乡下有一栋房子，在伦敦有一间公寓。
⇒ See also flatmate
[flæt] noun
LEVEL GROUND 平地
countable often plural
■an area of low level ground, often near water （常指水边的）平地；低洼地
• The salt flats are used for motor racing. 盐滩被用作摩托车比赛场地。
• The mud flats attract large numbers of birds. 潮泥滩吸引了大批鸟类。
the flat of your hand
■the palm and fingers when they are held straight and level 手掌
• He hit me with the flat of his hand. 他打了我一巴掌。
be on the flat
■to be on a level surface, not on a slope or hill 在平地上
• Most of the path is on the flat. 这条小径大部分都在平地上。
[flæt] noun
TYRE WITHOUT AIR 无气体的轮胎
countable usually singular mainly US informal
■a flat tyre
• We were late because we had to stop and fix a flat. 我们迟到了，因为中途不得不停下来修理泄气的轮胎。
[flæt] noun
SHOES 平底鞋
flats [plural]
■women's shoes without high heels （女式）平跟鞋，平底鞋
• I feel more comfortable in flats. 我穿平底鞋感觉更舒适。
[flæt] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable
■(a symbol for) a note that is a semitone lower than a stated note 降半音；降音符号
[flæt] adjective adverb (flatter, flattest)
MUSIC 音乐
■(in music) lower than a particular note or the correct note （音乐）低于标准音高的，偏低的
• The top string on your violin is flat. 你的小提琴 E 弦音偏低。
• She sang flat throughout the song (= all the notes she sang were too low). 她把整首歌的音调都唱低了。
Compare natural ; sharp
[flæt] adverb (flatter, flattest)
LEVEL 水准
 IMPROVER
■in a level position, often against another surface （常贴着另一表面）水准地，平直地
• Lay the cloth flat across the table. 把布平铺在桌子上。
[flæt] adverb (flatter, flattest)
NOT HIGH 不高
■into a flat shape without height 扁平地
• These garden chairs will fold flat for storage. 这些花园坐椅可以折叠起来存放。
[flæt] adverb (flatter, flattest)
COMPLETELY 彻底地 informal
■completely or to the greatest degree possible 彻底；断然
• She told him flat] US also flat out that she would not go to the show. 她直截了当地告诉他她是不会去看表演的。
• Could you lend me some money, I'm flat broke (= I have no money). 你能借我些钱吗？我连一块钱也没有。
⇒ See also stony broke
three minutes/half an hour, etc. flat informal
■exactly three minutes/half an hour, etc 刚好三分钟／半小时等
• We managed to get to the station in five minutes flat. 我们设法正好用了五分钟时间赶到了车站。
flat out informal
■as fast or as hard as possible 全速；全力以赴
• My car only does about 60 mph, even when it's going flat out. 我的车即使全速行驶，也只能跑到每小时60英里左右。
• We've been working flat out to get this done. 为了完成这项工作，我们一直在全力以赴。
quarters, accommodation, flat, apartment, suite, lodging
这组词都有“住处”的意思，其区别是：
quarters: 指某一部分人集中的居住区。
accommodation: 泛指各种居住住所，一般指暂时下榻之地。
flat: 多用于英国、澳大利亚和新西兰。指同一层建筑物上组成一个居住单元的几个房间。
apartment: 通常指占用或居住时间较长的成套房间，在美国比较常用。
suite: 可泛指任何设备完善的一套房间，但多指包括起居室、卧室和浴室的陈设较豪华的套间。
lodging: 常用lodgins,指临时租借的房间或宿舍。
smooth, level, flat, even
这组词都有“平的，平坦的”的意思，其区别是：
smooth: 侧重指表面十分平滑，无任何粗糙的感觉。引申作圆滑解。
level: 强调没有高低之处，且在同一水平面，可引申指才能相等或与相邻某物平行。
flat: 指光滑平整的表面，但不一定是水平的。
even: 通常指平面上的各点或一条直线的各点处在同一平面或直线上。
adj. 平坦的；扁平的；浅的；单调的
 - even, low, level, shallow, blank
adv. 平直地；断然地
 - positively, emphatically
n. 平地；平面；公寓
 - apartment, plane
vi. 变平
 - even

Word: brand
Front: brand
[brænd] (高研四六雅宝 2570/3387 -K3)
Vocabulary: brand
(once / 186 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
If your friend buys her jeans based on the brand, it means that the name on the label of her pants is very important to her. A brand is a product name.
The cereal aisle at the grocery store is a good place to see how many different brands there are of the same product. A company name, or the name it invents for a particular item or service, is a brand. Another kind of brand is the verb that means to mark or name something in a negative way. If you brand your classmate as a bully, you accuse him of bullying and expose his behavior to other people.
WORD FAMILY
brand: branded, branding, brands+/branded: misbranded, unbranded/branding: brandings
USAGE EXAMPLES
She said that distinguishes the brand from standard wine advertising, which involves bottles “in the kitchen with cheese.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Kellogg’s stopped advertising on Breitbart after being spotlighted by Sleeping Giants, a social-media campaign that is pushing brands to cut their ties to the site.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
So I’m always down to try anything from the brand.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [商]商标，牌子; 烙印; 〈比喻〉污名，耻辱; 燃烧着的木头
vt. 污辱; 铭刻于; 加商标于; 打烙印于
时态：branded, branding, brands
分布：牌子(53%)，商标(28%)，烙印(11%)，铭记(5%)，加污名于(1%)，标记(1%)，打烙印(1%)
→来自zero-grade 词根br, 加热，燃烧，词源同burn . 原指用燃烧的铁块给牲畜做记号，后指品牌。
n.商标,标记,牌子v.使铭记;打火印,打烙印The grandson branded the brandy randomly.孙子给白兰地随机地打上烙印.
noun countable
PRODUCT 产品
 IMPROVER
■a type of product made by a particular company 商标，牌子
• This isn't my usual brand of deodorant. 这不是我通常用的那个牌子的除臭剂。
• When I go to a supermarket I usually buy own (US store / Australian generic)brands (= the cheaper products with the shop's own name on them). 我去超市时常常购买超市的自家品牌产品。
brand of sth
■a particular type of something, or way of doing something 一种…，一类…；做…的方式
• a team that plays a distinctive brand of football 打法很独特的足球队
• Do you like his brand of humour? 你喜欢他那种幽默吗？
[brænd] noun countable
FLAME 火焰 literary
■a piece of burning wood used to give light 火炬；火把
[brænd] noun countable
MARK 做记号
■a mark that is burnt or frozen into the skin of an animal such as a cow to show who owns it 打烙印于；以烙铁打（标记）
• The brand was still visible on the animal's hide. 兽皮上还可以看见烙印。
[brænd] verb
JUDGE 判断
transitive + object + noun or adjective
■to say that you think someone is as stated 加污名于；谴责
• Because of one minor offence he was branded (as) a common criminal. 由于一次小过错他蒙上了共同犯罪的污名。
• The newspapers have branded the rebel MP disloyal. 报纸谴责反叛的国会议员背信弃义。
[brænd] verb
MARK 做记号
transitive
■to mark an animal such as a cow by burning or freezing its skin to show you own it 打烙印于；以烙铁打（标记）
• The cattle were rounded up and branded. 那些牛都被圈了起来并打了烙印。
trademark, brand
这组词都有“商标”的意思，其区别是：
trademark: 指通过合法注册而印在商品上的特殊标记，即商标。
brand: 指生产厂家为自己的产品所取的专用名称。
vt. 铭刻于，铭记；打烙印于；印…商标于
 - heart, stamp
n. [贸易] 商标， [经管] 牌子；烙印
 - logo, label

Word: assure
Front: assure
[əˈʃʊə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2571/2640 -K2)
Vocabulary: assure
(once / 48 pages)
v
If you assure your boss that you’ll finish your project by Tuesday, you are make a promise or commitment to have it done by Tuesday.
The verbs insure and ensure look and sound like assure but they aren't synonyms. There is some overlap in meaning — all of them can mean “to make secure or certain” — but assure is generally used in situations when you are referring to a person: “I assure you that I haven’t forgotten about driving you to the airport” or “He called his mother to assure her that everything will be fine.”
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
assure / ensure / insure
Although these three often show up at the same party, giving hugs, they're not the same, thank you very much. To assure is to tell someone everything's ok, to ensure is to make certain, and to insure is to protect financially. Have it straight now? Are you sure?
To assure is to remove doubt, or confidently tell someone about something. It's generally followed by an object, so you assure someone. You can also tell someone to rest assured when you know everything's under control:
"Rest assured that Brazil will have a great World Cup in 2014," Rebelo said. (Washington Post)
I assure you I meant no harm. (V for Vendetta)
He considered retirement before doctors assured him he could still fight. (Newsweek)
Ensure, on the other hand, means to make certain a thing will (or won't) happen:
Aides said the leaders conferred by telephone to ensure that their speeches, while different in tone, would not be incompatible. (Reuters)
Roast Brussels sprout mixture on sheet pan for 12 to 15 minutes, shaking pan about halfway through to ensure even cooking. (New York Times)
The "feed kids first" policy is designed to ensure that parents can eat in peace. (New York Times)
Finally, use insure when you need insurance. To insure is to arrange for financial compensation against the loss of something or against someone getting hurt or dying. You might insure your health, your Cadillac, your beachside condo, or your stocks and bonds:
Very well then, listen: You know our house was insured for a good deal of money — fifteen thousand dollars. (Gabrielle Emile)
Euro-area finance chiefs meeting tonight also will discuss using the European Financial Stability Facility to insure bonds of troubled governments. (Business Week)
Remarkably, younger and healthier individuals in other industrialized countries have long accepted the mandate to be insured in return for community-rated premiums and guaranteed issue. (New York Times)
Sometimes people say ensure or insure when they really mean assure, to remove doubt. Bryan Garner points out in Garner's Modern American Usage that the usage has become "ubiquitous." Harrumph! We assure you that there is a difference, and by reading this you've ensured that you know your homonyms, but alas we can't insure you. It's just not that kind of party.
WORD FAMILY
assure: assurance, assured, assures, assuring, reassure +/ assurance: assurances, self-assurance/ assured: assuredest, assuredly, assuredness, self-assured, unassured/ assuring: assuringly/reassurance: reassurances/ reassure: reassurance, reassured, reassures, reassuring / reassured: reassuredly/ reassuring: reassuringly, unreassuring/unreassuring: unreassuringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Negotiators eventually won the release of the hostages by assuring the inmates that they would not be harmed or transferred to other prisons.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The captured sailors are released, but only after Secretary of State John Kerry assures the Iranian government that he will not deploy James Taylor.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
She also remembers a time when Dominic called her while she was on campus to assure her that she would ace another exam.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 向…保证; 使…确信; <英>给…保险
时态：assured, assuring, assures
分布：确保(78%)，使确信(12%)，使放心(10%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. sure, 确信。
肯定;确信(as+sure确定→一不再确定→肯定)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
保证;确信(as→再+sure→一再肯定→确信)[sur=sure表示"肯定"]
vt.使确信,使放心(of);向...保证I assure the injured jury that a sure insurance is ensured.我让受伤的陪审团确信一笔有把握的保险得到的确保.
【记】as一再，sure肯定－一再肯定－确信
US [-'ʃʊr] verb transitive
SAY WITH CERTAINTY 肯定地说
 ADVANCED
■to tell someone confidently that something is true, especially so that they do not worry （尤指为消除其忧虑而）确定地对…说，向…保证，使确信；让…放心
• The unions assured the new owners of the workers' loyalty to the company. 工会向新企业主保证，工人们对公司是忠诚的。
• [+ speech] "Don't worry, your car will be ready tomorrow, " the mechanic assured him. “别担心，你的车明天就可以修好。”修理工向他保证。
• [+ (that)] She assured him (that) the car would be ready the next day. 她向他保证说他的车第二天就能修好。
• The Prime Minister assured the electorate (that) taxes would not be increased after the election. 首相向选民保证选举后不会增税。
• You can rest assured (= feel confident) that I shall be there as promised. 你放心，我答应了就一定会到的。
UK [ə'ʃɔ:r] US [-'ʃʊr] verb transitive
MAKE CERTAIN 使确定
 ADVANCED
■to cause something to be certain 确保；保障；使确定
• The play's popularity has been assured by the critics' rave reviews. 评论家们的赞赏，确保了这套戏剧会走红。
UK [ə'ʃɔ:r] US [-'ʃʊr] verb transitive
PROTECT 保护 UK (of an organization) to promise to pay a sum of money to a person or their family if they become ill, get injured, or die, in return for small regular payments 给…保险
insure, promise, pledge, guarantee, assure, ensure
这组词都有“保证”的意思，其区别是：
insure: 常与ensure换用，但前者多指经济方面的保证、保险。
promise: 侧重表自己的主观意向，设法用语言使人感到稳当可靠。
pledge: 正式用词，指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。
guarantee: 指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。
assure: 侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感，但不如ensure普通。
ensure: 侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果。
vt. 保证；担保；使确信；弄清楚
 - undertake, swear for

Word: mad
Front: mad
[mæd] (中高研四六 2572/2592 -K3)
Vocabulary: mad
(once / 81 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you're mad about something, you've lost your temper. If you've gone mad, you've lost your mind.
Just like it's more common to be angry than to be insane, you're more likely to use mad to describe someone who's ticked off than to describe someone who has serious mental problems. If you say you're “mad about” something, you're saying you like it so much it distracts you.
WORD FAMILY
mad: madded, maddest, madding, madly, madness +/ madness: madnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Night of intoxication, O mad night!” the chorus sings.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
George Miller, who directed other “Mad Max” films, was at the helm of this reboot, starring Tom Hardy and Charlize Theron.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The prime minister must now decide how to position herself in this spaghetti western standoff between the Good, the Mad and the Fugly.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 疯狂的; 猛烈的; 着迷的; 〔口语〕愤怒的，生气的
vt. 使疯狂
级别：madder, maddest
分布：生气的(38%)，着迷的(28%)，狂热的(21%)，鲁莽的(9%)，极度激动的(4%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*maid,变坏，恶化，来自mei,改变，词源同mutual,miss.后引申词义心理失常的，发疯的。
a.发疯的;狂热的,着迷的;恼火的,生气的You mad madam, my dad doesn't like the bad badminton pad.你这个疯太太,我爸爸不喜欢这种坏羽毛球垫.
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
MENTALLY ILL 有精神疾病的
 ESSENTIAL offensive
■mentally ill, or unable to behave in a reasonable way; insane 疯的，神经错乱的，精神失常的
• I think I must be going mad. 我想我肯定要疯了。
• Do I look like some mad old woman in this hat? 我戴上这顶帽子看上去像个疯老太婆吗？
⇒ See also madhouse;madman
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
SILLY 愚蠢的
 IMPROVER mainly UK informal
■extremely silly or stupid; crazy 极其愚笨的；发疯的
• [+ to infinitive] You're mad to walk home alone at this time of night. 你发疯了，晚上这个时候独自一人走回家。
• He must be mad spending all that money on a coat. 他一定是疯了，花那么多钱买一件外套。
• Some of the things she does are completely mad. 她做的一些事情极其愚蠢。
⇒ See also madcap
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
ANGRY 生气的
 ADVANCED [after verb] informal
■very angry or annoyed 非常愤怒的，狂怒的；十分恼火的
• He's always complaining and it makes me so mad. 他没完没了地抱怨，令我十分恼火。
• mainly US Are you still mad at me? 你还在生我的气吗？
• mainly UK Kerry got really mad with Richard for not doing the washing up. 理查没有洗碗，克丽大发雷霆。
• Bill's untidiness drives me mad. 比尔的邋遢真让我受不了。
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
HURRYING 匆忙的 [before noun] hurrying or excited and not having time to think or plan 发疯似的；忙乱的
• We made a mad dash for the train. 我们发疯似的赶火车。
• I was in a mad panic/rush trying to get everything ready. 我发疯似的急急忙忙想把一切准备好。
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
ENTHUSIASTIC 热情的
be mad about sb/sth informal
■to love someone or something 喜爱，对…着迷
• He's the first real boyfriend she's had and she's mad about him. 他是她第一个真正的男朋友，她很迷恋他。
• He's mad about football. 他对足球着迷。
be mad for sb/sth UK informal
■to want someone or something very much, or to be very interested in them 极想要；对…极感兴趣
• Everyone's mad for him and I just don't see the attraction. 大家都为他倾倒，可我就没看出他哪里有吸引力。
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
(as) mad as a hatter / March hare
■extremely silly or stupid 非常愚蠢的
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
Don't get mad, get even.
■something that you say in order to tell someone not to be angry when someone has upset them, but to do something that will upset them as much 别激动，报复吧！（告诉别人与其为人困扰，不如以牙还牙）
• This is my advice to wives whose husbands have left them for a younger woman - don't get mad, get even! 这是我对丈夫另觅年轻新欢而遭到抛弃的妻子的忠告－－别激动，你就以其人之道还诸其身吧！
[mæd] (madder or maddest)
adjective
like mad informal
■If you do something like mad, you do it very enthusiastically, quickly or a lot 疯狂地；拚命地；极快地
• She's been saving like mad because she wants to buy a car. 她想买汽车，所以在拚命存钱。
mad, crazy, mental
这组词都有“发疯的，精神错乱的”的意思，其区别是：
mad: 语气比crazy正式，但系普通用词。通常指人精神狂乱，完全不能自我控制的一种病态。
crazy: 通俗用词，指极度的神经错乱或精神失常，也指对事物的狂势，失去自控能力。
mental: 通常指患有精神病的。
angry, indignant, mad
这些形容词均有“发怒的，愤怒的”之意。
angry: 侧重以愤怒的表情、激烈的言辞或威胁的目光等来表达感情。
indignant: 侧重愤怒是有充分理由和正当的。
mad: 多用于非正式文体和讲话中，与angry意义相近。
adj. 疯狂的；发疯的；愚蠢的；着迷的
 - crazy, possessed, foolish, stupid, bugs
n. 狂怒
 - fury, agriothymia

Word: award
Front: award
[əˈwɔ:d] (高研四六雅 2573/590 -K4)
Vocabulary: award
(once / 234 pages)
vn
The noun award refers to a prize of some kind that indicates you’ve done well and achieved an honor. The verb form of award describes giving out one of these honors. So your teacher may award you the Math Genius award.
Award can be something given out by a court of law. For example, a judge might give you a monetary award when you win a lawsuit. Award can also be something you get when you're the big winner. The state lottery commission might award you $35 when you hit the lottery. Award comes from the Old English word weardian, meaning “guard” — which is exactly what you should do with that $35.
WORD FAMILY
award: awarded, awarding, awards
USAGE EXAMPLES
In June the Kenyan company won awards from the clean energy charity Ashden, reports the Guardian.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Is there an award for last minute lame-duck presidential courage?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Black Hawk County Gaming Association this past year awarded a $41,800 building improvement grant for the center.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 授予，奖给，判给; 判归，判定
n. 奖品; （仲裁人、公断人的）裁定; （法院、法官的）判决; 裁定书
时态：awarded, awarding, awards
分布：奖(81%)，授予(13%)，奖品(3%)，给予(2%)，判给(1%)
→a同前缀ex-, 出，向外，此处表强调。词根ward, 看，同单词ward, 看护，守护。指仔细看过后做出的决定，授奖。
vt.授予,给予;判定n.奖,奖金;仲裁The awfully awkward warship is warned not to be awarded war reward.那艘非常拙劣的军舰受到不给予战争报酬的警告.
US [-'wɔ:rd] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give money or a prize following an official decision 给予，授予；判给，裁定
• Carlos was awarded first prize in the essay competition. 卡洛斯获颁短文写作比赛第一名。
• The jury awarded libel damages of £100 000. 陪审团作出裁定，判给受害人名誉损害赔偿金十万英镑。
• [+ two objects] The university has awarded her a $500 travel grant. 该大学发给她500美元的旅行资助。
UK [ə'wɔ:d] US [-'wɔ:rd] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a prize or a sum of money that is given to someone following an official decision 奖；奖项；奖金；奖品
• They have authorized awards of £900 to each of the victims. 他们判给每一位受害者900英镑赔偿金。
• the Academy Award for Best Director 奥斯卡最佳导演奖
reward, award
这组词都有“难予奖励”的意思，其区别是：
reward: 指对品德高尚和勤劳的人所给予的奖励。也可指为某事付酬金。
award: 侧重指官方或经正式研究裁决后对有功者或竞赛优胜者所给予的奖励。
confer, present, endow, grant, give, award, accord, bestow
这组词都有“给予，赠给”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 通常指授予称号或学位等。
present: 指正式地给予或授予，通常伴有仪式进行。
endow: 指捐赠大量的钱作基金，也可指给予非物质的东西。
grant: 多指出于慷慨、怜悯或正义感而给予，并且通常是在被请求下给予。
give: 最普通用词，泛指将自己的东西给予他人，所给予的东西，物质或非物质的均可。
award: 通常暗示所给予的东西是接受者应得的，而且给予者往往是具有裁判权力的。
accord: 侧重所给予的是应得的或是恰当的，或是因某种原因而适于接受的。
bestow: 正式用词，指把某物作为礼物赠送于某人，也可作引申用。
vt. 授予；判定
 - grant, give
n. 奖品；判决
 - prize, sentence

Word: criteria
Front: criteria
[kraɪ'tɪərɪə] (六宝 2574/-)
Back: n. （批评、判断等的）标准，准则( criterion的名词复数 ); (criterion的复数)
分布：标准(78%)，准则(20%)，尺度(1%)，名词criterion的复数形式.(1%)
N-COUNT
(判定的)标准，准则
A criterion is a factor on which you judge or decide something.
例：The most important criterion for entry is that applicants must design and make their own work...最重要的参赛标准是申请者必须设计并制作自己的作品。
例：British defence policy had to meet three criteria if it was to succeed.要想奏效，英国的国防政策必须具备3个条件。
n. 标准，条件（criterion的复数）
 - standards, conditions, indexes

Word: dealer
Front: dealer
[ˈdi:lə(r)] (研六托 2575/2450 -3)
Back: n. 商人; 发牌人，庄家; 以某种方式待人的人; 经销商
分布：经销商(65%)，商人(27%)，毒品贩子(5%)，发牌者(3%)
→来自deal, 交易。
n.商人The zealous dealer has an ideal idea of dealing with the meal.热心的商人有一个处理膳食的理想主意.
US [-lɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who trades in something 商人，商贩
• a second-hand car dealer 二手汽车经销商
• an antiques dealer 古玩商；古董商
• drug dealers 毒贩
■the person who deals the cards in a game （游戏中）发牌者
dealer, businessman, merchant, tradesman, trader
这组词都有“商人”的意思，其区别是：
dealer: 指商人时多与表商店的字连用。
businessman: 指有经验、善于经营、从事各种买卖活动的买卖人、实业家或工商业家。
merchant: 指从事批发生意的大商人，尤指从事国际贸易的大商人，但在美国或苏格兰等地，也指一般商人。
tradesman: 指零卖商人，开小店的商人。
trader: 指从事贸易工作的人，也指贩子。
n. 经销商；商人
 - distributor, trader

Word: via
Front: via
[ˈvaɪə] (高研四六托雅 2576/2004 -K3)
Back: prep. 经过; 通过，凭借; 取道
分布：通过(92%)，经由(8%)
→来自拉丁语via,路，经由，来自wegh,走，经过，词源同way,vehicle.
道路prve经过[vi,via,voy=way,表示"道路"]
prep.经;通过;凭借Deviation in aviation is dangerous. Writing is alleviated via bias on abbreviation.在航空过程中的不符合是危险的.写被关于缩写通过偏见减轻.
/'vi:.ə] preposition
 IMPROVER
■through; using 经由，通过，透过
• The London-Addis flight goes via Rome. 从伦敦到阿迪斯的航班要途经罗马。
• Reports are coming in via satellite. 报道透过卫星传送进来。
• I only found out about it via my sister. 我是从我姐姐那里才知道了这件事。
prep. 取道，通过；经由
 - by way of, THRU through

Word: utility
Front: utility
[ju:ˈtɪləti] (四六托雅 2578/4210 -2)
Vocabulary: utility
(once / 439 pages)
1nadj 2n 3n 4adj
If you live in a place where the temperature never drops below 60 degrees Fahrenheit, and someone gives you a snow-blower for your birthday, you might question the gift’s utility, meaning its “usefulness.”
Utility means “of practical use.” We refer to government facilities that provide water, electricity and natural gas as public utilities. Utility is similar to the word utilize, which is basically a stuffy word for use.
WORD FAMILY
utility: utilitarian, utilities+/utilisation: overutilisation/utilise: utilisation, utilised, utiliser, utilises, utilising, utility / utilitarian: utilitarianism, utilitarians/ utilitarianism: utilitarianisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tens of thousands lost power in Louisiana and Mississippi at the height of the storm, according to utilities.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many utility companies offer free energy audits to their customers.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
More than 11,000 customers were without power as of Monday afternoon in Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi because of the storm, utility companies reported.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 功用，效用; 有用的物体或器械; 公用事业公司; 公用事业
adj. 有多种用途的; 各种工作都会做的; 能在数个位置作替补的; 为获得经济价值而饲养
分布：实用(84%)，效用(14%)，多效用的(1%)，多功能的(1%)
→来自拉丁语uti, 使用，利用，用来指功用，公用事业。
公用事业;有用(ut+ility)[us,ut=use,表示"用"]
US [-ə.tˌi] noun
SERVICE 设施
 ADVANCED countable slightly formal
■a service which is used by the public, such as an electricity or gas supply or a train service 公用事业；（电、煤气、铁路等）公共设施
• utility bills 水电煤气帐单
UK [ju:'tɪl.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun
USEFUL 有用
uncountable formal
■the usefulness of something, especially in a practical way 有用性；（尤指）实用性
n. 实用；效用；公共设施；功用
 - practical use, public facility
adj. 实用的；通用的；有多种用途的
 - applied, universal, current

