Title: COCA-2K-4K (part 3)

Word: reward
Front: reward
[rɪˈwɔ:d] (高研四六托雅宝 3392/2819 -K3)
Vocabulary: reward
(once / 110 pages)
nv
A reward is something you get for a job well done. If you study hard for that vocabulary test, an "A" might be the reward in your future.
You can use reward as a verb, as when the mayor rewards a firefighter who saves a family from a terrible blaze, or as a noun, to talk about the actual payment or item that's given to the firefighter. People often offer a reward for the return of lost or stolen things, like bicycles or jewelry or dogs. Reward meant "a regarding" or "an observation" in the 1300's, but it soon came to mean "repayment for some service."
WORD FAMILY
reward: rewarded, rewardful, rewarding, rewards+/rewarded: unrewarded/ rewarding: rewardingly, unrewarding/unrewarding: unrewardingly/ ward: reward, warded, warder, warding, wards/warder: warders, wardership
USAGE EXAMPLES
After bouncing around in the minors for most of his career, Washington rewarded Chorney with a two-year contract extension.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Their reward is one more game against Alabama and a quarterback, Hurts, who will look awfully familiar.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The federal government and private insurers are rewarding health care providers that work together to coordinate care and avoid unnecessary expenses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 报酬; 报答; 赏金; 酬金
vt. 酬谢，奖赏; 报答，惩罚
时态：rewarded, rewarding, rewards
分布：奖赏(41%)，报酬(31%)，报答(19%)，赏金(8%)，给 ... 报酬(1%)
→re-,表强调，-ward,看，注视，词源同 award,guard,regard.字面意思即反复看，注视，留意， 关切，后来词义由抽象的给予引申为具体的奖励，报酬。比较 award.
n.(for)报酬,赏金v.(for)酬劳;酬谢The awfully awkward warship is warned not to be awarded war reward.那艘非常拙劣的军舰受到不给予战争报酬的警告.
【反】relinquish（v 放弃）
US [-'wɔ:rd] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■something given in exchange for good behaviour or good work, etc 报答；报偿；酬谢；奖赏
• There's a reward for whoever finishes first. 无论谁先完成都会得到一份奖赏。
• The rewards of motherhood outweigh the anguish. 做母亲得到的回报大于经受的痛苦。
 IMPROVER
■an amount of money given to someone who helps the police or who helps to return stolen property to its owner 酬金；赏格；悬赏金
• The police offered a reward for any information about the robbery. 警方悬赏征求有关劫案的任何线索。
UK [rɪ'wɔ:d] US [-'wɔ:rd] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give someone a reward 报答；报偿；奖赏
• The company rewarded him for his years of service with a grand farewell party and several presents. 公司为了答谢他多年为公司所作的贡献，为他举行了一个隆重的欢送会，还赠送了他几件礼物。
• slightly formal All his hard work was rewarded (= was made worth it) when he saw his book in print. 看到了自己的书付梓出版，他感到一切的艰辛都得到了回报。
• formal He rewarded their kindness with hostility and contempt. 他们好心对他，他却报以敌意和轻蔑。
reward, award
这组词都有“难予奖励”的意思，其区别是：
reward: 指对品德高尚和勤劳的人所给予的奖励。也可指为某事付酬金。
award: 侧重指官方或经正式研究裁决后对有功者或竞赛优胜者所给予的奖励。
n. [劳经] 报酬；报答；酬谢
 - compensation, payment, consideration, return, remuneration
vt. [劳经] 奖励；奖赏
 - put a premium on

Word: gentle
Front: gentle
[ˈdʒentl] (高研四六托雅宝 3393/2778 -K3)
Vocabulary: gentle
(once / 52 pages)
1adjv 2adjv 3adj
Use the adjective gentle to describe something that is soothing or kind, like a person with a tender nature or the soft sound of light rain.
The word gentle traces back to the Latin word gentlis, meaning “of the same clan,” and at first the world was used to describe people belonging to distinguished families, who were seen as courteous and noble. Nowadays you’re more likely to hear the word used to refer to things that are calm, moderate, and without harshness. The word is often applied to people, but it can be used more broadly to describe anything that is mild, such as "a gentle detergent" or "a gentle reminder."
WORD FAMILY
gentle: gentility, gentled, gentlely, gentleness, gentler, gentles, gentlest, gentling, gently, ungentle+/ gentility: gentilities/ gentleness: gentlenesses/ungentle: ungently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Actually, though, Adams was a gentle and sensitive man, a rare opponent of the anti-Asian racism dominating the Australian labour movement.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The gentle piano music starts as the doorbell chimes.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A gentle and wry bow-tied lawyer and stalwart of countless civic boards, Tom Lewis wears his gentility lightly.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 温和的; 文雅的; 高尚的
vt. 使温和; 使驯服
n. 蛆; 饵
时态：gentled, gentling, gentles
分布：温和的(53%)，轻柔的(17%)，文雅的(14%)，温顺的(14%)，出身名门的(2%)
→来自gen-,生育，词源同generate.原指出生高贵的，优雅的。
a.和蔼的,文雅的,有礼貌的At the agency, the aged agent is urgently urged to go for surgery by the gentle surgeon.在办事处,温和的外科医生急切地催促年老的代理商做外科手术.
【反】truculent（adj 好战凶猛的）
US [-tˌl] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■calm, kind or soft 文静的；和蔼的；温柔的
• a gentle smile 和蔼的微笑
• He's very gentle with his kids. 他对孩子们很温和。
 ESSENTIAL
■not violent, severe or strong 轻柔的；平和的；徐缓的
• gentle exercise 舒缓的锻炼
• a gentle breeze 轻柔的微风
• You can actually accomplish a lot more by gentle persuasion. 和声细语耐心说服实际上会收效更大。
 IMPROVER
■not steep or sudden 不陡的；平缓的；徐缓的
• The path has a gentle slope/gradient. 这条小路上有个平缓的斜坡／有点平缓的坡度。
gentle, moderate, tender, mild, soft
这组词都有“温和的，柔和的”的意思，其区别是：
gentle: 指温柔、亲切、优雅。常含有节制和意味。
moderate: 中性词，指温和稳健，有节制，不走极端。
tender: 和gentle意思很接近。指人的感情细腻、温情慈爱和有同情心，侧重心理素质。也可指物的柔嫩等。
mild: 用于人时，指天性温顺，脾气好，不放肆粗野；用于物时，主要指适度，程度上相当缓和给人以愉快感觉。
soft: 侧重柔软或安稳、光滑，使人不感到粗糙或严酷。
adj. 温和的；文雅的
 - pacific, moderate, soft, mild, temperate
vt. 使温和，使驯服
 - soften, milden
n. 蛆，饵
 - grubworm, maggot

Word: related
Front: related
[rɪˈleɪtɪd] (雅 3391/2726 -K3)
Vocabulary: related
(once / 146 pages)
adj
Things are related when there's some connection or similarity between them. The fact that you caught a cold might be related to the fact that the kids you babysat sneezed and coughed all night long.
People are related when they share a family connection, and other things are related by different kinds of connections. One poem is related to another if they come from the same school or movement of poetry, and a boy's dislike of baseball is probably related to the fact that his first coach yelled a lot. The verb relate is at the root of related, from the Latin relatus, "brought back."
WORD FAMILY
related: relatedly, relatedness, unrelated +/interrelate: interrelated, interrelating, interrelation/ interrelated: interrelatedness/interrelation: interrelations, interrelationship/interrelationship: interrelationships/ relate: interrelate, related, relates, relating, relation, relative / relation: relational, relations, relationship /relational: relationally/ relationship: relationships/ relative: relatively, relatives, relativise, relativism, relativity, relativize/relativistic: relativistically/ relativity: relativistic, relativities/relativize: relativizes/ unrelated: unrelatedly, unrelatedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the judge stopped short of forcing the company to apologise and did not say Chen’s dismissal was related to his gender identity.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“Most people think that illness is related to the organism. That’s only one part of the story,” Powers says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The questioning Monday night was apparently related to the less serious of the two, which concerns gifts from businessmen, according to the media reports.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 有关系的; 叙述的
vt. 叙述(relate过去式和过去分词)
分布：有亲属关系的(50%)，相关的(50%)
US [-tˌɪd] adjective
CONNECTED 有关的
 IMPROVER
■connected 有关的；有联系的；相关的
• We discussed unemployment and related issues. 我们探讨了失业及相关问题。
• Experts believe that the large number of cancer cases in the area are directly related to the new nuclear power station. 专家们认为，该地区癌症病例的大量出现和新建的核电站之间有直接关系。
UK [rɪ'leɪ.tɪd] US [-tˌɪd] adjective
FAMILY 属同一家族的
 IMPROVER
■If people are related, they belong to the same family 有亲戚关系的；有亲缘关系的；属同一家族的
• She claims she is related to royalty. 她声称她和王室家族有亲缘关系。
• Jim and I are related by marriage. 占姆和我是姻亲。
■If different types of animal are related, they come from the same type of animal （动物）属于同一种类的，同一组别的
• The cat and the lion are related species. 猫和狮子同属一科。
adj. 有关系的，有关联的；讲述的，叙述的
 - participant, narrative
v. 叙述（relate过去式）
 - give an account of

Word: organ
Front: organ
[ˈɔ:gən] (高研四六雅 3394/3101 -K2)
Vocabulary: organ
(once / 102 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An organ is a part of your body that performs a specific function: like your brain, lungs, or skin.
You might not use the word organ often, but you use organs every second — imagine getting through a day without your heart or skin. An organ may also serve a specific function for an institution: a periodical like a newsletter can be an organ of an organization. An organ is also the wind instrument — sometimes called a pipe organ — often played in church. People who want their organs to be used by others after their death are called organ donors.
WORD FAMILY
organ: organic, organification, organist, organs+/inorganic: inorganically/micro-organism: micro-organisms/microorganism: microorganisms/ organic: inorganic, organically, organicism, organics, organism /organicism: organicistic/ organism: micro-organism, microorganism, organismal, organisms/organist: organists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It's why he's now dedicated to a healthier, more active lifestyle and volunteering for OneLegacy — a nonprofit organ and tissue recovery organization.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
For many years, China harvested the organs of executed prisoners to help meet demand.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
It features pizzicato cello and a subtle growl of organ, along with lyrics that revel in comeuppance.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 机构; 器官; 风琴; 元件
分布：器官(72%)，风琴(16%)，机构(9%)，喉舌(2%)，报刊(1%)
→来自希腊语organon,工具，乐器，身体器官，来自werg,工作，做工，词源同work,ergative.引申词义运行，组织，机构等。
n.器官;机构,机关;风琴The original Organ Organization was originated with an original man.最初的风琴组织是由一个有创见的人发起的.
US ['ɔ:r-] noun
BODY PART 身体部位
 ADVANCED countable
■a part of the body of an animal or plant which performs a particular job （动植物的）器官
• an external/internal/reproductive organ 外部／内部／生殖器官
• an organ donor/transplant 器官捐赠者／移植
UK ['ɔ:.gən] US ['ɔ:r-] noun
INSTRUMENT 乐器
countable
■a musical instrument with a keyboard in which sound is produced by air being forced through pipes of different sizes and lengths when you press the keys with your hands or feet, or in which sound is produced electronically 管风琴；电风琴
• Electronic organs are much smaller and cheaper than pipe organs. 电风琴比管风琴小得多，也便宜得多。
UK ['ɔ:.gən] US ['ɔ:r-] noun
NEWSPAPER 报纸
the organ of sth formal
■a newspaper or broadcasting station produced by a particular organization and giving only the opinions of that organization （某组织的）喉舌，宣传工具（指报纸或广播电台）
• The newspaper Pravda was the official organ of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union. 《真理报》曾是苏联共产党的官方报纸。
n. [生物] 器官；机构；风琴；管风琴；嗓音
 - machinery, apparatus, voice, house

Word: lightly
Front: lightly
[ˈlaɪtli] (四六 3396/3528 -K)
Back: adv. 轻轻地，轻巧地; 轻松地，轻快地; 轻易地，容易地，不费力地; 轻率地
分布：轻轻地(35%)，轻率地(27%)，轻快地(16%)，轻微地(11%)，轻蔑地(11%)
adverb
GENTLY 轻轻地
 ADVANCED
■gently or using very little of something 轻轻地；稍稍地；少许
• She patted him lightly on the shoulder. 她轻轻地拍了拍他的肩膀。
• Dust the cake lightly with icing sugar. 在蛋糕上稍微撒上一点糖霜。
■If food is lightly cooked, it is cooked for only a short time 稍微（烹调）一下；嫩（炒）地
• lightly cooked vegetables 烧得很嫩的蔬菜
['laɪt.li] adverb
NOT SERIOUSLY 不严肃地
■If you say something lightly, you are not serious when you say it 轻松地，随便地；不严肃地
• "Anyway, it won't affect me because I'm leaving, " she said lightly. “不管怎么说，这对我都没甚么影响，因为我就要走了。”她很轻松地说。
not do sth lightly
■If something is not said or treated lightly, it is said or treated in a serious way, after great thought 不可草率对待，不能忽视
• Accusations like these from a top minister are not made lightly. 高级部长提出这样的指控不可等闲视之。
['laɪt.li] adverb
NOT SEVERELY 不严重地
get off lightly; let sb off lightly
■to be punished or punish someone less severely than might have been expected 得到从轻判罚；对（某人）从轻判罚
• I think he got off quite lightly considering it's his third driving offence. 这已经是他第三次违法驾驶了，我觉得对他罚得太轻了。
adv. 轻轻地；轻松地；容易地；不费力地
 - easily, gently, easy, readily

Word: concerning
Front: concerning
[kənˈsɜ:nɪŋ] (研四六托 3395/2659 -K2)
Back: prep. （表示论及）关于，就…而论
v. “concern”的现在分词; 涉及; 关心; 顾虑，忧虑
分布：名词(100%)
prep.关于,论及Concerning his background, I know nothing.有关他的背景,我完全不知道.
US [-'sɝ:-] slightly formal
preposition
 ADVANCED
■about 关于
• I've had a letter from the tax authorities concerning my tax payments. 我收到了税务部门寄来的关于我纳税情况的一封信。
UK [kən'sɜ:.nɪŋ] US [-'sɝ:-] slightly formal
preposition
  Common Learner Errors  concerning Remember that concerning is never followed by 'to' or 'about'. Don't say 'concerning to something' or 'concerning about something', say concerning something :
✗ I am writing concerning to the article in yesterday's newspaper. I am writing concerning the article in yesterday's newspaper.
UK [kən'sɜ:.nɪŋ] US [-'sɝ:-] slightly formal
adjective not standard
■making you feel slightly worried 令人担心的
• The increase in crime in the area is very concerning. 该地区犯罪率的上升十分令人担忧。
prep. 关于；就…而言
 - about, as for, with reference to, in relation to, in respect of
v. 涉及；使关心（concern的ing形式）；忧虑
 - involving, relating

Word: invent
Front: invent
[ɪnˈvent] (中高研四六 3398/3639 -K2)
Vocabulary: invent
(once / 99 pages)
v
To invent is to create for the first time or make up. If you tell your friends that you invented the electric guitar, you are inventing a pretty unbelievable story about your past.
When you think of the word invent, think of Thomas Alva Edison who invented the long-lasting light bulb, the motion picture camera, the phonograph, and the stock ticker. That's a lot of inventions! You couldn't invent a better story of American ingenuity, could you?
WORD FAMILY
invent: invented, inventing, invention, inventive, inventor, invents, reinvent +/ invention: inventions/ inventive: inventively, inventiveness, inventivest, uninventive/ inventor: inventors/ reinvent: reinvented, reinventing, reinvents/uninventive: uninventively
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story begins a long, long time ago, so long ago, the internet wasn’t really invented.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Robert Alvarez said the proposal invented a problem that did not exist.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Vatican spokesman Greg Burke tells The Associated Press the quotes are “invented.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 发明，创造; 虚构
时态：invented, inventing, invents
分布：发明(94%)，捏造(6%)
→in-,进入，使，-vent,来，来到，词源同advent,venture.即来到，到达，引申词义找到，发现，后来进一步指发明，创造。
发明,创造(in进+vent→走进来→发明出)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
v.发明,创造;捏造,虚构Watt invented the steam engine.瓦特发明了蒸汽机.
verb transitive
NEW DESIGN 创造
 IMPROVER
■to design and/or create something which has never been made before 发明，创造
• The first safety razor was invented by company founder King C. Gillette in 1903. 第一把安全剃刀由公司创办人金恩‧坎普‧吉列于1903年发明。
[ɪn'vent] verb transitive
NOT TRUE 虚构
 IMPROVER
■to create a reason, excuse, story etc. which is not true, usually to deceive someone 捏造，编造，虚构
• But I didn't invent the story - everything I told you is true. 但我没有胡编——我告诉你的都是真的。
invent, compose, make, create, design, produce
这组词都有“创造”的意思，其区别是：
invent: 主要用于科技领域，指通过思考、研究或实验制造出新的前所未有、极为有用的东西。
compose: 多指音乐或诗歌、画的创作。
make: 最普通用词，指任何东西的创作或制造。
create: 侧重创造出来的东西以前并不存在，或者指独具特色的创作。
design: 主要指在艺术或技术领域的创作设计，强调构思多于实际制造。
produce: 指产品的生产，或作品创作的完成。
invent, discover, find out
invent: 发明本来不存在的物体,
discover: 发现本来存在但不为人所知的东西,
find out: 发现,查明 At last he found out the truth.
vt. 发明；创造；虚构
 - father, coin

Word: laughter
Front: laughter
[ˈlɑ:ftə(r)] (高研四六 3397/3321 -3)
Vocabulary: laughter
(once / 152 pages)
n
Whether you giggle or chuckle or snort with amusement, what you're producing is laughter. Laughter is also what people hear when you laugh.
Funny movies, your friends' jokes, and absurd or embarrassing situations all cause laughter, which is the word for both the action and the sound of someone laughing. Laughter can be a silent, shaking movement, or a loud guffaw. There are a few other primates besides humans who experience laughter, and most babies can shake with laughter before they're even able to speak.
WORD FAMILY
laughter: laughters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Joe’s Pub, the glimmering nightclub at the Public Theater, bursts with laughter and cheers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They leered across the bar throwing judgmental daggers at the laughter and sparkles.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But in her class at West Chester University, there’s laughter.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 笑，笑声; 〈古〉好笑的事; 〈美俚〉力量悬殊得可笑的体育比赛; 大笑
分布：笑声(100%)
→来自laugh的名词形式。
n.笑,笑声In the beautiful bureau my daughter's laughter served for the sauce of the sausage.在漂亮的办公署,女儿的笑声充当了香肠的调料.
US ['læf.tɚ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the act or sound of laughing 笑；笑声
• She roared with laughter (= laughed very loudly). 她放声大笑起来。
• As we approached the hall we could hear the sound of laughter. 我们快走到大厅时可以听到里面传出的笑声。
UK ['lɑ:f.tər] US ['læf.tɚ] noun uncountable
Laughter is the best medicine. saying
■said to mean that trying to be happy is a good way to stop worrying 欢笑是良药。
n. 笑；笑声
 - risus

Word: fit
Front: fit
[fɪt] (中高托雅 1349/1046 -K2)
Vocabulary: fit
(once / 39 pages)
1adjvn 2v 3n 4adj
"Don't have a fit about it!" someone might snap at you. Chances are you're making a fuss and acting out, characteristics that precisely fit or match what having a fit involves. Chill out.
When something fits like a glove, it fits just right. When you put a glove on, you fit each finger into its place. The word fit can mean "matching the shape of something" or "being a good match," like two people who meet online and turn out to be a good fit for one another. But its definitions are not always so rosy. If you're really angry and find yourself throwing a tantrum, you're having a fit.
WORD FAMILY
fit: fitful, fitly, fitness, fits, fitted, fitter, fittest, fitting, misfit, refit, unfit +/ fitful: fitfully, fitfulness/ fitness: fitnesses/fitter: fitters/fitting: fittingly, fittingness, fittings, ill-fitting / misfit: misfits, misfitted, misfitting/refit: refits, refitted, refitting/ unfit: unfitly, unfitness, unfits, unfitted, unfitting/unfitness: unfitnesses/unfitting: unfittingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gates said it’s hard to describe many of her emotions when she finally was fitted for her wig.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
If there is a good fit, we will set a meeting up.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
The Intro: Yes, the producers managed to fit in a gratuitous shot of Nick in the shower.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）适合; 安装; 合身
adj. 合适的; 恰当的; 合身的; 健壮的
n. 合身; 适合; 匹配; 发作
时态：fitted, fitting, fits
分布：适合(63%)，合适的(10%)，安装(9%)，健康的(7%)，发作(6%)，适宜(3%)，适宜的(2%)
→来自古英语fit, 势均力敌的对手。引申词义匹配，合身。痉挛义词源不详，也可能来自同一词源，对手，竞争，扭打，痉挛。比较match,词源同make.
a.(病的)发作,痉挛v./a.n.合适,试穿,安装The situation is fit for profiting and beneficial to the shops situated nearby.这种形势适于获利且对坐落在附近的商铺有益.
verb (-tt-)
CORRECT SIZE 尺寸正确
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to be the right size or shape for someone or something 合适，合身；可容纳
• That jacket fits you perfectly. 那件外套你穿着很合身。
• The dress fits like a glove (= very well). 这件连衣裙非常合身。
• Our new sofa doesn't fit through the door. 我们的新沙发通不过这道门。
• I don't think another desk will fit into this classroom. 我认为这间教室一张书桌也搁不下了。
• My car's too big to fit in this space. 我的车太大了，这个地方停不下。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
BE SUITABLE 合适
 ADVANCED transitive
■to be suitable for something 适合；胜任；符合
• With her qualifications, she should fit the job perfectly. 以她的资历，应该完全能胜任这份工作。
• Let the punishment fit the crime. 按罪量刑。
• I'm sure we'll have something to fit your requirements, Madam. 我肯定我们会有合您意的东西，夫人。
  Common Learner Errors  fit or suit? Warning: choose the correct verb! To talk about something being right for a particular person, situation or occasion, don't say 'fit', say suit :
✗ Life in a small village didn't fit him. Life in a small village didn't suit him.
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
PUT IN POSITION 安置
 ADVANCED transitive
■to provide something and put it in the correct position 安置；安装
• All the carpets we sell are fitted free. 我们出售的所有地毯都免费代为铺设。
• She's been fitted with an artificial leg. 她装了一条义肢。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
ILLNESS 疾病
intransitive UK specialized
■to have a fit (= sudden attack of uncontrolled movements) 发作（指突然发生的、不能控制的动作）
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
fit the bill
■to be suitable for a particular purpose 与目的相符
• This new software certainly fits the bill. 这款新软体肯定符合要求。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
fit to burst old-fashioned informal
■If someone is fit to burst with an emotion or a feeling, it is very strong within them 充满（某种情绪、感情）的
• The children were fit to burst with excitement. 孩子都兴奋极了。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
fit to drop mainly UK
■extremely tired 极度疲劳；极其疲倦；十分累
• After the run they were fit to drop. 跑完之后，他们快累趴下了。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
If the cap fits, (wear it). UK saying (US If the shoe fits, (wear it).)
■said to tell someone that if they are guilty of bad behaviour, they should accept criticism 帽子合适就戴上；要是批评中肯，就接受吧
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  fit in ADVANCED
■to feel that you belong to a particular group and are accepted by them 合得来；适应
• It's no surprise she's leaving - she never really fitted in. 她要离开——这一点也不意外，因为她从来都没真正融入其中。
■If one thing fits in with another thing, they look pleasant together or are suitable for each other 相合；合适
• It's a very nice sofa but it doesn't fit in with the rest of the room. 这张沙发很漂亮，但是跟房间里其他的家俱不搭配。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fit sb/sth in ADVANCED
■to find time to do or deal with something or someone 找时间做（或处理）；安排时间见（某人）
• Dr Jones is very busy but I'm sure she'll be able to fit you in tomorrow. 琼斯医生很忙，但是我敢肯定她明天能安排时间见您。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  fit in with sth
■If one activity or event fits in with another, they exist or happen together in a way that is convenient. 与…一致
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M usually passive] fit sth out
■to supply someone or something with all of the things which will be needed 为…提供一切必要的东西；装备，配备
• The ship will be in dock for eight months to be fitted out for its new duties. 这艘船会在码头停泊八个月进行装配，以便执行新任务。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fit sth up UK
■to put furniture in a room or building 为…添置家俱，布置
• We've fitted up the spare room as a nursery. 我们已把空房间布置成儿童室。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fit sb up UK slang
■to make someone appear guilty 诬陷（某人）
• Of course she didn't do it - someone fitted her up. 她当然没做那件事——有人诬陷她。
[fɪt] adjective (fitter, fittest)
HEALTHY 健康的
 IMPROVER
■healthy and strong, especially as a result of exercise 健壮的；健康的
• I jog to keep fit. 我透过慢跑来健身。
• You need to be very fit to hike the Inca Trail. 徒步印加古道必须具备强壮的体魄。
Opposite unfit
[fɪt] adjective (fitter, fittest)
SUITABLE 合适的
■suitable for a particular purpose or activity 合适的；相称的
• She's not fit for the level of responsibility she's been given. 她挑不起肩上的那个重担。
Opposite unfit
be in no fit state to do sth
■to not be able to do something because you are upset, ill, drunk, etc 不宜做…；不在做…的状态
• He's very upset and is in no fit state to drive. 他心烦意乱，不宜驾车。
fit for human consumption
■safe for people to eat 可供人食用
(not) fit for purpose
■Something that is fit for purpose does what it is supposed to do, but does not have a lot of extra features. 十分适合用来做某事的；专门用于做某事的
see/think sth fit
■to consider an action or decision to be correct for the situation 认为（行动或决定）恰当（或合适）
• Just do whatever you think fit - I'm sure you'll make the right decision. 你觉得怎样合适就怎样做吧，我相信你会作出正确决定的。
• Spend the money as you see fit. 把钱花在你认为该花的地方。
[fɪt] adjective (fitter, fittest)
ATTRACTIVE 吸引的 UK slang
■sexually attractive 性感的
• I met this really fit bloke in the pub last night. 昨晚，我在酒吧遇到了这个十分性感的小子。
[fɪt] adjective (fitter, fittest)
be (as) fit as a fiddle (UK also be (as) fit as a flea)
■to be very healthy and strong 非常健康
• My grandmother's 89, but she's as fit as a fiddle. 我祖母已经89岁了，但身体仍很健康。
[fɪt] adjective (fitter, fittest)
fit to be tied US informal
■extremely angry 极度忿怒，怒不可遏
[fɪt] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
countable
■a sudden attack of illness when someone cannot control their movements and becomes unconscious （疾病的）突发，发作；痉挛；昏厥
• an epileptic fit 癫痫病发作
• He had a fit at work and collapsed. 他工作时突然昏厥倒地。
[fɪt] noun
SHORT PERIOD 短时期
countable
■a sudden, uncontrolled period of doing something or feeling something 突发；一阵
• a coughing/sneezing fit 一阵咳嗽／喷嚏
• She hit him in a fit of anger. 她一怒之下打了他。
[fɪt] noun
CORRECT SIZE 尺寸正确
only singular
■the way that something fits 适合；合身
• These shoes are a perfect fit. 这双鞋很合适。
• The trousers were a good fit but the jacket was too small. 裤子很合身，但外套太小了。
• Check the fit of the pieces before gluing them in place. 用胶水黏住之前，检查一下各片大小是否合适。
[fɪt] noun
have/throw a fit informal
■to become very angry or worried, often shouting a lot 勃然大怒，大发脾气；心烦意乱
• She'll throw a fit when she sees the mess you've made. 她一旦看见你弄的这一团糟会大发脾气的。
[fɪt] noun
in fits (of laughter) UK informal
■laughing a lot 一阵阵（大笑）
• His stories had them in fits of laughter. 他的故事引得他们不时地大笑。
[fɪt] noun
in/by fits and starts
■If something happens in fits and starts, it often stops and then starts again 间歇地；一阵一阵地
• Replies to the advertisement are arriving in fits and starts. 广告宣传的回应零零星星地来了。
fit, accommodate, conform, suit, adjust, adapt
这组词都有“使适合，适应”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 含义广，指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。
accommodate: 书面用词，指以外部条件标准改变自己或某事以求得适应，着重改变或调节的有利。
conform: 多指与某模式或规则相符，也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。
suit: 指适合要求，从而使人满意愉快。
adjust: 与adapt含义很接近，但adjust所改变的幅度要小一些，侧重过程，主要用于调整角度、高度、光点等。
adapt: 指人或物在原有情况下作某些改变以适应新的环境或不同的条件，强调改变的目的和重要性。
wholesome, fit, robust, strong, sound, tough, healthy, sturdy, vigorous, well
这组词都有“健康的，强健的”的意思，其区别是：
wholesome: 多指能给人留下身体健康、思想健全或品德良好等印象。
fit: 既可指健壮又可指健全无病。
robust: 强调身体强健。
strong: 既指体格健壮，又指体力或精神上的力量。
sound: 侧重身体各部分或器官没有病，无任何缺陷，即健康。
tough: 着重指人的体格健壮。
healthy: 指身体无病，也可指身心健全、正常的。
sturdy: 侧重于结实的体格。
vigorous: 指人强健有力，精力充沛。
well: 仅指没有疾病，但不一定很健康。
fit, appropriate, suitable, apt, proper, fitting
这组词都有“适当的”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 指具有适合于某个目的，某种工作或某种用途等必需的品质或条件。
appropriate: 指专门适合于某人或某事，语气较重，强调“恰如其分”。
suitable: 指具有适合于某种特定场合、地位或情况等的品质。
apt: 专指性质或构造适合达到某一目的或得到某种结果的要求。
proper: 往往侧重于符合某个标准或习惯。
fitting: 指与当时的目标、情绪状态、气氛、场合等相适应。
vt. 安装；使……适应；使……合身；与……相符
 - fix, configure
vi. 符合，配合；适合；合身
 - cooperate, gear, serve, accord, meet with
adj. 健康的；合适的；恰当的；准备好的
 - healthy, applicable, fixed, robust, becoming
n. 合身；发作；痉挛
 - outbreak, episodes

Word: northwest
Front: northwest
['nɔ:θ'west] (高研四六 3403/14975)
Back: n. 西北，西北方向; 西北部
adj. 在西北的; 西北部的; 向西北的; （风、光线）来自西北方的
adv. 自西北地
分布：西北(83%)，西北方(6%)，西北的(5%)，向西北(4%)，来自西北的(1%)，在西北的(1%)
n.西北方,西北部a.西北的ad.向西北,在西北The bird nests only in northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest lest it be found.此鸟只在东北,西北,东南和西南筑巢,以免被发现.
US [ˌnɔːrɵ-] (written abbreviation NW)
 ADVANCED
■the direction which is between north and west 西北向，西北方
• The wind is coming from the northwest. 正在刮西北风。
the Northwest
■the area in the northwest of Britain or of another country （英国或其他国家的）西北部
• the Northwest of Australia 澳大利亚西北部
• Most of the country's industry is in the Northwest. 该国的工业大多分布在西北部。
adjective adverb UK [ˌnɔːɵˈwest] US [ˌnɔːrɵ-/
■in or towards the northwest 在西北（的）；向西北（的）
• the sale of the company's northwest division 该公司西北分公司的销售情况
• Turn northwest. 向西北方向转。
• The town is/lies about 100 miles northwest of Las Vegas. 该城位于拉斯维加斯西北方大约100英里处。
adjective UK [ˈnɔːɵˌwest] US [ˈnɔːrɵ-]
northwest wind
■a wind that comes from the northwest 西北风

Word: counseling
Front: counseling
['kaʊnsəlɪŋ] (六托 3399/-)
Vocabulary: counseling
(once / 3715 pages)
n
When you go for counseling, you're getting advice to help you make a decision or figure out what to do. Before getting married, you and your intended may see your minister for counseling about how to have a happy marriage.
Usually counseling takes the form of talking with someone who has experience or training in specific areas where you need help. For example, if you need financial counseling, you'll find an expert in managing money. People who go to therapy with a psychologist or psychiatrist, to get help with whatever is bothering them, may also refer to that therapy as counseling. Counseling comes from the Latin root consilium, meaning "advice."
WORD FAMILY
counseling: counselings+/ counsel: counseled, counseling, counselled, counselling, counsellor, counselor, counsels/counselling: counsellings/counsellor: counsellors, counsellorship/ counselor: counselors, counselorship
USAGE EXAMPLES
He says the district is providing counseling for students.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And it was a chance to explore what drives this man and his passion for counseling and teaching hoops in this achingly beautiful land.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He plans to get a degree in counseling to help other veterans.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （对个人，社会以及心理等问题的）咨询服务
分布：顾问服务(100%)
n. 咨询服务
 - consulting service, consultation service, advisory services
v. 建议；劝告；商讨（counsel的ing形式）
 - advising, admonishing

Word: receiver
Front: receiver
[rɪˈsi:və(r)] (高四六托 3401/3543 -2)
Back: n. 接受者，收款员; 接收器; 无线电接收机; （破产公司的）官方接管人
分布：接收器(62%)，听筒(25%)，接受者(9%)，收款员(3%)，破产管理官(1%)
→来自 receive,接收，收到，-er,表物。
US [-vɚ] noun countable
EQUIPMENT 器材
 ADVANCED (also telephone receiver)
■the part of the telephone that you hold to your ear and mouth （电话）听筒
• She picked up the receiver and dialled his number. 她拿起电话拨了他的号码。
 ADVANCED
■a piece of equipment that changes radio and television signals into sounds and pictures （无线电或电视）接收器，接收机
UK [rɪ'si:.vər] US [-vɚ] noun countable
PERSON 人 (UK also official receiver)
■a person who officially deals with the business matters of companies who cannot pay their debts （破产公司的）管理人，接管人
• The company went bankrupt and was put into the hands of the receivers. 公司破产了，由破产管理人接管。
UK legal
■A receiver (of stolen goods) is a person who buys and sells property which they know has been stolen. 买卖赃物者；收赃人
n. 接收器；接受者；收信机；收款员，接待者
 - taker, acceptor

Word: ritual
Front: ritual
[ˈrɪtʃuəl] (研六托雅宝 3404/4517 -2)
Vocabulary: ritual
(once / 708 pages)
nadj
A ritual is a ceremony or action performed in a customary way. Your family might have a Saturday night ritual of eating a big spaghetti dinner and then taking a long walk to the ice cream shop.
As an adjective, ritual means "conforming to religious rites," which are the sacred, customary ways of celebrating a religion or culture. Different communities have different ritual practices, like meditation in Buddhism, or baptism in Christianity. We also call the ceremony itself a ritual. Although it comes from religious ceremonies, ritual can also be used for any time-honored tradition, like the Superbowl, or Mardi Gras, or Sunday morning pancake breakfast.
WORD FAMILY
ritual: ritualise, ritualism, ritualize, ritually, rituals+/ rite: rites, ritual /ritualise: ritualised/ritualism: ritualisms, ritualist, ritualistic/ritualist: ritualists/ritualistic: ritualistically/ritualize: ritualized
USAGE EXAMPLES
At this point I felt that these rituals were almost too much.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
But this public ritual is by no means confined to celebrities.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Sometimes the story, in all its magnificent ridiculousness, seems like mere scaffolding, propping up the ritual of the performance.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （宗教等的）仪式; 例行公事，老规矩; 典礼
adj. 作为仪式的一部分的; 礼节性的; 例行公事的
分布：仪式(72%)，仪式的(10%)，宗教仪式(9%)，典礼(6%)，惯常的(1%)，老规矩的(1%)，固定程序(1%)
a.宗教仪式的,典礼的n.(宗教)仪式,典礼Our society has many rituals of greeting, farewell and celebration.
US ['rɪtʃ.u-] noun countable or uncountable
■a set of fixed actions and sometimes words performed regularly, especially as part of a ceremony 例行公事，老规矩；（尤指）仪式
• Coffee and the newspaper are part of my morning ritual. 喝咖啡和读报纸是我早晨必做的事情之一。
• The birds were performing a complex mating ritual. 这些鸟在进行程式复杂的交配。
n. 仪式；惯例；礼制
 - tradition, ceremony, convention, usage, service
adj. 仪式的；例行的；礼节性的
 - routine, ceremonial

Word: insect
Front: insect
[ˈɪnsekt] (高研四六雅 3405/3450 -K2)
Vocabulary: insect
(once / 272 pages)
n
An insect is commonly called a bug. Flies, bees, spiders, and wasps are all insects.
Insects are the most numerous type of animals on Earth — and also some of the least popular. These tiny, air-breathing arthropods always seem to be where you don't want them. Mosquitoes, ants, and bees can ruin a picnic. Moths ruin clothes. Spiders scare the heck out of people. Cockroaches are disgusting and extremely hard to kill. It's no wonder insects aren't as popular as cats or dogs.
WORD FAMILY
insect: insects
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first pesticide to be tested will be propoxur, which is commonly used against fleas and other insects.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A lot of Sue’s work begins with a sketch, whether it is to create a new flower arrangement, insect or a design for a customer.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The zoo and Wild Place Project are home to around 500 species, from tiny fish and insects to gorillas and hippos.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 虫，昆虫; 卑鄙的人; 微贱的人，小人
adj. 昆虫的; 卑劣的
分布：昆虫(91%)，虫子(8%)，卑微的人(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-sect,切，分，词源同sex,segment.因昆虫分段的躯体而得名。
昆虫(in进入+sect→昆虫一节一节如被切开一样)[Sect,seg=cut,divide,表示"切,割"]
n.昆虫This section about insects is written by a respectable specialist.关于昆虫的这一节是由一位可敬的专家撰写的.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a type of very small animal with six legs, a body divided into three parts and usually two pairs of wings, or, more generally, any similar very small animal 昆虫
• Ants, beetles, butterflies and flies are all insects. 蚂蚁、甲虫、蝴蝶和苍蝇都是昆虫。
• I've got some sort of insect bite on my leg. 我腿上被小虫咬了一口。
worm, pest, bug, insect
这组词都有“虫，昆虫”的意思，其区别是：
worm: 侧重指蚯蚓、蚕、毛虫等小而无骨的虫。
pest: 指有害的昆虫或有害的小动物。
bug: 指小昆虫，尤指吸血的臭虫，也可指细菌。
insect: 含义广泛，多指蚂蚁、黄蜂、蝉等等。
n. [昆] 昆虫；卑鄙的人
 - ratfink, warb

Word: interrupt
Front: interrupt
[ˌɪntəˈrʌpt] (高研四六托宝 3407/3386 -K2)
Vocabulary: interrupt
(once / 91 pages)
1vn 2v
To interrupt someone is to interfere in their activity, disrupt their conversation, or to disturb their peace and quiet.
Imaging you're watching reruns of Jeopardy! and your mom interrupts you, threatening to turn off the TV unless you take the trash out. Then your brother interrupts your peace and quiet by shouting answers — wrong answers — at the TV. A special weather bulletin then interrupts your "regularly scheduled program" with a severe thunderstorm warning. And, to complete the job, lightning causes an interrupt (now used as a noun) in the power grid and your electricity goes off.
WORD FAMILY
interrupt: interrupted, interrupter, interrupting, interruption, interrupts+/interrupted: interruptedly, uninterrupted/interrupter: interrupters/interruption: interruptions/uninterrupted: uninterruptedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
His solitary task was interrupted when a car pulled up.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Play was not interrupted on the field during Sunday’s game, but eight rows of fans below the banner were cleared as a precaution.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
All Amber Alerts will receive a Wireless Emergency Alert, which pushes the notifications to mobile devices and interrupts broadcasts.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 打断（别人的话等）; 阻止; 截断
vt. 暂停; 中断; 打扰; 妨碍
vi. 打断
n. 中断; 暂停
时态：interrupted, interrupting, interrupts
分布：打断(45%)，中断(41%)，打扰(12%)，阻碍(2%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-rupt,打断，破开，词源同bankrupt,rupture.引申词义干扰，打断。
打断(inter在...中间+rupt→在[讲话]中间打断)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
v.中断,遮断,阻碍;打断(话),打扰The external and internal interference interrupts my interpretation at short intervals.内部和外部干涉以很短的间隔打扰我翻译.
【记】inter中间，rupt断裂－使别人的谈话在中间断裂－打断
US [-tˌə-] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to stop a person from speaking for a short period by something you say or do, or to stop something from happening for a short period 打断；短暂中止
• She tried to explain what had happened but he kept interrupting her. 她试图解释所发生的事情，但他不停地打断她。
• I wish you'd stop interrupting. 但愿你别打断我的话。
• We had to interrupt our trip when we heard John's mother was ill. 听说约翰的母亲病了，我们不得不中止旅行。
intervene, disturb, interrupt, interfere
这组词都有“干扰”的意思，其区别是：
intervene: v.干涉，干预，较为正式，常指带有行动的干预；此外，还有"调停"的意思。
 • Would you intervene if you saw a parent hit a child?   要是你看到家长打孩子你会干预吗？
disturb: v.打扰，妨碍。常指失去了正常的状态或导致困难产生。
 • Bad dreams disturbed her sleep.   噩梦妨碍她的睡眠。
interrupt: v.打扰，打断，阻碍。常有"使……停止(中断)"的意思。
 • His speech was constantly interrupted by applause.   他的讲话频频被掌声所打断。
interfere: v.干涉，妨碍。常指干涉或妨碍他人(的事)，着重指有影响，当"干涉"讲时，后多接in，当"妨碍，打扰"时后多接with。
 • It's unwise to interfere between husband and wife.   干涉别人夫妇间的事是不明智的
vt. 中断；打断；插嘴；妨碍
 - let, violate
vi. 打断；打扰
 - cut in on, to break in on
n. 中断
 - break, broken off

Word: salmon
Front: salmon
[ˈsæmən] (六宝 3406/4751 -2)
Vocabulary: salmon
(once / 1436 pages)
1n 2adjn
A salmon is a big, silver-skinned fish that lives in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Many commercial fishermen catch salmon.
Salmon are born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, and then return to the place they were born to spawn, or reproduce. Because they move from one place to another, salmon are famous for leaping over dams and against river tides — in fact, one theory about the word salmon says its Latin root is salire, or "to leap." There is also a color known as salmon, the pink-orange hue of a salmon's flesh.
WORD FAMILY
salmon: salmons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Of the salmon and steelhead that now return to spawn each year, experts say, about 70 to 90 percent originate in hatcheries.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The beginning of a new year offers prime time for winter blackmouth salmon fishing.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“When the salmon return, they spawn in our back yard.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 鲑鱼; 鲑鱼肉; 大马哈鱼; 三文鱼
分布：大马哈鱼(51%)，鲑(33%)，橙红色的(16%)
→来自古法语 salmun,鲑鱼，大马哈鱼，来自拉丁语 salire,跳，冲出，词源同 sally,resilient.可能 因这种鱼喜跳跃而得名，或因这种鱼洄游到出生地产卵而得名。
【记】外来语：读三文鱼
['sæm.ən] (plural salmon)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a medium-sized silvery fish which lives in the sea and swims up rivers to produce its eggs. Its pink flesh is eaten as a food 鲑鱼
• fresh/smoked/tinned salmon 鲜／熏／罐头鲑鱼
• salmon mousse/fishcakes 鲑鱼慕斯／煎鲑鱼饼
• salmon fishing 捕鲑鱼
n. 鲑鱼； [鱼] 大马哈鱼；鲑肉色
 - trout, red fish

Word: trading
Front: trading
[ˈtreɪdɪŋ] (3408/2254 -K)
Back: n. 贸易; 买卖; 交易; 股票交易
adj. 贸易的，交易的
v. 交易，经商( trade的现在分词 ); 交换; 经营…交易，做…的买卖
分布：贸易(88%)，买卖(12%)
noun uncountable
■when goods and/or services are bought and sold 买卖；贸易；营业；生意
• She doesn't approve of Sunday trading (= shops being open on Sunday). 她不赞成星期天商店开门营业。
■the buying and selling of shares and money （股票、货币的）交易
• The stock market moved ahead slightly in active trading today. 今天，股市在活跃的交易中略有增长。
⇒ See also insider dealing
n. 交易；贸易；购物
 - commerce, shopping, traffic, truck
v. 交换（trade的ing形式）；做买卖
 - changing, exchanging

Word: concern
Front: concern
[kənˈsɜ:n] (高研四六雅 717/836 -K5)
Vocabulary: concern
(once / 36 pages)
nv
Concern is both a noun and a verb. As a noun it's something that you find particularly important. If you love pizza, getting the crust just so is a major concern during your pizza party.
Concern can also be something or someone that makes you upset or anxious, like your concern over the quality of the pizza crust. It can be a feeling of sympathy, like when your mom expresses concern over your obsession with pizza crust. As a verb, concern means to be relevant to something. Your main goal today may concern studying for your math test. Concern can also describe worry. When you stay out past curfew, your mom will be concerned.
WORD FAMILY
concern: concerned, concerning, concerns, self-concern, unconcern+/ concerned: concernedly, unconcerned /unconcern: unconcerns/ unconcerned: unconcernedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The questioning Monday night was apparently related to the less serious of the two, which concerns gifts from businessmen, according to the media reports.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Experts also expressed concerns regarding the report released by DHS and the FBI on the Russian hacking operation.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He said he is concerned that three former high-level spies for Cuba are involved in their country’s engagement with the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 涉及，关系到; 使关心，使担忧; 参与
n. 关心; 关系，有关; 顾虑; 公司或企业
时态：concerned, concerning, concerns
分布：关心(62%)，公司(9%)，涉及(8%)，影响(8%)，企业(7%)，关心的事(6%)
→con-, 强调。-cern, 分开，筛选，词源同discern, crisis. 即区分开的，关心自己那一部分的。
关系到[cern,cert,cret=sure,separate,表示"搞清,区别"]
v.涉及,关系到v./n.关心n.(利害)关系The drug trafficker is concerned about the condition of the traditional concert.毒品贩子担心传统音乐会的状况.
US [-'sɝ:n] verb
WORRY 担心
 IMPROVER transitive
■to cause worry to someone 使担忧；使挂念；使焦虑
• The state of my father's health concerns us greatly. 我父亲的健康状况让我们非常担心。
• [+ that] It concerns me that he hasn't been in contact. 还没有联络到他，我很担心。
  Common Learner Errors  concern or concerned? Warning: do not confuse the verb concern with the adjective concerned :
✗ These days, people are concern about their health. These days, people are concerned about their health.
UK [kən'sɜ:n] US [-'sɝ:n] verb
INVOLVE 涉及
 ADVANCED transitive
■to be important to someone or to involve someone directly 对（某人）很重要；与（某人）相关；涉及，关系到（某人）
• Matters of pollution and the environment concern us all. 污染和环境的问题与我们所有人都息息相关。
• What I have to say to Amy doesn't concern you. 我要跟埃米说的事与你无关。
transitive formal
■If a story, film or article concerns a particular subject, person, etc., it is about that person or subject （故事、电影或文章）涉及，是关于…的
• The film concerns a woman who goes to China as a missionary. 电影讲述的是一位去中国传教的女子的故事。
concern yourself [R]
■to become involved with something, or worried about something 关心；关注；担心
• There's no need for you to concern yourself with what happened. 你不用操心发生了甚么事情。
• Don't concern yourself. She'll be home soon. 别担心，她很快就会回家的。
To whom it may concern
■something you write at the start of a formal letter or notice when you do not know exactly who it should be sent to 敬启者
UK [kən'sɜ:n] US [-'sɝ:n] noun
WORRY 担心
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you feel worried or nervous about something, or something that makes you feel worried 担心；忧虑；挂念；忧虑的事情
• Concern for the safety of the two missing teenagers is growing. 两名失踪少年的安危越来越令人担忧。
• There's a lot of public concern about/over dangerous toxins recently found in food. 公众对近来在食物中发现危险毒素一事非常不安。
• [+ that] My concern is that you're not getting enough work done. 我担心的是你将不能完成足够的工作。
UK [kən'sɜ:n] US [-'sɝ:n] noun
BUSINESS 公司
countable
■a company 公司，企业
• a family concern 家族企业
• It started slowly, but the company is now a going concern (= doing business effectively). 公司起步很慢，但现在生意做得很好。
UK [kən'sɜ:n] US [-'sɝ:n] noun
IMPORTANT TO 关切
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■something that is important to you, or when something is important 重要的事；关心的事，关切的事；关心，关切
• [+ to infinitive] His concern to appear sophisticated amused everyone. 他一心要显得老练，让大家觉得很好笑。
• The company's sole concern is to ensure the safety of its employees. 公司唯一关注的是要确保其员工的安全。
• There's a matter of some concern that I have to discuss with you. 我有件重要的事要跟你商量。
countable or uncountable
■something that involves or affects you or is important to you 关切的事；关心的事；有利害关系的事
• What were the major concerns of the writers from this period? 这个时期的作家主要关注的是甚么？
• I don't want to hear about it - it's no concern of mine! 我不想听那件事——完全与我无关！
• "What's happening?" "That's none of/not any of your concern." “发生甚么事了？”“不关你的事。”
be of concern
■to be important 很重要；有重大影响
• The results of the election are of concern to us all. 选举的结果对我们所有人都有重大影响。
affair, matter, concern, business, thing
这组词都有“事情”的意思，其区别是：
affair: 含义较广，侧重指已发生或必须去做的任何事情或事务。复数形式多指重大或较复杂的事务。
matter: 普通用词，着重指一件考虑中的或需要处理的事。
concern: 往往强调与个人或团体利害有直接或重大关系的事。
business: 通常指较重要或较难而又必须承担的事情，也可指商事。
thing: 用作“事情”解时，词义较笼统、含糊，多用于指不很具体的事。
anxiety, concern, care, worry
这组词都有“焦虑、关心”的意思，其区别是：
anxiety: 指对预料中的不祥之事的焦虑。
concern: 作“关心”用时，是indifference(冷漠)的反义词，侧重对他人健康、安全等的关心，也可暗示对困难、危险或失败等的忧虑。
care: 强调因出于责任感或顾虑等而产生的不安。
worry: 侧重对未知事态演变的忧虑。
vt. 涉及，关系到；使担心
 - deal with, to relate to
n. 关系；关心；关心的事
 - relationship, connection, attention, consideration, bearing

Word: magic
Front: magic
[ˈmædʒɪk] (中高研四六托雅 3411/3949 -K3)
Vocabulary: magic
(once / 133 pages)
nadj
Magic describes those unlikely events that seem to have a supernatural force behind them. When the elevator doors open just as you approach, it may seem like magic.
If you believe in witches and sorcerers, you probably already know that they can use magic to make impossible things happen. Magic is often used more broadly to describe things that just seem to involve some greater power. The waiter may appear as if by magic just when you’re craving dessert. Magic can also describe seemingly impossible tricks performed by an entertainer — a magician — such as making a person disappear or pulling a coin out of thin air.
WORD FAMILY
magic: magical, magician, magics+/ magical: magically/ magician: magicians
USAGE EXAMPLES
But against the Magic, the Knicks were again a sieve.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Two nights after yielding a season-worst 69 points in the first half to James Harden and Houston, the Knicks surrendered 67 to the Magic.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The chaebol all wrote checks, prosecutors say, usually after Mr. Ahn uttered the magic words: “The president is interested in this.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 魔法; 巫术; 戏法; 不可思议的魔力
adj. 魔术的; 幻术的; 不可思议的; 有奇异魔力的
v. 用魔法变出; 用魔法摆脱; 用魔法得到; 使中邪
分布：魔法(41%)，魔术(34%)，魔力(16%)，魔术的(5%)，有魔力的(3%)，奇妙的(1%)
→来自拉丁语magus,魔术师，巫师，智者，来自magh,使有能力，赋予力量，词源同machine,might.引申词义魔术，魔力。该词magh与gno(can,know)的区别在于前者的力量偏重于外人赋予，而后者的力量偏重于自身固有。
n.魔术,魔(魅)力,巫术a.有魔力的,魔术的The submitted submarine on the magic magazine is shining and magnificent.魔术杂志上那艘提交的潜艇闪亮而壮观.
noun uncountable
SPECIAL POWER 神奇力量
 ESSENTIAL
■the use of special powers to make things happen which would usually be impossible, such as in stories for children 魔法；法术；巫术
• The group are known for their belief in witchcraft and magic. 这个组织以相信巫术和魔法而出名。
• As if by magic] Like magic, the car changes into a boat when it hits the water. 汽车一碰到水就像变魔法般的变成了船。
 IMPROVER
■the skill of performing tricks to entertain people, such as making things appear and disappear and pretending to cut someone in half 魔术，戏法
• He's a comedian who also does magic. 他是个喜剧演员，但也表演魔术。
['mædʒ.ɪk] noun uncountable
SPECIAL QUALITY 特殊的品质
■a special and exciting quality that makes something seem different from ordinary things 魔力；魅力；神奇
• Although the film was made fifty years ago, it has lost none of its magic. 这部电影虽然拍摄于50年前，但至今魅力仍丝毫未减。
• No one could fail to be charmed by the magic of this beautiful city. 没有人不会为这座美丽城市的魅力所迷倒。
['mædʒ.ɪk] adjective
 IMPROVER
■with special powers 有魔力的
• The witch put a magic spell on the prince and turned him into a frog. 女巫施魔咒将王子变成了青蛙。
• I'll show you a magic trick. 我来表演一个魔术给你看。
 IMPROVER
■happening in an unusual or unexpected way, or easily or quickly 魔术般的；出乎意料的；容易的；迅速的
• There's no magic solution to the problem. 解决这个问题没有甚么妙方。
• There's no magic formula for winning - just lots of hard work. 没有致胜的诀窍——必须艰苦努力地做大量的工作。
['mædʒ.ɪk] adjective
a magic touch
■a special ability to do something very well 魔力（可以很好完成某事的特殊能力）
• The film's great success will no doubt please the 46-year-old director, who was rumoured to have lost his magic touch. 一度传闻这位46岁的导演已经失去了他的神奇魔力，这部电影的巨大成功无疑会令他非常欣慰。
['mædʒ.ɪk] exclamation UK old-fashioned informal
■used when you think something is very good and you like it a lot 好极了，太好了
• "Kate's having a party on Saturday night." "Magic!" “凯特星期六晚上要举行派对。”“太棒了！”
n. 巫术；魔法；戏法
 - medicine, witchcraft, wizardry
adj. 不可思议的；有魔力的；魔术的
 - mysterious, fantastic, miraculous

Word: superior
Front: superior
[su:ˈpɪəriə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3410/3513 -K3)
Vocabulary: superior
(once / 107 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adjn 4adj
The salesman boasted to his customer that the $1 million car was well worth the price because it was far superior, meaning of higher quality, to any car that had come before it. This car, the salesman bragged, could fly.
Superior comes from the Latin word meaning above and it literally means something that is above others in quality or status. Sometimes being superior can be perceived as a negative, as in the woman who acts superior to all of her friends, having a high opinion of herself just because she has millions of dollars in the bank after winning the lottery.
WORD FAMILY
superior: superiority, superiorly, superiors+/ superiority: superiorities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it is not as if the Rockets are superior to the Thunder simply because Harden is subtly winning the superstar matchup.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
By the end of the fourth quarter — actually, far earlier than that — it was clear who the superior football team was.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
This contrived road-trip plot therefore becomes series of step-and-repeat awkward encounters that show how this bohemian family is morally superior to everyone else.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. （级别、地位）较高的; （在质量等方面）较好的; （数量）较多的; 上等的
n. 上级; 较好的人[事物]，优胜者; 修道院院长; 方丈
分布：上级(76%)，高傲的(9%)，高手(5%)，上好的(4%)，出众的(4%)，上层的(1%)，上标(1%)
→super-,在上，上方，-ior,比较级后缀。引申诸相关词义。
在上面的,超越的(super在上面)[-ior表形容词"较…的"]
a.优良的,卓越的;上级的n.上级;长者;高手During this serious period, the superior asked the inferior a series of questions about the supermarket.在这段严肃时间内,上级问了下级一连串有关超级市场的问题.
US [-'pɪr.i.ɚ] adjective
BETTER 更好的
 IMPROVER
■better than average or better than other people or things of the same type 好于平均的，好过其他的，优越的
• This is clearly the work of a superior artist. 这显然是一位优秀艺术家的作品。
• She was chosen for the job because she was the superior candidate. 因为她比其他应征者更出色，所以她被选中做这份工作。
• For all babies, breastfeeding is far superior to bottlefeeding. 对所有的婴儿来说，喂母乳都比喂奶瓶好得多。
• The government troops were superior in numbers (= There were more of them). 政府军在人数上占优势。
Compare inferior disapproving
■describes someone who believes that they are better than other people and acts in such a way （人）高傲的，傲慢的，有优越感的
• a superior manner/smile 傲慢的态度／微笑
• I can't bear Amanda - she's so superior. 我受不了阿曼达——她太高傲。
UK [su:'pɪə.ri.ər] US [-'pɪr.i.ɚ] adjective
HIGHER 更高的
■higher in rank or social position than others 上司（的），上级（的）
• The soldier was reported to his superior officer for failing in his duties. 这个士兵失职之事被呈报到他的上级那里。
UK [su:'pɪə.ri.ər] US [-'pɪr.i.ɚ] noun countable
■a person or group of people who are higher in rank or social position than others 上司（的），上级（的）
• I will pass your complaint on to my superiors. 我会把您的投诉转达给我的上司。
adj. 上级的；优秀的，出众的；高傲的
 - ranking, lofty
n. 上级，长官；优胜者，高手；长者
 - higher-up, prefect

Word: combat
Front: combat
[ˈkɒmbæt] (研六雅宝 3412/5622 -3)
Vocabulary: combat
(once / 198 pages)
nv
Combat is fighting between two groups of armed forces. When you engage in combat, typically this means you engage in fighting that involves weapons.
Combat comes from the Latin com- meaning "together with" and battere meaning "to fight." Combat can be used as a modifier; for example, a combat zone is an area where fighting is taking place. The word combat can also be used to refer to the action of fighting against something to prevent it. An after-school program for kids is working to combat the issue of street violence by creating a safe space where kids can go as an alternative.
WORD FAMILY
combat: combatant, combated, combating, combative, combats, combatted, combatting+/combatant: combatants, noncombatant/ combative: combatively, combativeness/noncombatant: noncombatants
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tucker teaches seven forms of lightsaber combat, which he said he developed using historical combat forms and skills that he thought to be somewhat similar.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Energy-efficiency rules are desperately needed to improve air quality, combat global warming and to enable America to meet its domestic and international goals.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
For every hit like “Mortal Combat” or “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider,” there are a slew of duds such as “Warcraft” and “Prince of Persia.”
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 格斗，搏斗，战斗; 〈美〉竞赛，比赛; 论战
vt. 与…战斗; 与…斗争; 防止; 减轻
时态：combated, combatted, combating, combats
分布：战斗(95%)，战斗的(3%)，试图解决(1%)，与 ... 斗争(1%)
→com-, 强调。-bat, 击，打，词源同beat, batter.
战斗(com共同+bal→共同→共同打→战斗)[bat=beat,表示"打,击"]
v./n.战斗,搏斗,格斗We combated for our rights.我们为了自己的权利而争斗.
【记】com共同，bat打，击－共同打－战斗com bat：共同生活的bat蝙蝠，免不了要combat
【参】combatant（n 战士）；combative（adj 好战的）
US [ˈkɑːm-]
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a fight, especially during a war （尤指战争中的）战斗，搏斗
• There was fierce combat between the two sides. 双方展开了激烈的战斗。
• No one knew how many troops had died in combat. 没有人知道在战斗中死了多少士兵。
• The soldiers were engaged in hand-to-hand combat. 士兵展开了肉搏战。
• armed combat (= fighting with weapons) 武装斗争
• unarmed combat (= fighting without weapons) 非武装斗争
 ADVANCED countable
■a fight between two people or things 打斗；斗争；格斗
• The film explores the combat between good and evil. 影片探讨了善恶之间的较量。
verb transitive UK [kəmˈbæt] US [ˈkɑːm.bæt]
(-tt- or -t-)
 ADVANCED
■to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing 与…战斗；与…作斗争；打击；制止
• to combat crime/terrorism/inflation/disease 打击犯罪／打击恐怖主义／抑制通货膨胀／与疾病搏斗
• The government is spending millions of dollars in its attempt to combat drug abuse. 政府正斥资数百万美元打击滥用毒品的行为。
• I have to combat this constant desire to eat chocolate. 我不得不克制自己老想吃巧克力的欲望。
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
vt. 反对；与…战斗
 - sit down on, to oppose
vi. 战斗；搏斗
 - fight, conflict
n. 战斗；争论
 - action, fight, controversy
adj. 战斗的；为…斗争的
 - fighting

Word: stem
Front: stem
[stem] (研四六托雅宝 3414/4527 -3)
Vocabulary: stem
(once / 241 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n 5v 6v
Sometimes stem means to originate; other times it means to stop something at its source. You stem the flow of a river, but you can also observe that a river’s flow stems from a spring.
To remember stem’s meaning think of the stem of a plant––it’s where a plant begins but also where you pluck it from the ground. Once teachers realized that the students’ anger stemmed from the overload of homework, they stemmed the rebellion’s tide.
WORD FAMILY
stem: stemless, stemmed, stemmer, stemming, stems+/stemmed: multi-stemmed/stemmer: stemmers
USAGE EXAMPLES
In time Roosevelt was able to stem the economic bloodbath, but only to be confronted by the Nazi menace overrunning Europe.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A news release from his office says the projects stem from the Continuum of Care program.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ten involved some kind of robbery and at least two stemmed from road-rage incidents.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （花草的）茎; 词干; （高脚酒杯的）脚; 烟斗柄
vt. 遏制[阻止]（液体的流动等）; 阻止; 封堵; 遏止
时态：stemmed, stemming, stems
分布：干(62%)，茎(29%)，柄(5%)，起源于(2%)，船首(1%)，逆 ... 而行(1%)
→来自古英语 stemn,植物茎，树干，来自 Proto-Germanic*stamniz,站立，来自 sta,站立，词 源同 stand,state.引申诸相关词义。
n.茎,干,船首vt.堵(挡)住vi.起源于,由...造成The systematic items stem from the walker's talk about the chalk.这些系统的条款来源于步行者关于粉笔的谈话.
noun countable
CENTRAL PART 中心部分
■a central part of something from which other parts can develop or grow, or which forms a support 主干
■the stick-like central part of a plant which grows above the ground and from which leaves and flowers grow, or a smaller thin part which grows from the central part and which supports the leaves and flowers （植物的）干，茎，梗，柄
• flower stems 花茎
■the vertical part of a glass or similar container which supports the part into which you put liquid （高脚杯的）杯脚
• Champagne glasses usually have long stems. 香槟酒杯通常有长长的杯脚。
[stem] noun countable
WORD 词
■the part of a word that is left after you take off the part which changes when forming a plural, past tense, etc. 词干
• From the stem 'sav-' you get 'saves', 'saved', 'saving' and 'saver'. 由词干 sav- 可以衍生出 saves，saved，saving 和 saver。
[stem] noun countable
WATCH 手表 US the small part on the side of the watch which you turn to change the position of the pointers on the watch, or to make the watch operate （手表的）发条转柄，拨针柄
[stem] noun countable
SHIP 船
■the main supporting structure at the front of a ship （船）艏，艏柱
[stem] noun countable
from stem to stern US
■from one end of something to the other 从头至尾
• We overhauled the car from stem to stern. 我们把车从头到尾彻底检修了一遍。
[stem] verb transitive (-mm-)
■to stop something unwanted from spreading or increasing 阻挡；阻止；遏制
• These measures are designed to stem the rise of violent crime. 这些措施旨在遏制暴力犯罪增加。
• We must take action to stem the tide of resignations. 我们必须采取行动制止愈演愈烈的辞职潮。
■to stop the flow of a liquid such as blood 堵住，止住（出血等）
• She tied a handkerchief around the wound to stem the flow of blood. 她用手帕绑住伤口来止血。
[stem] verb transitive (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  stem from sth
■to start or develop as the result of something 源自；由…造成
• Her problems stem from her difficult childhood. 她的问题主要是由艰苦的童年生活造成。
• Their disagreement stemmed from a misunderstanding. 他们的分歧源自误会。
n. 干； [植] 茎；船首；血统
 - birth, blood, stock
vt. 阻止；除去…的茎；给…装柄
 - block, dispute, prohibit, discourage
vi. 阻止；起源于某事物；逆行
 - prevent from, head off

Word: surgeon
Front: surgeon
[ˈsɜ:dʒən] (高研四六托雅宝 3413/3940 -2)
Vocabulary: surgeon
(once / 275 pages)
n
A surgeon is a kind of doctor who treats his patients by using his hands, often by performing surgery. If you're comfortable slicing into a person's body to remove an appendix, then you might make a decent surgeon.
The word surgeon comes from the Greek kheirourgos, which is a fancy way of saying "done by the hand." Whereas a doctor-at-large might treat his patients by chatting with them, asking questions, and prescribing medications, a surgeon's work is much more hands-on, you might say. A surgeon specializes in cutting open the body, usually to heal his patients.
WORD FAMILY
surgeon: surgeons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Specialist surgeons flew from Hanoi to assist at the operation in Thai Nguyen Province in the north of the country.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
To save Mr. Muñiz’s life, surgeons removed his tongue and his lower jaw and cut a hole through his esophagus.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Nebraska law prohibits surgeons from delegating to an unlicensed person.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 外科医生; [军]军医
分布：外科医生(100%)
→来自古法语 surgien,给病人做手术的人，来自 cirurgie,手术，来自拉丁语 chirurgia,手术，来 自 chiro-,手，词源同 chirography,chiropractic,-urg,工作，做工，词源同 organ,synergy.
n.外科医生At the agency, the aged agent is urgently urged to go for surgery by the gentle surgeon.在办事处,温和的外科医生急切地催促年老的代理商做外科手术.
US ['sɝ:-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a doctor who is specially trained to perform medical operations 外科医生
dentist, surgeon, physician, doctor
这组词都有“医生”的意思，其区别是：
dentist: 指专门从事治牙的医生。
surgeon: 指专修外科或专修人体某个部分的外科专科医生，这种医生一般需对患者进行手术治疗。
physician: 指医院的内科医生。
doctor: 普通用词，泛指各科医生，即一切有行医资格的人。
n. 外科医生
 - sawbones, chirurgeon