Word: precisely
Front: precisely
[prɪˈsaɪsli] (2579/2424 -K3)
Vocabulary: precisely
(once / 229 pages)
adv
The adverb precisely describes something done with complete accuracy or perfection. When you speak precisely, you pronounce each word completely and clearly — and you say exactly what you mean.
Something that's done precisely is done with great care, the way you'd set the table according to your grandmother's demands, precisely following her instructions about where knives and forks should go. You can also use precisely to tell about an exact time, like meeting a friend under the big clock at precisely 12:30. On its own, precisely can substitute for yes or exactly.
WORD FAMILY
precise: imprecise, precisely, preciseness, preciser, precisest+/ imprecise: imprecisely, impreciseness/preciseness: precisenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the “silence and sighs”? The allegedly negative reaction was experienced by precisely one colleague on exactly one call, unsolicited by the Conways.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But it’s precisely because governments are distracted or incapacitated that there is a role for non-state actors.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
City looked rushed and accident-prone – which is precisely what their opponents wanted them to be.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 精确地; 恰好地; 严谨地，严格地; 一丝不苟地
分布：精确地(100%)
US [prə-] adverb
EXACT 精确地
 ADVANCED
■exactly 精确地，准确地，确切地
• The fireworks begin at eight o'clock precisely. 烟火在八点整开始燃放。
• What do you think the problem is, precisely? 确切地说，你认为问题在哪里？
 ADVANCED
■used to emphasize what you are saying （用于强调）恰恰，正
• "You look tired - you should go home and rest." "I'm going to do precisely that." “你看起来累了——应该回家休息。”“我正打算这么做。”
• But it's precisely because of the noise that they're thinking of moving. 说实在的，就是那些噪音使他们想搬家。
■used to express complete agreement with someone or suggest that what they have said is obvious （用于表示完全同意）对，正是，的确
• "It would be stupid to attempt the journey in the dark." "Precisely," he answered. “想在黑暗中走这段路很傻。”“的确如此，”他答道。
UK [prɪ'saɪ.sli] US [prə-] adverb
CAREFUL 严谨地 approving
■carefully and accurately 严谨地，细致地
• He works slowly and precisely whereas I tend to rush things and make mistakes. 他是慢工出细活，而我则匆匆了事常常出错。
adv. 精确地；恰恰
 - accurately, exactly

Word: arise
Front: arise
[əˈraɪz] (高研四六托雅 2581/1043 -K3)
Vocabulary: arise
(once / 66 pages)
1v 2v
Arise is a verb that means to get up, maybe to stand or get out of bed, like when you arise in the morning to get ready for the day.
The verb arise can apply to people when they get up but it can also apply to issues or situations that come up, like problems that arise when a leader takes away people's rights. What happens next? People might arise, meaning they rebel, protesting the leader's actions, maybe even declaring that they are no longer under his or her rule. If this happens, a new political party will likely arise, meaning "come into existence."
WORD FAMILY
arise: arisen, arises, arising, arose
USAGE EXAMPLES
The issue arose again in September, he said, when he hesitated because of a daughter’s upcoming wedding.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The statement says if no complications arise, he shouldn’t face any additional surgeries for six to eight months.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But then the drought arose, a product of both Nebraska’s zone and Maryland’s tentativeness in trying to protect its lead.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. & vt. 产生; 出现; 起身，起立; 起源于，产生于
时态：arose, arisen, arising, arises
分布：出现(62%)，发生(20%)，起来(7%)，升起(6%)，上升(5%)
→古英语前缀a-, 来自uz, 向上，向外，词源同out. 单词rise, 升起。
v.发生,出现,升起;(from)由...引起,由...产生The rising risk arises from the surprised fund raiser's praise of the appraisal.上升的风险起因于受惊的资金聚集者对评估的赞美.
[ə'raɪz] (arose, arisen)
verb intransitive
HAPPEN 发生
 ADVANCED formal
■to happen 发生；产生；出现
• Should the opportunity arise, I'd love to go to China. 要是有机会的话，我很想去中国。
• Could you work on Saturday, should the need arise (= if it were to be necessary) ? 万一有需要，你可以在星期六工作吗？
• Are there any matters arising from (= caused by) the last meeting? 上次会议有没有引出甚么问题？
[ə'raɪz] (arose, arisen)
verb intransitive
GET UP 起床 literary
■to get out of bed 起床
• We arose early on Christmas morning. 圣诞节早上，我们早早地起了床。
arise, result, originate
这组词都有“起源，源自”的意思，其区别是：
arise: 多与from连用，侧重指从无到有的产生，表一种因果关系。
result: 侧重变化的最终结果。
originate: 强调产生变化的起源。
arise, raise, rise, lift
这组词都有“上升，举起”的意思，其区别是：
arise: 书面用词，多用于诗歌或比喻中，具有特殊的修辞色彩。
raise: 及物动词，常用词，多指把某物从低处升到高处，有时作引申用。
rise: 普通用词，指具体的或抽象的事物由低向高移动。
lift: 语气比raise强，指用体力或机械的力举起或抬起某物。
arise, raise, rise, arise from, give raise to
arise: vi 出现，发生
raise: vt 提高
rise: vi 上升，升起
arise from: 由….引起
give raise to: 引起
vi. 出现；上升；起立
 - occur, raise, figure, offer, come out

Word: armed
Front: armed
[ɑ:md] (2580/2355 -K4)
Vocabulary: armed
(once / 128 pages)
adj
If you're armed, you are carrying some kind of weapon. Armed soldiers are most commonly supplied with guns.
In the United States, police officers are almost always armed, while British police usually don't carry guns. When a crime involves the use of a weapon, it might be described as an armed robbery, and even an animal is sometimes said to be armed: "The cat was armed with sharp teeth and claws against the puppy's enthusiasm." The Latin root is arma, "weapons," or "tools of war."
WORD FAMILY
arm: armament, armed, armful, arming, armless, armlet, armlike, armor, arms, disarm, forearm, overarm, re-arm, rearm, unarm, underarm+/ armament: armaments/ armful: armfuls/arming: armings/armlet: armlets/ armor: armored, armorer, armoring, armors/armored: unarmored/armorer: armorers/ disarm: disarmament, disarmed, disarmer, disarming, disarms/disarmament: disarmaments/disarmer: disarmers/ disarming: disarmingly, disarmings/forearm: forearmed, forearming, forearms/rearm: rearmament, rearmed, rearming, rearms/rearmament: rearmaments/unarm: unarmed, unarming, unarms/underarm: underarms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officials say Morales may be armed and is considered extremely dangerous.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
An armed forces medical examiner categorized the death as a homicide.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In October of 1992, heavily armed military police stormed the penitentiary to quell a riot, spurring charges of indiscriminate killing by authorities.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 武装的; 有把手的; 有防卫器官的
v. “arm”的过去式和过去分词
分布：武装的(55%)，有扶手的(45%)
US [ɑ:rmd] adjective
 IMPROVER
■using or carrying weapons 使用武器的，用武力的；带武器的，武装的
• an armed robbery 持枪抢劫
• armed conflict 武装冲突
• These men are armed and dangerous , and should not be approached. 这伙人持有武器，非常危险，不要靠近他们。
Opposite unarmed
adj. 武装的；有扶手的；有防卫器官的（指动物）
 - armor-clad

Word: nevertheless
Front: nevertheless
[ˌnevəðəˈles] (研四六雅 2582/1337 -K3)
Vocabulary: nevertheless
(once / 108 pages)
adv
A funny-looking adverb that appears to be made up of three words squished together, nevertheless means “even so" or "all the same.”
It’s likely that nevertheless evolved from the Middle English neverthelater, a word with the same sense of “despite anything to the contrary” and “notwithstanding.” You might say of your siblings, "Sure we bicker and get sick of each other sometimes. Nevertheless, they’re family and I love them."
WORD FAMILY
nevertheless: neverthelesss
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nevertheless, the singer railed against police officers who appear in the background of one of Songz’s videos, unfazed as the artist swears at them.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Nevertheless Comey says he is recommending that no criminal charges be brought against Clinton, because, quote, “I don’t want to die.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Experts, nevertheless, say the figures tell a story about people’s movement across state and city lines — what demographers call “domestic migration” — that is worth heeding.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 然而; 尽管如此; 不过; 仍然
conj. 然而; 尽管如此
分布：然而(43%)，不过(29%)，尽管如此(17%)，仍然(11%)
→来自never the less.比较nonetheless,notwithstanding.
conj.(nonetheless)然而,不过ad.仍然,不过However, Lever never fevers; nevertheless, he is clever forever.无论如何,杠杆从未发烧;尽管如此,他始终机灵.
US [-ɚ-] (slightly formal nonetheless)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■despite what has just been said or referred to 不过，仍然；尽管如此
• I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting nevertheless. 关于这个话题我已经知道很多，但她的报告听起来还是很有趣。
whereas, nevertheless, but, however, still, while, yet
这组词都有“但是，可是，然而，而”的意思，其区别是：
whereas: 表对比，一般可与while互换。
nevertheless: 指尽管作出完全让步，也不会发生任何影响。
but: 口语常用词，语气较强，泛指与前述情况相反。
however: 表转折关系，语气稍弱于but，连接性也弱一些，因而常作插入语。
still: 语气强，多用于肯定句或疑问句。指尽管作出让步，采取措施或表示反对，但情况仍然如故，无所改变。
while: 表对比，一般可与whereas换用，但程度弱一些。
yet: 常用于否定句，语气比still稍强。指不管作出多大努力或让步，仍达不到预期的结果。
adv. 然而，不过；虽然如此
 - though, natheless
conj. 然而，不过
 - whereas, however, while, but, yet

Word: highway
Front: highway
[ˈhaɪweɪ] (高研四六 2583/4470 -K2)
Vocabulary: highway
(once / 298 pages)
n
A highway is a busy road with many lanes. Highways are usually the quickest route for driving between one city and another.
Highways were originally built to connect cities and towns, and since they're wide and have high speed limits, they decreased the travel time. Highways are always considered public land, and they're usually maintained by the individual state. The Old English precursor was heahweg, "main street" or "main way." The word high has often been used to mean "main" or "major," especially when describing a street.
WORD FAMILY
highway: highways, superhighway+/superhighway: superhighways
USAGE EXAMPLES
Next to the construction area of the new Highway 520 bridge, birds still gather despite the high-decibel sounds from the work.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
So far, the technology is being built into just a few miles of highway in a handful of states, even as smartcars hit the roads.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
And the Highway Patrol said security footage caught two people splattering motor oil on the sidewalk and Capitol building on Halloween night.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 公路; 公用通道; 干线; 途径，方法
分布：公路(100%)
→high,高，此处义为主要的或表强调，way,道路。
n.公路,大路The sightseer speaks highly of the highway with sigh.观光者叹息着盛赞这条公路.
noun countable
 IMPROVER US or UK formal
■a public road, especially an important road that joins cities or towns together 公路（尤指连接城镇的重要公路）
• a coastal/interstate highway 滨海／州际公路
⇒ See also superhighway
['haɪ.weɪ] noun countable
the highways and byways literary
■the roads and paths of a place 大街小巷
• They travelled the highways and byways of Britain. 他们游遍了英国的大街小巷。
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
n. 公路， [公路] 大路；捷径
 - high road, chaussee

Word: clinical
Front: clinical
[ˈklɪnɪkl] (六托宝 2584/2725 -2)
Vocabulary: clinical
(once / 1412 pages)
adj
Something that's clinical is based on or connected to the study of patients. Clinical medications have actually been used by real people, not just studied theoretically.
When you hear about clinical drug trials, you'll know there are patients taking them and being observed — this type of test can be called clinical research. Another way to use this adjective is to mean "emotionally cold" or "impersonal." If you have a choice between a detached, clinical French teacher and a warm, charming one, you might be more likely to choose the latter. This second meaning of clinical, from the mid-1920s, originally meant "as unemotional as a medical report."
WORD FAMILY
clinical: clinically, preclinical, subclinical+/ clinic: clinical, clinics
USAGE EXAMPLES
Separately, the compound is being tested in human clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis, which is also promising, Sharma said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The drug developer’s long-acting version of human growth hormone failed in a late-stage clinical study.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
This serves as a cautionary tale for medical professionals, journalists, and laypeople alike to resist clinical indictments based on hearsay, if not outright imagination.
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 临床的; 诊所的; 冷静的; 简陋的
分布：临床的(68%)，冷静的(32%)
adjective
MEDICAL 医学的
 ADVANCED
■describes medical work or teaching that relates to the examination and treatment of ill people 门诊的，临床的
• clinical tests/training 临床试验／实习
• the Department of Clinical Medicine 临床医学部
• Clinical trials of the new drug may take five years. 这种新药的临床试验可能需要五年时间。
['klɪn.ɪ.kəl] adjective
WITHOUT EMOTION 无感情的 disapproving
■expressing no emotion or feelings 冷漠的；无动于衷的；无感情的
• She seems to have a very clinical attitude towards her children. 她对子女的态度好像很冷漠。
■showing no character and warmth 无特色的；冷冰冰的；朴素的
• We were going to paint our kitchen white, but we decided that would look too clinical. 我们打算把厨房漆成白色，可是又觉得那样看起来会太素淡。

Word: routine
Front: routine
[ru:ˈti:n] (高研四六托雅 2585/2421 -K3)
Vocabulary: routine
(once / 406 pages)
1nadj 2n 3n
A routine is like a habit or sequence that doesn't vary. There are daily routines and dance routines, and maybe even daily dance routines.
Something routine isn't unusual: routine things happen all the time. Most jobs have a routine — things that must be done on a regular basis. People often get surprised by things that aren't part of their routine, or "shake up their routine." Computer routines are predetermined and predictable. Singers and dancers also have routines — the planned performances they've (hopefully) been practicing.
WORD FAMILY
routine: routinely, routines, subroutine+/subroutine: subroutines
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said the heart problem was discovered during a routine medical checkup.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At the core of every habit is a neurological loop with three parts: A cue, a routine and a reward.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Ma kept up the routine for more than a decade.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 常规; 例行程序; 生活乏味; （演出中的）一套动作
adj. 例行的; 常规的; 日常的; 普通的
分布：常规(64%)，例行公事(12%)，常规的(10%)，例行的(10%)，乏味的(2%)，无聊(2%)
→来自 route,路线，-ine,形容词后缀。引申词义常规的，日常的。
常规(rout[=route常走的道路]+ine)[-ine 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或女人"3.表名词"状态,药物等"]
n.例行公事,常规a.常规的,例行的The scout with shoulder-straps shouted on the outermost route as a routine.戴肩章的侦察员照例在最外围的路线上叫喊.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a usual or fixed way of doing things 惯例，常规；例行公事
• There's no set/fixed routine at work - every day is different. 工作内容不固定——每天都不同。
• He checks under the car for bombs as a matter of routine. 他只要开车就先习惯性地检查车下是否被安了炸弹。
 ADVANCED countable
■a regular series of movements, jokes or similar things used in a performance （表演中）一套固定的动作，固定的一套噱头．固定的表演节目
• an exercise/dance routine 一套固定的练习／舞蹈动作
• He went into his usual 'I'm the head of the family' routine (= usual way of speaking). 他又故态复萌，重弹“我是一家之主”的老调子。
countable specialized
■a part of a computer program that does a particular operation （电脑的）例行程式
[ru:'ti:n] adjective
■done as part of what usually happens, and not for any special reason 常规的
• a routine inspection /medical checkup 常规任务／检查／体检
■ordinary and not special or unusual 例行公事的；习惯性的
• a routine case of appendicitis 普通盲肠炎病例
• He died during a routine operation which went wrong. 他因一次例行性手术出错而死亡。
■disapproving
■ordinary and boring 平淡的；乏味的
• My job is so routine and boring - I hate it. 我的工作一成不变，枯燥乏味——我厌烦透了。
n. [计] 程序；日常工作；例行公事
 - procedure, program
adj. 日常的；例行的
 - daily, everyday, household

Word: wage
Front: wage
[weɪdʒ] (高研四六托宝 2586/1404 -K3)
Vocabulary: wage
(once / 139 pages)
1n 2v
If your job pays a good wage, it means that you earn a lot of money for the hard work you do. If you're not happy with your wage, you might have to wage war on your boss.
Wage is one of those words whose verb and noun forms have entirely different meanings. A worker's wage is how much money she makes. But when you wage something, you carry it out: for example, a warmonger is someone whose primary goal is to wage wars. The word is of Germanic origin, and it's related to both gage and wed, with their underlying meanings of "to pledge."
WORD FAMILY
wage: waged, wages, waging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another possible target: The automatic increases to the state’s minimum wage that start in 2018.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Andrew Puzder, a restaurant executive set to serve as labor secretary, will face scrutiny for past comments on the minimum wage, among other policies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Labor groups, frustrated by the Republican Congress, will no doubt intensify their push for city and county minimum wages instead.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 工资; 报应
vt. & vi. 实行，进行，作（战等）; 〈方〉雇佣; 〈古〉打赌，抵押，担保
时态：waged, waging, wages
分布：工资(92%)，开展(3%)，从事(3%)，报酬(2%)
→来自wadh, 承诺，誓言，词源同wed,engage。原指承诺对别人的服务的报酬，引申义工资，原仅限于手工和机械劳动所得，后词义通用化。同时，用做词义承诺参战，发动战争，后词义通用化指开展或发动某运动。
n.(常pl.)工资,报酬vt.进行,开展If you carry the cabinet of cabbage garbage to the garage, you'll get an average wage.如果你把这橱柜包菜垃圾扛进了汽车库,你将获得一份平均工资.
【记】原指：工资，由于工资的分配不均经常引起战争。
noun only singular (also wages [plural])
 ESSENTIAL
■a fixed amount of money that is paid, usually every week, to an employee, especially one who does work that needs physical skills or strength, rather than a job needing a college education （尤指支付给体力劳动者并通常按周计算的）工资，工钱，报酬
• a very low/high wage 非常低／高的工资
• an hourly/daily/weekly/annual wage 按小时／日／周／年支付的工资
• He gets/earns/is paid a good wage, because he works for a fair employer. 他的薪水很不错，因为他的老板奖惩公平。
• The smaller shops pay very low wages. 小一点的商店支付的工资都很低。
Compare income ; salary
[weɪdʒ] verb transitive slightly formal
■to fight a war or organize a series of activities in order to achieve something 发动（战争）；组织，筹备（活动）
• Surely the President needs Congress' permission to wage war on another country? 想必总统须得到国会的许可才能对他国发动战争吧？
• They've been waging a long campaign to change the law. 他们为修改这一法律已组织发起了一场持久的运动。
fee, earnings, wage, allowance, income, pay, salary
这组词都有“工资、收入”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指提供某种服务收取的固定费用。
earnings: 多指通过劳动或投资等手段所得到的收入。
wage: 多用复数形式，指按小时、日或星期的报酬，通常指体力劳动者的工资。
allowance: 指收入中的补贴部分。
income: 与earnings含义很相近，但前者强调总收入。
pay: 是个通用词，可取代salary与wage.
salary: 指按年定下，按月或星期平均给予的报酬，指脑力劳动者的薪水。
vi. 进行；发动；从事
 - progress, do
n. 工资；代价；报偿
 - price, expense, pay, cost
vt. 进行；开展
 - do, carry with

Word: normally
Front: normally
[ˈnɔ:məli] (四六托 2588/1195 -K3)
Back: adv. 正常地; 通常地，一般地; 按说; 论理
分布：正常地(70%)，通常(30%)
US ['nɔ:r-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■If you normally do something, you usually or regularly do it 通常；平常，一般地
• She doesn't normally arrive until ten. 她通常不到十点不会来。
• Normally, I plan one or two days ahead. 通常我会提前一两天作出计划。
 ESSENTIAL
■If something happens normally, it happens in the usual or expected way 正常地
• Is the phone working normally again? 这部电话又能正常使用了吗？
adv. 正常地；通常地，一般地
 - commonly, currently, generally

Word: phrase
Front: phrase
[freɪz] (高研四六托 2589/2081 -K3)
Vocabulary: phrase
(once / 151 pages)
1nv 2nv
The verb phrase means to articulate. You should be careful how you phrase your criticism of your boss. Saying he can be demanding is probably okay. Saying he is an ogre is probably not.
In grammar, a phrase is a group of words that is part of a sentence but can't stand alone. In the sentence, "We should go to your house," "to your house" is a phrase. A phrase can also be an idiomatic saying. If you told a foreign exchange student to "get off the fence" and pick a side in the debate, he might look puzzled at the phrase and say, "But I'm nowhere near a fence!"
WORD FAMILY
phrase: phrasal, phrased, phrases, phrasing, rephrase +/phrasing: phrasings/ rephrase: rephrased, rephrases, rephrasing/rephrasing: rephrasings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It became their own little phrase and I engraved it onto a charm for them,” she says.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He preferred the all-encompassing phrase “people on the move”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Shore giggled at the anecdote and said Michaels still quotes his father’s phrase as a sign-off from phone calls.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. <语>短语; 成语; 说法; 乐句
vt. 叙述，措词
vt. & vi. 划分乐句，分乐节（尤指为奏乐或歌唱）
时态：phrased, phrasing, phrases
分布：短语(89%)，措辞(4%)，习语(4%)，措词(3%)
→来自拉丁语phrasis,措辞，表达，来自希腊语phrazein,表达，告知，说话，可能来自phren,思考，意志，智慧，来自gwhren,思想，思考，词源同frantic,frenetic.
n.短语,词语,习语In occasional case the phrase emphasizes the importance of the phase to the laser.在偶然情况下该短句强调了相位对于激光的重要性.
【记】该词就是词根“词语”
noun countable
GRAMMAR 文法
 ESSENTIAL
■a group of words which is part rather than the whole of a sentence 片语
[freɪz] noun countable
EXPRESSION 表达方式
 ESSENTIAL
■a short group of words which are often used together and have a particular meaning 说法；用语；警句
• We are governed, in Lord Hailsham's famous phrase, by an 'elective dictatorship'. 引用一下海尔什勋爵的名言，我们被“选举出来的独裁者”统治着。
⇒ See also phrasebook
[freɪz] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐 specialized
■a small group of notes forming a unit of a tune 乐句；乐节
[freɪz] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to express something with a particular choice of words 用…方式表达，以…措辞表达
• The declaration was carefully/cleverly/tactfully, etc. phrased. 宣言措辞谨慎／巧妙／圆滑等。
n. 成语；习语；措词
 - idiom, diction

Word: ingredient
Front: ingredient
[ɪnˈgri:diənt] (研四六托雅宝 2590/3844 -K3)
Vocabulary: ingredient
(once / 616 pages)
n
An ingredient is one part of a mixture. For example, if you're making chocolate chip cookies, flour is just one ingredient you'll need.
Ingredient comes from the Latin word ingredientem, meaning "that which enters into." It's not just for cookies. If you're in the lab mixing a chemical compound, you carefully add one ingredient after the next and record the results (and hope nothing blows up). It's also an element or factor of something, such as how that song you wrote has all the ingredients to be a sure-fire hit! Remember that it ends in -ent, since often what you Eat has ingrediEnts.
WORD FAMILY
ingredient: ingredients
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Smith left Beard with the ingredients needed to compete in the Big 12.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Food and Drug Administration’s issues with the ingredient, particularly as it related to deaths of minors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say the center used expired ingredients and failed to follow cleanliness standards, resulting in tainted steroid injections.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （混合物的）组成部分; （烹调的）原料; （构成）要素; 因素
分布：成分(58%)，原料(16%)，因素(15%)，配料(11%)
→in-,进入，使，-gred,走，层级，词源同grade,degree.即走进去的，成为其中一部分的，引申词义成份，因素。
n.(混合物的)组成部分,配料;成份,要素The Oriental is proficient in the ingredients.东方人对成分熟练.
【记】in进入，gred＝greedy（adj 贪吃的；渴望的），ient－进入贪吃的状态就会对调料有所求－调料，成分
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish （食品的）成分，材料
• The list of ingredients included 250g of almonds. 清单上列出的材料包括250克的杏仁。
■one of the parts of something successful （成功的）要素，因素
• Trust is a vital ingredient in a successful marriage. 信任是婚姻幸福的重要因素。
element, component, constituent, ingredient
这组词都有“组成、成分、部分”的意思，其区别是：
element: 指一个整体必不可少或固有的部分，强调一个复杂整体中最基本、最简单的元件、元素或成分等。
component: 指一个整体的组成部分。
constituent: 常可与component换用，指某一整体不可少的部分或成分。
ingredient: 普通用词，含义笼统。既可指混在一起而本身没有变化的物质，如配料，又可指与别的物质混在一起，发生了变化的成分。
element, component, ingredient, factor
这组词都有“组成成分”的意思，其区别是：
element: n.元素；组成部分，方面；某特定类型的人或群体，分子。
 • The elements hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.   氢元素和氧元素构成了水。
 • He belongs to a bad element in this city.   他属于这个城市的坏分子。
component: n.零部件；(某事物的)组成部分；成分。
 • Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are component of a car.   轮胎，引擎，车身以及坐椅都是一辆汽车的零部件。
ingredient: n.原料，成分，要素。
 • Flour, milk, butter and yeast are some ingredients in bread.   面粉、牛奶、黄油和酵母是做面包的一些原料。
factor: n.因素，要素，侧重指原因。
 • Endurance is an important factor in success in sports.   耐力是体育比赛成功的一个重要因素。
element, component, composition, ingredient
element: 指“元素”类的“成分”
component: 尤用于机械装置的成分
composition: 尤用于指物体内在固有的不可分割的成分，如氢于水
ingredient: 主要指混合物的成分
n. 原料；要素；组成部分
 - element, factor, material, basic, essential

Word: stake
Front: stake
[steɪk] (研四六托雅宝 2591/2769 -4)
Vocabulary: stake
(once / 177 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv
A stake is a wooden stick, sharpened on one end and used to mark property lines (or slay a vampire).
In the Middle Ages, people would gamble by placing their bets on wooden posts, or stakes. Eventually the bets themselves became known as stakes. Today, you can use the word as a verb to describe any risky endeavor — for example, "Geoffrey staked his sandwich-making reputation on a six-foot hero with salami and pickles." A stake can also be an investment. If you say that "Bill has a stake in the business," it means he’s a part-owner.
WORD FAMILY
stake: staked, stakes, staking
USAGE EXAMPLES
The impending mission carries huge stakes for both SpaceX and Iridium.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The deep stake that Mr. Dos Santos’s family holds in the economy also is likely to remain undiminished.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
On Sunday, with the playoffs at stake, they stopped and faceplanted.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 桩; 刑柱; 股份; （在公司、计划等中的）重大利益
vt. 用桩支撑; 以…下注[打赌]; 用桩区分，界分
时态：staked, staking, stakes
分布：桩(49%)，赌注(28%)，利害关系(12%)，下注(8%)，用桩支撑(3%)
→来自古英语 staca,桩，钉，销子，来自 Proto-Germanic*stakon,棍，棒，柱子，来自 steg, 棍，棒，柱子，词源同 stack,stick.
n.桩,标桩;赌注,利害关系I overtake the undertaker who takes my stake by mistake.我追上那个误拿我赌注的承办人
【记】s死也要take走stake。
noun countable
SHARE 份额
 ADVANCED
■a share or a financial involvement in something such as a business 股本，股份
• He holds (= owns) a 40% stake in/of the company. 他拥有公司40%的股份。
have a stake in sth
■If you have a stake in something which is important to you, you have a personal interest or involvement in it 对…有强烈的兴趣；与…有利害关系
• Employers have a stake in the training of their staff. 雇主很重视员工训练。
[steɪk] noun countable
RISK 风险
 ADVANCED
■the amount of money which you risk on the result of something such as a game or competition 赌注，赌金
• She spent two weeks in Las Vegas playing high- stakes blackjack at the casinos. 她在拉斯维加斯的赌场里玩了两个星期高赌注的二十一点。
the stakes [plural]
■In an activity or competition, the stakes are the reward for the person who wins or succeeds in it （活动或比赛的）奖金，奖品
• The team is playing for enormous stakes - the chance to play in the final. 这支球队正在为大奖——进入决赛——而拼命一搏。
the Stakes
■a horse race in which the prize money is provided by all the owners of the horses which are competing in the race （奖金由全部参赛马主提供的）赛马
the popularity, etc. stakes
■a situation where someone is judged on how much of a particular quality they have 受欢迎度等等
• The prime minister is not very high in the popularity stakes (= he is not very popular) at the moment. 首相当前的人气并不是很旺。
raise/up the stakes
■to increase the prize or reward in a competition or any activity in which you are competing 增加奖金；提高奖赏
■to make a situation more urgent or more difficult to ignore 使情况更紧急；使事态扩大
• The stowaways are trying to raise the stakes by refusing to eat until they are given money and aid. 偷渡者正试图透过绝食来使事态扩大，直到他们得到钱和援助为止。
[steɪk] noun countable
STICK 棍
■a strong stick or metal bar with a pointed end 桩，标桩
• The stakes are pushed or hammered into the ground and can be used for marking an area, supporting a plant or forming part of a fence. 将木桩插入地下，可以用来标明地界、支撑植物或构成围栏。
the stake
■in the past, a wooden post to which people were tied before being burned to death as a punishment （旧时的）火刑柱
• In medieval Europe, many women were accused of being witches and were burnt at the stake. 在中世纪的欧洲，许多女人被指控为女巫而被烧死在火刑柱上。
[steɪk] noun countable
at stake ADVANCED
■If something that is valuable is at stake, it is in a situation where it might be lost 有风险；处于危急关头
• Thousands of lives will be at stake if emergency aid does not arrive in the city soon. 如果紧急救援物资不能早日运到城中，数千人的生命就会有危险。
[steɪk] noun countable
go to the stake for sth
■to defend an action, opinion or belief despite the risks that are involved 为（行为、观点或信仰）甘冒风险；为…不惜赴汤蹈火
• She was prepared to go to the stake for her views. 她准备不惜一切代价来维护自己的观点。
[steɪk] verb transitive
RISK 风险
■to risk an amount of money 以…来打赌，投下…的赌注
• At the roulette table, he staked $10 000 on number 21. 他在轮盘赌台上押了一万美元赌21号。
[steɪk] verb transitive
USE STICK 使用棍
■to hold up and support something by fastening it to stakes 用桩支撑；把…系于桩上
• Tomato plants should be staked. 番茄植株得用架子架起来。
[steɪk] verb transitive
stake a claim
■If you stake a claim to something, you state that you have a right to it and that it should belong to you 宣布所有权，提出拥有权
• He marked the spot on his map where he had seen the gold and returned later that month to stake his claim. 他在地图上标出了见到金子的地方，然后在当月稍晚的时候回来宣布自己对此地拥有所有权。
[steɪk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  stake sth on sth
■to risk harming or losing something important if an action, decision or situation does not have the result you want or expect 拿…为…冒险；把…押在…上
• I think she'll be head of this company in five year's time - I'd stake my reputation on it. 我认为不出五年她就会成为这家公司的领袖——我敢用我的名誉担保。
[steɪk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stake sth out
WATCH mainly US informal
■to watch a place continuously in order to catch criminals or to see a famous person 监视
• The police staked out the hotel where the two terrorists were reported to be staying. 据报，那两名恐怖分子藏匿在这家旅馆中，警方于是展开监视。
MAKE CLEAR
■to establish or make clear your opinion or position on something 表明（观点或立场）
• Two of the president's chief advisors have staked out opposite positions on this issue. 总统的两位主要顾问在这一问题上表明了相反的立场。
• New software companies are going to find it hard staking out a position in an already crowded market. 新的软体公司将会发现想要在已经饱和的市场中立足决非易事。
[steɪk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stake somewhere/sth out
■to mark the limits of an area or a piece of land with wooden sticks in order to claim ownership of it 立桩标出…的界线，用界桩界定（区域、地块）
■to show other people that you claim ownership, control or use of a particular area in a physical way, for example by putting personal things there 明确界定对（某地）的所有权（或控制权、使用权）
• Each gang in the city has staked out its territory and defends it from other gangs. 城里的每个帮派都划出了自己的地盘，并且禁止其他帮派染指。
• They arrived early for the concert and staked out a place at the front of the queue. 他们很早就到了音乐会现场，在队伍的前排占了位子。
[steɪk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  stake sb to sth US
■to provide someone with a particular thing or with what they need to get it 为（某人）提供…
• The governor has promised to stake the city's homeless to what they need for a fresh start. 州长已承诺要为该市的无家可归者提供开始新生活的必需品。
n. 桩，棍子；赌注；火刑；奖金
 - bonus, dividend
vt. 资助，支持；系…于桩上；把…押下打赌
 - encourage, carry, fund, second, back
vi. 打赌
 - lay, make a bet

Word: Muslim
Front: Muslim
['mʊzləm] (2592/6234 -4)
Vocabulary: Muslim
(once / 468 pages)
nadj
A Muslim is a believer in the religion of Islam. If you're a devout Muslim, you observe the holiday of Ramadan by fasting during the day for a month.
Muslims believe that the word of God is written in the Qur'an, the Islamic holy book, and they follow the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. Most Muslims place a lot of importance on the idea of serving God through prayer and certain standards of purity, like not drinking alcohol or eating pork. In Arabic, the word Muslim means "one who submits," from the root word aslama, "he resigned."
WORD FAMILY
Muslim: Muslims
USAGE EXAMPLES
But then Donald Trump began running for president, pledging to ban Muslims from entering the country and establish a registry for Muslim Americans.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The roughly 1 million Rohingya Muslims are widely described as the world’s most persecuted minority.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fayrouz Saad, an Arab American and a Muslim woman, sees “a void” in Congress and state legislatures of young, minority faces.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 穆斯林；穆罕默德信徒
adj. 伊斯兰教的
分布：穆斯林(93%)，穆斯林的(6%)，穆罕默德信徒(1%)
→来自阿拉伯语muslim,信仰神的人，服从神的旨意的人，来自mu-,表指向，aslama,屈从，顺从，来自阿拉伯语三字母根s-l-m,和平，平静，顺从，词源同Islam,salaam,shalom.
US ['mɑ:.zlem] noun countable (also Moslem)
 IMPROVER
■a person who follows the religion of Islam 穆斯林，伊斯兰教信徒，回教徒
UK ['mʊz.lɪm] US ['mɑ:.zlem] adjective
 IMPROVER
■describes people who follow the religion of Islam 穆斯林，伊斯兰教的，回教的
• a Muslim country/state 伊斯兰教（回教）国家
• a Muslim family 信奉伊斯兰教（回教）的家庭

Word: dream
Front: dream
[dri:m] (中高研四六 990/1513 -K4)
Vocabulary: dream
(once / 36 pages)
nv
A dream is one of the little movies in your mind that play at night, or a type of hope: you might dream of being a doctor.
Everyone dreams, and dreams tend to be weird, but the images and sounds that fill your head as you sleep are just part of the meaning of this word. People also have dreams that are kind of like plans and goals: many people dream of being movie stars. A good car runs like a dream. Something too good to be true feels like a dream. If you're acting confused, someone might say, "Stop dreaming!"
WORD FAMILY
dream: dreamed, dreamer, dreamfully, dreaming, dreamless, dreamlike, dreams, dreamt, dreamy +/dreamed: undreamed/dreamer: dreamers/dreaming: dreamings/dreamless: dreamlessly/dreamt: undreamt/ dreamy: dreamier, dreamiest, dreamily, dreaminess
USAGE EXAMPLES
Read more: A Rohingya teenager dreams of leaving Myanmar, even if it means risking his life »
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Deutsche Bank was the focus of that dream and along the way, he declined many offers to leave and join rival banks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She considered the birth of her children — “my two miracles, walking” — a chance to raise the family she dreamed of as a child.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 梦想; 做梦; 梦见; 想到
vt. & vi. 做梦，向往
vt. 梦想; 做梦; 想到
n. 梦想; 愿望; 梦
adj. 梦的; 理想的; 不切实际的
时态：dreamed, dreaming, dreams
分布：梦(60%)，梦想(35%)，做梦(5%)
→来自德语。
n./v.梦,梦想,幻想"Ice-cream!" he screamed in dream."冰淇淋!"他在梦中惊叫道.
noun countable
SLEEP 睡觉
 ESSENTIAL
■a series of events or images that happen in your mind when you are sleeping 梦，睡梦，梦境
• a good/bad dream 好／噩梦
• a recurring dream 反覆出现的梦境
• I had a very odd dream about you last night. 昨晚我梦见了你，那个梦非常奇怪。
• [+ that] Paul had a dream that he won the lottery. 保罗梦见自己彩票中了奖。
[dri:m] noun countable
HOPE 希望
 ADVANCED
■something that you want to happen very much but that is not very likely 梦想，幻想，愿望
• It's always been my dream to have flying lessons. 学习飞行一直是我的梦想。
• Winning all that money was a dream come true. 赢得了那些钱，梦想终于实现了。
of your dreams
■the best that you can imagine 理想的，梦想的
• Win the house of your dreams in our fantastic competition! 参加我们超级棒的竞赛，赢得您梦想中的房子！
[dri:m] noun countable
be (living) in a dream world disapproving
■to have hopes and ideas which are not practical or possible 生活在幻想中，不切实际
• If he thinks I'll forgive him, he's living in a dream world. 如果他认为我会原谅他，那他是在做梦。
[dri:m] noun countable
in a dream UK
■not conscious of what is happening around you because other thoughts are filling your mind 发呆，出神，走神
• I didn't hear what you were saying - I was in a dream. 我刚才没听见你说的话——我闪了神。
[dri:m] noun countable
in your dreams! humorous
■something you say to someone who has just told you about something they are hoping for, in order to show that you do not believe it will happen 做白日梦！（当别人说了一些你认为没可能发生的事情，你给对方的反应）
• Dave, buy you a car? In your dreams! 戴夫，给你买辆车？做你的白日梦吧！
[dri:m] noun countable
work / go like a dream
■to work or go extremely well, without any problems 性能极佳；非常顺利
• The whole plan went like a dream. 整个计划实施得非常顺利。
• He let me drive his new car last night - it goes like a dream. 昨晚他让我开了他的新车——那辆车开起来棒极了。
[dri:m] noun countable
wouldn't dream of sth/doing sth ADVANCED
■used to say that you would not do something because you think it is wrong or silly 根本不会去做，绝不会去做
• My father is very generous, but I wouldn't dream of actually asking him for money! 我父亲很慷慨，但我绝不会去向他要钱！
[dri:m] adjective
dream holiday/house/job, etc.
■the perfect holiday, house, job, etc., that you want more than any other 理想的假日／房子／工作等
[dri:m] verb (dreamed or dreamt, dreamed or dreamt)
SLEEP 睡觉
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to experience events and images in your mind while you are sleeping 做梦；梦见
• What did you dream about last night? 昨晚你梦见甚么了？
• I often dream about/of flying. 我常梦见自己在飞。
• [+ that] I dreamed that I was having a baby. 我梦见自己要生小孩了。
intransitive or transitive mainly UK
■to imagine that you have heard, done or seen something when you have not 梦想，想像
• Did you say that you were going tonight or did I dream it? 你说了今晚要去吗，还是只是我的想像？
• I thought I'd bought some polish and it seems I haven't - I must have been dreaming. 我以为自己买了一些亮光剂而现在似乎并没有——这一定是我自己的想像。
[dri:m] verb (dreamed or dreamt, dreamed or dreamt)
HOPE 希望
intransitive
■to imagine something that you would like to happen 幻想；梦想，想望
• I dream of living on a tropical island. 我梦想着生活在热带岛屿上。
• [+ that] He never dreamed that one day he would become President. 他做梦也没有想过有一天他会成为总统。
dream on informal
■used to tell someone that what they are hoping for is not likely to happen or to be true 痴心妄想，做梦去吧
• "Watch. All I have to do is wink at her, and she'll come over here." "Dream on, Dave!" “你瞧着，我只要冲她眨眨眼，她就会过来。”“做梦去吧，戴夫。”
[dri:m] verb (dreamed or dreamt, dreamed or dreamt)
  Phrasal Verbs  dream about/of sth
■to think about something that you want very much 梦想，幻想
• I dream of one day working for myself and not having a boss. 我幻想将来有一天能没有老板，为自己工作。
[dri:m] verb (dreamed or dreamt, dreamed or dreamt)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dream sth up
■to invent something very unusual and usually silly 凭空想出，虚构出（通常为荒诞不经的事）
• This is the latest ploy dreamt up by advertising companies to sell their new products. 这是广告公司为了推销其新产品而想出来的最新招数。
[dri:m] verb (dreamed or dreamt, dreamed or dreamt)
  Common Learner Errors  dream Don't say 'dream to do something', say dream about something/of doing something :
✗ I have always dreamt to live by the sea. I have always dreamt of living by the sea.
vi. 梦想；做梦，梦见；想到
 - come to mind, bethink of
n. 梦想，愿望； [心理] 梦
 - voice, aspirations
vt. 梦想；做梦；想到
 - come to mind, bethink of
adj. 梦的；理想的；不切实际的
 - ideal, unreasonable

Word: fiber
Front: fiber
['faɪbə] (研六托雅 2594/-)
Vocabulary: fiber
(once / 967 pages)
1n 2n
Almost all fabrics, muscle structures, and even vegetables are composed of some sort of fiber, the noun meaning a long, thread-like substance.
The word fiber is sometimes associated with moral character in a similar way that it is related to the physical material. The moral fiber of a person might be the thing that weaves together their character to make them the ethical (or unethical) person they are. For example, you might guess that the televangelist who asks for money from the elderly poor, but has a fancy sports car for every day of the week lacks moral fiber.
WORD FAMILY
fiber: fibers, fibrous +/ fibrous: fibrosity, fibrously, fibrousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The containers consist of an aluminum liner with an outer layer of strong carbon fibers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Wave Broadband, a Kirkland-based provider, recently raised $125 million to build more than 100 miles of fiber a month up and down the West Coast.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Officers in the bicycle unit are scheduled to get them by the end of May after police substations are wired with fiber optic cable.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 光纤; （织物的）质地; 纤维，纤维物质
分布：质地(56%)，性格(44%)
n.(fibre)纤维;构造;纤维制品Coconut fiber can be made into mats.椰棕可以制成垫子.
n. 纤维；光纤（等于fibre）
 - fibre, funicle

Word: activist
Front: activist
[ˈæktɪvɪst] (2595/4845)
Vocabulary: activist
(once / 808 pages)
nadj
An activist is a person who campaigns for some kind of social change. When you participate in a march protesting the closing of a neighborhood library, you're an activist.
Someone who's actively involved in a protest or a political or social cause can be called an activist. Demonstrations, strikes, and sit-ins are all ways that an activist might work toward the change she believes in. The root word of activist is the Latin actus, "a doing, a driving force, or an impulse." Someone who acts on what she believes is an activist.
WORD FAMILY
activist: activists+/ activism: activist, activistic
USAGE EXAMPLES
Performed in Russian with English subtitles, the play centers on three real Belarussian women — two journalists and an activist — jailed during the 2010 presidential elections.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rohingya activists said that police retaliated by detaining all males older than 8 for two days.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At that meeting, according to participants, Trump agreed to further meetings with anti-vaccine activists.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 激进主义分子; 积极分子; 积极行动者
adj. 激进主义的; 激进主义分子的
分布：积极分子(55%)，激进分子(23%)，活动分子(22%)
noun countable
■a person who believes strongly in political or social change and works hard to try and make this happen 激进主义分子，行动主义分子；积极分子
• He's been a trade union/party activist for many years. 多年来他一直是工会／党的积极分子。
• a gay activist 积极支持同性恋权益者
n. 积极分子；激进主义分子
 - rustler

Word: Islamic
Front: Islamic
[iz'læmik] (2596/4904 -3)
Back: adj. 穆斯林的；伊斯兰教的
分布：伊斯兰教的(100%)
ADJ
伊斯兰教的;伊斯兰国家的
Islamic means belonging or relating to Islam.
例：...Islamic law.伊斯兰法律
例：...Islamic fundamentalists.伊斯兰教原教旨主义者
adj. 伊斯兰教的；穆斯林的
 - Muslim, Moslemic

Word: snap
Front: snap
[snæp] (研四六托 2597/2843 -3)
Back: vt. & vi. 猛地咬住; 呵斥; 折断
vt. 拍照; 用子母扣扣; [棒球]快速传（球）; 拍…的快照
n. （树枝等的）突然折断; 严厉的话; 突然的撕咬; 尤指关上或断裂的声音)啪嗒声
vi. 啪啪作响; （目光）闪耀; （牙齿等）咯咯作响; （精神）突然崩溃
adj. 容易的; 喀嗒一声扣下的; 仓促的
adv. 噼啪作响地; 啪嗒一声; 猛然
时态：snapped, snapping, snaps
分布：猛咬(25%)，拍摄(20%)，突然的(17%)，快照(16%)，劈啪作响地(5%)，匆忙的(5%)，崩塌(4%)，劈啪作响(2%)，啪嗒声(2%)，砰然关上(2%)，谩骂(2%)
→来自荷兰语或低地德语 snappen,咬，抓住，来自 West-Germanic*snu-,鼻子发出的呼哧声，用 力抓或咬时的喘气声，词源同 snack,snatch.引申诸相关词义。
v.猛咬,突然折断n.快照,劈啪声a.仓促的,突然的He snapped the stick in two.他喀嚓一声将棍子折成两半.
verb (-pp-)
BREAK 折断
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to cause something which is thin to break suddenly and quickly with a cracking sound 突然折断，哢嚓一声折断
• You'll snap that ruler if you bend it too far. 如果你把那把尺子弯得太厉害，它就会哢嚓一下折断。
• Some vandal's gone and snapped off my car aerial again. 某个蓄意作恶的家伙又把我的汽车天线折断了。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to suddenly become unable to control a strong feeling, especially anger 突然无法控制情感，突然发作（尤指动怒）
• When she asked me to postpone my trip to help her move house, I just snapped (= got angry). 她叫我把旅行延期去帮她搬家时，我一下子就恼火了。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to move into a position quickly, producing a short noise as if breaking （使）啪地突然移动（到某位置）
• Tendons store elastic energy by stretching and then snapping back into shape like rubber bands. 肌腱透过橡皮筋似的拉伸和迅速缩回贮存了弹力。
• Simply snap the pieces into place. 把这些小碎片啪啪放到适当位置就行。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to quickly return to a previous place or condition 迅速恢复
• After substantial losses last year, the company has snapped back to profitability (= started making profits again). 去年出现钜额亏损之后，这家公司的经济状况又迅速好转，开始盈利了。
snap shut
■If something snaps shut or is snapped shut, it closes quickly with a sudden sharp sound 啪地关上；啪地阖上
• She snapped her book shut and got up to leave. 她啪地阖上书，起身离开了。
• Her mouth snapped shut when she realized he'd heard everything she'd said about him. 意识到他听到了自己所说的一切关于他的话时，她立刻闭上了嘴。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
ANIMAL 动物
intransitive
■If an animal snaps, it tries to bite someone 咬，咬人
• The guard dog was snarling and snapping behind the fence. 那条看门狗正在篱笆后面吠咬。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
SPEAK 说话
intransitive or transitive
■to say something suddenly in an angry way 厉声说，恶声恶气地说
• There's no need to snap at me - it's not my fault that you lost your wallet. 何必对我这样口气这么差——你丢了钱包又不是我的错。
• [+ speech] "Well, I hate you too!" she snapped. “哼，我也恨你！”她厉声说。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
PHOTOGRAPH 摄影
intransitive or transitive
■to take a lot of photographs quickly 拍快照
• He was arrested for snapping photos of a military parade. 他因拍摄了阅兵的快照而被逮捕。
• She's very pleased with her new camera and was snapping away the whole time we were abroad. 她对自己的新相机十分满意，我们在国外时，她一直不停地拍照。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
snap your fingers
■to a make a noise by pushing your second finger hard against your thumb and then releasing it suddenly so that it hits the base of your thumb 打榧子，打响指
• He was snapping his fingers in time with the music. 他和着音乐节拍打着响指。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
snap sb's head off
■to answer someone in an unreasonably angry way 呵斥（某人），怒气冲冲地抢答（某人）
• There's no point trying to discuss anything with him if all he's going to do is snap your head off. 如果他只会怒气冲冲地喝斥你，就没必要和他讨论任何事情。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
snap at sb's heels
■If an animal is snapping at your heels, it is running behind you and trying to bite you. 追着咬（某人）
■to compete strongly with someone and have a chance of soon defeating or replacing them 与（某人）一决高下，对（某人）紧追不舍
• With so many younger women snapping at her heels, this year may be her last chance to win the championship. 今年也许是她夺冠的最后机会，因为许多更年轻的女选手都大有后来居上之势。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
snap to it UK (US snap it up) informal
■used to tell someone to do something more quickly 赶快，快做
• We're leaving in five minutes so you'd better snap to it and finish your breakfast. 我们五分钟以后就走，所以你最好快点吃完早饭。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  snap out of sth informal
■to force yourself to stop feeling sad and upset 摆脱（忧伤烦恼的情绪）
• He just can't snap out of the depression he's had since his wife died. 自从他妻子去世以后，他一直无法摆脱忧伤。
• Now come on, snap out of it. Losing that money isn't the end of the world. 好了，振作起来，丢了那些钱并不意味着世界末日。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] snap sth up informal
■to buy or get something quickly and enthusiastically because it is cheap or exactly what you want 抢购
• The tickets for the concert were snapped up within three hours of going on sale. 音乐会的票开始出售后，三小时内就被抢购一空。
• The fall in property prices means that there are a lot of bargains waiting to be snapped up. 房地产价格下跌意味着会有许多廉价的房屋可供抢购。
[snæp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] snap sb up informal
■to immediately accept someone's offer to join your company or team because you want them very much 马上录用（某人），立即聘用（某人）
• She was snapped up by a large law firm. 她很快被一家大律师事务所录用。
[snæp] noun
BREAKING NOISE 折断的声音
countable usually singular
■a sudden loud sound like something breaking or closing 喀嚓声，突然折断（或阖上）的声音
• She broke the stick over her knee with a loud snap. 她哢嚓一声用膝盖折断了棍子。
countable US for * press stud
[snæp] noun
PHOTOGRAPH 摄影
countable UK informal
■an informal photograph which is not very skilful or artistic 快照，快相
• holiday snaps 假期拍的快照
• Did you take many snaps while you were away? 你出游的时候拍了很多照片吗？
[snæp] noun
GAME 游戏
uncountable
■a card game in which the players compete to call out the word 'snap' when they see two cards that have the same value 呼“同”牌游戏（一种纸牌游戏，玩家抢先看到有两张相同的牌时呼“同”）
• a game of snap 呼“同”牌游戏
[snæp] noun
SOMETHING EASY 容易的事
only singular US informal
■something that can be done without any difficulty 容易的事，好办的事
• "Will you finish on time?" "Sure thing. It's a snap." “你能按时完成吗？”“当然，太容易了。”
• Talking to girls is a snap for him. 和女孩子交谈对他来说十分容易。
[snæp] adjective [before noun]
■done suddenly without allowing time for careful thought or preparation 匆忙的，不加思索的，不做准备的
• He always makes snap decisions and never thinks about their consequences. 他总是匆忙作决定，从不考虑后果。
[snæp] exclamation
■'Snap!' is what you say in the game of snap when two cards of the same value have been played. （呼“同”牌游戏中的）“同！”
■UK informal
■something that you say when you notice that two things are the same （发现两件事物相同时所说）太巧了！
• Snap! We're wearing the same shirts! 太巧了！我们穿了同样的衬衫！
bite, snap, gnaw, chew
这组词都有“咬、啃”的意思，其区别是：
bite: 指用牙齿钳住或切断，或咬一口。
snap: 指突然猛咬。
gnaw: 指连续不断用齿咬。
chew: 指用牙磨碎。
vt. 突然折断，拉断；猛咬；啪地关上
 - pull cut
vi. 咬；厉声说；咯嗒一声关上
 - bite, gnaw at
n. 猛咬；劈啪声；突然折断
 - splutter
adj. 突然的
 - sudden, unannounced