Word: acceptable
Front: acceptable
[əkˈseptəbl] (四 3415/2388 -K3)
Vocabulary: acceptable
(once / 494 pages)
adj
Something that is acceptable is satisfactory or proper for whatever purpose it is considered; it may not be all that’s hoped for, but it's at least adequate. A grade of “A” is best, but is a grade of "C" acceptable? It depends on whom you ask.
The word acceptable means "able to accept," a word that comes from the Latin acceptare, which meant "to take willingly." Although the word acceptable suggests something that is fine, it sometimes suggests the least that would be sufficient, and can carry a somewhat negative connotation, as was the case when Franz Kafka wrote, "Start with what is right rather than what is acceptable."
WORD FAMILY
acceptable: acceptability, acceptableness, acceptablest, acceptably, unacceptable, unacceptably+/ accept: acceptable, acceptance, acceptant, acceptation, accepted, accepting, acceptive, accepts/acceptability: acceptabilities/ acceptance: acceptances, nonacceptance/acceptation: acceptations/ accepted: acceptedly, unaccepted/accepting: acceptingly/unacceptable: unacceptability, unacceptableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
And why, after years of state budget cuts to cities, is this an acceptable consequence?
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The industry also needs to develop a set of standards that are acceptable to the banks.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What is needed is to hold the mirror up to society and understand why we deem some forms of dress acceptable and others unacceptable.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 可接受的; 合意的; （社会上）认同的; （礼物等）令人满意的
分布：可接受的(84%)，合意的(9%)，受欢迎的(7%)
[cept=take拿取]
【记】accept接受，able能……的－值得接受的－令人满意的
adjective
 IMPROVER
■satisfactory and able to be agreed to or approved of 令人满意的；可以接受的；可容许的；赞同的
• Clearly we need to come to an arrangement that is acceptable to both parties. 显然我们需要作出一个双方都能接受的安排。
• So what is an acceptable level of radiation? 那么，可接受的辐射量是多少？
• This kind of attitude is simply not acceptable. 这种态度是完全无法接受的。
 ADVANCED
■just good enough, but not very good 差强人意，勉强可以的
• Her performance was acceptable, but not stunning. 她的表演差强人意，算不上精彩。
adj. 可接受的；合意的；可忍受的
 - receivable, admissible

Word: physics
Front: physics
[ˈfɪzɪks] (中高研四六 3417/3720 -K2)
Vocabulary: physics
(once / 77 pages)
n
Physics is a kind of science, specifically the science of matter and energy and how they interact.
Physics is the study of physical matter, energy, and how they work together. Kinetic energy and potential energy are part of physics. Although it may sound really advanced — and it is — physics is involved in everything we do. Champion pool players have a good understanding of how physics influences the movement of the balls. People who design roller coasters better know their physics. And if you've ever rigged up a pulley or a lever, then you've done basic physics.
WORD FAMILY
physics: physical, physicist +/ physical: nonphysical, physicalism, physicality, physically, physicalness/physicality: physicalities/ physicist: physicists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jim Al-Khalili is a broadcaster and a professor of physics and public engagement in science at the University of Surrey.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The philosopher Roger Scruton, writing in this newspaper, thoroughly undid this argument simply by asking, “But what created the laws of physics?”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Dr. Goldwasser, who was long associated with the University of Illinois, helped pioneer the use of powerful particle accelerators in American physics.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 物理学; 物理现象; 物理成分
分布：物理学(100%)
→来自physic,自然，自然科学，-ics,学说。引申词义物理学。
n.物理(学)She was professor of physics at Chicago University.她曾是芝加哥大学的物理教授.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the scientific study of matter and energy and the effect that they have on each other 物理学
• nuclear physics 核子物理学
• a physics lab 物理实验室

Word: rape
Front: rape
[reɪp] (研 3416/3510 -3)
Vocabulary: rape
(once / 843 pages)
1nv 2n
Rape is a word for sexual assault — usually a man rapes a woman. This is one of the worst crimes there is. Rape can also mean to plunder or strip something of resources.
There are few words more powerful than rape, which is a horrifying crime most often done by a man to a woman. To rape someone is to force them to have sex with you. This word isn't an obscenity, but its meaning is. There are also some metaphorical meanings, like if a country is said to rape the land of a resource, like oil. Some countries might rape their rain forests by cutting them down. However it's used, rape is a violent and ugly word.
WORD FAMILY
rape: raped, rapeed, raper, rapes, raping, rapist+/raper: rapers/rapist: rapists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It says it has observed starvation, the burning of villages and rape being used as weapons of war across the country.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
In 1971, Whitsell was convicted of aggravated rape in two separate cases in Louisiana, according to the district attorney’s office.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Satoe still faces trial in February on two counts of rape and a count of aiding and abetting attempted rape.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 掠夺，强夺; 强奸
n. 掠夺，强夺; [法]强奸; [植]油菜; 葡萄渣
时态：raped, raping, rapes
分布：强奸(92%)，掠夺(4%)，蹂躏(3%)，破坏(1%)
→来自拉丁语 rapere,抓住，抓取，来自 rep,reup,抓走，抢夺，词源同 rob,rip,rapid.引申词 义掠夺，强夺，后用于指强奸，强暴。
强奸;洗劫[Rap,rapt,rav=snatch,表示"捕,夺"]
n./vt.掠夺,蹂躏,强奸
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to force someone to have sex when they are unwilling, using violence or threatening behaviour 强奸；强暴
• She was pulled from the car and raped. 她被拉出车外，遭到强奸。
• It's difficult to understand what causes a man to rape. 很难理解是甚么原因导致一个男人犯下强奸罪行。
[reɪp] noun
SEX CRIME 性犯罪
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(an example of) the crime of forcefully having sex with someone against their wish 强奸（罪）
• He had committed several rapes. 他多次犯下强奸罪。
• He was convicted of rape. 他被判犯有强奸罪。
[reɪp] noun
DESTRUCTION 破坏
uncountable
■destruction of the natural world, often for profit （为谋利而对自然环境的）破坏，损害，糟蹋
• The road builders were accused of the rape of the countryside. 道路建筑商被指责肆意破坏乡村环境。
[reɪp] noun
PLANT 植物
uncountable (also oilseed rape, rapeseed)
■a plant with yellow flowers from which oil and animal food are produced 油菜
n. 强奸，掠夺； [园艺] 油菜；葡萄渣
 - violation, cole
vt. 强奸；掠夺，抢夺
 - harry, despoil

Word: counsel
Front: counsel
[ˈkaʊnsl] (研六托雅 3418/6085 -3)
Vocabulary: counsel
(once / 115 pages)
nv
When you give counsel or counsel someone, you give advice. If your neighbor is suing you because your dog keeps eating his begonias, you might seek the counsel of a dog trainer or, if that doesn't work, a lawyer.
You can get professional counsel — from a minister or psychiatrist or someone else trained in counseling — or you can get counsel from anyone you trust. You can ask your stylish friend to counsel you on your hairstyle, or you could write to Dear Abby for counsel on your lovelife. Counsel is also what you call a lawyer who represents you in court. In your begonia-eating dog case, your lawyer would be counsel for the defense.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
council / counsel
A council is meeting for discussion or advice, but to counsel is a verb meaning to give advice. They sound exactly the same, but the language council met and decided to counsel you on how to keep them straight.
Council is a group of people who get together to figure something out, or or a group chosen to give advice, like a student council. Used as an adjective, council describes things related to a council, such as a council candidate or a council room, or a council member:
But the information was often incomplete or conflicting — and council members are now asking the agencies to respond to their queries in writing. (New York Times)
The council is trying to "contain" acts of armed resistance by military defectors and described them as "isolated incidents." (Business Week)
On the other hand, counsel is more slippery; it can act as a noun or a verb. As a noun, counsel is a synonym for advice, but it can also mean the act of giving that advice or refer to a person who gives legal advice. In fact, a lawyer who goes to trial for you is your counsel. That lawyer would counsel you. Here are some counsels in the wild:
He had argued that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. (Reuters)
"Don't go out in the storm tonight," counseled his wife. (Rossiter Johnson)
Before the 16th century, council and counsel were interchangeable, but by the 1500s, council's meaning became restricted to "a meeting" and counsel's "to give advice." The two should not be confused. Never! If you need a verb or a lawyer, use counsel because she'll say something helpful. If you are referring to a meeting or group, choose c for crowd and council.
WORD FAMILY
counsel: counseled, counseling, counselled, counselling, counsellor, counselor, counsels+/ counseling: counselings/counselling: counsellings/counsellor: counsellors, counsellorship/ counselor: counselors, counselorship
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bowman denies he provided ineffective counsel, and lower courts agreed with him.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Other readers proffered contrary counsel for the Trump era.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
She now counsels about 30 Afghans seeking help with mental health and domestic violence issues.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 协商，讨论; 建议; 策略; 法律顾问，辩护人
vt. 劝告，建议; 提供专业咨询
时态：counselled, counselling, counsels
分布：建议(57%)，劝告(37%)，提供建议(4%)，诉讼律师(2%)
→coun-,同con-,强调。-sel, 带来，召集，词源同consult.即召集开会，协商，劝告。
v./n.劝告,忠告n.法律顾问,辩护人His counsel is well-prepared.他的律师作了充分准备.
verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to give advice, especially on social or personal problems （尤指对社会或个人问题）建议，劝告，忠告
• The police have provided experts to counsel local people affected by the tragedy. 警方请来专家对受该惨案影响的当地居民提供咨询服务。
• My job involves counselling unemployed people on/about how to find work. 我的工作是向失业者提供就业咨询。
['kaʊnt.səl] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable formal
■advice 建议；劝告；忠告
• I should have listened to my father's wise counsel, and saved some money instead of spending it all. 我本该听从父亲的明智忠告，把钱省下一些而不是挥霍一空。
 ADVANCED countable legal
■one or more of the lawyers taking part in a law case 律师
• The judge addressed counsel. 法官向律师问了话。
• Counsel for the defence (= the lawyer giving advice to the accused person) argued convincingly that his client was not guilty. 被告律师为其当事人作了颇有说服力的无罪申辩。
['kaʊnt.səl] noun
keep your own counsel
■to not say what your opinions are 不透露自己的意见；不发表自己的观点
• I'd love to know what Anna thinks about things, but she always keeps her own counsel. 我想知道安娜对事情的看法，可她总不发表意见。
warn, caution, advise, admonish, counsel
这组词都有“劝告、忠告、警告”的意思，其区别是：
warn: 含义与caution相同，但语气较重，尤指重后果。
caution: 主要指针对有潜在危险而提出的警告，含小心从事的意味。
advise: 普通用词，泛指劝告，不涉及对方是否听从劝告。
admonish: 一般指年长者或领导对已犯错误的或有过失的人提出的忠告或警告以避免类似错误。
counsel: 正式用词，语气比advise强一些，侧重指对重要问题提出的劝告、建议或咨询。
coax, urge, persuade, induce, counsel, convince
这组词都有“劝说，劝导，劝诱”的意思，其区别是：
coax: 指用好话善意或耐心劝诱、哄骗某人做某事。
urge: 语气强，指不断地热情地规劝诱导。
persuade: 普通用词，指通过劝说、感情交流等而使对方做劝说者所希望的事。
induce: 指用讲道理来使某人做某事。
counsel: 较正式用词，指对一些较重大事情所提出的劝告。有时也用于非正式场合，但仍强调严肃的一面。
convince: 指凭行动、事实或言语使他人从思想感情上信服。
advocate, attorney, counsel, lawyer
这组词都有“律师”的意思，其区别是：
advocate: 专指以罗马法律的基本法制的一些国家的(如苏格兰等)和一些特别法庭的律师；也可指出庭辩护的律师。
attorney: 主要用于美国，指代理当事人处理遗嘱检验等法律事务的律师，有时可与lawyer通用，泛指辩护律师。
counsel: 指单独或集体为当事人提供咨询或出庭处理案件的法律顾问或律师。
lawyer: 普通用词，指精通法律规则并有权以法律代理人或顾问身份在法庭上执行法律或为委托人服务的人。
n. 法律顾问；忠告；商议；讨论；决策
 - advice, discussion
vt. 建议；劝告
 - agree to sb, make suggestions

Word: jeans
Front: jeans
[dʒi:nz] (中高研四雅 3421/4826 -K2)
Back: n. 牛仔裤; 瘦腿紧身裤
分布：牛仔裤(100%)
→来自中古法语jean fustian,热那亚厚棉布，来自古法语Jannes,即意大利城市Genoa.
n.牛仔裤(又称bluejeans,dungarees等)Lots of students wear jeans nowadays.现在很多学生穿牛仔裤.
plural noun
 ESSENTIAL
■trousers made of denim (= strong blue cotton cloth) which are worn informally 牛仔裤
• jeans and a T-shirt 牛仔裤和T恤
• I never wear jeans for work. 我从不穿牛仔裤上班。
trousers, slacks, pants, jeans, shorts
这组词都有“裤子”的意思，其区别是：
trousers: 指长裤，用于较正式场合。
slacks: 美国指比较宽松的便裤，英国人指妇女外面穿的长裤。
pants: 常用词，在美国，泛指各类裤子，在英国指衬裤或短裤。
jeans: 指劳动布裤或牛仔裤。
shorts: 指短裤或裤衩。
n. 牛仔裤；工装裤
 - overall, jea

Word: hunt
Front: hunt
[hʌnt] (高研四六雅 3420/4330 -K3)
Vocabulary: hunt
(once / 81 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
To hunt is to track and kill an animal for fun or food. In Italy, they use pigs to hunt truffles. In the US, they use shotguns to hunt deer.
Some humans hunt animals with a gun or a bow and arrow, and some animals hunt smaller animals — the way a wolf hunts rabbits or a cat hunts birds. You can hunt in a non-lethal way as well, like when you hunt all over your house for your lost car keys, or your little brother hunts for you during a game of hide-and-seek. The Old English root of hunt is huntian, "chase game."
WORD FAMILY
hunt: hunted, hunter, hunting, hunts+/hunted: huntedly/ hunter: hunters/hunting: huntings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Cakautavatava described the old days of hunting turtles in a fiberglass boat and spearing them through the shell.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Native Americans used the land to hunt buffalo by guiding them over a sandstone cliff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say limited hunting allows for a controlled elimination of weak animals, while earning funds for fodder and other care for the herds.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 打猎; 猎取
vt. 打猎; 追捕，猎杀; 在…处狩猎; 搜索
vi. 追逐猎物; 寻找; 前后摆动; 积极地寻找
n. 打猎; 狩猎旅行; 参加狩猎旅行的人
时态：hunted, hunting, hunts
分布：狩猎(31%)，打猎(23%)，追捕(19%)，搜寻(19%)，搜索(8%)
→来自古英语huntian,打猎，猎捕，来自Proto-Germanic*huntona,猎捕，捕获，来自kend,抓住，抓捕，词源同hint.
v./n.打猎,猎取;(for)搜索;寻找Uncle and aunt launched a laundry with the blunt hunter.伯伯和伯母与直率的猎人创办了一家洗衣店.
verb intransitive or transitive
CHASE 追赶
 ADVANCED
■to chase and try to catch and kill an animal or bird for food, sport or profit 打猎，捕猎
• Some animals hunt at night. 有些动物在夜间猎食。
• When lion cubs are young, the mother stays with them while the father hunts for food. 在幼狮的小时候，母狮会守在它身旁，而雄狮去觅食。
• Jack and Charlie like to hunt/go hunting (= chase and kill animals for sport) at weekends. 杰克和查理喜欢在周末去打猎。
• Cats like to hunt mice and birds. 猫喜欢捕食老鼠和鸟类。
• Elephants used to be hunted for the ivory from their tusks. 以前人们经常为了得到象牙而捕猎大象。
■in Britain, to chase and kill animals, especially foxes , using dogs and riding on horses （英国带着猎狗进行的）骑马打猎；（尤指）骑马猎狐
[hʌnt] verb intransitive or transitive
SEARCH 搜寻
 ADVANCED
■to search for something or someone; to try to find something or someone 搜寻；寻找
• I've hunted all over the place, but I can't find that book. 我在这个地方找了好几次，却找也找不到那本书。
• They are still hunting for the missing child. 他们仍在搜寻那个失踪的孩子。
• I've hunted high and low (= looked everywhere) for my gloves. 我已经四处找过我的手套。
• Police are hunting the terrorists who planted the bomb. 警方正在搜捕设置炸弹的恐怖分子。
• I'll try and hunt out (= find) those old photographs for you. 我会尽力帮你找到那些旧相片。
• They have spent months house-/job- hunting (= looking for a house/a job). 他们已经花了几个月时间找屋子／工作。
[hʌnt] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hunt sb/sth down
■to search everywhere for someone or something until you find them 搜捕；找到
• The terrorists must be hunted down and brought to justice. 必须把恐怖分子缉捕归案、绳之于法。
[hʌnt] noun
SEARCH 搜寻
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■a search for something or someone 搜寻；寻找
• After a long hunt we finally found a house we liked. 经过长时间的寻觅，我们终于找到一间喜欢的房子。
• The hunt for the injured climber continued throughout the night. 对那位受伤登山者的搜寻持续了整整一个晚上。
• Police are on the hunt (= searching) for the kidnappers. 警方正在搜捕绑匪。
• The hunt is on (= the search has started) for a successor to Sir James Gordon. 已经开始物色詹姆斯‧哥顿爵士的接班人了。
[hʌnt] noun
CHASE 追赶
 ADVANCED countable
■when people chase wild animals in order to kill them （人类的）狩猎，打猎
• to go on a fox/deer hunt 去猎狐／鹿
countable
■in Britain, a group of people who meet regularly in order to chase and kill animals, especially foxes （英国骑马狩猎的）狩猎队；（尤指）猎狐队
• They are members of the local hunt. 他们是当地狩猎队的成员。
explore, track, hunt, seek
这组词都有“搜索、寻找”的意思，其区别是：
explore: 一般指对未知事物或新生事物的探索、观察与研究。
track: 侧重按一定线索追查出结果。
hunt: 一般指寻找所需的物件，或对罪犯的搜寻，特指追猎。
seek: 语义庄重，语气强，使用广。多暗示做出很大努力去寻求某人或物。
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
vt. 打猎；搜索
 - seek, beat for
vi. 打猎；搜寻
 - search, nose about
n. 狩猎；搜寻
 - search, shoot

Word: continuous
Front: continuous
[kənˈtɪnjuəs] (研四六托 3422/2936 -K2)
Vocabulary: continuous
(once / 259 pages)
adj
The adjective continuous describes something that occurs over space or time without interruption. Some computer fans make a continuous noise — a constant buzz — that can drive you to distraction.
Continuous things don’t stop, not even for a coffee break. A continuous sheet of ice has no cracks, a continuous noise never pauses, and a continuous line of railroad is the kind you want if you’re on a train. Continual, on the other hand, is used to describe things that start and stop occasionally. Use continuous for anything that goes on and on.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
continual / continuous
The words continual and continuous are like twins: they both come from continue, but they get mad if you get them confused. Continual means start and stop, while continuous means never-ending.
Continual things come and go, like arguments or rain. If your parents' continual arguing drives you crazy, just be glad they stop sometimes! With continual rain, you'll get some sunny breaks, as Ireland's forecasters like to say. Or in this bit about the birth of Lynyrd Skynyrd:
There were continual battles between authority figures like Skinner and the free spirits who formed the band. (herald-review.com)
Continuous, on the other hand, is nonstop. If the young Skynyrds had a continuous argument with authority, they'd never stop, not even to sing "Free Bird." With continuous rain, you'll never see the sun. A flight or a wire can be continuous:
Jongeward and Woodhouse ended up breaking the record for continuous flight. They stayed in the air for 1,124 hours. (Yuma Sun)
A telegraphic signal would go more than seven times around the earth in one second if it travelled on one continuous wire. (Elmer Ellsworth Burns)
Continual is chronic, like a cough that comes and goes, or a teenager's sporadic fights with The Man. Continuous is like a circle, or a nightmare carousel that never ever stops. Neither one is the evil twin; they're both moody.
WORD FAMILY
continuous: continuity, continuously, continuousness, discontinuous, noncontinuous+/ continuity: continuities/ continuum: continua, continuous /discontinuity: discontinuities/discontinuous: discontinuity, discontinuously
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is not to say that poverty research is a continuous parade of celebratory findings.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The most visible enterprise is the paper mill, in continuous operation since the late 19th century.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“If we cling to the concept of ‘globalisation’, we should not see it as a continuous and uninterrupted march toward an imaginary ‘global modernity’.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 连续的; 延伸的; 不断的; 遍布的
分布：连续的(72%)，连绵不断的(17%)，继续的(11%)
连续不断的[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
a.连续的,持续的The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.大脑需要不间断的供血.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■without a pause or interruption 不断的，连续的，持续的
• continuous pain 持续的疼痛
• My computer makes a continuous low buzzing noise. 我的电脑不停地发出低沉的嗡嗡声。
• A continuous white line (= line without spaces) in the middle of the road means no overtaking. 马路中间白色实线表示禁止超车。
continuous, continual, constant, consistent
continuous: 不断延伸的，连续不断的，强调中间无间断。如：Everything in the universe undergoes continuous development and change.
continual: 频频的，不停的，时断时续，中间可有间歇。如：Continual smoking is bad for health.
constant: 不断的，表示持续和惯常的重现，往往没有变化。如：He attributes his health to his constant exercise.
consistent: 一致的，符合的。如：His action is always consistent with his words.
continuous, constant, continual, incessant
这组词都有“不断的，不停的”的意思，其区别是：
continuous: a.不停的，连续不断的，强调中间不停顿。
 • Our homes and offices need a continuous supply of electricity.   我们的家庭以及办公室需要不间断的供电。
constant: a.不断的，经常的，强调始终如一地经常出现。
 • Everything in the universe is in constant motion.   宇宙中的万物都在不断地运动。
continual: a.连续不断的；频繁的。表示时断时续的发生。
 • That dog's barking is a continual annoyance.   那条狗不停地叫，真是烦死人了。
incessant: a.不停的，持续不断的，强调令人厌烦地重复出现，中间有可能有停顿。
 • Incessant noise makes me appreciate silence.   持续不断的噪声骚扰使我喜欢安静的环境。
continuous, constant, continual, persistent, successive
这组词都有“连续的”的意思，其区别是：
continuous: 语意最强，强调在时间和空间上没有间断。
constant: 多指习惯性的重复和不变的持续。
continual: 强调重复或持续发生，但连续之间允许有间断。
persistent: 普通用词，可指不懈的努力，也可指任何连续不断或重复出现的事物。
successive: 强调事物一个接一个地发生，无间断。

Word: log
Front: log
[lɒg] (研四六托雅宝 3423/4322 -2)
Vocabulary: log
(once / 155 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4nv
A log is the trunk of a tree minus the branches: logging is cutting down trees. A log is also a written record of something, and logging is keeping such a record.
The first type of log is a tree that's been cut down with the branches stripped. Think of a log cabin: it's made up of logs. Logging is when trees are cut down for lumber. The other type of log is some type of written record or list of messages. A ship captain keeps a log of notes on the ship's status and progress. When you make such a record, you're logging. Logging can be written or orally recorded.
WORD FAMILY
log: logged, logger, logging, logs+/ logger: loggers/logging: loggings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But nothing was found other than inconsistent driving logs.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
As I waited to log on in my home office, I noticed a piece of paper on the printer.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The streets around St. Mary’s Park were the scene of two fatal shootings logged in the 40th Precinct this year.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 记录; 日志; 原木
v. 伐木; 把…载入正式记录; 行驶
时态：logged, logging, logs
分布：圆木(41%)，原木(33%)，伐木(26%)
→词源不详，可能来自拟声词，大块物体滚动的隆隆声。在早期航海过程中，水手会在一根打结(knot)的长绳末端寄上一块原木，并通过绳结来计算船航行的速度并进行记录，因此，引申词义航海日志，记录，计算机登录等，而节则作为航海的速度单位流传下来。
n.原木,圆木;航海日志In the log lodge he said some illogical apologies.在木屋里他说了些不合逻辑的道歉话.
US [lɑ:g] noun countable
WOOD 木材
 ADVANCED
■a thick piece of tree trunk or branch, especially one cut for burning on a fire （尤指烧火用的）圆木，木材
UK [lɒg] US [lɑ:g] noun countable
RECORD 记录
■a full written record of a journey, a period of time, or an event （旅程、某段时间或事件的）日记，日志
• the ship's log 该船的航海日志
UK [lɒg] US [lɑ:g] noun countable
NUMBER 数位 informal for
■ logarithm
UK [lɒg] US [lɑ:g] verb (-gg-)
CUT WOOD 伐木
intransitive or transitive
■to cut down trees so that you can use their wood 伐（木），砍（树）
• The forest has been so heavily logged that it is in danger of disappearing. 这片森林被过度砍伐，面临消失的危险。
UK [lɒg] US [lɑ:g] verb (-gg-)
RECORD 记录
transitive
■to officially record something 正式记录，记载
• The Police Complaints Authority has logged more than 90 complaints. 员警渎职投诉局已经记录下了90多宗投诉。
transitive (UK also log up)
■to travel and record a particular distance 行驶，记录（若干距离）
UK [lɒg] US [lɑ:g] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  log in/on
■to connect a computer to a computer system by typing your name, so that you can start working 进入，登录（电脑系统）
• Log on using your name and password. 用你的名字和密码登录。
UK [lɒg] US [lɑ:g] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  log off/out
■to stop a computer being connected to a computer system, usually when you want to stop working 退出，登出（电脑系统）
• Could you all log off for a few minutes, please? 你们都退出一会儿好吗？
timber, wood, lumber, log
这组词都有“木材”的意思，其区别是：
timber: 指经过匠人初步加要的备用木材，多用于英国英语。
wood: 最普通用词，含义广，除表示“木材，木”外，还可用复数形式表示森林。
lumber: 指伐下后未经削磨的木材，现多用于美国英语中。
log: 指原木或圆木。
vi. 伐木
 - lumber
vt. 切；伐木；航行
 - incise
n. 记录； [水运] [航] 航行日志；园木
 - page, register

Word: echo
Front: echo
[ˈekəʊ] (研四六托雅 3424/3517 -3)
Vocabulary: echo
(once / 174 pages)
1nv 2nv
An echo is a repetition or imitation of sound. When sound waves hit a hard surface they might reflect, making the sound bounce and repeat. If you agree with someone, you might echo his or her statement.
Poet Don Marquis said, “Writing a book of poetry is like dropping a rose petal down the Grand Canyon and waiting for the echo.” The word echo came from the Greek word for "sound." In Greek mythology, Echo was a nymph who could only repeat the last words of others. You were frightened when you thought someone was following you, until you realized you were only hearing the echo of your own footsteps.
WORD FAMILY
echo: echoed, echoes, echoing, echoless, echolike, echos, re-echo, reecho+/ echoing: echoingly/reecho: reechoed, reechoing
USAGE EXAMPLES
If there is any echo of Sun’s idealism, it is in the student “Sunflower Movement”, which wants to keep China at bay.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Some companies continue to promise returns echoing those common before the financial crisis.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He vowed to return better, an approach teammates echoed after seeing their title hopes slip away.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 回声，共鸣; （言语、作风、思想等的）重复; 重复者; [无线电]回波
vt. 重复，效仿; 随声附和; 类似; 发射（声音等）
vi. 被重复; 产生回响; 充满回声
时态：echoed, echoing, echoes
分布：回声(53%)，回响(13%)，重复(10%)，共鸣(8%)，附和(6%)，模仿(5%)，发出回声(4%)，其哀声留于山间成为回声）(1%)
→来自wagh, 回声，回响，词源同catechism, 教义问答。
v./n.回声,反响,共鸣The mechanical mechanic knows the technique and technology of the echo mechanism.呆板的机修工知道共鸣装置的技术和工艺.
US [-oʊ] noun countable (plural echoes)
SOUND 声音
 ADVANCED
■a sound that is heard after it has been reflected off a surface such as a wall or a cliff 回声，回音，回响
• The echoes of his scream sounded in the cave for several seconds. 他的尖叫声在洞中回荡了好几秒钟。
• Thick carpet would reduce the echo in this hallway. 厚地毯会减弱走廊中的回音。
UK ['ek.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun countable (plural echoes)
SIMILAR DETAIL 相似的东西
■a detail that is similar to and makes you remember something else 十分相似的东西；如出一辙的事物；仿效
• There are echoes of Mozart in her first piano compositions. 她最早创作的钢琴曲有些地方模仿了莫劄特。
UK ['ek.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb
SOUND 声音
 ADVANCED intransitive
■If a sound echoes or a place echoes with a sound, you hear the sound again because you are in a large, empty space 回响；发出回声；响起回声
• The sound of footsteps echoed round the hall. 脚步声在大厅里回荡。
• Suddenly, the building echoed with the sound of gunfire. 突然，大楼里响起一阵枪响。
UK ['ek.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb
SIMILAR DETAILS 相似的东西
transitive
■to repeat details that are similar to, and make you think of, something else 重复，附和；使产生似曾相识的感觉
• The design of the church echoes that of St. Paul's Cathedral. 这座教堂的设计模仿了圣保罗大教堂。
• I've heard the Prime Minister's view echoed throughout the party. 我听说党内普遍都附和首相的观点。
UK ['ek.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb
echo down/through the ages
■to continue to have a particular effect for a long time 影响后世；留传
• The ideas of Plato have echoed through the ages. 柏拉图的思想已经流传了千百年。
vt. 反射；重复
 - reflect, mirror, repeat
n. 回音；效仿
 - aftersound, bounceback

Word: pill
Front: pill
[pɪl] (高研四六托 3425/4969 -K3)
Vocabulary: pill
(once / 746 pages)
1n 2n
A small, round dose of medicine is a pill. If you get sick, you might take a pill, which is a pain because it usually tastes bad. A person who’s a pain can also be called a pill.
In addition to medicine, you can take vitamins or other supplements in the form of a pill. Most pills have to be swallowed whole with water, but some can be chewed. Because of the association of pill with yucky medicine, there's also the colloquial meaning of "unpleasant person," like a little brother who's a total pill. And from the same association comes "a bitter pill to swallow," for "a difficult or painful necessity."
WORD FAMILY
pill: pills
USAGE EXAMPLES
For some minor procedures, the proposal calls for a limit of between nine and 12 pills.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
In most countries, including Australia and Britain, the drug retails for less than $1.50 per pill.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
Abortion in Poland is illegal in most circumstances, but after several weeks she was able to get the pills.
The New Yorker(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 药丸; 弹丸; 口服避孕药; 讨厌鬼
vt. 使服用药丸; 把…制成药丸; 投票反对; 抢劫
vi. 服用药丸; 制成药丸; 起球
分布：药丸(56%)，药片(39%)，服用药丸(4%)，把 ... 制成药丸(1%)
→来自拉丁语pilula,药丸，来自pila,球，球体，-ula,小词后缀，可能来自pilus,头发，毛发，词源同pile,depilatory.词义可能是由毛发引申为发球，绒球，最后指球体，小球。
n.药丸The ill man had a pill and sat on the pillar in stillness until now.那个坏人吃了一颗药丸后静止不动地坐在柱子上直到现在.
noun countable
MEDICINE 药
 ADVANCED
■a small solid piece of medicine which a person swallows without chewing (= crushing with the teeth) 药丸；药片
• a sleeping pill 安眠药
• a vitamin pill 维生素片；维他命药片
• My mother takes three or four pills a day. 我妈妈每天吃三至四颗药。
• Jamie's always had trouble swallowing pills. 杰米吞药时总是很费劲。
the pill
■a type of pill for women which is taken every day in order to prevent them from becoming pregnant （女性的）口服避孕药
• Are you on the pill? 你在服避孕药吗？
[pɪl] noun countable
PERSON 人 US an annoying person 令人讨厌的人
• Jennifer was being such a pill today. 珍妮佛今天真烦人。
[pɪl] noun countable
CLOTHING 衣服 US (UK bobble)
■a small ball of threads that develops on the surface of clothes or material （衣服或布料上的）球粒，纤维绒球
• She sat there sulking and picking the pills off her sweater. 她坐在那里生闷气，一直拔着毛衣上的绒球。
[pɪl] noun countable
sugar the pill UK (US sweeten the pill)
■to make something bad seem less unpleasant 使不愉快的事变得较易接受
• Plans to improve public services are a way of sugaring the pill of increased taxation. 改善公共服务的诸项计划是缓和人们对增税的不满情绪的一种方式。
[pɪl] verb intransitive US (UK bobble)
■If a piece of clothing or material pills, it develops small balls of threads on its surface. （衣服或布料）起球粒，起纤维绒球
n. 药丸；弹丸，子弹；口服避孕药
 - globule, bullet
vt. 把…制成丸剂；使服用药丸；抢劫，掠夺（古语）
 - harry, rob of

Word: excited
Front: excited
[ɪkˈsaɪtɪd] (3426/4106 -K2)
Vocabulary: excited
(once / 113 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you're excited you're enthusiastic and animated, like a kid in a candy store. Or a kid on Christmas morning. Or a kid on the last day of school.
Meaning more than just "wildly happy," excited describes all sorts of excessive emotions (and not always the good ones). If you're excited you might be agitated, nervous, anxious, or worked up about something. Skip a little further out on the excited spectrum and you're verging on a loss of control: You're delirious, frantic, mad, or unrestrained. Less like a kid in a candy store than a kid on his tenth cup of espresso.
WORD FAMILY
excited: excitedly, overexcited, unexcited+/excitability: excitabilities/ excitable: excitability, excitableness, excitably, unexcitable/excitant: excitants/excitation: excitations/ excite: excitable, excitant, excitation, excitative, excitatory, excited, excitement, excites, exciting / excitement: excitements/ exciting: excitingest, excitingly, unexciting/unexcited: unexcitedly/unexciting: unexcitingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Everybody was excited after the game, celebrating a bit,” Evans said.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“I was really excited,” she said, recalling the day she dreamed up the gadget 15 years ago.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
That’s why I was so excited to discover Snoqualmie’s Lower Gold Creek Basin last winter.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 兴奋的，激动的; 活跃的; 激发的; 受刺激的
v. 使兴奋（ excite的过去式和过去分词）
分布：激动的(90%)，感到兴奋的(10%)
US [-tˌɪd] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■feeling very happy and enthusiastic 兴奋的；激动的
• Are you getting excited about your holiday? 要去渡假了，你是不是很兴奋啊？
• An excited crowd waited for the singer to arrive. 一群人怀着激动的心情等待歌星来临。
UK [ɪk'saɪ.tɪd] US [-tˌɪd] adjective
be nothing to get excited about
■to not be particularly good 不是特别好的；并非特别出众的
• It's a competent enough first novel but nothing to get excited about. 作为第一部小说，写得算不错，但却没有特别出众的地方。
exciting, excited
exciting: 令人兴奋的 The news is exciting.
excited: 使人兴奋的, I'm excited.
adj. 兴奋的；激动的；活跃的
 - active, living, hot

Word: sculpture
Front: sculpture
[ˈskʌlptʃə(r)] (高研六托雅 3427/3734 -2)
Vocabulary: sculpture
(once / 388 pages)
nv
Sculpture is a type of artwork that's two- or three-dimensional, so you can see it from different sides. You can make sculpture from clay, marble, wood, and even mashed potatoes, though the potato kind might not make it into an art museum.
From the Latin sculpere "to carve," sculpture often is carved out of a block of wood, stone, or other material. Statues and outdoor artworks are one type of sculpture, and they are freestanding — you can walk around them, under them, or even over them. Other types are carved into walls, with the figures or objects sticking out from a flat surface. Artists called sculptors use soft materials, metal, and even ice and common objects like cars and cans to make sculpture.
WORD FAMILY
sculpture: sculptural, sculptured, sculpturer, sculptures, sculpturesque, sculpturing+/ sculpt: sculpted, sculpting, sculptor, sculpts, sculpture /sculptor: sculptors/sculptural: sculpturally/ sculpturesque: sculpturesquely
USAGE EXAMPLES
“In Cuba, I did sculpture which was figurative.”
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The Bayer Bee Care Center in Germany includes menacing sculptures of the little pest.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Tippet Rise Art Center is, in short, the world’s largest sculpture park—but it’s also a concert hall, a working ranch, and a wilderness.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 雕刻（术），塑像; 雕刻品; 刻纹
vt. 雕塑; 以雕刻装饰; 侵蚀
vi. 雕刻
时态：sculptured, sculpturing, sculptures
分布：雕塑(71%)，雕刻(26%)，刻蚀(2%)，当雕刻师(1%)
→sculpt-,雕刻，雕塑，-ure,名词后缀。引申词义雕像，雕塑品。
n.雕刻(术),雕塑(术);雕刻作品He sent her an ivory sculpture as a birthday present.他送给她一件牙雕工艺品作为生日礼物.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the art of forming solid objects that represent a thing, person, idea, etc. out of a material such as wood, clay, metal or stone, or an object made in this way 雕塑；雕刻；塑像；雕塑品；雕刻品
• Tom teaches sculpture at the local art school. 汤姆在当地艺术学校教雕塑。
• The museum has several life-sized sculptures of people and animals. 博物馆里陈列着几个实物大小的人和动物雕塑。
n. [建] 雕塑； [轻] 雕刻；刻蚀
 - carving, incision
vt. [建] 雕塑； [轻] 雕刻；刻蚀
 - grave, engrave

Word: compound
Front: compound
[ˈkɒmpaʊnd] (研四六托雅宝 3428/3595 -2)
Vocabulary: compound
(once / 297 pages)
1nadjv 2n 3v 4v
If you compound a problem you add something to it to make it worse, like say, putting water on a grease fire. Compound means to combine; a compound is a combination or mixture of two or more things.
Compound has several specialized uses. A compound is either a mixture or two or more things, or a heavily guarded residence, such as a drug lord might have. In botany, a compound leaf consists of more than one part. In linguistics, a compound is a word that consists of two or more independent words. In chemistry, a compound is a substance created when atoms from chemical elements join together.
WORD FAMILY
compound: compounded, compounding, compoundly, compounds, decompound+/compounded: uncompounded/compounding: compoundings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Compounds like nitrous oxide are powerful greenhouse gases.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Obama also shuttered two Russian compounds in Maryland and New York.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Cheese proteins contain casomorphins, chemical compounds that attach to the same opiate receptors in the brain as heroin or morphine.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 场地; 复合物; （筑有围墙的）院子; 复合词
时态：compounded, compounding, compounds
分布：化合物(58%)，复合词(10%)，复合物(8%)，混合(7%)，妥协(6%)，使严重(3%)，化合的(3%)，私了(3%)，调合(2%)
→com-, 强调。-pon, 放置，词源同opponent, position. 即放在一起的。
化合物(com全部+pound放→全部放到一起→化合物)[pon,pound=put,表示"放置"]
n.混合物,化合物a.混合的,化合的;vt.混合The wounded founder bought a pound of compound.受伤的奠基人买了一磅化合物.
【反】separate（v 分开）
US [ˈkɑːm-]
COMBINATION 组合
■a chemical that combines two or more elements 化合物
• Salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine. 盐是钠和氯的化合物。
• Many fertilizers contain nitrogen compounds. 许多化学肥料都含有含氮化合物。
■formal
■something consisting of two or more different parts 复合物；混合物
• Then there was his manner, a curious compound of humour and severity. 还有他的态度，那是一种幽默与严厉的奇异混合。
■in grammar, a word which combines two or sometimes more different words. Often, the meaning of the compound cannot be discovered by knowing the meaning of the different words that form it. Compounds can be written either as one word or as separate words （文法中的）复合词：态
• 'Bodyguard' and 'floppy disk' are two examples of compounds. bodyguard 和 floppy disk 是两个复合词。
noun countable UK [ˈkɒm.paʊnd] US [ˈkɑːm-]
AREA 区域
■an area surrounded by fences or walls which contains a group of buildings （围起来的）场地，楼群，院落
• The gates opened and the troops marched into their compound. 大门开了，军队进入他们的大院。
• The embassy compound has been closed to the public because of a bomb threat. 因受到炸弹威胁，使馆区已不再对公众开放。
verb[kəmˈpaʊnd/
WORSEN 恶化
transitive often passive
■to make a problem or difficult situation worse 使加重，使加剧，使恶化
• Her terror was compounded by the feeling that she was being watched. 她有种被人监视的感觉，这加剧了她的恐惧感。
• His financial problems were compounded when he unexpectedly lost his job. 他意外地失去了工作，这使他手头更紧了。
• Severe drought has compounded food shortages in the region. 严重的干旱加剧了该地区的食品短缺问题。
verb[kəmˈpaʊnd/
COMBINE 使混合
transitive
■to mix two things together 使混合；使复合
• Most tyres are made of rubber compounded with other chemicals and materials. 大多数轮胎都是用橡胶和其他化学制品、材料混合制成的。
adjective UK [ˈkɒm.paʊnd] US [ˈkɑːm-/
■consisting of two or more parts 复合的
■used to refer to a system of paying interest in which interest is paid both on the original amount of money invested (= given to companies hoping to get more back) or borrowed and on any interest which that original amount has collected over a period of time （利息）以复利计算的
• compound interest 复利
• The investment fund has achieved annual compound returns of 18.2%. 投资得到了18.2%的复利年回报率。
compound, blend, combination, mixture, composite
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
compound: 特指两种或多种元素构成的化合物。
blend: 侧重混合成分之间的类似和整个混合物的统一性。
combination: 指相混元素的紧密结合，但不一定的是融合。
mixture: 普通用词，指不同类种、性质不同的事物的混合。
composite: 通常可与compound换用，但倾向于指人为的或偶然的结合或凑合。
vt. 合成；混合；和解妥协；搀合
 - synthetise, mix together
vi. 和解；妥协
 - make it up, make peace with someone
n. [化学] 化合物；混合物； [生物] 复合词
 - mixture, hybrid, mix
adj. [生物] 复合的；混合的
 - mixed, hybrid

Word: integrate
Front: integrate
[ˈɪntɪgreɪt] (研四六托雅宝 3431/3349 -3)
Vocabulary: integrate
(once / 509 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To integrate is to make parts of something into a whole. It also means to become one unit, or to make a place (like a school) open to people of all races and ethnic groups.
One of the results of the Civil Rights Movement was the decision to integrate the schools of the American South. Before this point, African American students went to different schools than white students. After the decision to integrate the schools, students of all races went to the same schools. Integrate also means to make into a whole or to incorporate into a larger structure: "If your school is missing a unit on thermodynamics, your science teacher could integrate it into the curriculum."
WORD FAMILY
integrate: disintegrate, integrated, integrates, integrating, integration, integrative, integrator, reintegrate+/ disintegrate: disintegrable, disintegrated, disintegrates, disintegrating, disintegration, disintegrative/ disintegration: disintegrations/disintegrative: disintegratively/ integral: integrality, integrally, integrals, integrate / integrated: nonintegrated, unintegrated/ integration: integrations/integrator: integrators/reintegrate: reintegrated, reintegrates, reintegrating
USAGE EXAMPLES
He previously taught for three years at Integrated Arts Academy in Chaska.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The next challenge for many of these companies might be in integrating their tech start-ups with the main business.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jaynes believed that the development of nerve fibres connecting the two hemispheres gradually integrated brain function.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 合并; 成为一体; 加入; 融入群体
时态：integrated, integrating, integrates
分布：整合(61%)，结合(29%)，完整的(3%)，求积分(3%)，取消隔离(2%)，组合的(2%)
→来自integral,整体的，引申词义使一体化。
使一体,使结合(integr+ate)[inter=whole,表示"完整"]
v.(into,with)(使)成为一体,(使)结合在一起Many suggestions are needed to integrate the plan.需要许多建议使计划更加完整.
US [-tˌə-] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to mix with and join society or a group of people, often changing to suit their way of life, habits and customs （使）融入（某社会或群体）；（使）成为一体
• He seems to find it difficult to integrate socially. 他似乎觉得很难与别人打成一片。
• [R] It's very difficult to integrate your self into a society whose culture is so different from your own. 让自己融入一个文化上完全不同的社会是非常困难的。
• Children are often very good at integrating into a new culture. 孩子通常很善于融入新的文化。
transitive
■to combine two or more things in order to become more effective 使合并，使成为一体
• The aim, said the minister, was to integrate Britain both politically and economically into the European Community. 大臣说，目标是使英国在政治和经济上都与欧共体融为一体。
• The idea with young children is to integrate learning with play. 对幼儿的理念是寓教于乐。
integrate, link, combine, wove
integrate: 使合并，使结合
link: 联系，有关联的
combine: 结合，组合，综合
wove: 编、织
incorporate, integrate
incorporate: 结合，合并，编入
integrate: 把……集成
vi. 求积分；取消隔离；成为一体
 - become one flesh
adj. 整合的；完全的
 - complete, absolute, full, total, round
n. 一体化；集成体
 - gleichschaltung

Word: flour
Front: flour
[ˈflaʊə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3429/5355 -K2)
Vocabulary: flour
(once / 275 pages)
nv
Flour is a fine, powdery ingredient that's used to bake bread and cake and is made by grinding wheat or other grains. A traditional pound cake is made with a pound of flour.
You'll need flour when you bake almost anything, and while flour is usually made from wheat, you can also buy rice flour, corn flour, and may other kinds. When you sprinkle flour on the counter before kneading bread dough, you flour it. Flour comes from its homophone, flower, from the sense of "the finest or loveliest part of the meal," just as a flower is the finest part of a plant.
WORD FAMILY
flour: floured, flouring, flours, floury
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then his mother was laid off from a flour plant, and they were evicted from their home.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In a large bowl, whisk together the cornmeal, flour, sugar, baking powder and salt.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Place the flour in a separate, similar bowl.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 面粉
vt. 撒上粉
时态：floured, flouring, flours
分布：面粉(97%)，粉末(1%)，撒上粉(1%)，研成粉末(1%)
→来自词根flor, 花，词源同flower. 面粉义来自其比喻义花粉，精华。
n.面粉The sour vapour pours into the flourishing flour factory. It's the source of resources.酸蒸汽涌进兴旺的面粉厂.这是资源的源泉.
US [flaʊɚ] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■powder made from grain, especially wheat, used for making bread, cakes, pasta, pastry, etc. （谷物磨成的）粉；（尤指）小麦粉
⇒ See also cornflour
UK [flaʊər] US [flaʊɚ] verb transitive
■to put flour on a surface to prevent food from sticking 在…上撒面粉
• Grease and flour the tins thoroughly. 细细地给烤盘涂一层油脂并撒满面粉。
n. [粮食] 面粉；粉状物质
 - wheat meal

Word: bitter
Front: bitter
[ˈbɪtə(r)] (中高研四托雅 3580/3095 -K3)
Vocabulary: bitter
(once / 67 pages)
1adjnv 2adj 3adjadv 4n
If you usually drink your coffee with lots of cream and sugar in it, you might be surprised at how bitter plain black coffee can taste. Bitter means "having a sharp or harsh flavor."
Bitter describes a particular pungent taste, like the sharpness of very dark chocolate (which is sometimes called bittersweet for its mixture of the two flavors). If you imagine taking that bitter taste on your tongue and turning it into an emotion, you've got another meaning of bitter: a resentful, angry feeling. And if you turn that bitter flavor into a physical feeling, you've got an adjective that describes a sharp, unpleasant sensation, like a cold, bitter wind.
WORD FAMILY
bitter: bittered, bitterer, bitterest, bittering, bitterish, bitterly, bitterness, bitters, unbitter+/bitterness: bitternesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
He replaced Commissioner Susan Bitter Smith, who stepped down as the state Supreme Court was considering removing her because of a conflict of interest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most were still bitter over Boudin’s release and felt that Clark deserved to remain in prison.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
It was less than a year ago that it emerged from bankruptcy under new management after a bitter court fight and began staging operas again.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 苦的; 尖锐的; 严寒的; 怀恨的，愤愤不平的
n. 苦; 苦味物; 苦啤酒; [航]系缆柱上的一圈缆索
adv. 激烈地; 痛苦地; 严厉地
vt. 使变苦
时态：bittered, bittering, bitters
分布：苦的(34%)，苦涩(20%)，痛苦的(15%)，激烈的(14%)，激烈地(4%)，辛酸的(4%)，使变苦(3%)，苦酒(2%)，苦的东西(2%)，极其(2%)
→词源同bite, 咬，撕裂。后指酸，苦。
a.(有)苦(味)的;痛苦的,厉害的This orange tastes bitter.这个桔子有点苦.
US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] adjective
ANGRY 愩怒，怒气
 IMPROVER
■describes a person who is angry and unhappy because they cannot forget bad things which happened in the past 充满仇恨的；极为不满的
• I feel very bitter about my childhood and all that was denied me. 我对童年和曾被剥削的一切感到怨恨。
• She'd suffered terribly over the years but it hadn't made her bitter. 多年来她受尽了苦，但她并不怨恨。
 IMPROVER
■describes an experience that causes deep pain or anger 使人痛苦的；令人愤怒的
• Failing the final exams was a bitter disappointment for me. 期末考试不及格令我非常痛苦。
• She learnt through bitter experience that he was not to be trusted. 她从痛苦的经历中意识到他不可信。
 IMPROVER
■expressing a lot of hate and anger 充满仇恨和愤怒的；激烈的
• a bitter fight/row 激烈的战斗／争吵
• bitter recriminations 激烈的反诉
• He gave me a bitter look. 他狠狠地瞪了我一眼。
UK ['bɪt.ər] US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] adjective
TASTE 味道
 ADVANCED
■with an unpleasantly sharp taste 苦的，有苦味的
• a bitter flavour/taste/liquid 苦味／苦味液体
UK ['bɪt.ər] US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] adjective
COLD 寒冷的
■describes weather that is extremely cold, especially in a way that causes physical pain （天气）严寒的，（尤指）刺骨的
• a bitter wind 刺骨的寒风
• Wrap up warmly - it 's bitter outside. 穿暖和些——外面特别冷。
UK ['bɪt.ər] US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] adjective
the bitter fruits of sth
■the unpleasant result of something 恶果；不好的结局
• The unemployed are tasting the bitter fruits of the market economy. 失业人士正承受市场经济的苦果。
UK ['bɪt.ər] US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] adjective
a bitter pill (to swallow)
■something that is very unpleasant but which must be accepted 不得不吞的苦果；必须接受的残酷事实
• Losing to a younger player was a bitter pill to swallow. 输给了更为年轻的对手是残酷的事实。
UK ['bɪt.ər] US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] adjective
to the bitter end
■until something is finished 坚持到底；拼到底
UK ['bɪt.ər] US ['bɪtˌ.ɚ] noun uncountable UK a type of dark brown beer with a bitter taste 苦啤酒
• a pint of bitter 一品脱苦啤酒
Compare mild
bitters
■a strong bitter alcoholic drink made from spices and plant products that is mixed with other alcoholic drinks 苦味酒
adj. [食品] 苦的；痛苦的；尖刻的；充满仇恨的
 - painful, hurt
n. [食品] 苦味；苦啤酒
 - gall
adv. 激烈地；严寒刺骨地
 - strongly, hotly

Word: bare
Front: bare
[beə(r)] (高研四托雅宝 3430/3196 -3)
Vocabulary: bare
(once / 89 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3adj 4v
When you kick off your shoes to walk on the beach, you are enjoying the feeling of your bare feet in the warm sand. The adjective bare describes something or someone that is naked or unclothed.
Bare can be used in many different ways: to describe the inside of your nearly-empty refrigerator, an uncarpeted floor, or your unadorned, sparsely decorated bedroom. The word bare can also be used as a verb meaning "to uncover or expose." When you reveal deep truths about yourself to another person — imagine confessing your passion for stamp collecting to a girl you like — you "bare your soul."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
bare / bear
Bare means naked, but to bear is to carry something. A bear is also a brown furry animal, but most people keep that one straight.
To bare is to uncover, either by removing clothes or revealing something. It's getting down to the bare bones. Bare-knuckled or barehanded means the gloves are off. Don't walk on glass in bare feet, and don't bare your soul to a con artist. Let's reveal a few good examples of bare:
In our textbooks, there are photos of physicians a century ago performing autopsies with their bare hands. (Salon)
At a bare minimum the crisis cost nearly $20,000 for each American. (New York Times)
If you can't bear to be naked, you can't stand it. Bear is to put up with or carry something, like a burden or a baby. Or both. It's spelled just like the animal. Grin and bear it means to smile during a storm, not to smile and disrobe. The Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution mentions the right to bear arms, and it has nothing to do with tank tops. If a tree bears fruit, you're in luck. Here are some non-furry bears caught in the wild:
But he could not bear to live in their dream without the one who was to share it. (Time)
Your son will still be your son, and your grandchildren your grands, no matter what name they bear. (New York Times)
If you can't bear to remember it all, just imagine a lumbering grizzly carrying a heavy load, and you'll bear this knowledge with glee! If a bear bares his teeth, though, run!
WORD FAMILY
bare: bared, barely, bareness, barer, bares, barest, baring+/baring: barings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Much of the rest of the apartment was bare.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That self-imposed deadline ended on Friday with the majority of the country’s ATMs still bare, and people such as Birja still struggling.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The two promptly put all their possessions in a storage unit and moved into a Texas apartment with the barest of essentials.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 光秃秃的; （房间、柜子等）空的; 赤裸的; 刚好够的
vt. 使赤裸; 使露出; 揭开; 脱（衣服）
时态：bared, baring, bares
分布：赤裸的(45%)，空的(24%)，暴露(22%)，仅有的(6%)，使裸露(3%)
→来自PIE *bhosos, 裸露的，纯粹的。
a.赤裸的,空的;稀少的,仅有的v.露出,暴露I'm rarely aware that the square area is bare.我很少觉察到那个正方形区域是光秃秃的.
【记】ba爸re热－爸热。我爸是开小面的的，整天又出油、又出汗，多亏有了碧浪。不过还是得花钱买，有一天我劝他：“干脆，脱吧（暴露），把您那健壮的体魄展现给乘客，又凉快，又省钱，又省得洗衣服了，最大的好处是生意红火了。”
【反】occult（v 隐藏）
US [ber] adjective
NO CLOTHES 赤裸
 ADVANCED
■without any clothes or not covered by anything 赤裸的；裸体的；无遮蔽的；空的
• Don't walk around outside in your bare feet. 别赤脚在外面到处走。
• There's no carpet in the room, just bare floorboards. 房间里地板裸露，没有铺上地毯。
⇒ See also barefoot
UK [beər] US [ber] adjective
BASIC 基本的
■only the most basic or important 仅最基本的，只有最重要的
• I just packed the bare essentials (= the most basic and necessary things). 我只打包了最基本和最重要的必需品。
• There isn't much time, so I'll just give you the bare facts/details. 时间不多了，我只能给你提供一些最基本的事实／细节。
the bare minimum
■the least possible amount 最低限度，最少量
• She eats only the bare minimum to stay alive. 她吃得极少，仅够活下去而已。
UK [beər] US [ber] adjective
EMPTY 空的 literary
■If a cupboard or room is bare, there is nothing in it. （橱柜或房间）空无一物的
UK [beər] US [ber] adjective
with your bare hands
■without using any type of tool or weapon 赤手空拳，徒手
• He wrestled the lion to the ground with his bare hands. 他徒手将狮子摔倒在地。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb transitive
■to uncover something or make it bare 使赤裸，使暴露，除去…的覆盖物
• The men bared their heads (= took their hats off as a sign of respect) as they entered the church. 男人们走进教堂时都脱掉帽子。
• He became nervous when the dog growled and bared its teeth at him (= showed its teeth to him). 当狗咆哮着，向他龇牙咧嘴时，他变得紧张。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb transitive
bare your heart/soul
■to tell someone your secret thoughts and feelings 打开心扉；倾吐心声
• We don't know each other that well. I certainly wouldn't bare my soul to her. 我们之间并不是那么熟悉，我自然不会向她坦露心扉。
barren, naked, bald, bare
这组词都有“裸露的”的意思，其区别是：
barren: 着重缺少肥力或生活能力，无草无木，荒瘠不毛。
naked: 指全身一丝不挂，暴露无遗。
bald: 指头上无发，山坡无树无草，树顶无叶。
bare: 指缺少必要的遮盖物。用于人时，多指身体的部分裸露。
adj. 空的；赤裸的，无遮蔽的
 - empty, hollow, vacant
vt. 露出，使赤裸
 - show up

Word: slope
Front: slope
[sləʊp] (研四六托雅 3434/3119 -K2)
Vocabulary: slope
(once / 156 pages)
vn
If you find yourself on a slippery slope, watch out: you could be sliding down a hill. Land that is not level is called a slope. Slope can also be a verb, as in land that slopes down to sea level.
Language experts believe the word slope came from the Middle English word aslope, an adverb that means “at an angle.” The word has a noun form you can use for something that is at an angle — on a slope — like a steep hill or the ramp in a parking garage. It also has a verb form that can be used to describe something that slants, like someone's signature with letters that slope to the left or an angled haircut that slopes to cover one eye.
WORD FAMILY
slope: sloped, slopes, sloping+/sloped: unsloped/sloping: slopingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said it set in motion a “slippery slope where it’s only a matter of time before everyone pays everywhere.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
This will likely affect traffic getting to the ski slopes as road crews conduct avalanche control work.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
To get there, you enter through a portal near the river’s edge and walk down a sloping corridor into the center of the dam.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 斜坡; 斜面; 倾斜; 斜率
vi. 倾斜; 有斜度; 悄悄地走; 潜行
vt. 使倾斜
时态：sloped, sloping, slopes
分布：斜坡(42%)，倾斜(25%)，斜率(18%)，斜面(7%)，有坡度(3%)，使倾斜(3%)，斜线(2%)
→来自辅音丛 sl-,滑的，滑动的，词源同 slip,slide.引申比喻义斜坡，陡坡等。
n.斜坡,斜面;倾斜,斜度v.(使)倾斜It is dangerous to climb up a steep slope.攀登陡坡是危险的.
US [sloʊp] noun countable
■a surface which lies at an angle to the horizontal so that some points on it are higher than others 斜坡
• The roof is at a slope (= at an angle to a horizontal surface) of 30°. 屋顶有30°的坡度。
■(part of) the side of a hill or mountain 山坡
• a ski/mountain slope 滑雪坡／山坡
• Snow had settled on some of the higher slopes. 雪堆积在一些较高的山坡上。
• There's a very steep slope just before you reach the top of the mountain. 在你到达山顶之前要经过一个陡坡。
• There are some nice gentle (= not steep) slopes that we can ski down. 那里有一些我们可以滑雪的缓坡。
UK [sləʊp] US [sloʊp] verb intransitive
■to be at an angle to the horizontal 斜坡
• The path slopes up/down to the house. 小路倾斜向上／向下通往房子。
• Our school football pitch sloped at the south end, so one half of the game always had to be played uphill. 我们学校的足球场南端呈斜坡状，所以比赛总是有一半不得不踢上坡球。
UK [sləʊp] US [sloʊp] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  slope off UK informal
■to leave somewhere quietly so that you are not noticed, usually to avoid work （通常指为逃避工作）溜走
• I saw you sloping off just after lunch yesterday! 昨天午饭时间刚过我就看见你溜了！
tilt, slope, tip
这组词都有“倾斜”的意思，其区别是：
tilt: 指有意识地或长时间地使物体处于倾斜状态。
slope: 指向上或向下渐渐倾斜的表面，多用于山、屋顶等缓缓倾斜。
tip: 指向一边倾斜或向上翻转、失去平衡或完全翻转过来。
n. 斜坡；倾斜； [数] 斜率；扛枪姿势
 - hill, pitch
vi. 倾斜；逃走
 - pitch, tip up
vt. 倾斜；使倾斜；扛
 - carry, tip up

Word: rent
Front: rent
[rent] (高研四六托雅宝 3433/2386 -K3)
Vocabulary: rent
(once / 161 pages)
1nv 2vn 3n
To rent something is to pay money to use it, live in it, or borrow it. If you're not sure which musical instrument you'll stick with and enjoy playing, it's best to rent a few to try out before buying.
Rent is both a verb and a noun for borrowing or leasing something. If you rent an apartment, you pay money to live there, and that money is also rent. You can rent many things, from skates at a roller rink to furniture for the home you rent. You don't own things you rent — you just use them temporarily. A rent is also a rip: "She fell and tore a big rent in one knee of her jeans."
WORD FAMILY
rent: rentable, rental, rented, renter, renting, rents+/rentable: unrentable/rental: rentals/renter: renters/renting: rentings
USAGE EXAMPLES
About 200 Muslims who hold their prayers in rented hotel space in Manassas want to build their own space.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say he rented the penthouse flat in China cheaply from a shareholder of broadcast company Wave Media.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A special thanks to the folks in the reservations department at the Trump International Hotel here who helped us rent this ballroom on last-minute notice.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 租金; 地租; （意见等的）分裂，分歧; （衣服等的）裂缝
vt. & vi. 出租; 付地租; “rend”的过去式和过去分词; 租借
adj. 撕碎的; 分裂的
时态：rented, renting, rents
分布：租金(59%)，出租(28%)，租用(12%)，动词rend的过去式和过去分词.(1%)
→来自古法语 rente,应付款，利润，收入，来自俗拉丁语*rendere,给予，给回，词源同 render. 引申词义租金。
v.租,租赁n.租金The tenant is discontented with the content of the agreement for renting the tennis tent.承租人对租用网球帐篷的协议内容不满.
【记】rent作为“租金”大家都熟悉，租赁的过程中容易出现分歧。
noun
PAYMENT 付款
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a fixed amount of money that you pay regularly for the use of a room, house, car, television, etc. that someone else owns 租金；租费
• I pay a higher rent/more rent than the other tenants because my room is bigger. 我的房租比其他房客高，因为我的房间要大些。
• Rents here are ridiculously high/low. 这里的房租高／低得出奇。
for rent
■offered by the owner for someone else to use in exchange for money 出租；招租
[rent] noun
HOLE 洞
countable mainly old use
■a large hole torn in a piece of material （布等上面的）破洞，裂口，裂缝
• There was a large rent in his parachute. 他的降落伞上裂了个大口子。
[rent] verb
PAY TO USE 租借
 IMPROVER transitive
■to pay or receive a fixed amount of money for the use of a room, house, car, television, etc 租用，租借；出租
• I rented a car from a garage so that I could get about. 我从汽车修理厂租了一辆车，以便能够四处走走。
• [+ two objects] The old lady rented us her spare bedroom for £55 a week. 这位老太太以每周55英镑的价格把她一间闲置的睡房租给了我们。
• My Dad has a cottage which he rents (out) to tourists. 我爸爸有一处乡间小屋，他把它出租给游客们。
  Common Learner Errors  rent or hire? In British English you usually rent something for a long time. I rent a 2-bedroom flat. In British English you hire something for a short time. We hired a car for the weekend. In American English the word rent is used in both situations. I rent a 2-bedroom apartment. We rented a car for the weekend.
[rent] verb
TORN 撕裂的 past simple and past participle of
■ rend
charter, let, lease, rent, hire
这组词都有“租，租用”的意思，其区别是：
charter: 指承租大型运输工具，如飞机、轮船、大客车以及火车等。
let: 尤指出租房屋或地产等。
lease: 指按照租约租出或租用房屋、土地或其它不动产。
rent: 在英国指较长时间租出或租入房屋、商店或土地；而在美国指长时间或短时期租用各种资产以及日用东西。
hire: 多指短期租用。在英国一般指租用车、船。
n. [租赁] 租金
 - letting, hire
vt. 出租；租用；租借
 - lease out, hire out
vi. [租赁] 租；出租
 - lease out, hire out

Word: presidency
Front: presidency
[ˈprezɪdənsi] (六托 3432/5207 -3)
Vocabulary: presidency
(once / 549 pages)
n
A presidency is the executive office of a country, state, company, or other large organization. It's also the way to refer to the whole length of time a president is president: "Washington's presidency ended after two terms."
When a candidate is elected to the presidency, that person becomes president, the head of a nation, organization, college, or company. The presidency of the United States has potential to change every four years, when the country holds elections. You can also use presidency to talk about a particular time period, defined by who was president them: "His presidency was a period marked by recession and job loss."
WORD FAMILY
presidency: presidencies+/ president: ex-president, presidency, presidential, presidents, presidentship/ presidential: presidentially, unpresidential/presidentship: presidentships/unpresidential: unpresidentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here, then, are the prerequisites of the presidency.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“This covert action by the Nixon campaign,” he said, “laid the ground for the skulduggery of his presidency.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Beginning in 2017, Republicans will hold 33 governorships and fully control legislatures in 25 states, as well as the Congress and presidency.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 总统; 总统的任期; 管辖; 支配
分布：名词(100%)
noun
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■the job of being president, or the period when someone is a president 总统职务（或任期）
• He has announced that he is running for the presidency. 他已宣布参加总统竞选。
• She won the presidency by a wide margin. 她以高额票数当选总统。
n. 总统（或董事长、会长、大学校长等）的职位（任期）；管辖；支配
 - government, disposal, ruling

Word: serving
Front: serving
[ˈsɜ:vɪŋ] (3438/11698 -1)
Back: n. 服务; （食物或饮料的）一份; 上菜
adj. 用于上菜的
v. （为…）服务( serve的现在分词); 任（职）; 提供; 端上
分布：服务(89%)，服役(8%)，一客(2%)，动词serve的现在分词.(1%)
→来自 serve,服务。比喻用法。
US ['sɝ:-] adjective
WORKING 现役的
[before noun]
■employed at the present time in a particular organization, especially the armed forces 目前任职的；（尤指）现役的
• serving and retired military officers 现役和退役的军官
UK ['sɜ:.vɪŋ] US ['sɝ:-] adjective
FOOD/DRINK 食物／饮料
serving dish/spoon, etc.
■an object used for holding food before it is put onto plates, or for putting food onto plates 公盘／杓等
UK ['sɜ:.vɪŋ] US ['sɝ:-] noun countable
■an amount of one type of food which is given to one person （供一人食用的）一份；一客
• The quantities given in the recipe should be enough for four servings. 食谱上提供的量足够四个人吃。
n. 服务；上菜；一份食物
 - helping