Word: terrorism
Front: terrorism
[ˈterərɪzəm] (2598/7256)
Vocabulary: terrorism
(once / 360 pages)
n
Terrorism is violence or the threat of violence directed against civilians for the purpose of creating intense fear, which the terrorist hopes to exploit to attain political or ideological goals.
Terrorism can be perpetrated by individuals, groups, or governments. What distinguishes terrorism from assault or murder is that terrorism is intended to intimidate and create mayhem, to inspire terror. It's terrorism when a suicide bomber blows himself up in a crowded bus, in that the violence is directed not against soldiers on a battlefield but against civilians going about their everyday lives.
WORD FAMILY
terrorism: terrorist +/ terrified: terrifiedly/ terrify: terrified, terrifies, terrifying/terrifying: terrifyingly/ terror: counterterror, terrify, terrorise, terrorism, terrorize, terrors/terrorise: terrorisation, terrorised, terrorises, terrorising/ terrorist: terrorists/ terrorize: terrorization, terrorized, terrorizes, terrorizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mikhailov said they were willing to help train Philippine counterparts to fight piracy and terrorism and they hope to foster stronger security in the region.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
He said that he was motivated by a sense of instability because of the threat of terrorism and the conflict in Ukraine.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We are determined to annihilate terrorism and we are able to shorten its age,” he said, calling on security forces and civilians to remain vigilant.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 恐怖主义，恐怖手段; 威吓，胁迫; 恐怖状态; 恐怖统治
分布：恐怖主义(97%)，恐怖行动(3%)
→来自 terror,恐惧，惊恐，-ism,主义，思想。
US [-ɚ.ɪ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■(threats of) violent action for political purposes 恐怖主义
• Governments must cooperate if they are to fight/combat international terrorism. 要打击国际恐怖主义，各国政府必须合作。
• The bomb explosion was one of the worst acts of terrorism that Italy has experienced in recent years. 这宗炸弹爆炸事件是义大利近年来遇到最严重的恐怖主义活动之一。

Word: refugee
Front: refugee
[ˌrefjuˈdʒi:] (研六雅宝 2599/2851 -4)
Vocabulary: refugee
(once / 527 pages)
n
A refugee is someone who has left a dangerous place for a less dangerous place. You could help refugees from a hurricane by bringing them food and blankets.
Refuge means shelter. So a refugee is a person that seeks shelter, usually from war, natural disaster, or some other harmful situation. If you see the conditions inside a refugee camp, you will realize how hard the lives of the refugees must have been before leaving home.
WORD FAMILY
refugee: refugees
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There are now a lot of climate refugees in Iran,” Salemi told me.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
He says he also hopes interacting with his German hosts will help them see him and his bandmates as something other than refugees.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
During the U.S. election campaign, Trump described Merkel's refugee policies as "insane".
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 避难者，难民
分布：难民(100%)
→来自 refuge,避难。
逃难者(re回+fug+ee表示人→逃入避难所的人)[fug=flee,表示"逃,离开"]
难民(refuge避难)[-ee表名词"被动或主动的人"]
n.(政治上的)避难者,难民The ugly druggist gauged the huge plug in the refugee's rug.丑陋的药剂师测量了难民毛毯中的巨大插头.
【记】源于：refuge（n 庇护；避难所），fuge是“逃跑”的词根
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who has escaped from their own country for political, religious or economic reasons or because of a war 难民；避难者；逃亡者
• Thousands of refugees fled across the border. 数以千计的难民越过边境逃入邻国。
n. 难民，避难者；流亡者，逃亡者
 - asylee, displaced persons

Word: incorporate
Front: incorporate
[ɪnˈkɔ:pəreɪt] (研六托雅宝 2600/2095 -2)
Vocabulary: incorporate
(once / 564 pages)
1vadj 2v
To incorporate is to include or integrate a part into the whole. Incorporate is a more active version of the word "include"; if you incorporate, you are adding something to the mix.
In the business world, to incorporate is a legal process. In other usages, the word incorporate really just means to include something or work something into whatever was already existing. You could incorporate your new roommate's furniture into the decor of your apartment, but you may not find a way to incorporate her cat's litter box.
WORD FAMILY
incorporate: incorporated, incorporates, incorporating, incorporation, incorporative, re-incorporate+/ incorporated: unincorporated/ incorporation: incorporations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ameer Riley, the defensive coördinator, said that, starting in the off-season, he hoped to incorporate the robots in more “realistic” practice scenarios.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
There are no shortcuts, and if you're not incorporating some sort of weightlifting/strength training into your regimen, you're setting yourself up to fail.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
A quick redesign incorporated the Nebraska sower with his hands properly placed.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 组成公司; 包含; 使混合; 使具体化
vi. 包含; 吸收; 合并; 混合
时态：incorporated, incorporating, incorporates
分布：合并(83%)，组成公司(7%)，合并的(7%)，公司组织的(3%)
→in-,进入，使，corporate,共同的，全体的，公司的。
合并,并入(in+corpor团体+ate→成为团体)[im-,in-①表示"不,无,非"②表示"向内,进入"]
结合;合并(in进入+corporate团体的→进入团体→结合)[corp,corpor=body,表示"身体,团体"]
v.合并,纳入,结合a.合并的His company incorporated with mine recently.他的公司不久前和我的公司合并.
【记】corporate（adj 社团法人的；共同的）corpor躯体
【参】corporal（adj 肉体的；身体的）；corporeal（adj 肉体的；有形的）
【区】incorporeal（adj 非物质的；灵魂的；无形的）
US [-'kɔ:r.pɚ-] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to include something as part of something larger 包含；将…包括在内
• Suggestions from the survey have been incorporated into/in the final design. 调查中取得的建议已被纳入最终的设计之中。
• This aircraft incorporates several new safety features. 这种飞机具有几个新的安全功能。
incorporate, absorb, suck, digest
这组词都有“吸收”的意思，其区别是：
incorporate: 指一物或多物与它物相融合，形成一整体。
absorb: 普通用词，词义广泛，既可指吸收光、热、液体等具体东西，又可指吸收知识等抽象概念的东西。
suck: 作“吸收”解时，可与absorb换用，但还可有“吮吸”之意。
digest: 侧重在消化道内改变食物的化学结构后被人体吸收。
incorporate, integrate
incorporate: 结合，合并，编入
integrate: 把……集成
vt. 包含，吸收；体现；把……合并
 - involve, contain, absorb, comprise
vi. 合并；混合；组成公司
 - merge, mix together
adj. 合并的；一体化的；组成公司的
 - amalgamative, pooled

Word: hip
Front: hip
[hɪp] (研六 2603/3684 -K3)
Vocabulary: hip
(once / 540 pages)
1n 2n 3adj 4n
Your hip is the area of your body at the top and side of your thigh, beside your pelvis. You might have a habit of closing the refrigerator door by bumping it with your hip.
Your hips are the flesh between your waist and upper leg, and they're also the bones that make up the complex joints there — the ones that make it possible for your legs to move so you can walk. When a person is described as hip, it means they're trendy or cool, up on the latest thing. These two meanings are unrelated, with the "cool" meaning coming from the slang hep, popular with jazz musicians around 1915.
WORD FAMILY
hip: hipless, hiply, hipper, hippest, hips
USAGE EXAMPLES
Did his artificial hips put him at risk of infection when he saw the dentist?
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But it is not enough for doctors just to replace a knee or a hip.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But it's not like you can't be hip enough to emcee the Rose Parade.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 臀部; [建筑学]屋脊; 臀围（尺寸）; 臀部…的
adj. （衣服、音乐等方面）时髦的，赶时髦的
vt. 使…的髋关节脱臼，损伤…的髋部; [建筑学]给（房屋）建屋脊; 使知晓，使了解，告诉; 使消息灵通
级别：hipper, hippest
分布：髋(77%)，臀部(21%)，屋脊(1%)，通晓的(1%)
→来自古英语hype,臀部，来自keub,弯，转，词源同cubit,cubicle,incubus.引申词义身体的弯转部位，特别用于指臀部，髋骨。hip 时髦的，时尚的，消息灵通的
n.臀部,髋;屋脊The cripple dipped the whip tip into the chip solution nearby his hip.跛子将鞭子末端浸入他臀部旁边的芯片溶液中.
noun countable
BODY PART 身体部位
 ADVANCED
■the area below the waist and above the legs at either side of the body, or the joint which connects the leg to the upper part of the body 臀部；髋部
• This exercise is designed to trim your hips and stomach. 这套运动是为了使你的臀部和腹部变得苗条而设计的。
• The skirt was a bit tight across the hips. 这条裙子臀部有点紧。
[hɪp] noun countable
FRUIT 水果 mainly UK for rose hip
[hɪp] adjective (hipper, hippest) informal
■fashionable 时髦的，时尚的
• The bars and cafés in the old part of the town are frequented by hip young students. 镇上老城区的酒吧和咖啡馆是时髦的年轻学生常光顾的地方。
[hɪp] exclamation
Hip, hip hooray/hurray!
■an expression that is called out, often by a group of people at the same time, to express approval of someone （欢呼声）万岁，万岁，万万岁！
• Three cheers for the bride and groom! Hip, hip, hooray! 为新娘新郎欢呼三声！万岁，万岁，万万岁！
n. 臀部； [植] 蔷薇果；忧郁
 - bottom, croup

Word: ultimate
Front: ultimate
[ˈʌltɪmət] (研四六托宝 2601/3002 -K3)
Vocabulary: ultimate
(once / 169 pages)
adjn
The last in a series can be described as the ultimate. A cheeky kid, when asked what she wants to be when she grows up, might say, "I want to be an actress, a singer, and a veterinarian, but my ultimate goal is to be President of the United States."
A definition for the adjective ultimate is the furthest in space or time or the highest in degree or order. Traveling for business, you are flying first to London, then to Portugal, but your ultimate destination is South Africa. The kids ask you if they can invite friends over to play video games. It's a good idea to reply, "Mom isn't home from work yet and she's ultimate authority on the schedule."
WORD FAMILY
ultimate: ultimacy, ultimately, ultimateness, ultimates
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said the conservancy's ultimate plan is to acquire the property — whose market value is a matter of dispute — and manage it for public use.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“We used to say the ultimate fantasy was to become a music director, and now she’s married to one.”
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
As the ultimate product of the intelligence community’s collection and analytic efforts, the PDB tends to command respect, as some presidential comments reflect.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 最后的; 极限的; 首要的; 最大的
n. 终极; 顶点; 基本原理; 基本事实
分布：终极(62%)，终极的(10%)，最后的(9%)，根本的(6%)，根本(6%)，极限的(5%)，极品(2%)
→ulter-, 词源同ultra-,那边的，-im, 最高级后缀，词源同prime, extreme. 引申词义最那边的，最终的。
a.最后的,最终的;根本的My intimate mate's ultimate estimate approximates the appropriate value.我亲密伙伴的最终估计接近恰当的值.
US [-tˌə-] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■most extreme or important because either the original or final, or the best or worst 极端的；最重要的；最初的；最终的；最好的；最差的
• Of course the ultimate responsibility for the present conflict without doubt lies with the aggressor. 当然，挑起事端的一方毫无疑问应对目前的冲突承担首要责任。
• The ultimate decision about who to employ lies with Andrew. 最终决定雇用谁取决于安德鲁。
• Infidelity is the ultimate betrayal. 通奸是最可耻的背叛。
• the ultimate luxury cruiser 顶级豪华游艇
UK ['ʌl.tɪ.mət] US [-tˌə-] noun
the ultimate in sth
■the best or most extreme example of something …中最好的例子；…的极致；…中的极品
• It describes the hotel as 'the ultimate in luxury'. 它把该旅馆描述为“豪华的极致”。
• I mean, tackling six men single-handedly - that really is the ultimate in stupidity! 我的意思是，独自对付六个人——真是愚蠢至极！
final, last, ultimate, latest
final: 最后的，指在一系列的事物中是最后的，而且是结论性的，决定性的。如：The judgment has become final.(这已是最后的判断。)
last: 最后的，与first相对，还可指“上一次的”。如：My seat is in the last row.
ultimate: 最终的，最后的，用于正式场合，含有最高的和最有权威的结果。如：He never considered the ultimate result of his action.(他从未考虑其行为的后果。)
latest: 最近的，指时间上。如：the latest news(最新消息)
adj. 最终的； [物] 极限的；根本的
 - final, organic, fundamental, radical, underlying
n. 终极；根本；基本原则
 - telos, fundamental principle

Word: switch
Front: switch
[swɪtʃ] (高研四六托雅 2604/1952 -K3)
Vocabulary: switch
(once / 358 pages)
1nv 2vn 3nv 4n
If you and your friend are seated separately on an airplane, you can always ask a stranger if they will switch seats with you. To switch is to change or exchange.
Switch can be a noun or verb, and in most cases it has the meaning of change. You can switch classes, political parties, or the radio station. Sometimes if you switch something with someone, they take yours and you take theirs — as in an exchange or trade. However, there is one unrelated and frightening meaning for the word. In the olden days, a form of punishment was to be hit with a thin, flexible, piece of wood called a switch.
WORD FAMILY
switch: switched, switcher, switches, switching+/switcher: switchers/switching: switchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also switched the state superintendent of education from an elected position to one appointed by the board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While players switch roles in practice to get the experience, using Burnett in that position is a last resort.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The red card switched the flow of possession.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 开关; 转换，转换器; 软鞭子; [信]接线台
vt. & vi. 转变，改变; 转换; 关闭电流; 鞭打
vt. 转换; 挥动（棍棒、鞭子等）; 迅速转动; 鞭打
vi. 交换; 调换
时态：switched, switching, switches
分布：开关(68%)，转换(12%)，交换(10%)，改变(7%)，鞭子(2%)，鞭打(1%)
→最终来自 swei,弯，转，摆动，词源同 swing,swivel.引申诸相关词义。
n.开关;转换;鞭子v.转变,转换;抽打The pitch made me itch. I pitched the switch into the ditch around the kitchen.沥青使我发痒.我把开关抛进围绕厨房的水沟里.
noun
DEVICE 装置
 IMPROVER countable
■a small device, usually pushed up or down with your finger, that controls and turns on or off an electric current 开关
• a light switch 电灯开关
• Can you flip the switch? 你能打开那个开关吗？
switches [plural] US for
■ points (RAILWAY) 改变
[swɪtʃ] noun
CHANGE 改变
countable
■a sudden or complete change, especially of one person or thing for another （尤指由此至彼地）突然改变，彻底改变；调换；转换
[swɪtʃ] verb transitive intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
DEVICE 装置
 IMPROVER
■to use a switch to change a device from one state or type of operation to another （用开关）打开，关闭，转换
• switch the TV off/on 关／开电视
[swɪtʃ] verb transitive intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
CHANGE 改变
 IMPROVER
■to change suddenly or completely, especially from one thing to another, or to exchange by replacing one person or thing with another （尤指由此至彼地）突然改变，彻底改变；调换；转换
• She started studying English at college, but switched to Business Studies in her second year. 她刚上大学时是学英语，但二年级的时候改学商了。
• In 1971, Britain switched over (= changed completely) to a decimal currency. 1971年，英国改用十进制货币。
• After the bank robbery, the gang switched cars (= left one car and got into another). 抢劫银行后，劫匪马上换了车。
[swɪtʃ] verb transitive intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  switch off informal
 ADVANCED
■to stop giving your attention to someone or something 不再关注，不再理睬
• If he gets bored, he just switches off and looks out the window. 他觉得无聊时，就心不在焉地朝窗外看。
[swɪtʃ] verb transitive intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  switch sth on usually disapproving
■If someone switches on a particular emotion or behaviour, they suddenly start to feel or behave in that way, but usually not sincerely （通常不是发自内心地）突然变得，突然装出
• When a customer walks in, she switches on the charm. 一有顾客走进来，她就马上装出亲切可人的样子。

Word: corporation
Front: corporation
[ˌkɔ:pəˈreɪʃn] (高研四六雅 2602/2025 -3)
Vocabulary: corporation
(once / 277 pages)
1n 2n
Most of us think of corporations as companies––Kodak is one, Kellogg another, Disney a third. In reality, a corporation has a very particular legal meaning––it's a company that registers with a state government such that it has the same rights and responsibilities as a person.
Know the word corpse? It means a dead body, and comes from the Latin corpus "body." One way to remember corporation is that it turns a company into a body––a body that is considered a person in many respects in the eyes of the law. Corporations must pay taxes and follow laws. Because it is a separate entity, when a corporation fails, its employees and managers are not responsible for its debts.
WORD FAMILY
corporation: corporations
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the past few decades, we’ve grown accustomed to holding corporations responsible for their labor practices and environmental records.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Resettlement, said Lyle Jepson, the executive director of the Rutland Economic Development Corporation, is “supporting people when they need help.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The $30 billion total cost was the largest amount paid for a corporation at the time.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 公司; 法人; 社团，团体; 〈口〉（凸出的）大肚子
分布：公司(92%)，法人(8%)
公司,团体(corpor+ation表名词)[corp,corpor=body,表示"身体,团体"]
n.市镇自治机关;法人;公司,企业The corps' corn in the corner is scorned by the stubborn corporation.军团种在角落里的玉米遭到顽固公司的蔑视.
【记】corpor躯体，ation表名词－法人
US [ˌkɔ:r.pə'reɪ-] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
BUSINESS 公司
 IMPROVER (also written abbreviation Corp.)
■a large company or group of companies that is controlled together as a single organization 大公司；集团公司
• a multinational corporation 跨国公司
• the British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司
• She didn't want to work for a big corporation where everything was so impersonal. 她不想在大公司工作，那里一点人情味都没有。
UK [ˌkɔ:.pər'eɪ.ʃən] US [ˌkɔ:r.pə'reɪ-] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
LOCAL ORGANIZATION 地方组织 mainly UK the organization in a particular town or city which is responsible for services such as cleaning roads 市政当局，地方当局
• a municipal corporation 市政当局
personal, inhabitants, group, people, corporation, individuals
personal: 人员，职员
inhabitants: 居民
group: 团体
people: 民族，种族
corporation: 公司
individuals: 个人，有某种特点的人
firm, company, corporation
这组词都有“公司”的意思，其区别是：
firm: 含义广泛，可指公司、商行或商号。规模可大可小，经营、管理的人员可多可少。
company: 多指生产或销售产品的公司、商号，也可指经办服务性项目的公司。
corporation: 多指一个人拥有或多人联办的大公司，也指在其它地区或国家拥有分公司的公司。
n. [贸易] 公司；法人（团体）；社团；大腹便便；市政当局
 - establishment, company, society, association, league

Word: valuable
Front: valuable
[ˈvæljuəbl] (高研四六 2605/2236 -K3)
Vocabulary: valuable
(once / 120 pages)
adjn
Something that has worth is valuable. Often, valuable things are worth money, but a spy can provide valuable information that might save lives.
When you use this word as a noun — "Were any valuables taken during the robbery?" — you usually are referring to things that are worth money: jewelry, electronics, etc. As an adjective, the word covers more territory. A person can be a valuable addition to a team if she helps it win. The most valuable things in life have nothing to do with money: friends, family, good health. If it is something we want, need, or respect, then it is valuable.
WORD FAMILY
valuable: invaluable, valuableness, valuables, valuably+/devaluate: devaluated, devaluates, devaluating/devaluation: devaluations/ devalue: devaluate, devaluation, devalued, devalues, devaluing/ invaluable: invaluableness, invaluably/overvalue: overvaluation, overvalued, overvalueing, overvalues, overvaluing/revaluation: revaluations/revalue: revaluation, revalued, revalues, revaluing/undervaluation: undervaluations/undervalue: undervaluation, undervalued, undervalues, undervaluing/valuate: valuating, valuation, valuator/valuation: valuations/valuator: valuators/ value: devalue, overvalue, revalue, undervalue, valuable, valuate, valued, valueless, valuer, values, valuing/valued: multi-valued, unvalued/valueless: valuelessness/valuer: valuers
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s no panacea, but it would be a valuable contribution because industrial steam-making boilers are hard to run on renewable energy.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Or trade secrets, and valuable inside information about mergers or drug trials.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Antlers cut while still in velvet are the most valuable.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 贵重的，宝贵的; 有价值的; 可评估的
n. 贵重物品，财宝
分布：宝贵的(72%)，贵重的(28%)
→来自value,价值。
有价值的(val+uable→因为强壮,所以有价值)[vail,val=strong,表示"强壮"]
a.贵重的,有价值的n.(pl.)贵重物品,财宝All valuables should be kept in the safe.所有贵重物品应存放在保险箱里.
adjective
MONEY 钱
 IMPROVER
■worth a lot of money 值钱的，贵重的
• These antiques are extremely valuable. 这些古董非常值钱。
• This is losing valuable business for the company. 这是在使公司损失价值不菲的生意。
Opposite worthless.
['væl.jʊ.bl] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 IMPROVER
■Valuable information, advice, etc. is very helpful or important 有用的；重要的；有价值的
• He was able to provide the police with some valuable information. 他能给警方提供一些重要资讯。
• Parents gave the school valuable support in its case for getting its facilities improved. 家长为学校改进设施提供了宝贵的支援。
valuable, precious
这组词都有“贵重的，有价值的”的意思，其区别是：
valuable: 指有相当价值，可高价出售的，或有用、有益的东西。
precious: 指因稀罕、不易得到而很值钱，或因本身的品质而具有极大的价值。
adj. [经] 有价值的；贵重的；可估价的
 - worthy, of value
n. 贵重物品
 - preciosity