Word: subtle
Front: subtle
[ˈsʌtl] (研六托雅宝 3435/3792 -2)
Vocabulary: subtle
(once / 229 pages)
adj
Something that is subtle is not obvious: a professional food taster might be able to perceive subtle differences of flavor that most people don't notice.
Subtle is used for things that are hard to describe because of their complexity or delicacy: a way of thinking, arguing, or creating a work of art. The word is pronounced like "suttle" and it was originally spelled that way when it was borrowed from Old French, but the b got imported to make the word look more like its ultimate source, the Latin adjective subtilis. If you try to pronounce the b, your ignorance of how to say the word properly won't be very subtle!
WORD FAMILY
subtle: subtilise, subtilize, subtlely, subtler, subtlest, subtlety, subtly, unsubtle+/subtilise: subtilised, subtilises, subtilising/subtilize: subtilized, subtilizes, subtilizing/ subtlety: subtleties/unsubtle: unsubtly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The truth is that permanent weight loss requires a subtle, manageable set of skills which likely vary from person to person.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
The effect is subtle and simple, yet evocative of greater things.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He likes to sit in his study and recount tales with subtle lessons.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 微妙的; 敏感的; 狡猾的; 巧妙的
分布：微妙的(69%)，精细的(10%)，狡猾的(9%)，敏锐的(9%)，不明显的(3%)
→来自古法语 subtil,来自拉丁语 subtilis,精细的，精致的，来自 sub,向下，在下，-tilis,网的， 来自 tela,网，词源同 toilet,toiletry.其字面意思可能是网中网，因此要求更巧妙的编织技术， 引申诸相关词义。
a.精巧的,巧妙的;细微的,微妙的The subtle subscriber found the prescription manuscript.敏锐的认购者找到处方原稿.
【反】palpable（adj 可触知的；明显的）；blatant（adj 喧嚣的）
US ['sʌtˌ-] approving
adjective
 ADVANCED
■not loud, bright, noticeable or obvious in any way 隐约的；暗淡的；不易察觉的，不明显的；微妙的
• The room was painted a subtle shade of pink. 房间被刷成了淡粉色。
• The play's message is perhaps too subtle to be understood by young children. 这部戏的内涵过于隐晦，小孩子可能难以理解。
 ADVANCED
■small but important 细微的；细致的
• There is a subtle difference between these two plans. 两个计划之间有一点细微的差别。
■achieved in a quiet way which does not attract attention to itself and which is therefore good or clever 微妙的，精妙的；巧妙的
• a subtle plan/suggestion 巧妙的计划／建议
• subtle questions 巧妙的问题
delicate, fine, subtle
这组词都有“微妙的，细微的”的意思，其区别是：
delicate: 侧重指需要谨慎处理和对待。
fine: 隐含“不易察觉的”意味。
subtle: 侧重有洞察、领悟事物细微差别以及微妙关系的能力。
adj. 微妙的；精细的；敏感的；狡猾的；稀薄的
 - sensitive, delicate, detailed, refined, designing

Word: greatly
Front: greatly
[ˈgreɪtli] (四六 3436/2526 -K)
Back: adv. 大大地，非常
分布：非常(45%)，很(33%)，大大地(22%)
很大地(great大)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
adverb
 IMPROVER
■very much, used especially to show how much you feel or experience something （尤用于表示强烈感受或体验）非常，很，大大地
• I greatly regret not having told the truth. 我非常后悔没有说出实情。
• Her piano playing has greatly improved/has improved greatly. 她的钢琴弹奏大有进步。
principally, mainly, generally, largely, chiefly, primarily, mostly, greatly
这组词都有“主要地，大量地”的意思，其区别是：
principally: 侧重居首要地位。
mainly: 指主要部分，突出在一系列事物中的相对重要性。
generally: 通常强调普遍性。
largely: 着重范围或分量大大超过别的成分。
chiefly: 侧重某人或某物在众多的人或物中占主要和显著地位。
primarily: 侧重基本地，首要地。
mostly: 强调数量占多半，近乎全部。
greatly: 通常强调程度的高。
adv. 很，大大地；非常
 - quite, badly, too, extremely, far, highly

Word: bishop
Front: bishop
[ˈbɪʃəp] (高六 3437/2221)
Vocabulary: bishop
(once / 62 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A bishop is a religious authority figure in some Christian churches. In many churches, a bishop ordains, or appoints, ministers and priests.
In Christian traditions ranging from Roman Catholic to Lutheran, bishops play an important role in church oversight. In many orthodox and Catholic churches, bishops are believed to be the successors to the original twelve apostles from the Bible's New Testament. The chess piece called the bishop comes from this religious figure, and the word itself comes from the Greek episkopos, "watcher or overseer."
WORD FAMILY
bishop: archbishop, bishops, episcopal+/archbishop: archbishops, archepiscopal, archiepiscopal/episcopal: episcopally
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Vatican on Monday released the text of a Dec. 28 letter Francis sent to bishops about injustices to children.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Michael Harley, a team captain, reminded them of the Bishop Gorman game: did they remember how awful it felt to lose?
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Pope Francis – who is to visit Ireland in 2018 – was reportedly keen to examine the possibility of married priests at his next synod of bishops.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教; （国际象棋的）象; 香甜葡萄酒
分布：主教(100%)
→来自拉丁词episcopus. 前缀epi-, 在...上，词根scope, 看，同spect, 字母p,c置换。指宗教的监督者，监管者。
【记】bi两个，shop商店。主教有两个商店－家和教堂。Be shop？主教在shop里吗？不在！！
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a priest of high rank who is in charge of the priests of lower rank in a particular area 主教
• the Bishop of Durham 达拉谟主教
• Bishop Desmond Tutu 德斯蒙德‧图图主教
■(in chess) a piece that moves from corner to corner along squares of the same colour （国际象棋中的）象
n. 主教
 - pontiff, prelature

Word: drinking
Front: drinking
[ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ] (雅 3440/4277)
Back: n. 喝饮料，喝酒
v. 喝（酒）( drink的现在分词 ); 饮; 喝酒; （尤指）酗酒
分布：喝(79%)，喝酒(20%)，动词drink的现在分词.(1%)
noun uncountable
ALCOHOL 酒精
 ADVANCED
■when someone drinks alcohol 喝酒，饮酒
• I've done a lot of drinking since dad died. 自从爸爸去世后我常喝酒。
• Drinking and driving is dangerous. 酒后驾车危险。
• The doctor told me to change my drinking habits (= not to drink so much alcohol). 医生告诫我不要喝这么多的酒。
['drɪŋ.kɪŋ] noun uncountable
LIQUID 液体
■the act of taking liquid in through your mouth 喝，饮
• This water is not for drinking. 这种水不是用来喝的。
n. 喝，饮；喝酒
 - potation, tipsiness

Word: cry
Front: cry
[kraɪ] (中高 1351/1518 -K4)
Back: vt. & vi. 哭; 喊，叫
vt. 哭着说; 叫卖; 大声报道
n. 哭; 叫喊; 要求; 大喊
vi. 鸣; 啼叫; 嗥叫; 吠
时态：cried, crying, cries
分布：哭(76%)，喊(18%)，叫声(6%)
→拟声词。
n. & v.叫,喊,哭;(鸟兽)叫,啼,鸣,嗥The crying boy tries to fry the dry crystal.哭喊的男孩试图用油炸干晶体.
verb intransitive or transitive
PRODUCE TEARS 流泪
 ESSENTIAL
■to produce tears as the result of a strong emotion, such as unhappiness or pain 哭，哭泣；流泪
• I could hear someone crying in the next room. 我能听见隔壁房间有人在哭。
• "There, there, don't cry," she said. “好啦，好啦，别哭了，”她说道。
• We all laughed until we cried. 我们都大笑起来，直到笑出了眼泪。
• She cried bitter tears when she got the letter. 收到来信，她流下了痛苦的泪水。
• He cried for joy when he heard that his son had been found alive and well. 得知儿子安然无恙，他喜极而泣。
cry yourself to sleep
■to cry for a long time until you start to sleep 一直哭到睡着
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
SHOUT 喊叫
 ADVANCED
■to call out loudly 叫；喊；大声说
• [+ speech] "Look out!" she cried. “当心！”她叫道。
  Common Learner Errors  cry, scream or shout? When cry is used to mean 'to call out loudly', it is usually only used with speech. 'Get me out of here!' she cried. The most common words used to mean 'to call out loudly' are scream or shout. Scream is usually something you do when you are frightened or being attacked and is often just sounds not words. As he grabbed her arm, she screamed and tried to get away.
✗ As he grabbed her arm, she cried and tried to get away. Shout is a more general word for 'to call out loudly'. Alex shouted something to me across the street.
✗ Alex cried something to me across the street.
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
cry your eyes out
■to cry a lot 哭得死去活来，痛哭，号啕大哭
• I was so upset that day, I cried my eyes out. 那天我很难过，所以痛哭了一场。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
cry foul
■to say that something which has happened is unfair or illegal 埋怨，抱怨；叫屈
• The opposition parties have cried foul at the president's act, seeing it as a violation of democracy. 反对党强烈抗议总统采取的行动，认为它有违民主。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
cry wolf disapproving
■to ask for help when you do not need it 喊“狼来了”；发假警报
• If you cry wolf too often, people will stop believing that you need help. 如果你常喊“狼来了”，人们便不会再相信你需要帮助。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
For crying out loud! informal
■said when you are annoyed, and to emphasize what you are saying （表示恼怒和强调）哎呀，天哪，真是岂有此理
• Oh, for crying out loud, why won't you listen to me! 噢，真是岂有此理，你们为甚么不肯听我说！
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
It's no use crying over spilt milk. saying
■said to emphasize that it is not useful feeling sorry about something which has already happened 牛奶泼了，哭也无益；已成定局的事后悔也无用
• It's no use crying over spilt milk - he's spent all the money, and there's nothing you can do about it. 事已至此，伤心也没用——他把钱都花光了，对此你也毫无办法。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cry off informal
■to decide not to do something that you have arranged to do 食言；毁约；打退堂鼓
• She usually says she'll be there and then cries off at the last minute. 她通常都说会去，而最后关头又改变主意。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cry out
■to shout or make a loud noise because you are frightened, hurt, etc. （由于惊恐或受伤等）大叫，大喊，喊叫
• She cried out in pain as the bullet grazed her shoulder. 子弹擦过她的肩头时，她痛得叫出声来。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cry out against sth
■to complain loudly about something that you do not approve of 大声反对；谴责
• Women's rights groups have cried out against the proposed cut in benefit paid to single mothers. 妇女权益团体对减少单身母亲的救济金的提议表示强烈反对。
[kraɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cry out for sth
■to need a particular thing very much 迫切需要
• The country is crying out for a change in leadership. 国家迫切需要更换领导层。
[kraɪ] noun
SHOUT 喊叫
 ADVANCED countable
■a loud high sound that expresses an emotion （表达某种情感的）叫喊，呼喊
• a cry of despair 绝望的叫喊声
 ADVANCED countable
■a shout made to attract people's attention （吸引别人注意的）喊叫声
• They were wakened by cries of 'Fire!' from the next room. 他们被隔壁房间里传来的“着火了”的叫声惊醒了。
countable
■the noise that a bird or animal makes （鸟或动物的）叫声
[kraɪ] noun
TEARS 哭泣
only singular
■a period of crying 一阵哭泣
• "Go on, have a good cry," he said, stroking her hair. “哭吧，好好哭一场吧。”他抚摸着她的头发说道。
[kraɪ] noun
a cry for help
■a way of saying that you need help 求助的表示
• Most suicide attempts are really a cry for help. 大多数企图自杀的行为实际上是一种迫切需要帮助的表现。
[kraɪ] noun
in full cry
■talking continuously about something in a noisy or eager way 激烈议论；激情呐喊
• The opposition was in full cry in Parliament last night over the proposed changes to the education bill. 昨晚议会中反对党针对修改教育法案的提议展开了激烈讨论。
call, scream, yell, roar, shriek, exclaim, shout, cry
这组词都有“喊”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指大声说话或喊叫，以引起某人的注意。
scream: 指因恐具、快乐或痛苦而发出的尖叫声。
yell: 多指求援、鼓励时的呼叫。也可指因外界因素刺激而发出尖厉声音。
roar: 指发出大而深沉的声音、吼叫或咆哮。
shriek: 指因惊恐、痛苦等或其它感情而发出比scream更为尖锐、刺耳的叫声。
exclaim: 多指因高兴、愤怒、痛苦、惊讶等突发感情而高声喊叫。
shout: 指有意识地高声喊叫，常用于提出警告、发命令或唤起注意等。
cry: 一般指因恐惧、痛苦、惊奇等而喊叫。
weep, cry, sob
weep: 哭泣，书面语，常指小声或无声地哭泣，有时可与cry通用。如：She wept at the sad news.(听到这不幸的消息，她哭了。)
cry: 哭，普通用语，常指出声地哭。如：The little girl cried herself to sleep.(小女孩哭着睡着了。)
sob: 抽泣，呜咽：She sobbed herself to sleep.(她啜泣着入睡了。)
vt. 叫喊；哭出；大声说
 - Say It Loud, bawl out
n. 叫喊；叫声；口号；呼叫
 - call, wow
vi. 哭；叫；喊
 - blub, stare after

Word: acceptance
Front: acceptance
[əkˈseptəns] (研四六 3443/2899 -2)
Vocabulary: acceptance
(once / 470 pages)
1n 2n
Acceptance is taking something given to you. You might be relieved by your friend's acceptance of your apology for accidentally riding your bike over his foot.
An acceptance of someone or something is also an indication that you approve of or believe in it (or them). If you dye your hair green and wear a suit made of bear fur, gaining your grandmother’s acceptance may prove difficult if she's a conservative dresser and an animal lover. In legal terms acceptance is language signifying consent to the terms of an offer, leading to the creation of a contract.
WORD FAMILY
acceptance: acceptances, nonacceptance+/ accept: acceptable, acceptance, acceptant, acceptation, accepted, accepting, acceptive, accepts/acceptability: acceptabilities/ acceptable: acceptability, acceptableness, acceptablest, acceptably, unacceptable, unacceptably/acceptation: acceptations/ accepted: acceptedly, unaccepted/accepting: acceptingly/unacceptable: unacceptability, unacceptableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those who want to attend a U.S. university get a letter of acceptance conditional upon completion of the ELS program.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Still, the league using FanDuel to drive its TV business is exactly the type of mainstream acceptance Freeman mentioned.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“We do not want to live with the acceptance of terror and the state should teach a lesson to the terrorist organisations.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 接受，接纳; [金融]承兑; 无怨接受（逆境、困境等）; 赞成
分布：认可(45%)，承兑(42%)，同意(13%)
n.接受,接收,验收,接纳;承认,认可The child won acceptance by the teacher.孩子得到了老师的喜爱.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■general agreement that something is satisfactory or right, or that someone should be included in a group 认可，接纳
• The idea rapidly gained acceptance (= became approved of) in political circles. 这个想法很快就得到了政界的认同。
• The party marked his acceptance into the community. 这次聚会意味着社团已接纳他为成员。
■the act of agreeing to an offer, plan or invitation 接受（提议、计划或邀请）
• Her acceptance of the award was very controversial. 她接受该奖项引发了很大的争议。
• an acceptance speech 接受提名（或奖项）的演讲
■accepting a difficult or unpleasant situation 容忍
• His attitude to his children's behaviour is one of resigned acceptance. 他对自己孩子的行为抱着能忍则忍的态度。
n. 接受；接纳； [金融] 承兑；赞同
 - receiving, adoption

Word: shop
Front: shop
[ʃɒp] (中高雅 1338/648 -K4)
Back: n. 商店; 工厂; 办事处; 购物
vt. & vi. （到…）去买东西[购物]; 逛商店
vt. 购物; 买东西
时态：shopped, shopping, shops
分布：商店(58%)，购物(31%)，买东西(7%)，车间(3%)，逛商店(1%)
→来自古英语 scoppa,亭子，货摊，来自 Proto-Germanic*skup,谷仓，简易仓库，来自 skup, 弯，拱。后引申词义工厂，车间，作坊等，再后用于指商店，店铺，且成为主要词义。
n.商店,店铺;工厂,车间v.买东西The county councilor encountered the accountant at the counter of a countryside shop.县委委员在一乡村商店的柜台边碰到了会计师.
US [ʃɑ:p] noun countable
PLACE TO BUY THINGS 购物场所
 ESSENTIAL (US usually store)
■a building, or a room in a building, where you can buy goods or get services 商店，店铺
• a book/clothes/record/sweet shop 书／服装／唱片／糖果店
• a barber's/betting shop 理发／投注店
• I need to go to the shops - I've got no food in the house. 我得去商店了——家里没有吃的东西了。
■UK
■the act of shopping, especially of shopping for food and other things needed in the house 购物；（尤指食品及其他日常用品的）采购
• I usually do the weekly shop on a Monday. 我通常在星期一买一周要用的东西。
be in the shops
■to be available to buy 面市，上市，可以买到
• His latest novel will be in the shops by Christmas. 他的最新小说将在圣诞节前上市。
UK [ʃɒp] US [ʃɑ:p] noun countable
WORK AREA 工作区
■a place where a particular type of thing is made or repaired 工厂；修理厂
• He runs an auto-tyre repair shop. 他开了一家汽车轮胎修理厂。
UK [ʃɒp] US [ʃɑ:p] noun countable
BUSINESS 商业 informal
■a business 公司；企业
UK [ʃɒp] US [ʃɑ:p] noun countable
set up shop
■to start your own business 开创自己的企业；创业
• She set up shop back in 1965 with a very small restaurant in the Kings Road. 1965年她以国王路上一家很小的餐馆为起点开创了自己的事业。
UK [ʃɒp] US [ʃɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
BUY THINGS 购物
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to buy things in shops 买，购买
• I like to shop at Harrods for clothes. 我喜欢在哈洛氏买衣服。
• If I'm just shopping for food, I tend to go to the local supermarket. 如果只是买些食品，我一般会去附近的超市。
UK [ʃɒp] US [ʃɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
GIVE INFORMATION 提供资讯
transitive UK slang
■to give the police information about a criminal （向员警）告发
• His ex-wife shopped him to the police. 他的前妻向警方告发了他。
UK [ʃɒp] US [ʃɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  shop around
■to compare the price and quality of the same or a similar object in different shops before you decide which one to buy 货比三家，逐店比较后选购
• When you're buying a flight, you should always shop around for the best deal. 买机票时，你得多询问几家，以便买到最便宜的票。
shop, store, department
这组词都有“商店”的意思，其区别是：
shop: 指规模较小，出售同一类商品的店铺。
store: 在美国指出售同一类商品的小型商店。在英国用复数形式表示百货商店。
department: 作商店解时，是美国英语，通常写为department store。
n. [贸易] 商店；店铺
 - store, market
vt. 购物
 - make a purchase
vi. 购物；买东西
 - make a purchase

Word: pump
Front: pump
[pʌmp] (高研四六托雅 3444/4317 -3)
Vocabulary: pump
(once / 340 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A pump is a machine that sucks up liquid from one place and moves it somewhere else, like a gas pump. If you’re pumped about this word, you can put on pumps, pump up the volume, and pump some iron!
When you use the device called a pump, you pump water or gas. Other things that force some liquid or gas to move, also pump: your heart pumps blood, and your foot pumps the brake of your car when you're stopping on an icy road. If you pump iron, you lift weights. If you’re pumped, you’re excited. “Pump Up the Volume” was a hit song in 1987, so turn it up. A pump is also a woman's dress shoe.
WORD FAMILY
pump: pumped, pumping, pumps
USAGE EXAMPLES
Commonly called “secondary hearts,” these muscles pump blood back to our heart, allowing us to maintain our normal rate of metabolic activity during sedentary activities.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He maintains that even the small flow of American ships that visited Subic over the past year pumped roughly $500 million into the local economy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The host business for the engineering strand will be Viking Pump.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 抽水机; 打气筒; 泵; 轻软舞鞋
v. 用泵输送 ; 涌出; 急速摇晃; 盘问
时态：pumped, pumping, pumps
分布：泵(88%)，抽水(4%)，打气(2%)，抽水机(2%)，打气筒(2%)，增加(1%)，灌输(1%)
→词源不确定，可能来自拟声词，模仿泵发出的声音。
n.泵v.用(泵)抽(水);打气,泵送The lump jumped off the pump and bumped on the trumpet in the dump.傻大个跳下水泵撞到垃圾堆里的喇叭上.
noun countable
DEVICE 设备
 ADVANCED
■a piece of equipment which is used to cause liquid, air or gas to move from one place to another 唧筒，帮浦，抽水机；油泵；打气筒
• a water/bicycle/fuel pump 水泵／自行车打气筒／油泵
• a UKpetrol / USgas pump 汽油泵
[pʌmp] noun countable
SHOE 鞋子
[usually plural] US (UK court shoe)
■a type of plain shoe with a raised heel and no way of fastening it to the foot which is worn by women 高跟无带女鞋
[usually plural]
■a type of flat shoe, like a ballet dancer's shoe, which is worn by women 平底鞋
[usually plural] UK
■a flat shoe made of heavy cloth, which is worn by children for doing sports 橡胶底帆布鞋，体操鞋
[pʌmp] verb
LIQUID/GAS 液体／气体
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to force liquid or gas to move somewhere （用泵）抽吸，抽送（液体或气体）
• Our latest machine can pump a hundred gallons a minute. 我们最新的机器每分钟能抽100加仑的液体。
• The new wine is pumped into storage tanks. 新酿的酒被抽送到储藏罐里。
• The heart pumps blood through the arteries/ round the body. 心脏透过动脉输送血液／将血液输送到全身。
[pʌmp] verb
INFORMATION 资讯
transitive informal
■to keep asking someone for information, especially in a way that is not direct （尤指间接地）盘问，套问
• She was pumping me for details of the new project. 她在套问我有关新专案的详细情况。
[pʌmp] verb
pump sb's hand
■to shake someone's hand (= hold their hand and move it up and down, especially in order to greet them) 与（某人）握手
[pʌmp] verb
pump iron informal
■to lift heavy weights for exercise 举重（运动）
• These days both men and women pump iron for fitness. 现在不论男女都练举重健身。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pump sth into sth
■to spend a lot of money trying to make something operate successfully 投入大量资金
• They had been pumping money into the business for some years without seeing any results. 几年来他们一直在为这个企业投入大量资金，但看不到任何成果。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pump sth out
REMOVE
■to remove water or other liquid from something using a pump 用帮浦抽出（某物中的）液体
• We took turns pumping out the boat. 我们轮流用帮浦把水从船里抽出去。
PRODUCE informal disapproving
■to produce words or loud music in a way that is repeated, forceful and continuous 不断制造；连续播放
• The government keeps pumping out the same old propaganda. 政府大肆进行那套老式的宣传。
• The car radio was pumping out music with a heavy beat. 汽车的收音机不停地播放着节奏感强的歌曲。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pump out sth
■If someone's stomach is pumped out, a poisonous substance is removed from it by being sucked through a tube 洗（胃）
• She had to go to hospital to have her stomach pumped out. 她不得不去医院洗胃。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pump sb up informal
■to make someone feel more confident or excited 为打气，使鼓起勇气
• He was offering them advice and trying to pump them up. 他向他们提建议，努力为他们打气。
• [R] The players were pumping themselves up by singing the national anthem before the game. 比赛前，运动员都唱起了国歌，为自己打气。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pump sth up
■to fill something with air using a pump 给…充满气，给…打气
• Have you pumped up the balloons yet? 你帮气球充气了吗？
• I must pump the tyres up on my bike. 我必须给我的脚踏车灌满气。
■informal
■to increase something by a large amount 大量增加
• The US was able to pump up exports. 美国有能力大量增加出口。
• Let's pump up the volume a bit! 我们把音量调大一点吧。
vt. 打气；用抽水机抽…
 - pull for
n. [机] 泵，抽水机；打气筒
 - inflator

Word: candy
Front: candy
[ˈkændi] (中高研四 3446/10657 -K1)
Vocabulary: candy
(once / 664 pages)
nv
Candy is a sugary sweet treat. Halloween is partly about dressing up in costumes, but mostly it's about the candy.
Your favorite candy may be sweet and fruity, or so sour you can barely stand to eat it. Other people prefer chocolate when it comes to candy. Candy is also a verb, meaning "coat with a sugary glaze," — you might candy cherries or almonds. And when something's made of candy, the word becomes an adjective: "But it's only a candy cigarette!" The word comes from the Arabic qandi, with its Persian root quand, "cane sugar."
WORD FAMILY
candy: candied, candies, candy-like, candying
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Town Hall structure recreated the building’s swimming pool - complete with gingerbread swimmers - and also featured a chocolate-topped clock and, cinnamon candy chimneys.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bar, a candy named for his New York Yankees pal Reggie Jackson, and a wine called French Kiss.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Cotton candy at the Four Seasons Restaurant; 12.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 糖果; 冰糖; 〈美俚〉古柯碱，可卡因; 巧克力
vt. （用糖煮过以）保存; 使结晶为砂糖
adj. 〈美俚〉（服饰）花哨的; 甜言蜜语的
时态：candied, candying, candies
分布：糖果(98%)，用糖煮(1%)，使结晶为砂糖(1%)
→来自印度语。
n.糖果Having canceled X-ray scan, the cancerous candidate on the canvas ate the idle candles in the candy can.取消X线扫描后,帆布上的癌症候选人吃了糖果罐里的闲置蜡烛.
['kæn.di] US
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a sweet food made from sugar or chocolate, or a piece of this 糖果；巧克力；一块糖（或巧克力）
• a candy bar 条形糖
• a box of candy 一盒糖果
sweets, candy, sugar
这组词都有“糖”的意思，其区别是：
sweets: 表糖果时，为英国用词
candy: 表糖果时，为美国英语
sugar: 侧重指用甘蔗或甜菜制成的糖。
vt. 用糖煮；使结晶为砂糖；美化
 - glorify, glamorize
n. [食品] 糖果（等于sweets）；冰糖（等于sugar candy，rock candy）；毒品
 - drug, sweet
adj. 新潮的（服饰）；甜言蜜语的
 - together, honeylipped

Word: evil
Front: evil
[ˈi:vl] (研四六 3447/4107 -K3)
Vocabulary: evil
(once / 53 pages)
adjn
Evil is the opposite of good. We usually think of villains as evil — wrong, immoral and nasty on many levels — and heroes as good.
This word is often reserved for our most terrible crimes and criminals: Adolf Hitler is usually the face of evil in history, while Voldemort is that face in recent literature. Evil can be less extreme, meaning simply anything that brings harm; we can talk about the evils of alcohol or the evils of power. When both major candidates for President seem lame, people often say they're choosing between the lesser of two evils. Not all evils are equally evil.
WORD FAMILY
evil: eviler, evilest, evilly, evilness, evils
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Nothing in the nature around us is evil,” he wrote.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These include such evils as copyright infringement, cybercrime, the invasion of privacy, hate speech, espionage—and perhaps cyberwar.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
We grew up hoping that good prevails over evil.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 邪恶的，罪恶的; 有害的; 不幸的，不吉的; 品行坏的
n. 邪恶，罪恶; 坏事，恶行; 邪恶的力量、势力或化身; 灾祸
分布：邪恶(52%)，邪恶的(29%)，罪恶(14%)，有害的(3%)，灾祸(1%)，讨厌的(1%)
→来自upelo, 来自*upo的扩大形式，词源同sub-, 在下面。其本义为过度，后词义进一步恶化，并最终由过度到邪恶的。
a.邪恶的,罪恶的n.邪恶,罪恶It's evident that the evil devil inevitably goes to ruin.很明显,邪恶的魔鬼必然灭亡.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■morally bad, cruel, or very unpleasant 道德败坏的；邪恶的，恶毒的；讨厌的
• an evil dictator 邪恶的独裁者
• These people are just evil. 这些人太恶毒了。
■If the weather or a smell is evil, it is very unpleasant. 天气或气味讨厌的；令人不舒服的；令人作呕的
['i:.vəl] adjective
the evil eye
■a magical power to injure or harm people by looking at them （能伤人的）恶毒眼光
['i:.vəl] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■something that is very bad and harmful 邪恶（之事）；罪恶（行为）；祸害；灾祸
• Each new leader would blame his predecessor for all the evils of the past. 每个新上任的领导人都会把过去所有弊病全部归咎于前任。
• Drug-addiction is one of today's great social evils. 吸毒成瘾是现今社会的一大罪恶。
• For the sake of long-term peace, the military option is the lesser evil/the lesser of two evils (= the less unpleasant of two bad choices). 为了长期的和平，采取军事行动是两害相权取其轻的选择。
• the battle between good and evil 善与恶的较量
ill, poor, bad, evil, wicked
这组词都有“坏的”的意思，其区别是：
ill: 与evil意义接近，但语气弱一些，常指道德或性质方面的不良。
poor: 普通用词，侧重指事物的质量或数量低于标准或不合要求。用于指天气与食品时可与bad通用。
bad: 含义广泛，指任何不好的或不合需要的品质。
evil: 语气比bad强，强调道德上的邪恶不良，含狡猾凶险或危害他人的意味。
wicked: 语气比evil强，指居心叵测，任意违反道德标准，有意作恶。
adj. 邪恶的；不幸的；有害的；讨厌的
 - harmful, ill, black, ugly, wicked
n. 罪恶，邪恶；不幸
 - sin, disaster, crime, grief

Word: final
Front: final
[ˈfaɪnl] (中高研四托雅 887/778 -K5)
Vocabulary: final
(once / 29 pages)
nadj
Use the word final when something is over and done with. If you pester your parents too much, they may say, "You aren't going out and that's final!" End of discussion.
What is the last thing you do at school? You take final exams. Before leaving for a trip? You do a final check of your suitcase to make sure you have everything you need. Then you know you're finished packing. Both final and finish come from the Latin word finis, meaning "end." Now you know why some European movies show fin instead of the end before the credits roll.
WORD FAMILY
final: finalise, finalist, finality, finalize, finally, finals, semifinal+/finalise: finalisation, finalised/ finalist: finalists/ finality: finalities/ finalize: finalization, finalized, finalizes, finalizing/semifinal: semifinalist, semifinals/semifinalist: semifinalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
They lost four of their final six regular-season games before reaching the Super Bowl.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He re-aggravated the injury during a November loss to Georgia and missed the final two games of the regular season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The final part of the season is about positioning and staying relevant, but the Knicks must not falter before then.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 最后的，最终的; 决定性的; 不可更改的
n. 结局; 决赛; 期末考试; 〈口〉（报纸的）末版
分布：最后的(49%)，最终的(20%)，决赛(20%)，期终考试(5%)，决定性的(4%)，大学毕业考试(1%)，不可改变的(1%)
→来自拉丁语finis, 终结，边界，词源同finish.
a.最终的,决定性的n.结局;决赛;期末考试I finally find that the financial findings are binding.我终于发现财经调查结果具有约束力.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■last 最后的，最终的
• a final warning/offer 最后一次警告／出价
• the final chapters of a book 书的最后几章
• the final years 最后几年
• The game is in its final stages. 比赛到了最后阶段。
in the final analysis
■used when you are talking about what is most important or true in a situation 归根结底，总之
• In the final analysis, it is the drug companies that are going to profit from this policy. 归根结底，从这项政策中获益的将是那些制药公司。
that's final
■used to show that you are certain you will not change your decision about something （表示决定不会更改）就这么决定了
• It's no use begging me - I'm not coming and that's final. 求我也没有用——我已经决定了，我不会来。
['faɪ.nəl] noun
COMPETITION 竞赛
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the last in a series of games, races or competitions, usually the one in which the winner is chosen 决赛
• Last year we got through to the final. 去年我们进入了决赛。
• The men's basketball final will be on Sunday. 男子篮球决赛将在星期天举行。
the finals [plural]
■the last set of games in a competition 决赛
• Do you think Scotland will qualify for the European Championship finals? 你认为苏格兰队能入围欧洲国家杯决赛吗？
['faɪ.nəl] noun
EXAMINATION 考试
finals [plural]
 ADVANCED UK
■the examinations taken at the end of a university or college course 大学毕业考试，结业试
• I'm taking my finals in June. 我6月份要参加大学毕业考试。
• The finals results have gone up on the noticeboard. 大学毕业考试的成绩已经张贴在布告栏上。
countable US (also final exam)
■a test taken on a subject at the end of a school year or college course （大学的）期末考试，课程结业考试
• The final exam for this class will be on May 21st. 这门课的期末考试将在5月21日举行。
• When is your chemistry/French/algebra final? 你的化学／法语／代数期末考试是甚么时候？
final, last, ultimate, latest
final: 最后的，指在一系列的事物中是最后的，而且是结论性的，决定性的。如：The judgment has become final.(这已是最后的判断。)
last: 最后的，与first相对，还可指“上一次的”。如：My seat is in the last row.
ultimate: 最终的，最后的，用于正式场合，含有最高的和最有权威的结果。如：He never considered the ultimate result of his action.(他从未考虑其行为的后果。)
latest: 最近的，指时间上。如：the latest news(最新消息)
adj. 最终的；决定性的；不可更改的
 - ultimate, crucial, critical, decisive
n. 决赛；期末考试；当日报纸的末版
 - shoot-off, fight-off

Word: pleased
Front: pleased
[pli:zd] (高 3448/1916 -K3)
Back: adj. 高兴的; 自鸣得意; （用于初次见面握手时）很高兴认识您; 称心满意
v. （使…）高兴( please的过去式); （使…）满意; 想要; 喜欢
分布：形容词(99%)，名词(1%)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■happy or satisfied 开心的；满意的
• a pleased expression/smile 开心的表情／微笑
• Are you pleased about John's promotion? 约翰升职了，你开心吗？
• We're so pleased that you're able to come to the wedding. 你能来参加婚礼，我们太开心了。
• I'm really pleased with your work this term. 我对你本学期的表现非常满意。
• I'm pleased to hear you're feeling better. 听到你感觉好些了我真高兴。
be pleased to do sth
■to be very willing to do something 乐于做
• The personnel manager will be pleased to advise you. 人事经理会很乐意给你提供建议。
• I'm only too (= very) pleased to help. 我非常乐意帮忙。
[pli:zd] adjective
(as) pleased as Punch old-fashioned
■very pleased 非常开心
• She was as pleased as Punch about the news. 听到那个消息她心花怒放。
[pli:zd] adjective
(I'm) pleased to meet you IMPROVER
■a polite way of greeting someone when you meet them for the first time 见到你非常高兴（初次见面时打招呼的礼貌用语）
[pli:zd] adjective
pleased with yourself
■happy and satisfied about something good that you have done or that has happened to you 自鸣得意，洋洋自得
• Simon's looking very pleased with himself today. 西蒙今天看起来非常得意。
pleasant, pleasing, pleased
pleasant: 常用作定语, a pleasant trip
pleasing: 常用作表语,pleasing主语常为物 The trip is pleasing.
pleased: 常用作表语,pleased主语常为人
adj. 高兴的；喜欢的；乐意做某事
 - happy, glad, fond, delighted

Word: medal
Front: medal
[ˈmedl] (高研四六雅宝 3451/4212 -3)
Vocabulary: medal
(once / 378 pages)
n
A medal is an award for some contest or achievement. You might win a medal for coming in third place at the cupcake baking championship.
A medal is often a flat piece of metal that's stamped with an inscription or design and is given in honor of winning a race, serving in battle, or another remarkable accomplishment. Scholars, athletes, and soldiers all might win medals. Originally, a medal was a "trinket," and it wasn't until the 18th century that it began to mean "reward for merit."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
medal / meddle / mettle
Here we have a trio of words that sound the same (at least in American English) but mean very different things: medal, meddle, and mettle.
A medal is a disc made of metal with an inscription or image. It is generally used as an award or a commemoration of an event:
‎Maplewood Officers Receive Medal Of Valor
Special Olympics duo wins gold medal in golf‎
To meddle is to interfere with someone or something:
Belarus will not let any other country meddle in its December presidential election.
Politicians meddle with existing taxation arrangements at their peril.
Finally, mettle is a quality or qualities that help a person in a difficult situation. Those qualities might include courage, ardor, and stamina:
Madison native tests his mettle in "Hell's Kitchen"
Test of mettle: How the Steelers can win without Roethlisberger
‎If you don't speak American English, you might be wondering why mettle makes this list. In American English, when a t appears in an unstressed syllable between two vowels—or between a vowel and an l, as is the case here—that t is said with a flap of the tongue similar to how we say d. Linguists call it a "medial flap." The same thing happens in betting, metal, noted, writing and many other words.
WORD FAMILY
medal: medalist, medalled, medalling, medals+/medalist: medalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also recently finished a career as the United States men’s national team coach, winning three consecutive Olympic gold medals.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Medal Myth will be broadcast on BBC One Scotland on Monday 2 January at 20:30.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The medals and Team USA garb are packed in boxes in her mother’s North Dakota home.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 奖章，奖牌; 勋章; 纪念章; 证章
vi. 获奖：赢得一枚奖章
vt. 授予…奖章
分布：奖章(53%)，勋章(34%)，纪念章(10%)，获得奖章(3%)
→来自拉丁语metallum,金属，金属制品，词源同metal.原义为小金属制品或金银装饰品，后用于指奖牌。
n.奖章,勋章,纪念章His pride lies in the fact that he is the gold medal winner.他的骄傲来自于他是冠军.
【记】源于：metal（n 金属），因为奖牌是金属做的
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a small metal disc, with words or a picture on it, which is given as a reward for a brave action, for winning in a competition, or to remember a special event 奖章；奖牌；勋章；纪念章
• He was awarded a medal for bravery. 他因表现英勇而获授勋章。
• She won three Olympic gold medals. 她获得了三块奥运金牌。
['med.əl] verb intransitive (-ll- or -l-)
■to win a medal in a sports competition （体育比赛中）获得奖牌
• She's medalled in both the heptathlon and the long jump. 她在七项全能和跳远两个项目中都获得了奖牌。
n. 勋章， [劳经] 奖章；纪念章
 - decoration, gong

Word: beg
Front: beg
[beg] (高研四托 3452/3537 -2)
Vocabulary: beg
(once / 76 pages)
1v 2v
To beg is to ask for something in an earnest, pleading way. You might beg your roommates to be quiet if you're desperately trying to get some sleep.
You can beg your parents to let you go to a concert with your friends, and you can beg your sister for forgiveness after you inadvertently hurt her feelings. In either case, you are imploring, asking sincerely for something you want. Many dogs are skilled at this, and will beg by sitting beside you while you eat, looking adorable. Another way to beg is to ask for desperately needed charity — to solicit money or food from strangers.
WORD FAMILY
beg: beggary, begged, begging, begs+/beggary: beggaries/begging: beggings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In July Griffiths contacted comedienne and mental health advocate Mike King, begging him to travel north and facilitate a straight-up conversation about suicide in Kaitaia.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
While the majority of our Pacific Northwest society might think winter salmon anglers are significantly disturbed, I beg to differ.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“I never imagined that my career would be begging in the streets of Paris, to beg to live, to survive,” Roughol writes.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 乞讨; 恳求（原谅）; 回避（问题）
时态：begged, begging, begs
分布：乞讨(60%)，恳求(40%)
→词源不确定，俗词源认为来自于bag, 背包流浪乞讨的。
vt.请求,乞求vi.恳请,行乞Spell smell! Very well, the well-being for human being will swell.拼写气味(一词)!很好,人类的福利将会膨胀.
[beg] (-gg-)
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to make a very strong and urgent request 乞求
• They begged for mercy. 他们乞求饶恕。
• [+ speech] "Please, please forgive me!" she begged (him). “请原谅我！”她请求（他）说。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] He begged her to stay, but she simply laughed and put her bags in the car. 他求她留下来，但是她只是一笑置之，然后把袋子放进汽车里。
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to ask for food or money because you are poor 乞讨，行乞
• There are more and more homeless people begging on the streets these days. 近来越来越多无家可归的人在街上行乞。
• She had to beg for money and food for her children. 她不得不为孩子们乞讨金钱和食物。
intransitive
■If a dog begs, it sits with its front legs in the air as if to ask for something （狗）作乞求状
• They have trained their dog to sit up and beg. 他们训练狗两腿直立做乞求动作。
I beg your pardon
■a polite way of saying "I am sorry" or "Could you repeat what you just said?" （礼貌的说法）对不起，你能否再说一遍
■a way of showing that you are angry about something that someone has just said. 指对之前某人所说的话很生气
• I beg your pardon? I hope you're not implying that I lied! 我没听错吧？我希望你不是在暗示我撒谎了！
[beg] (-gg-)
verb
beg the question
■If a statement or situation begs the question, it causes you to ask a particular question （说法或情况）使人想要提出问题
• Spending the summer travelling round India is a great idea, but it does rather beg the question of how we can afford it. 到印度去旅行过夏天当然是个好主意，但关键问题是我们如何能负担得起。
• To discuss the company's future begs the question whether it has a future. 要讨论这间公司的前途问题，不得不问一句：这间公司有前途吗？
[beg] (-gg-)
verb
beg , borrow or steal
■to do whatever is necessary to get something （为获得某物）不择手段
• I'm going to get a dress for the ball, whether I have to beg, borrow or steal one. 我要找一套舞会上穿的晚装，不管是去讨、借还是偷。
[beg] (-gg-)
verb
go begging UK informal
■If something is going begging, it is available to be taken because no one else wants it 无人问津，没人要
• If that bottle of wine is going begging, I'll have it. 如果那瓶酒没人要，那我就买下。
[beg] (-gg-)
verb
I beg to differ/disagree
■a polite way of saying "I do not agree" （礼貌的说法）恐怕我难以苟同
[beg] (-gg-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  beg off
■to ask to be allowed not to do something that you are expected to do 请求不做…
• She begged off early from the party because she was so tired. 她请求早点离开聚会，因为她太累了。
beg, implore, request, pray, require, claim, entreat, ask, demand
这组词都有“要求，请求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 指恳切地或再三地请求或要求，常含低三下四意味，也多用于应酬场合。
implore: 书面用词，着重指迫切、焦急或痛苦地恳求或哀求，常含较强的感情色彩。
request: 正式用词，指非常正式，有礼貌的请求或恳求，多含担心因种种原因对方不能答应的意味。
pray: 语气庄重，指热情、诚恳和敬祈的要求，现不很常用。
require: 强调根据事业、需要或纪律、法律等而提出的要求。
claim: 指有权或宣称有权得到而公开提出的要求。
entreat: 泛指一般“恳求或哀求”，含企图说服对方或用热烈的请求软化反对意见的意味。
ask: 最普通用词，指向对方提出要求或请求，长、晚辈，上下级之间都可使用。
demand: 一般指理直气壮地提出强烈要求，或坚持不让对方拒绝的要求。
beg, plead, petition, appeal, pray, entreat
这组词都有“请求，恳求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 比plead通俗，不用于法律范畴，指低声下气地请求，有时含贬义，指某人喋喋不休地要求得到帮助。
plead: 指谦卑而又不失尊严地请求，侧重迫切感。
petition: 指正式而热切地请愿或祈求。
appeal: 常指以道义原则为基础或以法律为依据的请求。
pray: 指祈求，多用于宗教用语中。
entreat: 意义与beg的大致相同，但较文雅。
vt. 乞讨；恳求；回避正题
 - pray for, beseech
vi. 乞讨；请求
 - demand, apply for

Word: sponsor
Front: sponsor
[ˈspɒnsə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3453/4150 -3)
Vocabulary: sponsor
(once / 279 pages)
nv
A sponsor provides support for someone or something, typically by supplying cash. Because your company is a sponsor for a homeless organization, they provide funding for the annual 5K run to raise money for the shelter.
The word sponsor stems from the Latin word spondre, meaning "give assurance, promise solemnly." A sponsor might support an important issue such as cancer research or education, or a sponsor might take responsibility for someone. You might be your brother's sponsor so he can join your exclusive chess group. Sponsor has a verb form to describe the action of supporting or leading something. You can sponsor a nonprofit arts organization by donating and participating on the board.
WORD FAMILY
sponsor: sponsored, sponsoring, sponsors, sponsorship+/sponsorship: sponsorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Jewish Student Union’s website says it is the largest cultural and social organization recognized and sponsored by the university.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The Internet Governance Forum, a series of events sponsored by the UN, offers a place for all “stakeholders” to pitch in.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
He told the man he was the bill’s sponsor.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 发起者，主办者; 担保者; 倡议者，提案人; 后援组织
vt. 赞助
时态：sponsored, sponsoring, sponsors
分布：赞助(65%)，发起(16%)，赞助者(6%)，主办者(4%)，发起者(4%)，保证人(4%)，倡议(1%)
→来自拉丁语 sponsor,洗礼人，来自 sponsus,担保的，承诺的，过去分词格于 spondere,担保， 承诺，来自 spend,献祭，履行仪式，承诺，词源同 spouse,correspond.引申诸相关词义。
n.发起人,主力者,保证人v.发起,主办In the pond the sponsor responded to the correspondent's corresponding responsibility.在池塘里主办者对通讯员的相应责任作出了回应.
US ['spɑ:n.sɚ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to support a person, organization or activity by giving money, encouragement or other help 资助，赞助；支持
• The team is sponsored by JVC, so the players wear the letters JVC on their shirts. 该队是由JVC公司赞助的，所以队员们的衬衫上都有JVC几个字母。
• Eva said she was doing a ten-mile walk for charity and asked if I'd sponsor her for £1 a mile. 伊娃说她打算步行十哩募集慈善捐款，问我愿不愿意一哩赞助她一英镑。
n. 赞助者；主办者；保证人
 - friend, guarantee, entrepreneur
vt. 赞助；发起
 - launch, support of

Word: ethical
Front: ethical
[ˈeθɪkl] (六 3454/5465 -2)
Vocabulary: ethical
(once / 716 pages)
adj
For someone who is honest and follows good moral standards, use the adjective ethical. An ethical teacher will grade your papers honestly — even if she catches you sticking your tongue out at her.
Ethical comes from the Greek ethos "moral character" and describes a person or behavior as right in the moral sense - truthful, fair, and honest. Sometimes the word is used for people who follow the moral standards of their profession. An ethical lawyer or doctor does not try to take advantage of the client or patient's unfortunate situation. If something has happened and you are not sure what the right thing to do is, you are having an ethical dilemma.
WORD FAMILY
ethical: ethically, unethical +/ ethic: ethics /ethicism: ethicist/ethicist: ethicists/ ethics: ethical, ethicism/ unethical: unethically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The digital media ecosystem is completely rigged against ethical responsibility in ways that are potentially more destructive than the old media ecosystem.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Fernyhough writes that his most elaborate inner conversations occur when he is dealing with an ethical dilemma.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
So what would an ethical fix to our organ transplant shortage look like?
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 伦理学的; 道德的，伦理的; 凭处方出售的
n. 凭医师处方出售的药品
分布：道德的(51%)，伦理的(35%)，凭处方出售的(14%)
adjective
■relating to beliefs about what is morally right and wrong 道德的；伦理的
• ethical and legal issues 道德和法律问题
• the ethical dilemmas surrounding genetic research 围绕基因研究的伦理困境
■morally right 伦理学；道德学
• ethical practice/trading 道德准则
• a medical procedure which most people believe to be ethical 一项大多数人认为合乎伦理准则的医学手术
adj. 伦理的；道德的；凭处方出售的
 - moral
n. 处方药
 - prescription medicine, prescription drugs

Word: secondary
Front: secondary
[ˈsekəndri] (研四六托雅 3455/2098 -K2)
Vocabulary: secondary
(once / 466 pages)
1adj 2n 3n
Something secondary is second most important. This can also refer to things that are not important at all.
If you have a primary duty, that's what you need to do first. Secondary duties must be done next, since second is a form of the number two. You could say your secondary goal at a job is to get experience, if your main goal is to make money. Also, people will sometimes say, "This is our goal. Everything else is secondary." That means other concerns are trivial or unimportant. Either way, secondary things never come first.
WORD FAMILY
secondary: secondaries, secondarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Commonly called “secondary hearts,” these muscles pump blood back to our heart, allowing us to maintain our normal rate of metabolic activity during sedentary activities.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The defensive line, linebacking group and secondary are all areas of need.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“With the legislation currently in place, it’s incredibly difficult for law enforcement to track down guns that emerge from the secondary market.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 第二的，中等的; 助手，副手; 中等教育的; 间接的
n. 副手，代理人; [天]双星中较小较暗的一个，卫星; [语]次重音
分布：次要的(60%)，副手(15%)，从属的(12%)，中等教育的(9%)，次要位置(4%)
→second,第二的，-ary,形容词后缀。
a.次要的,二级的;中级的,第二的Another name for secondary school is high school.中学又叫高级中学.
US [-der.i] adjective
EDUCATION 教育
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■relating to the education of children approximately between the ages of 11 and 18 years old 中学的
• secondary education 中等教育
• Marcus has just started at secondary school. 马库斯刚开始上中学。
UK ['sek.ən.dri] US [-der.i] adjective
LESS IMPORTANT 次要的
■less important than related things 次要的
• Her health is what matters - the cost of the treatment is of secondary importance. 她的健康是最重要的，治疗费用是其次。
• The need for secrecy is secondary to the need to take immediate action. 立即采取行动比保守秘密更重要。
UK ['sek.ən.dri] US [-der.i] adjective
COMING AFTER 后来的
■developing from something similar that existed earlier 继发的；间接的
• The drug is not very effective against AIDS, though it may be used to treat secondary viral infections. 这药虽然可以用来治疗复发性病毒感染，但对治疗爱滋病本身不是很有效。
• You can't just rely on secondary sources for your research into her life history - you ought to look at primary sources such as her letters and diaries. 你研究她的生平不能单靠二手资料，你应该查找原始资料，如她的信件和日记。
minor, inferior, secondary, subordinate
这组词都有“次等”的意思，其区别是：
minor: a较少的，较小的，较次要的，常含有轻微的但并非不重要的意思。
 • We agreed on everything in the contract, even minor points.   我们对合同中的一切问题，甚至是细枝末节都达成了一致。
inferior: a.次等的，较劣的，差的，当"下级"讲时，强调职位的高低；当"次等"讲时，指素质、质量等的低劣。
 • Most wine from Switzerland is inferior to wine from France.   产于瑞士的葡萄酒多数要比法国的差。
secondary: a.第二等的，次要的，强调在重要性或顺序上处于第二位。
 • My job is of secondary importance to my health.   我的工作比起身体来说不那么重要。
subordinate: a.次要的，从属的，下级的，强调主次地位或支配和隶属的关系。
 • He was always friendly to his subordinate officers.   她对下级官员一向和蔼可亲。
adj. [数] [地质] 第二的；中等的； [电] 次要的；中级的
 - medium, supporting, middle, minor, moderate
n. 副手；代理人
 - deputy, agent, factor, proxy

Word: slam
Front: slam
[slæm] (研四六雅 3458/4608 -2)
Back: vt. 砰地关上（门或窗）; 猛烈抨击; 使劲一推; 猛劲一摔
vi. 砰然关上; 猛力打击，碰撞; 撞到了一辆卡车上
n. 猛然关闭的声音; 猛击
时态：slammed, slamming, slams
分布：满贯(63%)，砰地关上(20%)，猛烈抨击(8%)，砰然声(4%)，猛烈攻击(3%)，猛放(2%)
v.(门,窗等)砰地关上n.猛然关闭的声音He stamped on the stamps and slammed the lamp on the damp dam.他用脚踩邮票并将灯砰地摔在潮湿的坝上.
verb (-mm-)
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) move against a hard surface with force and usually a loud noise （使）重重撞上，（使）砰地关上
• The wind made the door/window slam (shut). 风吹过来门／窗户砰地关上了。
• Close the door carefully, don't slam it. 小心关门，别使劲关。
• He slammed the brakes on (= used them quickly and with force) when a child ran in front of his car. 一个孩子在他车前跑过，他猛地踩下煞车。
• I had to stop suddenly, and the car behind slammed into the back of me. 我不得不猛地停下，结果后面的车砰地撞上了我的车尾巴。
transitive informal
■to criticize 批评，抨击
• Although the reviewers slammed the play, the audience loved it. 尽管评论家们猛烈抨击该剧，观众们还是很喜欢它。
[slæm] noun only singular
■a sudden loud noise 突然发出的巨大声响
• The door shut with a slam. 门砰的一声关上了。
shut, slam, close
这组词都有“关”的意思，其区别是：
shut: 着重关闭的动作、过程和方式手段。
slam: 象声词，指“砰的关上”，或用力关上。
close: 较多地用于正式或庄重的文体中，如关闭铁路、公路以及其它交通渠道，要用close。
n. 猛击；砰然声
 - pop, crasher

Word: export
Front: export
[ˈekspɔ:t] (高研四雅 3456/2231 -K4)
Vocabulary: export
(once / 177 pages)
1vn 2v
To export something is to move it from its current location to a different territory. Some have been trying to export the American diet overseas by spreading McDonald's fries around the globe.
The verb export comes from the Latin word exportare which means “to carry out” or “send away.” To export something is to move it across borders. You could export locally made fabric to wealthy European cities. When something is an export, it is a good, service or idea that is sent or sold to a foreign land: diamonds are a valuable African export.
WORD FAMILY
export: exportable, exportation, exported, exporter, exporting, exports+/exportable: unexportable/exportation: exportations/ exporter: exporters
USAGE EXAMPLES
It included 15,000 fireworks and was accompanied by music from some of the city's most famous musical exports.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Companies such as Carrier will remain subject to the regulations if they export their products into the United States.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The state exported $1.4 billion worth of goods to the Caribbean island nation in the past decade.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 出口，输出
vt. 传播，输出（思想或活动）
时态：exported, exporting, exports
分布：出口(89%)，输出(9%)，输出品(1%)，输出存储器的信息(1%)
→ex-, 向外。port, 港口。
出口(ex出+port拿,引申为港口→拿出港口→出口)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
v./n.输出,出口n.出口商品The airport and seaport are important to import and export of portable goods.机场和海港对于进口和出口轻便商品很重要.
US [ˈek.spɔːrt]
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to send goods to another country for sale 出口；输出
• French cheeses are exported to many different countries. 法国的起司出口到很多国家。
• Our clothes sell so well in this country that we have no need to export. 我们生产的服装在本国销路很好，所以没有必要出口。
Compare import
transitive
■to put something from one country into use in other countries 把…带到另一国家；传播；输出
• American culture has been exported all over the world. 美国文化已经传到世界各地。
transitive
■If you export information from a computer, you copy a large amount of it either to a different part of the computer's storage space or to another form of storage such as a floppy disk , so that it can be used for a different purpose. （将电脑讯息）导出，输出，转存
noun countable or uncountable UK [ˈek.spɔːt] US [-spɔːrt]
 IMPROVER
■a product that you sell in another country, or the business of sending goods to another country in order to sell them there 出口；出口商品；出口业务
• Coffee is one of Brazil's main exports. 咖啡是巴西主要的出口货品之一。
• We plan to increase our exports over the next five years. 我们计划在今后5年内增加出口。
• The export of ivory is now strictly controlled. 现在，象牙出口受到严格控制。
• India grows tea for export. 印度种植茶叶以供出口。
• We are planning to develop our export market/trade. 我们正计划拓展我们的出口市场／贸易。
n. 输出， [贸易] 出口；出口商品
 - output, exit
vt. 输出， [贸易] 出口
 - output, bulk out

Word: experimental
Front: experimental
[ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl] (研四六雅 3457/3149 -2)
Vocabulary: experimental
(once / 754 pages)
adj
The adjective experimental is good for describing things that are still in a trial stage. An experimental drug is usually tested in a lab for years before being used on patients.
Something that's experimental is at an early stage, being observed, tested out, and subjected to experiments as it's being developed. An experimental space craft might be launched and watched from afar as scientists decide what changes to make before it can be used for human space exploration. Experimental medicines are sometimes tested on animals before they're given to people. The 15th century meaning was "having experience," from the Latin root experimentum, "test or trial."
WORD FAMILY
experimental: experimentalism, experimentally+/ experiment: experimental, experimentation, experimented, experimenter, experimenting, experiments/experimentation: experimentations/experimenter: experimenters
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But I’m agog at how little he cares about storytelling conventions, like suspense and reveals. He’s ultimately more experimental than I am.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
We do think it’s very important that experimental music and challenging music is released.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Seattle Genetics Inc. said four leukemia patients died in clinical trials of an experimental treatment, prompting the U.S.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 实验的; 根据实验的; 试验性的
n. 试验性的东西
分布：实验的(65%)，试验性的(20%)，实验性的(15%)
a.实验(性)的,试验(性)的The experimental farm is near the waterpower station.实验农场在水电站附近.
US [-tˌəl] adjective
■relating to tests, especially scientific ones （尤指科学方面）实验（性）的，试验（性）的，根据实验（试验）的
• The drug is still at the experimental stage (= is still being tested). 这种药物仍处于试验阶段。
• The changes to the distribution system are purely experimental at the moment. 目前分配体系的变革纯粹是试验性的。
• experimental psychology 实验心理学
adj. 实验的；根据实验的；试验性的
 - tentative, laboratorial

Word: melt
Front: melt
[melt] (研四六 3460/4531 -K2)
Vocabulary: melt
(once / 202 pages)
vn
To melt means to fade away slowly and disappear, like a snowman in the middle of the Sahara.
"I'm melting! I'm melting!" — Those are the feeble cries of ice cubes on a hot summer day and Wicked Witches doused with water by a meddling girl from Kansas. To melt a stick of butter into liquid form sounds like an excellent idea for your popcorn — but perhaps not for your diet. And when your puppy looks up at you with those big brown puppy eyes, your heart probably melts — even if he just ate your slippers.
WORD FAMILY
melt: meltable, melted, melter, melting, melts+/melted: unmelted/melter: melters/melting: meltingly, meltings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He used to doubt climate change was melting this huge Greenland glacier.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Roast, turning often, until the skins blacken and flake and the eggplants collapse and are meltingly tender, 10 to 15 minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Continue stirring until the cheese is completely melted.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. 熔化，溶解; 逐渐融合; 逐渐消失; 感动，软化，感情上变得温和
vt. 熔化，溶解; 使混合在一起; 逐渐消散; 使变得温和或温柔
时态：melted, melting, melts
分布：融化(65%)，熔化(21%)，使融化(3%)，消散(3%)，使熔化(3%)，使消散(2%)，熔化物(2%)，熔解(1%)
→来自古英语meltan,液化，熔化，融化，来自mel,软的，词源同mallet,mild.
v.(使)融化,(使)熔化The cell seller seldom sees the bell belt melt.小单间的卖主很少见到铃铛带子融化.
verb
BECOME LIQUID 变为液体
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to turn from something solid into something soft or liquid, or to cause something to do this （使）融化；（使）熔化；（使）溶解
• The snow usually melts by mid March. 通常雪到三月中旬就融化了。
• Melt the chocolate slowly so that it doesn't burn. 将巧克力慢慢融化，这样就不会烧焦。
• The meat's beautifully cooked - it melts in your mouth (= is so pleasantly soft that you do not need to chew it). 肉煮得极好——柔嫩可口。
[melt] verb
FEEL LOVE 爱慕
intransitive
■to start to feel love or sympathy, especially after feeling angry （尤指生气后）心软，态度软化
• He only has to look at her, and she melts. 他只要看着她，她的心就软了。
• He'd been going to refuse but his heart melted when he saw the children's faces. 他本来要拒绝，可看到孩子的脸时，他就心软了。
[melt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  melt away
■to disappear slowly 逐渐消失；逐渐散去
• As the police sirens were heard, the crowd started to melt away. 警笛一响，人群就开始散开了。
■If a strong feeling melts away, you feel it less strongly and it disappears （强烈的情绪）变弱，消失
• Her anger melted away when she read the letter. 她读着信，怒火慢慢消失了。
[melt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] melt sth down
■to heat a metal object until it turns to liquid, because you want to use the metal rather than the object 熔化，熔毁
• They melted down the gold rings and bracelets. 他们将金戒指和金手镯熔化了。
[melt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  melt (away) into sth
■to look so similar to something else all around you, or to be so much a part of it, that people do not see or notice you 融入…中
• The security men just melted into the background until they were needed. 保安人员都躲在不显眼的地方，直到有人需要他们的时候才会现身。
[melt] noun countable mainly US
■a sandwich containing melted cheese （涂有融化了的起司的）三明治
• a tuna melt 鲔鱼三明治
fuse, dissolve, melt
这组词都有“融化，溶解”的意思，其区别是：
fuse: 可与melt换用，但侧重指在高温下使两种或两种以上金属的熔合，也可作引申用。
dissolve: 多指固体溶于溶剂的过程。
melt: 最常用词，指任何固体的熔化过程，常引申作“消散、淡化或消失”解。
vi. 熔化， [化学] 溶解；渐混
 - flux, fuse
vt. 使融化；使熔化；使软化；使感动
 - oil, soften up
n. 熔化；熔化物
 - fusion, burnoff

Word: midnight
Front: midnight
[ˈmɪdnaɪt] (高四六雅 3461/3635 -K3)
Vocabulary: midnight
(once / 179 pages)
n
Midnight is the moment at which one day ends and the next begins — it's twelve o' clock at night. Follow the Fairy Godmother's advice to Cinderella, and always get homr before midnight.
At midnight, the date changes, and the time changes from PM to AM. It's no surprise that midnight is the very middle of the night, the word itself stemming from the Old English mid-niht, from mid, "among" or "in the middle of," and night, from niht, which appropriately means both "night" and "darkness."
WORD FAMILY
midnight: midnights+/ night: midnight, nightly, nights, overnight / overnight: overnighter, overnights/overnighter: overnighters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cooper unveiled names of only a few people to serve in his administration before he was sworn in to office just after midnight Saturday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Gov. Ricardo Rossello, 37, proposed several measures aimed at alleviating the crisis shortly after he was sworn in at midnight.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their second son, Everett, arrived one minute after midnight on Sunday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 子夜，午夜; 漆黑; 一段黑暗阴暗的时间; 漏夜
分布：午夜(97%)，漆黑(3%)
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■12 o'clock in the middle of the night 子夜，午夜
• There's a great film on TV at midnight. 午夜时分电视上会播一部好电影。
• It was after midnight when we got home. 我们到家时已过午夜。
adj. 半夜的；漆黑的
 - pitch-dark, inky

Word: curve
Front: curve
[kɜ:v] (研四六托雅 3462/2506 -K2)
Back: n. 弧线，曲线; 曲线状物; 弯曲物; [棒]曲线板
vt. 使弯曲; 使成曲线; 使成弧形
vi. 弯曲; 弯成曲线，弯成弧形; 沿曲线行进
adj. 弯曲的; 曲线形的
时态：curved, curving, curves
分布：曲线(91%)，弯曲(5%)，弧线(3%)，弯曲物(1%)
→来自sker, 弯，转，词源同ring, curly.
n.曲线,弯曲(物)v.弄弯,成曲形The road curved to the right.道路向右转弯了.
US [kɝ:v] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a line which bends continuously and has no straight parts 曲线，弧线；转弯
• a curve in the road 道路转弯处
• the curve of a graph 图表曲线
UK [kɜ:v] US [kɝ:v] verb intransitive
■to form a curve or move in the shape of a curve 弯曲；成曲线运动
• The road curves round to the left. 道路转向左边。
curve, crook, twist, bend, bow
这组词都有“弯、弯曲”的意思，其区别是：
curve: 指变成曲线或弧线状的动作或状态。
crook: 指不规则的弯曲，也指按照规则或模型弯曲某物。
twist: 指通过转动、拧或扭使某物成弯曲状。
bend: 普通用词，指把某物变成曲线或角形。用于人时，指头部或身躯弯下。
bow: 指把头部或上身弯向前方的动作，也指社交中的礼节性动作。
n. [数] 曲线；弯曲；曲线球；曲线图表
 - give, winding
vt. 弯；使弯曲
 - wind, bend
adj. 弯曲的；曲线形的
 - winding, flexural, crooked

Word: integrity
Front: integrity
[ɪnˈtegrəti] (研六托雅宝 3464/4364 -2)
Vocabulary: integrity
(once / 558 pages)
n
Integrity is a personal quality of fairness that we all aspire to — unless you're a dishonest, immoral scoundrel, of course.
Having integrity means doing the right thing in a reliable way. It's a personality trait that we admire, since it means a person has a moral compass that doesn't waver. It literally means having "wholeness" of character, just as an integer is a "whole number" with no fractions. Physical objects can display integrity, too — if you're going over a rickety old bridge that sways in the wind, you might question its structural integrity.
WORD FAMILY
integrity: integrities
USAGE EXAMPLES
They’d be well advised to fire their Growth Hackers and start prioritizing intellectual integrity over content farming.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Wexler can’t understand how a century’s worth of concern over the potential impact of gambling on the “integrity” of pro sports is seemingly being forgotten.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They are the weak spots that threaten the structural integrity of Trump’s political project and the fortunes of the Republican Party itself.
Slate(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 正直，诚实; 完整; [计算机]保存; 健全
分布：完整(58%)，正直(27%)，诚实(12%)，完善(3%)
→来自integral,整体的。后引申诸多形容人的美好品行的褒义词义。
完整,完全(integr+ity)[inter=whole,表示"完整"]
n.正直,诚实;完整,完全Roman walls may still be seen but not in their integrity.古罗马城墙尚可见到, 但已不完整.
【反】incompleteness（n 不完全）；taint（v 感染；n 污点）
US [-tˌi] noun uncountable
HONESTY 诚实
 ADVANCED approving
■the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that you refuse to change 正直；诚实
• No one doubted that the president was a man of the highest integrity. 没有人怀疑会长是个光明磊落的人。
sb's artistic/professional, etc. integrity approving
■someone's high artistic standards or standards of doing their job and their determination not to lower those standards （某人的）艺德／职业操守等
• Keen to preserve his artistic integrity, he refused several lucrative Hollywood offers. 他十分重视保持自己的艺德，几次拒绝了好莱坞报酬丰厚的演出邀请。
UK [ɪn'teg.rə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun uncountable
WHOLE 完整 formal
■the quality of being whole and complete 完整
• A modern extension on the old building would ruin its architectural integrity. 在古老建筑物上附加扩建的现代建筑会破坏建筑风格的完整统一。
honesty, justice, integrity
这组词都有“诚实，正直”的意思，其区别是：
honesty: 普通用词，侧重为人忠厚，老实，正直，不欺骗，不说谎。
justice: 侧重办事或处事公正、公道不偏心。
integrity: 指品格纯正，有高度是非感，正直诚实，受人敬佩。
goodness, purity, integrity, morality, virtue
这组词都有“美德”的意思，其区别是：
goodness: 含义最广，侧重固有的仁爱，慷慨等高尚的美德。
purity: 侧重于道德上无缺点。
integrity: 指品格的纯正，有高度是非感的美德。
morality: 强调符合道德标准的行为或用道德准则衡量某事，尤注重男女间的道德品行。
virtue: 一般用词，指符合道德准则的隐恶扬善行为或品行或指一种有意识去做善事的高尚道德。
n. [数] 完整；正直；诚实；廉正
 - truth, honesty, full, righteousness, completeness

Word: entitle
Front: entitle
[ɪnˈtaɪtl] (研四六托雅宝 3465/2886 -K3)
Vocabulary: entitle
(once / 185 pages)
1v 2v 3v
Use the verb entitle to mean "give a right to." At some schools, being a senior might entitle students to go out for lunch on Fridays.
The most common use of entitle is the one you might see on a coupon, like one for a free ride at the state fair that entitles the holder to one free ride on the Octopus of Terror. When you entitle someone, you give them a claim to something, like when you entitle someone the best goalie in Canada, or make someone a member of the noble class, like when the Queen entitles, or gives a title to, a worthy person.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
entitle / title
To entitle means to give someone a rank or right, like if your perfect attendance entitles you to free ice cream at lunch. A title is the name of something, like the title of a song you wrote about ice cream.
What about that song — is it entitled or titled "Free Ice Cream at Lunch"? There's the rub. The short answer: use either one!
Entitle's main job is to give you a right, like when you're entitled to free snacks because you've done something to deserve it. If you seem to have to right to everything, you're just entitled. It also means to give something a title: Your song is entitled "Free Ice Cream at Lunch." Check it out:
As all art collectors may, Mr. Lauder is entitled to deduct the full market value of artworks donated to museums. (New York Times)
Marjorie Ingall is worried about raising "entitled, bratty, ungrateful little weasels." (New York Times)
A title is a noun — it's the name of a book, a movie, or your new hit single about frozen treats. To name such a thing, is to title it, so yes it can also be a verb (hence the confusion). Here are some:
Their report was titled: "Euro zone: Thinking the unthinkable?" (Business Week)
The distributor gave him idiot-proof instructions, such as making sure pages had numbers and the title was on the spine. (Washington Post)
Sticklers want entitle tobe used only in the sense of giving someone a right, not for giving something a name. Bah! As for your song, if you jazz up the title, it might be entitled "Punk Rock Pickle Pink Ice Cream." Or not. You can get rid of the entitled/titled problem by dropping both and letting the title speak for itself.
WORD FAMILY
entitle: entitled, entitlement, entitles, entitling+/ entitled: unentitled/ entitlement: entitlements/subtitle: subtitled, subtitles, subtitling/supertitle: supertitles/ title: entitle, subtitle, supertitle, titled, titles, titling, titulary/titled: untitled
USAGE EXAMPLES
Michael absorbed the key lesson: The happiest people are the ones who believe they are lucky, rather than entitled or owed their success.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Billions of pounds in benefits is unclaimed every year by those entitled to the money.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
His current work, The Rwanda Project, is accompanied by a lecture entitled It is Difficult, which he will deliver at the Getty in February.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 使有资格; 给…定名; 给与…权利; 称做
时态：entitled, entitling, entitles
分布：使有权利(50%)，取名为(50%)
→en-, 进入，使。title, 赋予。
v.给以权利(或资格);给...称号(题名);授权A title is entitled to the retired worker who repaired the entire tire tirelessly.那个不倦地修理了整个轮胎的退休工人被授予了一个头衔.
【记】title（n 头衔；名称；标题；资格；字幕；权利）
US [-tˌl] verb transitive
ALLOW 允许
 ADVANCED
■to give someone the right to do or have something 给予（某人…）的权利；使符合资格
• Being unemployed entitles you to free medical treatment. 失业时，你有权享受免费医疗。
• [+ to infinitive] The employer is entitled to ask for references. 雇主有权索取推荐信。
UK [ɪn'taɪ.tl] US [-tˌl] verb transitive
GIVE TITLE 起名字
■to give a title to a book, film, etc 给…命名，给…题名
• Her latest novel, entitled 'The Forgotten Sex', is out this week. 她名为《被遗忘的性别》的最新小说将于本周出版。

Word: evident
Front: evident
[ˈevɪdənt] (高研四六托 3466/2975 -2)
Vocabulary: evident
(once / 29 pages)
adj
If something is evident, it's visible. If you blush furiously and start shaking every time your crush comes near, your infatuation will be evident to everyone.
Evident means conspicuously visible, often the mark of an action or a feeling. If a room is in total disarray, with everything pulled out of the drawers, it's evident that someone has been searching for something. If you leave the room in the middle of a tense meeting, your frustration will be evident. Evident can also simply mean visible. If you look closely at a key hole of your car door, small scratches will be evident in the paint.
WORD FAMILY
evident: evidence, evidenter, evidently, self-evident+/ evidence: evidenced, evidences, evidencing, evidential, evidentiary/ evidential: evidentially/self-evident: self-evidently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mills was shocked that it was so evident.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Patient’s strong emotional ties with his manic phase were very evident.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Evident by all the highlight catches this season - 91 receptions for 1,427 yards and 18 TDs - he did just that.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 明显的，明白的; 昭著; 彰
分布：明显的(84%)，明白的(16%)
明显的(e出+vid+ent→看出来了→明显的)[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
a.明显的,明白的It's evident that the evil devil inevitably goes to ruin.很明显,邪恶的魔鬼必然灭亡.
['ev.ɪ.dənt] slightly formal
adjective
 ADVANCED
■easily seen or understood; obvious 显然易见的；明白的，明显的
• The full extent of the damage only became evident the following morning. 直到第二日早上，人们才全面了解到破坏程度有多严重。
• From the smell it was evident that the drains had been blocked for several days. 散发出的气味证明下水道显然已经被堵塞好几天了。
• Harry's courage during his illness was evident to everyone. 生病期间哈利表现出的勇气大家有目共睹。
• Her love for him was evident in all that she did. 她所做的一切都清楚地表明她爱他。
⇒ See also self-evident
clear, obvious, evident, apparent, manifest, definite, plain, distinct
这组词都有“清楚的，明白的，明显的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 普通用词，侧重清楚明白。
obvious: 语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。
evident: 指根据事实成为显然的。
apparent: 强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。
manifest: 语义较强，书面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。
definite: 语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。
plain: 普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。
distinct: 较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。
adj. 明显的；明白的
 - obvious, distinct, visible

Word: logic
Front: logic
[ˈlɒdʒɪk] (研四六托雅 3469/3193 -K2)
Vocabulary: logic
(once / 202 pages)
1n 2n
Some people think of logic as cold in its insistence on reasoning based only on what can be proven. But without logic's systematic thinking, most mathematical and scientific advances would never have been made.
Over time, the meaning of logic has expanded to include any system of thought––you might talk about the "three-year-old logic that puts lollipops ahead of safety," or talk about the "flawed logic of thinking that anyone you meet on the Internet must be cool."
WORD FAMILY
logic: illogic, logical, logician, logicism, logics, logistician+/illogic: illogics/ illogical: illogicality, illogically, illogicalness/illogicality: illogicalities/ logical: illogical, logicality, logically, logicalness, unlogical/ logician: logicians/logistician: logisticians
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here is what Hughes purported to be her logic:
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
This is the logic of many video game sequels: Over time, they become more about the auto-nostalgia for previous games in the series.
Washington Post(Dec 12, 2016)
There’s a logic to the Virginia painters’ show at the Athenaeum, even if their methods allow wild juxtapositions and improvisational gestures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 逻辑，逻辑学; （做某事的）道理; 推理方法; 威力，压力，强制（力）
adj. 逻辑的
分布：逻辑(90%)，推理(6%)，逻辑学(3%)，条理性(1%)
→来自拉丁语ars logica,辩证艺术，辩证技巧，来自ars,艺术，即art,logica,辩证，辩理，词源同logos.于1902年由学者严复译为逻辑并流传至今。
逻辑(学)(说话的学问→逻辑学)[log,logu=speak,表示"说话"]
逻辑(学)(log词语,思想+ic)[-ic 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或学科"3.表名词"某种病"]
n.逻辑,逻辑学There's no logic in his argument.他的论据不合逻辑.
US ['lɑ:.dʒɪk] noun uncountable
REASONABLE THINKING 理性思维
 ADVANCED
■a particular way of thinking, especially one which is reasonable and based on good judgment 逻辑思维，理性思维
• I fail to see the logic behind his argument. 我看不出他的论点有甚么逻辑依据。
• If prices go up, wages will go up too - that's just logic. 如果物价上涨，工资也要增长——这样才合乎逻辑。
• There's no logic in the decision to reduce staff when orders are the highest for years. 在这些年来，订单最多的时候决定裁员，一点都不合乎逻辑。
• The internal logic of her argument is undeniable. 不可否认的是，她的论点具有内在逻辑性。
UK ['lɒdʒ.ɪk] US ['lɑ:.dʒɪk] noun uncountable
FORMAL THINKING 形式思维
■a formal scientific method of examining or thinking about ideas 逻辑学，逻辑推理
• a treatise on formal logic 关于形式逻辑的论文

Word: essence
Front: essence
[ˈesns] (研六托雅 3468/3536 -2)
Vocabulary: essence
(once / 83 pages)
1n 2n
Essence is whatever most sums up the heart and soul of something, its truest most indispensable qualities. The essence of Las Vegas is poker chips and dreams; the essence of Johnny Cash is black clothing and country music.
Essence can be a physical detail, or, just as commonly, the abstract idea or meaning of something. The essence of Lady Chatterly's Lover might be its revolutionary eroticism, or the essence of religion its devotion to God. Essence can also mean the concentrate obtained from a flower or plant for flavoring. If you've chewed strawberry-flavored bubblegum you're probably amazed at how it truly is the very essence of strawberries.
WORD FAMILY
essence: essences, essential +/ essential: essentiality, essentially, essentialness, essentials, inessential, nonessential, unessential/essentiality: essentialities/ inessential: inessentiality, inessentially, inessentials/nonessential: nonessentials/unessential: unessentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
When faced with adversity and disappointment, it is often comforting to look inward to the essence of being.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
The essence of cyberwarfare is precisely that it needs no diplomats.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Secretary Council resolution that in essence would call Israel’s settlements in disputed Palestinian territory as illegal.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 本质，实质; 精华，精髓; 香精
分布：本质(71%)，精髓(17%)，香精(7%)，要素(5%)
→来自es, 是，存在，词源同is ,am, entity.
n.本质,实质Health is the essence of happiness.健康是幸福的本质.
noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■the basic or most important idea or quality of something 本质；实质；要素
• The essence of his argument was that education should continue throughout life. 他的观点的要旨是教育应该持续终生。
• Yet change is the very essence of life. 然而变迁正是人生的本质。
in essence formal
■relating to the most important characteristics or ideas of something 本质上；实质上
• In essence, both sides agree on the issue. 从本质上说，双方在这个问题上的意见是一致的。
be of the essence formal
■to be the most important thing 极其重要；必不可少
• In any of these discussions, of course, honesty is of the essence. 当然，在探讨任何问题时都必须坦诚。
• Time is of the essence. 时间至关重要。
['es.ənts] noun
SMELL/TASTE 气味／味道
countable or uncountable
■a strong liquid, usually from a plant or flower, that is used to add a flavour or smell to something （通常取自植物或花的）香精，香料，精油
• vanilla essence 香草香精
• essence of violets 紫罗兰香精
n. 本质，实质；精华； [化工] 香精
 - substance, truth, principle, entity, texture

Word: park
Front: park
[pɑ:k] (中高雅 3467/853 -K4)
Vocabulary: park
(once / 347 pages)
1n 2vn
A park is an outdoor green space that people use for recreation. People can also park a car, which is to pull into a parking space and stop. Just don’t park your car in a park. Unless you’re a squirrel.
A city park usually has playgrounds, sports fields, walking paths, grass, and trees. There are also larger tracts of wild public land also known as parks, and these often have hiking trails, mountains, or bodies of water. Park is a verb too, meaning "drive into a parking space," so you could park your scooter at the park. Originally this verb referred exclusively to military vehicles, but by 1844 you could park any vehicle at all.
WORD FAMILY
park: parked, parking+/parking: parkings
USAGE EXAMPLES
And in July, the company will present a free production in a to-be-determined Seattle park.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“The biggest issues are traffic jams, no parking, accidents, and oil spills on the road,” he says.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
They’ve been working with county officials for two years now on the building’s height, lighting and parking on the parcel of land they bought.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 公园; 停车场
vi. 泊车，停车
vt. 将…放置在某处; 停车
时态：parked, parking, parks
分布：公园(65%)，停车(19%)，停车场(7%)，停放(5%)，园区(3%)，置于(1%)
→来自中古法语parc,狩留场，来自Proto-Germanic*parrukaz,围栏，围场，来自spar,柱子，栅栏，词源同spear,spar.后用于指公园，花园。动词词义泊车来自军事术语，原指军事训练场或军用车辆存放调转地，后词义通用化。
n.公园,停车场,运动场v.停放(汽车等),寄放In the sparking park, the darling dark dog barked at the embarked larks.在闪着火花的公园里,可爱的深色狗对着装载于船云雀吠叫.
US [pɑ:rk] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a large area of land with grass and trees surrounded by fences or walls, which is specially arranged so that people can walk in it for pleasure or children can play in it 公园
• Central Park 中央公园
• Hyde Park 海德公园
• We watched the joggers in the park. 我们在公园里看别人慢跑。
■UK
■an area of land around a large house in the countryside 庄园，庭院
■US
■an area of land for playing sports 运动场，体育场
UK [pɑ:k] US [pɑ:rk] verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to put a vehicle in a place where it can stay for a period of time, usually while you leave it 停泊（车辆）
• Where have you parked? 你把车停在哪里了？
• Just park your car in the driveway. 就把车停在车道上吧。
 IMPROVER transitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to put yourself or something in a particular place for a long time, often annoying other people 坐在（某处），站在（某处），把…放在（某处）（常因持续时间过长而令人生厌）
• [R] He parked him self in front of the TV and stayed there all afternoon. 他在电视前一坐就是一个下午。
• She's parked an enormous pile of papers on my desk and I haven't a clue what to do with them. 她把一大堆档案堆在我桌子上，我根本不知道该拿它们怎么办。
n. [建] 公园； [交] 停车场
 - public garden, stopping place
vt. 停放；放置；寄存
 - check, place in

Word: exclude
Front: exclude
[ɪkˈsklu:d] (研四六托雅宝 3470/1940 -K2)
Vocabulary: exclude
(once / 107 pages)
v
Exclude means to leave out — like when the cool kids won't let you in on their game of four-square or the pizza guy leaves your neighborhood out from his delivery zone.
Exclude comes to us from the Latin word excludere, which means "to shut." So essentially, when you exclude someone you slam the door in their face one way or another: You won't let them into the party, you leave them off the invite list, or refuse to include them in the conversation once they arrive. Needless to say, excluding others is not very nice.
WORD FAMILY
exclude: excluded, excludes, excluding, exclusion, exclusive +/ exclusion: exclusions/ exclusive: exclusively, exclusiveness, exclusives, unexclusive
USAGE EXAMPLES
In motions filed last week, Lovelace’s attorneys asked that evidence obtained from Lovelace’s laptop computer be excluded.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Even when the U.S. ratifies treaties, the government often adds a caveat that excludes protection of some basic rights.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
The 2016 total excludes any new arrivals Friday and Saturday.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 排除，不包括; 排斥; 驱除，赶出
时态：excluded, excluding, excludes
分布：排除(98%)，阻止(1%)，拒绝接受(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-clud, 关闭，词源同close, conclude.
排外(ex+clude关闭→关出去→排外)[ex-①表示"出,出去"②表示"前面的,前任的"]
排除;隔绝(ex出+clude→关出去→排除)[clos,clud,clus=close,表示"关闭"]
v.拒绝,把...排除在外,排斥They excluded people under 18 from joining the club.他们拒绝接纳十八岁以下的人加入俱乐部.
【记】ex出，clude关闭－关出去－排斥
【参】occlude（v 使闭塞；堵塞）；preclude（n 预防；排除）；exclusion（n 拒绝；排斥）；exclusive（adj 排外的；唯我独尊的）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to prevent someone or something from entering a place or taking part in an activity 阻止…进入；把…排斥在外
• Women are still excluded from the club. 这间俱乐部仍然不让女性进入。
• Microbes must, as far as possible, be excluded from the room during an operation. 在手术过程中，要尽可能防止细菌进入手术室。
• Tom has been excluded from school (= he is not allowed to go to school) for bad behaviour. 汤姆因为行为不正被学校开除了。
Compare include to intentionally not include something （有意地）不包括
• The price excludes local taxes. 这个价格不包括地方税。
Compare include to decide that something is not true or possible 排除…；不考虑…；认为…不可能
• We can't exclude the possibility that he is dead. 我们不能排除他已经死亡的可能性。
extinguish, dispose, erase, exclude, cancel, eliminate, abolish
这组词都有“取消，除掉”的意思，其区别是：
extinguish: v.熄灭，扑灭(火)；使沉默，使暗淡。
 • Firefighters extinguished a big fire.   消防队员扑灭了大火。
dispose: v.处理，处置；表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。)
 • After your picnic, please dispose of the litter.   野餐后请清除掉垃圾。
erase: v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。
 • I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.   我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。
exclude: v.排斥；排除，不包括在内，与include互为反义词。
 • The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from entering.   衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。
cancel: v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消；删去(字、句)。
 • The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.   会议由于流感而取消了。
eliminate: v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。
 • The losing team was eliminated from further competition.   失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。
 • The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.   医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。
abolish: v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除；完全破坏。
 • The government abolished the tax on alcohol.   政府取消了酒税。
vt. 排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出
 - preclude, rule out

Word: harsh
Front: harsh
[hɑ:ʃ] (研四六托雅宝 3471/3931 -2)
Vocabulary: harsh
(once / 220 pages)
adj
Harsh means severe or strict, particularly when referring to punishment. It would be a harsh punishment if you got grounded for two weeks just for coming home a little late for dinner.
There are many shades of meaning for the word harsh depending on its context, but all imply that something is more unpleasant than it needs to be. Harsh lighting hurts your eyes. A harsh disciplinarian gives out punishments that are too severe. Whereas constructive criticism is usually helpful, a harsh critique will only make you upset. The harsh reality of the world today is that millions of people are starving while others have too much.
WORD FAMILY
harsh: harshen, harsher, harshest, harshly, harshness+/harshen: harshened/harshness: harshnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
They recommended harsher sentences for gun crimes and for the use of high-capacity magazines.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He quickly convened an inquiry into the death, which led to courts-martial, and banned the harsh techniques used at the prison.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The harsh reality in the mobile game business is that many are willing to play, but few are willing to pay.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 粗糙的; 刺耳的; 严厉的，严格的; 残酷的
级别：harsher, harshest
分布：刺耳的(47%)，粗糙的(45%)，大约的(4%)，使人不舒服的(4%)
→可能来自kars,刮，拔，梳理羊毛，词源同card,carduus(拉丁语，蓟),chard(多刺叶甜菜).原用于形容织物多毛的，粗糙的，引申词义残酷的，严厉的。
a.粗糙的;(声音)刺耳的;苛刻的,严酷的She was harsh to the servants.她待佣人苛刻.
【反】harshen（v 使变粗糙）－soften（v 软化）；encomium（n 赞美）－harsh criticism（严厉的批评）
US [hɑ:rʃ] adjective
UNKIND 令人不快的
 IMPROVER
■unpleasant, unkind, cruel or unnecessarily severe 令人不快的；严酷的；（无端地）严厉的
• harsh criticism 严厉的批评
• The children had had a harsh upbringing. 孩子们的家教很严。
• We thought the punishment was rather harsh for such a minor offence. 我们认为对这样的小错，这种惩罚太严酷了。
• "There is no alternative, " she said in a harsh voice. “没有选择的余地。”她用生硬的口气说道。
• He said some harsh words (= spoke unkindly) about his brother. 他说了他兄弟一些难听的话。
UK [hɑ:ʃ] US [hɑ:rʃ] adjective
TOO STRONG 过于强烈的
 IMPROVER
■too strong, bright, loud, etc 刺眼的；刺耳的；过于强烈的
• harsh chemicals/lighting 过于刺激的化学品／刺眼的光线
hoarse, rough, harsh
这组词都有“嘶哑的，沙哑的”的意思，其区别是：
hoarse: 指嘶哑刺耳的声音，通常因高声喊叫后嗓子失音所致。
rough: 指粗哑难听的声音。
harsh: 一般多指刺耳难听的声音。
rude, crude, harsh, rough, coarse
这组词都有“粗糙的”的意思，其区别是：
rude: 指加工粗糙、不精细。也指某人的言行举止粗鲁无礼，缺乏修养。
crude: 主要指未经加工处理尚处于自然状态的物质；也可指人的言行粗鲁。
harsh: 指外表、性质、声音的粗糙、刺耳、刺目，强调使人不愉快的粗糙感。
rough: 普通用词，指某物纹理不精细，或表面凹凸不平，不光滑。
coarse: 指某物质地粗糙低劣或编织、加工等不精细、精巧。也指人的言谈举止粗鲁，不文雅。
adj. 严厉的；严酷的； [声] 刺耳的；粗糙的；刺目的
 - severe, grinding, crude, tight, hard

Word: closet
Front: closet
[ˈklɒzɪt] (研六雅宝 3473/11999 -K1)
Back: n. 壁橱; 盥洗室; 议事室，密室; 贮藏室
adj. 隐蔽的，暗藏的; 不公开的; 秘密的，私下的; 空谈的
vt. 把…关在房间里; 把…引入内室密谈
时态：closeted, closetting, closets
分布：壁橱(72%)，厕所(7%)，密室(6%)，空谈的(5%)，衣帽间(5%)，隐藏的(2%)，不公开的(2%)，把 ... 关在房间里(1%)
→来自close,关闭，-et,小词后缀。
壁橱;秘室(clos+et小东西→关的小东西→壁橱)[clos,clud,clus=close,表示"关闭"]
n.(壁)橱a.私下的vt.把...引进密室会谈The loser closely enclosed himself in the closet.那个失败者把自己严密地封闭在小室内.
【记】clos＝close关，et小：关在小屋里：密谈
【参】closure（n 关闭；终止＝end＝conclusion）
US ['klɑ:.zɪt] noun countable mainly US
■a cupboard or a small room with a door, used for storing things, especially clothes （尤指放衣服的）壁橱，壁柜，储藏室
• a bedroom/linen/storage closet 卧室壁橱／家庭日用织品柜橱／储藏室
UK ['klɒz.ɪt] US ['klɑ:.zɪt] noun countable mainly US
come out of the closet
■to admit to your family, friends or the public, after a period of secrecy, that you are homosexual 公开同性恋身分
UK ['klɒz.ɪt] US ['klɑ:.zɪt] verb transitive usually passive
■to put yourself in a place, especially a closed space, and stay there 关，藏，封闭
• [R] Two weeks before my exams I closeted my self (away) in my room with my books and I didn't speak to anyone. 考试前两星期，我把自己关在房里读书，不跟任何人说话。
• The President is closeted with (= having a private meeting with) his advisers. 总统与他的顾问在密谈。
UK ['klɒz.ɪt] US ['klɑ:.zɪt] adjective [before noun]
■describes a belief, activity or feeling which is kept secret from the public, usually because you are frightened of the results of it becoming known 私下的，秘密的，不公开的
• a closet alcoholic/homosexual 不愿承认是酗酒者／同性恋的人
• Dole portrayed the president in campaign speeches as a 'closet liberal'. 杜尔在竞选演讲中将总统描绘为“藏而不露的自由主义者”。
n. 壁橱；议事室，密室；小房间
 - storage wall, built-in wardrobe
adj. 秘密的，私下的；空谈的
 - secret, private, underground, theoretic, chamber

Word: suburban
Front: suburban
[səˈbɜ:bən] (3472/6971 -2)
Vocabulary: suburban
(once / 1038 pages)
adj
Suburban refers to areas just beyond a city’s border. Your parents might have grown up in the city and then moved to a more suburban area after they had kids.
If you see a lot of malls, plus houses that all look the same, and you're just outside a city, then you're in a suburban area: the suburbs. If you're from the suburbs, the chaos of New York City might be shocking. Suburban areas aren't as busy as urban (city) areas, but there's a lot more going on than in rural areas — farmland. One difference between suburban and urban areas is the urban areas have more cabs and public transportation.
WORD FAMILY
suburban: suburbanest, suburbanise, suburbanite, suburbanize+/suburbanise: suburbanised/suburbanite: suburbanites/suburbanize: suburbanized/ urban: suburban, urbanise, urbanize/urbanise: urbanisation, urbanised/urbanize: urbanization, urbanized, urbanizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Education experts say that while urban and suburban school districts generally spend more than rural ones, they face challenges not experienced in the country.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With a permanent smile fixed on her face, she runs to the altar and settles into a life of suburban contentment.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
It is not uncommon for new development plans in Northern Virginia to raise hackles among residents who want to limit suburban sprawl.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 城郊的，在郊区的，城郊住宅区的; 土气的; 见闻不广的
n. 郊区居民
分布：郊区的(86%)，市郊的(14%)
→sub-,在下，urban,城市的。
郊区的[-an表名词和形容词"…地方,...人]
US [-'bɝ:-] adjective
■relating to a suburb 近郊住宅区的；城郊的
• suburban schools/housing 近郊学校／住宅
• They live in suburban Washington. 他们住在华盛顿近郊。
■disapproving
■used to suggest that something is boring and has no excitement 平淡乏味的；无趣的
• suburban life 平淡乏味的生活

Word: greet
Front: greet
[gri:t] (高研四六 3475/3303 -2)
Back: vt. 欢迎，迎接; 致敬，致意; 打招呼; （景象，声音等）映入眼帘
时态：greeted, greeting, greets
分布：迎接(61%)，问候(34%)，致敬(4%)，作出反应(1%)
→来自gher, 呼叫，呼喊，拟声词，词源同care, regret.
v.致敬,敬意,迎接;扑(鼻),入(耳),触(目)She met me in the Fleet Street and greeted me with a sweet smile.她在舰队街上遇见我,并对我致以甜甜的一笑.
verb
 IMPROVER transitive
■to welcome someone with particular words or a particular action, or to react to something in the stated way 问候；迎接；向…打招呼；对…作出反应
• He greeted me at the door. 他在门口迎接我。
• The teacher greeted each child with a friendly 'Hello!' 老师向每一个小朋友亲切地打招呼说“你好！”
• The unions have greeted the decision with delight/anger. 工会听到这个决定非常高兴／愤怒。
transitive often passive
■If you are greeted by a sight, sound or smell, you notice it immediately when you arrive somewhere 呈现在…眼前；传入…的耳中；朝…扑面而来
• As we walked into the house, we were greeted by a wonderful smell of baking. 我们一进屋，一股烘烤食物的香味扑鼻而来。
hail, salute, address, welcome, greet
这组词都有“欢迎、致敬，致意，招呼”的意思，其区别是：
hail: 主要指怀着敬意欢迎某人，侧重欢快轻松和嘈杂。也指隔得较远的高声招呼。
salute: 正式用词，指用敬礼、亲吻或挥帽等动作向他人致意或问候，尤指以某种礼节欢迎某人。
address: 侧重打招呼的方式或指所使用的称谓。
welcome: 多指热情的官方的或正式的迎接或欢迎，但也指一般的欢迎。
greet: 常指友好而热诚地欢迎。
vt. 欢迎，迎接；致敬，致意；映入眼帘
 - be welcome to, to meet

Word: interior
Front: interior
[ɪnˈtɪəriə(r)] (研四六托雅 3476/3308 -K3)
Vocabulary: interior
(once / 267 pages)
adjn
Interior commonly refers to the inside of something. When house hunting you might find that the outside of the house is run down, but the interior rooms beautifully renovated.
If you design the color scheme of a room and pick our furnishings for it, you are an interior designer. If you delve into a characters feelings and emotions, you might describe what you're looking at as their interior. A place that lies far inland from a coast or border is said to lie in the interior of a country. If you talk to yourself inside your mind, you are said to be having an interior monologue.
WORD FAMILY
interior: interiorise, interiorize, interiorly, interiors+/interiorise: interiorised/interiorize: interiorized
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Wizards’ interior work was critical because they couldn’t cash in from beyond the arc.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Tennessee State dominated the interior outscoring the Owls 36-14.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The work also included adding nearly 13,000 square feet of interior space and remodeling about 20,000 square feet of the existing terminal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 内部; 内地; 内政; 内心
adj. 内部的; 内地的，国内的; 内面的
分布：内部(76%)，内部的(13%)，内在(5%)，国内的(3%)，内地的(3%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-ior,比级级后缀。
内部的(inter内)[-ior表形容词"较…的"]
a.内部的,里面的n.内部,内地The extravagant savage made the interior and exterior criteria of deterioration.奢侈的野蛮人制定了腐败的内外标准.
US [-'tɪr.i.ɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■the inside part of something 内部
• The estate agent had pictures of the house from the outside but none of its interior. 房地产经纪人有这栋房子的外观照片，但没有其内部的照片。
• The car's interior is very impressive - wonderful leather seats and a wooden dashboard. 这款汽车的内部看上去很气派——优质的皮座椅及木制的仪表板。
Compare exterior
only singular
■the land which is furthest away from the outside or coast of a country or continent 内地，腹地
• the African interior 非洲腹地
the interior
■in some countries, the government department which deals with subjects and events which are important in the country itself instead of events in other countries （某些国家的）内政部
• the Ministry of the Interior 内政部
• officials of the U.S. Interior Department 美国内政部官员
UK [ɪn'tɪə.ri.ər] US [-'tɪr.i.ɚ] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■inside 内部的
• The interior walls have patches of damp on them. 内墙上有片片湿斑。
• The paintwork on the interior doors (= those not in the outside wall of a building) is in good condition. 室内门上的漆面保持完好。
■relating to the government department in some countries which deals with subjects and events which are important in that country instead of events in other countries （政府）内政的；内务的
• France's interior minister 法国内政部长
interior, inward, inner, inside, internal
这组词都有“内部的，内在的”的意思，其区别是：
interior: 指某物的内部，尤指某物的内侧；也可指内地的或国内的。
inward: 指朝着中心或内部方向的，侧重方向而不是位置；也可指内心的隐密活动。
inner: 含义广泛，指事物中心或接近中心的部位，也可指内心隐密的活动。
inside: 多指处于某物内部或靠近内部，常可与inner换用，可引申指内幕的，秘密的。
internal: 书面用词，医学上多用，指事物的内部，也可指国内的或内政的。
n. 内部；本质
 - essence, principle, texture, entity, inner
adj. 内部的；国内的；本质的
 - inner, domestic, essential, inside, home

Word: corridor
Front: corridor
[ˈkɒrɪdɔ:(r)] (研四六托 3474/2823 -2)
Vocabulary: corridor
(once / 383 pages)
n
A long hallway, especially one that has rooms opening up into it, is called a corridor. Late at night, hotel corridors all look alike. Be sure you try to open the right door with your key card.
A corridor is also a tract of land that connects two places or runs along the side of a road. In your town, the business corridor might be a fairly small strip of land with just a couple of restaurants and a few stores. The Northeast Corridor is the built-up area that links eastern cities in a chain that stretches from Boston to Washington, D.C.
WORD FAMILY
corridor: corridors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Among the 4,000 sites are fishing and hunting processing areas, ancestral village areas and tribal corridors.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The fast-paced techno music played in a second-floor room, up a dim stairwell and down a long corridor.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The city says Metro Public Works finished a project earlier this month to re-time 550 signals along 18 major pikes and corridors.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 走廊，通道; 走廊（一国领土通过他国境内的狭长地带）; [建]覆道
分布：走廊(100%)
→来自词根cur, 跑，词源同course, current.
n.走廊,通路"Sorry, I'll borrow the lorry tomorrow," the sorrowful man said with worry in the corridor."对不起,明天我要借用这辆卡车."那个悲伤的人在走廊里担心地说.
【记】corri角，dor＝door门：既有墙角，又有门的地方－走廊
US ['kɔ:r.ɪ.dɚ] noun countable
PASSAGE 通道
 ADVANCED
■a long passage in a building or train, especially with rooms on either side （尤指两边是房间的）走廊，通道，过道
• Her office is at the end of the corridor. 她的办公室在走廊尽头。
UK ['kɒr.ɪ.dɔ:r] US ['kɔ:r.ɪ.dɚ] noun countable
LAND 土地
■a long piece of one country's land which goes through another country 走廊（指一国领土通过他国境内的狭长地带）
• the Polish corridor 波兰走廊
UK ['kɒr.ɪ.dɔ:r] US ['kɔ:r.ɪ.dɚ] noun countable
the corridors of power
■the higher levels of government where the most important decisions are made 权力走廊（作出重大决策的政府高层）
n. [建] 走廊
 - hall, passage, gallery, verandah, slype

Word: murder
Front: murder
[ˈmɜ:də(r)] (中高研四六 1381/1560 -K4)
Vocabulary: murder
(once / 62 pages)
nv
To murder is to kill, and it's illegal. Murder is one of the worst crimes of all.
While murdering sometimes means mangling something (like murdering a speech you were trying to give) it usually means killing — but not just any killing. If you kill someone by accident or in self-defense, that's not murder. If a soldier kills an enemy, that's not murder. Murder is a planned, illegal form of taking someone's life. If you read a law book, you'll see how complicated murder can be.
WORD FAMILY
murder: murdered, murderer, murdering, murderous, murders+/ murderer: murderers/ murderous: murderously, murderousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nowhere were the challenges starker than in Chicago, where the rates of murders and shootings skyrocketed.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof faces a second death-penalty trial early this year in state court, where he’s charged with nine counts of murder.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof was found guilty last month on 33 federal charges, including murder, attempted murder, hate crimes and obstruction of the practice of religion.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 谋杀; 杀戮; 极艰难[令人沮丧]的经历
vt. 凶杀; 糟蹋; 打垮
vi. 杀人
时态：murdered, murdering, murders
分布：谋杀(75%)，谋杀案(23%)，糟蹋(1%)，损坏(1%)
→来自古英语morthor,秘密杀害，非法谋杀，来自Proto-Germanic*murthra,杀害，来自mer, 将死，死去，词源同morbid,mortal.-ther,工具格后缀。
v./n.谋杀,凶杀Banned murders in the suburb bring turbulent disturbance and burden to the urban turbine works.在郊区被禁止的谋杀给都市透平工厂带来汹涌骚乱和重负.
US ['mɝ:.dɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the crime of intentionally killing a person 谋杀，凶杀
• Two sisters have been charged with (= officially accused of) murder. 两姐妹被控谋杀。
• There were three murders in the town last year. 去年镇上发生了三件谋杀案。
• The three were convicted of (= proved guilty of) murder. 三人被判犯有谋杀罪。
• a murder weapon (= a weapon used to commit a murder) 凶器
Compare manslaughter ; suicide
UK ['mɜ:.dər] US ['mɝ:.dɚ] noun countable or uncountable
be murder informal
■to be very difficult to do 很困难
• It's murder finding a parking space in town. 在城里很难找到停车位。
UK ['mɜ:.dər] US ['mɝ:.dɚ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to commit the crime of intentionally killing a person 谋杀，杀害
• Her husband was murdered by gunmen as she watched. 她亲眼目睹丈夫被持枪歹徒杀害。
• In the last year, terrorists have murdered several local journalists. 去年，恐怖分子杀害了几名当地记者。
■UK informal
■If you say you will or could murder someone, it means you are very angry with them （表示非常生气）决不会原谅
• If he's late again, I'll murder him! 如果他再迟到，我决不会原谅他！
UK ['mɜ:.dər] US ['mɝ:.dɚ] verb transitive
could murder sth UK informal
■If you say you could murder a type of food or drink, it means you would like to have it now 现在就想吃（或喝）
• I could murder a cup of tea! 我现在就想喝杯茶！
massacre, execute, murder, slaughter, assassinate, kill
这组词都有“杀，杀死”的意思，其区别是：
massacre: 语气比slaughter强。指大屠杀，尤指屠杀失去了自卫能力的人。
execute: 指依法处死罪犯。
murder: 指谋杀或凶杀。
slaughter: 本义指大批宰杀动物，也指像屠宰牲畜一样一次杀死许多人。
assassinate: 通常指因政治原因用非法手段杀害政治领袖人物或短名人士。
kill: 普通用词，含义广泛，泛指以任何方式使人、动物或植物死亡。
vt. 谋杀，凶杀
 - murther
n. 谋杀，凶杀
 - killing, rubout

Word: retail
Front: retail
[ˈri:teɪl] (研四六托雅宝 3479/3601 -3)
Vocabulary: retail
(once / 320 pages)
nadvv
If you buy a pair of jeans at your neighborhood Chique Boutique, you’re buying retail, but if you go to China and buy a boatload of jeans directly from the manufacturer, you’re buying wholesale, which is the opposite of retail.
If you make your living growing flowers, you may have a retail shop where you sell to people buying flowers for themselves, and you may also have a wholesale business, where you sell flowers to florists and supermarkets who sell your flowers to their customers. As you have probably figured out, the retail shops — the florists and supermarkets — add their own markup to the wholesale price you charge them, so they can make a profit, too.
WORD FAMILY
retail: retailed, retailer, retailing, retails+/retailer: retailers/retailing: retailings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Pemex spokesman said relatively few gasoline stations were affected, although protesters temporarily blocked storage terminals, delaying the delivery of gasoline to retail points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, cash dried up, retail commerce froze, and Maduro suspended the move as rioting and looting erupted.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Low-paying industries, such as retail, are among the largest and fastest-growing.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 零售
vt. 零售; 零卖; 转述; 传播
adj. 零售的
adv. 以零售方式
时态：retailed, retailing, retails
分布：零售(99%)，以零售形式(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-tail,剪，切，词源同 tailor.即切下来，引申词义零售，销售。
零售(re再+tail→再监一次→零售)[tail=cut,表示"剪,割"]
n.零售Jail life made the frail retailer avail every snail in the pail.监狱生命使脆弱的零售商在桶里有益于每只蜗牛.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the activity of selling goods to the public, usually in small quantities 零售，零卖
• The job is open to applicants with over two years' experience in retail. 这份工作面向有两年以上零售经验的求职者。
• The clothing company has six retail outlets (= shops) in south-eastern Australia. 这间服装公司在澳大利亚东南部地区开设了六家零售店。
• $13 off the manufacturer's recommended retail price 比生产商的建议零售价便宜13美元
Compare wholesale
['ri:.teɪl] verb transitive
■to sell goods to the public in shops or by post 零售，零卖
• The company makes and retails moderately priced sportswear. 这间公司生产和零售价格适中的运动服。
retail at/for sth
■to be sold at a particular price 以…价格零售，零售价格为…
• This model of computer is retailing at £650. 这款电脑零售价为650英镑。
n. 零售
 - sell-through, resale

Word: pitcher
Front: pitcher
[ˈpɪtʃə(r)] (托宝 3478/23459 -1)
Back: n. 大水罐; 投掷的人
分布：水罐(100%)
→来自古法语pichier,壶，罐，来自拉丁语bicarium,来自希腊语bikos,陶制容器，词源同beaker.拼写可能受pitch影响。
【记】pit小坑，ch吃，er东西：像小坑一样能装吃的的东西－水罐
US [-ɚ] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器 UK a large container with a wide round base, straight sides and a narrow opening at the top, used in the past for holding water or another liquid 罐，壶
• an earthenware pitcher 陶罐
US for * jug (CONTAINER)
• a pitcher of beer/water/lemonade 一壶啤酒／水／柠檬汁
UK ['pɪtʃ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
BASEBALL 棒球
■a player who pitches the ball in a baseball game 投球手
n. 投手；大水罐
 - hurler, caster

Word: march
Vocabulary: march
(once / 79 pages)
1vn 2nv
To march is to walk with deliberate, short steps that fall in a regular rhythm. You can take your time walking into school in the morning, or you can march right up the steps and through the door.
People can march just about anywhere they walk, although the verb brings to mind military processions of soldiers who march in unison. Marching bands are another example of people who march together this way. You can also use the word when you're talking about a group of demonstrators who decide to march in protest or support of a particular cause. March comes from the Middle French word marcher, which originally meant "to trample," and later came to mean "to walk."
WORD FAMILY
march: countermarch, marched, marcher, marching+/countermarch: countermarched, countermarches, countermarching/marcher: marchers/marching: marchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jimmy Carter watched haplessly as the Soviets marched into Afghanistan and the Iranians held America hostage for 444 days.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The marching bands were the very soul of diversity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Tuesday, march organizers announced that Gloria Steinem and Planned Parenthood would be official partners of the march.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: snake
Front: snake
[sneɪk] (中高研四六托 3481/5064 -K2)
Back: n. 蛇; 奸险的人; 卑劣的人; 蛇形浮动汇率制
vt. 沿…曲折前进（或延伸）; <美>/<口>拖，拉（木材等）
vi. 曲折前进（或延伸）; 蛇行，悄悄地爬行
时态：snaked, snaking, snakes
分布：蛇(96%)，蜿蜒(3%)，拖曳(1%)
→来自古英语 snaca,蛇，来自 Proto-Germanic*snakon,蛇，来自 sneg,爬，蜷缩，词源同 snail,sneak.
n.蛇The cake maker shakes a naked snake with the quaking rake without sake.蛋糕制造者无缘无故地用抖动的耙子摇一条赤裸的蛇.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a reptile with a long cylindrical body and no legs 蛇
• He's terrified of being bitten by a snake. 他很害怕被蛇咬。
• a snake bite 蛇咬
• snake venom 蛇毒
a snake (in the grass)
■an unpleasant person who cannot be trusted 阴险小人，暗藏的敌人
[sneɪk] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move along a route that includes a lot of twists or bends 蜿蜓伸展
• The river snakes through some of the most spectacular countryside in France. 这条河蜿蜒穿过法国一些最美丽的乡村地区。
• The queue for tickets snaked all the way around the block. 买票的队伍弯弯曲曲地一路排到了与这条街交叉的另一条街上。
[sneɪk] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
snake its way
■Something that snakes its way moves or is arranged in a twisting way 蜿蜒行进，弯曲延伸
• A long queue had formed, snaking its way downstairs and out into the street. 长长的队伍排到楼下后又一直延伸到了街上。
n. [脊椎] 蛇；阴险的人
 - serpent, rat-face
vi. 迂回前进
 - wind one's way
vt. 拉（木材等）；迂回前进
 - pull, draw

Word: excuse
Front: excuse
[ɪkˈskju:s] (中高托雅 3484/3182 -K3)
Vocabulary: excuse
(once / 102 pages)
1nv 2v 3n 4n
An excuse is an explanation for something that went wrong. When we give an excuse, we're trying to get someone to cut us some slack.
When you finish dinner and ask, "May I be excused?" you've used one of many meanings of this word. It’s generally a reason for behavior: A note from your parents saying you have a doctor’s appointment can excuse you from school for the day. If your dog is sick, he has an excuse for barfing in the house. But be careful — making excuses can get awfully close to whining.
WORD FAMILY
excuse: excusable, excusatory, excused, excuser, excuses, excusing+/ excusable: excusably, inexcusable /excused: unexcused/excuser: excusers/ inexcusable: inexcusably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even Reid, who rarely uses injuries as an excuse, discussed the importance of health on Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jack’s wife excuses his behavior by saying, “This is just Jack being Jack.”
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Eastern Kentuckians tend to empathize with coal mine owners and excuse the unchecked abuse they receive.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 原谅; 为…申辩; 免除，宽免; 给…免去
n. 借口，托辞; 道歉，歉意; 辩解; 请假条
vi. 作为借口; 请示宽恕; 表示宽恕
时态：excused, excusing, excuses
分布：借口(46%)，原谅(27%)，理由(18%)，辩解(9%)
→ex-, 向外。-cus,原因，词源同causal, because.
v.原谅,宽恕,免除n.借口,辩解He had an amusing excuse for executing the executive.对于处决决策人,他有一个可笑的理由.
verb transitive /ɪkˈskjuːz/
 IMPROVER
■to forgive someone 原谅；宽恕
• Please excuse me for arriving late - the bus was delayed. 我来迟了，请原谅——因为公车延误了。
• Nothing can excuse that sort of behaviour. 无论如何那种行为都是不可原谅的。
• No amount of financial recompense can excuse the way in which the company carried out its policy. 这间公司竟如此执行制度，这种行为无论赔多少钱都不能宽恕。
• We cannot excuse him for these crimes. 我们无法原谅他犯下的这些罪行。
• I asked the teacher if I could be excused from (= allowed not to do) football practice as my knee still hurt. 我的膝盖仍然很痛，因此我向老师请假希望可以不参加足球训练。
• Please excuse me from (= allow me to miss) the rest of the meeting - I've just received a telephone call which requires my immediate attention. 请原谅我不能继续出席会议——我刚接到电话，有急事要立即处理。
Excuse me
 ESSENTIAL
■a polite way of attracting the attention, especially of someone you do not know （用于礼貌地引起他人、尤其是陌生人的注意）劳驾，打扰，请原谅
• Excuse me, does this bus go to Oxford Street? 打扰一下，请问这辆公车会去牛津大街吗？
 ESSENTIAL
■used to politely ask someone to move so that you can walk past them （用于礼貌地请求别人让路）借过，劳驾，对不起
• Excuse me, can I just get past? 不好意思，请让我过一下。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to tell someone politely that you are leaving （用于礼貌地辞别）抱歉，失陪
• Excuse me a moment, I'll be with you shortly. 抱歉，失陪一会儿，我马上回来。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to say sorry for something you have done by accident （用于无意做了某事后致歉）对不起
• Did I take your seat? Do excuse me. 我坐了你的座位吗？太对不起了。
 IMPROVER
■said before disagreeing with someone （用于表示异议）请原谅，对不起
• Excuse me but aren't you forgetting something? 请原谅，但你是不是忘记了些甚么？
 IMPROVER US (UK Pardon?) (I beg your pardon?)
■used to politely ask someone to repeat something they have said because you have not heard it （用于没听清楚某事礼貌地请别人重复）对不起，请再说一遍
noun countable /ɪkˈskjuːs/
 ESSENTIAL
■a reason that you give to explain why you did something wrong （辩解的）理由，借口
• He'd better have a good excuse for being late. 他迟到最好有正当的理由。
• I've never known him to miss a meeting - I'm sure he'll have an excuse. 据我所知，他从来没有缺席过会议——我敢肯定他不来是有原因的。
• There's no excuse for that sort of behaviour. 根本没有借口为那种行为开脱。
 IMPROVER
■a false reason that you give to explain why you do something （虚假的）理由，借口，托词
• [+ to infinitive] She was just looking for an excuse to call him. 她只是找个借口打电话给他。
• Any excuse for a holiday! 只要可以去渡假，任何借口都不成问题！
make your excuses
■to explain why you cannot be present somewhere 因为不能到场表示歉意
• Please make my excuses at the meeting on Friday. 我不能参加星期五的会议了，请代我致歉。
make excuses
 IMPROVER
■to give false reasons why you cannot do something 找借口；编理由
• You're always making excuses for not helping me. 你总是找各种借口不来帮我。
noun countable /ɪkˈskjuːs/
a miserable/poor, etc. excuse for sth
■a very bad example of something …的拙劣样本；蹩脚的…，极糟糕的…东西
• It was a miserable excuse for a meal. 这顿饭真是太难吃了。
pardon, overlook, forgive, excuse
这组词都有“原谅”的意思，其区别是：
pardon: 比excuse正式，指原谅或宽恕严重的过失或法律上的犯罪行为；在社会交场合则指对打搅他人表示歉意。
overlook: 语气较弱，指宽容或不计较无关大局的过失。
forgive: 侧重从心里宽恕某人，暗示放弃一切愤恨和要求报偿的权利。
excuse: 口语常用词，语气较轻。指原谅轻微的过错、疏忽或过失。
cause, reason, excuse
这组词都有“原因”的意思，其区别是：
cause: 指直接导致事情发生的原因，与所发生的事个有因果关系。
reason: 强调指从逻辑推理上得出的结论性原因，不是直接说明起因。
excuse: 指为自己辩解，希望得到谅解时所提出的种种理由，是借口性的理由。
n. 借口；理由
 - reason, sake, account, blind, occasion
vt. 原谅；为…申辩；给…免去
 - forgive, pardon for
vi. 作为借口；请求宽恕；表示宽恕
 - beg for mercy

Word: cross
Front: cross
[krɒs] (中高研四六托宝 1391/1352 -K2)
Vocabulary: cross
(once / 46 pages)
1nvadj 2n 3vn 4v 5adj
When you cross something, you travel over it — like when you cross the street, after looking both ways and using the crosswalk, of course.
A commercial pilot might cross the continent several times a week, and a boy might cross several back yards on his way to school. Another kind of cross is a written mark, an upended X on a piece of paper. There's also the adjective cross, which describes someone who is extremely cranky. The Latin root word crux means "stake or cross," but its figurative meaning, "trouble or misery," is related to to traditional use of wooden crosses to hang criminals.
WORD FAMILY
cross: crossed, crosser, crossest, crossing, crossly, crossness, uncross+/crossed: intercrossed/crossing: crossings, overcrossing/uncross: uncrossed, uncrosses, uncrossing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The group described Turkey as “the servant of the cross.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nintendo is planning mobile versions of its popular “Fire Emblem” and “Animal Crossing” games.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Carsten Kammlott celebrates in jubilation, astounded at what he’s just done, after impeccably meeting a cross from the right flank.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 十字架; 十字形饰物; 杂交品种; 痛苦
vi. 交错而行; 横渡; 越境
vt. 杂交; 横跨，穿越; 划掉; 使相交
adj. 坏脾气的， 易怒的; 相反的，反向的
时态：crossed, crossing, crosses
分布：交叉(33%)，十字架(25%)，穿过(16%)，杂交(8%)，十字形(4%)，交叉的(3%)，相反的(3%)，苦难(3%)，阻挠(2%)，反对(2%)，杂交的(1%)
→来自拉丁词crux, 十字架，刑罚用具，来自sker，弯，转，词源同ring,curve.
n.十字(架);苦难a.交叉的;发怒的v.穿过The gross grocer crossed his legs before the boss.粗鄙的杂货商在老板面前叉起腿子.
US [krɑ:s] verb
GO ACROSS 穿过
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to go across from one side of something to the other 越过；横穿；横渡；横跨
• It's not a good place to cross the road. 这里不适宜穿越马路。
• Look both ways before you cross over (= cross the road). 过马路前先要左右看看。
• Cross the bridge and turn right at the first set of traffic lights. 过桥后在第一个红绿灯处右拐。
• They crossed from Albania into Greece. 他们穿越阿尔巴尼亚进入了希腊。
cross your mind
■If something crosses your mind, you think of it （念头）闪现，掠过；（某人）想起，记起
• It crossed my mind yesterday that you must be a bit short of staff - shall I send someone to help out? 昨天我突然想起你一定缺人手——要我派人来帮忙吗？
• It never once crossed my mind that she might be unhappy. 我从没想过她可能会不高兴。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
cross your arms/fingers/legs
■to put one of your arms, fingers or legs over the top of the other 交叉双臂／手指／双腿
• She sat down and crossed her legs. 她坐下跷起了二郎腿。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
ANNOY 生气的
■to annoy someone by not doing or saying what they want 与…作对；惹恼
• I wouldn't cross him if I were you, not if you value your life. 如果我是你就不会跟他作对，除非不想活了。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
MIX 混合
■If you cross a plant or animal with another of a different type, you cause them to breed together in order to produce a new variety (= type of plant or animal). 使杂交
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
MAKE MARK 标记 UK specialized
■to draw two lines across the middle of a cheque to show that it must be paid into a bank account 在（支票）上划线（表示只能转入银行帐户）
• a crossed cheque 划线支票，转帐支票
cross yourself UK specialized
■When Christians cross themselves, they move their hand down and then across their face or chest, making the shape of a cross. （基督徒）在胸前画十字
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
cross your fingers
■to hope very much that something will happen 祈求好运；希望，但愿
• I'm just going to cross my fingers and hope it works. 我只能祈求好运，希望它会管用。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
cross sb's hand / palm with silver
■to give someone money so that they will tell you what will happen to you in the future 付钱请（某人）算命
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
Cross my heart (and hope to die). saying
■said to show that what you have just said or promised is completely true or sincere 我发誓所说属实（否则不得好死）。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
cross swords
■to have an argument with someone （与某人）交锋，争论
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
I'll/We'll cross that bridge when I/we come/get to it.
■an expression which means you will not worry about a possible future problem but will deal with it if it happens 船到桥头自然直；车到山前必有路
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  cross sb/sth off (sth)
■to remove someone or something, such as a name, from a list by drawing a line through it （从…中）划掉，删去
• Did you cross her name off the guest list? 你把她的名字从宾客名单上划掉了吗？
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cross sth out
■to draw a line through something you have written, usually because it is wrong （通常因为有误而）划掉
• If you think it's wrong, cross it out and write it again. 如果你认为错了，划掉它重新写。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] noun countable
MARK 记号
 ESSENTIAL
■a written mark (x), usually used to show where something is, or that something has not been written correctly （标示位置或错误的）叉号（X）
 IMPROVER
■an object in the shape of a cross (a long vertical line with a shorter horizontal line across it), used as a symbol of Christianity （象征基督教的）十字架，十字形物件
• Christ died on the Cross. 耶稣基督死在十字架上。
• She wears a gold cross round her neck. 她脖子上戴着一个金十字架。
• The priest made the sign of the cross (= moved his or her hand down and then across the chest) over the dead bodies. 牧师对着尸体在胸前画了个十字。
■a medal in the shape of a cross 十字勋章
• In Britain, the Victoria Cross is awarded for acts of great bravery during wartime. 在英国，维多利亚十字勋章授给那些在战争中表现英勇的人。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] noun countable
MIXTURE 混合物
■a mixture of two different things which have been combined to produce something new 混合物；杂种；混血儿
• Police dogs are often a cross between a retriever and an alsatian. 警犬往往是寻回犬和阿尔萨斯狼狗杂交的后代。
⇒ See also crossbreed
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] noun countable
a (heavy) cross to bear
■an unpleasant or painful situation or person that you must accept and deal with, although you find it very difficult 沉重的十字架；烦恼；心理负担
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] adjective
■annoyed or angry 恼怒的；愤怒的；生气的
• My Dad gets cross (with me) if I leave the kitchen in a mess. 要是我把厨房搞得乱七八糟，我爸爸会生（我）气的。
penetrate, cross
penetrate: 穿透、渗透
cross: 越过，穿越
n. 交叉，十字；十字架，十字形物
 - intersection, chiasm
vi. 交叉； [遗] [农学] 杂交；横过
 - intercross
vt. [遗] [农学] 杂交；渡过；使相交
 - bridge over
adj. 交叉的，相反的；乖戾的
 - contrary, adverse, opposite, counter

Word: weakness
Front: weakness
[ˈwi:knəs] (高四六 3487/2867 -K2)
Vocabulary: weakness
(once / 161 pages)
n
The point where something fails to work properly or to hold up is its weakness. If a building crumbles in a storm, it's probably because of a weakness — a flaw or defect — in its structure.
Weakness can indicate a physical weakness, like a chair with one wobbly leg, or flaw in an idea, like a plan for a lemonade stand that doesn't include any cups for serving the lemonade. People can show weakness too, when they are helpless to take action. The origin of weakness can be traced all the way back to its Proto-Indo-European root of weik, "to bend."
WORD FAMILY
weakness: weaknesses+/ weak: weaken, weaker, weakest, weakly, weakness /weaken: weakened, weakener, weakening, weakens/weakener: weakeners/weakening: weakenings/weakly: weaklier, weakliest
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s harder to explain the lingering of symptoms such as fatigue and weakness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
President Putin will continue to exploit signs of weakness or western disunity.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition, Tanzman said that students shouldn’t view tutoring as a weakness but a strength to their learning and development.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 弱点，缺点; 软弱，优柔寡断; 弱，衰弱，虚弱; 〈口〉偏爱，癖好
分布：弱点(58%)，软弱(37%)，嗜好(5%)
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when someone or something is not strong or powerful 虚弱；软弱
• Any change of policy will be interpreted as a sign of weakness. 政策上的任何改变都会被当作是软弱的表现。
 IMPROVER countable
■a particular part or quality of someone or something that is not good or effective 弱点；缺点；不足
• There are definite weaknesses in their security arrangements. 他们在安全部署上肯定有漏洞。
• His main weakness as a manager is his inability to delegate. 作为经理，他的主要弱点在于不会授权下属办事。
• The later novels show none of the weaknesses of his earlier work. 后来的小说全无他早期作品中的那些缺点。
weakness for
■a strong liking, usually for something which might have unpleasant or unwanted effects （通常指对不好的东西的）嗜好，迷恋
• My diet would be fine if only I didn't have this weakness for sweet things. 要不是我对甜食过于偏好，我的日常饮食将会比较健康。
n. 弱点；软弱；嗜好
 - habit, appetite, hobby

Word: pig
Front: pig
[pɪg] (中高研四 3488/3014 -K2)
Vocabulary: pig
(once / 233 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Oink. A pig is a farm animal with a curly tail, hooves, floppy ears, and a flat snout for rooting. Cooked pig is popular, but the pig from Charlotte’s Web is saved from becoming bacon by a crafty spider.
Pigs are omnivores — they eat both plants and meat — and on small farms, they're fed kitchen leftovers as well as their basic diet. Their dining habits have given pigs the reputation of being greedy, and led to the informal use of pig to mean "greedy person," and pig out to mean "eat voraciously." Another colloquial meaning of pig, one that's been considered derogatory since it was coined in the nineteenth century, is "police officer."
WORD FAMILY
pig: pigged, pigging, piggish, piggy, piglet, pigs+/piggish: piggishly, piggishness/piggy: piggies, piggiest/piglet: piglets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Until then, she’ll be raising her pigs and working to convince restaurants in food-crazy places like Portland, Boston and New York to use their meat.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Tomcat and an apprentice chef were holding a pig spit roast.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Fang expects profit margins nationwide to average 300-400 yuan per pig next year.
Reuters(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 猪; 猪肉; 令人不快（或讨厌）的人; 金属块（锭）
vi. 生小猪; 像猪一样过活; 举止像猪; 贪吃
vt. 吃得过量，大吃特吃; 生小猪
时态：pigged, pigging, pigs
分布：猪(93%)，猪肉(4%)，生小猪(2%)，像猪一样的人(1%)
→来自中古英语pigge,猪，来自古英语*picga,猪，词源同picgbread,猪食。
n.猪,猪肉;猪一般的人(指肮脏,贪吃的人)The pig is obliged to dig a big pit for the pigeon.猪被迫为鸽子掘一个大坑.
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 IMPROVER (US also hog)
■a large pink, brown or black farm animal with short legs and a curved tail, kept for its meat 猪
• The meat produced from a pig is called pork, bacon or ham. 从猪身上取得的食用肉品有鲜猪肉、熏咸肉和火腿。
• a pig farm 养猪场
[pɪg] noun countable
UNPLEASANT PERSON 令人讨厌的人 informal
■a person who is unpleasant and difficult to deal with 令人讨厌的人，难相处的人
• He was an absolute pig to her. 对她来说他讨厌至极。
• He's a real pig of a man. 他这人真讨厌。
■offensive
■a police officer 警官
be a pig to do/play, etc. UK informal
■to be very difficult or unpleasant to do/play, etc 做／演奏起来等很难
• It's a beautiful piece of music but it's a pig to play. 这首乐曲很好听，但演奏起来难度很高。
[pɪg] noun countable
EATS TOO MUCH 吃得过多 informal
■a person who eats too much 贪吃的人
• You greedy pig! You're not having another chocolate biscuit! 你这只贪吃鬼，你不能再吃巧克力饼干了！
[pɪg] noun countable
make a pig of yourself disapproving
■to eat too much 吃得过多
• They made complete pigs of themselves at the dinner. 他们在晚宴上大吃大喝。
[pɪg] noun countable
make a pig's ear of sth UK informal
■to do something badly, wrongly or awkwardly 弄糟，搞砸
• He's made a real pig's ear of that bookcase he was supposed to be making. 他把正在制作的书架弄得不成样子了。
[pɪg] noun countable
a pig in a poke
■something that you buy or accept without first seeing it or finding out whether it is good 盲目购买（或接受）的东西
[pɪg] noun countable
Pigs might fly. humorous saying
■said when you think that there is no chance at all of something happening 根本不可能的事情；无稽之谈
• "I'll have finished it by tomorrow." "And pigs might fly!" “明天我就能完成了。”“那才怪呢。”
[pɪg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pig out informal
■to eat a lot or too much 大吃大喝，狼吞虎咽
• We pigged out on all the lovely cakes and pastries. 我们狼吞虎咽地吃着各种可口的蛋糕和点心。
n. 猪；猪肉；警察
 - police, copper, swine, pork

Word: cold
Front: cold
[kəʊld] (中高研四 885/972 -K4)
Vocabulary: cold
(once / 33 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adj 6adj 7adj 8n
Cold is the opposite of hot. It can refer to temperature, passion, friendliness, and even your personality.
All cold things are icy in some way. Your tea can be cold, and someone can be cold to you. If a play leaves you cold, you don't like it. If police find a criminal’s trail has gone cold, they're out of clues. If you're searching for something, and someone tells you you’re "very cold," it means you're not very close to the prize. A cold is also the infection that gives you a runny nose and sore throat.
WORD FAMILY
cold: colder, coldest, coldly, coldness, colds+/coldness: coldnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Szeles imbues his performance with a humanity that is missing from what is a rather cold portrayal from Cross.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The site, on S Norfolk Street, currently houses a warehouse, cold storage facility, and retail and office buildings totaling 963,000 square feet in all.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
I dressed for the moon in fleece and rain layers and I was still cold.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 寒冷的; 冷淡的，无情的; 失去知觉的; [艺]有冷感的，冷色的
n. 寒冷; 感冒，伤风
adv. 完全地
级别：colder, coldest
分布：寒冷(30%)，感冒(25%)，冷的(21%)，寒冷的(14%)，伤风(3%)，冷淡的(2%)，完全地(2%)，冷酷的(1%)，冷静的(1%)，彻底地(1%)
→来自gel, 冷，词源同glacier, jelly.
a.冷的,寒冷的;冷淡的n.冷,寒冷;伤风Furthermore, we gathered leather and feather for the future colder weather.而且,我们收集了皮革和羽毛以应付将来更冷的天气.
US [koʊld] adjective
LOW TEMPERATURE 低温
 ESSENTIAL
■at a low temperature, especially when compared to the temperature of the human body, and not hot or warm （尤指相对于体温而言）冷的，寒冷的，温度低的
• a cold day/house 冷天／寒冷的房子
• cold food/water 冰冷的食物／冷水
• cold hands 冰冷的手
• cold weather 寒冷的天气
• My feet are so cold. 我的双脚冰冷。
• It's freezing cold today. 今天冷极了。
• You'll feel cold if you don't wear a coat. 如果不穿外套你会觉得冷的。
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
UNFRIENDLY 不友好的
■not showing kindness, love or emotion and not friendly 冷淡的，冷漠的
• His handshake was cold, and his eyes lifeless. 他握手时很冷淡，眼睛毫无生气。
• He stared into her cold blue eyes. 他凝视着她冷漠的蓝眼晴。
• She would never feel welcome in this city with its cold, unsmiling inhabitants. 置身这个城市里冷漠、面无笑容的居民之中，她永远不会感到受欢迎。
• The school was a cold, unwelcoming place. 这所学校是个冷冰冰、毫无亲切感的地方。
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
be (as) cold as ice
■to be extremely cold 冷得像冰一样；冰凉
• Feel my toes - they're as cold as ice. 摸摸我的脚趾头——冰凉冰凉的。
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
be cold comfort
■When being told a particular thing about a bad situation is cold comfort, it does not make you feel better although it is intended to. 不令人觉得欣慰；于事无补
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
Cold hands , warm heart. saying
■said to someone with cold hands in order to stop them being embarrassed 手凉心热；外表冷淡心肠热
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
get cold feet
■to suddenly become too frightened to do something you had planned to do, especially something important such as getting married （尤指面对结婚等重要事宜时）突然退缩，裹足不前
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
give sb the cold shoulder (also cold-shoulder sb)
■to be intentionally unfriendly to someone and give them no attention 故意冷落（某人），有意怠慢（某人）
• I tried to be pleasant to her but she gave me the cold shoulder. 我努力想讨好她，可她反倒故意冷落我。
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
in cold blood
■If someone kills in cold blood, they kill in a way that seems especially cruel because they show no emotion. 冷血地；残酷地，无情地
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
in the cold light of day
■If you think about something in the cold light of day, you think about it clearly and calmly, without the emotions you had at the time it happened, and you often feel sorry or ashamed about it 事后冷静理智地回想某事（常感到遗憾或羞愧）
• The next morning, in the cold light of day, Sarah realized what a complete idiot she had been. 第二天早上，莎拉回过头来冷静地想了想，意识到自己当时是多么的愚蠢。
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
pour / throw cold water on sth
■to criticize someone's opinions or ideas and stop people believing them or being excited about them 给…泼冷水
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
You're getting colder.
■said by children playing a guessing or searching game to tell the person who is guessing or searching that they are getting further away from the answer or hidden object （儿童游戏时用语）你距离（答案或目标）更远了；你猜得越来越离谱了
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
countable
■a common infection especially in the nose and throat which often causes a cough, a slight fever and sometimes some pain in the muscles 感冒，伤风
• I've got a cold. 我着凉了。
• She caught a cold at school. 她在学校感冒了。
• UK informal Don't come near me - I've got a stinking/streaming cold (= extremely bad cold). 别靠近我——我得了重感冒。
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] noun
LOW TEMPERATURE 低温
[S or U]
■cold weather or temperatures 冷，寒冷；低温
• Don't stand out there in the cold, come in here and get warm. 外面冷，别站在那里，进来暖暖身子。
• Old people tend to feel the cold (= feel uncomfortable in cold temperatures) more than the young. 老年人往往比年轻人怕冷。
• My feet were numb with cold. 我的脚冻麻了。
cool, icy, cold, chilly, freezing, frosty
这组词都有“冷、凉”的意思，其区别是：
cool: 指既不太热也不太冷。
icy: 多指风暴、风雪和水等冷得使人感到如刺如割。
cold: 最普通用词，强调缺乏温暖，使人不舒服。
chilly: 指使哆嗦的冷。
freezing: 指使人僵直，使东西凝固的冷。
frosty: 指雾气在寒冷物体的表面凝结成薄冰时的严寒结霜的温度。
adj. 寒冷的；冷淡的，不热情的；失去知觉的
 - chilly, wintery
n. 寒冷； [内科] 感冒
 - algor, chilliness
adv. 完全地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully

Word: classical
Front: classical
[ˈklæsɪkl] (高研四六雅 3489/2562 -3)
Vocabulary: classical
(once / 428 pages)
1adj 2adj 3n
Has the building got columns in front of it? Check. Has the music got lots of strings and horns? Check. Chances are both are classical — representative of a past culture.
Often classical describes anything from ancient Greek or Roman culture, because, boy, those guys were good. Be careful when using classical and classic; they're not exactly the same. While something classical is usually a classic, it doesn't necessarily work the other way around. A classic is something exceptional that we tend to judge in a different time frame. A classic rock album? Definitely not made by the ancient Greeks or Romans. So far as we know.
WORD FAMILY
classical: classicalism, classically, classicals, neoclassical, nonclassical+/ classic: classical, classicise, classicism, classicize, classicly, classics, neoclassic/classicise: classicised, classicising/classicism: classicisms, classicist, classicistic, neoclassicism/classicist: classicists/classicize: classicized, classicizes, classicizing/neoclassicism: neoclassicist, neoclassicistic/neoclassicist: neoclassicists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Listening to classical music is a very rigorous task and requires a lot of focus.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
What about “classical crossover” — a genre that’s perched between classical and pop music, which some people say vulgarizes or dumbs down classical music?
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The front of the building, facing Blucher Street, is very "classical" in style, according to Mr Rowe.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 古典的，经典的; 传统的; 古典文学的; 第一流的
n. 古典音乐
分布：古典的(50%)，传统的(31%)，正统的(13%)，权威的(6%)
→来自classic,在词义和使用上其区别不断缩小或通用。
a.经典的,古典(文学)的From the classical class, the classmate with glasses knows the classification of classics.戴眼镜的同学从古典文学课上知道了古典名著的分类.
adjective
MUSIC 音乐
 ADVANCED
■describes music that is considered to be part of a long especially formal tradition and to be of lasting value 古典的
• Do you prefer classical music like Mozart and Mahler, or pop? 你喜欢莫劄特和马勒这样的古典音乐还是流行音乐？
['klæs.ɪ.kəl] adjective
TRADITIONAL 传统的
■traditional in style or form, or based on methods developed over a long period of time 古典（派）的；传统的
• Does she study classical ballet or modern ballet? 她学的是古典芭蕾还是现代芭蕾？
• He is one of our greatest classical actors. 他是最伟大的古典派演员之一。
■describes something that is attractive because it has a simple, traditional style 古典的；（式样）简洁典雅的
• I love the classical lines of his dress designs. 我喜欢他服装设计中简洁典雅的线条。
['klæs.ɪ.kəl] adjective
CULTURE 文化
■belonging to or relating to the culture of ancient Rome and Greece 和古希腊和古罗马文化相关的
• the classical world 古希腊和古罗马文化世界
• classical literature 古希腊和古罗马文学
⇒ See also neoclassical
classical, classic
classical: 古典的
classic: 第一流的；
adj. 古典的；经典的；传统的；第一流的
 - traditional, conventional, royal
n. 古典音乐
 - classic music

Word: estimated
Front: estimated
['estɪmetɪd] (3490/4057)
Back: adj. 估计的; 预计的; 估算的
v. 估计，评价，评估( estimate的过去式和过去分词 ); （粗略）估计（…的距离、价值、数目、大小、重量、费用等），估量，预算
分布：估计的(100%)
VERB
估算;估价
If you estimate a quantity or value, you make an approximate judgment or calculation of it.
例：Try to estimate how many steps it will take to get to a close object...尽力估算一下达到一个近距离目标需要多少步。
例：I estimate that the total cost for treatment will be $12,500...我估计治疗费用总共会有12,500美元。
N-COUNT
估算;估价
An estimate is an approximate calculation of a quantity or value.
例：...the official estimate of the election result...竞选结果的官方预测
例：This figure is five times the original estimate...这个数据是最初估算的5倍。
N-COUNT
评价;评估;判断
An estimate is a judgment about a person or situation which you make based on the available evidence.
例：I hadn't been far wrong in my estimate of his grandson's capabilities.我对他孙子的能力的判断还不算太离谱。
N-COUNT
估算单;预算书
An estimate from someone who you employ to do a job for you, such as a builder or a plumber, is a written statement of how much the job is likely to cost.
例：The shop also offers a curtain-making and fitting service. Quotes and estimates can be prepared by computer on the spot.那家商店还提供窗帘制作和安装服务，而且可以用计算机现场制作报价单和预算书。
adj. 估计的；预计的；估算的
 - approximated

Word: T-shirt
Front: T-shirt
['ti, ʃɜ:t] (中 -2)
Back: n. 短袖圆领汗衫
US [-ʃɝ:t] (also tee shirt)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a simple piece of clothing which covers the top part of the body and which has no collar and usually short sleeves T恤衫，短袖运动衫
• She was wearing jeans and a T-shirt. 她穿着牛仔裤和T恤。

Word: unemployment
Front: unemployment
[ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt] (高研六雅 3492/1495 -K1)
Vocabulary: unemployment
(once / 388 pages)
n
Unemployment refers to not having a job. The more people have work, the less unemployment there is.
When you're employed by someone, you work for them: employment is a job. Therefore, unemployment is the lack of a job. Economists often talk about how much unemployment there is and whether the unemployment rate is increasing or decreasing. If it's up, that's bad for the economy, because more people are out of work. Sometimes, the government provides unemployment benefits for people who have recently lost their jobs.
WORD FAMILY
unemployment: unemployments+/ employ: employable, employed, employee, employer, employing, employment, employs/employable: employables, unemployable/ employed: self-employed, underemployed, unemployed/ employee: employees/ employer: employers/ employment: employments, unemployment
USAGE EXAMPLES
Buffalo's Rex Ryan found himself on the unemployment line a week later.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“The unemployment rate is distressing; the impoverishment of the population is palpable everywhere; our social protection system is in deficit and is in peril.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
On Friday at 8:30 a.m., the Department of Labor will report data on hiring and unemployment in December.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 失业; 失业率; 失业状况; 失业人数
分布：失业(93%)，失业人数(7%)
→un-, 不，非，employment,就业。
n.失业,失业人数The unemployment rate is rising in that country.那个国家的失业率正在上升.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the number of people who do not have a job which provides money 失业人数；失业率
• Unemployment has fallen/risen again for the third consecutive month. 失业人数连续第三个月上升／下降。
 IMPROVER
■the state of being unemployed 失业（状态）
(also unemployment compensation) (also unemployment insurance) US for
■ Jobseeker's Allowance 求职者的津贴
n. [劳经] 失业；失业率；失业人数
 - joblessness, jobless rate

Word: civilization
Front: civilization
[ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn] (高研四六托 3459/6655 -2)
Vocabulary: civilization
(once / 194 pages)
1n 2n
Civilization is the opposite of barbarism and chaos. Civilization is an advanced stage of human society, where people live with a reasonable degree of organization and comfort and can think about things like art and education.
Civilization covers a wide range of human achievement — from the ancient Egyptians, to Mayan and Chinese civilizations, Western civilization, and everything in between. You can use the word more generally — when you're lost in the woods, you’ll be looking for signs of civilization — lights in the distance and smoke rising from chimneys. Civilization comes from Latin civis, "citizen." If you've got citizens, then you've got government and you're moving right along on the path of human advancement.
WORD FAMILY
civilization: civilizations+/ civil: civiler, civilest, civilian, civilise, civility, civilize, civilly, uncivil/ civilian: civilians/civilisation: civilisations/civilise: civilisation, civilised, civilises, civilising/civilised: noncivilised, uncivilised/ civility: civilities, incivility / civilize: civilization, civilized, civilizes, civilizing/ civilized: noncivilized, uncivilized/ incivility: incivilities/uncivil: uncivilly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Francis once wrote that he wanted to fight for “the survival of whites as a people and a civilization.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
That was devastating, but the mortality rate wasn’t high enough to destroy European civilization.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
According to the official Kwanzaa website , the holiday is based on the annual “first fruit” celebrations of both ancient and modern African civilizations.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 文明，文化; 开化，教化; 修养; 文明社会
分布：文明(96%)，开化(3%)，教养(1%)
文明,文化(civil市民→文明+ization[ize+ation]→文明)[civ=citizen,表示"公民"]
n.(=civilisation)文明,文化Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world.中国文明是世界上最古老的文明之一.
noun (ALSO UK usually civilisation)
DEVELOPED SOCIETY 文明社会
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■human society with its well developed social organizations, or the culture and way of life of a society or country at a particular period in time 文明社会；（特定时期特定社会或国家的）文明，文化
• Some people think that nuclear war would mean the end of civilization. 有人认为核战争将意味著文明的终结。
• Cuzco was the centre of one of the world's most famous civilizations, that of the Incas. 库斯科是世界上最著名的文明之一，即印加文明的中心。
uncountable mainly humorous
■a place that has comfortable living conditions 文明世界；舒适的生活环境
• How does it feel to be back in civilization after all those weeks in a tent? 在帐篷里住了这么多星期，重返舒适的文明世界，感觉如何？
[ˌsɪv.əl.aɪ'zeɪ.ʃən] noun (ALSO UK usually civilisation)
PROCESS 过程
uncountable
■the process of educating a society so that its culture becomes more developed 教化；开化
• The civilization of Britain by the Romans took years to complete. 罗马人对不列颠人的教化历时许多年才告完成。
civilization, culture
这组词都有“文化，文明”的意思，其区别是：
civilization: 指广义的文化，标志人类发展开化的进程。强调物质方面的文明。
culture: 侧重指精神方面，即多由科技、文化等所体现的人类智力开发的程度。
n. 文明；文化
 - culture, kultur

Word: fold
Front: fold
[fəʊld] (高研四六托宝 3493/3975 -K3)
Vocabulary: fold
(once / 104 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4v
To fold is to crease or bend something over so it covers part of itself. Before you put your clean sheets and towels away in the closet, you should probably fold them.
Some people drop their clothes on the floor at the end of the day, while others neatly fold theirs. You can call the crease in a folded piece of paper or pillow case a fold too. There are several ways to fold, including to gently mix ingredients, incorporating them without stirring; and to drop out of a poker hand, laying your cards down on the table.
WORD FAMILY
fold: enfold, foldable, folded, folder, folding, folds, unfold +/ enfold: enfolded, enfolding, enfolds/enfolding: enfoldings/folder: folders/folding: foldings, infolding/infolding: infoldings/ unfold: unfolded, unfolding, unfolds/unfolding: unfoldings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s like being above the fold in a newspaper,” she said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Light and shadow are deftly conveyed, as are the folds of voluminous costumes.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Rogers said his favorite part is folding the sheets, and “really likes” his job.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 折叠; 合拢; 抱住; 笼罩
vi. 折叠起来; 彻底失败
n. 折痕; 信徒; 羊栏; （起伏地的）凹处，洼
时态：folded, folding, folds
分布：折叠(65%)，包(10%)，折痕(7%)，倒闭(6%)，交叉(6%)，翻倍(3%)，折层(1%)，屈服(1%)，拥抱(1%)
→来自pel, 折叠，词源同triple, diplomat. 羊栏义词源不详。
v.折叠;合拢;抱住n.褶,褶痕;羊栏;信徒The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand.大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里.
US [foʊld] verb
BEND 弯曲
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to bend something, especially paper or cloth, so that one part of it lies on the other part, or to be able to be bent in this way 折叠，对折（尤指纸或布）；可折叠；可对折
• I folded the letter (in half) and put it in an envelope. 我把信对折后装进一个信封里。
• He had a neatly folded handkerchief in his jacket pocket. 他的上衣口袋里有一方叠得整整齐齐的手帕。
• Will you help me to fold (up)the sheets? 你能帮我把床单叠起来吗？
transitive
■to wrap 包，裹
• She folded her baby in a blanket. 她把婴儿裹在一块毯子里。
• He folded his arms around her. 他用双臂搂住了她。
fold your arms
 IMPROVER
■to bring your arms close to your chest and hold them together 双臂交叉在胸前
transitive
■to move a part of your body into a position where it is close to your body 盘起，交叠
• She sat with her legs folded under her. 她盘腿而坐。
UK [fəʊld] US [foʊld] verb
FAIL 失败
intransitive
■(of a business) to close because of failure （企业）倒闭
• Many small businesses fold within the first year. 许多小公司在第一年就倒闭了。
UK [fəʊld] US [foʊld] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  fold sth in/fold sth into something
■(in cooking) to mix a substance into another substance by turning it gently with a spoon （烹调中）把…调入，拌入
• Fold the egg whites into the cake mixture. 把蛋白调入蛋糕混合物。
• Fold in the flour. 拌入面粉。
UK [fəʊld] US [foʊld] noun countable
BEND 弯曲
■a line or mark where paper, cloth, etc. was or is folded （纸、布的）褶线，褶痕
• Make a fold across the centre of the card. 在卡片中间折一道线。
■specialized
■a bend in a layer of rock under the Earth's surface caused by movement there （地壳岩层的）褶皱
UK [fəʊld] US [foʊld] noun countable
SHELTER 遮蔽处
■a small area of a field surrounded by a fence where sheep can be put for shelter for the night 羊栏，羊圈
the fold
■your home or an organization where you feel you belong 家；所属的组织
• Her children are all away at college now, but they always return to the fold in the holidays. 她的孩子们现在全都离家上大学了，但是他们假期总是都回来。
wrinkle, fold
这组词都有“使皱”的意思，其区别是：
wrinkle: 指使某物起折痕或把某物弄皱。
fold: 指对折或叠若干次。
vt. 折叠；合拢；抱住；笼罩
 - infold, enfold
n. 折痕；信徒；羊栏
 - Christian, believer

Word: patient
Front: patient
[ˈpeɪʃnt] (中高研四六 572/384 -K4)
Vocabulary: patient
(once / 35 pages)
1adj 2n 3n
You are patient if you don't get frustrated or annoyed when you have to wait or deal with difficulties. The band director may show patient leadership, but a football coach uses other methods with his team.
It may be difficult to wait for something that takes a long time or deal with someone who is annoying, but if you are patient, you endure these things calmly and without frustration. Endure is the keyword here as patient comes from the Latin verb pati "to suffer, endure." Think of the patient way a chess player wins a game — calmly, steadily and willing to wait for the right time to act.
WORD FAMILY
patient: impatient, inpatient, patience, patiently, patients+/ impatience: impatiences/ impatient: impatience, impatienter, impatiently/inpatient: inpatients/ patience: patiences
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the number of pediatric medical users grows, so do issues that confront parents, patients, doctors and policymakers.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“As physicians, our main job is to reassure patients.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“The skin of rosacea patients is very sensitive,” says John Wolf, chair of dermatology at Houston’s Baylor College of Medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 有耐性的; 能容忍的
n. 患者; 病人; 病号
分布：病人(95%)，有耐心的(4%)，能忍耐的(1%)
→来自拉丁语pati,忍受，承受，词源同passion,passive.-ent,现在分词后缀。即正在忍受的，正在遭受痛苦的，引申词义病人。
a.有耐心的,能忍耐的n.病人,患者The mental patient thinks the cement is the elementary element of the ornament.精神病人认为水泥是装饰品的基本成分.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who is receiving medical care, or who is cared for by a particular doctor or dentist when necessary 病人
• I'm a patient of Dr Stephens, please could I make an appointment to see her? 我是史蒂芬斯医生的病人，请问我能不能预约一下看病时间？
['peɪ.ʃənt] adjective
 IMPROVER
■having patience 有耐心的，忍耐的
• Dinner will be ready in half an hour - just be patient! 晚餐半小时后就好——耐心点！
• Be patient with her - she's very young. 对她耐心点——她年纪还小。
Opposite impatient
patient, invalid
这组词都有“病人”的意思，其区别是：
patient: 泛指正患病的人，尤指正接受治疗的人。
invalid: 多指因伤病或营养不良而造成键康受损，需要他人照顾、护理的病人，也指先天性的残疾者。
adj. 有耐性的，能容忍的
 - indefatigable
n. [医] 病人；患者
 - sick, sufferer

Word: daily
Front: daily
[ˈdeɪli] (中高研四雅 1483/1702 -K4)
Vocabulary: daily
(once / 72 pages)
adjadvn
Something that's described as daily happens every day. We hope your daily habits include brushing your teeth and learning new vocabulary words on Vocabulary.com.
Daily TV programs play at the same time each day, and your daily chores might include feeding the cat and loading the dishwasher. The word is also an adverb with the same basic meaning: "You'll have to visit the shelter daily to see if they get any kittens." Something is also daily if it's so normal that it's become routine, and a newspaper that's printed and read every day is called a daily as well.
WORD FAMILY
daily: dailies+/ day: daily, days, midday /days: dayses/ midday: middays
USAGE EXAMPLES
Indeed, that is the question from a daily national pollster.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the Nettuno picture fell foul of the social media giant’s privacy policies, the Daily Telegraph reported.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He and his colleagues counted daily growth markers in the teeth, calculating that tooth growth accounted for about 40 percent of incubation time.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 每日的，日常的; 一日的; 每日一次的; 每个工作日的
n. 日报; （不寄宿的）仆人，白天做家务的女佣
adv. 每日; 逐日; 每周日; 日复一日地
分布：每日(51%)，日报(23%)，日常的(10%)，天天(9%)，每日的(7%)
→来自day的形容词。
a.每日的ad.每日,天天n.日报Details about the tailor's tail are available from the prevailing dailies.有关我缝在尾巴的细节可从流行的日报上得到.
adverb adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■happening on or relating to every day 每天（的），天天（的）
• Take the tablets twice daily. 药片日服两次。
• Exercise has become part of my daily routine. 锻炼已经成为我日常生活的一部分。
• We back up our computer files at work on a daily basis. 我们每天工作时都要把电脑文件进行备份。
• She's looking forward to retiring and ending the daily grind (= hard, boring work or duty) of working in an office. 她正盼着早日退休，不用再天天在办公室里受煎熬。
['deɪ.li] noun countable UK old-fashioned informal
■a person who is employed to clean someone else's home （受雇为别人打扫家居的）清洁工，佣人
everyday, daily
这组词都有“每天的，日常的”的意思，其区别是：
everyday: 一般日常用词，指日常发生的、无须特别关心的。
daily: 普通用词，特指每天发生一次的，也可指按日计的。
adj. 日常的；每日的
 - everyday, household, routine
n. 日报；朝来夜去的女佣
 - journal
adv. 日常地；每日；天天
 - habitually, diurnally

Word: reverse
Front: reverse
[rɪˈvɜ:s] (研四六托雅宝 3497/3175 -K3)
Vocabulary: reverse
(once / 226 pages)
1vadjn 2vadjn
To go in reverse, you back up. If you reverse your position, you suddenly take the opposite side of the argument. If you reverse your fortunes, your bad luck turns good, or your good luck turns bad. Oops.
The Latin word revertere means “turn back.” To reverse means to turn back, take the opposite direction, go the other way. Many things can be reversed: you can reverse a decision, you can reverse a car — by putting it in the gear called "reverse." You can reverse a political argument, a promotion, even some surgical procedures, but you can never reverse the steady progress of time, no matter how many Botox injections you get.
WORD FAMILY
reverse: reversal, reversed, reversely, reversible, reversing+/ irreversible: irreversibility, irreversibly/ reversal: reversals/ reversible: irreversible, nonreversible, reversibility, reversibles, reversibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The White House is warning Trump officials not to reverse course and says Cubans are worried about the next administration’s intentions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
However, it later reversed its decision and issued an apology, saying the company recognized “the history and global importance of this image”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
With their game against the Miami Dolphins in overtime on Christmas Eve, the Buffalo Bills tried a reverse to Reggie Bush.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）反转; （使）颠倒; 掉换，交换; [法]撤消，推翻
vi. 倒退; [桥牌]逆叫
adj. 反面的; 颠倒的; 倒开的; [生]倒卷的
n. 倒转，反向; [机]回动; 倒退; 失败
时态：reversed, reversing, reverses
分布：逆转(32%)，相反(25%)，相反的(11%)，改变(9%)，倒退(7%)，背面(6%)，反面的(3%)，颠倒的(3%)，失败(2%)，倒档(1%)，互换(1%)
→来自 revert,回转，-s,过去分词格。引申诸相关词义，词性也由形容词兼做名词和动词使用。
反转的,颠倒的(re+verse转→反转的)[re-①表示"向后,相反,不"②表示"一再,重新"]
颠倒,逆转a.相反的(re反+verse→反着转→颠倒)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.相反;背面a.相反的v.颠倒,倒转The cosmic verse on the reverse of the paper is very welcome in Universe University.纸张背面的宇宙韵文在宇宙大学很受欢迎.
US [-'vɝ:s] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to (cause something to) go backwards, or to change the direction, order, position, result, etc. of something to its opposite （使）反向；（使）倒转；彻底改变；推翻
• She reversed the car into the parking space. 她把车倒进停车位。
• The new manager hoped to reverse the decline in the company's fortunes. 新经理希望能够扭转公司江河日下的状况。
• Now that you have a job and I don't, our situations are reversed. 你找到了工作，我倒没有工作了，我们的情况正好相反。
• The Court of Appeal reversed the earlier judgment. 上诉法院推翻了先前的判决。
reverse the charges (US also call collect)
■to make a telephone call that is paid for by the person receiving it 打对方付费电话；使受话方付款
UK [rɪ'vɜ:s] US [-'vɝ:s] noun
the reverse
 IMPROVER
■the opposite of what has been suggested 相反的情况（或事物）；对立面
• The teachers say my son is slow, but I believe the reverse (is true). 老师们说我儿子反应迟钝，但我觉得恰恰相反。
■the back of a coin, medal , etc （硬币、奖章等的）反面，背面
• The English £1 coin has a royal coat of arms on the reverse. 一英镑硬币的背面有王室盾徽的图案。
in reverse (order)
■in the opposite order or way 向相反方向；倒；逆
• To stop the engine, you repeat the same procedures, but in reverse (order). 要想关掉引擎，你得按相反顺序重复同样的步骤。
uncountable (also reverse gear)
■the method of controlling a vehicle that makes it go backwards 倒车档
• To go backwards, you must put the car in/into reverse (gear). 要想倒车，你得挂倒车档。
countable formal
■a defeat or failure 失败；挫折
• They suffered a serious military/political reverse. 他们遭受了一次重大的军事／政治失败。
UK [rɪ'vɜ:s] US [-'vɝ:s] noun
go into reverse
■If a situation goes into reverse, it becomes the opposite of what it was before 出现逆转；向相反方向发展
• The trend towards home ownership has gone into reverse. 个人拥有房屋的趋势已经发生了逆转。
reverse, opposite, converse, contrary, adverse
这组词都有“相反的，对立的”的意思，其区别是：
reverse: 指朝相反方向的或反面(背面)的。
opposite: 指位置、方向、行动或想法等完全相反。
converse: 指在方向、行动或意见上相反的。
contrary: 一般指与某种主张、看法或行为等正好相反，隐含否定一方并不意味着肯定另一方的意味。
adverse: 通常指违害利益的、无生命的势力或条件等，侧重分歧。
n. 相反；背面；倒退；失败
 - failure, loss, contrary, losing, defeat
vt. 颠倒；倒转
 - bottom up, head over heels
adj. 反面的；颠倒的
 - upside-down, perversive
vi. 倒退；逆叫
 - retrogress, step backward

Word: missing
Front: missing
[ˈmɪsɪŋ] (研四六 3499/4261 -K3)
Back: adj. 失去的; 下落不明的
v. 错过( miss的现在分词)
分布：失踪的(82%)，失去的(12%)，漏掉的(4%)，动词miss的现在分词形式.(2%)
→来自miss,偏离，失去。
a.漏掉的,失去的,失踪的The dismissed Swiss miss kissed the once missing missile and scissors.被解雇的瑞士小妞吻了一度失踪的导弹和剪刀.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■Someone who is missing has disappeared 失踪的，下落不明的
• Her father has been missing since September 1992. 她父亲从1992年9月起就下落不明。
• UK The girl went missing during a family outing to Mount Snowdon. 那女孩和家人到斯诺登峰远足，期间她失踪了。
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something that cannot be found because it is not where it should be 丢失的，找不到的
• The burglars have been arrested but the jewellery is still missing. 盗贼已经被捕，但珠宝仍下落不明。
• When did you realise that the money was missing from your account? 你在甚么时候发现钱从你的帐户上消失？
■describes soldiers or military vehicles that have not returned from fighting in a war but are not known completely certainly to be dead or destroyed （士兵及军用车辆在战争中）失踪的，下落不明的
• He was listed as missing in action. 他被列入作战失踪人员名单。
missing, discard, ignore
missing: 错过
discard: 舍弃
ignore: 忽视
missing, omitting, lacking
missing: 缺少，错过，
omitting: 省略，遗漏
lacking: 缺乏
adj. 失踪的；缺少的
 - absent
v. 错过（miss的ing形式）；想念；漏掉
 - losing, sighing

Word: correlation
Front: correlation
[ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃn] (六 3502/3912 -1)
Vocabulary: correlation
(once / 3547 pages)
n
Correlation is something that scientists are often trying to show––is there a correlation between smoking and poor health or between napping and productivity? How about daily flossing and good grades?
Correlation derives from the Latin cor- 'together' and -relatio 'relation'––the word is all about things that go together. But beware: just because a study shows a correlation between two variables, it doesn't mean one necessarily causes the other. There is a significant correlation between going to high school and being a teenager, but that doesn't mean that going to high school causes you to be a teenager.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
correlation / corollary
A correlation is exactly what it sounds like: a co-relation, or relationship — like the correlation between early birds waking up and the sun rising. But corollary is more like a consequence, like the corollary of the rooster crowing because you smacked it in the beak. Both words love the math lab but can hang with the rest of us, too.
A correlation is a relationship, but not a cause and effect one. In statistics, a correlation is some connection between random variables or data values. Since correlation is a kind of relation, it's often followed by "between." Here are some examples of correlations out in the world:
Correlation is not necessarily causation, so I'm sure this has nothing to do with the departure of Rahm Emanuel. (New York Times)
Their study looked only at wider geographical patterns, showing a correlation between an area's radon levels and rates of the skin cancer. (Reuters)
Corollary, on the other hand, is one thing naturally following another. In mathematics, a theorem is a statement proven true through reasoning. Its corollary is a statement so closely related that it doesn't need to be proven independently. For the rest of us, it's more like the aftermath of something. Let's look at some examples:
The corollary to this finding is that dairy products have no effect on cough, he said. (New York Times)
There is a natural foreign policy corollary: those who see America as a work in progress are less likely to view it as exceptional. (Time)
How can non-math geniuses keep the two straight? Remember that correlation has an equal, though not necessarily defined, relationship. Corollary is more like a consequence.
WORD FAMILY
correlation: correlational, correlations+/ correlate: correlated, correlates, correlating, correlation, correlative/correlated: uncorrelated/correlative: correlatively, correlatives, correlativity
USAGE EXAMPLES
The correlation was between Trump support and sluggish economic recovery in rural, mostly white areas, not just lower economic status in general.
Slate(Dec 23, 2016)
As the Israeli craft orbits the moon and moves across the surface, the magnetometer will look for correlations between magnetic field changes and impact sites.
Science Magazine(Dec 22, 2016)
Even studies showing that alterations in the microbiota correlate with disease severity, or that the microbiota normalizes with remission, fail to prove causation over correlation.
Nature(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 相互关系; 相关性
分布：相关(81%)，关联(14%)，相互关系(5%)
US [ˌkɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
■a connection between two or more things, often one in which one of them causes or influences the other 相互关系；联系；相关
• There's a high correlation between smoking and lung cancer. 吸烟和肺癌有密切的关系。
n. [数] 相关， [理物] 关联；相互关系
 - relationship, associations, relevance

Word: humanity
Front: humanity
[hju:ˈmænəti] (研六托雅 3501/4999 -2)
Vocabulary: humanity
(once / 149 pages)
1n 2n
Humanity is the human race, which includes everyone on Earth. It’s also a word for the qualities that make us human, such as the ability to love and have compassion, be creative, and not be a robot or alien.
The word humanity is from the Latin humanitas for "human nature, kindness.” Humanity includes all the humans, but it can also refer to the kind feelings humans often have for each other. Awww. But when you talk about humanity, you could just be talking about people as a whole. When people do bad things, it tests your faith in humanity. When people ask for money to help feed starving children, they're appealing to your sense of humanity.
WORD FAMILY
humanity: humanitarian, humanities +/dehumanise: dehumanisation, dehumanised, dehumanising/dehumanize: dehumanization, dehumanized, dehumanizes, dehumanizing/ human: humanise, humanism, humanity, humanize, humanlike, humanly, humanness, humans, inhuman, nonhuman, subhuman, superhuman, unhuman/humanise: dehumanise, humanisation, humanised, humanises, humanising/ humanism: humanist, humanistic / humanist: humanists/ humanistic: humanistically/ humanitarian: humanitarianism, humanitarians/ humanize: dehumanize, humanization, humanized, humanizes, humanizing/ inhuman: inhumanity, inhumanly/inhumanity: inhumanities/superhuman: superhumanly/unhuman: unhumanly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Arrival” handles that grief differently, ultimately arguing that there is a humanity in sadness.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But then the singer, surrounded by dancers and a sea of humanity, appeared flustered and complained of technical difficulties.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Emergencies and bad news tend to command our attention, so it’s easy to miss humanity’s remarkable ability to improve its own lot.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 人类; 人性; 人道; 人文学科
分布：人类(63%)，人性(27%)，人道(9%)，慈爱(1%)
→human-,人的，-ity,集合名词后缀。引申词义人，人类。
n.人类,人性,人情;(pl.)人文科学The humorous rumour has something to do with human humanity and vanity.那个幽默传闻与人类的仁慈和虚荣心有关.
US [-tˌi] noun
PEOPLE 人
uncountable
■people in general （统称）人，人类
• The massacre was a crime against humanity. 这次大屠杀是有违人道的罪行。
UK [hju:'mæn.ə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
KINDNESS 仁慈
uncountable
■understanding and kindness towards other people 对他人的理解和仁慈
• If only he would show/display a little humanity for once. 但愿他这次能表现出一点人性。
UK [hju:'mæn.ə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
SUBJECTS 学科
(the) humanities
[plural]
■the study of subjects such as literature, language, history and philosophy 人文学科（如文学、语言、历史、哲学等）
• I've always been more interested in the humanities than the sciences. 我一直对人文学科比对自然科学更感兴趣。
humanity, mankind, man
这组词都有“人类”的意思，其区别是：
humanity: 书面用词，集合名词，多用于文学作品中，作人类解时，侧重有同情心、理解力和崇高品质。
mankind: 集体名词，语体庄重，泛指过去、现在和未来的人类。
man: 指各时代的全体人类。
n. [人类] 人类；人道；仁慈；人文学科
 - mankind, people, mercy, kindness

Word: flash
Front: flash
[flæʃ] (高研四六托雅 3500/4001 -K3)
Vocabulary: flash
(once / 88 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vnadj 4v
Ever notice how quick the flash is on a camera? That's how fast other types of flashes are, including the super-fast superhero The Flash.
Whether you're talking about a flash of lighting or a flash of insight, a flash is quick and bright and sudden. There aren't any slow, long flashes. Because flashes are so fast, the word is often used for anything that happens really quickly: a flash is as fast as a New York minute, the blink of an eye, a heartbeat, an instant, a jiffy, or a split second.
WORD FAMILY
flash: flashed, flasher, flashes, flashing, flashingly, flashly, flashy +/flasher: flashers/flashing: flashings/ flashy: flashier, flashiest, flashily, flashiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When I think of what might flash before me on my deathbed, I hope it will be the impact of my film.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Minnesota: The Gophers showed flashes of being able to stay with a top team, but need to cut down on turnovers.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But he shows flashes of brilliance and signs of leadership.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 使闪光，使闪烁; 拍出，发出（电报等）; 〈口〉炫耀
n. 闪光; 闪光灯下摄成的照片; 一瞬间; 浮华
adj. 闪光的，闪耀的，一闪而过的; 浮华的; 庞大的
时态：flashed, flashing, flashes
分布：闪光(79%)，闪现(15%)，掠过(3%)，一刹那(2%)，亵渎性暴露(1%)
→拟声词，模仿物体或火把快速闪过的声音。比较clash, dash, flush, splash. 引申各相关词义。
n./a.闪光(的)v.发闪光,闪亮;闪现The ashtray, splashed with ash, crashed with a clash in a flash while being washed.那个溅有灰尘的烟灰盘在清洗时咣当一声一下子摔碎了.
verb
SHINE SUDDENLY 突然发光
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to shine brightly and suddenly, or to make something shine in this way （使）闪耀，（使）闪光
• Stop flashing that light in my eyes! 别拿那个手电筒晃我的眼睛了！
• The lightning flashed and distant thunder rolled. 电光闪过，远处雷声隆隆。
• You'd better slow down, that car was flashing (its lights) at you. 你最好减速，那辆车正朝你闪车灯呢。
intransitive literary
■If someone's eyes flash, they look bright because of the anger or excitement the person is feeling. （眼睛因愤怒或激动而）发亮，闪耀
[flæʃ] verb
MOVE FAST 迅速移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move very fast 飞驰，掠过
• They flashed past/by on a motorcycle. 他们骑着摩托车飞驰而过。
[flæʃ] verb
SHOW QUICKLY 快速显示
transitive
■to show something for a short time （快速）出示，显示
• He flashed a smile and offered to buy me a drink. 他笑了一下，随即提出请我喝一杯。
intransitive or transitive informal
■If someone flashes, they show their sexual organs in public 露私，当众暴露性器官
• He came out of the bushes and flashed at me. 他从灌木中出来，向我暴露私处。
[flæʃ] verb
COMMUNICATE 通信
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to communicate something quickly, especially using radio or light waves （尤指用无线电或光波）通信，联络
• Within moments of an event happening, the news can be flashed around the world. 事件发生之后不久，消息就能迅速传遍世界。
[flæʃ] verb
SUDDEN EXPERIENCE 突然的经历
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■If something flashes through/across your mind, you suddenly or quickly think of it （想法等）突然闪现
• The thought suddenly flashed through my mind that she didn't want to be here. 我突然想到，她不想来这里。
[flæʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  flash sth around/about informal
■to intentionally make people understand that you have something valuable, especially in order to make them feel unhappy because they do not have it 炫耀
• She was flashing her engagement ring around. 她正在四处炫耀她的订婚戒指。
[flæʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  flash back
■If your mind or thoughts flash back to something that happened in the past, you suddenly remember it 回忆起，回想起，记起
• Her mind flashed back to the day of their divorce. 她回忆起他们离婚那天的情景。
[flæʃ] noun
BRIGHT LIGHT 闪光
countable
■a sudden bright light that quickly disappears 闪光；闪耀
• a flash of lightning 一道闪电
• The bomb exploded in a flash of yellow light. 一道黄光，炸弹爆炸了。
[flæʃ] noun
SUDDEN EXPERIENCE 突然的经历
countable usually singular
■a sudden, powerful emotional or mental experience （情感的）突发；（想法的）突现
• The idea came to her in a flash of inspiration/genius. 灵光一闪，她便有了这个主意。
[flæʃ] noun
PHOTOGRAPHY 摄影
countable or uncountable
■the device or system used to produce a bright light for a short time when taking a photograph 闪光灯；闪光操纵装置
• Where's the flash for the camera? 照相机的闪光灯在哪里？
• It's quite dark in here, I'll have to use flash. 这里相当暗，我要用闪光灯。
[flæʃ] noun
MILITARY SIGN 军队的标记
countable UK
■a small object or piece of material worn on a military uniform as a sign of rank, or (on clothing) a strip or mark of colour different from the main colour （佩于军服上的）徽章，肩章，臂章；（衣服上的）色条，色块
[flæʃ] noun
QUICK LOOK 飞快地看
countable humorous
■a quick look at something 飞快的一瞥
• She leant over and I caught a flash of pink underwear. 她屈身过来，我一眼瞥见了粉红色的内衣。
[flæʃ] noun
a flash in the pan
■something that happened only once or for a short time and was not repeated 昙花一现
• Sadly, their success was just a flash in the pan. 不幸的是，他们的成功仅仅是昙花一现。
[flæʃ] noun
in a flash (also quick as a flash) informal
■quickly or suddenly 转瞬间，刹那间
• The ceremony was over in a flash. 仪式转眼就结束了。
[flæʃ] adjective UK
■looking expensive in a way that attracts attention 昂贵的；奢华的
• That's a very flash suit he's wearing. 他穿的那套西装看上去十分昂贵。
flash, sparkle, glow, gleam, twinkle, glitter
这组词都有“闪光，闪烁，闪亮”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出随即消失的闪光，如闪电的光。
sparkle: 指发出闪动的光或火星。
glow: 指像熔铁余烬等发出的明亮、强烈、夺目的光。
gleam: 指透过间隔物或映衬于较暗背景上的微弱光线。也指闪光。
twinkle: 指断断续续或摇晃不定的灿烂闪光。
glitter: 指连续发出的闪烁不定的光，有时含贬义。
flash, glare, blaze, glow, flare, light, twinkle, glitter, flame
这组词都有“火焰、烈火、光”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出而随即消失的闪光。
glare: 指眩目的光。
blaze: 指猛烈燃烧所发生强烈的光。
glow: 指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。
flare: 指摇曳的火焰。
light: 普通用词，指日、月、星或灯等的光。
twinkle: 指如星光等的闪烁。
glitter: 指连续发出闪烁不定的光。
flame: 指一条或多条火舌，多用复数形式，指由许多火舌构成的大火。
vt. 使闪光；反射
 - reflect, mirror
n. 闪光，闪现；一瞬间
 - stroboflash, coruscation
vi. 闪光，闪现；反射
 - reflect, flare light
adj. 闪光的，火速的
 - shot, coruscant

Word: developer
Front: developer
[dɪˈveləpə(r)] (3503/3740 -2)
Back: n. 开发者; <摄>显影剂，显像剂
分布：开发者(92%)，显影剂(8%)
US [-pɚ] noun
BUILDER 建立者
 ADVANCED countable
■a person or company that makes money from buying land, building new houses, shops or offices, or by changing existing buildings to sell or rent 开发商
• a property developer 地产开发商
UK [dɪ'vel.ə.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
PROCESS FILM 底片处理
countable or uncountable
■a chemical used for developing photographs or films 显影剂
UK [dɪ'vel.ə.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
GROWTH 成长
countable
■someone, especially a child, whose physical or mental development can be described in a particular way 成长发育者（尤指孩子）
• Tom was a late/slow developer. 汤姆发育较晚／迟缓。
n. 开发者； [摄] [试剂] 显影剂
 - eikonogen, developing agent

Word: reliable
Front: reliable
[rɪˈlaɪəbl] (高研四六托雅 3504/3271 -3)
Vocabulary: reliable
(once / 544 pages)
adj
Calling something reliable means you can count on it to come through when you need it; it's dependable. If you're headed out for an around-the-world sailing trip, hopefully your lifejacket is reliable.
You can certainly rely on something reliable because it's trustworthy and responsible. Reliable people usually show up on time, never flake out, and always tell the truth. A reliable car isn't likely to break down and will get you from place to place safely. And if you happen to lose your trusty sidekick, good luck looking for a reliable replacement.
WORD FAMILY
reliable: reliability, reliableness, reliably, unreliable +/ reliance: reliances, self-reliance/ reliant: reliantly, self-reliant/ rely: reliable, reliance, reliant, relied, relies, relying/unreliability: unreliabilities/ unreliable: unreliability, unreliableness, unreliably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Avoiding computers may indeed be a relatively reliable, if productivity-limiting, strategy for guarding sensitive material.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
If the data is not current and completely reliable, we will fail.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Try to find a more reliable source to back up the story.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 可靠的; 可信赖的; 真实可信的
n. 可靠的人
分布：可靠的(96%)，可信的(4%)
→来自 rely,依靠，信赖。
a.可靠的,可信赖的,确实的I'm liable to give reliable reply to the application for supply of apples.我有责任对申请供应苹果给予可靠答复.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■Something or someone that is reliable can be trusted or believed because they work or behave well in the way you expect 可信赖的；可靠的；真实可信的
• Is your watch reliable? 你的表准吗？
• reliable information 可靠资讯
• Gideon is very reliable - if he says he'll do something, he'll do it. 吉迪恩为人很可靠——他说到做到。
Opposite unreliable
reliable, suitable, available, identifiable
reliable: 可依靠的
suitable: 适合的
available: 可用的，可看见的
identifiable: 可识别的
adj. 可靠的；可信赖的
 - responsible, tried, honest, safe, sure
n. 可靠的人
 - true-blue

Word: excitement
Front: excitement
[ɪkˈsaɪtmənt] (研四托雅 3506/2893 -K2)
Vocabulary: excitement
(once / 111 pages)
1n 2n
Excitement is a feeling or situation full of activity, joy, exhilaration, or upheaval. One thing about excitement — it sure isn't boring.
There are a few types of excitement, but they're all exciting — they get your attention. If you can't wait for your birthday, you're feeling a happy kind of excitement. If everyone in class is screaming and throwing things, the teacher might ask, "What's all the excitement about?" A sleeping dog is resting — no excitement there. But a dog that’s jumping, barking, and running in circles when his owner comes home is feeling and causing a lot of excitement.
WORD FAMILY
excitement: excitements+/excitability: excitabilities/ excitable: excitability, excitableness, excitably, unexcitable/excitant: excitants/excitation: excitations/ excite: excitable, excitant, excitation, excitative, excitatory, excited, excitement, excites, exciting / excited: excitedly, overexcited, unexcited/ exciting: excitingest, excitingly, unexciting/unexcited: unexcitedly/unexciting: unexcitingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It may be a sport dominated by the United States, but basketball in Britain is no slouch in terms of excitement and fan interest.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
That includes guys on the PGA Tour, many who expressed their excitement on Twitter.
Golf Digest(Dec 01, 2016)
No matter the conviction, everyone is hoping Tiger can stay healthy and instill the fire and excitement displayed the past two decades.
Golf Digest(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 兴奋，激动; 令人兴奋的事; 刺激，振奋
分布：兴奋(65%)，激动(35%)
n.刺激,激动,兴奋The excitement of the audience has died down.众人激动的情绪已经平静下来了.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a feeling of being excited, or an exciting event 激动，兴奋；令人兴奋的事情
• Robin's heart was pounding with excitement. 罗宾的心激动得怦怦跳。
• If you want excitement, you should try parachuting. 如果你想寻求刺激，应该去试一下跳伞。
• the excitements of the previous day 昨天那激动人心的事情
n. 兴奋；刺激；令人兴奋的事物
 - stimulus, incentive, needle

Word: beef
Front: beef
[bi:f] (中高 3505/4295 -K2)
Vocabulary: beef
(once / 350 pages)
1n 2nv
Beef is meat from a cow. It's also a word for a complaint. If you have a beef with someone, you’re not sharing a steak, you have a gripe. Just don’t beef to a cow; her problems are worse.
Beef is a type of meat from cattle. If you've ever had a hamburger, you've had beef. The word beef comes from the Old French word buef, which became the word for basically, cow meat. Beef is to cow as pork is to pig or mutton is to sheep. On the other hand, if you have a beef with someone, you have a complaint. Beefing is expressing such feelings.
WORD FAMILY
beef: beefed, beefing, beefs, beeves
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Bagleys bought their first 15 elk in the late 1990s, seeking to diversify their beef and dairy business.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They need to beef up their offensive line.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
One of the beefs with “Captain Fantastic” is that it promotes an all-or-nothing extremism that rings hollow.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 牛肉; 菜牛（饲养以供肉食的牛）; 体力; 怨言，牢骚
vi. 抱怨，大发牢骚
时态：beefed, beefing, beefs
分布：牛肉(82%)，加强(9%)，抱怨(3%)，牢骚(2%)，肌肉(2%)，告发(1%)，力气(1%)
→词源同bovine, 牛的。
n.牛肉The bee paid the fee of coffee, beef and beer for the cheerful deer.蜜蜂为欢快的鹿付了咖啡,牛肉和啤酒的费用.
noun
MEAT 肉
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the flesh of cattle (= cows) which is eaten 牛肉
• The spaghetti sauce is made with UK minced / US ground beef. 这种意粉的调味汁是用牛肉碎做成的。
• People in England often have roast beef and Yorkshire pudding for lunch on Sundays. 英国人在星期天的午餐，通常是吃烤牛肉和约克郡布丁。
• He is a beef cattle farmer. 他专门饲养菜牛。
[bi:f] noun
FORCE 力气
uncountable mainly UK informal
■strength, power or force 力量，力气
• He said that the newly published government report didn't have much beef in it. 他称新发布的政府报告没甚么力度。
• Push harder! Put some beef into it! 再用点力推！加把劲！
[bi:f] noun
COMPLAINT 抱怨
countable informal
■a complaint 抱怨
• My main beef about the job is that I have to work on Saturdays. 我对这份工作最大的不满是周六还要上班。
[bi:f] verb intransitive informal
■to complain 抱怨
• He was beefing about having to do the shopping. 他在为不得不去购物而抱怨。
[bi:f] verb intransitive informal
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beef sth up
■to make something stronger or more important 加强，充实
• We need to find some new players to beef up the team. 我们要招纳几个新队员，加强全队的实力。
• The company has plans to beef up its production. 公司计划扩大生产。
• Your report on the new car park is fine, but why don't you beef it up a bit with some figures? 你那份关于新停车场的报告很不错，但怎么不加一些数据，让报告更充实呢？
n. [食品] 牛肉；肌肉；食用牛；牢骚
 - muscle, hotpot
vi. 抱怨，告发；发牢骚
 - repine, rail against
vt. 养；加强
 - enhance, cement, muscle

Word: Islam
Front: Islam
['ɪzlɑːm] (六 3097/7360 -3)
Vocabulary: Islam
(once / 451 pages)
n
Islam is the name of the religion that Muslims practice. A follower of Islam believes that the Qur'an is the word of God.
If you practice Islam, you're a member of a religion that places great importance on serving God and following Islamic law. Islam is believed by Muslims to be the ultimate religion, revealed over time by many prophets, including Abraham and Jesus. The root of the word Islam is the Arabic islam, or "submission to God's will," from aslama, "he resigned, he surrendered, he submitted."
WORD FAMILY
Islam: Islamic, Islamize, Islams+/Islamic: Islamically/Islamize: Islamized
USAGE EXAMPLES
A widely shared story that claimed Pope Francis called for merging Islam and Christianity is false.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But on Nato, protectionism, climate change, Islam and much else, they differ fundamentally.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Professor Smith joined campaigns for civil rights in the 1960s and for a more tolerant understanding of Islam in the 2000s.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 伊斯兰教
n. (Islam)人名；(阿拉伯、巴基、孟)伊斯兰
分布：伊斯兰教(80%)，伊斯兰教国家(20%)
→来自阿拉伯语islam,服从，听从于上帝的旨意，来自阿拉伯语系三字母词根s-l-m,整体，平和，虔诚，词源同salaam,Muslim.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the Muslim religion, and the people and countries who believe in it 伊斯兰教；伊斯兰教信徒；伊斯兰教国家
n. 回教徒；回教；伊斯兰教
 - Moslemism, Mohammedanism

Word: Roman
Front: Roman
[rɔmə] (四六 3507/10743)
Back: n. 罗马字体
分布：罗马人(28%)，罗马的(25%)，罗马天主教的(15%)，罗马帝国的(15%)，罗马字体(12%)，罗马天主教徒(5%)
→来自 Rome,罗马，-an,人。
罗马的n.罗马人[-an表名词和形容词"…地方,...人]
US ['roʊ-] adjective
■describes the ordinary style of printed writing in which the letters are vertical （印刷常用的）罗马体的，正体的

Word: stretch
Front: stretch
[stretʃ] (研四六托雅宝 1915/1930 -K3)
Vocabulary: stretch
(once / 76 pages)
1vnadj 2vn 3vn
To stretch is to extend or lengthen something beyond the normal length. You stretched both your vacation and the truth when you called out of work on Monday saying your flight home from Ibiza was canceled.
Stretch is a word that has many great usages. The sense of extending one’s limbs came about circa 1200. Four hundred years later brought the phrase "stretch your legs," meaning take a walk. Don’t walk too vigorously, though, or you could stretch a muscle. The word can also be used as a noun, meaning an expanse, as in, "Looking toward the horizon, the thirsty man saw an endless stretch of sand."
WORD FAMILY
stretch: overstretch, stretchable, stretched, stretcher, stretches, stretching, stretchy+/overstretch: overstretched, overstretching/stretchable: stretchability/stretcher: stretchers/stretching: stretchings/stretchy: stretchier, stretchiest, stretchiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is truly enormous; from the tall observation tower, the ranks of black panels stretch almost to the horizon.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
North Carolina twice cut the deficit back to single digits down the stretch but got no closer than seven.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He first appeared with Trump during the spring’s Indiana primary and reappeared at rallies in the Midwest during the general-election stretch run.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 伸展; 延伸; 持续; 包括
n. 伸展; 弹性; 一片; 一段时间
adj. 可伸缩的; 弹性的
时态：stretched, stretching, stretches
分布：伸展(54%)，延伸(22%)，弹性(12%)，一段时间(4%)，张开(4%)，夸大(2%)，可伸缩的(2%)
→来自古英语 streccan,拉长，伸出，展开，来自 Proto-Germanic*strakjana,展开，拉紧，可能来 自 strenk,紧的，拉紧，词源同 string,strain,strict.拼写比较 bake,batch.引申诸相关词义。
v.伸展,延伸n.拉长;伸展;一段时间/路程When I fetched the sketch on the stretcher I found the secretary's secret.当我拿来担架上的素描时我发现了秘书的秘密.
verb
REACH 伸展
 ESSENTIAL transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to cause something to reach, often as far as possible, in a particular direction 伸出；伸长；拉伸
• I tripped on a piece of wire that someone had stretched across the path. 我被不知是谁拉在路上的一根电线绊倒了。
• She stretched out her hand and helped him from his chair. 她伸手将他从椅子上扶起来。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to straighten your body or your arms or legs so that they are as long as possible, in order to exercise the joints (= place where two bones are connected) after you have been in the same place or position for a long time 伸展，舒展（四肢）
• "I'm so tired, " she said, yawning and stretching. “我太累了。”她打着呵欠伸了个懒腰说。
• It's a good idea to stretch before you take vigorous exercise. 在进行剧烈运动前，应该先伸展一下身体。
[stretʃ] verb
SPREAD 延伸
 IMPROVER intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to spread over a large area or distance 舒展；展开，铺开；延伸
• A huge cloud of dense smoke stretched across the horizon. 一大团浓烟在地平线上蔓延开来。
• The Andes stretch for 7250 km along the west coast of South America. 安第斯山脉沿南美洲西海岸绵延达7250公里。
• Unsettled weather will stretch from the middle Mississippi Valley to the southern Middle Atlantic States. 自密西西比河流域中部至濒大西洋中部诸州的南部，天气均不稳定。
• The refugee camps stretch as far as the eye can see. 难民营绵延不绝，一望无际。
[stretʃ] verb
GO PAST 越过
transitive
■to go as far as or past the usual limit of something 到…的限度；超过…的限度；竭尽
• Many families' budgets are already stretched to breaking point. 许多家庭的预算已经撑到了极限。
• We can't work any harder, Paul. We're already fully stretched. 我们无法更卖力了，保罗。我们已经竭尽全力。
• This movie really stretches the patience of the audience to the limit. 这部电影简直就是在考验观众的耐性。
• We don't normally allow in people under 18, but I suppose we could stretch the rules for you as it's your birthday tomorrow. 我们通常不接受未满18岁的人，但考虑到明天是你的生日，我想我们可以稍稍通融一下。
[stretʃ] verb
MAKE LONGER 拉长
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause a material to) become longer or wider than usual as a result of pulling at the edges （使弹性物）拉长，伸长
• an exercise to stretch the leg muscles 拉伸腿部肌肉的运动
• That elastic band will snap if you stretch it too far. 那根橡皮筋拉得太长是会断的。
• This substance stretches to any shape you want. 这种物质可以拉伸成任何你想要的形状。
intransitive
■If a material stretches, it can become longer or wider when pulled and then return to its original size 有弹性，有弹力
• stretch fabrics 弹力织物
[stretʃ] verb
LONG TIME 长时间
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to spread over a long period of time 延续
• The dispute stretches back over many years. 这场争论可追溯到许多年以前。
• Although we were supposed to finish this month, it looks like the work will stretch well into next year. 虽然我们应该在本月完工，但看来工作要拖到明年了。
transitive (also stretch out)
■to make a process or task continue for a longer period of time than was originally planned 延长（…的期限）
• I'd like to stretch my mortgage payments out over a longer period if possible. 如果可能的话，我想把分期贷款的期限延长一些。
[stretʃ] verb
DO MORE 做更多
transitive
■If jobs or tasks stretch you, they make you learn new things which use your skill and experience more than you have done before （工作或任务）使施展本领，对…具有挑战性
• My present job doesn't stretch me, so I'm looking for something more demanding. 我目前的工作不能让我尽展所长，所以我在寻找更有挑战性的工作。
[stretʃ] verb
be stretching it
■to be going further than the truth 夸大事实；言过其实
• She's very clever, but it's stretching it a bit to call her a genius. 她很聪明，但说她是个天才就有点言过其实。
[stretʃ] verb
stretch your legs
■to go for a walk, especially after sitting in the same position for a long time （尤指久坐后）散散步，活动一下筋骨
• The car journey took three hours, including a couple of stops to stretch our legs. 这趟车程花了三个小时，包括几次停车活动筋骨的时间。
[stretʃ] verb
stretch a point
■to make a claim which is not completely true, or to do something which goes further than what is considered to be reasonable 言过其实；超越限度，破例，通融
• They claim to be the biggest company in the world, which is stretching a point, but it's true if you include their subsidiaries. 他们宣称是世界上最大的公司，这有点言过其实，不过如果将其附属公司也包括在内倒也真是这样。
[stretʃ] verb
stretch the length of sth
■to be the same length as something, usually something very long 与…等长（与通常是非常长的某物等长）
• The underground chambers stretch the length of a football pitch. 这个地下室和一个足球场一样长。
• The mountains stretch the entire length of the country. 这些山脉和那个国家一样长。
[stretʃ] verb
stretch the truth
■to say something which is not completely honest in order to make someone or something seem better than it really is 言过其实，夸大事实
• He was accused of stretching the truth about how much he had helped in the project. 他被指责夸大了自己在整个专案计划中的贡献。
[stretʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stretch (yourself) out
■to lie with your legs and arms spread out in a relaxed way 舒展四肢躺下
• I just want to get home and stretch out on the sofa. 我只想回家摊开四肢舒舒服服地躺在沙发上。
[stretʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stretch to sth UK informal
■to manage to give or do a particular amount, often a larger amount than you might expect 尽量凑足（数目）；争取做到
• "How much money do you want to borrow?" "Could you stretch to £50?" “你想借多少钱？”“你能凑到50英镑吗？”
[stretʃ] noun
PART 一段
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a continuous area of land or water （土地或水域的）一片，一段
• This particular stretch of coast is especially popular with walkers. 在这一段海岸散步的人特别多。
• Traffic is at a standstill along a five -mile stretch of the M11 just south of Cambridge. 剑桥南面11号高速公路有五英里的路段交通陷入瘫痪。
• Some very rare birds inhabit our stretch of the river. 一些非常珍稀的鸟类栖息在我们这个河段。
countable usually singular
■a stage in a race, or a part of a racetrack （赛跑的）阶段；一段跑道
• She looked certain to win as she entered the final stretch. 她进入最后一段跑道时似乎已经赢定了。
• He fell as he galloped down the home stretch (= towards the finish). 他在冲向终点时跌倒。
[stretʃ] noun
REACH 伸展
countable usually singular
■when someone or something stretches 伸展，舒展
• I always have a good stretch when I get up in the morning. 我早上起床总会好好地伸展一下筋骨。
[stretʃ] noun
GO PAST 超过
countable usually singular
■when something has gone past its usual limits 超过限度；过分；离谱；破例
• His thesis may be a stretch, but it's not outside the realm of possibility. 他的论文可能有点夸大其词，但并不是完全没有可能。
[stretʃ] noun
MAKE LONGER 拉长
uncountable
■the degree to which a material can be made longer or wider by pulling 弹性
• This fabric doesn't have much stretch in it, does it? 这种织物没甚么弹性，是吗？
[stretʃ] noun
TIME 时间
countable usually singular
■a continuous period of time （连续的）一段时间
• The elderly generally need far less rest than the young, and tend to sleep in several short stretches. 年长者一般需要的休息时间比年轻人要少得多，而且往往会分成几个小段时间睡觉。
countable usually singular informal
■a period of time that a criminal spends in prison 服刑期
• Her brother's doing a ten-year stretch for armed robbery. 她弟弟因持械抢劫正在服刑，刑期十年。
at a stretch mainly UK
■continuously or without any interruptions 连续地，不间断地
• There's no way I could work for ten hours at a stretch. 要我连续工作十小时是不可能的。
[stretʃ] noun
ACTOR 演员
countable usually singular
■when an actor plays a character who is very different from their own personality （演员的）有难度的表演，拓宽戏路的表演
• Playing a budding opera star was not much of stretch for this classically trained singer. 饰演一位崭露头角的歌剧明星，对这个受过古典音乐训练的歌手而言不是甚么难事。
[stretʃ] noun
by no stretch of the imagination (also not by any stretch of the imagination)
■used to describe things that are impossible to believe, even with a lot of effort 无论如何也难以相信
• By no stretch of the imagination could he be seriously described as an artist. 无论如何也难以相信人们会认真称他为艺术家。
enlarge, stretch, expand, reinforce, magnify, amplify
enlarge: v.扩大，多指具体物品如相片的放大。
 • enlarge photograph   放大照片enlarge a house扩建房屋
stretch: v. (有弹性地)伸展，延伸，并有可能超过限度；伸长、伸出(身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)。
 • The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.   这件套头毛衣我穿了几次之后就撑大了。
 • Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, stretching themselves.   完成了早间工作之后，职员们站到桌子后面伸伸懒腰。
expand: v.指范围、体积的扩大、增大，也可以指内容或细节的充实。
 • The balloon expanded, then exploded.   气球先是膨胀，然后就爆破了。
reinforce: v.增援，加固。
magnify: v.放大，指用透镜或显微镜使物体看上去大一些。
 • His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.   他借助眼睛把字放大以便能够阅读。
amplify: v.扩大，增加，尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声音扩大；补充叙述(故事、事件等)。
 • We must ask you to amplify your statement.   我们得请你对你的说法作进一步的说明。
enlarge, extend, stretch, prolong, inflate, expand, increase, multiply, lengthen, add, augment, amplify
enlarge: 放大（照片）
extend: 使…（在空间或时间上）更大，更长；伸长，伸展，延展；舒展（肢体），extend sth
stretch: vt 拉长，撑大；绵延，延续
prolong: 人为的延长时间
inflate: 使（轮胎、气球等）充气，膨胀，inflate sth (with sth)
expand: 使…变大，扩大，扩展，expand sth into sth
increase: 增加，增大（数目、数量、体积等），increase sth from…to…
multiply: 成倍的增加
lengthen: 指自然的延长时间或空间
add: 加，添加，add sth to sth
augment: vt 增多，增大，augment sth
amplify: 特指音量，电流等的扩大

Word: architecture
Front: architecture
[ˈɑ:kɪtektʃə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3509/2712 -2)
Vocabulary: architecture
(once / 361 pages)
n
Architecture is the process, or profession, of designing buildings and their environments. Architecture also refers to the product of this design and work.
The root of the word architecture is the Greek arkhitekton ("master builder"), which makes sense because the ancient Greeks were very skilled at architecture — think of all those columns and stadiums and temples. The Parthenon, which was begun in 447 BC, is one of the greatest examples of architecture from Classical Greece.
WORD FAMILY
architecture: architectures
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s the state’s earliest remaining example of “Carpenters Gothic” style architecture.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The old mixes with the new: Modern architecture is often juxtaposed with weathered wooden structures that appear ancient.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
And the architecture alone is worth a visit.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 建筑学; 建筑风格; 体系结构; （总体、层次）结构
分布：结构(70%)，建筑风格(14%)，建筑学(14%)，一座建筑物(1%)，总称建筑物(1%)
建筑学[arch,archy=ruler,rule,chief,表示"统治者,统治,主要的"]
n.建筑,建筑学;建筑式样或风格,建筑物The temple is Anglo-Saxon architecture.这个庙宇是盎格罗-撒克逊式建筑.
US ['ɑ:r.kɪ.tek.tʃɚ] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the art and science of designing and making buildings 建筑学；建筑术
• to study architecture 学习建筑学
 ADVANCED
■the style in which buildings are made 建筑风格
• Roman architecture 罗马式建筑风格
n. [建] 建筑学；建筑风格；建筑式样
 - architectural style

Word: occasional
Front: occasional
[əˈkeɪʒənl] (研四六托 3511/2924 -3)
Vocabulary: occasional
(once / 90 pages)
adj
When something happens from time to time on an irregular basis, we say it is an occasional occurrence. For example, you might have an occasional lunch with a friend. If your friend ever picked up the bill, maybe it would happen more often.
Occasional is a few steps removed from the Latin cadere, "to fall." So you might think of something occasional as something that happens "to fall" just whenever it happens to fall. Speaking of falling, Voltaire once wrote, "The best government is a benevolent tyranny tempered by an occasional assassination." An occasional election might do in a pinch.
WORD FAMILY
occasional: occasionally +/ occasion: occasional, occasioned, occasioning, occasions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Occasional use of over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream helps calm the itch.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In “The Elephant in the Room,” Ronson tracks Jones at Trump campaign events and steals occasional conversations with him, his entourage and his faithful.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
That would restore the court’s long-held position as a generally conservative court capable of the occasional liberal surprise.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 偶尔的，不经常的; 特殊场合的; 临时的
分布：偶然的(59%)，临时的(25%)，不时的(16%)
→来自occasion,偶然。
a.偶然的,非经常的,特殊场合的;临时的In occasional case the phrase emphasizes the importance of the phase to the laser.在偶然情况下该短句强调了相位对于激光的重要性.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■not happening or done often or regularly 偶尔的；不经常的
• I play the occasional game of football. 我偶尔踢踢足球。
• He has the occasional cigar after dinner. 他饭后偶尔抽支雪茄。
uncommon, rare, scare, occasional
这组词都有“稀罕的，很少发生”的意思，其区别是：
uncommon: 指一般不发生或很少发生的事情，故显得独特、异常与例外。
rare: 指难得发生的事或难遇见的人或事，侧重特殊性。
scare: 指暂时不易发现、不存在或数量不足，供不应求的东西。
occasional: 指偶然、不时或间或发生的事，侧重无规律可循。
adj. [生物] 偶然的；临时的；特殊场合的
 - extraordinary, temporary, odd

Word: administrative
Front: administrative
[ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv] (托 3510/2448 -2)
Vocabulary: administrative
(once / 544 pages)
adj
If your job is administrative, you're pretty much limited to paperwork, check-writing, or maybe hiring and firing. Administrative means having to do with overseeing the "office-y" things.
An artist doesn't have time for administrative details; they're too busy creating. A successful artist will hire a manager to handle the administrative aspects of his career, such as contacting galleries, setting up shows, and making sure they get paid for their work. People who handle administrative duties are often called bureaucrats, which is typically not a nice name to be called. Sometimes they're called "administrators." Teachers are there to teach; principals have to handle the administrative duties of running a school.
WORD FAMILY
administrative: administratively+/ administrate: administrated, administrates, administrating, administrative, administrator / administrator: administrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
She continued in various administrative capacities after Airgas USA bought Brown.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The conservative attorneys general admit this, writing that to “actually withdraw the Rule, there will need to be formal administrative action.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
According to the Administrative Office of the United States Court, there are 84 vacancies.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 管理的，行政的; 行政职位; 非战斗性行政勤务的
分布：管理的(57%)，行政的(43%)
US [-tˌɪv] adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to the arrangements and work which is needed to control the operation of a plan or organization 管理的；行政的
• administrative work 行政工作
• an administrative problem 管理问题
• Your responsibilities will be mainly administrative. 你的职责主要是在行政方面。
adj. 管理的，行政的
 - regulatory, managing, executive

Word: elbow
Front: elbow
[ˈelbəʊ] (研四六托雅宝 3512/4155 -K2)
Vocabulary: elbow
(once / 270 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Your elbow is the bendy part of your arm between your wrist and your shoulder. Sometimes people use their pointy elbows to elbow people out of the way.
Your elbows are major joints in your arms, making it possible for you to do many things — including get scolded for having your elbows rudely on the table while you eat. Clothing can be said to have elbows as well: "I like your professor jacket with the patches on the elbows." Other inanimate objects with elbows include rivers and pipes: a sharp bend in either of these is also called an elbow.
WORD FAMILY
elbow: elbowed, elbowing, elbows+/elbowing: elbowings
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the other side of the classroom, the newcomers learned basics: Arms and elbows relaxed.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He was the backup quarterback for the Giants until undergoing elbow surgery several weeks ago.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“That elbow injury just kind of pushed me over the edge.”
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 肘部; 弯头，扶手; 肘形管，弯管
vt. 用肘推挤（另一人或另一些人）; 用手肘推开
vi. 用肘推搡着前进; 在拐角处转弯
时态：elbowed, elbowing, elbows
分布：手肘(67%)，扶手(11%)，用手肘推开(10%)，推挤(7%)，急弯(5%)
→来自ell和bow的组合词。
n.肘,(衣服的)肘部vt.用肘推,用肘挤Bowing its elbow, the owl sows in the bowl.猫头鹰弯着肘在碗中播种.
【记】el旧时量布的长度，大约是小臂的长度；bow（n 弓形）读：埃尔伯（拜仁球星）是拜仁的左膀右臂－肘关节
US [-boʊ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the part in the middle of the arm where it bends, or the part of a piece of clothing which covers this area 肘；（衣服的）肘部
• Her arm was bandaged from the elbow to the fingers. 她的手臂从肘部一直到手指全部缠上了绷带。
• The sleeve of his shirt was torn at the elbow. 他衬衫的肘部被撕了个洞。
UK ['el.bəʊ] US [-boʊ] noun countable
at sb's elbow
■close to and a little behind someone 在（某人）近旁；紧随（某人）之后；紧紧伴随（某人）
• During the visit, the interpreter was always at her elbow. 在她参观的过程中，翻译始终紧随其后。
UK ['el.bəʊ] US [-boʊ] noun countable
give sb the elbow UK informal
■to end your romantic relationship with someone 甩掉，和（恋人）分手
UK ['el.bəʊ] US [-boʊ] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition disapproving
■to push someone rudely with your elbows so that you can move or have more space 用肘推；用肘挤开（某人）
• He elbowed his way to the front of the crowd. 他挤到了人群的前面。
• They elbowed the onlookers aside. 他们把旁观者推到一边。
■to hit someone with your elbow, sometimes as a sign to make them notice or remember something （为让某人注意或记住某事而）用肘碰
• She elbowed me in the ribs before I could say anything. 我还没开口呢，她就用肘在我肋部捅了一下。
UK ['el.bəʊ] US [-boʊ] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] elbow sb out
■to force someone or something out of a position or job 排挤；强行使…离开（职位或工作）
• He resigned before he was elbowed out. 他不等被别人排挤出去，就自己先辞了职。
n. 肘部；弯头；扶手
 - rail, rider
vt. 推挤；用手肘推开
 - thrust, push against