Word: assumption
Front: assumption
[əˈsʌmpʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 2606/1693 -3)
Vocabulary: assumption
(once / 594 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An assumption is something that you assume to be the case, even without proof. For example, people might make the assumption that you're a nerd if you wear glasses, even though that's not true. Or very nice.
From the Latin assumptionem, meaning “a taking or receiving,” assumption was recorded circa 1300 as a noun describing “the reception of the Virgin Mary into heaven.” The word later shook its religious roots and developed into the noun we hear more often today, usually when a person takes something for granted or literally takes possession of something.
WORD FAMILY
assumption: assumptions+/ assume: assumed, assumes, assuming, assumption, assumptive, re-assume/ assumed: assumedly/ assuming: assumingly, unassuming /re-assume: re-assuming/ unassuming: unassumingly, unassumingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The finding re-shapes one of the most prominent assumptions of the US gun control debate.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
"I would say this is too optimistic an assumption and I think we will see more volatility this year."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Another surprise: Futurists are relentlessly critical of their own assumptions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 假定，假设; 承担; 想当然; 采取
分布：假定(69%)，设想(28%)，假装(3%)
假设,承担(as+sumpt+ion)[sum,sumpt=take表示"拿,取"]
n.假定,设想;采取;承担;推测;假装It is very likely that your assumption is wrong.很有可能,你的假定是错的.
noun
 IMPROVER countable
■something that you accept as true without question or proof 假定；假设；臆断
• People tend to make assumptions about you when you have a disability. 如果你有残疾，人们往往就会对你妄加假设。
• These calculations are based on the assumption that prices will continue to rise. 这些计算是基于价格会继续上升这一假定之上的。
[ə'sʌmp.ʃən] noun
assumption of power/responsibility, etc.
uncountable
■when someone takes a position of power/responsibility, etc. 夺取，获得（权力等）；承担（责任等）
• The revolutionaries' assumption of power took the army by surprise. 革命者突然夺取政权，使军队措手不及。
supposition, assumption, hypothesis, presumption
这组词都有“假设，假想”的意思，其区别是：
supposition: 可与assumption换用，还可表某种试探性的主观看法或建议。
assumption: 侧重主观推测或主观设想。
hypothesis: 书面用词，指有待作进一步检验或证实的假设。
presumption: 着重指以可能性为依据的假设。
n. 假定；设想；担任；采取
 - conception, perhaps, if

Word: gear
Front: gear
[gɪə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2607/3392 -K3)
Vocabulary: gear
(once / 514 pages)
1nv 2n
The noun gear refers to several things. First, it’s the equipment we need for a sport or event. A gear is also a wheel with teeth that interlocks with another gear to transmit motion in a machine.
The background of gear as "equipment" dates back to around 1200 and comes from the Old Norse gervi, "apparel." The word gear in machinery became common in the early 19th century, although there is evidence that the word came to mean "toothed wheel" as early as 1520. Gear entered English slang around 1951, meaning something stylish. This use was popularized in the 1960s, under the influence of British pop music.
WORD FAMILY
gear: geared, gearing, gears+/geared: ungeared/gearing: gearings
USAGE EXAMPLES
There were kids in soccer gear and a woman in a sari staring at her cellphone.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Clemson’s players asked what he was doing when he changed into football gear.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Airport officials say the landing gear on the Hawker Jet collapsed on landing Monday afternoon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 齿轮; 排挡; 传动装置; 衣服
vi. 接上; 调和
vt. 使适应; 装上齿轮; 用齿轮连接
时态：geared, gearing, gears
分布：齿轮(73%)，装备(8%)，传动装置(7%)，工具(6%)，调整(3%)，排挡(2%)，使适应于(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*garwjan, 准备，装备，词源同garb.
n.齿轮,传动装置v.(to)调整,使适合After the rehearsal, the weary mechanic repaired the gears with shears and spear.排练完后,疲倦的机修工用剪刀和矛修理了齿轮装置.
【记】用gear g割掉你的ear耳朵
US [gɪr] noun
ENGINE PART 引擎部件，引擎零件
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a device, often consisting of connecting sets of wheels with teeth (= points) around the edge, that controls how much power from an engine goes to the moving parts of a machine 档，排档；传动装置
• Does your car have four or five gears? 你的车是四档的还是五档的？
• I couldn't find reverse gear. 我找不着倒档了。
• The car should be in gear (= with its gears in position, allowing the vehicle to move). 车档应该挂着。
• When you start a car you need to be in first/ US also low gear. 汽车启动时应该使用一档。
• figurative After a slow start, the leadership campaign suddenly shifted into top gear (= started to advance very quickly). 争夺领导权的竞选活动启动缓慢，但是后来却突然开足了马力密锣紧鼓地进行起来。
change gear UK (US also shift gear)
■to change the position of the gears to make a vehicle go faster or more slowly 换档
UK [gɪər] US [gɪr] noun
EQUIPMENT 装备
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the equipment, clothes etc. that you use to do a particular activity （从事某活动的）装备，用具，衣服
• fishing/camping gear 钓鱼／露营用具
• Police in riot gear (= protective clothing) arrived to control the protesters. 身着防暴衣的员警赶来制服抗议者。
⇒ See also headgear
uncountable informal
■clothes 衣着；服装
• She wears all the latest gear. 她穿的衣服都是最新潮的。
UK [gɪər] US [gɪr] noun
step/move up a gear informal
■to start to do something better, especially in sport, in a way that is easy to see （尤指体育运动中）大有转机，开始有很大起色
• After a disappointing first half, United moved up a gear and took control of the game. 上半场联队表现令人失望，但此后却表现出色，掌控了比赛的主动权。
UK [gɪər] US [gɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  gear sth to/towards sb/sth
■to design or organize something so that it is suitable for a particular purpose, situation or group of people 使适合于…；使与…相适应
• Most public places are simply not geared to the needs of people with disabilities. 大多数公共场所根本不能适应残疾人士的需要。
• The workshops are geared towards helping people to become more employable. 研习班旨在帮助学员提高就业能力。
• These advertisements are geared towards a younger audience. 这些广告的对像是年轻的观众。
UK [gɪər] US [gɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] gear (sb/sth) up
■to prepare for something that you have to do, or to prepare someone else for something 准备；使（…）准备好
• Politicians are already gearing up for the election. 政治家们已经为大选做起了准备。
• [R + to infinitive] I'm gearing my self up to ask him to give me my money back. 我准备要开口向他要回我的钱。
• [R] I'm trying to gear my self up for tomorrow's exam. 我正在努力为明天的考试做准备。
n. [机] 齿轮；装置，工具；传动装置
 - apparatus, installation, facilities, vehicle, engine
vi. 适合；搭上齿轮；开始工作
 - serve, adapt to something
vt. 开动；搭上齿轮；使……适合；使……准备好
 - actuate, get under way

Word: barrier
Front: barrier
[ˈbæriə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 2609/2629 -K3)
Vocabulary: barrier
(once / 329 pages)
n
Barriers are walls, either physical or metaphorical. They can block movement — the Great Wall of China was a barrier to block invading forces from entering. A window shade is a light barrier. Failing English is a barrier to getting into Harvard.
When people are being excluded from joining a clique, you could say that the clique has erected a social barrier. When fighter jets fly faster than the speed of sound, they break through what feels like a wall in the sky called the sound barrier. The Green Monster at Fenway Park keeps Boston Red Sox fans from being able to watch games from outside the stadium — it's a barrier to sight. But when line drives hit the Green Monster, bouncing the ball back into left field, the Green Monster acts also a barrier to easy home runs.
WORD FAMILY
barrier: barriers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Obstacles on the internet, just like barriers to trade, are easy to decry but hard to prevent.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The teams play mostly in conventional gyms set up with temporary barriers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"Those are new," he said, pointing to the barriers just before 6 a.m..
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 障碍; 屏障; 栅栏; 分界线
vt. 把…关入栅栏; 用栅栏围住
分布：屏障(74%)，障碍物(15%)，栅栏(11%)
→来自bar, 杆，棍，阻拦。
栅栏(barr+ier)[barr=stick表示,"捧,栏"]
障碍物(barr栅栏+ier)[-ier表名词"人或物"]
障碍[barr=bar(栅栏)]
n.栅栏,屏障;障碍(物)In the bar the barber bargained for a jar of jam, then got over the barrier of barrels.在酒巴里理发师为一罐果酱讲了价然后越过桶作的屏障.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
FENCE 栅栏
 IMPROVER
■a long pole, fence, wall or natural feature, such as a mountain or sea, that stops people from going somewhere 隔栏；屏障；障碍物
• Barriers have been erected all along the route the Pope will take. 在罗马教皇将要经过的路上，沿途都设置了路障。
• The mountains acted as a natural barrier to the spread of the disease. 群山成为了阻止这疾病扩散的天然屏障。
■a gate in some railway stations through which you must go to get on a train 剪票口
• Passengers are requested to show their tickets at the barrier. 乘客需要在剪票口出示车票。
UK ['bær.i.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
PREVENTING 障碍
 IMPROVER
■anything that prevents people from being together or understanding each other 障碍，阻碍，隔阂
• Despite the language barrier (= not speaking the same language) , they soon became good friends. 尽管语言上存有障碍，他们还是很快就成为了好朋友。
• Shyness is one of the biggest barriers to making friends (= something that makes this difficult). 害羞是交友的最大障碍之一。
obstruction, barrier, hindrance, obstacle, bar
这组词都有“障碍(物)”的意思，其区别是：
obstruction: 常既指具体的障碍又可指抽象或喻意上的阻碍。
barrier: 常指临时的或者可能跨越的障碍。
hindrance: 指妨碍他人进步或做事的人或物。
obstacle: 指在达到目的或前进的过程中必须消除或绕过的障碍物，也指起阻碍作用等情况。
bar: 既可指阻止进出或通过的栅栏一类的障碍物，也可用于抽象意义障碍。
n. [地物] 障碍物， [建] 屏障；界线
 - limit, block, bottleneck

Word: minor
Front: minor
[ˈmaɪnə(r)] (研四六 2610/1912 -K3)
Vocabulary: minor
(once / 130 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adjn
Something that's minor is considered of low importance — a minor injury is not very serious, and a college student's minor subject is a secondary field of study. Likewise, the star constellation Ursa Major is a larger grouping than Ursa Minor.
The word minor has retained its spelling from the Latin. There, minor means something "lesser," and is related to the Latin word minuere, which means "to diminish." It is usually used as an adjective, but as a noun it gained the meaning "underage" in the 16th Century, and is now used to refer to children and teens under the age of legal responsibility. It is also used in musical terms to refer to a key that has a flatted third in its scale.
WORD FAMILY
minor: minority, minorly, minors+/ minority: minorities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though rivers along the Gulf Coast were rising rapidly Monday, only minor flooding was predicted.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After bouncing around in the minors for most of his career, Washington rewarded Chorney with a two-year contract extension.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We’ve experienced only a small number of minor incidents, in numbers less than typical,” Boasberg said in response to questions from The Washington Post.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 较小的，少数的，小…; 未成年的; [乐]小调的，小音阶的; （两同姓男孩中）年幼的
n. 未成年人; 副修科目; 小公司; [逻辑学]小前提
vi. [主美国英语]副修，选修，兼修
分布：未成年人(32%)，次要的(20%)，较小的(17%)，轻微的(16%)，辅修(12%)，辅修科目(3%)
→来自拉丁语minor,较小的，次等的，来自mei,小的，词源同minute,minus.-or,比较级后缀。minor 较小的，较少的，次要的
较小的;较少的(min+or)[mini,min=small,表示"小"]
a.较小的,较小的n.兼修学科v.(in)兼修No minors.未成年者免入.
US [-nɚ] adjective
UNIMPORTANT 不重要的
 IMPROVER
■having little importance, influence or effect, especially when compared with other things of the same type 较不重要的；次要的；轻微的
• a minor operation 小手术
• It's only a minor problem. 那只是个小问题。
• There's been an increase in minor offences , such as traffic violations and petty theft. 轻微的违法活动有所增加，如违反交通规则、小偷小摸等。
• She suffered only minor injuries. 她只是受了轻伤。
• It requires a few minor adjustments. 需要作几处小的调整。
• a minor poet of the 16th-century 16世纪一位不太知名的诗人
Compare major
UK ['maɪ.nər] US [-nɚ] adjective
MUSIC 音乐
■belonging or relating to a type of musical scale that generally has a sad sound, typically having a half tone between the second and third and between the fifth and sixth notes, and a whole tone between each of the others 小调的；小音阶的
• The piece is written in a minor key. 这是一首用小调谱写的乐曲。
• Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor. 莫札特的第20号D小调钢琴协奏曲
Compare major
UK ['maɪ.nər] US [-nɚ] noun countable legal
■someone who is too young to have the legal responsibilities of an adult 未成年人
• He was accused of having sex with a minor. 他被指控与一名未成年人发生性关系。
minor, inferior, secondary, subordinate
这组词都有“次等”的意思，其区别是：
minor: a较少的，较小的，较次要的，常含有轻微的但并非不重要的意思。
 • We agreed on everything in the contract, even minor points.   我们对合同中的一切问题，甚至是细枝末节都达成了一致。
inferior: a.次等的，较劣的，差的，当"下级"讲时，强调职位的高低；当"次等"讲时，指素质、质量等的低劣。
 • Most wine from Switzerland is inferior to wine from France.   产于瑞士的葡萄酒多数要比法国的差。
secondary: a.第二等的，次要的，强调在重要性或顺序上处于第二位。
 • My job is of secondary importance to my health.   我的工作比起身体来说不那么重要。
subordinate: a.次要的，从属的，下级的，强调主次地位或支配和隶属的关系。
 • He was always friendly to his subordinate officers.   她对下级官员一向和蔼可亲。
minor, negligible, minimal, marginal
这组词都有“不重要的，次要的”的意思，其区别是：
minor: 多指与别的比较后显得不重要，或指较少、较小。
negligible: 指数量小，不重要，微不足道或可忽略不计。
minimal: 指最少、最低或最小。
marginal: 指处于边缘，幅度、范围小，故价值或重要性不大。
adj. 未成年的；次要的；较小的；小调的；二流的
 - secondary, supporting, peripheral, less
n. 未成年人；小调；副修科目
 - infant, pupil

Word: provision
Front: provision
[prəˈvɪʒn] (研四六托雅宝 2612/783 -3)
Vocabulary: provision
(once / 104 pages)
nv
A provision is a store or supply of something, like food or clothing. This noun can also describe the planning you do for "when something happens."
We often use this word when we talk about outdoor activities like hiking or camping, or when we talk about outfitting an army in the field, but it basically means "supply." And since provision comes from the Latin word that means to "attend to," you can pretty much guess what the verb form of this word describes: the act of supplying someone else with provisions. In a legal or contractual sense, a provision is a stipulated condition or proviso.
WORD FAMILY
provision: provisional, provisionary, provisioned, provisioner, provisioning, provisions +/improvidence: improvidences/ improvident: improvidence, improvidently/ provide: provided, provident, provider, provides, providing, provision / providence: providences, providential / provident: improvident, providence, providently/ providential: providentially/ provider: providers/ provisional: provisionally /provisioner: provisioners
USAGE EXAMPLES
One unanswered question is whether the repeal bill will include a key provision of the 2015 bill: the defunding of Planned Parenthood.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Slightly fewer than 29 million Americans remain uninsured, about half of whom would benefit from provisions of the ACA.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The so-called bathroom bill in North Carolina includes a provision that requires people to use public bathrooms that match the gender on their birth certificate.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 规定，条项，条款; 预备，准备，设备; 供应，（一批）供应品; 生活物质，储备物资
vt. & vi. 为…提供所需物品（尤指食物）
时态：provisioned, provisioning, provisions
分布：规定(42%)，条款(30%)，供应(18%)，粮食(5%)，预备(2%)，食品(2%)，向 ... 供应食物(1%)
→来自provide,提供，规定。
n.供应,(一批)供应品;预备;条款;(pl.)给养I'm convinced that the provincial government will provide provisional provisions.我深信地方政府将提供临时供应品.
noun
SUPPLY 供应
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when something is provided 提供；供给；准备
• The provision of good public transport will be essential for developing the area. 提供良好的大众运输对该地区的发展极为重要。
• Of course there's provision in the plan for population increase. 当然这项计划里有应对人口增长的措施。
• When designing buildings in this area, you have to make provision against earthquakes. 在该地区设计建筑物时，需要考虑防震措施。
provisions [plural]
■supplies of food and other necessary things 粮食；食物供给，物资
• provisions for the journey 旅粮
make provision for sth
■to make arrangements to deal with something, often financial arrangements 为…做好准备（尤指经济上的保障）
• He hasn't made any provision for his retirement yet. 他还没做好退休的准备。
[prə'vɪʒ.ən] noun
LAW 法律
countable
■a statement within an agreement or a law that a particular thing must happen or be done, especially before another can happen or be done 规定，条款
• We have inserted certain provisions into the treaty to safeguard foreign workers. 我们在条约中增添了一些条款以保护外籍劳工。
• [+ that] She accepted the job with the provision that she would be paid expenses for relocating. 她接受了这份工作，条件是要给安家费。
[prə'vɪʒ.ən] verb transitive formal
■to supply with food and other necessary things 为…提供给养（或物资）
n. 规定；条款；准备； [经] 供应品
 - item, preparation, arrangement, preliminary, do

Word: killer
Front: killer
[ˈkɪlə(r)] (雅 2613/3690 -3)
Back: n. 凶手，杀人者; 止痛药; 宰杀的器具; 〈俚〉鬼门关
分布：凶手(74%)，杀人者(7%)，迷人的人(7%)，致命物(3%)，消灭…者(3%)，棘手的事(3%)，精彩的事物(3%)
US [-ɚ] noun
DEATH 死
 IMPROVER countable
■someone who kills another person 杀人者，凶手
• Police are still hoping to find the dead woman's killer. 警方仍然希望找到杀害那名女性的凶手。
countable
■something that kills people, especially a disease or other illness 致命的东西；（尤指）致命疾病
• Cancer and heart disease are the UK's biggest killers. 癌症和心脏病是英国头号致命疾病。
countable
■something that destroys something 杀灭物
• This chemical is found in most weed killers. 大多数除草剂中含有这种化学物质。
UK ['kɪl.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
EFFORT 尽力的
only singular informal
■something that is very difficult 极困难的事
• The last question was a real killer. 最后一个问题的确很难。
UK ['kɪl.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
AMUSEMENT 著迷
countable US and Australian English informal
■a very entertaining or skilful person, story or performance 令人着迷的人（或故事）；技能出色的人（或表演）
• Dizzy was a real killer on the trumpet. 迪齐是个非常出色的小号手。
n. 杀手；致死；止痛药；宰杀的器具；断路器
 - breaker, pain-killer

Word: assign
Front: assign
[əˈsaɪn] (研四六托雅 2611/3876 -2)
Vocabulary: assign
(once / 175 pages)
v
To assign is to specify something or someone for a specific purpose. If your sisters fight over whose turn it is to sit in the front seat, your parents may have to assign turns.
The verb assign also means to transfer legal rights. You assign the deed to your house to new owners when you sell it. If you sort things into categories by characteristics, you are assigning them categories. When you make a budget, you assign each expense a category. Food and housing, for example, may be essential living expenses and medicine and doctor's visits may be health care. Chocolate gets its own category.
WORD FAMILY
assign: assignable, assignation, assigned, assignee, assigning, assignment, assigns, reassign +/assignable: unassignable/ assignation: assignations/assigned: unassigned /assignee: assignees/ assignment: assignments/ reassign: reassigned, reassigning, reassignment, reassigns/reassignment: reassignments/unassignable: unassignably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Weaver graduated from the police academy last summer and was assigned to the Huntingdon barracks.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2008, Greek researchers randomly assigned tennis players to one of two groups.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Hawks: F Mike Scott was assigned to the Long Island Nets of the NBA Development League, his third D-League assignment of the season.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 分派，选派，分配; 归于，归属; [法律] 把（财产，权利、利息）从一人转让给另一人; 把…编制
n. [常用复数][法律]受让人，接受财产等转让的人，受托者
时态：assigned, assigning, assigns
分布：分配(63%)，指定(19%)，指派(12%)，确定(4%)，受让人(1%)，归因(1%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. sign, 记号。
分配;指定(as+sign→不断给人信号→指定)[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
vt.派给,分配;选定,指定(时间,地点等)The monitors were assigned to take notes for the meeting.班长们被分派作会议记录.
verb transitive
CHOOSE 选择
 ADVANCED [often passive]
■to give a particular job or piece of work to someone 分配；分派；指派
• [+ two objects] UN troops were assigned the task of rebuilding the hospital. 重建这间医院的任务被指派给了联合国部队。
• The case has been assigned to our most senior officer. 这宗案件已经指派给我们最高职级的警官来处理。
 ADVANCED
■If you assign a time for a job or activity, you decide it will be done during that time 定出，确定（时间或期限）
• Have you assigned a day for the interviews yet? 你们定了哪一天进行面试了吗？
■If you assign a characteristic to something, you state that it has it. 把…归属（于）；确定（属性等）
■to decide a reason for something 把…归因（于）；确定（原因）
• Detectives have been unable to assign a motive for the murder. 侦探们一直无法确定谋杀的动机。
• The report assigned the blame for the accident to inadequate safety regulations. 报告中，事故责任被归咎于安全规章不健全。
[ə'saɪn] verb transitive
SEND 派遣
 ADVANCED
■to send someone somewhere to do a job 委派；选派；派遣
• She was assigned to the newspaper's Berlin office. 她被派到报社驻柏林的办事处。
[ə'saɪn] verb transitive
COMPUTING 电脑技术 specialized
■to put a value in a particular position in the memory of a computer 为…赋值
[ə'saɪn] verb transitive
GIVE LEGALLY 按法律程式给 legal
■to give property, money or rights using a legal process 把（财产、权利等）让与，转让
• Her property was assigned to her grandchildren. 她的财产转让给了她的孙儿女。
[ə'saɪn] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] assign sb to sth
■to choose someone to do a particular job 指派（某人）做…
• Which police officer has been assigned to this case? 指派了哪一位警官负责那宗案件？
assign, distribute, allocate, divide
这组词都有“分配，分发”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 指按照某种原则进行的硬性分配，也不一定是很公平的。
distribute: 通常指以整体或定量分为若干份来分配。
allocate: 主要指金钱、财产、权力或领土等的分配，着重分配的比例和专门用途。
divide: 普通用词，侧重将某物分成若干份分配给他人，当某物一分为二时，含平均分配之意。
assign, designate, name, appoint, nominate
这组词都有“任命，委派”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 常指给一群人或个人分配、分派、指派或委派任务。
designate: 书面用语，侧重当权者或机构的选拔或任命，有时含强行指定的意味。
name: 普通用词，着重任命的结果，而不是过程。
appoint: 通常指不经过选择的官方委任。
nominate: 通常指为某一公职选择候选人，并将其提交给有决定权的人作最后决定。
vt. 分配；指派； [计] [数] 赋值
 - portion, part, ticket

Word: gang
Front: gang
[gæŋ] (研四六雅 2614/3549 -3)
Vocabulary: gang
(once / 263 pages)
1nv 2n
A gang is an association or group of criminals. Often, members of one gang will fight violently with another gang.
People join gangs for the sense of belonging, as well as for protection by other members. A gang usually claims an area as its territory and defends it against other gangs or unaffiliated criminals. You can also use gang for a group of friends or workers: "A whole gang of us went to the movies together." The Old English root, gang, means "journey." Today's definition comes from the idea of "a band of people traveling together."
WORD FAMILY
gang: gangdom, ganged, ganger, ganging, gangs, gangster +/ganger: gangers/ gangster: gangsters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The riot was sparked by a clash between two gangs in the prison and reflects shifting allegiances among Brazil’s powerful narco-trafficking groups, authorities said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A prison chaplain said the riot began after a fight between rival gangs.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Gun deaths are common in heists, holdups and in confrontations among police, drug gangs and other criminals in Brazil, but targeted mass shootings are rare.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 帮派，团体; 盗贼等的)一帮; （工具，机械等的）一套; 〈美俚〉棒球队
vt. 使结成一帮; 成群地袭击
vi. 结伙行动
时态：ganged, ganging, gangs
分布：一伙(53%)，一群(40%)，结成一伙(5%)，结伙袭击(2%)
→来自ghengh, 走，词源同go(有争议)。即走的一群人。
n.一帮,一群,一伙The language angel hanged up the gang and banged them at the angle of the triangle.语文天使将那伙人吊起朝三角形的角上猛撞.
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 IMPROVER
■a group of young people, especially young men, who spend time together, often fighting with other groups and behaving badly （尤指年轻男人组成的聚众打斗、行为恶劣的）一帮，帮派，团伙，集团
• Fights among rival gangs account for most murders in the city. 这座城市中，绝大多数凶杀案件都是敌对帮派之间的殴斗引起的。
■a group of criminals who work together 犯罪集团；黑帮
• a gang of armed robbers 武装抢劫集团
■informal
■a group of friends 一群朋友；（朋友的）一伙，一帮
• She was in our gang at school. 上学时她是我们一伙的。
• I went out with the usual gang from college on Friday night. 星期五晚上我和大学的一帮老朋友一起到外面玩乐去了。
■a group of workers or prisoners who work together （一起干活的）一群工人，一群囚犯
• a gang of labourers 一群体力工人 ，劳工
[gæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  gang up disapproving
■to unite as a group against someone （为了反对某人）结伙，联合起来，拉帮结派
• They all ganged up to try and get him to change his decision. 他们联合起来，试图使他改变决定。
• The whole class ganged up against/on her because she was the teacher's pet. 因为老师偏爱她，所以整个班上的学生都合伙跟她作对。
band, mob, masses, gang, swarm, group, throug, crowd
这组词都有“群，帮，伙”的意思，其区别是：
band: 多指一群有明确宗旨，为共同目的而结合在一起的人，常含贬义。
mob: 指无组织、乱七八糟凑合在一起的乌合之众，或指聚集在一起寻衅滋事的人群，多为暴徒。
masses: 指群众或人民大众。
gang: 常指从事非法、暴力或敌对活动的帮派或团伙。有时呈中性，词义同group。
swarm: 指人数众多，杂乱无章，不停移动的一群人。
group: 普通用词，通常指有组织、有秩序的一群人，也可指无意汇集在一起的一群人。
throug: 书面用词，意义接近crowd，侧重密集地挤在一起的一群，含挤在一起向前推进之意。
crowd: 常指无组织地乱哄哄地挤在一起的人群。
n. 群；一伙；一组
 - cluster, bunch, qun