Word: deadly
Front: deadly
[ˈdedli] (研四托雅 3513/6026 -2)
Vocabulary: deadly
(once / 229 pages)
1adjadv 2adv
Something that's deadly can kill you. Because a gun can end someone's life, it's a deadly weapon.
If someone's diagnosed with a deadly disease, it's lethal — it's capable of ending the person's life. When you hear someone talk about police officers using "deadly force," they mean actions that intended to cause death, or understood to be capable of killing someone. You can also use the word to mean "extremely" or "very," as when you describe your math class as deadly boring.
WORD FAMILY
deadly: deadlier, deadliest, deadlily, deadliness+/ dead: deaden, deader, deadest, deadly, deadness, deads/deaden: deadened, deadening, deadens/deadening: deadeningly, deadenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deadly riots the following year in China’s far west left authorities even more convinced that it was time to step up their controls over society.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It was the deadliest prison riot in Brazil in years.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
China’s middle class is increasingly less tolerant of the deadly air, and in December tens of thousands of “smog refugees” decamped to clearer skies.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 极端的，非常的; 致命的，致死的; 非常有效的; 如死一般的
adv. 极其，非常; 死了一样地
级别：deadlier, deadliest
分布：致命的(95%)，如死一般地(3%)，如死一样的(1%)，非常地(1%)
a.致命的;势不两立的;极度的;必定的The dreadful tread on the meadow broke the deadly deadlock.草场上可怕的践踏声打破了致命的僵局.
adjective
VERY DANGEROUS 非常危险的
 ADVANCED
■likely to cause death 致命的，致死的
• a deadly virus 致命的病毒
• a deadly weapon 致命的武器
['ded.li] adjective
BORING 乏味的 informal
■extremely boring 极其乏味的，非常无聊的
• The party was deadly. 那个派对非常乏味。
['ded.li] adjective
COMPLETE 完全地
■complete or extreme 完全的；极端的
• They have been deadly enemies ever since Mark stole Greg's girlfriend. 自从马克抢走了葛列格的女朋友后，他们两人就成了死对头。
['ded.li] adverb
■completely or extremely 完全地；极其
• I thought she was joking but she was deadly serious. 我原以为她在开玩笑，没想到她说的全是真的。
mortal, fatal, lethal, deadly
这组词都有“致命的”的意思，其区别是：
mortal: 语气强，指导致死亡的直接原因。
fatal: 正式用词，强调死亡的不可避免性，多用于指伤或疾病等。
lethal: 指由于某物本身具有致命的性能。
deadly: 指能致命或实际已致命的事物，也可指企图致死他人的人。
adj. [医] 致命的；非常的；死一般的
 - intense, kill, fatal
adv. 非常；如死一般地
 - extremely, badly, highly, greatly, too

Word: Hispanic
Front: Hispanic
[hɪ'spænɪk] (托 3515/24337 -2)
Vocabulary: Hispanic
(once / 2023 pages)
nadj
A Hispanic is someone whose first language is Spanish. Anything Hispanic is related in some way to Spanish-speaking culture.
Hispanic comes from the Latin word for “Spain.” Although Hispanic refers to Spanish speaking people in the Americas, it’s better to be more specific. Hispanic describes someone with a connection to Spain, while Latino narrows it down to people from Latin America. Generally, though, Hispanic refers to someone in the US whose first language is Spanish.
WORD FAMILY
Hispanic: Hispanics
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hispanics, mostly Mexicans, perform the labor at factories owned often by first- and second-generation Koreans.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Carabello, who identifies as Hispanic, said her results indicated she was almost one-fifth African.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Justice Department recommended the Pasco Police hire more Hispanics, Spanish speakers and women.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 西班牙的
分布：西班牙的(47%)，西班牙语的(23%)，讲西班牙语的人(15%)，美籍西班牙人(15%)
→来自拉丁语Hispanic,西班牙拉丁名，即Spain.拼写比较history,story.
adjective
■connected with Spain or Spanish-speaking countries, especially those countries in Latin America 西班牙的；（尤指拉丁美洲）西班牙语国家的

Word: allegation
Front: allegation
[ˌæləˈgeɪʃn] (六托 3516/3459 -3)
Vocabulary: allegation
(once / 808 pages)
n
An allegation is an accusation, which is sometimes true and sometimes not. If you say your sister stole a candy bar but you don't have any proof that she did it, you have made an allegation.
In the legal system, an allegation is a formal claim against someone. It sparks an investigation that leads to someone being proven innocent or found guilty. In everyday use, however, an allegation is what someone thinks, whether or not there is proof. For example, if someone makes an allegation that you're a terrible driver, they might base it on their own experience, but they won't be able to prove it.
WORD FAMILY
allegation: allegations+/ allege: allegation, alleged, alleges, alleging/ alleged: allegedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Haaretz newspaper reported that the prime minister was also facing more serious allegations.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Obiang, who is the president's son, denies the allegations.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
She added: "Any allegations that she planned to lip sync are just adding insult to injury."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 陈述，主张; 宣称; 陈词，陈述; 指控
分布：指控(62%)，断言(16%)，辩解(12%)，主张(10%)
[ˌæl.ə'geɪ.ʃən] formal
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a statement which has not been proved to be true which says that someone has done something wrong or illegal （未经证实的）指责，指控
• Several of her patients have made allegations of professional misconduct about/against her. 她治疗的几位病人指责她失职。
• [+ that] Allegations that Mr Dwight was receiving money from known criminals have caused a scandal. 有关德怀特先生收取臭名昭著的犯罪分子钱财的指控激起了公众的愤慨。
n. 主张，断言；辩解
 - opinion, explanation, assurance, affirmation, claim

Word: tip
Front: tip
[tɪp] (高研四六托 1928/2631 -K3)
Vocabulary: tip
(once / 197 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v 4v 5v
The pointed or tapered end of something is its tip. There's the tip of your dog's wagging tail, the tips of your fingers, or the tip of the continent of South America.
When you can almost remember someone's name, you might say it's on the tip of your tongue, and when something's just "the tip of the iceberg," it's only one small bit of a much larger problem. Other meanings of tip include "tilt," like when you tip your hat as you stroll down the street, and "gratuity," or the extra money you give a waiter or barber in exchange for good service.
WORD FAMILY
tip: tipped, tipper, tipping, tips, tipster+/tipped: untipped/tipper: tippers/tipster: tipsters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some tips are gimmicks, and some may not work as well for you as they did in tests.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Whether it’s simple dry skin or a specific skin condition, try these tips:
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Police received an anonymous tip about the truck that was found in the 2000 block of 38th Street SE.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 小窍门; 小费; 末梢
vt. 给小费; 倾斜，翻倒; 装顶端
vi. 给小费; 翻倒; 倾覆
时态：tipped, tipping, tips
分布：小费(95%)，小建议(2%)，轻拍(2%)，给小费；装顶端；倾斜；翻倒(1%)
→可能来自 tap,轻拍，轻扣。后用于指暗示，指点，告密等，同时，轻拍某人肩膀常用于表示 鼓励，友善，后引申词义小费，并有人据此逆构出 TIP,缩写自 to insure promptitude,为保证服 务速度（而给小费）。tip 尖端，尖点，倾斜，倾覆，倾倒
n.尖端;末端;小费n./v.轻击;倾斜;给小费The cripple dipped the whip tip into the chip solution nearby his hip.跛子将鞭子末端浸入他臀部旁边的芯片溶液中.
verb (-pp-)
ONE SIDE HIGHER 一边更高的
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) move so that one side is higher than another side （使）倾斜；（使）倾覆
• The table tipped and all our drinks fell on the floor. 桌子翻了，结果我们的所有饮料都掉在地上。
• If you put too many books on one end of the shelf, it'll tip up. 如果你在书架的一头放太多书，书架就会翻掉。
• Don't tip your chair back like that, you'll fall. 不要那样向后仰椅子，你会翻倒的。
tip the scales at
■to weigh 称得的重量为
• The baby tipped the scales at 3.75 kgs. 婴儿称得体重为3.75公斤。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
POUR 倾倒
transitive usually + adverb or preposition UK
■to pour a substance from one container into another or onto a surface 倒；倾倒
• She tipped the contents of her purse out onto the table. 她把钱包里的东西倒在桌子上。
• He tipped his breakfast cereal into a bowl. 他把早餐麦片倒入碗中。
• The child picked up the box and tipped the toys out all over the floor. 孩子捡起盒子，把里面的玩具倒了一地。
be tipping (it) down UK informal
■When it is tipping it down, a lot of rain is falling 大雨倾盘
• We won't be able to go to the beach today - it's tipping it down. 我们今天无法去海滩了——雨下得很大。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
END 稍
transitive usually passive
■to cover the end of something pointed with a liquid, a colour, etc. （用液体、颜色等）覆盖…的尖端
• The giraffe was killed with a spear that had been tipped with poison. 长颈鹿是被尖上涂有毒药的长矛杀死。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
PAYMENT 报酬
intransitive or transitive
■to give someone who has provided you with a service an extra amount of money to thank them 小费
• The taxi driver was so rude to her that she didn't tip him. 计程车司机对她很无礼，所以她没有给他小费。
• [+ two objects] They tipped the waiter £5. 他们给了这个服务员五英镑小费。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
INFORMATION 资讯
transitive often passive mainly UK
■to say that someone is likely to be successful or achieve something 称…有可能成功
• He is being tipped as the next Prime Minister. 据称，他有可能成为下一任首相。
• [+ to infinitive] Davis is being tipped to win the championship. 据称，戴维斯有可能夺得冠军。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
RUBBISH 垃圾
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] UK (US also dump)
■to get rid of rubbish by putting it in a place where it should not be 胡乱倾倒／倾泻（垃圾）（把垃圾倾倒在不该倒垃圾的地方）
• A lot of waste is being tipped into the sea. 大量废弃物正被倾入海中。
• The sign by the side of the road said "No tipping". 路边的标牌上写著「不准倾倒垃圾”。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
tip your hand US
■If you tip your hand, you say what you are going to do or what you believe 表明意图（或意见）
• Despite weeks of media speculation, the president refused to tip his hand about his plans for re-election. 尽管数周来媒体都在猜测，但总统拒绝透露争取连任的计划。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
tip the scales (also tip the balance)
■If something tips the scales, it is the thing which causes a particular situation to happen or a particular decision to be made, when other situations or decisions are possible 打破平衡局面；起决定性作用
• The teams were evenly matched until two quick goals from Robson tipped the balance in favour of England. 两队本来势均力敌，直到罗布森很快攻入两球，形势开始变得对英格兰队有利。
• She was a good candidate, but her lack of computer skills tipped the scales against her. 她本来是个不错的候选人，但她缺乏电脑技能，这对她很不利。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
tip sb the wink (also tip the wink to sb) UK informal
■to give someone a piece of secret or private information that might bring an advantage to them 向…泄露秘密（或内幕消息）
• Thanks for tipping me the wink about those cheap tickets, Bill. 比尔，谢谢你向我透露这些廉价票的消息。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tip sb off
■to warn someone secretly about something that will happen, so that they can take action or prevent it from happening 向（某人）告密；给（某人）通风报信
• [+ that] Somebody must have tipped the burglars off that the house would be empty. 一定是有人向盗贼走漏了消息，才会人去屋空。
• The robber was caught when someone tipped off the police. 有人向警方报信后，抢劫者即被抓获。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tip (sth/sb) over
■to (cause to) fall over onto one side （使）翻倒
• Be careful not to tip that cup of coffee over. 小心别把那杯咖啡打翻了。
[tɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  tip over into sth
intransitive
■If something tips over from something into something else, it stops being the first thing, and becomes the second （由…）转变（为…）
• At various points in the play, the action tips over from comedy into farce (= stops being amusing and becomes ridiculous). 这出戏中有好多地方，情节由喜剧变成了闹剧。
[tɪp] noun countable
INFORMATION 资讯
 IMPROVER
■a useful piece of information, especially about how to do something or about the likely winner of a race or competition 指点，指导；（关于比赛有望获胜者的）内幕消息
• gardening/cooking/sewing tips 关于园艺／烹饪／缝纫的指导
• She gave me a useful/helpful/valuable/practical tip about/for growing tomatoes. 她给了我种植西红柿的有用／有益／宝贵／实用的指点。
• Our racing correspondent has the following tips for the 3.15 and the 3.45 at Newmarket (= thinks that particular horses will be the winners in those races). 我们的赛马记者对3点15分和3点45分在纽马克特举行的赛事有以下内幕消息。
• I've got a hot tip for you (= I can tell you about a particular likely winner of a race or competition, or give you a valuable piece of information). 我能告诉你最新内幕消息。
[tɪp] noun countable
PAYMENT 报酬
 IMPROVER
■a small amount of money given to someone who has provided you with a service, in addition to the official payment and for their personal use 小费
• a 15% tip 15% 的小费
• He gave the porter a tip. 他给搬运工人小费。
• We don't need to leave a tip for the waiter, because there's a service charge included in the bill. 我们不必给服务员留小费，因为帐单已经包括了服务费。
[tɪp] noun countable
END 稍
■the usually pointed end of something, especially something which is long and thin （尤指细长物体的）末梢，末端，尖
• We had asparagus tips for dinner. 我们晚饭吃了芦笋尖。
• If I stand on the tips of my toes, I can just reach the top shelf. 如果踮起脚尖的话，我刚好能碰到书架顶层。
• The Keys are coral islands off the southern tip of Florida. 基斯群岛是佛罗里达半岛南端以外的一群珊瑚岛。
• There's paint on the tip of your nose. 你的鼻尖上有油漆。
■a small part fitted to the end of something, especially something which is long and thin （尤指细长物体的）顶端附加物
• a walking cane with a metal tip 包有金属头的手杖
• the filter tip of a cigarette 香烟过滤嘴
[tɪp] noun countable
RUBBISH 垃圾 UK (mainly US dump)
■a place where especially large pieces of rubbish can be taken and left 垃圾倾倒场
• a rubbish/waste tip 垃圾／废弃物堆放场
• We need to take this old carpet to the tip. 我们得把这条旧地毯扔到垃圾场去。
• UK informal This room is a complete/absolute/real tip (= is very untidy) - tidy it up at once. 这个房间完全／绝对／简直是个垃圾场——马上把它清理干净。
[tɪp] noun countable
be on the tip of your tongue
■If something that you want to say is on the tip of your tongue, you think you know it and that you will be able to remember it very soon （想说的话）就在嘴边（很快就会记起来）
• Her name is on the tip of my tongue. 她的名字就在我的嘴边，却一时说不出来。
[tɪp] noun countable
tip of the iceberg
■a small noticeable part of a problem, the total size of which is really much greater （重大问题的）冰山一角，端倪，明显的一小部分
• These small local protests are just the tip of the iceberg. 这些小规模的地方性抗议只是冰山一角。
present, gift, souvenir, tip
这组词都有“礼物，赠品”的意思，其区别是：
present: 普通用词，指给亲朋好友的礼物，赠者与被赠者之间存在某种个人关系，所赠礼物一般不是很昂贵的。
gift: 含义广，既可指真诚相送的礼物、赠品或生日、节日礼物，又可指捐赠的物品或捐款等。
souvenir: 指对人、物、地点或事件有纪念意义的礼物或纪念品。
tip: 指为酬谢他人服务而给的小费。
tilt, slope, tip
这组词都有“倾斜”的意思，其区别是：
tilt: 指有意识地或长时间地使物体处于倾斜状态。
slope: 指向上或向下渐渐倾斜的表面，多用于山、屋顶等缓缓倾斜。
tip: 指向一边倾斜或向上翻转、失去平衡或完全翻转过来。
vi. [经] 给小费；翻倒；倾覆
 - upset, keel over
vt. [经] 给小费；倾斜；翻倒；装顶端
 - slope, keel over
n. [经] 小费；尖端
 - fee, point, apex

Word: confuse
Front: confuse
[kənˈfju:z] (高研四六托雅 3518/4666 -K2)
Vocabulary: confuse
(once / 86 pages)
v
If you confuse two things, you are not correctly identifying them. If you confuse heartburn with a heart attack, you might end up at the emergency room instead of in the antacid aisle of the drugstore.
To confuse can also mean to bewilder. If you tell a teacher that she's confusing you, you probably mean that she's being more complex than you can handle. A lot of people get confused by the differences among "their," "they're," and "there." To confuse the situation even further, there's "theirs" and "there's."
WORD FAMILY
confuse: confusable, confused, confuses, confusing, confusion +/ confused: confusedly, confusedness, unconfused/ confusing: confusingly/ confusion: confusions/unconfused: unconfusedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“People were confused about the issue,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She is declared the winner of the Iowa caucuses via a controversial and confusing process that, in some precincts, involves dodgeball.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“We would leave, allowing these confusing Americans to watch on their own.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使困窘; 使混乱; 使困惑; 使更难于理解
vi. 使糊涂
时态：confused, confusing, confuses
分布：混淆(85%)，使混乱(8%)，使困惑(7%)
→con-, 强调。-fus, 流，倾泻，词源同fusion, foundry. 即流到一起的，难以区别的。
使混乱(con共同+fuse→流到一起→混合,混乱)[fus=pour,表示"流,泻"]
v.使混乱,混淆I often confuse you and your brother.我常把你和你哥哥弄错了.
【记】con共同，fuse流－流到一起－混淆
【参】confused（adj 困惑的；烦恼的）；confusing（adj 令人迷惑）
【反】orient（vt 使朝东；使适应；确定方向）
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to mix up someone's mind or ideas, or to make something difficult to understand 使困惑，使糊涂；使混乱
• You're confusing him! Tell him slowly and one thing at a time. 你把他搞糊涂了！慢慢跟他讲，一次说一件事。
• Stop confusing the issue (= making the problem unnecessarily difficult) ! 别再把事情越搞越乱！
 ESSENTIAL
■to mix up two separate things or people in your mind, imagining that they are one 将…混同，将…混淆
• You're confusing me with my sister, - she's the one studying drama. 你把我当成我姐姐了——她才是学戏剧的那个。
• It's easy to confuse his films, because he tends to use the same actors. 他的影片很容易混淆，因为他老是用相同的演员。
puzzle, confound, bewilder, perplex, confuse, distract, embarrass, baffle
这组词都有“使困惑、迷惑、糊涂、伤脑筋”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 侧重使人难于理解、困惑、伤脑筋。
confound: 常指人惊慌失措和狼狈不堪。
bewilder: 语气强烈，指因迷不解或惊愕而慌乱，不知所措，无法清醒地思考。
perplex: 除困惑外，还含焦虑或缺乏把握之意，因而难于作出决定，无从下手处理。
confuse: 语气较弱，指由于混淆、混乱而糊涂。
distract: 主要用于注意力分散、思想矛盾或过分激动时产生的昏乱。
embarrass: 常指因处境或困难问题而感到窘迫、局促不安或焦急而不知所措。
baffle: 语气最强，多指遇见奇怪情景或复杂困难情况时所产生的惶恐困惑心理。
vt. 使混乱；使困惑
 - cloud, discombobulate

Word: airplane
Front: airplane
[ˈeəpleɪn] (中高四 3519/21702 -2)
Vocabulary: airplane
(once / 983 pages)
n
An airplane is a flying vehicle that has fixed wings and engines or propellers that thrust it forward through the air. It's most common when you travel long distances to take an airplane.
An airplane is the form of transportation you'll probably choose when you need to go from New York to California — it's the fastest and safest way to get there. Commercial airplanes are flown by a pilot and staffed by a crew. In Britain, it's still called an aeroplane, from the Greek aero-, "air," and French planer, "to soar," by way of the French aéroplane.
WORD FAMILY
airplane: airplanes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two Seattle plants produce more than 1.4 million airplane parts every year.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Fisher, the writer, mental health advocate and actress of Star Wars fame passed away after suffering cardiac arrest on an airplane last week.
Time(Dec 31, 2016)
Fisher died Tuesday after being stricken on an airplane flight last week.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. <美>飞机
分布：飞机(100%)
US ['er-] noun countable US for aeroplane
aeroplane, airplane, aircraft, plane, jet, helicopter
这些名词均有“飞机”之意。
aeroplane: 和airplane专指普通飞机，不包括helicopter(直升飞机)。aeroplane为英国英语的拼法。
airplane: 为美国英语的用词。
aircraft: 常用作集体名词，也可指一架飞机，其含义包括直升飞机和飞艇等。
plane: 本义为“平面”，在航空专业里通常用aeroplane。plane较通俗用词。
jet: 指喷气式飞机，也用jet plane。
helicopter: 指直升飞机。
n. [航] 飞机
 - plane, aeroplane

Word: monthly
Front: monthly
[ˈmʌnθli] (研四 3520/3652 -3)
Vocabulary: monthly
(once / 466 pages)
adjadvn
Anything monthly happens once a month. A monthly paycheck will enable you to pay your monthly rent. Whew!
Monthly works well as both an adjective and an adverb, describing anything that occurs every month. You might get a monthly paycheck or make monthly phone calls to your grandmother. Or a freelance writer might write a couple of articles monthly and travel monthly to a nearby amusement park. A monthly can also be a magazine that's published once a month.
WORD FAMILY
monthly: bimonthly, monthlies, semimonthly+/ bimonthly: bimonthlies/ month: monthly, months
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maryland’s other five casinos submit monthly compliance reports detailing incidents such as robberies, police responses, underage drinking and the number of people evicted.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
We are now in the longest economic expansion and monthly job creation in history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the past, however, the government would raise gasoline prices gradually through the year with monthly increases.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 每月的; 每月一次的; 按月的
n. 月刊; 月经
adv. 每月; 每月一次
分布：每月(70%)，每月的(13%)，按月(10%)，月刊(6%)，一个月有效的(1%)
每月的(month月)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
a.每月的ad.每月一次,按月n.月刊We get a phone bill monthly.我们一个月都收到一张电话账单.
adjective adverb
 IMPROVER
■happening or produced once a month 每月（的）；每月一次（的）；按月（的）
• monthly payments 每月的付款
• Most of these people are paid monthly. 这些人大多数按月领薪。
['mʌnt.θli] noun countable
■a magazine which is published once a month 月刊
adj. 每月的，每月一次的；有效期为一个月的
 - menstrual
n. 月刊
 - mensual
adv. 每月，每月一次
 - mensual

Word: duck
Front: duck
[dʌk] (中高研四六 3521/3713 -2)
Vocabulary: duck
(once / 243 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A duck is a bird that spends much of its life on or near water. You can sometimes see whole families of ducks paddling across lakes and ponds.
Ducks can be wild or domesticated — if you keep ducks in your yard, you'll need to provide them with at least a small body of water. When the word duck is a verb, it means "to bow or dip suddenly," like when your kite plunges suddenly and you duck to avoid getting hit in the head. You can duck figuratively, too: "Don't you dare duck out of helping me clean up after the party!"
WORD FAMILY
duck: ducked, ducking, duckling, ducks+/ducking: duckings/ duckling: ducklings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He traces an unexpected but plausible route from the Digesting Duck to the first programmable computer.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But Trump used his reality-TV-burnished fame to scale new heights, with help from people like the Robertsons of “Duck Dynasty.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
According to the calendar, the Ducks will kick off 2017 by playing host to the Philadelphia Flyers on Sunday.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 鸭子，野鸭; 鸭肉; （表示友好的称呼）乖乖; （板球）零分
vt. & vi. 躲避，回避; 潜入; 忽然低下头（或弯下腰）; 迅速行进
时态：ducked, ducking, ducks
分布：鸭(94%)，鸭肉(4%)，潜入(1%)，亲爱的人(1%)
→可能来自dhewb, 深的，浸，潜，词源同deep, dip. 因鸭子喜欢潜水而命名。
n.鸭,鸭肉v.迅速俯身;快速低头;躲避The lucky duck tucked in truck suddenly sucked the gas from the bucket.塞在卡车里的幸运鸭子突然从桶里吸汽油.
noun
BIRD 鸟
 ADVANCED countable
■a bird that lives by water, has webbed feet (= feet with skin between the toes) , a short neck and a large beak 鸭子
uncountable
■the meat of this bird 鸭肉
[dʌk] noun
PERSON 人
countable (also ducks) UK old-fashioned informal
■a friendly way of talking to someone you like （昵称）宝贝，乖乖
• [as form of address] Come and sit beside me, duck. 过来坐我边上，乖乖。
[dʌk] noun
take to sth like a duck to water informal
■to discover when you start to do something for the first time that you have a natural ability to do it 自然而然地做起…来，天生就会做…
• He took to fatherhood like a duck to water. 他天生就是个好父亲。
[dʌk] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to move your head or the top part of your body quickly down, especially to avoid being hit （尤指为避免被击中而）猛低头，猛弯腰
• I saw the ball hurtling towards me and ducked (down). 我看到球朝我飞过来就连忙低头躲了一下。
• Duck your head or you'll bang it on the doorframe. 请低头以免撞到门框。
transitive
■to push someone underwater for a short time 将（某人）按到水下
• The boys were splashing about and ducking each other in the pool. 男孩子们在游泳池里击水打闹，并按住对方往水里压。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to move quickly to a place, especially in order not to be seen （尤指为了避免被发现而）赶忙躲藏起来
• When he saw them coming, he ducked into a doorway. 他一见他们来了就赶忙躲到了门口。
[dʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  duck out of sth informal
■to avoid doing something 逃避，躲避
• You can't duck out of your responsibilities. 你不能逃避自己的责任。
dip, duck, submerge, plunge, immerse
这组词都有“沉浸，浸入”的意思，其区别是：
dip: 指部分地、暂时地或轻微地放进液体，多暗示一种谨慎或试探性的动作。
duck: 指把头伸进水中，或指游泳时开玩笑地把一个人的头按入水中。
submerge: 指长时间的完全浸入、潜入，强调浸入液体深层。
plunge: 暗示迅速而有力的动作，但浸入不一定很深。
immerse: 侧重全部被液体所覆盖，也可用于比喻意义。
n. 鸭子；鸭肉；（英）宝贝儿；零分
 - quacker, deary
vi. 闪避；没入水中
 - jank, to dodge
vt. 躲避；猛按…入水
 - avoid, stay away from

Word: dose
Front: dose
[dəʊs] (研四六雅宝 3523/3251 -2)
Vocabulary: dose
(once / 487 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A dose is the amount of medicine you're supposed to take. A bottle of aspirin has the recommended dose printed on its side.
When your doctor prescribes medication, she tells you what dose you should take, whether it's one pill twice a day or two teaspoons just before bedtime. You can also get a dose of something else: having x-rays gives you a small dose of radiation, for example, and watching the news instead of your favorite cartoon can be said to give you a dose of reality. The Greek root of dose is dosis, "a portion prescribed."
WORD FAMILY
dose: dosage, dosed, doses, dosing, overdose+/dosage: dosages/overdose: overdosed, overdoses, overdosing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Sky on Fire” is certainly an adrenaline dose, but hardly a remedy for the action blahs.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
All infected students received the required two doses of a vaccine that protects against mumps, as well as measles and rubella.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
There was a fifty-fifty chance that the dose I’d been given was a placebo, but it soon became clear that I’d taken the real thing.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 剂量，药量; （药的）一服，一剂; （处罚等）一回，一次，一番; （酒中的）配料，增味剂
vi. 服药
vt. 给药; 给…服药; 把（药等）配分剂量; 在（酒）中加料
时态：dosed, dosing, doses
分布：剂量(80%)，一剂(15%)，一服(4%)，给 ... 服药(1%)
→来自词根don, 给予，词源同data, donate. 引申词义一剂。
n.剂量,一服,一剂v.(给...)服药A dose of poison made the noisy man's nose rosy.一剂毒药使得吵闹的男子的鼻子变成玫瑰色.
US [doʊs] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a measured amount of something such as medicine 一剂
• a high/low dose 大／小剂量
• a dose of penicillin 一剂盘尼西林
• The label says to take one dose three times a day. 标签上写着每次一剂，每日三次。
• Twenty or thirty of these pills would be a lethal dose (= enough to kill you). 二三十粒这样的药丸就会达到致命剂量。
■an amount or experience of something bad or unpleasant 一些（糟糕或不愉快的事）
• The government received a hefty dose of bad news this week. 本周政府得到了许多坏消息。
• She's got a nasty dose of flu. 她得了一场严重的流感。
■UK slang
■a case of gonorrhea (= a disease of the sexual organs) 性器官感染淋病的个案
UK [dəʊs] US [doʊs] noun countable
in small doses
■for short periods of time 短时间，一会儿，片刻
• I can only stand opera in small doses. 歌剧我只能欣赏一小会儿。
UK [dəʊs] US [doʊs] noun countable
like a dose of salts UK informal
■very quickly 迅速，快捷
• The medicine went through me like a dose of salts. 这种药物很快就从我体内排出了。
UK [dəʊs] US [doʊs] verb transitive
■to give someone a measured amount of medicine 给（某人）开药；给（某人）用药
• informal He dosed him self (up)with valium to calm his nerves. 他服了镇静药来缓解神经紧张。
n. [药] [核] 剂量；一剂，一服
 - dosage, potion
vi. 服药
 - take medicine
vt. 给药；给…服药
 - physic

Word: Korean
Front: Korean
[kə'rɪən] (3522/5217)
Back: adj. 韩国人的；韩国语的；朝鲜人的；朝鲜语的
n. 韩国人；韩国语；朝鲜人；朝鲜语
分布：韩国人(42%)，韩语(32%)，韩国人的(15%)，韩语的(5%)，朝鲜人的；朝鲜语的(3%)，朝鲜人；朝鲜语(3%)
ADJ
朝鲜（或韩国）的；朝鲜（或韩国）人的；朝鲜（或韩）语的；朝鲜（或韩国）文化的
Korean means belonging or relating to North or South Korea, or to their people, language, or culture.
N-COUNT
朝鲜（或韩国）人；朝鲜（或韩国）裔人
A Korean is a North or South Korean citizen, or a person of North or South Korean origin.
N-UNCOUNT
朝鲜语；韩国语
Korean is the language spoken by people who live in North and South Korea.
adj. 韩国人的；朝鲜人的；韩国语的；朝鲜语的
 - Corean
n. 韩国人；朝鲜人；韩国语；朝鲜语
 - South Korean

Word: plead
Front: plead
[pli:d] (研六托雅宝 3525/3778 -2)
Vocabulary: plead
(once / 160 pages)
v
To plead with someone is to try to convince them to see it your way. Your kids may plead with you to let them go on the super-huge outrageous roller coaster built in 1968, but you know better.
The term plead comes from the word plea, which is from the legal system, where lawyers make a plea to the court and argue a case for their client. To plead is to ask for something from someone, often on the verge of begging. You may plead with the phone company to give an appointment time that spans only three hours, but, regardless of your pleading, they will make you wait eight hours for the technician to finally show.
WORD FAMILY
plead: pleaded, pleader, pleading, pleads, pled+/pleader: pleaders/pleading: pleadingly, pleadings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr Tsang pleaded not guilty to three charges of bribery and misconduct, relating to a luxury flat in China.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He also was sentenced to 18 years in prison on state child-sex charges related to the same abuse after pleading no contest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Obiang is expected to plead not guilty to charges of laundering the proceeds of corruption, embezzlement and misuse of public funds.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 恳求; 辩论
vt. 以…为理由; 陈述案情; 申辩，认罪，辩护
vt. & vi. 申诉，答辩，为…辩护
时态：pleaded, pleading, pleads
分布：恳求(55%)，辩护(33%)，认罪(10%)，提出借口(2%)
→来自盎格鲁法语pleder,来自古法语plaidier,申诉，来自拉丁语placitare,申诉，提起诉讼，来自placere,抚慰，安抚，使平静，词源同please,placate.引申诸相关词义。
v.恳求,请求;为...辩护;提出...为理由He pleaded that his illness prevented him from coming.他声称生病没法来.
【记】源于：plea（n 恳求；辩解）读：please用恳求的口吻读出来!
[pli:d] (pleaded or US ALSO pled, pleaded or US ALSO pled)
verb
REQUEST 请求
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to make an urgent, emotional statement or request for something 乞求，恳求
• He was on his knees, pleading for mercy/forgiveness. 他跪在地上，乞求宽恕／原谅。
• She appeared on television to plead with the kidnappers. 她出现在电视上，向绑架者求情。
• [+ speech] "Give us more time," they pleaded. “请多给我们一些时间，”他们请求道。
[pli:d] (pleaded or US ALSO pled, pleaded or US ALSO pled)
verb
STATE 陈述
 ADVANCED intransitive [L only + adj] transitive formal
■to make a statement of what you believe to be true, especially in support of something or someone or when someone has been accused in a law court （尤指在法庭上）为…辩护；申辩；认（罪）
• legal The defendant pleaded not guilty/innocent to robbery with violence. 被告不承认暴力抢劫。
• legal They paid a high-powered attorney to plead their case (= argue for them in court). 他们聘请了一位很有能力的律师为自己辩护。
• legal The judge ruled her unfit to plead (= to answer a legal charge) on the grounds of insanity. 法官认定她精神失常，不适合在法庭上答辩。
plead ignorance formal
■to say that you do not know about something 申辩对…一无所知；以无知为借口
• He pleaded ignorance when they found the package in his suitcase. 他们在他的手提箱里发现该包裹时，他辩解说自己一无所知。
beg, plead, petition, appeal, pray, entreat
这组词都有“请求，恳求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 比plead通俗，不用于法律范畴，指低声下气地请求，有时含贬义，指某人喋喋不休地要求得到帮助。
plead: 指谦卑而又不失尊严地请求，侧重迫切感。
petition: 指正式而热切地请愿或祈求。
appeal: 常指以道义原则为基础或以法律为依据的请求。
pray: 指祈求，多用于宗教用语中。
entreat: 意义与beg的大致相同，但较文雅。
vt. 借口；为... [法] 辩护；托称
 - excuse for
vi. 恳求； [法] 辩护
 - pray for, cry on

Word: initiate
Front: initiate
[ɪˈnɪʃieɪt] (研六托雅宝 3524/3422 -2)
Vocabulary: initiate
(once / 283 pages)
1v 2vn
If you press the red button, you'll activate weapons of mass destruction and initiate a global war. As a verb, initiate means to start. As a noun, initiate (short "a") means to be part of a group.
Initiate is a tricky little devil because you pronounce the last bit one way as a verb (i-ni-she-ate) and another when it's a noun (i-in-she-at). If you're an initiate, you've been introduced to a field of study, an activity, etc. You can be a novice or a veteran. To initiate is to begin, pioneer, or broach a topic. You might say, "Let's initiate the swearing-in ceremony so our new initiates can join the Rule-Breakers' Club and still get home without missing their curfews."
WORD FAMILY
initiate: initiated, initiates, initiating, initiation, initiative, initiator, initiatory, uninitiate+/initiated: uninitiated/ initiation: initiations/ initiative: initiatives/ initiator: initiators/uninitiate: uninitiates
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Coast Guard initiated a search Friday night but was hampered by bad weather, and resumed searching Saturday morning.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The Iowa Department of Corrections says prison staff initiated lifesaving measures but were unsuccessful.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The new challenges issued on Thursday will consolidate the case already initiated by the pro-single market organisation British Influence.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 开始，发起; 传授; 创始，开辟; 接纳新成员
n. 新加入某组织（或机构、宗教）的人，新入会的人; 被传授初步知识的人
adj. 被传授初步知识的; 新入会的
时态：initiated, initiating, initiates
分布：开始(71%)，启蒙(9%)，创始(8%)，新加入的(5%)，介绍加入(3%)，创始人(3%)，启蒙的(1%)
→来自initial,开始的。引申词义开始，启动。
开始;开创(in+it+iate)[it=go,表示"行走"]
vt.开始,创始,发动;启蒙,使入门;引入I'm baffled why the affiliated man initiated the negotiator into ego.被附属于的人为什么正式介绍谈判者进自我,我被困惑.
【记】initial（adj 最初的n 词首大写字母）
【参】initiative（n 首创精神；率先）
【反】follow up（后来跟上）；inveterate（adj 根深成癖的）－uninitiated（无经验的）『youthful没有无经验的意思』
verb transitive /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/
START 开始
 ADVANCED slightly formal
■to cause something to begin 开始，创始
• Who initiated the violence? 谁先使用暴力的？
verb transitive /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.eɪt/
TEACH 教
■to teach someone about an area of knowledge, or to allow someone into a group by a special ceremony 向（某人）传授专门知识；（透过某种仪式）接纳（新会员）
• At the age of eleven, Harry was initiated into the art of golf by his father. 哈里11岁时，他的父亲教他高尔夫球基本技巧。
• Each culture had a special ritual to initiate boys into manhood. 每种文化都有特殊的男孩成人礼。
noun countable /ɪˈnɪʃ.i.ət/ formal
■a person who has recently joined a group and has been taught its secrets 新入会的人；新成员
inaugurate, commence, start, initiate, begin
这组词都有“开始”的意思，其区别是：
inaugurate: 指正式而隆重的开始。
commence: 可与begin换用，但commence系书面正式用词，语气庄重，特指有正式程序或一定仪式，或某种正式行动的“开始”。
start: 在许多场合可与begin通用，但start侧重动作的起点。
initiate: 指创始或发起，侧重某过程的第一步，不考虑结束，强调起始。
begin: 最常用词，含义广泛，其反义词是end，多用于行动、工作等的开始。
vt. 开始，创始；发起；使初步了解
 - institute, start in
n. 开始；新加入者，接受初步知识者
 - beginning, threshold, opening, conception, fresh

Word: lecture
Front: lecture
[ˈlektʃə(r)] (高研四六雅 3526/2588 -K3)
Vocabulary: lecture
(once / 180 pages)
nv
When your teacher stands up in front of you and teaches by talking about the latest chapter you've read or explaining how to do a new math problem - he is giving a lecture.
A lecture is most often used to describe a method of teaching, particularly popular in college, where professors give organized talks as lessons to large groups of students. It is not quite as positive when children level the term at their parents — "Don't lecture me!" — for criticizing their clothes, their friends or their music. Lecture can also be used to describe any public talk, most often by an expert.
WORD FAMILY
lecture: lectured, lecturer, lectures, lectureship, lecturing +/ lecturer: lecturers/lectureship: lectureships/ lecturing: lecturings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The second group got a tactical lecture on the use of particular shots.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In simple terms, it’s an unprogrammed collection of rooms open to events, exhibitions, lectures, and performances.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Below the library is the lecture theatre, modelled on the Royal Institution in London and constructed in deep red Cuban mahogany.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 演讲; 训斥，教训
vi. 作演讲
vt. 给…作演讲; 教训（通常是长篇大论的）
时态：lectured, lecturing, lectures
分布：演讲(69%)，讲课(22%)，训斥(6%)，教导(2%)，训话(1%)
→来自拉丁语legere,读，词源同legible,进一步来自leg,收集，选出，整理，词源同collect,colleague.用指教堂读经，讲经，后词义通用化。
讲课,讲座(lect+ure)[lect,leg=speak,read,表示"讲,读"]
n./v.演讲,讲课In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a formal talk on a serious or specialist subject given to a group of people, especially students （尤指面向学生的）讲座，课
• We went to a lecture on Italian art. 我们去参加了一个关于义大利艺术的讲座。
• Who's giving the lecture this afternoon? 今天下午的讲座由谁来讲？
Compare seminar an angry or serious talk given to someone in order to criticize their behaviour 教训，训斥，斥责
• My dad gave me a lecture on the evils of alcohol last night. 昨天晚上爸爸教训了我一顿，给我讲了酒的危害。
UK ['lek.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb
intransitive
■to give a formal talk to a group of people, often at a university （常指在大学里）讲课，讲授
• For ten years she lectured in law. 她教了十年的法律课。
• She travelled widely in North America, lecturing on women's rights. 她到北美各地宣讲妇女的权利。
transitive
■to talk angrily to someone in order to criticize their behaviour 教训，训斥，斥责
• His parents used to lecture him on his table manners. 以前他的父母经常批评他的餐桌礼仪。
lecture, speech, oration, address, report, talk
这组词都有“演讲，讲话，报告”的意思，其区别是：
lecture: 侧重带学术性的演讲。
speech: 普通用词，指一般的发言或讲话，可以是事先准备的，也可以是即席的。
oration: 常指在特殊场合，辞藻华丽，形式庄重，旨在激发听众感情的正式演说。
address: 正式用词，指在庄严隆重的场合作精心准备的演讲或正式演说。
report: 一般是指下级给上级或负责人给委托机关的书面或口头报告。
talk: 常用词，强调非正式讲话，讲话方式一般较为自由。
course, lesson, lecture, class
这组词都有“课”的意思，其区别是：
course: 指在一段时间内教完或学完的完整的课程。
lesson: 主要指教材中的一课或每次授课的单位时间。
lecture: 指讲课。
class: 从“班级”引申指学生在一起上课，还可表示“(一节)课”。
n. 演讲；讲稿；教训
 - speech, lesson, address, talk
vt. 演讲；训诫
 - discourse upon
vi. 讲课；讲演
 - prelect, dissertate

Word: van
Front: van
[væn] (研四六 3115/3028 -K3)
Back: n. 先锋; 厢式货车; 增值网; 先驱，前驱，领袖，领导人
vt. 用车搬运
prep. 〈外〉同“from”
分布：先导(42%)，箱形客货两用车(33%)，翼(25%)
→缩写自caravan,拖车，大篷车，用来指小货车。
n.有篷汽车;有篷货运车厢The advanced van has disadvantages as well as advantages.这辆先进的篷车有优点也有缺点.
noun
VEHICLE 车辆
 IMPROVER countable
■a medium-sized road vehicle used especially for carrying goods and which often has no windows in the sides of the back half 厢形货车
• a delivery van 送货车
• a Transit van 货运篷车
• a van driver 货车司机
countable US
■a medium-sized vehicle with windows all round, used for carrying more people than an ordinary car （载客）面包车
[væn] noun
FRONT 前面
in the van of sth UK formal
■at the front, or in the most advanced position, of something 在…方面领先，处在…的前沿
• The United States is in the van of the quest to establish contact with beings from the beyond. 美国在探索与外太空生物建立联系方面处于领先地位。
⇒ See also the vanguard
n. 先锋；厢式货车；增值网
 - vanguard, pioneer

Word: sixth
Front: sixth
[sɪksθ] (中高 3527/3007 -4)
Back: pron. 第六; 第六感觉; 特别感应; 直觉
n. （英国中学的最高年级）六年级; [乐]六度音程
分布：第六(92%)，六分之一(7%)，六度音(1%)
→six,六，-th,表序数。
ordinal number
 IMPROVER
■6th written as a word 第六（的）
• I have to return my library books on the sixth (of July). 我得在（7月）6号归还图书馆的书。
• England were/came sixth in the 100 metres. 英格兰在百米比赛中获得第六。
[sɪksθ] noun countable
■one of six equal parts of something 六分之一
• Cut the cake into sixths. 把蛋糕切成六块。
adj. （与 the 连用）第六的，第六个的；六分之一的
 - sextus

Word: bay
Front: bay
[beɪ] (高研四六托雅 23460/2330 -K3)
Vocabulary: bay
(once / 87 pages)
1n 2n 3nadj 4nv 5n
A bay is an inlet along the shoreline of a body of water. A bay window occupies a similar inlet in a room. When you keep someone "at bay" you hold them off.
The different meanings of bay come from different origins. For example, the idea of the word as a cove comes from the Latin bāia, while the idea of an opening is a wall is from the Latin batāre, meaning "gape." The word that means a dog's howl, however, comes from the Latin baubari, which means "to bark." Other meanings of this versatile word include a horse with reddish coloring, and a tree with leaves used to add flavor in cooking. There's nothing quite like riding a bay along the scenic bay while listening to the hounds bay!
WORD FAMILY
bay: baily, bayed, baying, bayly, bays
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stafford said after Sunday’s loss to Green Bay that he will continue to wear a glove to protect his hand in the playoffs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Cormorants gather on a light standard high above the Husky Ballpark next to the Union Bay Natural Area.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On a recent stroll through Olongapo, Mr. Cortez reflected fondly on the U.S. military’s rich history in the city and nearby Subic Bay.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 湾，海湾; 犬吠声; 月桂树; 吊窗，凸窗
vi. （尤指猎犬等）吠，叫，咆哮; 筑堤遏（水）; 穷追，使陷入绝境; 阻止（敌人）不使前进
adj. 赤褐色的，栗色的
vt. 向…吠叫
时态：bayed, baying, bays
分布：海湾(86%)，月桂树(6%)，哀号(2%)，红棕色(2%)，嗥叫(2%)，隔间(1%)，犬吠(1%)
→1.海湾，词源不详。
n.海湾,(港)湾"The gay mayor maybe lay in the hay by the Baby bay," he says in dismay.他沮丧地说:"快活的市长大概躺在婴儿湾边上的干草中."
noun countable
COAST 海滨
 ADVANCED
■a part of the coast where the land curves in so that the sea is surrounded by land on three sides 湾，海湾
• We sailed into a beautiful, secluded bay. 我们驶进了一个美丽、僻静的海湾 。
• Dublin Bay 都柏林湾
• the Bay of Naples 那不勒斯海湾
[beɪ] noun countable
SPACE 空间
■a partly surrounded or marked space 间隔区，限定区域
• Visitors must park their cars in the marked bays. 来访者必须把车停在划定的区域内。
⇒ See also sickbay
[beɪ] noun countable
TREE 树 (also bay tree)
■a small evergreen (= never losing its leaves) tree which has leaves that are used to add flavour to cooking 月桂树
[beɪ] noun countable
HORSE 马
■a brown horse 栗色马
[beɪ] noun countable
hold/keep sth/sb at bay
■to prevent someone or something unpleasant from harming you 阻止，遏制（令人不快的事物）
• Exercise can help keep fat at bay. 锻炼身体有助于防止变胖。
[beɪ] noun countable
at bay
■If an animal is at bay, it is about to be caught or attacked. （动物）被包围，走投无路
[beɪ] verb intransitive
■(of dogs and wolves) to make a low and long deep cry repeatedly （狗或狼）叫，吠
[beɪ] verb intransitive
bay for blood disapproving
■If a group of people are baying for blood, they want someone to be hurt or punished 要求暴力相向；要求惩罚（某人）
• By now the crowd was baying for blood. 此时，人群在大声要求惩罚相关人等。
bay, gulf
这两个名词均有“海湾”之意。
bay: 指海岸线上一大块凹入的地方，是港口的所在地。
gulf: 一般比bay大，但比sea小。指大片深入到陆地中，由海岸围绕成半圆形的海水区域。
n. [地理] 海湾；狗吠声
 - gulf, bight
vi. 吠叫；大声叫嚷
 - rant and rave

Word: mainstream
Front: mainstream
[ˈmeɪnstri:m] (3528/5848)
Vocabulary: mainstream
(once / 1696 pages)
n
Mainstream describes what's viewed by most people in a society as "normal," like the mainstream view that everyone should get married, move to the suburbs, and have children as soon as they can.
Something that's mainstream is conventional, or the usual way of doing things. If you're talking about the mainstream in fashion, you mean the ordinary clothes that most people wear and which is found in all the malls — nothing too weird or outlandish. In the 1600s, mainstream described the prevailing current of a river, with the first recorded use of its meaning of prevailing taste or opinion in 1831.
WORD FAMILY
mainstream: mainstreams
USAGE EXAMPLES
Indeed, a mainstream strategy in cognitive behavioral therapy involves purposefully articulating thoughts to oneself in order to diminish pernicious habits of mind.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Still, the league using FanDuel to drive its TV business is exactly the type of mainstream acceptance Freeman mentioned.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The medium, he said, was a way to avoid mainstream media outlets and get his message directly to the American public.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （思想或行为的）主流; 主要倾向，主要趋势
分布：主流(89%)，主流的(10%)，把 ... 纳入主流(1%)
→main,主要的，stream,水流。比喻用法。
adjective
 ADVANCED
■considered normal, and having or using ideas, beliefs, etc which are accepted by most people 主流的（常规思维，采用大多数人接受的思想、信念等）
• This is the director's first mainstream Hollywood film. 这是该导演的首部好莱坞主流影片。
['meɪn.stri:m] noun
the mainstream
■the way of life or set of beliefs accepted by most people 主流（多数人的生活方式或信仰）
• The new law should allow more disabled people to enter the mainstream of American life. 这部新法有望使更多的残疾人士融入美国的主流社会。
['meɪn.stri:m] verb transitive US to teach children with physical or mental problems in the same class as children without problems 让…融入主流教育（向身心有缺陷的儿童和正常儿童同堂授课）
n. 主流
 - artery, main river

Word: suburb
Front: suburb
[ˈsʌbɜ:b] (研四六托雅 3531/5306 -2)
Vocabulary: suburb
(once / 544 pages)
n
A suburb is a residential district located on the outskirts of a city. If you live in the suburbs, you probably travel to the city for work.
Suburb comes from Latin: sub means "below or near" and urbis means "city." You also will recognize this root in urban. Suburbs have more single-family homes than apartment buildings, and living there, you are more likely to have a yard with trees and grass. The downside is, if you work in the city, you might have a long commute that adds to the time you are away from your family.
WORD FAMILY
suburb: suburbs
USAGE EXAMPLES
More recently he lived in Antony, a suburb of Paris.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The national referendum result was narrow but Remain votes piled up in big cities, affluent suburbs and Scotland.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He enrolled in the fourth grade this past fall at a school in the Boston suburbs.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 郊区，城郊; 边缘; 附近，周围
分布：郊区(100%)
→sub-,在下，-urb,城市，词源同 urban,urbane.引申词义郊区，城乡结合部。
郊区(sub下面+urb→在城市下面→郊区)[urb=city,表示"城市"]
n.市郊,郊区Banned murders in the suburb bring turbulent disturbance and burden to the urban turbine works.在郊区被禁止的谋杀给都市透平工厂带来汹涌骚乱和重负.
US [-ɝ:b] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■an area on the edge of a large town or city where people who work in the town or city often live 城郊；近郊住宅区
• Box Hill is a suburb of Melbourne. 博克斯希尔属于墨尔本的近郊住宅区。
• We drove from middle-class suburbs to a very poor inner-city area. 我们从中产阶级的近郊住宅区驱车前往市中心的贫民区。
the suburbs [plural]
■the outer area of a town, rather than the shopping and business centre in the middle 郊区，城外
• The company decided to relocate to the suburbs because the rent was much cheaper. 公司决定搬到城郊去，因为那里的租金便宜得多。
n. 郊区；边缘
 - margin, banlieue

Word: sandwich
Front: sandwich
[ˈsænwɪtʃ] (中高研四六雅 3529/3670 -2)
Vocabulary: sandwich
(once / 573 pages)
nv
A sandwich is a meal in the form of two pieces of bread with meat, cheese, or some other filling between them. Your favorite lunch might be a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.
When you put something between slices of bread, it's a sandwich. It's named for the Fourth Earl of Sandwich who's credited with inventing it. Sandwich is a verb too, that describes putting something between two other things, like sandwiching gym class between math and lunch. Sometimes sandwich involves being squeezed uncomfortably, like having to sandwich yourself between people on a crowded elevator or subway car.
WORD FAMILY
sandwich: sandwiched, sandwiches, sandwiching
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her crew will soon bring chicken sandwiches and coffee.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The New York institution will serve its last sandwich and shutter its doors at midnight on Friday.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
“It’s a New York institution,” she said, anticipating she’d order a “Woody Allen,” an overstuffed sandwich of half pastrami and half corned beef.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 三明治; 夹心面包; 状似三明治的东西
vt. 把…夹在…之间; 把…做成三明治
时态：sandwiched, sandwiching, sandwiches
分布：三明治(97%)，插入(2%)，夹在中间(1%)
→来自英国 18 世纪 Fourth Earl of Sandwich John Montagu,据说 Montagu 伯爵常沉迷于一种赌博 游戏，饭也顾不上吃，于是让他的仆人用两片面包裹上肉拿给他，他好一只手吃东西，一只 手继续赌博，即现在的三明治的雏形。并由该词引申多种比喻义，如三个人的性生活等。该 姓氏字面意思为沙地，来自 sand,沙地，-wich,村庄，家园，词源同 Greenwich,village.
n.三明治,夹肉面包v.夹入,挤进The grand commander demands thousands of sandy sandwiches.大司令官要成千个沙色三明治.
US [-wɪtʃ]
 ESSENTIAL
■two pieces of bread, sometimes spread with butter or margarine , and with some other usually cold food between them 三明治面包
• a tuna/ham sandwich 鲔鱼／火腿三明治
• a toasted sandwich 烤三明治
• a sandwich bar/box 三明治速食店／亭
• sandwich fillings 三明治夹馅
■UK (also sandwich cake)
■a cake consisting of two thin round layers with a filling such as cream between them 夹心饼，三明治饼
• a jam and cream sandwich 果酱鲜奶油夹心饼
• a Victoria sandwich 维多利亚夹心饼
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] sandwich sb/sth between sb/sth informal
■If you are sandwiched between two people or things, you are in a small space between them 把…夹在…中间
• On the train I was sandwiched between two very large men. 在火车上，我被两个壮汉夹在中间。
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sandwich sth together
■to put a layer of something between two things which sticks them together 把…结合（或黏）在一起
• I sandwiched the cakes together with chocolate butter cream. 我把巧克力奶油夹在蛋糕中做成三明治。
vt. 夹入；挤进；把... [食品] 做成三明治
 - edge in, pack with
n. 三明治； [食品] 夹心面包
 - sarnie, butty

Word: trunk
Front: trunk
[trʌŋk] (高研四六托雅宝 3533/4993 -2)
Vocabulary: trunk
(once / 191 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
The noun trunk refers to the main stem of a tree. If you want to make maple syrup, you need to tap the trunk of the maple tree and collect the tree's sap, which can then be boiled into a sticky syrup.
The torso of the human body, from the neck to the groin — but not including the head, neck, arms, or legs — is sometimes referred to as the trunk. If you have hives on your trunk, you probably itch on your back, chest and abdomen. The word trunk comes from the Old French word tronc, which referred to the trunk of a tree or a headless body.
WORD FAMILY
trunk: trunks
USAGE EXAMPLES
The driver was charged with vehicular homicide; a judge ordered him to keep his cellphone in the trunk, pending trial.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Their trunks, ten to fifteen feet in diameter, were braced with massive buttresses and knees.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Big, classic American cars fit a driver plus five passengers — and the trunks are huge.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 树干; 象鼻; 躯干; 汽车车尾的行李箱
分布：树干(66%)，躯干(16%)，象鼻(12%)，大箱子(6%)
→来自拉丁语 truncus,树干，躯干，来自 truncare,砍倒，截断，词源同 trench,truncate.引申词义 箱子，衣箱，象鼻，汽车后备箱等。
n.大衣箱,皮箱;(汽车后部)行李箱;树干,躯干The hungry drunk plunged a trunk of lungs into the tunnel under the channel.饥饿的醉汉把一大箱肺投进了水渠下面的隧道.
noun
MAIN PART 主要部分
 ADVANCED countable
■the thick main stem of a tree, from which its branches grow 树干
countable
■the main part of a person's body, not including the head, legs or arms （人体的）躯干
• He's got a thick trunk. 他的躯干很结实。
[trʌŋk] noun
NOSE 鼻子
countable
■an elephant's nose which is long, shaped like a tube and can bend easily 象鼻
[trʌŋk] noun
CASE 箱子
countable
■a large strong case that is used for storing clothes and personal possessions, often when travelling or going to live in a new place 旅行箱
[trʌŋk] noun
CLOTHES 衣服
trunks [plural] (UK also swimming trunks)
■a piece of men's clothing that covers the hips and bottom and the top part of the legs and is worn when swimming （男式）游泳裤
[trʌŋk] noun
CAR 汽车
countable US (UK boot)
■a covered space at the back of a car, for storing things in （汽车后部的）行李箱
• I always keep a blanket and a toolkit in the trunk for emergencies. 我总是在汽车后备箱里放一条毯子和一个工具箱以备急用。
• Her husband's dismembered body was later discovered in the trunk of her car. 她丈夫被肢解的尸体后来在她汽车的行李箱中找到了。
trunk, suitcase
这组词都有“衣箱，箱”的意思，其区别是：
trunk: 指旅行用的坚固的大衣箱。
suitcase: 指装替换衣服等的小型旅行箱，手提箱。
n. 树干；躯干；象鼻；汽车车尾的行李箱
 - stock, bole
adj. [航] [铁路] 干线的；躯干的；箱子的
 - arterial

Word: rumor
Front: rumor
['ru:mə] (研托 3498/-)
Vocabulary: rumor
(once / 412 pages)
nv
A rumor is a story which may not be true. Everyone may be talking about the rap superstar who stopped for ice cream in your town, but until there's proof that it really happened, the whole thing is just a rumor.
Are rumors ever true? Of course — sometimes word gets out ahead of time, like when a student overhears teachers talking about the early dismissal before it is announced. When the school closes early, the rumor is confirmed. But many other rumors can never be confirmed, so they stay just that, rumors. True, false, semi-true: who knows? The Latin word rumorem, or noise, is the origin; noise is often all that a rumor is.
WORD FAMILY
rumor: rumored, rumoring, rumors
USAGE EXAMPLES
These situations nearly always involve not just one harasser, but dozens or even thousands threatening or spreading a false rumor about their victim.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
However, there are rumors Trump’s daughter may be more understanding of science.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
During the 19 months he spent there, a rumor circulated among the guards that he would be released as part of a prisoner exchange.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. <美>传闻; [古]名誉; 咕哝; [古]喧嚷
vt. 谣传; 传说
时态：rumored, rumoring, rumors
分布：谣言(66%)，传闻(20%)，谣传(14%)
n.(rumour)传闻,谣言The rumor about him circulated rapidly.有关他的谣言很快就传开了.
n. 谣言；传闻
 - fame, hearsay
vt. 谣传；传说
 - noise

Word: implementation
Front: implementation
[ˌɪmplɪmen'teɪʃn] (3530/2734)
Vocabulary: implementation
(once / 4396 pages)
n
Implementation refers to the carrying out a plan, like your school's implementation of the new dress code that will start in August — for now, you can keep wearing your jeans.
Implementation is the noun form of the verb implement, or "to carry out or accomplish," and you’ll often see it used in reference to a government plan or act. Use this word to describe the process of turning formal plans — often very detailed conceptual plans that will affect many — into reality. For example, the implementation of new parking fees means everyone has to put more money in the parking meters.
WORD FAMILY
implementation: implementations+/ implement: implemental, implementation, implemented, implementing, implements
USAGE EXAMPLES
In February last year, they introduced the idea to local businesses to gauge interest before implementation.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
One senior administration official described that money, which hasn’t previously been reported, as a bridge to the deal’s full implementation.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
I want to separate the moral conversations from the implementation of the data model that formalizes those decisions.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 成就; 贯彻; implement的变形; 安装启用
分布：落实(40%)，装置(30%)，履行(30%)
VERB
履行;实施
If you implement something such as a plan, you ensure that what has been planned is done.
例：The government promised to implement a new system to control financial loan institutions...政府许诺实施新的制度来控制金融贷款机构。
例：The report sets out strict inspection procedures to ensure that the recommendations are properly implemented.报告规定了严格的检查程序，以确保建议得到切实执行。
N-COUNT
工具;器具;用具
An implement is a tool or other piece of equipment.
例：...knives and other useful implements.刀子和其他有用工具
例：...writing implements.书写用具
n. [计] 实现；履行；安装启用
 - realization, completion, fulfillment

Word: swallow
Front: swallow
[ˈswɒləʊ] (高研四六托雅宝 3535/3290 -K2)
Vocabulary: swallow
(once / 190 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5n
When you swallow food or liquid is pushed from your mouth to the esophagus. Chew your food well before you swallow it.
As a verb, swallow means "to enclose or envelop completely," like quicksand that swallows everything that falls into it. Swallow can also mean "to stop from expressing," like when you swallow your pride and ask for help. The noun swallow describes a gulp, though you don't always do it for digestion; sometimes a few swallows of air help you keep from crying. A swallow is also a type of small songbird.
WORD FAMILY
swallow: swallowed, swallowing, swallows
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s a lot to swallow for lawmakers, who’ve done very little in the last few sessions to prevent impaired driving.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lucia is the daughter of novelist James, a black hole who swallows both the world’s attention and domestic affection in industrial quantities.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
That’s what happens when a 5-0 start is swallowed whole by eight losses in the next 10 games.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 吞，咽; 忍耐，忍受
vt. 不流露; <口>忍受，轻信
n. [鸟]燕子; 胃管，食道; 一次吞咽的量; （滑车等的）通索孔
时态：swallowed, swallowing, swallows
分布：吞下(33%)，燕子(26%)，吞咽(15%)，咽下(9%)，忍受(7%)，轻信(5%)，收回(3%)，一次吞咽的量(1%)，不流露感情(1%)
→来自古英语 swealwe,燕子，来自 Proto-Germanic*swalwo,燕子。
n.燕子;吞咽vt.吞,咽;轻信;忍受;vi.咽口水In the hall, the shallow challenger shall be allowed to swallow the swallows.在大厅里,肤浅的挑战者将被允许吞下燕子.
【记】象声词，自己模拟一下吞咽的声音。Sw，all，low：所有的东西都到了嘴的下面－吞咽
【反】disgorge（v 吐出）
US ['swɑ:.loʊ] verb
THROAT 咽喉
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to cause food, drink, pills, etc. to move from your mouth into your stomach by using the muscles of your throat, or to use the muscles of your throat as if doing this 吞咽，吞下，咽下
• My throat is so sore that it really hurts when I swallow. 我的喉咙很痛，吞咽起来很难受。
• He put a grape into his mouth and swallowed it whole. 他把一颗葡萄放进嘴里，整个吞了下去。
intransitive
■to use the muscles of your throat, as if moving something from your mouth into your stomach, because you are nervous or frightened, or are about to say something （因为紧张、害怕或要开始说话而）做吞咽动作，吞口水
• He swallowed hard and said, "Dad, I've got something to tell you." 他用力吞了吞口水说：“爸，我有点事想告诉您。”
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] verb
TAKE AWAY 夺走
transitive
■If something large swallows (up) another thing, it makes it disappear or stop existing separately by making it part of itself 吞掉；吞没
• An increasing amount of the countryside is being swallowed (up) by the town. 越来越多的乡村被城镇吞并。
• Many small businesses have been swallowed (up) by large companies. 很多小企业已经被大公司吞并了。
transitive
■to use or take away a large part of something valuable 大量使用，大量夺走（贵重之物）
• Taxes have swallowed up nearly half of my pay increase. 我的加薪有近一半都被税收抵消了。
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] verb
ACCEPT 接受
transitive informal
■to accept something without question or without expressing disagreement 轻信；全盘接受
• Not surprisingly, this excuse was too much for them to swallow. 不出所料，他们无法接受这个借口。
• He swallowed her story whole. 他对她的说法深信不疑。
• She swallowed his sales pitch hook, line and sinker (= believed it completely). 她对他的推销之词深信不疑。
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] verb
NOT EXPRESS 不表露
transitive
■to not express or show something 不表露，不表现，抑制住
• She swallowed her disappointment, saying, "That's OK, it doesn't matter." 她抑制住自己的失望说：“没事，没关系。”
• He was forced to swallow his pride and ask if he could have his old job back. 他不得不抛开面子，询问能不能回到原来的工作岗位上。
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] verb
swallow your words
■to be forced to admit that something you have said has been shown to be wrong 被迫承认自己说的话不对
• I had to swallow my words when the scheme turned out to be a great success. 结果这个计划非常成功，我不得不承认我之前说的话是错的。
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] verb
swallow the bait
■If you swallow the bait, you completely accept something, especially an offer that is a trick or way of getting something from you. 上钩，中圈套
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] noun countable
THROAT 咽喉
■an act of using the muscles of your throat, or the amount of something you move into your stomach from your mouth by using the muscles of your throat 吞，咽，吞咽
• He gave a swallow, then began speaking. 他吞了吞口水，然后开始说话。
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] noun countable
BIRD 鸟
■a small bird with pointed wings and a tail with two points, which flies quickly and catches insects to eat as it flies 燕子
UK ['swɒl.əʊ] US ['swɑ:.loʊ] noun countable
One swallow doesn't make a summer. saying
■used to say that because one good thing has happened, it is not therefore certain that a situation is going to improve 独燕不成夏。（指一件好事发生并不意味着整体情况会好转） ； 一叶不足以知秋
dine, gorge, have, swallow, eat, devour, consume
这组词都有“吃”的意思，其区别是：
dine: 正式用词，既可指一日三餐中的任何一餐，也可以指特殊的用餐。
gorge: 侧重指拼命地吃或塞，强调吃饱或吃得过量。
have: 可与eat换用，但强调一次性的动作。
swallow: 主要指吃的整个过程的第二部分“咽”，并常指咀嚼得匆匆忙忙地吃。
eat: 普通用词，使用广泛。既可用于人，也可用于动物。
devour: 指狼吞虎咽地吃，强调吃得既快又彻底。
consume: 侧重痛痛快快地吃得一干二净，可用于人和动物。
vt. 忍受；吞没
 - stomach, go, stand, abide, tough
vi. 吞下；咽下
 - get sth down, get down