Word: developing
Front: developing
[dɪˈveləpɪŋ] (2615/2674 -2)
Vocabulary: developing
(once / 421 pages)
1adj 2n
Use the adjective developing to describe a country that's relatively poor and has a lower standard of living than most other countries in the world.
There's not a specific standard for calling a country developing, but there are some societies that most of the world agrees are less industrialized than most. Developing countries generally have poorer people and a less vibrant economy than more developed countries. Some countries object to being called developing, since it implies that all countries want to become "developed," or more Western in their economy and government, which is not necessarily true.
WORD FAMILY
develop: developed, developer, developing, development, develops, redevelop, underdevelop+/ developed: undeveloped/developer: developers/ development: developmental, developments, nondevelopment/ developmental: developmentally/redevelop: redeveloped, redeveloping, redevelopment/underdevelop: underdeveloped, underdeveloping, underdevelopment
USAGE EXAMPLES
North Korea just stated that it is in the final stages of developing a nuclear weapon capable of reaching parts of the U.S.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“North Korea just stated that it is in the final stages of developing a nuclear weapon capable of reaching parts of the U.S.,”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The plan was created by coalition that Gov. Terry Branstad tasked with developing recommendations to prevent and reduce impaired driving.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 发展中的; 显色; 开发; 显像
分布：发展中的(100%)
→来自develop,发展。-ing, 现在分词后缀。
adjective
 ADVANCED
■describes a country or area of the world which is poorer and has less advanced industries, especially in Africa, Latin America or Asia （尤指非洲、拉丁美洲或亚洲的国家或地区）发展中的
• the developing world/countries/nations 发展中国家
[before noun]
■growing or becoming stronger or more advanced 成长的，发育的；发展的

Word: classic
Front: classic
[ˈklæsɪk] (高研四六雅 2616/2967 -K4)
Vocabulary: classic
(once / 160 pages)
1adjn 2adj
The noun classic means something that's very high quality, particularly if it has lasting value. The pristine Model T Ford that you keep in your garage is a classic, but the beat up old Honda you drive everyday is not.
Use the adjective classic to describe something that relates to ancient Greece or Rome. You can enjoy the classic Greek pillars on the outside of your house but still appreciate the modern plumbing on the inside of it. Classic also means excellent, of recognized authority, or definitive. Classic literature, for example, includes authors like Mark Twain and Jane Austin.
WORD FAMILY
classic: classical, classicise, classicism, classicize, classicly, classics, neoclassic+/ classical: classicalism, classically, classicals, neoclassical, nonclassical/classicise: classicised, classicising/classicism: classicisms, classicist, classicistic, neoclassicism/classicist: classicists/classicize: classicized, classicizes, classicizing/neoclassicism: neoclassicist, neoclassicistic/neoclassicist: neoclassicists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was 46 degrees when play began before a sellout crowd of 46,556, the sixth largest for a Winter Classic.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Just like the old Glen Miller classic, the player looks upbeat and he gets you on your feet.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
After the first Winter Classic in Buffalo the league was hesitant to even confirm there would be a second one.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 典型的; 传统式样的; 著名的; 有趣的
n. 文豪; 文学名著; 优秀的典范; 古希腊与古罗马的文化研究（尤指对其语言与文学的研究）
分布：传统的(43%)，古典的(23%)，最优秀的(17%)，杰作(13%)，古典作品(2%)，第一流艺术家(2%)
→来自class,阶级。特别指古罗马有能力组织军队和响应军事号召的阶级，因此引申词义一等 阶级，最高级，或经典，一流。
n.(pl.)杰作,名著a.第一流的,不朽的From the classical class, the classmate with glasses knows the classification of classics.戴眼镜的同学从古典文学课上知道了古典名著的分类.
adjective
HIGH QUALITY 高品质
 ADVANCED
■having a high quality or standard against which other things are judged 经典的；优秀的；一流的
• Have you ever read Fielding's classic novel 'Tom Jones'? 你有没有读过菲尔丁的经典小说《汤姆‧琼斯》？
• Another classic goal there from Corley! 科利又踢进一个漂亮球！
■informal
■extremely or unusually funny, bad or annoying 特别滑稽的；极坏的；极其令人讨厌的
• Then she fell over backwards into the flowerbed - it was absolutely classic! 然后她仰面倒进了花坛——真是太滑稽了！
• That was classic! That van-driver signalled right, and then turned left. 太可恶了！那个货车司机打右转的讯号，可是却向左转了！
['klæs.ɪk] adjective
TYPICAL 典型的
 ADVANCED
■having all the characteristics or qualities that you expect 典型的；有代表性的
• He's a classic example of a kid who's clever but lazy. 他是个典型的聪明却懒惰的孩子。
• He had all the classic symptoms of the disease. 他具有这种病的所有典型症状。
■informal disapproving
■bad or unpleasant, but not very surprising or unexpected 糟糕的；讨厌的；倒楣的
• It's classic - you arrive at the station on time and find that the train's left early. 事情就是那样倒楣——你按时赶到车站却发现火车提早开走了。
['klæs.ɪk] adjective
TRADITIONAL 传统的
■having a simple, traditional style which is always fashionable 典雅的；古朴的；传统的
• She wore a classic navy suit. 她身穿一套传统式样的海军服。
['klæs.ɪk] noun
HIGH QUALITY 高品质
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of writing, a musical recording or a film which is well-known and of a high standard and lasting value （书、音乐或电影的）经典作品，杰作
• Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice' is a classic of English literature. 简‧奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》是英国文学中的经典作品。
• Many of the Rolling Stones' records have become rock classics. 滚石乐队的许多唱片已成为摇滚乐的经典之作。
the classics [plural]
■the most famous works of literature 古典文学名著
• I spent my childhood reading the classics. 我把童年花在阅读经典文学作品上了。
['klæs.ɪk] noun
STUDY 研究
classics uncountable
■the study of ancient Greek and Roman culture, especially their languages and literature 古希腊和古罗马文化研究（尤指语言与文学方面）
• She studied/read classics at Cambridge. 她在剑桥学习古希腊和古罗马文化研究。
• a classics scholar. 研究古希腊和古罗马文化的学者
['klæs.ɪk] noun
TRADITIONAL 传统的
countable
■a piece of clothing which is always fashionable 经典服装；永不过时的传统服装
• A long wool coat is a classic no wardrobe should be without. 羊毛大衣应该是衣橱里必不可少的经典服装。
classical, classic
classical: 古典的
classic: 第一流的；
adj. 经典的；古典的，传统的；最优秀的
 - traditional, conventional
n. 名著；经典著作；大艺术家
 - chefdoeuvre, scriptures

Word: chemical
Front: chemical
[ˈkemɪkl] (高研四六 2617/2548 -K4)
Vocabulary: chemical
(once / 239 pages)
adjn
A chemical is any mix of raw elements: hydrogen + oxygen produce the chemical water. Water is created by a change in the chemistry of hydrogen and oxygen atoms — a chemical change.
Be cautious of the negative reaction people have to chemical substances. Chemicals often bring to mind deadly substances, such as asbestos or deadly chemical weapons. But many chemicals are part of our everyday life. Our lives would be drastically different without chemical compounds — think of the infection that would result if we didn't have the chemical hydrogen peroxide for cleaning out cuts.
WORD FAMILY
chemical: chemically, chemicals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Four minors died from chemical gas poisoning after a resident tried to fumigate a home in Amarillo, Texas with pesticide, fire officials told local media.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The scientists told the BBC television network that they believe the gut bacteria release chemicals that over-activate immune cells in the brain.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Cheese proteins contain casomorphins, chemical compounds that attach to the same opiate receptors in the brain as heroin or morphine.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 化学的; 用化学方法制造的，化学作用的
n. 化学药品，化学制品
分布：化学物(67%)，药品(18%)，化学的(15%)
a.化学的n.(pl.)化学制品,化学药品The chemist and the mistress insist that the mist consists of several chemicals.化学家和女教师坚持认为薄雾由几种化学物品构成.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■any basic substance which is used in or produced by a reaction involving changes to atoms or molecules 化学品；化学制品
• The government has pledged to reduce the amount of chemicals used in food production. 政府承诺减少食品生产中化学制品的用量。
• Each year, factories release millions of tonnes of toxic (= poisonous) chemicals into the atmosphere. 每年，工厂将数百万吨的有毒化学物品排放到大气中。
['kem.ɪ.kəl] adjective
 IMPROVER
■relating to chemicals 化学的；化学制品的
• The chemical industry produces such things as petrochemicals, drugs, paint and rubber. 化学工业生产诸如石化产品、药品、涂料、橡胶之类的东西。
medication, remedy, chemical, medicine, cure, drug
这组词都有“药”的意思，其区别是：
medication: 指医生开给病人用的一切药物，从最简单的阿斯匹林到最复杂的药物。
remedy: 普通用词，侧重指对恢复健康有效的药品或治疗方法。
chemical: 多指工业或化学中的药品，有时也指医药中的药品。
medicine: 普通用词，可指药物的总称，也指一切有利于健康的东西。
cure: 比remedy更强调使身体恢复健康的疗法或良药。
drug: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指任何用于预防或治疗肉体上或精神上疾病的药品。用复数形式，多指毒品。
adj. [化工] 化学的
 - chymic

Word: wave
Front: wave
[weɪv] (高研四六雅 1398/1586 -K4)
Vocabulary: wave
(once / 59 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
The word wave has many different meanings, but they all have to do with an undulating motion or shape. A wave that washes up on a beach has the same kind of back-and-forth movement as a crowd of baseball fans doing "the wave" in the stands.
Use the verb wave to describe a greeting that includes a hand motion, from the enthusiastic flapping wave of a little kid meeting his dad at the airport to the prim wave of a Queen acknowledging her subjects. In physics, when you talk about a sound wave, there is a similar kind of rise and fall. Two Old English root words of wave are wæfre, "wavering or restless," and wagian, "to move to and fro."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
wave / waive
To wave is to move to and fro, like when you wave your hand. Hello there! To waive, with a sneaky "i," is to give up your right to do something.
Waves come in many forms. You can wave your hand, a hanky, or even a baseball hat to say hello or acknowledge someone, as in this example:
Fans around the green gave him a standing ovation, and Guan waved his baseball cap in acknowledgment.
A wave is also that big moving hill of water you can surf on:
Surfing students exercise on their boards before hitting the waves.
Other things are called waves, too — if a lot of people come in somewhere, for example, call it a wave of people. It's often used as a metaphor for things that act like ocean waves:
Maybe the great wave of social change has simply crested.
To waive, on the other hand, is to surrender, as in give up your rights to something. If you go scuba diving at a resort, you might have to waive your right to sue if something goes wrong. Here are some examples:
It also announced a mandatory arbitration clause, forcing users to waive their rights to participate in a class action lawsuit except under very limited circumstances.
Meanwhile, following budget cuts, the LOC board members have waived their salaries.
Waive is always a transitive verb, so you have to waive something. The other kind of wave doesn't need an object — although you can wave your hat, you don't have to. You can just wave. If you waive your salary, even for a good cause, you can wave goodbye to your money!
WORD FAMILY
wave: microwave, waved, wavelet, wavelike, waver, waves, waving, wavy+/ microwave: microwaved, microwaves, microwaving/ unwavering: unwaveringly/wavelet: wavelets/ waver: wavered, waverer, wavering, wavers/waverer: waverers/wavering: unwavering, waveringly, waverings/waving: wavings/wavy: wavier, wavily, waviness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The U.S. semiconductor industry is facing an unprecedented wave of consolidations, with mergers and acquisitions in the sector valued last year at over $100 billion.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Saturday’s collapse set off large waves that eroded part of the older sea cliff and lava viewing area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bright’s trucking business failed in 2008, due in part, he said, to a wave of bad debt.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 波浪，波动; 挥手; 涌现的人（或事物）; 汹涌的行动（或思想）态势
vi. 摇摆，起伏
vt. & vi. （一端固定地）飘扬; 挥手指引; 挥动…示意; 略呈波形
vt. 挥手表示; 挥舞; 使…略呈波形; 烫（发）
时态：waved, waving, waves
分布：波(85%)，波浪(11%)，挥动(3%)，飘动(1%)
→来自webh,转，前后移动，编织，词源抽web,weave。引申词义水波，波浪。
n.波浪;(挥手)示意;飘扬v.(挥手)示意,致意He waved goodbye to his friend.他向朋友挥手告别.
verb intransitive or transitive
MOVE HAND 挥手
 IMPROVER
■to raise your hand and move it from side to side as a way of greeting someone, telling them to do something or adding emphasis to an expression 挥（手）；招手，摆手（表示问候、指示或强调）
• I waved to/at him from the window but he didn't see me. 我从窗口向他招手，可他没看见我。
• I was waving my hand madly but he never once looked in my direction. 我疯狂地挥手，可他连看也没朝我这边看一眼。
• She was so annoyed she wouldn't even wave us goodbye /wave goodbye to us. 她极为愤怒，甚至不愿向我们挥手道别。
• She waves her hands about/around a lot when she's talking. 她说话时手总在比划着。
wave sb away/on, etc.
■to make a movement with your hand which tells someone to move in a particular direction 挥手示意（某人）离开／继续向前等
• You'll have to wait till the policeman waves this line of traffic on. 你要一直等到员警挥手示意这队车辆继续前行。
• You can't just wave me away as if I were a child! 你不能就那么挥挥手，像打发小孩子一样把我赶走！
[weɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
MOVE REPEATEDLY 反复移动
■to move from side to side, or to make something move like this while holding it in the hand 挥舞，挥动；摆动，摇晃
• The corn waved gently in the summer breeze. 谷物在夏日微风中轻轻摆动。
• A crowd of football fans ran down the street waving banners. 一群足球迷挥舞着横额，沿着街道一路奔走而去。
• He seems to think I can wave a magic wand and everything will be all right. 他似乎认为我只要挥一挥魔杖，一切就都会解决了。
[weɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
CURL HAIR 卷曲的头发
■If hair waves, it curls slightly. （头发的）卷曲，波浪卷
• If she leaves her hair to dry on its own, it just waves naturally. 如果她让头发自己干的话，就会自然卷曲。
[weɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
wave/say goodbye to sth informal humorous
■to accept that you will no longer have something you value or that you will not get something you hoped to receive 向…挥手告别；不再指望得到…
• Well, if you've argued with senior management you can wave goodbye to any chances of promotion! 啊，如果你曾与高级管理层争论过，那你就不要再指望得到任何晋升机会了！
[weɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wave sth aside
■to refuse to consider what someone says 对…置之不理，不理会
• She waved aside all my objections. 她完全不理会我各种的反对意见。
[weɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wave sb/sth down
■to make a driver stop their vehicle by waving your arms up and down 挥手拦下（车辆）
• If a car comes along, wave it down. 如果有汽车来，就拦住它。
[weɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wave sb off
 ADVANCED
■to wave to someone as they leave a place in order to say goodbye 与（某人）挥手道别
• We went to the station to wave her off. 我们去车站与她道别。
[weɪv] noun countable
WATER 水
 ADVANCED
■a raised line of water which moves across the surface of an area of water, especially the sea （尤指海上的）浪，波浪，波涛
• At night, I listened to the sound of the waves breaking/crashing against the shore. 夜里，我倾听着浪花拍击海岸的声音。
[weɪv] noun countable
HAND MOVEMENT 手的动作
 ADVANCED
■when you raise your hand and move it from side to side as a way of greeting someone, etc 挥手道别
• Give Grandpa a wave goodbye, Alice, you won't see him till next week. 跟爷爷挥手告别，爱丽斯，你要等到下个星期才会再见他。
[weɪv] noun countable
ENERGY 能量
 ADVANCED
■the pattern in which some types of energy, such as sound, light and heat, are spread or carried 波，周波；震动
• radio waves 无线电波
[weɪv] noun countable
LARGE NUMBER 大的数字
 ADVANCED
■a larger than usual number of events of a similar, often bad, type, happening within the same period （常指坏事的）一波，一批，一阵
• a crime wave 犯罪率的激增
• In the 1970s, the country came close to collapse as it was swept by a wave of strikes. 20世纪70年代，这个国家在席卷全国的罢工浪潮中，几近崩溃。
a new/second, etc. wave of sth
■an activity which is happening again or is being repeated after a pause 新的一波／第二波等…
• A new wave of job losses is expected this year. 预计今年可能会出现新一波的失业高潮。
[weɪv] noun countable
STRONG FEELING 强烈的感情
■A wave of an emotion or feeling is a sudden strong feeling which gets stronger as it spreads （感情或情绪的）突发，高涨
• A wave of panic swept through the crowd and people started running. 恐慌情绪在人群中蔓延，人们开始四散奔逃。
⇒ See also brainwave
[weɪv] noun countable
HAIR CURVES 头发的卷曲
■a series of slight curves in a person's hair （头发的）卷曲，波浪卷
• Your hair has a natural wave whereas mine's just straight and boring. 你的头发是自然卷，而我的却直挺挺的，了无生气。
⇒ See also wavy
[weɪv] noun countable
make waves informal
■to be very active so that other people notice you, often in a way that intentionally causes trouble （故意）兴风作浪，挑起事端
• If a member of the Cabinet started making waves, the prime minister simply got rid of them. 如果内阁中有人兴风作浪，首相直接就将其解职。
[weɪv] noun countable
wave after/upon wave literary
■large quantities or groups of something, one after another 一波又一波；一批又一批
• Allied planes launched wave after wave of air attacks on the city. 同盟国的飞机对这座城市发动了一波又一波的空袭。
surge, wave, ripple
这组词都有“波浪、浪、波涛”的意思，其区别是：
surge: 词义较模糊，泛指巨浪、波涛或作比喻使用。
wave: 普通用词，指水面上移动的任何具有峰谷皱形的波动，尤指距离相等的波浪，也比喻任何类似的物体。
ripple: 多指微风吹过水面或石头投入水中所激起的涟漪或细浪。
vi. 波动；起伏；挥手示意；摇动；呈波形
 - roll, rock
vt. 卷（烫）发；向…挥手示意；使成波浪形
 - undulate
n. 波动； [海洋] 波浪；高潮；挥手示意；卷曲
 - fluctuation, undulation

Word: label
Front: label
[ˈleɪbl] (研四六托 2619/2764 -K3)
Vocabulary: label
(once / 393 pages)
1nv 2nv
The saying “labels are for jars not people” means it’s OK to put a description on a jar so you know what’s inside (a label), but it’s not okay to judge people by attaching a label, or description to them, such as "nerd," "jock," or "burnout."
Label is a busy word. It refers to the paper or identifying marks on a jar that tells you something about what’s inside the jar. Put such an identifier on the jar, and you label it. Related to that is a judgment about someone or something, a label. When you call yourself a superstar, you label yourself. Finally, you can use label as a short form of recording label, a company that produces musical recordings.
WORD FAMILY
label: labeled, labeling, labelled, labelling, labels+/labeled: mislabeled, unlabeled/labelled: unlabelled
USAGE EXAMPLES
The artist’s record label, Atlantic Records, did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
"This label helps get more exposure and adoption among the big retailers in France.  "The regional governments also play their part.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The bottle’s purple label with floral images was designed to attract female shoppers’ attention in a wine aisle dominated by dull colors.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 标签; 称标记，符号; [建] 门或窗户上面的线脚
vt. 贴标签于; 把…称为; 把…列为; [化]用放射性元素使（元素或原子等）示踪
时态：labelled, labelling, labels
分布：标签(83%)，标记(7%)，唱片公司(3%)，称号(3%)，贴标签于(3%)，把 ... 归类(1%)
→来自leb,撕开，词源同lap,lapel,进一步来自skel,砍，撕，词源同shell, scissor.原义为撕开的小布条，后用于指用布条标签。拼写演变比较locus,ring.
n.标签v.把...称为;用标签于;用标签标明The rebels labeled the labor laboring in the laboratory and lavatory.反叛者给在实验室和舆洗室劳动的劳工贴上标签.
noun countable
SIGN 符号
 ADVANCED
■a piece of paper or other material which gives you information about the object it is fixed to 标签，标牌
• Remember to put some address labels on the suitcases. 别忘了把地址标签贴在行李箱上。
• Washing instructions should be on the label. 标签上应该注明洗涤注意事项。
 ADVANCED
■a word or a phrase which is used to describe the characteristics or qualities of people, activities or things, often in a way that is unfair （用来描述人、活动或事物特点或特性的，常为不公正的）称号，绰号
• He seems to be stuck with the label of 'troublemaker'. 他好像被人贴上了“麻烦制造者”的标签。
['leɪ.bəl] noun countable
COMPANY 公司
 ADVANCED
■a company which produces goods for sale, the goods themselves, or the company's name or symbol 公司；品牌商品；公司名称；公司标志
• Her favourite designer label (= maker of expensive clothes) is Armani. 她最喜欢的服装品牌是亚曼尼。
• Their own-label vegetarian products have been a huge success. 他们自有品牌的素食产品非常受欢迎。
• The group have just signed (= arranged to record) with a new record label. 该演唱组合刚刚与一家新的唱片公司签约。
['leɪ.bəl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
 ADVANCED
■to fasten a label to 贴标签
• [+ adj] The parcel was clearly labelled 'Fragile'. 这个包裹上清楚地标著「易碎品”。
• If you spend any time in prison, you're labelled as a criminal for the rest of your life. 一旦入过狱，“罪犯”的帽子就会一辈子扣在你的头上。
tag, label
这组词都有“标签”的意思，其区别是：
tag: 多指临时系上的标签。
label: 指上面标明货主姓名、地址及货物名称、重量、尺寸等内容的标签。
n. 标签；商标；签条
 - ticket, brand, logo, tag

Word: teen
Front: teen
[ti:n] (2620/8464 -2)
Back: n. 青少年（等于teenager）; 伤害，损坏; 痛苦，悲伤; 愤怒
adj. 十几岁的; 13-19岁的
分布：青少年的(100%)
N-PLURAL
十几岁，青少年时期(指从 13 岁到 19 岁)
If you are in your teens, you are between thirteen and nineteen years old.
例：Most people who smoke began smoking in their teens...多数烟民从十几岁时就开始抽烟了。
例：My late teens and early twenties were really rough years...我二十岁前后那几年过得真苦啊。
ADJ
面向青少年的;由青少年完成的
Teen is used to describe things such as films, magazines, bands, or activities that are aimed at or are done by people who are in their teens.
例：...a teen movie starring George Carlin...乔治·卡林主演的青春片
例：Pop isn't pop without huge teen sensations.不能激起广大青少年热情的流行音乐就不能称其为流行音乐。
N-COUNT
青少年,十几岁的孩子(指从 13 岁到 19 岁)
A teen is someone aged between thirteen and nineteen years old.
例：It used to be that any teen who wanted a summer job could get one.从前，十几岁的孩子到了暑假都能找着活干。
n. 青少年（等于teenager）；愤怒；悲哀
 - anger, sadness, youths, wrath

Word: index
Front: index
[ˈɪndeks] (研四六雅 2621/1793 -K3)
Vocabulary: index
(once / 216 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Can’t find any information on the yellow-eyed junco in your guide to rare birds? Check out your bird book's index. It’s an alphabetical list in the back of the book that catalogs all of the subjects covered by page number.
In financial terms, an index is a list of stocks that are traded on the stock market, such as the Dow Jones Indexes. “Index cards” were once used to catalog books in a library, but now they’re mostly used to prepare for a test or a presentation, thanks to computers. As a verb, index describes the action of creating an index, such as, “I’m going to index my photo collection on my computer, so I can find what I’m looking for.”
WORD FAMILY
index: indexation, indexed, indexer, indexes, indexical, indexing, indexless, indices+/indexer: indexers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The dollar index - which measures the greenback against six major rivals - climbed 0.4 percent.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Florida law requires annual adjustments to gas taxes based on changes in the consumer price index, which measures what people are paying for goods.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The rising minimum wage reflects an increase in the Consumer Price Index, which rose 0.7 percent during the past year.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 索引; <数>指数; 指示; 标志
vt. 给…编索引; 把…编入索引; [经济学]按生活指数调整（工资、价格等）
vi. [机械学]转位
时态：indexed, indexing, indexes
分布：索引(65%)，指数(33%)，指出(1%)，编索引(1%)
→来自拉丁语indicare,指出，说明，来自in-,进入，使，-dic,指出，说，词源同digit,indication.引申词义指数，标志，特征等。其复数形式为indices.
n.索引,指针,指数,指标v.做索引I'm perplexed by the flexible complex index of sex and age.我被灵活复杂的性别与年龄索引迷惑住了.
noun (plural indices or indexes)
LIST 列表
 ADVANCED countable
■an alphabetical list, such as one printed at the back of a book showing which page a subject, name, etc. is found on （书后关于主题、姓名等的）索引
• Try looking up 'heart disease' in the index. 试试在索引中寻找“心脏病”这个条目。
countable
■a collection of information stored on a computer or on a set of cards, in alphabetical order （电脑或卡片上的）索引
• He has all his friends' names and addresses on a card index. 他将所有朋友的姓名及位址都做了卡片索引。
['ɪn.deks] noun (plural indices or indexes)
COMPARISON 比较
countable
■a system of numbers used for comparing values of things which change according to each other or a fixed standard 指数
• the FTSE 100 Index 伦敦《金融时报》指数
• the Dow Jones Index 道‧琼斯指数
• a wage/price index 工资／价格指数
countable usually singular
■something which shows how strong or common a condition or feeling is 标志；指标；表征
• Consumer spending is often a good index of public confidence in the economy. 消费支出经常是显示公众对经济的信心的有效指标。
['ɪn.deks] verb transitive
MAKE LIST 编入索引
■to prepare an index for a book or collection, or arrange it in an index 为…编索引；把…编入索引
• Our computer indexes several thousand new records every second. 我们的电脑每秒钟可把几千个新纪录编入索引。
• The book contains a lot of information, but it's not very well indexed. 这本书的资料很丰富，但索引做得不好。
['ɪn.deks] verb transitive
COMPARE 比较
■to change a system of numbers according to each other or a fixed standard 将…与…挂钩；使指数化
• Living expenses will be indexed to/in line with inflation (= to take inflation into consideration). 生活费用将与通货膨胀挂钩。
n. 指标；指数； [图情] 索引；指针
 - finger, indicatrix
vt. 指出；编入索引中
 - to point out, to indicate

Word: vacation
Front: vacation
[vəˈkeɪʃn] (中高研四六托雅 2622/9542 -K2)
Vocabulary: vacation
(once / 479 pages)
nv
A vacation is a time specifically set aside for enjoyment or relaxation, like a dream vacation to Hawaii.
Vacation began as an Old French word, meaning "freedom or release" from an activity or occupation — like summer vacation. There's no school. During summer vacation, you'll do lots of things — but you won't be in school. You might even go somewhere for a vacation. Another meaning of vacation is "voiding something legal," like the vacation of the old law about not tying your horse in front of City Hall.
WORD FAMILY
vacation: vacationed, vacationer, vacationing, vacationist, vacations+/ vacate: vacated, vacates, vacating, vacation /vacationer: vacationers/vacationing: vacationings/vacationist: vacationists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officials did not release his name but said the man was vacationing in the area with friends.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“My grandma and grandpa plan their vacations around my schedule.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Describing the spas as “a mini vacation spot in the city,” a South Korean government-run website counted 1,800 such locations across the country.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 假期，休假; [古] 空出，撤出，辞去
vi. 度假
时态：vacationed, vacationing, vacations
分布：假期(48%)，度假(36%)，休假(14%)，腾出(2%)
→来自vacate，空出，引申词义假期。
假期,休假(空出来不用干活)[vac,van,void=empty表示"空"]
n.休假,假期The signalman's signature sign is significant to the vacant vacation.信号员的签字符号对空假期具有重要意义.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable US
■a holiday, especially when you are travelling away from home for pleasure （尤指出游的）假期，休假
• We're taking a vacation in June. 我们六月份要去渡假。
• They went to Europe on vacation. 他们去欧洲渡假了。
• I've still got some vacation left before the end of the year. 我到年底之前还剩了一些假期。
countable mainly US (UK informal vac)
■a period of the year when schools or colleges are closed, or when law courts do not operate （学校的）假期；（法院的）休庭期
• the Christmas/Easter/summer/long vacation 圣诞节假期／复活节假期／暑假／长假期
holiday, leave, vacation, festival
这组词都有“假日，节日”的意思，其区别是：
holiday: 指按规定不工作的各种假日，时间可长可短。在英国复数形式表示较长的假期。
leave: 主要指政府机关工作人员或军队人员获准的休假、假期。
vacation: 通常指时间较长的假期，如学校的寒暑假等。
festival: 指公众庆祝、欢度的节日。
n. 假期；（房屋）搬出
 - hols
vi. 休假，度假
 - have a holiday, take time off from sth.

Word: advocate
Front: advocate
[ˈædvəkeɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 2623/4031 -3)
Vocabulary: advocate
(once / 191 pages)
nv
An advocate (AD-və-kit) is someone who supports a cause, like an advocate for outdoor recess. Advocate (AD-və-kate) is also a verb meaning to speak in favor of, so you can advocate for that outdoor recess by urging your school to play outside!
As a noun, an advocate is a person who represents another person’s interests, like a lawyer does. In fact, the word comes from the courtroom – it’s from Latin advocare, to “add” a “voice.” To advocate is to add a voice of support to a cause or person. An advocate is anyone who adds that voice by representing another person in court, or by supporting or working toward a particular course of action.
WORD FAMILY
advocate: advocacy, advocated, advocates, advocating, advocator+/ advocacy: advocacies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gun control advocates say enforcement of the current background checks system is as much a policy goal as expanding background checks.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
American said a statement Sunday that statue’s placement improperly suggested that the university was advocating for clemency for Peltier.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More recently, advocates for “new space” got Trump’s ear and were added to the transition team for “balance.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 提倡; 拥护; 鼓吹; 为…辩护
n. （辩护）律师; 提倡者; 支持者
时态：advocated, advocating, advocates
分布：提倡(50%)，主张(27%)，拥护者(10%)，律师(8%)，提倡者(4%)，辩护者(1%)
→ad-,去，往，-voc,说，词源同voice.
拥护;倡议(ad增强+voc+ate→增强声音→拥护)[voc,vok=call,voice表示"叫喊,声音"]
拥护者(ad+voc声音+ate)[-ate 1.表动词"做,造成"2.表形容词"具有…的"3.表名词"人或地位"]
n.辩护者,拥护者,鼓吹者vt.拥护,提倡The vocation advocate found the word "vocal" and "reciprocal" not in the vocabulary.职业倡导者发现"嗓音的"和"交互的"两词不在词汇表中.
【记】该词原指律师－拥护、支持当事人的人，后引申为拥护者。ad增加，voc号召，呼吁－增加号召，呼吁－拥护
【参】equivocal（adj 说话含糊的）；revocable（adj 可废除的）
【反】denounce（vt 谴责）
verb transitive /ˈæd.və.keɪt/
 ADVANCED
■to publicly support or suggest an idea, development or way of doing something 主张；拥护；支持；提倡
• [+ -ing verb] She advocates taking a more long-term view. 她主张把目光放得更长远一些。
• He advocates the return of capital punishment. 他主张恢复死刑。
noun countable /ˈæd.və.kət/
LAWYER 律师
■a lawyer who defends someone in a court of law 辩护律师
noun countable /ˈæd.və.kət/
SUPPORTER 支持者
■someone who publicly supports something 主张；拥护；支持；提倡
• He's a strong advocate of state ownership of the railways. 他极力支持铁路国有。
support, sustain, back, uphold, advocate
这组词都有“支持，支援，拥护”的意思，其区别是：
support: 含义广泛，多指在道义上或物质上支持某人，也可指对某项事业的支持。
sustain: 侧重指连续不断的支持。
back: 通常指对论点、行动、事业等的强有力支持。
uphold: 既可指积极努力对陷入困境者的支持，也可指给某人在行动、道义或信仰上的支持。
advocate: 多指通过写文章或发表演说等来支持或拥护，往往暗示提倡某事或为某事辩护。
propose, prescribe, suggest, advocate, recommend
这组词都有“劝告、主张、建议”的意思，其区别是：
propose: 多指较正式地提出建议。
prescribe: 多指医生对病人在用药或饮食等方面的建议。
suggest: 语气较委婉，指提出不成熟的建议或参见意见。
advocate: 指公开表明对某事或某行为的完全赞同，语气强于recommend。
recommend: 指向对方提出公开的建议或规劝。
opponent, host, agencies, advocate
opponent: 反对者
host: 主任，主持人
agencies: 代理，机关
advocate: 提倡者，鼓吹者
advocate, attorney, counsel, lawyer
这组词都有“律师”的意思，其区别是：
advocate: 专指以罗马法律的基本法制的一些国家的(如苏格兰等)和一些特别法庭的律师；也可指出庭辩护的律师。
attorney: 主要用于美国，指代理当事人处理遗嘱检验等法律事务的律师，有时可与lawyer通用，泛指辩护律师。
counsel: 指单独或集体为当事人提供咨询或出庭处理案件的法律顾问或律师。
lawyer: 普通用词，指精通法律规则并有权以法律代理人或顾问身份在法庭上执行法律或为委托人服务的人。
vt. 提倡，主张，拥护
 - maintain, submit
n. 提倡者；支持者；律师
 - prophet, supporter

Word: draft
Front: draft
[drɑ:ft] (高研四六托雅宝 2624/2834 -K3)
Vocabulary: draft
(once / 244 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4n 5nv
Draft means to draw, both in the sense of sketching an image onto paper, but also in terms of pulling––a draft horse draws a wagon, a draft of air is drawn into your lungs when you take a breath.
A cold draft is a current of cold air being drawn indoors. To draft someone into the army means to draw them into service, or make them serve. When you are drafting, or writing, a draft of a paper on the military draft in the US, you want to let your ideas flow freely. Then, in your next draft, you can work on filling in holes and edit the language down to what you really want to say.
WORD FAMILY
draft: drafted, draftee, drafter, drafting, drafts, drafty, overdraft, redraft+/draftee: draftees/drafter: drafters/drafting: draftings/drafty: draftier, draftiest/overdraft: overdrafts/redraft: redrafts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Hurricanes' quarterback is no longer the Hurricanes' quarterback, after announcing Monday night he is skipping his senior season and entering the NFL draft.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Things only got worse with a depleted roster hurt by years of bad drafting and the lack of impact free agents.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He was selected in the first round, sixth overall by the New York Rangers at the 2004 draft.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 汇票; 草稿; 选派; （尤指房间、烟囱、炉子等供暖系统中的）（小股）气流
vt. 起草; 制定; 征募
vi. 拟稿; 绘样; 作草图
adj. 初步画出或（写出）的; （设计、草图、提纲或版本）正在起草中的，草拟的; 以草稿形式的; 草图的
时态：drafted, drafting, drafts
分布：汇票(32%)，起草(24%)，草稿(21%)，草图(10%)，征兵(7%)，选秀(5%)，酝酿中的(1%)
→来自draught拼写变体，并更广泛流行。
n.草稿,草案,草图v.起草,草拟The draft for aircraft is sent to the airline by airmail.订购航空器的汇票用航空邮件寄给了航空公司.
【参】draftsmanship（n 制图技术；制图术）
US [dræft] noun
PLAN 计划
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of text, a formal suggestion or a drawing in its original state, often containing the main ideas and intentions but not the developed form 草案；草稿；草图
• This is only a rough draft - the finished article will have pictures as well. 这只是一个粗略的草稿——定稿后的文章中还会有一些图片。
• She asked me to check the (first) draft of her proposal. 她请我检查一下她的（第一稿）提案草稿。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] noun
MILITARY 军事的
the draft only singular mainly US (UK conscription)
■the system of ordering people by law to join the armed forces 兵役制
• He avoided the draft because of a foot injury. 他因脚伤而躲过了服兵役。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] noun
MONEY 钱
countable
■a written order for money to be paid by a bank, especially to another bank （尤指向银行支付的）汇票
• I arranged for some money to be sent from London to Madrid by banker's draft. 我安排以银行汇票的方式把一些钱从伦敦寄到马德里。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] noun
COLD AIR 冷空气
countable US for
■ draught (COLD AIR)
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] verb UK
PLAN 计划
■to write down a document for the first time, including the main points but not all the details 第一次起草的文件、计划等（包含主要观点但内容并不详实）
• Draft a proposal for the project and we can discuss it at the meeting. 先起草一个企划案草案，我们可以在会上就此讨论。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] verb UK
MILITARY 军事的
transitive usually passive mainly US (UK conscript)
■to order people by law to join the armed forces 兵役制
• He was drafted (into the army) at eighteen. 他18岁时应征参军（入伍）。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] verb UK
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] draft sb in
■to bring someone somewhere to do a particular job 征召（某人），调集某人（从事某项工作）
• Every Christmas thousands of people are drafted in to help with the post. 每逢圣诞节，成千上万的人都被召集来帮助处理邮件。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] adjective [before noun]
■describes a plan, document etc. in its first form, including the main points but not all the details 第一次起草的档、计划等（包含主要观点但内容并不详实）
• a draft plan/bill/proposal 计划／提案／建议草稿
sketch, draft, blueprint, diagram, outline, plot
这组词都有“绘制”的意思，其区别是：
sketch: 指用图、模型或语言描述来表示某一事物的整体情况。
draft: 用作动词时指按准确比例设计或打样；作名词时专指精确的草图或草案。
blueprint: 主要指绘制蓝图或制定纲领或规划。这个词引申用来指详细而具体的行动计划。
diagram: 侧重指用图形、图表等来说明。
outline: 主要给出事物要点或轮廓，强调简化了的整体。
plot: 可与draft和diagram换用，但侧重于表示具体的点、面、部分或目标，从而使相互关系以及和整体的关系得以明确。

Word: extraordinary
Front: extraordinary
[ɪkˈstrɔ:dnri] (高研四六托 2625/2759 -K3)
Vocabulary: extraordinary
(once / 108 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something extraordinary goes above and beyond what is expected. This can be good or bad. Saving a child from a burning building is an extraordinary act of heroism, but a test score of 11 out of 100 is extraordinary too.
The extra- in extraordinary means "outside" the ordinary. If you had to work for 10 hours on a two-page writing assignment, that means it was an extraordinarily hard assignment. Either that or you were extraordinarily slow. We often use the word extraordinary as a superlative. If your friend bakes you a cake better than any you’ve ever tasted, you could tell her it is “extraordinary.”
WORD FAMILY
extraordinary: extraordinarily, extraordinariness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But, as is often the case, this sort of “discovery” science is yielding extraordinary benefits.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
At an extraordinary parliamentary hearing, Mr. Lee and eight other chaebol leaders also denied receiving or seeking special treatment for the donations.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All around her there are silences, empty places, held breaths—an extraordinary act of literary finesse.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 非凡的; 特别的; 非常奇特的
分布：非凡的(55%)，特别的(35%)，特派的(10%)
→extra-, 外面的，超过的。ordinary, 普通的。
格外的(extra+ordinary变通的→超出普通)[extra-表示"以外的,超过的"]
特别的,超常的(extra超+ordinary普通的)[ordin=order,表示"命令,顺序"]
a.非常的;格外的;意外的;离奇的;临时的No extraordinary disorder happens on the orderly border.在有序的边界上没有发生不寻常的混乱.
【记】extra超过，ordinary（adj 普通的）－超出普通的－非凡的
【反】quotidian（adj 每日发作的；平凡的）；prosaic（adj 散文的；平凡的）
US [-'strɔ:r.dən.er-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■very unusual, special, unexpected or strange 非凡的；特别的；意想不到的；令人惊奇的
• He told the extraordinary story of his escape. 他讲述了他离奇的逃亡经历。
• Her voice had an extraordinary hypnotic quality. 她的声音有一种奇怪的催眠效果。
• an extraordinary coincidence 令人吃惊的巧合
extraordinary meeting
■a special meeting which happens between regular meetings 特别会议
striking, remarkable, unusual, prominent, outstanding, extraordinary
striking: 引人注意的，饶有兴趣的；（因相貌好）吸引人的，惹人注目的
remarkable: 值得注意的，不寻常的；独特的
unusual: 罕见的，异乎寻常的；独特的，与众不同的
prominent: 凸出的,显著的，惹人注目的,杰出的，重要的
outstanding: 杰出的，优秀的；地位显著的，为人瞩目的，（报酬、工作、问题等）未偿付的，未完成的，未解决的
extraordinary: 不平常的，不普通的，非常的，格外的，；（安排、会议等）特别的，（官员）特命的，特派的
peculiar, especial, specific, particular, special, exceptional, extraordinary
这组词都有“特殊的，特别的”的意思，其区别是：
peculiar: 强调指与众不同或独特的意思。
especial: 和special含义很接近，较正式，但侧重有特殊的意义或重要性。
specific: 着重指某种、某类事物具有的特殊或特定的属性，也可指专门提出作特别考虑的事物。
particular: 侧重不同于普遍性的个性或特殊性。
special: 普通用词，指不同于一般、与众不同，着重事物的专门性，突出与一般不同。
exceptional: 指不同于一般，本身是特别的或异常的事物。
extraordinary: 语气比exceptional强，指极大地超过一般或正常情况。
adj. 非凡的；特别的；离奇的；临时的；特派的
 - remarkable, particular, temporary, special, wonder

Word: heaven
Front: heaven
[ˈhevn] (中高研四六托 2626/2649 -K3)
Vocabulary: heaven
(once / 91 pages)
n
Heaven is a place that seems absolutely perfect in every way. You can think of it as the lofty heavens up above, or as a place of everlasting bliss.
The places you think of as heaven could also be called "paradise" or "Eden." All of these words are based on a religious idea of heaven as a perfect, blissful existence that's granted to good people after they die. This spiritual heaven is generally depicted as the place where God lives, and is commonly described as being high in the sky. In fact, the original meaning of the Old English heaven, heofon, was "sky."
WORD FAMILY
heaven: heavens+/heavens: heavenses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Afterward, enjoy the heavens through telescopes, weather permitting.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Eventually, in a fit of abject, sweat-drenched desperation, a solution appeared like a ray of light from heaven.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
If you see Feminism in that labyrinth of heaven, please say hi to her for me.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 天; 天堂; 上帝; 极乐
分布：天堂(86%)，天空(9%)，上帝(5%)
→来自古英语heofon,天空，苍穹，上帝之所，词源不详。可能来自skeu,覆盖，隐藏，词源同hide,house,sky.
n.天,天空,天堂;(Heaven)上帝,神The weaver will leave for the heavy heaven.那位纺织工将要到阴沉的天国里去.
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■in some religions, the place, sometimes imagined to be in the sky, where God or the gods live and where good people are believed to go after they die, so that they can enjoy perfect happiness 天堂，天国
 IMPROVER uncountable informal
■a situation that gives you great pleasure 极乐
• I just lay in the sun for a week and did nothing - it was heaven. 一整个礼拜我都躺在阳光下甚么也不干——简直像天堂一样。
the heavens [plural]
■the sky 天空
• We stared up at the heavens trying to see the comet. 我们仰望天空想看到彗星。
['hev.ən] noun
the heavens open
■If the heavens open, it suddenly starts to rain a lot 突然开始下大雨
• Just as we got to the park, the heavens opened. 我们刚到公园，天就突然下起了大雨。
sky, heaven, paradise
这组词都有“天”的意思，其区别是：
sky: 普通用词，指人们头顶上的天空，一般属于笼罩地球的空气层。较少用于指天国或天堂。
heaven: 作“天空”解时，常用复数，文学用词；作“天堂”解时，多用大写形式，采用单数。
paradise: 与heaven同义，宗教色彩浓厚，指好人死后灵魂长存之处，口语中表示乐园或乐事，在宗教典故中，指天主教与基督教中的伊甸乐园。
n. 天堂；天空；极乐
 - sky, paradise, air, high

Word: rough
Front: rough
[rʌf] (高研四六托雅 2627/2422 -K3)
Vocabulary: rough
(once / 80 pages)
1adjadv 2adjadv 3adjnv 4adj 5adj
Rough means harsh and uneven. If you want to go driving in the rough terrain of rocky dirt roads, you'll need four-wheel drive and a stomach for bouncing.
Rough means coarse or bumpy, and can be used in many different ways. A few days after you shave, your skin will be rough with stubble. Rough seas are choppy and turbulent, and might make you seasick. On a rough day, lots of things go wrong. A rough person (who could be called "a rough") tends to get into fights. Someone raised on a farm in the mountains could be described as having a rough and rugged life.
WORD FAMILY
rough: roughed, rougher, roughest, roughing, roughish, roughly, roughness, roughs+/roughness: roughnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
McGloin underwent an MRI on Monday after being roughed in the second quarter by Jared Crick.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
St. Thomas’s first regular-season game was against Booker T. Washington, a public high school in a rough neighborhood of Miami.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“His record is very mixed, particularly on protection. His tenure was a rough time for the protection of refugees,” a former senior UN official said.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 粗糙的，崎岖不平的; 粗鲁的; 狂暴的，汹涌的; 未经加工的
vt. 粗暴地对待; 使粗糙; 草拟
n. 粗糙的部分; 艰难，苦难; （高尔夫球场的）深草区
adv. 粗暴地
vi. 举止粗野
时态：roughed, roughing, roughs
分布：粗糙的(38%)，汹涌的(19%)，粗暴的(8%)，艰难的(8%)，粗暴地(7%)，草拟(5%)，粗糙地(5%)，使粗糙(4%)，暴徒(2%)，粗制品(2%)，殴打(2%)
→来自古英语 ruh,粗糙的，粗布的，多毛的，来自 Proto-Germanic*rukhaz,碎裂的，来自 reue, 粉碎，碎开，敲击，词源同 ruin,rag.引申诸相关词义。
a.粗糙的;粗略的,大致的;粗野的,粗暴的"Rough cough is tough enough," Bough said while touching the torch."剧烈咳嗽是够难以对付的,"大树枝在触摸手电筒时说道.
adjective
NOT EVEN 不平坦的
 ESSENTIAL
■not even or smooth, often because of being in bad condition 高低不平的；崎岖的；难行的
• It was a rough mountain road, full of stones and huge holes. 那是一条崎岖的山道，满是石头和巨大的坑洼。
 ESSENTIAL
■If a surface such as paper or skin is rough, it does not feel smooth when you touch it （表面）粗糙的，毛糙的，不平滑的
• My hands get very rough in the cold. 天一冷我的手就变得特别粗糙。
■Rough ground is ground that is not used for any particular purpose and is not even and full of wild plants. （土地）未开垦的，杂草丛生的，荒的
[rʌf] adjective
NOT EXACT 不精确的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■fairly correct but not exact or detailed; approximate 粗略的；大致的；近似的
• The builder did a rough sketch of how the new stairs would look. 建筑工人画了张新楼梯草图。
• This is only a rough guess. 这只是一个大致的推测。
• She made a rough estimate /calculation of the likely cost. 她粗略估算／计算了一下可能的开销。
• The tests are a rough guide to students' progress. 这些测试能够大致说明学生的进步情况。
[rʌf] adjective
POOR QUALITY 劣质的
■describes an alcoholic drink, especially wine, that tastes cheap and often strong （尤指酒类饮料）涩味的，辣嗓子的，劣质的
■not made in a careful or expensive way 粗制滥造的；简陋的；粗糙的
• I made a rough table out of some old boxes. 我用几个旧箱子造了一张简陋的餐桌。
[rʌf] adjective
SOUND 声音
■A rough voice or sound is hard and loud. 声音粗哑的，难听的
■If a machine sounds rough, it is making a noise because it is in bad condition. （机器状况不佳而）发出刺耳声音的，发出杂音的
[rʌf] adjective
VIOLENT 猛烈的
■dangerous or violent; not calm or gentle 粗暴的，粗野的；猛烈的；充斥暴力的，危险的
• a rough area of town 城内的危险区
• The other boys were rough, always looking for a fight. 其他的男孩子们非常粗野，总是寻衅打架。
• I'm always sea-sick if the water/wind/sea/weather is rough (= stormy). 在波涛汹涌时／狂风大作时／汹涌海浪中／暴风雨天气里我总会晕船。
[rʌf] adjective
DIFFICULT 艰难的
■difficult or unpleasant 艰难的；艰苦的；令人不快的
• He's had a rough time/month/year, what with the divorce and then his father dying. 他刚离了婚，父亲又去世了，那一段时间／一个月／一年对他来说是太难熬了。
• It must be rough to have two kids and nowhere to live. 带着两个孩子，又无处安身，日子肯定是很艰难。
[rʌf] adjective
ILL 生病的
[after verb] UK
■ill 不舒服的，不适的，有病的
• You look a bit rough - how much did you have to drink last night? 你看上去有点气色不好——你昨晚喝了多少酒啊？
[rʌf] adjective
rough and ready
■produced quickly, with little preparation 草草制成的，粗制滥造的
■simple but good enough 简单粗糙但尚可用的，简陋但可行的
• rough and ready accommodation 简陋但还过得去的膳宿
[rʌf] adjective
rough edges
■If a piece of work or a performance has rough edges, some parts of it are not of very good quality 瑕疵，美中不足之处
• He's a great footballer, but his game still has a few rough edges. 他是一个优秀的足球运动员，但他的技艺仍有瑕疵。
■If a person has rough edges, they do not always behave well and politely 偶尔的无礼或不良行为
• I knew him before he was successful, and he had a lot of rough edges back then. 在他还没有成功的时候我就认识他了，那时候他是一个粗野的人。
[rʌf] adjective
rough justice/luck
■something that happens to you that is severe or unfair 不公平的遭遇／残酷的命运
• It seems like rough justice that he should lose his house as well as his wife. 他老婆、房子都没了，这好像有点太残酷了。
[rʌf] verb
rough it informal
■to live temporarily in basic and uncomfortable conditions （暂时）将就度日，因陋就简地生活
• While the house was being decorated we roughed it in a tent. 在装修房子期间，我们将就着住在帐篷里。
[rʌf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rough sth in
■If you rough a drawing in, you you draw the basic lines, without the detail. 大致勾画出…的轮廓，勾勒
[rʌf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rough sth out
■If you rough out a drawing, idea or plan, you draw or write the main parts of it without giving its details. 勾勒，画出…的轮廓；拟出…的梗概，草拟
[rʌf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rough sb up informal
■to hit and kick someone, usually to frighten or threaten them （通常为恐吓或威胁而）揍（某人），殴打（某人），对（某人）动粗
[rʌf] noun
DRAWING 画图
countable
■a first quick drawing of something 草图，略图
in rough
■simple and without details 粗略地；大概地；大致上
• His first plans were drawn up in rough. 他最初的计划是草草拟就的。
[rʌf] noun
VIOLENT PERSON 暴徒
countable
■a violent person 粗人，莽汉，暴徒
• a gang of drunken young roughs 一群醉酒撒野的年轻人
[rʌf] noun
GOLF 高尔夫球
the rough
■in golf, an area of ground with long grass （高尔夫球场的）生有长草的起伏地面，深草区
• My ball landed in the rough. 我把球打进了深草区。
[rʌf] noun
rough and tumble
■fighting between children that is not serious 孩子间的小打斗
• It was just a bit of rough and tumble. 那只不过是孩子间的小打小闹。
■a busy activity which people do in a very forceful way 激烈的竞争；混战
• She enjoys the rough and tumble of politics. 她喜欢复杂的政治斗争。
[rʌf] noun
take the rough with the smooth
■to accept the unpleasant parts of a situation as well as the pleasant parts 是好是歹一起承受，好事坏事都能接受，既能享乐也能吃苦
• That's relationships for you - you have to take the rough with the smooth. 谈恋爱就是那样，你苦乐都要一起接受。
[rʌf] adverb
VIOLENTLY 粗鲁地
■forcefully or violently 粗野地；粗鲁地
• The Hull team had a bad reputation for playing rough. 赫尔队打法粗野，臭名远扬。
[rʌf] adverb
OUTSIDE 街头
live/sleep rough
■to live outside not in a house, and sleep on the ground 风餐露宿
• When we ran out of money, we slept rough for a week. 我们的钱花没了，一个星期都露宿街头。
preliminary, rough
preliminary: 初步的，预备的
rough: 粗糙的，大致的
hoarse, rough, harsh
这组词都有“嘶哑的，沙哑的”的意思，其区别是：
hoarse: 指嘶哑刺耳的声音，通常因高声喊叫后嗓子失音所致。
rough: 指粗哑难听的声音。
harsh: 一般多指刺耳难听的声音。
rude, crude, harsh, rough, coarse
这组词都有“粗糙的”的意思，其区别是：
rude: 指加工粗糙、不精细。也指某人的言行举止粗鲁无礼，缺乏修养。
crude: 主要指未经加工处理尚处于自然状态的物质；也可指人的言行粗鲁。
harsh: 指外表、性质、声音的粗糙、刺耳、刺目，强调使人不愉快的粗糙感。
rough: 普通用词，指某物纹理不精细，或表面凹凸不平，不光滑。
coarse: 指某物质地粗糙低劣或编织、加工等不精细、精巧。也指人的言谈举止粗鲁，不文雅。
adj. [机] 粗糙的；粗略的；粗野的；艰苦的；未经加工的
 - crude, robust, tough, gross, coarse
vt. [机] 使粗糙；粗暴对待；草拟
 - harshen, draw up
n. 艰苦；高低不平的地面；未经加工的材料；粗糙的部分
 - arduousness
adv. [机] 粗糙地；粗略地；粗暴地
 - coarsely, crudely