Word: motivate
Front: motivate
[ˈməʊtɪveɪt] (研四六托雅 3534/5069 -3)
Vocabulary: motivate
(once / 1043 pages)
v
To give someone the incentive to act in a certain way is to motivate that person. If you give your dad a food-processor for his birthday, you might motivate him to help out with the cooking.
The verb motivate means to prompt or incite. By giving speeches on college campuses across the country, John F. Kennedy motivated a lot of young people to join the Peace Corps in the early 1960s. People are not always motivated in positive ways, however. When a crime is described as racially motivated, it means the perpetrators picked their victim because of the color of his skin.
WORD FAMILY
motivate: motivated, motivates, motivating, motivation, motivator+/ motivated: unmotivated / motivation: motivational, motivations/ motivational: motivationally/motivator: motivators/ motive: motivate, motiveless, motively, motives, motivity/motiveless: motivelessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He said that he was motivated by a sense of instability because of the threat of terrorism and the conflict in Ukraine.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Pickens’ lawyers argue that even if all the allegations are true, none of her comments were racially motivated.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使有动机，促动，激发，诱导; 刺激; 激发…的积极性
时态：motivated, motivating, motivates
分布：给与动机(100%)
→来自motive,动机，-ive,使。比喻用法。
推动;激励(motive+ate→使有动机→推动)[mot=move,表示"动"]
vt.促动;激励,鼓励,作为...的动机What motivated you to do such a thing?引起你做这样的事的动机是什么?
【记】源于：motive（n 动机；目的）
US ['moʊ.tˌɪ-] verb
transitive often passive
■to cause someone to behave in a particular way 使产生动机；激起
• Like so many people, he's motivated by greed. 像许多人一样，他为贪婪所驱使。
• He is genuinely motivated by a desire to help people. 他做事完全是出于助人之心。
transitive
■to make someone want to do something well 激励；激发…的积极性
• [+ to infinitive] Teaching is all about motivating people to learn. 教学就是要激发人们学习。
motivate, encourage, excite, stimulate, inspire
这组词都有“鼓励、刺激”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: v.激发，促动，强调激起动机去做某事。
 • A desire to go to medical school motivates her to study hard everyday.   她希望上医学院，这成了她每天努力学习的动力。
encourage: v.鼓励，促进，含有"使增强勇气或给予希望"的意味。
 • He encouraged his son to go to good college.   他鼓励他的儿子上名牌大学。
excite: v.指使人感到激动、兴奋；煽动，鼓动。
 • The band played louder and excited the audience.   乐队演奏得更响亮了，使观众兴奋起来。
stimulate: v.刺激，激发，促进，强调刺激反应的结果。
 • Cold air stimulates me.   冷空气刺激我振作起来
inspire: v.鼓舞，激发，影响，常常带有"启迪，启发"的意思。
 • My mother inspires us with stories of her difficult childhood.   我的妈妈给我们讲童年时的艰苦生活以激励我们。
motivate, drive, prompt
这组词都有“促使，驱使”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: 强调驱使人们采取行动的原因或动机。
drive: 侧重外来的驱策力和内心的感情力量的驱使。
prompt: 与motivate近义，强调起因。
vt. 刺激；使有动机；激发…的积极性
 - stimulate, fan, needle, activate

Word: render
Front: render
[ˈrendə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 3537/3315 -2)
Vocabulary: render
(once / 69 pages)
1v 2v 3vn 4v
Render is a synonym of make––technically it means "cause to become." An illness might render you unable to walk, or a shocking site might render you speechless.
Another basic meaning of the verb render is to give, present, or perform something: to render assistance. And a specialized sense is to formally declare a verdict in a court case. Render is from Middle English, from Old French rendre "to give back, deliver," an alteration of Latin reddere "to restore," from the prefix red-, re- "back" plus dare "to give."
WORD FAMILY
render: rendered, rendering, renders, rendition +/ rendering: renderings/ rendition: renditions
USAGE EXAMPLES
If Mr. Robinson is to render an opinion, it should be informed by history.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Some saw vast amounts of untaxed holdings suddenly rendered worthless.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The College Football Playoff rendered the others less meaningful.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 使成为; 递交; 给予; 表达
时态：rendered, rendering, renders
分布：提供(46%)，翻译(9%)，表现(9%)，打底(8%)，粉刷(8%)，使成为(7%)，给予补偿(5%)，交纳(5%)，回报(2%)，宣布(1%)
→来自古法语 rendre,给回，呈现，出产，来自俗拉丁语*rendere,给予，给回，异化自 reddere, 返回，给予，来自 red-,向后，往回，dare,给予，来自 do,给予，词源同 donate,edit.引申 诸相关词义。
使成为;给予(rend+er表动词)[rend=givee,表示"给"]
v.使得,致使;提出,提供,呈报His fatness renders him lazy.他身体肥胖所以很懒.
US [-dɚ] verb transitive
CAUSE 引起 formal
■to cause someone or something to be in a particular state 使成为；使变得；使处于某种状态
• [+ adj] His rudeness rendered me speechless. 他的粗暴无礼让我哑口无言。
• New technology has rendered my old computer obsolete. 新技术发展太快，我的旧电脑已经过时了。
■formal
■to change words into a different language or form 翻译；把…译成
• She is rendering the book into English from French. 她正在把这本书从法语译成英语。
UK ['ren.dər] US [-dɚ] verb transitive
GIVE 给 formal
■to give something such as a service, a personal opinion or expression, or a performance of a song or poem, etc. to people 给予，提供；表达；表演
• The singers rendered the song with enthusiasm. 歌手们热情洋溢地演唱了这首歌。
• We see that freight railroads make good profits while rendering excellent service. 我们看到铁路货运公司在提供优质服务的同时也赢得了丰厚的利润。
UK ['ren.dər] US [-dɚ] verb transitive
BUILDING 建筑 specialized
■to put a first layer of plaster or cement on a wall 粉刷；给（墙壁）抹灰（或水泥）
UK ['ren.dər] US [-dɚ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] render sth down specialized
■to melt fat in order to make it purer 将（脂肪）熬成油；熬炼；熬化
■to prepare or treat the bodies of dead animals in order to take out the fat and other substances that can be used in other products 从（动物尸体中）取出脂肪（或其他物质）；对（动物尸体）开膛切割
• to render down animal carcasses 将动物尸体开膛取出脂肪
cause, get, have, make, render
这组词都有“使，使得”的意思，其区别是：
cause: 正式用词，侧重指使某事发生的原因。
get: 侧重指劝某人做某事，或指使某事物处于某种状态或产生某种结果。
have: 普通用词，指让某人做某事。
make: 普通用词，指强迫或劝诱他人做某事。
render: 书面用词，多指因外界因素而使某人或某物处于某种状态。
vt. 致使；提出；实施；着色；以…回报
 - introduce, present, prefer, file, advance
n. 打底；交纳；粉刷
 - cosmetic brush

Word: longtime
Front: longtime
['lɒŋtaɪm] (3536/33518)
Back: adj. （已持续）长时间的，为时甚久的
adv. 长久
分布：形容词(100%)
ADJ
为时甚久的；长时间的
You use long-time to describe something that has existed or been a particular thing for a long time.
例：Newcomers had to pay far more in taxes than long-time land owners...新的土地业主比老业主缴纳的税款要多很多。
例：She married her long-time boyfriend.她嫁给了多年的男友。
adv. 长久地
 - muchly

Word: trap
Front: trap
[træp] (高研四六托雅 3538/3373 -K3)
Back: vt. 诱骗; 使受限制; 困住; 使（水与气体等）分离
n. 圈套; （对付人的）计谋; （练习射击用的）抛靶器; （捕捉动物的）夹子
vi. 设陷阱; 装捕捉机; 设圈套
时态：trapped, trapping, traps
分布：陷阱(70%)，圈套(22%)，困境(4%)，设圈套(3%)，双轮轻便马车(1%)
→来自古英语 traeppe,陷阱，罗网，来自 Proto-Germanic*trep,踩踏，来自 der,走，跑，步 行，词源同 trip,tramp,tread.词义通俗化为圈套。
n.陷阱,圈套vt.诱捕;使中圈套vi.设圈套The mapper trapped in the gap tapped the tap wrapper with strap.陷在缝中的制图者用皮带轻击塞子套.
noun
STH THAT PREVENTS ESCAPE 防止逃走的物件
 IMPROVER countable
■a device or hole for catching animals or people and preventing their escape 陷阱；夹子；捕捉器
• The fox got its foot caught in a trap. 狐狸的一只脚被夹子夹住了。
 IMPROVER only singular
■a dangerous or unpleasant situation which you have got into and from which it is difficult or impossible to escape 圈套；诡计
• The undercover agents went to the rendezvous knowing that it might be a trap. 尽管知道这可能是个圈套，这些秘密特工还是去了会面地点。
• She's too clever to fall into the trap of doing any unpaid work. 她这人很聪明，决不会上当去做任何没有报酬的工作。
[træp] noun
MOUTH 嘴
countable slang
■a mouth 嘴
• Oh, shut your trap (= stop talking) - I'm bored of listening to you! 哦，闭嘴——我讨厌听你说话！
• I've told him it's a secret and he's to keep his trap shut (= not say anything about it). 我告诉过他这是个秘密，他得守口如瓶。
[træp] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
countable
■a light carriage with two wheels pulled by a horse, used especially in the past （尤指旧时使用的）双轮轻便马车
[træp] verb transitive (-pp-)
 IMPROVER
■to catch an animal in a trap 设陷阱（或夹子、捕捉器）捕捉
• She survived in the forest by eating berries and trapping small animals and birds. 她靠着吃浆果和设陷阱捕捉小动物和飞鸟，在森林活下来了。
 IMPROVER
■to keep something such as heat or water in one place, especially because it is useful （尤指为利用而）收集，存住，保存（热量、水等）
• A greenhouse stays warm because the glass traps the heat of the sun. 温室保持温暖，因为玻璃吸收了太阳的热量。
be trapped
 IMPROVER
■If someone or something is trapped, they are unable to move or escape from a place or situation 被困住；陷入困境
• The two men died when they were trapped in a burning building. 这两名男子因被困在燃烧的大楼里而丧生。
• Fire officers used cutting equipment to free his legs, which were trapped under a steel beam. 消防队员们用切割设备松开他被压在一根钢梁下的双腿。
• figurative Jack left the job after ten years because he was beginning to feel trapped. 杰克十年后辞掉这份工作，因为他开始感到被束缚住了。
be trapped into (doing) sth
■to be forced or tricked into doing something that you do not want to do 被迫做；被诱骗做
• In his book, Holden speculates that Shakespeare was an unfaithful husband who was trapped into marriage. 霍尔登在其书中推测莎士比亚是个被迫结婚而对妻子不忠的丈夫。
• She had been trapped into saying something she did not mean. 她被迫说了违心的话。
arrest, seize, catch, capture, trap
这组词都有“抓住，捕捉”的意思，其区别是：
arrest: 指根据法律或命令进行逮捕并予以监禁或拘留。
seize: 侧重指以突然、有力地动作迅速抓住或捉住。
catch: 普通用词，指捉住跑动或隐藏中的人或动物，一般指活捉。
capture: 指通过武力或计谋等，战胜抵抗而捉住敌人或动物。
trap: 多指诱捕。
vt. 诱捕；使…受限制；使…陷入困境
 - ensnare
n. [计] 陷阱；圈套； [建] 存水弯
 - web, mesh, pit

Word: restrict
Front: restrict
[rɪˈstrɪkt] (高研四六托 3539/2207 -K2)
Vocabulary: restrict
(once / 218 pages)
1v 2v
To restrict is to limit. If you want to eat more healthily, you might restrict, or limit, yourself to eating only foods containing fruits and vegetables –- like carrot cake and apple pie.
You'll often encounter different words related to restrict. A restriction is a law or rule, like the restriction against driving a car without a license. Something that is not permitted is restricted, and this word is often used to designate physical locations that are off limits to the public. You'll often see characters in movies break into restricted areas to obtain secret information.
WORD FAMILY
restrict: derestrict, restricted, restricting, restriction, restrictive, restricts+/ restricted: restrictedly, unrestricted / restriction: restrictions/ restrictive: nonrestrictive, restrictively, restrictiveness, unrestrictive / unrestricted: unrestrictedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Facebook says it restricts nudity because “some audiences within our global community may be sensitive to this type of content”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Georgetown noted Albuquerque policies restricting searches and meaningful privacy protections.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The birds won’t die off, he said, but their ranges will be restricted.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 限制，限定; 约束，束缚
时态：restricted, restricting, restricts
分布：限制(93%)，约束(7%)
→来自 restrain,限制，约束，-ct,过去分词格，此处形容词作名词。
限制,限定(re回+strict→拉回来→限制)[stirain,striet,string=tighten,表示"拉紧"]
v.限制,约束The speed is restricted to 50 kilometers an hour here.在此地车速被限制为每小时五十公里.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to limit the movements or actions of someone, or to limit something and reduce its size or prevent it from increasing 限制；限定；妨碍
• measures to restrict the sale of alcohol 限制酒类销售的措施
• The government has restricted freedom of movement into and out of the country. 政府已经限制出入境自由了。
• Having small children really restricts your social life. 家里有很小的孩子确实会妨碍你的社交生活。
[rɪ'strɪkt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] restrict yourself to sth
■to limit yourself to one particular thing or activity 约束自己不越出…的范围；将自己限制在…限度内
• If I'm driving, I restrict myself to one glass of wine. 我要开车的时候，只许自己喝一杯葡萄酒。
limit, restrict, confine
这组词都有“限制，限定”的意思，其区别是：
limit: 一般指事先确定空间、时间或数量的极限，一旦超越限度，就会造成不良结果。当然也可指不事先规定，而且自然的或固有的界限。
restrict: 指把某人或物限制在一定范围之内。
confine: 侧重施加不可逾越的限制，有时暗示束缚、囚禁。
vt. 限制；约束；限定
 - block, set a limit to

Word: cloth
Front: cloth
[klɒθ] (高研四雅 3540/3307 -K2)
Vocabulary: cloth
(once / 135 pages)
n
Cloth is fabric, a woven material. When you sew your own clothes, you start with a piece of cloth.
Cloth is made from some sort of fiber, often cotton or wool, or a synthetic like rayon or polyester. Your clothing is made from cloth, as are the curtains in your house, your favorite tote bag, and the table cloth in your kitchen. The Old English root is claþ, which means "cloth or sail," but also "woven material to wrap around oneself," or "garment."
WORD FAMILY
cloth: cloths
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her pale hands stretch forward from swirls of black cloth.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
The roots extend below the cloth, where they are available to the water-and-nutrients spray.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
One of the first scenes shows her preparing to navigate customs by wrapping a loose cloth around her pregnant belly.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 布，织物; 一块布; 用作某种用途的布，桌布，擦布，揩布; （统称）牧师
分布：布(84%)，布料(11%)，一块布(5%)
→可能来自kel,遮盖，隐藏，词源同hole,cellar.
n.(一块)布,织物,衣料She likes nothing but things of clothing and cloth.除了衣物和布料之类的东西外,她什么也不喜欢.
US [klɑ:θ] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■(a type of) woven material 布，布料
• a piece/length of cloth 一块布料
 IMPROVER countable
■a small piece of material, used in cleaning to remove dirt, dust or liquid 抹布
• a washing-up cloth 一块洗碗布
UK [klɒθ] US [klɑ:θ] noun
  Common Learner Errors  cloth or clothes? Warning: Choose the right word! To talk about things that you wear, don't say 'cloth' or 'cloths', say clothes :
✗ Bring summer cloths with you as the weather will be warm. Remember: clothes is always plural. To talk about one particular thing that you wear, say a piece/item of clothing.
cloth, clothing, clothes
cloth: 指布,为不可数名词
clothing: 服装的总称,指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of
clothes: 统指各种衣服,谓语动词永远是复数,
n. [纺] 布，织物；餐巾
 - web, woven fabric

Word: seemingly
Front: seemingly
[ˈsi:mɪŋli] (研六托雅 3541/4983)
Vocabulary: seemingly
(once / 443 pages)
adv
Something seemingly true appears to be true. Use the adverb seemingly when you want to say "on the face of it" or "apparently."
The word seemingly refers to how things look on the surface — how they seem — and it often suggests there's more to the story. A seemingly broken ankle might actually be sprained, and a seemingly rich man might actually be deeply in debt. While your dog is seemingly well-behaved, he may be eating the garbage when you're not home. Seemingly means about the same as apparently, ostensibly, or surely.
WORD FAMILY
seeming: seemingly +/ seem: seemed, seeming, seems
USAGE EXAMPLES
In an upcoming book, “Furious George,” Karl eviscerates seemingly everyone in the league.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is important to note that the link between Trump and someone like Spencer is tenuous and seemingly unidirectional.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Wexler can’t understand how a century’s worth of concern over the potential impact of gambling on the “integrity” of pro sports is seemingly being forgotten.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 看来似乎; 表面上看来; 貌似
分布：表面上(51%)，似乎(37%)，看起来(12%)
ad.外观上,表面上Seemingly there is nothing we can do.看来我们帮不上忙.
adverb
■appearing to be something, especially when this is not true 貌似…的；看似…的；（尤指）表面上的
• He remains confident and seemingly untroubled by his recent problems. 他依然自信如初，似乎没有被最近的问题所困扰。
■according to the facts that you know 看来；根据已知事实来看
• The factory closure is seemingly inevitable. 看来，工厂关闭势在难免。
• Seemingly, she's gone off to live with another man. 看样子，她去和另外一个男人同居了。

Word: legislative
Front: legislative
[ˈledʒɪslətɪv] (3542/3765 -2)
Vocabulary: legislative
(once / 337 pages)
adj
Legislative is an adjective that describes the act or process of passing laws. Congress is the legislative branch of the United States government. They're the ones who can pass bills, which the president can sign into law or veto.
A legislator is someone charged with creating and passing new laws in the legislature. All of these words come from the same root words — lex and legis (meaning "law") and lator (meaning "proposer"). So a legislator is literally a proposer of law, and their actions are legislative in nature. If you are interested in the legislative process, you might consider going to law school and running for office. Or you might just enjoy a movie about politics instead.
WORD FAMILY
legislative: legislatively+/ legislate: legislated, legislates, legislating, legislation, legislative, legislator, legislature / legislation: legislations/ legislator: legislators, legislatorship/ legislature: legislatures
USAGE EXAMPLES
Final legislative budget approval: Late June or early July.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Flynt said Brewer accomplished many goals during his partial term because of his legislative background.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Arguably more important than the legislative agenda for gun rights groups is Mr. Trump’s choice to fill the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. （关于）立法的; 立法决定的; 有权立法的，用以立法的; 立法机构的
n. 立法权; 立法机关
分布：立法权(42%)，立法机构(27%)，立法的(22%)，有立法权的(9%)
→来自legislate,立法。
US [-tˌɪv] formal
adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to laws or the making of laws 法律的；立法的
• The European Parliament will have greater legislative powers (= ability to make laws). 欧洲议会将获得更大的立法权。

Word: effectiveness
Front: effectiveness
[ɪˌfek'tɪvnɪs] (托 3543/3478)
Back: n. 有效，有力; 有效性; 效益; 效用
分布：有效性(86%)，效力(14%)
ADJ-GRADED
有效的;能产生预期效果的
Something that is effective works well and produces the results that were intended.
例：The project looks at how we could be more effective in encouraging students to enter teacher training...该项目着眼于我们如何能够更加有效地鼓励学生参与教师培训。
例：Simple antibiotics are effective against this organism...一般的抗生素能够有效对抗这种微生物。
ADJ
实际的;事实上的
Effective means having a particular role or result in practice, though not officially or in theory.
例：They have had effective control of the area since the security forces left.自从安全部队撤离后，他们实际上控制了该地区。
例：...a restructuring that would have resulted in an effective increase on one of their most popular excursion fares.原本会使他们最热门的一条短途旅游线路的费用出现实质性上涨的调整
ADJ
（法律、协议等）生效的，起作用的
When something such as a law or an agreement becomes effective, it begins officially to apply or be valid.
例：The new rules will become effective in the next few days.新规定将在几天后生效。
n. 效力
 - efficacy

Word: enforce
Front: enforce
[ɪnˈfɔ:s] (研四六雅 3545/3577 -2)
Vocabulary: enforce
(once / 205 pages)
v
To enforce means to make sure the laws and rules are being followed. So those guys wearing striped outfits and whistles? They're in charge of enforcing the rules of the game.
See the word force inside of enforce? It can help you remember that enforce is all about forcing others to follow the rules. The traffic police enforce the driving laws by handing out speeding tickets. Your parents hopefully enforce good behavior by grounding you when you stay out too late. It would be wonderful if everyone just followed the rules on their own, but it seems the temptation to be bad is just too strong. So thank goodness for all the enforcers that keep us in line.
WORD FAMILY
enforce: enforceable, enforced, enforcement, enforcer, enforces, enforcing, reenforce+/enforceable: unenforceable/ enforced: enforcedly, unenforced/ enforcement: enforcements/enforcer: enforcers/ force: enforce, forced, forceful, forceless, forces, forcible, forcing/forced: forcedly, unforced/ forceful: forcefully, forcefulness, unforceful/forcible: forciblest, forcibly/reenforce: reenforced, reenforcement, reenforces, reenforcing/reenforcement: reenforcements/unforced: unforcedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A judge recently issued a preliminary injunction temporarily preventing the state from enforcing the law against the clinics that sued, according to the Chicago Tribune.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The Communist Party relies heavily on the police to enforce order and maintain social stability, and many officers are poorly paid.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Michigan Association of Drain Commissioners says drain commissioners enforce laws related to flood protection, storm management and soil erosion.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 强迫服从; 实施，执行; 加强
时态：enforced, enforcing, enforces
分布：执行(39%)，实施(24%)，强制(21%)，加强(12%)，强迫(4%)
→en-, 进入，使。force, 力量。
强行;实行(en进入+force→进入力量→强行)[fore,fort=storng,表示"强大,力量"]
v.实施,执行;强制;支持,坚持(要求,主张等)The enforced law reinforced that forced divorce is forbidden.实施的法律强化了禁止强迫离婚.
【记】force（n 力量；vt 强制）
US [-'fɔ:rs] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted 使服从（法律）；（强制）实行，执行，把…强加于
• It isn't always easy for the police to enforce speed limits. 对员警来说，严格执行限速规定并不总是件易事。
• The new teacher had failed to enforce any sort of discipline. 这位新教师一点都管不住学生，搞得纪律涣散。
vt. 实施，执行；强迫，强制
 - perform, actualize

Word: lens
Front: lens
[lenz] (研四六托雅 3544/7125 -3)
Vocabulary: lens
(once / 2817 pages)
n
A lens is a curved transparent device that bends light, like the lens of eyeglasses or a contact lens you’ll need if the natural lens in your eye needs help. Cameras have a lens, too. Smile!
In an eye, the lens — which is behind the iris — helps focus light on the retina so you can see. It's a lot like the lens in a telescope or camera, which also focuses light and helps form images. You can also use the word lens as a metaphor for how you see things. If you look at sports through the lens of medicine, you might study injuries to players. All these lenses help you see or perceive things.
WORD FAMILY
lens
USAGE EXAMPLES
The underlying absurdity of those shows was redoubled through his lens, occasionally in the form of magical realism.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“I always think it’s odd if anybody equates the depiction of a city via an artistic lens with the actual city,” Brownstein said.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A wide-angle zoom lens would be perfect there.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 透镜，镜头; 眼睛中的水晶体; 隐形眼镜; 汽车的灯玻璃
分布：镜头(55%)，透镜(32%)，镜片(11%)，给…摄影(1%)，给…拍照(1%)
→来自拉丁文lens,豆荚，词源同lentil.因镜片如同两面凸出的豆荚而得名。
n.透镜,镜头I send him the blend calendar and the splendid bent lens he lent to me.我把他借给我的混合日历和绝妙的弯曲透镜送给他.
noun countable
GLASS 玻璃
■a curved piece of glass, plastic or other transparent material used in cameras, glasses and scientific equipment, which makes objects seem closer, larger, smaller, etc 镜片，镜头，透镜
• a camera with a zoom lens 变焦（镜头）照相机
■* contact lens
[lenz] noun countable
EYE 眼睛
■the part of the eye behind the pupil (= the black hole at the front of the eye) that helps you to see clearly by focusing (= collecting) light onto the retina （眼球的）晶状体
n. [摄] 镜头； [光] 透镜； [解剖] 晶状体
 - cryst

Word: reach
Front: reach
[ri:tʃ] (中高研四六 422/404 -K5)
Vocabulary: reach
(once / 19 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
To reach is to stretch toward something, arrive at a destination, or contact someone. You might reach for a bottle of water after you reach the finish line, then reach out to a friend who can give you a ride home.
Tall people often have a really long reach – they can practically grab something from across the room. If you do what your dad says long after he’s gone, his reach is long lasting. You can reach for a glass on a high shelf or reach the age you can get your driver's license. When people reach out, they try to make a connection, like an old phone company’s slogan: “Reach out and touch someone.”
WORD FAMILY
reach: overreach, reachable, reached, reaches, reaching+/overreach: overreached, overreaches, overreaching/reachable: unreachable/reached: unreached/reaching: reachings/unreachable: unreachably
USAGE EXAMPLES
He added 3 more yards afterward to reach 4,122.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
He never reached 100 yards in a game.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They lost four of their final six regular-season games before reaching the Super Bowl.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 到达，走到; 够…，抓…; 完成
n. 手脚能够到的范围; 范围，区域; 影响的范围，管辖的范围
时态：reached, reaching, reaches
分布：到达(39%)，达成(20%)，范围(15%)，伸出(11%)，延伸(7%)，河段(4%)，影响力(2%)，取得联系(1%)，等级(1%)
→来自古英语 reccan,伸出，来自 Proto-Germanic*reig,伸出，来自 reig,*reg,伸出，拉直， 词源同 regulate,rack.引申词义到达，抵达及诸相关词义。
v.抵达;(out)伸手,够到n.能达到的范围I cannot reach so high.我的手伸不了那么高.
verb
ARRIVE 到达
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to arrive at a place, especially after spending a long time or a lot of effort travelling （尤指经过很长时间或费很大气力旅行后）到达，抵达
• We won't reach Miami till five or six o'clock. 我们得五六点钟才能到达迈阿密。
• They finally reached the coast after five weeks sailing. 他们经过五个星期的航行终于靠了岸。
• News of his accident had only just reached us. 我们刚刚得到他出事的消息。
reach a decision/agreement/conclusion, etc.
 IMPROVER
■to make a decision/agreement, etc. about something 作出决定／达成协定／得出结论等
• She reached the conclusion that there was no more she could do. 她得出结论，她再也没有甚么可做的了。
• We'll inform you when a decision has been reached. 作出决定后我们就通知你。
• The jury took four days to reach a verdict. 陪审团花了四天时间才作出裁决。
  Common Learner Errors  reach or achieve? Warning: choose the right word! To talk about reaching an aim, especially after a lot of work or effort, don't say 'reach', say achieve :
✗ What are the qualities a person needs to reach success? What are the qualities a person needs to achieve success?
[ri:tʃ] verb
LEVEL 水准，水准
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to get to a particular, especially high level, etc 达到，发展到，提升到（尤指高的水准等）
• The temperature is expected to reach 30°C today. 今天的气温预计会达到30℃。
• He's just reached the grand old age of 95. 他刚到95岁高龄。
• I've reached the point where I'm not going to put up with her criticisms of me any more. 我已经受够了，我再也不能忍受她这样非难我了。
[ri:tʃ] verb
STRETCH 伸出
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to stretch out your arm in order to get or touch something 伸出手臂（去拿或触摸），伸手及到
• She's grown so tall that she can reach the door handle now. 她个子长高了，能够着门把手。
• He reached for the phone and knocked over a glass. 他伸手去拿电话时，碰倒了一个杯子。
• The child reached down/out/over and picked up the kitten. 那个孩子弯腰伸手／伸出手／把手伸过去抱起那只小猫。
• He reached his hand out for the money. 他伸手去拿钱。
• [+ two objects] UK Can you reach me (down) that book? 你能帮我把那本书拿下来吗？
intransitive or transitive
■If an object reaches something, the top or bottom of it touches that thing （顶端或底部）达到，及到，延伸
• The ladder won't quite reach the top of the wall. 这架梯子够不着墙头。
• She was wearing a dress that reached (to)her ankles. 她身穿一件长及脚踝的连衣裙。
[ri:tʃ] verb
COMMUNICATE 联系
transitive
■to communicate with someone in a different place, especially by telephone or post （尤指透过电话或信件）和…联系，与…取得联系
• The only way to reach them in the place where they're staying is by mail. 他们住的那个地方太偏僻，只有写信才能和他们取得联系。
• I've been trying to reach you on the phone all day. 我一整天都在打电话试图和你联系。
transitive
■to understand and communicate with someone 理解；与…交流；与…沟通
• He's a strange child and his teachers find it difficult to reach him. 这个孩子很奇怪，老师们感到很难跟他沟通。
[ri:tʃ] verb
reach for the stars
■to want or try to get something that is difficult or impossible to get 追求难以实现的东西；要做比登天还难的事情；心比天高
[ri:tʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  reach out to sb
■to try to communicate with a person or a group of people, usually in order to help or involve them （通常指为了帮助或加入其中而）与（某人）沟通，与（某人）打成一片，走进（某些人）中间
• The new mayor is reaching out to the local community to involve them in his plans for the city. 新市长正努力和当地的社团打成一片，以便使他们加入进来，支援他的城市规划。
■to offer help and support to someone 向某人伸出援手；给某人支援
• She set up her charity to reach out to the thousands of homeless on the streets. 她创建了慈善团体，向数以千计流落街头的人们提供帮助。
[ri:tʃ] verb
  Common Learner Errors  reach Remember that in all meanings except 'stretch', reach is never followed by 'to'. Don't say 'reach to something', say reach something :
✗ Our advertising income reached to $90 million in 1999. Our advertising income reached $90 million in 1999.
[ri:tʃ] noun
DISTANCE 距离
 IMPROVER uncountable
■Someone's reach is the distance within which they can stretch out their arm and touch something 伸手可及的距离
• I like to keep a notebook and pencil within (arm's) reach. 我喜欢把笔记本和铅笔放在随手可及的地方。
• The top shelf is within/out of (his) reach. 架子最高层的隔板（他）够得着／够不着。
• Make sure that you keep all dangerous substances out of the reach of the children. 一定要把所有危险物品放在孩子拿不到的地方。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the distance that can be travelled, especially easily （尤指轻易地）可到达的距离
• We live within (easy) reach of the station. 我们家离车站很近。
only singular
■the length of your arm when you stretch it out 手臂伸开的长度；臂展
• You've got quite a long reach - can you get that box down from the top shelf for me? 你手臂长——能替我从最高的架子上把那个盒子拿下来吗？
countable usually singular
■an act of stretching out your arm （手臂的）伸出
• He made a sudden reach for his gun. 他突然伸手去拿枪。
[ri:tʃ] noun
LIMIT 范围
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■the limit within which someone can achieve something （某人能力等的）所及范围
• An expensive trip like that would be completely beyond/out of (my) reach (= I would not have enough money to pay for it). 像那种花费大的旅行（我）完全承受不了。
• After years of saving, the car was at last within (her) reach (= she had enough money to pay for it). 存了好几年钱，（她）终于能买得起那辆汽车了。
[ri:tʃ] noun
PART 地段
reaches [plural]
■a part of a river or part of an area of land （河流的）一段流域；地带；地段
• The expedition set out for the upper reaches of the Amazon. 探险队动身向亚马逊河上游进发。
• There was little snow on the lower reaches of the ski run. 滑雪道下面的一段几乎没有雪。
• We know very little about the farthest/outermost reaches of the universe. 我们对宇宙最远处／最周边空间知之甚少。
■the highest or lowest levels of an organization （一个组织中最高或最低的）层次，等级
• The news has shocked the upper reaches of the government. 这个消息震动了政府高层。
[ri:tʃ] noun
a reach of the imagination
■when you have to try very hard to imagine something 大胆的想像
• It takes (quite) a reach of the imagination to believe that story. 没有很好的想像力真是难以相信那个说法。
arrive, reach, get
arrive: 不及物动词,后接in (大地点),at(小地点), arrive in Beijing,
reach: 及物动词 reach Beijing
get: 不及物动词后接to, get to Beijing,
arrive, attain, reach, achieve
这组词都有“达到”的意思，其区别是：
arrive: 指得出结论，达成某项协议或作出某一决定等。
attain: 侧重指在抱负或雄心的激励下，以最大的努力去达到一般所不及或不敢追求的目的。
reach: 常用词，指到达某一空间、时间、目标或发展过程中的某一点。
achieve: 侧重为达到目的所需的技巧、忍耐和努力。
attain, reach, calculate, score
attain: 活得，赢得，达到（某年龄、级别等）
reach: 达到（某水平、标准），实现（目标）
calculate: 计算核算
score: （在游戏、竞赛中）得分
arrive, reach, come
这组词都有“到达”的意思，其区别是：
arrive: 侧重到达目的地或达到某一目标。也可用作比喻。
reach: 既可指到达目的地，又可指到达途中的中间站。强调经过的周折或付出的努力。
come: 普通用词，含义广泛。强调到达的动作或进程，不侧重是否到达目的地。也可用于比喻意义。
vi. 达到；延伸；伸出手；传开
 - go, range, arrive at
vt. 达到；影响；抵达；伸出
 - accomplish, affect, extend, influence, impact of
n. 范围；延伸；河段；横风行驶
 - extent, boundary, region, scope, spectrum, territory, range

Word: inspector
Front: inspector
[ɪnˈspektə(r)] (六托 3550/2267 -3)
Vocabulary: inspector
(once / 415 pages)
n
An inspector is someone who looks into, observes, and examines things — it's also a word for a detective.
The government employs many inspectors — an inspector has to check out the kitchen of a restaurant to see if they're following the rules for cleanliness. Hospitals need to let inspectors check things out, to make sure conditions are safe. Many types of business have inspectors — especially if there's a health concern. An inspector observes things carefully — an inspector checks things out.
WORD FAMILY
inspector: inspectors, inspectorship+/ inspect: inspected, inspecting, inspection, inspector, inspects/ inspection: inspections/inspectorship: inspectorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Inspectors detect the larvae by looking for the powdery product of their wood boring, which looks like sawdust.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Inspector Thrower said Mr. Gronych is from Slovenia and is in Canada on a work visa.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State Auditor and Inspector Gary Jones says he expects at least five of those counties to pass the audit next year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 检查员; （英国公共汽车或火车上的）查票员; （警察）巡官; 检阅官
分布：检查员(75%)，巡官(15%)，巡视员(10%)
→来自inspect,检查，巡视。
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone whose job is to officially inspect something 检查员；视察员
• a tax inspector 税务稽查员
• a school inspector/an inspector of schools 督学
 IMPROVER UK
■a police officer of middle rank, above a sergeant and below a superintendent 督察，巡官
n. [经管] [交] 检查员；巡视员
 - supervisor, looker

Word: lend
Front: lend
[lend] (中高 3548/2740 -K3)
Vocabulary: lend
(once / 131 pages)
v
When you lend something, you loan it or let someone borrow it. You might, for example, lend your bike to your brother — if he promises to be careful with it.
Libraries lend people books, and car rental companies lend people cars — in both cases, the item that's been borrowed is supposed to be returned eventually. Another way to lend is to "add a quality to," or "be suitable for." You could say that you think your hat lends you a mysterious quality, or that your trench coat lends itself to walking through a foggy city at dusk.
WORD FAMILY
lend: lendable, lender, lending, lends, lent+/lender: lenders/lending: lendings
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the most common, especially in rural areas, is as a lending library or book exchange.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Throughout the finished film — lent a brooding quality by its stark landscapes; misty, desaturated palette; and figures often seen in silhouette — his influence is unmistakable.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Years ago, he lent his name to billboards in Chinese cities that showed horrific piles of tusks.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 把…借给; 贷（款）; 贡献，给予; 适于
vi. 增加; 增添; 给…增加; 给予
时态：lent, lending, lends
分布：借给(85%)，贷款(15%)
→来自古英语laen,借款，词源同loan.
vt.借给,贷(款)I send him the blend calendar and the splendid bent lens he lent to me.我把他借给我的混合日历和绝妙的弯曲透镜送给他.
[lend] (lent, lent)
verb
GIVE 给
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to give something to someone for a short period of time, expecting it to be given back 借出，借给
• She doesn't like lending her books. 她不喜欢把书借给别人。
• [+ two objects] If you need a coat I can lend you one/lend one to you. 你如果需要外衣，我可以借给你一件。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■If a bank or other organization lends money, it gives money to someone who agrees that they will pay the money back in the future, usually with extra money added to the original amount 贷（款），放贷（给某人）
• The bank refuses to lend to students. 银行拒绝向学生们发放贷款。
• [+ two objects] The bank agreed to lend him $5000. 银行同意贷给他5000美元。
[lend] (lent, lent)
verb
ADD TO 增添
   transitive
■If something lends a particular quality to something else, it adds that quality to it 增添，添加
• [+ two objects] Vases of flowers all around the room lent the place a cheerful look/lent a cheerful look to the place. 几瓶花给这个房间增添了一些欢乐的气氛。
• formal These events lend support to the view that the law is inadequate. 这些事件进一步证明了法律还不健全的观点。
[lend] (lent, lent)
verb
lend itself to sth formal
 IMPROVER
■If something lends itself to something else, it is suitable for that thing or can be considered in that way 适合于
• The novel's complex, imaginative style does not lend itself to translation. 小说复杂而充满想像力的风格无法翻译出来。
[lend] (lent, lent)
verb
lend your name to sth
■to give something your support 支援，拥护
• Some of the world's top dancers have lent their names to the project. 一些世界顶级舞蹈家都支援这项专案。
[lend] (lent, lent)
verb
lend an ear old-fashioned
■to listen to someone with sympathy 聆听，倾听
• Claire's always one to lend a sympathetic ear if you have problems. 你有甚么问题时，克莱尔总是乐于倾听。
loan, lend, borrow
这组词都有“借”的意思，其区别是：
loan: 指通过正式的手续，借数目较大的贷款。在美国也可指借出东西。
lend: 指将自己的东西借出给别人，也可用于借喻意义。
borrow: 指从某人或某处借来某物，也可用作比喻。
vt. 贷；增添，提供；把……借给
 - afford, tender
vi. 贷款
 - take out loans

Word: plain
Front: plain
[pleɪn] (中高研四六托宝 3549/2762 -K3)
Vocabulary: plain
(once / 37 pages)
1adjadv 2n 3n 4v
Plain things are simple, unadorned, and even a little boring. Being a plain talker means you don't use pretentious, fancy words. But having a plain face means you're not much to look at.
Plain comes from the Latin word planum, meaning "level ground." That's one meaning of the word, as in a flat prairie or low lying coastal flood plain. If something is in plain view, it's out in the open with no obstructions. But usually we use plain as an adjective to describe unembellished, bare, or unimpressive things. A white room with just an old bed and a chair is pretty plain.
WORD FAMILY
plain: plained, plainer, plainest, plaining, plainly, plainness, plains
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yes, this is still a nation of purple mountain majesties and fruited plains.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The food, stingy during wartime, remains surprisingly plain.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This is important if you’re trying to break a chemical addiction — to tobacco or alcohol, for instance — but also if you’re just plain struggling.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 平原; 平地; [纺织业]平针; 朴实无华的东西
adj. 平的; 素的; 清晰的; 相貌平平的
adv. 清楚地，明白地; 平易地; [用以加强语气]显然; 完全地
vi. 发牢骚; 诉苦
时态：plained, plaining, plains
分布：平原(70%)，朴素的(11%)，简单的(10%)，完全地(3%)，平常的(3%)，纯的(1%)，清楚的(1%)，坦白的(1%)
→来自拉丁语planus,平的，来自pele,展开，放平，词源同plan,place.引申诸相关词义。
a.明白的;朴素的;坦率;平凡n.平原,旷野The plain woman explained to me why she complained about the chain.长相平平的女人向我解释她为什么抱怨那条链子.
adjective
WITH NOTHING ADDED 未添加任何东西
 ADVANCED
■not decorated in any way; with nothing added 朴素的；不加修饰的；简单的
• She wore a plain black dress. 她穿着一件朴素的黑色连身裙。
• We've chosen a plain carpet (= one without a pattern) and patterned curtains. 我们挑了一张没有图案的地毯和带图案的窗帘。
• He prefers plain food - nothing too fancy. 他喜欢清淡简单的食物——不喜欢太花巧讲究的。
• We're having plain blue walls in the dining room. 我们现在客厅里的墙壁是纯蓝色的。
• a catalogue sent in a plain brown envelope 用纯褐色信封寄出的目录
• a plain style of architecture 简朴的建筑风格
• plain (= with no added fruit or sugar) yoghurt 原味酸乳酪
plain paper
■paper which has no lines on it 白纸
• a letter written on plain paper 用白纸写的一封信
[pleɪn] adjective
CLEAR 清楚的
■obvious and clear to understand 清楚的，明显的
• It 's quite plain that they don't want to speak to us. 很明显，他们不想和我们说话。
• The reason is perfectly plain. 原因很清楚。
• I made it quite plain (that) (= explained clearly that) I wasn't interested. 我直截了当地表示我不感兴趣。
[pleɪn] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
[before noun]
■(used for emphasis) complete （表示强调）完全的
• It was plain stupidity on Richard's part. 理查愚蠢至极。
[pleɪn] adjective
NOT BEAUTIFUL 不漂亮的
■(especially of a woman or girl) not beautiful （尤指女性）相貌平平的，不好看的
• She had been a very plain child. 她小时候并不是个漂亮的孩子。
a plain Jane
■a woman or girl who is not attractive 平凡的珍妮（不漂亮的女人或女孩）
• If she'd been a plain Jane, she wouldn't have had all the attention. 假使她像平凡的珍妮，她就不会成为大众的焦点。
[pleɪn] adjective
be (as) plain as the nose on your face (also be (as) plain as a pikestaff)
■to be very obvious 非常明显
• He's not happy here - that's as plain as the nose on your face. 他在这里并不愉快——这是显而易见的。
[pleɪn] adjective
be plain sailing (US also be smooth sailing) UK
■to be easy and without problems 一帆风顺
• The roads were busy as we drove out of town, but after that it was plain sailing. 我们开车离开市区时路上很拥挤，但往后就一路顺畅。
[pleɪn] noun
LAND 土地
countable (also plains [plural])
■a large area of flat land 平原
• the coastal plain 海边的平原
• High mountains rise above the plain. 高山从平原拔地而起。
[pleɪn] noun
STITCH 针脚
uncountable
■a type of simple stitch in knitting 平针
• a row of plain and two rows of purl 一排平针两排反针
[pleɪn] adverb informal
■completely 完全地，简直
• I mean, taking the wrong equipment with you - that's just plain stupid. 我的意思是，你拿错仪器简直是愚蠢透顶。
open, frank, sincere, blunt, honest, plain, straightforward
这组词都有“坦率，诚实”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指不隐瞒自己的秘密，愿意向他人表露自己或公开暴露自己的缺点。
frank: 强调毫无保留地畅所欲言，不受任何约束。
sincere: 侧重指一个人出自内心地对某人某事表示一种诚意。
blunt: 指讲话坦白直率、不客气，但隐含不得体、不顾及他人感情等意味。
honest: 指遵守正直等道德准则。
plain: 指直言不讳，毫不做作或故弄玄虚。
straightforward: 多用于答复、叙述等场合。指直截了当，不回避，或故弄玄虚。
clear, obvious, evident, apparent, manifest, definite, plain, distinct
这组词都有“清楚的，明白的，明显的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 普通用词，侧重清楚明白。
obvious: 语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。
evident: 指根据事实成为显然的。
apparent: 强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。
manifest: 语义较强，书面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。
definite: 语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。
plain: 普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。
distinct: 较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。
adj. 平的；简单的；朴素的；清晰的
 - simple, defined, plane
n. [地理] 平原；无格式；朴实无华的东西
 - flatland, puszta
adv. 清楚地；平易地
 - definitely, fair, expressly

Word: fraud
Front: fraud
[frɔ:d] (研六托雅宝 3551/3659 -3)
Vocabulary: fraud
(once / 332 pages)
n
A fraud is a something that deceives or tricks another person, usually to get their money. Frauds are dishonest.
A fraud is something that sounds too good to be true — because it isn't. If you're promised millions of dollars by anyone on the Internet, that's got to be a fraud. Anyone trying to sell you a bridge is committing fraud. Identity theft is a type of fraud. Democrats and Republicans frequently accuse the other party of fraud when it comes to counting votes. You can also tell a person who is fake or an impostor is a fraud.
WORD FAMILY
fraud: defraud, frauds+/ defraud: defrauded, defrauder, defrauding, defrauds/defrauder: defrauders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Netanyahu was investigated during his first term as Israeli prime minister in the late 1990s on allegations of fraud and breach of public trust.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In other words, perhaps the incoming president of the United States is a great big liar, a conscienceless opportunist and an unprincipled, amoral, convictionless fraud.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
A second election win in 2011 was marred by allegations of major fraud.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 欺诈; 骗子; 伪劣品; 冒牌货
分布：欺骗(51%)，骗子(32%)，诈欺(17%)
→来自拉丁语fraus, 欺骗，伤害，来自dhreugh, 欺骗，伤害，来自der的扩大格，撕开，剥皮，词源同tear, dermis.
n.欺诈,诈骗;欺骗(行为);骗子;假货People who tell your future are frauds.为你占卜未来的人都是骗子.
【记】读：腐肉的－买腐肉的人－骗子frau（n [德]夫人；已婚的女性）如果妻子欺骗丈夫就是fraud
US [frɑ:d] noun
CRIME 罪行
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the crime of getting money by deceiving people 诈骗（罪）
• credit card fraud 信用卡诈骗
• He is fighting extradition to Hong Kong to face trial on fraud charges. 他正在力争免于被引渡到香港就诈骗指控接受审判。
UK [frɔ:d] US [frɑ:d] noun
FALSE 虚假的
countable
■someone or something that deceives people by saying that they are someone or something that they are not 骗子；骗人的事物
• She was a psychic who was later revealed to be a fraud. 她是一个通灵巫师，后来被发现是个骗子。
deception, fraud, deceit
这组词都有“欺骗”的意思，其区别是：
deception: 语气较弱，一般用词，侧重于具体的骗人行为。但有时并无欺骗行为，只是玩弄把戏，故弄玄虚而已。
fraud: 一般用于犯罪行为的欺骗，通常指政治或经济活动中的舞弊行为。
deceit: 指歪曲实情，惯于说谎或蓄意欺骗。
n. 欺骗；骗子；诡计
 - scheme, sharp, deception

Word: companion
Front: companion
[kəmˈpæniən] (高研四六托雅宝 3547/3024 -2)
Vocabulary: companion
(once / 54 pages)
nv
A companion is one who serves as a friend or partner in something. Whether it’s travel or dinner or card-playing, your companion is the one who does it with you.
The word companion is a close, um, companion to the word company, and you might as well say that someone you keep company with is your companion. Sometimes, it describes a piece of art or other work that goes with another. For instance, you might read a biography of Emily Dickenson as a companion to her studying her poems. The things go together and complement each other.
WORD FAMILY
companion: companionable, companioned, companioning, companions, companionship +/ companionable: companionability, companionableness, companionably/ companionship: companionships
USAGE EXAMPLES
But his companions didn’t seek medical treatment, not then and not for hours.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The woman in the trench coat is guided to the back of the bus by her companion.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
McMaster is getting a lot of attention, but a half-dozen other candidates are emerging as potential companions for the primary ballot.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 同伴; [天]伴星(=~star); （用于书名）指南; 同甘共苦的伙伴
vt. 同行; 陪伴
时态：companioned, companioning, companions
分布：同伴(79%)，陪伴(15%)，参考书(4%)，志趣相投的人(1%)，成对物品之一(1%)
→来自company, 伴侣，陪伴。
n.同伴,共事者;伴侣In the company my companion accompanied me until I accomplished polishing the shoes.在公司里同伴陪着我直到我完成檫鞋(任务).
【记】company（n 公司，陪伴）
noun countable
PERSON 人
 ADVANCED
■a person you spend a lot of time with either because you are friends or because you are travelling together 同伴；伙伴；伴侣
• The dog has been her constant companion these past ten years. 在过去的这十年里，这只狗一直与她形影不离。
• a travelling companion 旅伴
■old use
■in the past, a young woman who was paid to care for and provide friendship for an old or ill woman, especially while she was travelling 陪护（旧时受雇陪伴老太太或女性病人旅行的年轻女子）
[kəm'pæn.jən] noun countable
OBJECT 物件 old-fashioned
■either of two matching objects （成对物件中的）一件
• I've still got one of the candlesticks but I've lost its companion. 我还拥有一个烛台，却把另一个配对的弄丢了。
[kəm'pæn.jən] noun countable
BOOK 书
■used in the title of the type of book which gives you information on a particular subject or tells you how to do something （用于书名）指南，手册
• the Music Lover's Companion 《音乐爱好者指南》
comrade, companion, colleague, partner, fellow, associate
这组词都有“同事，伙伴”的意思，其区别是：
comrade: 指具有共同的事业、利益关系相一致的人。
companion: 指陪伴他人的人，即同伴或陪伴。
colleague: 一般用于对同事的正式称呼，基本上专用在职业关系上。
partner: 指事业中处于合伙关系的人，或指婚姻、游戏、跳舞中的另一方。
fellow: 多用复数形式，指一块住、生活或同行共事的人。
associate: 普通用词，侧重指在利害关系上密切相关。
n. 同伴；朋友；指南；手册
 - friend, guide, fellow, manual, notebook
vt. 陪伴
 - attend, keep company

Word: contend
Front: contend
[kənˈtend] (研六托雅宝 3552/6083 -2)
Vocabulary: contend
(once / 175 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To defend a belief or keep affirming that it's true is to contend. People used to contend that the earth was flat, but eventually, when no one dropped off the edge no matter how far they traveled, the "round" theory won.
One of the meanings of contend is from the French "to strive with," and it is a literal fighting, as in "to contend with fists." Most contemporary uses of the verb contend illustrate competitions of proof or defense, where a person will contend that something is true, or better, or wrong. It is still a striving but more of a verbal kind, where what you contend is what you hope to convince others is correct.
WORD FAMILY
contend: contended, contender, contending, contends, contention +/ contender: contenders/ contention: contentions, contentious / contentious: contentiously, contentiousness, noncontentious
USAGE EXAMPLES
Opponents also contend that special elections are expensive and generate extremely low turnouts.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
While there is wide support for the concept of buffers, county officials contend there is confusion and questions about the law.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The attorneys contend Gomez lacked the authority to allow a search of the computer.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 争夺; 竞争; 奋斗; 争斗
vt. 声称，主张; 争论，争辩; 斗争，战斗
时态：contended, contending, contends
分布：竞争(48%)，争辩(30%)，争斗(18%)，坚决主张(4%)
→con-, 强调。-tend, 伸出，伸长。词根ten含有多种引申词义，1. 持，握，词源同tenure, contain. 2. 伸长，拉紧，词源同tend, tense, 3. 变细，变弱，attenuate, extenuate。
竞争,争论(con一起+tend→一起你拉我夺→争论)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
v.竞争,斗争;坚决主张He contended that smuggling was the worst of all evils.他坚持认为走私为万恶之首.
【记】con一起，tend伸展－一起你拉我夺－竞争con一起，t踢，end结束：互相踢直到有一人被结束了为止－竞争
【参】distend（v 使扩大；扩张）；extend（v 伸展；延伸）；
verb
COMPETE 竞争
intransitive
■to compete in order to win something 竞争；争夺
• There are three world-class tennis players contending for this title. 有三位世界顶级网球选手争夺这项冠军。
• He's contending against someone with twice his experience. 他在和经验比他丰富一倍的人竞争。
[kən'tend] verb
CLAIM 声称
[T + (that)] formal
■to state that something is true or is a fact 声称；断言；主张
• The lawyer contended (that) her client had never been near the scene of the crime. 该律师声称她的委托人从未走近过犯罪现场。
[kən'tend] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  contend with sth
■to have to deal with a difficult or unpleasant situation 必须处理，必须应对（困境或不愉快的事）
• At the age of nine, he had the death of both parents to contend with. 九岁时他就不得不面对父母双亡这一境况。
• We don't need a computer failure to contend with as well as all our other problems. 我们已有不少其他问题要解决，不想再为电脑故障问题伤脑筋。
contend, rival, contest, compete
这组词都有“竞争”的意思，其区别是：
contend: 指为战胜或击败对手进行不懈努力，强调拼搏。也可指口头上进行有对立情绪或严重分歧的争论。
rival: 指在两方或多方的竞争或比赛中，谁都想战胜或比得上对手。
contest: 指为争夺土地、阵地、权力或荣誉等而展开的竞争。
compete: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指体育活动等活动中争取优胜的相互竞争，也可指为了自己的利益与他人竞争。
vi. 竞争；奋斗；斗争；争论
 - fight, debate, cope
vt. 主张；为...斗争
 - maintain, submit, advocate

Word: nail
Front: nail
[neɪl] (高研四六托 3556/3556 -K2)
Vocabulary: nail
(once / 254 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v 5v 6v 7v
A nail is the pointed piece of metal that you pound with a hammer when you're building something. When you go to a nail salon, however, don't bring a pack of nails; bring your toes and fingers instead!
When construction workers pound nails into wood, they nail them. Another kind of nail is the one at the end of each of your fingers and toes. In addition to hitting a nail, the verb version of nail also means "to arrest," "to succeed easily," and "to hit." Nail polish is what you use to color the nails on your hands (or feet), and when you "hit the nail on the head," you get the exact right answer.
WORD FAMILY
nail: nailed, nailer, nailing, nails+/nailer: nailers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The stories elicited pushback from the industry, leading to legislative actions, including rules to require ventilation at all New York state nail salons.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She spoke no English, but found a job at a nail salon run by a Portuguese woman.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Nail’s attorney, Brad Engberg, says his client is “factually and legally innocent of any wrongdoing.”
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 钉子; 指甲，趾甲; 钉状物; 纳尔
vt. 钉住; 抓住; 使固定; 揭露
时态：nailed, nailing, nails
分布：钉(48%)，钉子(33%)，指甲(15%)，抓住(2%)，使固定(1%)，爪(1%)
→来自nogh,指甲，爪子，词源同unguent,onyx.引申词义钉子。拼写比较rule,regulate.
n.指甲,爪;钉v.将...钉牢,钉住The sailor was nailed on the rail for he failed to trail the mail.水手被钉在横木上,因为他未能跟踪邮件.
noun countable
METAL 金属
 ADVANCED
■a small thin piece of metal with one pointed end and one flat end which you hit into something with a hammer, especially in order to fasten or join it to something else 钉，钉子
• a three-inch nail 三英寸长的钉子
• I stepped on a nail sticking out of the floorboards. 我踩到了地板上凸出来的一颗钉子。
• Hammer a nail into the wall and we'll hang the mirror from it. 在墙上钉个钉子，我们要把镜子挂在上面。
[neɪl] noun countable
BODY PART 身体部位
 ADVANCED
■a thin hard area that covers the upper side of the end of each finger and each toe 指甲；趾甲
• Stop biting your nails! 别再咬指甲了！
• nail clippers 指甲刀
• a nail file 指甲锉
[neɪl] noun countable
another/the final nail in the coffin
■an event which causes the failure of something that had already started to fail 导致失败的事件，致命打击，催命符
• Each successive revelation of incompetence is another nail in the chairman's coffin. 接二连三地显露出不称职，是导致董事长下台的一道道催命符。
• That report drove the final nail in the company's coffin. 那份报告为公司敲响了丧钟。
[neɪl] noun countable
hard/tough as nails
■not feeling or showing any emotions such as sympathy, fear or worry 冷酷无情的，铁石心肠的
[neɪl] verb
FASTEN 钉牢
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to fasten something with nails 用钉子钉，将…钉牢
• She had nailed a small shelf to the door. 她在门上钉了一个小架子。
• A notice had been nailed up on the wall. 墙上钉了一张告示。
• The lid of the coffin had been nailed down. 棺材盖被钉死了。
[neɪl] verb
CATCH 抓获
transitive slang
■to catch someone, especially when they are doing something wrong, or to make it clear that they are guilty （尤指当场）抓获，逮住；证明…有罪，揭发
• The police had been trying to nail those guys for months. 数月来，警方一直想抓住那帮家伙。
[neɪl] verb
nail your colours to the mast UK
■to make it obvious what your opinions or plans are 明确表态；表明意图
[neɪl] verb
nail a lie UK old-fashioned informal
■to prove that something really is a lie 拆穿谎言
[neɪl] verb
nailing jelly to the wall
■trying to give exact details for something that it is not possible to know about exactly 试图提供无从知晓的细节；白费力气
• Writing the history of this period is like nailing jelly to the wall. 试图写下这时期的历史纯属白费力气。
[neɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  nail sb down informal
■to make someone give you exact details or a firm decision about something 使（某人）准确说出细节；迫使（某人）作出决定
• They nailed him down to a specific time and place. 他们迫使他确定了时间和地点。
[neɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] nail sth down
DECISION informal
■If you nail down an arrangement or decision, you fix and agree to the details of it 达成（协议）；最终确定（或决定）
• After a five-hour meeting, we finally nailed down a deal. 开会五小时后，我们最终达成了一项协议。
UNDERSTAND US informal
■to understand something completely, or to describe something correctly 完全理解；正确描述
• We haven't been able to nail down the cause of the fire yet. 我们仍未弄清火灾的起因。
vt. 钉；使固定；揭露
 - reveal, fix, disclose
n. [解剖] 指甲； [五金] 钉子
 - clou

Word: array
Front: array
[əˈreɪ] (研六托雅宝 3554/4766 -2)
Vocabulary: array
(once / 348 pages)
nv
An array is a display of something — usually something varied. So, you might encounter an array of bathing suits on the beach or an array of cereal brands in the cereal aisle of the grocery store. Which would you prefer?
Although the word array comes from the Old French areyer, "to put in order," an array often just comes together. It can be an intentional design of people or features — everything from software packages to fashion shows can have an "impressive array" of components. Or, an array can fall together in nature or by chance: "the clouds became an array of beautiful shapes after the storm."
WORD FAMILY
array: arrayed, arraying, arrays
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Cohen is well aware of the contemporary arguments arrayed against America’s interest, or competence, in waging war, which he addresses in Chapter 1.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At different growth stages, the plants require light in different intensities, and algorithms controlling the L.E.D. arrays adjust for that.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
An array of state, federal and international laws regulates the wildlife trade.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 队列，阵列; 数组; 一大批; 衣服
vt. 排列; 部署兵力; 打扮，装饰
时态：arrayed, arraying, arrays
分布：数组(76%)，排列(8%)，一系列(6%)，打扮(5%)，盛装(2%)，部署(2%)，大批(1%)
→前缀ar-同ad-. -ray, 词源同ready. 字母d,y音变。
n.大量;排列;盛装v.列阵;装扮;排列The stray betrayer arrayed the sprayers on the road.偶然的背信者在道路上排列喷雾器.
【记】ray（n 光线）：象整齐的一排。
noun countable usually singular
■a large group of things or people, especially one which is attractive or causes admiration and often one which has been positioned in a particular way （尤指非常有吸引力、令人赞赏并常以特定的方式排列的）一系列，一批，大量，大群
• There was a splendid array of food on the table. 满桌子都是美味佳肴。
• They sat before an array of microphones and cameras. 他们坐在那里，面对着无数的麦克风和摄影机镜头。
[ə'reɪ] verb transitive usually passive
■to arrange a group of things in a particular way 布置；排列
• A large number of magazines were arrayed on the stand. 报摊上摆放着很多杂志。
• Arrayed (= Standing in a group) before him were 40 schoolchildren in purple and green. 40名身穿紫绿两色校服的小学生列队站在他面前。
■to arrange a group of soldiers in a position for fighting 配置（兵力）
n. 数组，阵列；排列，列阵；大批，一系列；衣服
 - series of, clothes, thread, garment, ranging
vt. 排列，部署；打扮
 - dress oneself, rank, form

Word: strict
Front: strict
[strɪkt] (中高研四六托 3553/3091 -K3)
Vocabulary: strict
(once / 130 pages)
adj
Strict describes someone who sticks to a particular set of rules. If your math teacher is strict, it means that she expects her rules to be followed to the letter.
The adjective strict always has to do with rules. Your strict parents enforced rules and expected you to obey them. Your cousin might be a strict vegetarian who always follows her own rules about what to eat. Strict laws demand to be followed, and a strict follower of the First Amendment supports free speech no matter what. The Latin root of strict is strictus, which means "drawn together, tight, or rigid." A rigid adherence to rules is exactly what makes someone strict.
WORD FAMILY
strict: stricter, strictest, strictly, strictness+/strictness: strictnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
He is a genuine person who lives by a strict moral code, and he expects to be treated fairly.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The law establishes stricter timetables for state agencies and municipalities to respond to public records requests.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Environmental and health groups pushed for an even stricter standard.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 精确的; 绝对的; 严格的，严谨的; [植]笔直的
级别：stricter, strictest
分布：严格的(85%)，精确的(10%)，完全的(5%)
→来自拉丁语 strictus,紧的，拉紧的，过去分词格于 stringere,拉紧，绑紧，收缩，词源同 strain,stress,stringent.引申词义严格的，严厉的。
严厉的,严格的[stirain,striet,string=tighten,表示"拉紧"]
a.(with)严格的,严厉的;严谨的,精确的In this district I can strictly distinguish the distinct distinctions of bees' stings by instinct.在该地区我能靠直觉严格分辨蜜蜂刺的明显特征.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■strongly limiting someone's freedom to behave as they wish, and likely to severely punish them if they do not obey 要求严格的，严厉的
• My parents were very strict with me when I was young. 小时候父母对我要求非常严格。
• Stricter controls on air pollution would help to reduce acid rain. 加强控制空气污染将会有助于减少酸雨。
• A strict curfew has been imposed from dusk till dawn. 从黄昏到黎明实行了严格的宵禁。
• We follow very strict guidelines on the use and storage of personal details on computers. 对于电脑上个人资料的使用和储存，我们遵循极为严格的规定。
• Do you think stricter gun laws would reduce the murder rate in the United States? 你认为制定更为严格的枪械法律会降低美国谋杀案的发生率吗？
• The drug should only be administered under strict medical supervision. 这种药只有在医生的严格指示下才能使用。
• The negotiations took place in strict (= total) secrecy. 谈判在高度保密的情况下进行。
⇒ See also restrict
 IMPROVER
■exactly correct 精确的，完全正确的；严谨的
• a strict translation of the text 紧扣原文的翻译
• He would be found guilty under a strict interpretation of the law. 按照对法律的严谨阐释，他会被判有罪。
 IMPROVER
■describes someone who follows the rules and principles of a belief or way of living very carefully and exactly, or a belief or principle that is followed very carefully and exactly 恪守信条的，严格遵循（某种生活方式）的；不折不扣的；（信条或原则）必须恪守的
• His parents were strict Catholics. 他的父母是恪守教规的天主教徒。
• She's a strict vegetarian and refuses to eat any poultry or fish. 她是个不折不扣的素食主义者，任何禽类和鱼类都不吃。
in a strict sense
■in the most limited meaning of a word, phrase, etc. 从严格意义上来说
• In a strict sense, frost refers simply to a temperature of zero degrees Celsius or less. 严格来说，霜冻仅指气温达到摄氏零度或更低时的情况。
[strɪkt] adjective
in the strictest confidence
■If you tell someone something in the strictest confidence, you expect them not to tell it to anyone else. 极其秘密地
rigid, rigorous, strict
这组词都有“刻板的，严格的”的意思，其区别是：
rigid: 指没有灵活性、机动性。
rigorous: 侧重指严格到毫不宽容的地步。
strict: 指在行为规则上要求严格。
adj. 严格的；绝对的；精确的；详细的
 - rigid, precise, accurate, mathematical, absolute

Word: assemble
Front: assemble
[əˈsembl] (研四六托雅宝 3557/3928 -2)
Vocabulary: assemble
(once / 141 pages)
v
To assemble means to bring together, as in people or parts. The volunteers assembled to assemble the bikes for the needy kids.
The U.S. Constitution guarantees in something in the Bill of Rights called "the right of assembly." This means that people are allowed to come together for any purpose they chose. In countries without this right, groups who assemble can be disbanded with the idea that they may be assembling a revolution.
WORD FAMILY
assemble: assemblage, assembled, assembler, assembles, assembling, disassemble, preassemble, reassemble +/ assemblage: assemblages/assembler: assemblers/assembling: assemblings/ disassemble: disassembled, disassembles, disassembling, disassembly/preassemble: preassembled/ reassemble: reassembled, reassembles, reassembling
USAGE EXAMPLES
He asked the assembled state leaders how they will positively influence Montana and whether they will be remembered for their rhetoric or results.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After a while, you do hope for something a little more dramatic – particularly when the assembled parties are gathered next to a shark tank.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Only 20 are assembled a day, with most of the work done by hand.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 集合，收集
vt. 装配，组合
时态：assembled, assembling, assembles
分布：装配(50%)，集合(35%)，收集(15%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. 词根sem, 一，同same.
集合;装配(as不断+semble→不断使东西相同→组装[东西])[simil,simul,sembl=alike,same表示"相类似,一样"]
vt.集合,召集;装配;收集vi.集合,聚集He was busy assembling the bike by himself.他忙着自己装配自行车.
【记】as一再，semble和…相像－一再相像－聚集。比如：近朱者赤
【参】resemble（vt 象，类似）；dissemble（v 掩饰，假装不知道）
verb
GATHER 聚集
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to come together in a single place or bring parts together in a single group 集合，聚集；收集
• We assembled in the meeting room after lunch. 午饭后我们在会议室集合。
• to assemble data 收集资料
• At the staff meeting, the manager told the assembled company (= everyone there) that no one would lose their job. 在全体员工大会上，经理对所有与会者说他们谁也不会失业。
[ə'sem.bl] verb
JOIN 连接
transitive
■to make something by joining separate parts 组装；装配
• furniture that is easy to assemble 易于组装的家俱
assemble, gather, collect
这组词都有“集中，归拢”的意思，其区别是：
assemble: 与collect相比更为突出聚集或收集的目的。
gather: 换用，但多强调按照一定目的或计划进行有选择的收集。
vt. 集合，聚集；装配；收集
 - aggregate, fall in
vi. 集合，聚集
 - concentrate, collect, aggregate, mass, crowd