Word: yell
Front: yell
[jel] (高研四六托 2628/5181 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. 叫喊，大声叫; 叫喊着说
n. 叫喊，大声叫; （拉拉队鼓动运动员的）呼喊声
时态：yelled, yelling, yells
分布：大叫(53%)，大喊(47%)
→来自ghel,叫喊，呼喊，拟声词，词源同nightingale,yelp.
vi.大叫;呼喊vt.叫着说n.叫声;喊声The cellar-dweller yelled, "Fell the jellyfish burglar!"住地下室的人喊道:"打倒海蜇窃贼!"
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to shout something or make a loud noise, usually when you are angry, in pain or excited （通常指生气、疼痛或激动时）叫喊，吼叫（着说）
• Our neighbours were yelling (obscenities) at each other this morning. 今天早晨我们的邻居在互相破口大骂。
• The child yelled out in pain. 孩子痛得大叫起来。
• [+ speech] "Just get out of here!" she yelled. “滚出去！”她大吼道。
call, scream, yell, roar, shriek, exclaim, shout, cry
这组词都有“喊”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指大声说话或喊叫，以引起某人的注意。
scream: 指因恐具、快乐或痛苦而发出的尖叫声。
yell: 多指求援、鼓励时的呼叫。也可指因外界因素刺激而发出尖厉声音。
roar: 指发出大而深沉的声音、吼叫或咆哮。
shriek: 指因惊恐、痛苦等或其它感情而发出比scream更为尖锐、刺耳的叫声。
exclaim: 多指因高兴、愤怒、痛苦、惊讶等突发感情而高声喊叫。
shout: 指有意识地高声喊叫，常用于提出警告、发命令或唤起注意等。
cry: 一般指因恐惧、痛苦、惊奇等而喊叫。
vi. 大叫，叫喊
 - scream out, shout out
n. 喊声，叫声
 - cry, wow

Word: pregnant
Front: pregnant
[ˈpregnənt] (高研六托雅宝 2629/3276 -K3)
Vocabulary: pregnant
(once / 501 pages)
adj
If you are pregnant, you are carrying a developing baby in your body (and you are definitely a woman). Pregnant women take excellent care of their health — good for them and good for the baby.
Pregnant comes from Latin, and literally means "before giving birth" — prae-, like pre- means "before" and gnasci is a root that means "be born." Pregnant can also mean "filled with something," like inspiration or "rich in significance or implication," like your pregnant pause before answering your friend's question, "You like my new boyfriend, don't you?"
WORD FAMILY
pregnant: nonpregnant, pregnancy, pregnantly+/ pregnancy: pregnancies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet we begin a year pregnant with perils with the Fear Index at exceptionally low levels.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
One woman arrived with her 9-month-old son; the other was several months pregnant.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The case involved a newly pregnant woman experiencing abdominal cramping and fever.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 怀孕的; 孕育着…的; 富于想象的; 富于成果的
分布：怀孕的(81%)，意味深长的(12%)，充满的(7%)
→pre-,在前，-gn,生育，生产，词源同gene,generate.即即将生育的。
a.怀孕的,孕育的,充满的,意味深长的A woman is pregnant for ten months before a child is born.在小孩生出前,妇女要怀孕十个月.
【记】pregn拿住，ant－拿住孩子－怀孕
【参】pregnable（adj 可攻克的）；prehensible（adj 能被抓住的）；prehistoric（adj 史前的）；preliterate（adj 文字出现以前的）
【反】inane（adj 空洞的）
adjective
FEMALE 女性的
 IMPROVER
■(of a woman and some female animals) having young developing inside the womb 怀孕的，妊娠的
• She's five and a half months pregnant. 她怀孕有五个半月了。
• My mother stopped smoking when she became pregnant. 我母亲自从怀孕后就不吸烟了。
• He believes that men who get (= make) young girls pregnant should be severely punished. 他认为让少女怀孕的男人应受严惩。
• My sister is pregnant with twins. 我姐姐怀了双胞胎。
['preg.nənt] adjective
MEANING 意义
■filled with meaning or importance which has not yet been expressed or understood 意味深长的，意义重大的
• There followed a pregnant pause in which both knew what the other was thinking but neither knew what to say. 接下来是意味深长的沉默，双方都知道对方在想些甚么，但都不知道该说甚么。
adj. 怀孕的；富有意义的
 - cyetic, childing

Word: distant
Front: distant
[ˈdɪstənt] (高研四六托雅宝 2630/2745 -2)
Vocabulary: distant
(once / 30 pages)
adj
Distant describes something that's far away, like another planet, a ship far out at sea, or the cousin who never calls or shows up for family events.
Time, like miles, can make something distant. People get excited during awards season, but most have at best a distant recollection of who won Oscars two years ago — meaning the memory is remote. If you've ever been accused of seeming distant, how were you acting at the time? Distracted, not showing much interest or patience, bored? Too many experiences like that and once-close friends will become distant, meaning they'll drift apart.
WORD FAMILY
distant: distance, distanter, distantest, distantly+/ distance: distanced, distances, distancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
In other images, the distant mountains are wrapped in haze.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Today, however, scientists keep track of it by aiming a network of radio telescopes at a distant quasar.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Los Angeles County, with more than three times the population, was a distant second with 43.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 遥远的; 冷漠的，冷淡的; 远离的，远隔的; 不太清晰的
分布：遥远的(81%)，疏远的(9%)，远房的(6%)，陌生的(3%)，远行的(1%)
→来自distance, 距离。
有距离的(dis分开+stant→分开站→有距离的)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
a.远的;遥远的;疏远的;不亲近的There was a distant resemblance between them.他俩有隐约相似的地方.
adjective
NOT CLOSE 遥远的
 IMPROVER
■far away 遥远的，远方的
• a distant country 遥远的国家
• She could hear the distant sound of fireworks exploding. 她能听到远处放烟花的声音。
■part of your family but not closely related 远房的，远亲的
• a distant relative/cousin 远房亲戚／表弟
in the distant past/future
■far away in the past or future 在遥远的过去／将来
• At some point in the distant future I would like to have my own house. 将来我要拥有自己的房子。
in the not-too-distant future
■quite soon 在不久的将来
• They plan to have children in the not-too-distant future. 他们打算在不远的将来要孩子。
['dɪs.tənt] adjective
NOT FRIENDLY 冷漠的
■describes someone who does not show much emotion and is not friendly 拒人千里的，不亲近的，冷漠的
• She seemed cold and distant. 她似乎很冷漠，不容易接近。
distant, far, remote
这组词都有“远的”的意思，其区别是：
distant: 语意最强，强调距离。
far: 除特殊情况外，侧重长距离。也可用作引申意义。
remote: 侧重指离中心地有利的地方很远。
adj. 遥远的；冷漠的；远隔的
 - remote, faraway

Word: drama
Front: drama
[ˈdrɑ:mə] (研四六托雅 2631/2308 -K3)
Vocabulary: drama
(once / 89 pages)
n
Drama is highly emotional. It can happen on stage, like a performance of "Hamlet," or in a gaggle of 7th grade girls, breathlessly dissecting why so-and-so broke up with what's-her-name.
The word drama comes directly from Greek, meaning "action" or "a play." Which is no surprise, since ancient Athens was a hotbed of dramatic theater. The earliest recorded actor was a Greek named Thespis, and actors today are still called "thespians" in his honor. Drama doesn't always take place on the stage, though. You can use the word, sometimes with a roll of the eyes, to describe behavior or a reaction to a situation that appears a little overly emotional.
WORD FAMILY
drama: dramas, dramatic, dramatise, dramatist, dramatize +/ dramatic: dramatically, undramatic/dramatisation: dramatisations/dramatise: dramatisation, dramatised, dramatises, dramatising, overdramatise/ dramatist: dramatists/ dramatization: dramatizations/ dramatize: dramatization, dramatized, dramatizes, dramatizing, overdramatize/overdramatize: overdramatized, overdramatizes, overdramatizing/undramatic: undramatically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite his stubborn refusal to be alarmist, Mass admits there’s climatological drama on our horizon.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Adding to the drama of the new Congress will be high-profile confirmation hearings for Trump’s nominee for the Supreme Court.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But is there an appetite among viewers for the drama of process as opposed to that of a plane crash?
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 戏剧，剧本; 戏剧效果; 戏剧文学[艺术]; 戏剧性事件[场面]
分布：戏剧(83%)，剧本(9%)，戏剧性事件(5%)，戏剧艺术(3%)
→来自dere, 工作，创作，来自dhe 的扩大形式，词源同do. 用来指戏剧。
戏剧[dra=perform( 表演)]
n.剧本,戏剧;戏剧性事件或场面Elizabethan drama.伊利莎白时代的戏剧.
US ['dræm.ə] noun
THEATRE 戏剧
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a play in a theatre or on television or radio, or plays and acting generally 戏剧；话剧；表演
• She's been in several television dramas. 她演过几部电视剧。
• He's the drama critic for the Times. 他是《泰晤士报》的戏剧评论员。
• She studied English and drama at college. 她在大学里学的是英语和戏剧。
 IMPROVER
■used in expressions which refer to the type of play or film 剧
• a courtroom drama 法庭剧
• a historical drama 历史剧
UK ['drɑ:.mə] US ['dræm.ə] noun
EXCITEMENT 兴奋
 ADVANCED countable
■an event or situation, especially an unexpected one, in which there is worry or excitement and usually a lot of action （尤指突然的）戏剧性场面，戏剧性事件
• We had a little drama last night when the oil in the pan caught fire. 昨晚我们有一个小插曲——锅里的油着火了。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the excitement and energy that is created by a lot of action and arguments 戏剧效果
• As a lawyer, he positively revelled in the drama of the courtroom. 作为律师，他真的非常喜欢法庭上出现的那种戏剧效果。
n. 戏剧，戏剧艺术；剧本；戏剧性事件
 - stage, theater, scenario

Word: satellite
Front: satellite
[ˈsætəlaɪt] (高研四六托雅 2632/3325 -3)
Vocabulary: satellite
(once / 484 pages)
1n 2nv 3adjn
A satellite is something small or less powerful that orbits around something bigger. It often describes a body in space, such as an artificial satellite that orbits the Earth and beams down signals that power devices like cell phones.
The word satellite was first used to describe a follower of someone in a superior position. The word's meaning later broadened to describe anything small that's dependent on something larger. The small satellite circles around the more powerful force, like a moon orbiting a planet. Satellite can describe a small country — a satellite country — controlled by a larger one, or a large organization that has a small office — a satellite office — in another location.
WORD FAMILY
satellite: antisatellite, satellites, satelliting
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the blast touched off a massive fireball and caused extensive damage, including the loss of a commercial satellite.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The satellites will be used to provide mobile communications on land, sea and air.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
SpaceX is also competing to win contracts to launch Department of Defense spy satellites.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 卫星; 人造卫星; 卫星国; 卫星区
v. 通过通讯卫星播送[传播]
分布：卫星；人造卫星(100%)
→来自法语 satellite,侍卫，卫兵，来自拉丁语 satellites,侍卫，随从，可能来自古拉丁语*satro, 满的，足够的，*leit,走，引导，词源同 lead.词义演变比较 follow.引申词义卫星，人造卫星。
n.卫星,人造卫星;附属物The diligent teller told a tedious story about the intelligent satellite.勤奋的出纳讲述了一个关于智能卫星的乏味故事.
US ['sætˌ-] noun countable
IN SPACE 在太空
 IMPROVER
■a device sent up into space to travel round the Earth, used for collecting information or communicating by radio, television, etc. 人造卫星
• The World Cup was transmitted around the world by satellite. 世界杯透过卫星向全球转播。
• a spy/weather satellite 间谍／气象卫星
• satellite television/TV 卫星电视
■a natural object moving round a larger object in space 卫星
• The moon is the satellite of the Earth. 月球是地球的卫星。
UK ['sæt.əl.aɪt] US ['sætˌ-] noun countable
COUNTRY 国 (also satellite state)
■a country controlled by or depending on a more powerful country 卫星国，附庸国
⇒ See also client state
n. [天] 卫星； [航] 人造卫星；随从；卫星国家
 - moon, suite

Word: personally
Front: personally
[ˈpɜ:sənəli] (高 2633/2866 -K3)
Back: adv. 亲自地; 就个人而言; 个别地; 私人地（与工作相对）
分布：就个人而言(30%)，亲自地(21%)，作为个人(21%)，个别地(21%)，有私交地(7%)
US ['pɜ:r.sən.əl.i] adverb
 IMPROVER
■used when you give your opinion 就个人而言；就本人而言
• Personally (speaking), I think the show is going to be a great success. 在我个人看来，我认为演出会获得巨大成功。
 IMPROVER
■affecting you and not anyone else 本人地
• He believes that parents should be made personally responsible for their children's behaviour. 他认为父母本身应对孩子的行为负责。
 ADVANCED
■done by you and not by someone else 亲自，本人直接地
• These figures should be correct because I've checked them personally. 这些数字应该是正确的，因为我已经亲自核对过了。
take sth personally
■to think that someone is offending you when they are not 对…感到不快
• These are general criticisms which should not be taken personally (= They are not meant to criticize any one person in particular). 这些批评都是笼统概括的，不应被视为针对任何个人。
UK ['pɜ:.sən.əl.i] US ['pɜ:r.sən.əl.i] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  personallyWarning: Common word-building error! If an adjective ends with 'l', add '-ly' to make an adverb. Don't write 'personaly', write personally.
adv. 亲自地；当面；个别地；就自己而言
 - separately, individually

Word: wonder
Front: wonder
[ˈwʌndə(r)] (中高研四六托 790/815 -K4)
Vocabulary: wonder
(once / 21 pages)
nv
When you wonder about something, you want to learn more about it. You wonder why the car is making that noise so you ask the mechanic to explain it.
Wonder comes from the Old English word wundor, which means "marvelous thing, the object of astonishment." For example, the Taj Mahal is one of the great wonders of the world, so beautiful and magical. But wonders are all around us — anything that amazes and marvels is a wonder, like high-definition television, the Internet, your mom's homemade pizza — though we tend to forget this because we are used to them.
WORD FAMILY
wonder: wondered, wonderer, wonderful, wondering, wonderment, wonders, wondrous +/wonderer: wonderers/ wonderful: wonderfulest, wonderfully, wonderfulness/wondering: wonderingly/ wonderment: wonderments/ wondrous: wondrously
USAGE EXAMPLES
We might wonder at our ability to look past some questionable expressions of character.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s little wonder that the downturn in the ag economy was the story of the year for 2016, according to the Nebraska Farm Bureau.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We were able to get on Interstates 94 and 69 in Port Huron without wondering where construction detours would lead us this time.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 奇妙的; 钦佩的; 远超过预期的
n. 惊奇; 奇观; 奇人; 奇迹
vt. 对…感到好奇; 惊奇; 感到诧异; 想弄明白
vi. 怀疑，想知道; 惊讶
时态：wondered, wondering, wonders
分布：想知道(38%)，奇迹(21%)，惊奇(14%)，怀疑(13%)，奇观(6%)，奇妙的(4%)，非凡的(2%)，惊愕(2%)
→来自Proto-Germanic,奇迹，奇观，来自wen,努力，希望，希冀，词源同Venus,win,wish,引申词义幻想，奇迹，纳闷。
n.惊奇,惊异;奇迹,奇事v.(at)诧异;想知道The man beyond the bond is fond of the second wonderful diamond.那位不受约束的人喜欢第二颗奇异的钻石.
US [-dɚ] verb
QUESTION 质疑
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to ask yourself questions or express a wish to know about something 疑惑；想知道
• [+ question word] Hadn't you better phone home? Your parents will be wondering wh ere you are. 你是不是最好给家里打个电话？你父母会想知道你在哪里的。
• He's starting to wonder wh ether he did the right thing in accepting this job. 他现在开始怀疑自己接受这份工作是否正确。
• [+ speech] Will this turkey be big enough for eight, I wonder? 我不知道这只火鸡够不够八个人吃。
• "Have you decided where you're going next summer?" "I've been wondering about (= considering) going to Florida." “你决定好明年夏天去哪里了吗？”“我一直在考虑去佛罗里达。”
 ESSENTIAL
■used in phrases, at the beginning of a request, to make it more formal and polite （用于短语中，使某一请求更加正式和礼貌）不知能否…
• [+ speech] I wonder - could you help me carry these books? 不知你能否帮我搬这些书？
• [+ question word] I wonder whether you could pass me the butter? 你能不能把奶油递给我？
• I wonder if you could give me some information about places to visit in the area? 不知你能否给我提供一些这个地区可供游玩的地方的情况。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] verb
SURPRISE 惊讶
 IMPROVER intransitive slightly formal
■to feel or express great surprise at something 感到惊讶，觉得惊奇
• [+ (that)] He was behaving so badly at school today, I wonder (that) he wasn't sent home. 他今天在学校的表现真差，我纳闷他怎么没被赶回家。
• I don't wonder (that) she burst into tears after the way you spoke to her. 你那样对她说话，难怪她会突然哭起来。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] verb
I shouldn't wonder mainly UK
■probably 大概，也许
• "Where's Mark been recently?" "Up to no good, I shouldn't wonder." “马克最近去过甚么地方？”“大概没去甚么好地方。”
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
uncountable
■a feeling of great surprise and admiration caused by seeing or experiencing something that is strange and new 惊讶；惊叹
• The sight of the Grand Canyon stretching out before them filled them with wonder. 大峡谷展现在眼前的景象，令他们惊叹万分。
• The boys gazed in wonder at the shiny red Ferrari. 男孩子们惊讶地盯着那辆闪亮的红色法拉利跑车。
countable usually plural
■an object that causes a feeling of great surprise and admiration 奇观；奇迹；奇事
• We spent a week visiting the wonders of Ancient Greek civilization. 我们花了一周时间游览古希腊文明的奇观。
• With all the wonders of modern technology , why has no one come up with a way to make aircraft quieter? 既然现代科技创造了如此多的奇迹，为甚么没人想个办法令飞行更安静一些呢？
countable informal
■an extremely useful or skilful person 极其有用的人；能人
• Our new babysitter's an absolute wonder - she'll come at very short notice and the children love her. 我们家新来的保姆确实非常能干——她能在接到通知后很快赶来，而且孩子们也喜欢她。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
do/work wonders informal
■to have a very good effect 产生奇妙的作用
• Doctors have discovered that keeping a pet can do wonders for your health. 医生们发现，养一只宠物会对你的健康产生奇妙的作用。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
it's a wonder
■it is surprising 真奇怪；真令人惊讶
• It's a wonder (that)he ever reached Paris, because he set off with only £5 in his pocket. 令人惊讶的是他竟然到了巴黎，因为他出发时口袋里只有五英镑。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
little/small wonder
■it is not really surprising 并不奇怪
• Her car's been broken for the past two months, so it's little wonder (that)she hasn't come to visit you recently. 她的车坏了两个月，所以她最近没来看你并不奇怪。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
no wonder ADVANCED
■it is not surprising 并不让人惊讶；并不奇怪
• No wonder the children are excited, - this is the first time they've been abroad. 孩子们那么兴奋并不奇怪——这是他们第一次出国。
• "If brutal killers like these two are at work, it is no wonder that so many Kosovans have fled," he said. “如果有如此凶残的两个杀手在活动，那就难怪那么多科索沃人逃走了。”他说道。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
wonders never cease humorous
■an expression of surprise used when something unusual or unexpected happens 真是令人惊讶；奇迹总是会发生的
• Lynda actually managed to get up before ten o'clock. Wonders never cease! 琳达居然在十点之前起床了。真是奇迹！
phenomenon, miracle, marvel, wonder
这组词都有“奇迹”的意思，其区别是：
phenomenon: 指罕见的现象或奇人、奇事。
miracle: 一般指被认为是人力所办不到的奇异之事。
marvel: 侧重异乎寻常，奇怪，从而使人好奇。
wonder: 通常指使人惊奇的事迹、人物或景观，主要指人创造的奇迹。
n. 惊奇；奇迹；惊愕
 - phenomenon, surprise, miracle
vi. 怀疑；想知道；惊讶
 - question, suspect of
vt. 怀疑；惊奇；对…感到惊讶
 - dispute, question
adj. 奇妙的；非凡的
 - remarkable, extraordinary