Word: frankly
Front: frankly
[ˈfræŋkli] (3555/5588)
Vocabulary: frankly
(once / 356 pages)
adv
To say something frankly is to be completely honest and straightforward. It's unusual when a politician answers reporters' questions frankly.
When someone's frank, they are plainspoken and truthful, and when you communicate frankly, your words have this quality. Telling people frankly that you need their help, or expressing criticism frankly but kindly can be difficult at times, but it's something to strive for. Frank and frankly have a Medieval Latin root, francus, "free, or at liberty."
WORD FAMILY
frank: franked, franker, frankest, franking, frankly, frankness, franks+/frankness: franknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brad: Frankly, that I like it so much.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But, he added, “Frankly, we need help. We need people to join our community.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He spent so much time screaming at this protester and frankly, it was a disgrace.”
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 直率地（说），坦诚地; 真诚地; 坦白地; 平心而论
分布：坦白地(77%)，坦率地(23%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■in an honest and direct way 坦率地，坦诚地
• She spoke very frankly about her experiences. 她非常坦率地讲述了自己的经历。
 ADVANCED
■used when giving an honest and direct opinion, often one that might upset someone 坦率地讲
• Quite frankly, I think this whole situation is ridiculous. 相当坦率地讲，我认为这整个局面很可笑。
• That's a frankly absurd suggestion. 坦率地讲，那个建议简直是荒唐。
adv. 真诚地，坦白地
 - sincerely, truly, simply, honestly, genuinely

Word: rat
Front: rat
[ræt] (中高研四六托雅 3558/3139 -2)
Vocabulary: rat
(once / 330 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4nv
Rats are mouse-like rodents with long tails, pointed noses, and whiskers. Rats are often associated with filth and disease. So, if someone calls you a rat, it's not like being called a fox. It's an insult.
Many people keep rats as pets, and scientists often study rats because their psychological behavior is actually very similar to that of humans. Rats are intelligent and adaptable, but wild rats also carry disease and sometimes bite humans. These negative traits have led to the informal meaning of rat, "hateful person," "liar," or "double-crosser." You can also use rat as a verb to mean "betray or snitch on."
WORD FAMILY
rat: ratable, ratlike, rats, ratted, ratter, ratting, ratty +/ratable: ratability, ratably, unratable/ratter: ratters/ ratty: rattier, rattiest, rattily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The streets were torn up and gridlocked during the construction, which unleashed a pestilence of rats through the neighborhood.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“What you find very quickly is that rats and mice lose weight just the way you see in humans,” Dr. Seeley said.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Rats spread disease, decimate crops and very occasionally eat people alive.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 大老鼠; 似鼠动物; <非正式>鼠辈，卑鄙小人
vi. 捕鼠; <俚>背叛，告密
时态：ratted, ratting, rats
分布：鼠(93%)，捕鼠(4%)，背叛(2%)，偷窃(1%)
→来自中古英语 rat,老鼠，来自古英语 raet,老鼠，来自 Proto-Germanic*ratto,刮，咬，来自 red, 刮，咬，词源同 rodent,eraser.
n.鼠The cat catches a fat rat and scatters the others under the mat.猫抓了一只肥鼠并驱散了席子下面的其它老鼠.
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED
■a small rodent , larger than a mouse, which has a long tail and is considered to be harmful 鼠；老鼠；大家鼠
• Rats carry disease. 老鼠传播疾病。
• I think we've got rats (= there are rats in our house). 我觉得家里有老鼠了。
[ræt] noun countable
PERSON 人 informal
■an unpleasant person who deceives others or is not loyal 卑鄙小人；骗子；背信弃义的人
[ræt] verb slang disapproving
  Phrasal Verbs  rat on sb/sth
■to be not loyal to someone, especially by giving away secret information about them, or to fail to do something that you said you would do 背叛；（尤指）告密出卖，对…背信弃义
• He ratted on us. 他出卖了我们。
• They ratted on the deal. 他们不守信用，谈好的交易出尔反尔。
mouse, rat
这组词都有“老鼠，耗子”的意思，其区别是：
mouse: 一般指体形较小的家鼠。
rat: 一般指生活在室外体形较大的一种老鼠。
n. [脊椎] 鼠；卑鄙小人，叛徒
 - traitor, betrayer
vi. 捕鼠；背叛，告密
 - mouse, inform

Word: burst
Front: burst
[bɜ:st] (高研四六托 3560/3011 -K3)
Vocabulary: burst
(once / 86 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn
A burst is a sudden flurry of activity. Bursts of energy are helpful in shoveling heavy snow, but it's better if you work steadily instead of shoveling fast and stopping.
As a verb, burst is your go-to action word to describe something sudden and energetic happening. It usually means, "to explode outward, with noise" like if you burst into song in the middle of study hall, startling everyone. It also means, “to split open in a violent way due to internal pressure” like an overfilled water balloon. It comes from the Old English word berstan, meaning "break suddenly."
WORD FAMILY
burst: bursted, burster, bursting, bursts+/burster: bursters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Joe’s Pub, the glimmering nightclub at the Public Theater, bursts with laughter and cheers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schroder repeats the process - eyes fixed on the sky, asking for quiet, a burst of calling and then, one word.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The house kept “bursting” with popping noises, she said.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 爆裂，炸破; 使爆炸; 充满，塞满; 爆发
vt. 使爆炸; 冲破，胀破; 分帧，分页，分隔
n. 爆炸; 爆裂; 爆发; 突发
时态：burst, bursting, bursts
分布：爆发(28%)，爆裂(18%)，破裂(16%)，阵(15%)，冲(14%)，迸发(6%)，闯(3%)
→词源同break, 破开。
v.爆裂,炸破;突然发生n.突然破裂,爆发They returned in turn to bury the luxuries burnt in the burst.他们依次返回来埋藏在爆炸中烧毁的奢侈品.
US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to break open or apart suddenly, or to make something do this （使）迸裂，（使）爆炸
• Balloons make me nervous - I hate it when they burst. 气球令我感到紧张——我讨厌它们突然爆破。
• The river was threatening to burst its banks. 河流有决口的危险。
• Suddenly the door burst open (= opened suddenly and forcefully) and police officers carrying guns rushed in. 门突然被撞开了，员警端着枪冲了进来。
• figurative humorous If I eat any more cake I'll burst (= I cannot eat anything else) ! 我再吃蛋糕肚皮就会胀破的！
intransitive
■to feel a strong emotion, or strong wish to do something （心中）充满；心情迫切
• I knew they were bursting with curiosity but I said nothing. 我知道他们充满了好奇，但我甚么也没说。
• [+ to infinitive] informal I'm bursting to go to the loo! 我急着想上厕所！
• Tom was bursting to tell everyone the news. 汤姆迫不及待地想把消息告诉每个人。
burst into flames
■to suddenly burn strongly, producing a lot of flames 突然着火
• Smoke started pouring out from underneath, then the truck burst into flames. 烟开始从下面冒了出来，接着卡车便着火了。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
burst at the seams informal
■to be completely full 过满，拥挤不堪
• When all the family come home the house is bursting at the seams. 当全家人都回到家里，房子就拥挤不堪。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
burst into song/tears/laughter
■to suddenly begin to sing/cry/laugh 突然开始唱歌／流泪／大笑
• Much to my surprise Ben suddenly burst into song. 令我非常惊讶的是，本突然唱起歌来。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
burst out laughing/crying
■to suddenly start laughing/crying 突然大笑／大哭起来
• I walked in and everyone burst out laughing. 我走了进去，所有的人都突然放声大笑起来。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
  Phrasal Verbs  burst in/into (somewhere)
■to enter a room or building suddenly and without warning 突然闯入（房间或建筑）
• The side door of the pub flew open and three men burst in. 酒吧的侧门猛地开了，三个男人闯了进来。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
  Phrasal Verbs  burst in on sb/sth
■to enter a room suddenly and without warning, interrupting the people or activity inside 突然闯入而打断（或打扰）：
• Katya burst in on him without warning. 卡佳连招呼都没打就突然出现在了他面前。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
  Phrasal Verbs  burst out
■to suddenly say something loudly 猛然大叫
• "Don't go!" he burst out. “别走！”他猛然大叫道。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] noun countable
BREAK 爆裂
■when something breaks open and what is inside breaks out 爆裂
• a burst in the water pipe 水管爆裂
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] noun countable
INCREASE 增加
■a sudden increase in something, especially for a short period （尤指短期的）突然增加；迸发
• a burst of speed/applause/laughter 突然的加速／一阵掌声／一阵大笑
explode, erupt, burst
这组词都有“爆炸、爆发”的意思，其区别是：
explode: 指物体爆炸而释放大量热能的一刹那。
erupt: 主要指火山的爆发，也可用作引申意义。
burst: 强调爆炸能量的突然释放和力量的突然迸发。
break, crush, crack, shatter, smash, burst, fracture
这组词都有“打破、弄碎”的意思，其区别是：
break: 常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。
crush: 指用力把东西压破或变形。
crack: 多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表现呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
shatter: 指破裂为许多支离破碎的碎片，多用指易碎事物。
smash: 指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。
burst: 指某物因内部外部压力过大而出现严重破裂、爆开或账破。
fracture: 比crack的破裂程度更深更严重，常指断裂，医学上指骨折。
explode, burst, break out
explode: （炸弹）爆炸；
burst: （the ball）爆裂
break out: 爆发（战争）；
vi. [天] 爆发，突发； [力] 爆炸
 - out break, flame up
vt. [天] 爆发，突发； [力] 爆炸
 - blast, out break
n. [天] 爆发，突发； [力] 爆炸
 - blast, outbreak

Word: hallway
Front: hallway
[ˈhɔ:lweɪ] (托 3559/9137 -1)
Back: n. 走廊，过道; 门厅; 玄关
分布：走廊(69%)，过道(17%)，门厅(14%)
US ['hɑ:l-] noun countable
■a hall (ENTRANCE)
n. 走廊；门厅；玄关
 - passage, corridor

Word: cave
Front: cave
[keɪv] (高研四六雅 3562/4161 -3)
Vocabulary: cave
(once / 179 pages)
nv
A cave is hollow space underground that's big enough for a person to walk or crawl into. People who explore caves often wear battery-powered headlamps.
You might see a small cafe in the side of a cliff as you hike up a mountain, or swim into an underwater cave when you go snorkeling. In either case, a cave is a deep, carved-out chamber that opens above ground — or in the water. People who regularly explore caves are called spelunkers, or cavers. The Latin root word is cavea, "hollow."
WORD FAMILY
cave: caved, caves, caving
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He caves on judges,” he said at the time.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The caves that the cadres used as hide-outs from Japanese bombers still exist, buried into the bleak hills like black eyes.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There will be extensive opportunities for public hearings and for review by the governor and attorney general, Cave said.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 洞穴; 〈方〉地窖
vt. & vi. （使）塌陷，倒塌; 暗中破坏
vi. 屈服
时态：caved, caving, caves
分布：洞穴(51%)，山洞(40%)，屈服(4%)，塌落(4%)，挖空(1%)
→来自keue, 膨胀，拱，堆积，词源同accumulate, cumulative.即拱起来的小空间，后指洞穴。
洞穴[cav=hole,表示"洞"]
n.洞,穴The slave safely saved the sharp shavers in a cave nearby the cafeteria.奴隶将锋利的剃刀安全地保存在自助餐厅附近的洞穴里.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a large hole in the side of a hill, cliff or mountain, or one that is underground 洞穴；山洞；地洞
[keɪv] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  cave in
FALL
■If a ceiling, roof or other structure caves in, it breaks and falls into the space below 塌陷；坍塌；塌方
• Because of the explosion, the roof of the building caved in, trapping several people. 由于发生爆炸，建筑物的顶部坍塌，几个人被困在里面。
AGREE informal
■to agree to something that you were against before, after someone has persuaded you or threatened you 让步；屈服；妥协
• At first, they refused to sign the agreement, but they caved in when they heard another firm was being approached. 起先，他们不肯在协议上签字，但听说我们正跟另一家公司接洽就答应了。
hollow, cavity, pit, cave, hole
这组词都有“洞、穴”的意思，其区别是：
hollow: 通常指表面上的坑或凹处，也指物体内部的空洞。
cavity: 比hole正式，指实体内中或表面的空洞或空腔。
pit: 指天然的大洞，尤指地上的洞，也指为采掘矿物而挖的深洞。
cave: 指出洞、窑洞或溶洞，可以是天然的或人造的。
hole: 最普通用词，泛指实体上的洞、孔或坑，不涉及其大小、深浅或穿透与否。
vi. 凹陷，塌落；投降
 - yield, pit
n. [地质] 洞穴，窑洞
 - hole, grottos

Word: inevitable
Front: inevitable
[ɪnˈevɪtəbl] (研四六托雅 3561/2837 -K3)
Vocabulary: inevitable
(once / 169 pages)
adjn
If something is inevitable, it will definitely happen, like death or tax season.
Inevitable comes from the Latin word inevitabilis, which means unavoidable. If you say something is inevitable, you give the sense that no matter what scheme you come with to get around it, it's going to happen sooner or later. You can use all the skin products you want, but wrinkles are inevitable.
WORD FAMILY
inevitable: inevitability, inevitableness, inevitables, inevitably +/evitable: evitably, inevitable / inevitability: inevitabilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wexler dismisses the argument used by leagues that since sports gambling is inevitable, they might as well push to regulate it.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It was inevitable that she would clash with Michael, the most willful of their three children.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
An interception or two seemed inevitable for the Clemson quarterback prone to occasional bad decisions and wayward throws this season.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 不可避免的; 必然发生的; <非正>总会发生的; 必然发生的事
分布：不可避免的(100%)
→in-,不，非，e-,向外，-vit,分开，离开，词源同divide,widow.即不可离开的，引申词义无可避免的。
a.不可避免的,必然发生的Death is inevitable.死是无法避免的.
US [-tˌə-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented 不可避免的；必然发生的
• The accident was the inevitable consequence/result/outcome of carelessness. 这次意外是粗心导致的必然结果。
the inevitable
■something that is certain to happen and cannot be prevented 不可避免的情况；逃避不了的事实
• Eventually the inevitable happened and he had a heart attack. 最终不可避免的情况还是发生了——他心脏病发作。
adj. 必然的，不可避免的
 - certain, necessary, automatic

Word: southwest
Front: southwest
[ˌsaʊθ'west] (高研四六 3564/15280)
Back: n. 西南，西南方，; 西南部
adv. 向西南
adj. 西南的，西南部的
分布：西南(85%)，西南地区(7%)，西南的(5%)，往西南(1%)，来自西南(1%)，西南风(1%)
n./a.西南(的),西南部(的)The bird nests only in northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest lest it be found.此鸟只在东北,西北,东南和西南筑巢,以免被发现.
[ˌsaʊθ'west] (written abbreviation SW)
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the direction which is between south and west 西南，西南方
the Southwest
■the area in the southwest of Britain or of another country （英国或其他国家的）西南部
• There will be rain in the Southwest. 西南部将会有雨。
[ˌsaʊθ'west] (written abbreviation SW)
adjective adverb
■in or towards the southwest 西南（的），在西南（的）；朝西南（的）
• I come from the southwest part of the island. 我来自那个岛的西南部。
• They moved southwest in an attempt to find better land. 他们搬到了西南部，希望能找到更好的土地。
southwest wind
■a wind that comes from the southwest 西南风

Word: monster
Front: monster
[ˈmɒnstə(r)] (研六托雅 3565/3985 -2)
Vocabulary: monster
(once / 158 pages)
n
Monsters are imaginary scary creatures that lurk in dark places and horror movies. If it's got 3 heads, shark teeth and lives under your bed, then it's probably a monster.
Monsters are big. Monsters are hairy. And monsters are certainly scary. Think of the Abominable Snow Man, that Loch Ness creature, or even Shrek — even though he's technically an ogre. This word isn't only for the imaginary, though: you could call anything freakish, frightening, or particularly evil a monster, like a cruel murderer or even a really big, violent storm.
WORD FAMILY
monster: monsters, monstrous +/ monstrosity: monstrosities/ monstrous: monstrosity, monstrousest, monstrously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I used to look at myself and think, ‘I am horrible, I am a monster, subhuman,’” he said.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
This monster McCrory created, though, lives on in his absence.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
It is we who are the true monsters and brutes and demons and wild things, not them.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 巨大的，庞大的; （建筑物）巍峨的
n. 怪物; 恶魔，恶人; 庞然大物; 畸形，畸胎
分布：怪物(85%)，巨大的(6%)，恶人(4%)，庞大的(4%)，巨物(1%)
→来自拉丁语monere,警告，词源同admonish,monitor.-ster,贬义后缀。用于指怪物，恶魔，在古代出现反常的现象或怪物通常意味着上帝对人的警告。
怪物(显示出来的怪物)[monstr=show,表示"显示"]
n.怪物,妖怪,畸形的动植物The murderer was a monster.凶手是一个魔鬼.
US ['mɑ:nt.stɚ] noun countable
CREATURE 生物
 IMPROVER
■any imaginary frightening creature, especially one which is large and strange （虚构的）怪物，怪兽
• a sea monster 海怪
• prehistoric monsters 史前怪兽
• the Loch Ness monster 尼斯湖水怪
UK ['mɒnt.stər] US ['mɑ:nt.stɚ] noun countable
PERSON 人
■a cruel and frightening person 丧失人性的人；残忍的人，恶人
• You'd have to be a monster to hit a child like that. 你一定是丧失人性了，这样打一个孩子。
UK ['mɒnt.stər] US ['mɑ:nt.stɚ] noun countable
LARGE 大的 informal
■something which is very big, or too big 庞然大物
• You should have seen the onions he grew for the competition - they were monsters! 你应该看看他为参加这次比赛所种的洋葱，它们都大得离奇！
UK ['mɒnt.stər] US ['mɑ:nt.stɚ] adjective [before noun] informal
■very big 巨型
• a monster housing development 巨型新建住宅区
UK ['mɒnt.stər] US ['mɑ:nt.stɚ] verb transitive informal
■to criticize someone severely 严厉批评
• Andy Smith has been monstered by the media. 安迪•史密斯受到媒体的猛烈批评。
n. 怪物；巨人，巨兽；残忍的人
 - giant, bugbear
adj. 巨大的，庞大的
 - huge, enormous, tremendous, massive, macro

Word: speed
Front: speed
[spi:d] (中高研四六雅 1390/1245 -K4)
Vocabulary: speed
(once / 62 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Speed most often describes acceleration or a high rate of motion. When something picks up too much speed, it can run off course, like a kid on a bike zooming uncontrollably down a steep hill.
Speed can be a noun or verb. As a noun, it's an indicator of pace, as in the speed of a car. As a noun, it's also a drug that keeps you awake, very awake. As a verb, it means to “move along quickly,” like how you speed around on your bike. A fun fact: while speed refers to the distance traveled by an object during a specific amount of time, velocity describes that distance, but in a specified direction.
WORD FAMILY
speed: sped, speeded, speeder, speeding, speeds, speedy +/speeder: speeders/speeding: speedings/ speedy: speedier, speediest, speedily, speediness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The speed limit on the turn was 30 mph.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
It is not just in ports where machine learning could speed up scanning.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
The group have subsequently upped the speed at which they can propel water droplets to a heady ten millimetres a second.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 速度; 快速; 昌盛; （汽车的）变速器，排挡
vt. & vi. 急行，加速
vi. 超速; 加速; 迅速前行; 兴隆
vt. 加快…的速度; 使成功，使繁荣
时态：sped, speeded, speeding, speeds
分布：速度(75%)，加速(21%)，迅速(3%)，急行(1%)
→来自古英语 sped,繁荣，兴旺，来自 Proto-Germanic*spodiz,繁荣，兴旺，来自 spe,繁荣， 兴旺，词源同 prosper,desperate.后引申比喻义速度，迅速，快速，且成为主要词义，原词义 逐渐不再使用。
n.速度,快v.迅速,前进,急行;加速,使加速We need reed needles to speed the deed indeed.我们确实需要一些芦苇针来加快行动.
noun
RATE OF MOVEMENT 运动速度
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■how fast something moves 速度，速率
• He was travelling at a speed of 90 mph. 他以每小时90哩的速度行进。
• The car has a top speed of 155 miles per hour. 这辆汽车的最高时速是155哩。
• You should lower / reduce your speed as you approach a junction. 接近交叉路口时应该放慢速度。
• On a clear, straight road you can gather / pick up speed. 在空旷笔直的公路上可以加速行驶。
• He came off the road while driving his car round a bend at high/breakneck speed (= very fast). 他在弯道上开得飞快，结果冲出了公路。
• There are speed restrictions (= controls on how fast traffic is allowed to move) on this part of the road. 这段路是限速的。
• an electric drill with two speeds (= rates at which it turns) 有两段速度的电钻
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■very fast movement 飞速，快速
• I get a real thrill from speed. 飞速驾车会让我兴奋不已。
• He put on a sudden burst of speed. 他突然加速了。
• Both cars were travelling at speed (= very fast) when the accident happened. 事故发生时两辆车的速度都很快。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■how fast something happens （事情发生的）速度，进度
• We were surprised at the speed of the response to our enquiry. 这么快就得到了答覆，让我们很惊讶。
• It was the speed at which it all happened that shocked me. 令我感到震惊的是整个事情发生得如此之快。
• She got through her work with speed (= quickly) and efficiency. 她快速而高效地完成了她的工作。
the speed of light/sound
■the rate at which light or sound travels 光／音速
• The speed of light is 300 million metres per second. 光速是每秒钟3亿公尺。
• These planes travel at twice the speed of sound. 这些飞机以两倍音速飞行。
countable
■a gear 排档，变速器
• a bicycle with ten speeds 有十段速度的脚踏车
• a ten-speed bicycle 十速脚踏车
countable
■the rate at which a photographic film absorbs or reacts to light （底片的）感光度
• What speed film do I need for taking photographs indoors? 我在室内拍照片需要感光度多少的底片？
shutter speed
■the length of time for which part of a camera is open to allow light to reach the film when a photograph is being taken 快门速度
• a high/low shutter speed 高／低快门速度
[spi:d] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable informal for
■ amphetamine (= a drug that makes the mind or body more active) 苯丙胺，安非他命（一种兴奋剂）
• She was on speed at the time. 她当时服了安非他命。
[spi:d] noun
up to speed
■If you are up to speed with a subject or activity, you have all the latest information about it and are able to do it well 了解最新情况；跟上进度
• We arranged for some home tutoring to get him up to speed with the other children in his class. 我们安排了一些家庭辅导，以帮助他跟上班里其他孩子的进度。
• Before we start the meeting I'm going to bring you up to speed with the latest developments. 在会议开始之前，我想先向大家介绍一下最新的进展。
[spi:d] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (sped or speeded, sped or speeded)
 IMPROVER
■to (cause to) move, go or happen fast （使）快速移动；（使）快速前行；加速；促进
• The train sped along at over 120 miles per hour. 火车以每小时120多哩的速度飞驰。
• The actress then sped away/off in a waiting car. 后来女演员钻进了一辆等候的汽车，迅速离开了。
• We sped down the ski slopes. 我们飞速滑下滑雪坡。
• This year is speeding by/past. 这一年过得特别快。
• Ambulances sped the injured people (= moved them quickly) away from the scene. 救护车载着伤患飞速驶离现场。
• The best thing you can do to speed your recovery (= make it quicker) is to rest. 尽快让身体康复的最佳方法就是休息。
be speeding
■to be driving faster than you are legally allowed to do 违法超速驾驶
• He was caught speeding. 他超速驾驶被抓到了。
[spi:d] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (sped or speeded, sped or speeded)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] speed (sth) up
■to happen or move faster, or to make something happen or move faster （使）加速；提高（…的）速度
• This drug may have the effect of speeding up your heart rate. 这种药可能会使你心跳加速。
• Can the job be speeded up in some way? 这项工作有没有甚么办法能加快速度呢？
• The tape speeded up towards the end. 这卷磁带在接近结尾时速度突然加快了。
• I think you need to speed up a bit (= drive faster) - we're going to be late. 我觉得你得开快点——我们要迟到了。
• The economy shows signs of speeding up (= increasing activity). 经济呈现出加速成长的迹象。
accelerate, hasten, rush, hurry, speed, quicken
这组词都有“加快，使加快”的意思，其区别是：
accelerate: 着重指频率或速率运转加快。
hasten: 指由于事的紧迫性或突然性而加速。
rush: 含义与hurry相近，但显得更仓促更慌乱。
hurry: 指赶紧或匆忙地做某事或催促别人做某事，隐含草率或混乱意味。
speed: 侧重实际的快速行动。
quicken: 普通用词，指增加速度、速率。
haste, hurry, speed, dispatch
这组词都有“迅速，急速”的意思，其区别是：
haste: 中性词，用作褒义指动作迅速，事情做得又快又好；作贬义用时，指做事急躁，行为鲁莽，得不到预期的结果。
hurry: 指急速从事某项活动或匆忙对付一件事情，含明显慌乱的意味。
speed: 多用于褒义，指行动敏捷快速，效果好。
dispatch: 指迅速、敏捷地结事某事，强调敏捷和及时。
pace, rate, speed, velocity
这组词都有“速度、速率”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 普通用词，指步行的速度，常引申指活动的进度或生产率。
rate: 作“速度”讲时，与speed同义，可换用。作速率解时，指相对增长的速度，也指两种相比较而得出的标准速度。
speed: 普通用词，指单位时间内行进的固定速度或速率，也指可能达到的最高速度。
velocity: 技术用词，指物体沿着一定方向运动时的速率。
vi. 超速，加速；加速，迅速前行；兴隆
 - quicken up, to accelerate
n. [力] 速度，速率；迅速，快速；昌盛，繁荣
 - velocity, prosperity, up, tempo
vt. 加快…的速度；使成功，使繁荣
 - make a go of

Word: unexpected
Front: unexpected
[ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd] (研四六 3567/3366 -K3)
Vocabulary: unexpected
(once / 166 pages)
adj
Use the adjective unexpected to describe something that takes you by surprise. An unexpected knock on your front door might make you jump.
When you don't anticipate something, and have no clue that it's coming, you can call it unexpected. A successful surprise party is always unexpected, and an unexpected visitor can be exciting or inconvenient, depending on who it is. If you expect an event, you know it's going to occur, but if it's unexpected, it seems to come from nowhere. The Latin root is expectare, "await, look out for, desire, or hope."
WORD FAMILY
unexpected: unexpecteder, unexpectedly, unexpectedness+/ expect: expectable, expectant, expectation, expected, expecting, expects/expectable: expectably/expectancy: expectancies/ expectant: expectancy, expectantly/ expectation: expectations/ expected: expectedly, expectedness, unexpected
USAGE EXAMPLES
After their unexpected success in November's elections, Republicans will control both houses in the new session of the US Congress.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
A path determined by these resolutions may lead to unexpected places, maybe not to a sty, but perhaps to a stable and a star.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“Expect the unexpected,” said Sabine Kaiser, founder of SKadvisory, which advises family offices on venture capital and private equity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 想不到的，料不到的; 意外的; 忽然的; 突然的
分布：想不到的(54%)，意外的(46%)
a.想不到的,意外的,未预料到From the experiment the experienced expert gained an unexpected expertise.有经验的专家从实验中获得一项意外技能.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■not expected 出乎意料的，想不到的
• Well, fancy seeing you here! This really is an unexpected pleasure ! 哇，真想不到在这里碰上你！真是个意外之喜！
adj. 意外的，想不到的
 - sudden, surprising

Word: obstacle
Front: obstacle
[ˈɒbstəkl] (研四六托雅宝 3569/4525 -2)
Vocabulary: obstacle
(once / 302 pages)
n
When the road is blocked ahead of you, that blockage is an obstacle that keeps you from getting where you want to go.
The Latin word that is the source of the word obstacle combines parts that mean "to stand in the way of," so an obstacle is something that stands against what you want to do. In a dramatic piece, the obstacle is the person or thing that keeps a character from achieving his or her goal. This creates the conflict in a play: since conflict is what drama is all about, the obstacle is the source of all drama.
WORD FAMILY
obstacle: obstacles
USAGE EXAMPLES
Settlements are, of course, not the only obstacle, but they are without question today the main one.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Security Council and a major obstacle to Middle East peace in the view of the Obama administration.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But politics, not Senate rules, might be the more significant obstacle to a comprehensive Obamacare repeal.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 障碍（物）; 障碍物（绊脚石，障碍栅栏）
分布：障碍(97%)，绊脚石(3%)
→ob-,相对，对着的，-st,站，站立，词源同stand.即对着站的，站在对面的，引申词义障碍。
障碍(物)(ob反+sta+acle→反着站的东西→障碍物)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
障碍(ob在+sta{=stand站}+acle→站在中间的物品→障碍)[-acle表名词"…物品,状态"]
n.障碍(物),妨碍,阻碍,干扰The reservoir in the reserved preserve is an obstacle to the obstinate observer.预留保护区内的水库对固执的观察者是一个障碍.
【记】ob我不，sta＝stand，cle一我不站在这里阻碍你们了
US ['ɑ:b-] noun countable
■something that blocks you so that movement, going forward or action are prevented or made more difficult 障碍；阻碍；妨碍
• The biggest obstacle in our way was a tree trunk in the road. 我们路上最大的障碍是横在路上的一棵树。
• This decision has removed the last obstacle to the hostages' release. 这个决定清除了释放人质的最后障碍。
obstruction, barrier, hindrance, obstacle, bar
这组词都有“障碍(物)”的意思，其区别是：
obstruction: 常既指具体的障碍又可指抽象或喻意上的阻碍。
barrier: 常指临时的或者可能跨越的障碍。
hindrance: 指妨碍他人进步或做事的人或物。
obstacle: 指在达到目的或前进的过程中必须消除或绕过的障碍物，也指起阻碍作用等情况。
bar: 既可指阻止进出或通过的栅栏一类的障碍物，也可用于抽象意义障碍。
n. 障碍，干扰；妨害物
 - interference, let, bar, disturbance, dam

Word: facilitate
Front: facilitate
[fəˈsɪlɪteɪt] (研六托雅宝 3568/4044 -1)
Vocabulary: facilitate
(once / 913 pages)
v
To facilitate means to make something easier. If your best friend is very shy, you could facilitate her efforts to meet new people.
Facilitate comes from the Latin facilis, for easy. It means to make something easier or more likely to happen. You facilitate growth or a process, as opposed to, say, dinner. Often in business meetings someone will be assigned to facilitate a discussion so people don't just sit in awkward silence. Synonyms are ease, simplify, expedite, and assist.
WORD FAMILY
facilitate: facilitated, facilitates, facilitating, facilitation, facilitative, facilitator, facilitatory+/ facilitation: facilitations/ facilitator: facilitators
USAGE EXAMPLES
In July Griffiths contacted comedienne and mental health advocate Mike King, begging him to travel north and facilitate a straight-up conversation about suicide in Kaitaia.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s an important revenue source, and we see Assad’s people continuing to facilitate.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Another way that government facilitates the functioning of markets is by helping consumers get clear information.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 促进，助长; 使容易; 帮助
时态：facilitated, facilitating, facilitates
分布：促进(76%)，帮助(23%)，使 ... 容易(1%)
→来自facile, 简单的。即使简单，简化，促进。
使容易(fac+ilitale能够→使能够做→使容易)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
v.使变得(更)容易;使便利;推动;帮助;促进Modern devices facilitate domestic work.现代设备使家务活便利了.
【记】facile（adj 易做到的；不花力气的；性格温和的）face，le乐：想让脸乐还不容易吗？Fac＝face，ilit，ate吃：用脸吃饭还不容易吗？
【参】facility（n 容易；简易；便利设备、工具）
【反】hamper（v 妨碍）；thwart（v 阻碍）；obstruct（v 阻隔；阻塞）obstructionist（n 阻碍者）－one who facilitates（促进者）；impede（v 阻止）；thwart（vt 反对；阻碍）
[fə'sɪl.ɪ.teɪt] formal
verb transitive
■to make possible or easier 促进；促使；使便利
• The new ramp will facilitate the entry of wheelchairs. 新的坡道将可方便轮椅进入。
• The current structure does not facilitate efficient work flow. 当前的体系不利于实施高效的工作流程。
vt. 促进；帮助；使容易
 - promote, boost, further

Word: rip
Front: rip
[rɪp] (研六托雅宝 3572/4998 -2)
Vocabulary: rip
(once / 514 pages)
1vn 2n
When you rip something, you tear it quickly or forcefully. It's almost always better to rip off a Band-Aid than to peel it off slowly.
You can rip a piece of paper in half, or rip a hole in the roof of your tent. When you tear, split, or pull something apart, you rip it. You can also rip figuratively — like when your move to a new city rips you apart from your best friend. A rip off is a bad deal or a swindle, a phrase that's been popular since about 1970, although rip meaning "steal" was used as prison slang much earlier.
WORD FAMILY
rip: ripped, ripping, rips+/ripping: rippingest, rippingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He ripped up the papers,” Galarza said, recalling that Judge James T. Anthony ordered his lawyer to get ready for a trial.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He ripped off his tie early in the second half and whirled his arms with increasing ferocity as the game wore on.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Finding it would solve one of science’s most baffling mysteries and explain why galaxies are not ripped apart by stars flying off into deep space.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 裂口; 废物; [美国俚语]偷窃; 浪子
vt. & vi. 扯破，撕坏
vt. 撕成; 锯; 猛地扯开; 拆（衣服）
vi. 裂开，绽线
时态：ripped, ripping, rips
分布：撕裂(35%)，裂缝(30%)，裂口(28%)，扯开(7%)
→来自 Proto-Germanic*ruppona,撕，拉，来自 reup,拉，扯，抢夺，词源同 rob,rupture.引申 诸相关词义。
v.撕,剥,劈,锯,裂开,撕裂n.裂口,裂缝I ripped open the envelope.我撕开了信封.
【记】ripe（adj 熟的；成熟的）后的果实的皮会rip
[rɪp] (-pp-)
verb
TEAR 撕破
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to pull apart; to tear or be torn violently and quickly 撕裂；撕破；划破
• His new trousers ripped when he bent down. 他弯腰时把新裤子撑开了线。
• I ripped my shirt on a nail. 我的衬衫被一颗钉子划破了。
• [+ obj + adj] She excitedly ripped the parcel open. 她兴奋地撕开了包裹。
• The wind ripped the flag to/into shreds (= into little pieces). 风把旗子刮成了一缕缕的破布条。
 ADVANCED transitive + adverb or preposition
■to remove something quickly, without being careful 迅速扯开；猛力去除
• I wish the old fireplaces hadn't been ripped out. 我真希望当时没有拆掉这些旧壁炉。
• We ripped up the carpets and laid a new wooden floor. 我们拖走了地毯，铺了新木地板。
[rɪp] (-pp-)
verb
COPY 复制
   transitive
■to copy pictures or sounds from a CD or DVD onto a computer （从光碟把图片或声音）撷取／复制（至电脑）
• How do I rip a DVD movie to my hard drive? 我怎样把一套DVD电影撷取到我的硬碟上？
[rɪp] (-pp-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rip sb off informal
■to cheat someone by making them pay too much money for something 讹诈（某人）；敲（某人）竹杠
• Bob's tickets cost much less than ours - I think we've been ripped off. 鲍勃买的票比我们的便宜多了——我觉得我们被人敲了竹杠。
[rɪp] (-pp-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rip sth off
REMOVE
■to remove something very quickly and carelessly 猛地撕掉；迅速脱掉
• They ripped off their clothes and ran into the sea. 他们迅速脱掉衣服跳进了大海。
STEAL slang
■to steal something 偷窃，窃取
• He rips stuff off from supermarkets to pay for his heroin. 他从超市偷东西来换海洛因。
[rɪp] (-pp-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rip through sth
■to move very powerfully through a place or building, destroying it quickly （快速猛烈地）钻入，穿透，冲过
• The explosion ripped through the hotel. 爆炸将宾馆炸穿了。
• A hurricane ripped through the Caribbean. 一股飓风席卷了加勒比海。
[rɪp] (-pp-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rip sth up
■to tear something into small pieces 把…撕成碎片
• She ripped up his letters and burned the pieces. 她把他的信撕成碎片烧了。
[rɪp] (-pp-)
noun countable
TEAR 撕破
■a tear in a piece of cloth or paper 裂口，缺口
• Your sleeve has got a rip in it. 你袖子上裂了道口子。
[rɪp] (-pp-)
noun countable
COPY 复制
■a copy of a CD or DVD that you make on a computer （在电脑上制作的光碟）复制本
• illegal rips of copyrighted music 版权音乐的非法复制本
rip, tear, split
这组词都有“撕裂、扯破”的意思，其区别是：
rip: 侧重指用力把布料等物撕开，也可指用粗暴手段把某物撕裂。
tear: 最普通用词，指有意或无意地把布或纸等没接缝的材料撕开。可作引申用。
split: 非正式用词，指有力的切断、劈开或撕裂的动作。
vt. 撕；锯
 - saw
vi. 裂开，被撕裂
 - gap, seam
n. 裂口，裂缝
 - crack, split

Word: herb
Front: herb
[hɜ:b] (高研六托雅 3573/5112 -2)
Vocabulary: herb
(once / 494 pages)
n
What do food, medicine, and perfume have in common? Well, they all can be created from herbs. An herb is a plant that has a soft rather than a woody stem, and it tends to have a unique taste or smell.
There are many kinds of plants, but one that you've likely seen mentioned on a menu or ad for a medical treatment is the herb. Herbs are distinguished from other plants by their stem, which does not become permanent and woody; instead, it stays soft. Many herbs are used in cooking, such as basil and thyme, because they add flavor to foods. Many herbs, like ginseng and chamomile, are used in tea and are believed to be good for your health.
WORD FAMILY
herb: herbal, herbs+/herbal: herbally, herbals/herbalist: herbalists/herbs: herbalist
USAGE EXAMPLES
She previously won the competition’s student division in 2014 with her citrus seared duck breast with herb goat cheese dish.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Sprinkle over the remaining herbs and serve immediately.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The designation will allow them continued access to tribal ceremonies, firewood and herb collection, hunting, grazing and outdoor recreation on the site.
Reuters(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 草，草本植物; 药草，香草; 牧草
分布：药草(63%)，香草(37%)
→来自拉丁语herba,草，草药，来自ghre,生长，词源同grass.
n.药草,(调味用的)香草,草本植物No herb will cure love.无药可治相思病.
US [ɝ:b] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a type of plant whose leaves are used in cooking to give flavour to particular dishes, or which are used in making medicine （用作调味品或药材的）香草，药草
• dried/fresh herbs 干／新鲜药草
• Basil, oregano, thyme and rosemary are all herbs. 罗勒、牛至、百里香和迷迭香都是香草。
• A large range of herbs and spices are used in South Asian cookery. 南亚地区烹饪中使用多种药草和香料。
herb, grass, weed
这组词都有“草”的意思，其区别是：
herb: 指可供药用或生产食物调料用的草。
grass: 指一般的青草或牧草。
weed: 指混在作物中的杂草或园中的野草。
n. 香草， [植] 药草
 - bouquet garni, vanilla

Word: overwhelming
Front: overwhelming
[ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋ] (研六 3571/4523 -3)
Vocabulary: overwhelming
(once / 433 pages)
adj
Something overwhelming is very intense and hard to deal with: overwhelming events make people worried and stressed out.
It's hard to overcome overwhelming things. If you feel an overwhelming need to laugh, you're probably going to laugh. If you have an overwhelming feeling of sadness, you'll probably cry. An overwhelming amount of homework is almost impossible to get done. Adults who work, have families, and struggle to pay the bills feel like their lives are overwhelming. A tornado or hurricane is an overwhelming force of nature. When something is overwhelming, there's not much you can do against it.
WORD FAMILY
overwhelming: overwhelmingly+/ overwhelm: overwhelmed, overwhelming, overwhelms
USAGE EXAMPLES
After a year at cozy Williams, the empty dorm felt cavernous and overwhelming to the Robinson family.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s amazing, overwhelming,” Long said afterward, wiping away tears.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This was an overwhelming process that consumed her life, Grogan said, but she was determined to heal quickly.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 势不可挡的，压倒一切的，巨大的; 压倒一切的欢乐
分布：势不可挡的(64%)，无法抗拒的(18%)，压倒的(18%)
→比喻用法。
a.势不可挡的,压倒的The drowsiness is overwhelming.睡意难挡.
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■difficult to fight against 难以抵挡的；无法抗拒的
• She felt an overwhelming urge/desire/need to tell someone about what had happened. 她感到有一种抑制不住的冲动／欲望／需要想告诉别人所发生的事情。
 ADVANCED
■very great or very large 巨大的，极大的
• She said how much she appreciated the overwhelming generosity of the public in responding to the appeal. 她发言表达了她对公众为响应这个呼吁所表现出的极大慷慨的万分感激。
• An overwhelming majority have voted in favour of the proposal. 绝大多数的人投票赞成该提议。
adj. 压倒性的；势不可挡的
 - inundatory, preponderant
v. 压倒；淹没（overwhelm的ing形式）；制服
 - drowning

Word: integration
Front: integration
[ˌɪntɪˈgreɪʃn] (3575/3170)
Vocabulary: integration
(once / 1736 pages)
1n 2n
Integration occurs when separate people or things are brought together, like the integration of students from all of the district's elementary schools at the new middle school, or the integration of snowboarding on all ski slopes.
You may know the word differentiate, meaning "set apart." Integrate is its opposite. When you integrate things, you bring them together. So integration is the act of doing just that, like the integration of African-American students into mixed-race schools after segregation was outlawed in the 1950s, or the integration of computers in businesses that had previously only used paper-based record-keeping.
WORD FAMILY
integration: integrations+/ disintegrate: disintegrable, disintegrated, disintegrates, disintegrating, disintegration, disintegrative/ disintegration: disintegrations/disintegrative: disintegratively/ integral: integrality, integrally, integrals, integrate / integrate: disintegrate, integrated, integrates, integrating, integration, integrative, integrator, reintegrate/ integrated: nonintegrated, unintegrated/integrator: integrators/reintegrate: reintegrated, reintegrates, reintegrating
USAGE EXAMPLES
She added that cities in the Rust Belt are “all looking at how immigrant integration plays a part in that revitalization of a city.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The last feasible option is a mix of separation and integration.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
One measure of integration is the proportion of immigrants employed relative to the native-born population.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 结合; 整合; 一体化; （不同肤色、种族、宗教信仰等的人的）混合
分布：集成(91%)，综合(8%)，同化(1%)
→来自integral,整体的。
V-ERG
(使)加入;(使)融入
If someone integrates into a social group, or is integrated into it, they behave in such a way that they become part of the group or are accepted into it.
例：He didn't integrate successfully into the Italian way of life...他没有顺利地融入到意大利的生活方式中。
例：Integrating the kids with the community, finding them a role, is essential...使孩子融入社区并为他们找到某个角色非常必要。
V-ERG
(使)(种族)融合;使取消种族隔离
When races integrate or when schools and organizations are integrated, people who are black or belong to ethnic minorities can join white people in their schools and organizations.
例：Schools came to us because they wanted to integrate...学校来向我们寻求帮助是因为他们想让不同种族的学生得到平等待遇。
例：Encouraging teacher transfer would not, by itself, integrate the teaching corps.鼓励教师调动本身不会消弭教学队伍中的种族隔离。
V-RECIP-ERG
(使)(与…)成为一体;(使)结合;(使)合并
If you integrate one thing with another, or one thing integrates with another, the two things become closely linked or form part of a whole idea or system. You can also say that two things integrate .
例：Integrating the pound with other European currencies could cause difficulties...把英镑与欧洲其他货币合并会引发许多难题。
例：Ann wanted the conservatory to integrate with the kitchen...安想把温室与厨房打通。
n. 集成；综合
 - synthesis, comprehensiveness

Word: crystal
Front: crystal
[ˈkrɪstl] (研四六托雅 3574/3419 -3)
Vocabulary: crystal
(once / 320 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
Various solid substances that glitter because their surfaces are made up of planes that catch the light are called crystals. If you leave your ice cream in the freezer too long, you may find a coating of ice crystals on top.
Some people think that certain natural crystals — quartz, for instance — have mystical properties and if you wear them or hold them, they cure whatever’s wrong with you. Crystal is also the word for transparent glass made of silica, and it's also a name for fine glassware — the kind that reverberates with a nice ping when you flick your fingernail against it. Another kind of crystal is the glass cover that protects the face of your watch.
WORD FAMILY
crystal: crystalise, crystalize, crystallise, crystallize, crystals+/crystalise: crystalised, crystalises/crystalize: crystalized, crystalizes, crystalizing/crystallisation: crystallisations/crystallise: crystallisation, crystallised, crystallises, crystallising/crystallised: uncrystallised/crystallization: crystallizations/crystallize: crystallization, crystallized, crystallizes, crystallizing/crystallized: uncrystallized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Crystal Palace goalkeeper Wayne Hennessey: There seem to be a lot of wonder goals recently.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Olivier Giroud's incredible scorpion kick set Arsenal on the way to victory over Crystal Palace.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Mauricio Pochettino’s side moved into third place ahead of Manchester City and Arsenal, which was hosting Crystal Palace later Sunday.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 结晶（体）; 晶体; 水晶; 水晶饰品
adj. 水晶的; 水晶般的; 透明的; 清楚的
分布：水晶(80%)，晶体的(12%)，透明的(5%)，结晶体(2%)，表蒙子(1%)
→来自cryst-,冷，冷冻，词源同crust.
n.水晶,水晶饰品;结晶a.水晶的,透明的The crying boy tries to fry the dry crystal.哭喊的男孩试图用油炸干晶体.
noun
GLASS 玻璃
 ADVANCED uncountable
■transparent glass of very high quality, usually with its surface cut into delicate patterns 水晶玻璃
• a crystal vase 水晶玻璃花瓶
countable US
■a transparent glass or plastic cover for a watch or clock （手表或钟表的）玻璃（或塑胶）盖片
['krɪs.təl] noun
SHAPE 形状
countable specialized
■a piece of a substance which has become solid, with a regular shape 结晶体
• When sea water is allowed to evaporate, salt crystals are deposited. 海水蒸发后，盐的结晶体就沉淀下来。
• Cirrus clouds are composed of ice crystals. 卷云是由冰的结晶体构成的。
['krɪs.təl] noun
ROCK 岩石
countable or uncountable
■clear transparent rock which is used in jewellery, or a piece of this 水晶；水晶饰品
• a pair of crystal earrings 一对水晶耳环
['krɪs.təl] noun
crystal clear
■extremely clear 清澈透明的
• crystal clear water 清澈的水
■very easy to understand 清楚明了的；明白无误的；显而易见的
• The evidence is now crystal clear. 现在证据很清楚了。
• She made it crystal clear that she was in charge. 她明确表明由她负责。
n. [晶体] 结晶，晶体； [矿物] 水晶；水晶饰品
 - Irish diamond
adj. [矿物] 水晶的；透明的，清澈的
 - transparent, liquid, clear

Word: recession
Front: recession
[rɪˈseʃn] (研六托雅宝 3576/2273 -4)
Vocabulary: recession
(once / 486 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Jobs being cut? Houses not selling? Everyone talking about the poor sales of everything from cars to bouquets of flowers? That's a recession, a time of economic decline.
Recession comes from the Latin word recessus, meaning "a going back, retreat." Think of all the things that get made and sold in a country. When fewer people buy things, orders for them slow down. The sales "go back" to a lower amount. This is an economic recession. This noun can also describe other kinds of "going back," like the recession of floodwaters that enable people to begin cleaning up their homes that had been filled with water.
WORD FAMILY
recession: recessional, recessions+/ cede: ceded, cedes, ceding, cession, recede / cession: cessions/ recede: receded, recedes, receding, recession /recessional: recessionals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, the years after the Great Recession dug a deep hole for the companies to clear.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Great Recession hurt school funding, according to the lawsuit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Since the Great Recession, the growth in the U.S.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 经济衰退，不景气; 后退，撤退; 凹处; 退场
分布：后退(100%)
→来自 recess,后退，-ion,名词后缀。引申词义经济衰退。
撤退;交还(recess+ion→走回去→撤退)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a period when the economy of a country is not successful and conditions for business are bad （经济）衰退期
• The country is sliding into the depths of (a) recession. 这个国家一步步滑入经济衰退的谷底。
n. 衰退；不景气；后退；凹处
 - depression, downturn, decline, cavity

Word: wish
Front: wish
[wɪʃ] (中高 1055/586 -K4)
Back: v. 希望; 想要; 祝愿
n. 愿望; 希望; 希望的事 ; 祝福
时态：wished, wishing, wishes
分布：希望(55%)，愿望(35%)，想要(6%)，渴望(3%)，命令(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*wunsk,来自wen,努力，追求，渴望，希冀，词源同Venus,win.
v.希望;但愿;祝n.愿望,希望;[pl.]祝愿The fisherman wishes to finish the dish of reddish fish.渔夫希望做完那盘略带红色的鱼.
verb
FEEL SORRY 后悔
 ESSENTIAL [I + (that)]
■used with the past simple tense to express that you feel sorry or sad about a state or situation that exists at the moment （与过去时连用，对已经存在的情况表示遗憾）但愿，希望
• I wish (that) I was/were a bit taller. 我个子再高一点就好了。
• I wish (that) you were coming with me, Peter. 彼得，你要是和我一起去就好了。
 ESSENTIAL [I + (that)]
■used with the past perfect tense to express that you feel sorry or sad about a particular action in the past （与过去完成时连用，对过去某事表示悔恨）
• I wish (that) I hadn't eaten so much. 我真希望自己没吃那么多。
• I bet she wishes (that) she'd never got involved in the whole affair. 我敢打赌她希望自己从未卷入整个事件里去。
  Common Learner Errors  wish or hope? Warning: when wish is followed by a verb, the verb should not be in the present or future tense. When using a verb to talk about what you want to happen in the future, don't say 'wish', say hope :
✗ I wish I will pass all my exams.
[wɪʃ] verb
WANT 想要
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive formal
■to want to do something 希望；想要
• We could go to the cinema or we could go out for dinner - whatever you wish. 我们可以去看电影，也可以出去吃饭——你想怎样都行。
• "Shall we ask Diana if she'd like to come to the theatre tonight?" "If/As you wish." “我们要不要问问戴安娜，看她今晚愿不愿意来看戏？”“随你的便。”
• [+ to infinitive] I wish to make a complaint. 我想投诉。
• Passengers wishing to take the Kings Cross train should go to platform 9. 去往国王十字车站的乘客请到九号月台乘车。
• I don't wish to worry you but he did say he'd be back by midnight. 我不想令你担心，但他确实说过午夜之前会回来。
• [+ obj + adj] Sometimes I was so depressed that I wished myself dead. 有时我特别消沉，甚至希望自己死了。
I wish (that)...
 ADVANCED
■used to express anger at someone's behaviour （用来表示对某人行为的厌烦）我希望…
• I wish she'd shut up for a moment and let someone else speak. 我希望她能闭一会儿嘴，让其他人来说。
• I wish you'd look at me when I'm trying to speak to you! 我希望在我跟你说话时，你能看着我！
[wɪʃ] verb
HOPE 希望
transitive + two objects
■to hope or express hope for another person's success or happiness or pleasure on a particular occasion 祝愿
• We wish you every success in the future. 我们祝愿你将来事事成功。
• I didn't even see her to wish her a happy birthday/wish a happy birthday to her. 我甚至没能见到她，当面祝福她生日快乐。
• I wished her a safe journey and waved her off. 我祝她旅途平安，并与她挥手道别。
wish sb well
■to hope someone will succeed 祝（某人）成功
• I wished him well with his new venture. 我祝他的新企业成功。
[wɪʃ] verb
MAGIC 魔术
intransitive or transitive
■to hope that something you want will be made real because of good luck or magical powers （靠魔术实现的）愿望，心愿
• [+ that] I remember blowing out the candles on my birthday cake and wishing that John Lee would be my boyfriend. 我记得吹灭生日蛋糕上的蜡烛，并默默希望约翰．李能成为我的男朋友。
• If I could wish myself anywhere in the world (= go anywhere as a result of making a wish) right now it would be somewhere hot and sunny. 如果现在我想去甚么地方就能去甚么地方的话，我希望去一个暖风扑面阳光明媚的地方。
• He's funny, bright, handsome - everything a girl could wish for really. 他幽默、聪明而又英俊——拥有一个女孩子真正希望的一切。
• "Your job must be very glamorous." "I wish!" (= Not at all.) “你的工作一定非常有意思。”“我倒希望是那样！”
• "By the time I'm 40, I'll be so rich I won't have to work." "You wish!" (= There's no chance of that happening.) “到了40岁的时候，我就会富得不需要工作了。”“你想得美！”
[wɪʃ] verb
I/You wouldn't wish sth on anyone/my/your worst enemy.
■something you say in order to emphasize that something is extremely unpleasant （用于强调某事极其令人厌恶）我／你不希望任何人／我的／你的死敌遭那样的罪
• The effects of this disease are horrible. You wouldn't wish them on your worst enemy. 这种病的症状极其可怕。你甚至都不希望自己的死敌遭那样的罪。
[wɪʃ] noun countable
WANT 渴望
 IMPROVER
■a feeling of wanting something 希望；愿望
• [+ to infinitive] Did he express any wish to see me? 他表达了想见我的愿望吗？
• In accordance with his wishes (= what he wanted) , he was buried next to his wife. 依照他的意愿，把他葬在妻子的旁边。
• They've deliberately gone against my wishes and sold the apartment. 他们故意违背我的意愿，把公寓卖了。
• [+ that] It was grandpa's greatest wish that one of his grandchildren would become a doctor. 爷爷最大的愿望就是有个孙子或孙女成为医生。
[wɪʃ] noun countable
GREETING 问候
best wishes
■something you say or write at the end of a letter to show that you hope someone is happy and has good luck （用于信件末尾）祝好
• He ended the letter "Best wishes, Carlo". 他用“祝好，卡洛”结束了那封信。
• Do give/send Patrick my best wishes. 替我问候派特里克。
• Best wishes for a speedy recovery. 祝你早日康复。
• With best wishes, Louise Foster. 把最诚挚的祝福送给你，路易丝‧福斯特。
[wɪʃ] noun countable
MAGIC 魔术
■a hope that is made real with magical powers （靠魔术实现的）愿望，心愿
• [+ that] If I could have just one wish I suppose it would be that all the fighting in the world would stop tomorrow. 如果我只有一个愿望可以实现，那我希望世界上所有的战争明天都停止。
• Close your eyes and make a wish. 闭上眼睛许一个愿。
• It's that bit in the story where the fairy grants the little girl three wishes. 故事里的那个片断中，仙女答应实现小女孩的三个愿望。
• May all your wishes come true. 祝你所有心愿都成真。
expect, desire, wish, long, want, hope
这组词都有“希望”的意思，其区别是：
expect: 通常指有很大程度的把握，但仍含有预料之意，或预计某事或某行动的发生。
desire: 语气较正式庄重，着重渴望的力量与热切，常含有强烈的意图和目的。
wish: 语气较弱，多指难于实现或不可能实现的愿望。
long: 语气强，指极殷切地盼望着，这种盼望侧重于很难或不可能得到的东西。有时也指一般愿望，但含一定感情色彩。
want: 一般指所想要的东西是切望得到的东西，能弥补实际需要。
hope: 指对愿望实现有一定信心的希望。
n. 希望；祝福；心愿
 - hope, pleasure, promise, desire, will
vt. 祝愿；渴望；向…致问候语
 - long for, die for
vi. 愿望；需要
 - have need of, want for

Word: written
Front: written
[ˈrɪtn] (3581/2544 -K3)
Back: adj. 书面的; 写成文字的; 明显受到…影响; （感情）全挂在脸上
v. 写( write的过去分词); 写信
分布：书面的(74%)，写成文字的(20%)，动词write的现在分词形式.(6%)
US ['rɪtˌ-] verb past participle of
■ write
UK ['rɪt.ən] US ['rɪtˌ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■expressed in writing, or involving writing 书面的
• written instructions 书面指示
• a written exam 笔试
adj. 书面的，成文的；文字的
 - literary, wordy

Word: motive
Front: motive
[ˈməʊtɪv] (研四六托 3578/3406 -2)
Vocabulary: motive
(once / 122 pages)
1nadj 2n
Your reason for doing something is your motive. Your motive to go to school every day is to learn. Or maybe the thought of your parents' anger and a run-in with the truant officer is motive enough.
The word motive comes from the Latin words motivus, meaning moving, and movere, meaning to move. Think of motive as the thing that moves you to act. You often hear of motive in the context of crime––a suspect’s fingerprints may be on the murder weapon, but a detective won’t understand the crime until he understands the motive. What made the killer act?
WORD FAMILY
motive: motivate, motiveless, motively, motives, motivity+/ motivate: motivated, motivates, motivating, motivation, motivator/ motivated: unmotivated / motivation: motivational, motivations/ motivational: motivationally/motivator: motivators/motiveless: motivelessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the real world, meanwhile, he soon realizes that he is being pursued by ruthless people whose motives are not immediately clear.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The motive for the attack is not clear.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Like: Should shelters be concerned about the motives of a person who adopts an animal when it’s free, and the care that animal will receive?
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 动机，主旨; （艺术作品的）主题，题材
adj. 运动的; 动机的; 发动的
vt. 促使
分布：动机(75%)，目的(10%)，动机的(4%)，发动的(4%)，主题(3%)，促使(2%)，运动的(2%)
→来自拉丁语movere,运动，移动，词源同move.-t,过去分词后缀。引申词义动机，原因。
动机(mot+ive)[mot=move,表示"动"]
n.动机,目的a.发动的,运动的The motive of the emotional movie is to move the removed men.那部情感电影的动机在于感动被开除的人.
US ['moʊ.tˌɪv] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a reason for doing something 动机；（行动的）缘由；目的
• Why would she have killed him? She has no motive. 为甚么她会杀害他？她没有动机。
• Does he have a motive for lying about where he was? 他有必要隐瞒自己去过哪里吗？
• What is the motive behind (= the reason for) the bombing? 轰炸的动机是甚么？
• I think you should examine/question their motives in offering to lend you the money. 我认为你该仔细考虑一下／质疑他们主动借钱给你的意图。
• She denies that she has has an ulterior (= secret) motive for making the donation. 她否认这次捐款是别有用心。
UK ['məʊ.tɪv] US ['moʊ.tˌɪv] adjective [before noun] specialized
■(of power or force) causing movement or action （引起）运动的；发动的；原动的
n. 动机，目的；主题
 - incentive, goals, intention, topic, purpose
vt. 使产生动机，激起
 - prompt, stir up

Word: flood
Front: flood
[flʌd] (高研四六托 3582/4100 -K3)
Vocabulary: flood
(once / 136 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A flood is an enormous amount of water. If the street is full of water, it's flooded. Too much of anything can also be called a flood.
Whenever it rains and rains and rains, there's the danger of a flood, a type of disaster where water is out of control. Because a flood is so powerful, people use the word when overwhelmed by other things. A top college graduate could be flooded with job offers — that's a good kind of flood. People can also be flooded with emotion. Words with similar meanings are deluge and overflow. Too much — or just a lot — of anything can seem like a flood.
WORD FAMILY
flood: flooded, flooding, floods+/flooding: floodings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He still sometimes implies he might let Syrian migrants flood Europe again to gain diplomatic leverage, as if the threat doesn’t also hurt Turkey’s security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
The slowdown, he said, is being driven not by a pullback in demand but rather a flood of new apartments.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Although flood warnings were posted for many areas, Brazzell said it appeared flooding would be “minor,” with few impacts to structures.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 洪水; 泛滥; 溢流; 探照灯
vi. 涌出; 为水淹没
vt. 淹没
时态：flooded, flooding, floods
分布：洪水(82%)，淹没(14%)，充满(4%)
→来自pleu, 流动，词源同flow, float, pluvial. 用来指洪水。
n.洪水,水灾v.淹没,发大水,泛滥I feed the food to the bleeding man in the flood.我把食品喂给洪水中的那个流血的人.
verb
COVER WITH WATER 淹没
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to cause to fill or become covered with water, especially in a way that causes problems （使）充满水；（使）淹没
• Our washing machine broke down yesterday and flooded the kitchen. 我们的洗衣机昨天坏了，把厨房里弄得尽是水。
• The whole town flooded when the river burst its banks. 河水决堤，整个镇子都淹了。
• Several families living by the river were flooded out (= forced to leave their houses because they became covered with water). 住在河边的几户人家因洪水被迫撤离。
[flʌd] verb
ARRIVE OR FILL 到达或充满
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive
■to fill or enter a place in large numbers or amounts 大量涌入；蜂拥而至；挤满；充斥
• Donations are flooding into the appeal office. 募捐办公室收到大量捐赠。
• She drew back the curtains and the sunlight came flooding in. 她拉起窗帘，阳光倾泻进来。
• Japanese cars have flooded the market (= a lot of them are on sale). 日本汽车已经充斥了市场。
• He was flooded with (= suddenly felt a lot of) joy when his first child was born. 第一个孩子出生时，他满心欢喜。
• For Proust, the taste of a madeleine brought childhood memories flooding back (= made him suddenly remember a lot of things). 对于普鲁斯特来说，玛德琳蛋糕的味道让他回忆起许多童年往事。
[flʌd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  flood sth with sth
■If you are flooded with letters, telephone calls, messages, etc., you receive so many that you cannot deal with them 用（信件、电话、消息等）使（某人）应接不暇
• We were flooded with calls from worried parents. 我们接到无数焦虑的家长打来的电话。
[flʌd] noun
WATER 水
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a large amount of water covering an area that is usually dry 洪水
• After the flood it took weeks for the water level to go down. 洪水过去几个星期后，水位才回落。
• The river is in flood (= water has flowed over its banks) again. 河水又泛滥了。
in floods of tears UK
■crying a lot 泪雨滂沱
• I found her in floods of tears in the toilets. 我发现她在洗手间里哭得像个泪人似的。
the Flood
■(in the Bible) a flood sent by God that covered the whole Earth as a punishment （《圣经》中的）灭世洪水
[flʌd] noun
LARGE AMOUNT 大量
countable
■a large amount or number of something 大批；大量
• A flood of cheap imports has come into the country. 大量廉价进口商品进入了这个国家。
[flʌd] noun
before the Flood UK humorous
■a very long time ago 很久很久以前
vt. 淹没；充满；溢出
 - drown out, inundate
vi. 涌出；涌进；为水淹没
 - stream, spill into
n. [水文] 洪水；泛滥；一大批
 - fresh, flow, inundation

Word: pen
Front: pen
[pen] (中高宝 3583/3020 -K3)
Vocabulary: pen
(once / 140 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A pen is an ink-filled tool that you use for writing or drawing. Doing a crossword puzzle with a pen shows a lot of self confidence, since you can't erase your answers.
Pen is also a verb meaning "to write," especially when you're writing something of literary value: "She's my favorite writer — I can't wait for her to pen another novel!" Then there's the pen that you keep your pet donkey safely inside (you can also say you pen him in there), and inspired by this "livestock enclosure" meaning there's also the slang for "penitentiary" or "jail."
WORD FAMILY
pen: penned, penning, pens+/penning: pennings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her desk hosts an ever-expanding array of pens, pencils and markers.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Zhang told the activist he would need to pen “a self-criticism” in which he confessed to a series of crimes.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Marine Le Pen, leader of France’s National Front, is still not the favorite to win her country’s upcoming presidential elections.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 笔，笔尖; 笔法，文笔; 作家; 围栏
vt. 写; 把…关入栏中; 关押，囚禁
时态：penned, penning, pens
分布：笔(62%)，钢笔(26%)，写(9%)，写作(1%)，围栏(1%)，雌天鹅(1%)
→来自拉丁语penna,羽毛，翎，来自petna,展开，翅膀，来自*pet,展开，词源同feather,compete.原指鸟翎制成的笔，后词义通用化。拼写比较pan,patella.pen 围栏，畜栏
n.钢笔,圆珠笔,作家,围栏vt.写,关入栏中With one penny I had this peculiar pen opened.我花了一便士让人把这支奇特的钢笔打开了.
【记】源于pen鹅毛笔－雌天鹅
noun countable
WRITING DEVICE 书写工具
 ESSENTIAL
■a long thin object used for writing or drawing with ink （用墨水的）笔
• a fountain/ballpoint/felt-tip pen 自来水／原子／签字笔
• Don't write in (= using a) pen, or you won't be able to rub out any mistakes you make. 不要用钢笔写，否则写错就擦不掉了。
[pen] noun countable
ENCLOSED SPACE 圈起的空间
■a small area surrounded by a fence, especially one in which animals are kept （尤指饲养动物的）圈，栏
• a sheep/pig pen 羊／猪圈
⇒ See also playpen US slang for
■ penitentiary
• He served nine years in the state pen. 他在州立监狱服刑九年。
[pen] noun countable
The pen is mightier than the sword. saying
■said to emphasize that thinking and writing have more influence on people and events than the use of force or violence 笔诛胜于剑伐；文胜于武。
[pen] noun countable
put / set pen to paper
■to start to write 开始写，动笔
• It's time you put pen to paper and replied to that letter from your mother. 该动笔给你妈妈回信了。
[pen] verb transitive (-nn-) formal
■to write something 写
• She penned a note of thanks to her hostess. 她写了一封感谢信给女主人。
[pen] verb transitive (-nn-) formal
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] pen sb in/up
■to keep people or animals in a small area 把…圈起来；把…关起来
• The sheep were penned in behind the barn. 羊群被圈在谷仓后面。
• The soldiers were penned up in their barracks. 士兵被关在军营里。
n. 钢笔；作家；围栏
 - writer, author, rail
vt. 写；关入栏中
 - write on

Word: ownership
Front: ownership
[ˈəʊnəʃɪp] (高研四六雅 3585/2672 -3)
Vocabulary: ownership
(once / 680 pages)
n
Ownership is the state of owning something. Anything that people own or possess gives them the quality of ownership. Wars are often fought over the ownership of land.
When you buy a book, you own it. Add the suffix ship to owner, and now you have ownership of that lovely book. If you buy a house, you have ownership of it. Politicians like to talk about the “American dream of home ownership.” If you buy a lottery ticket, you have ownership of that, too. If you win big, you’ll have ownership of lots of cash and then you, too can realize that American dream.
WORD FAMILY
ownership: ownerships+/ disown: disowned, disowning, disownment, disowns/disownment: disownments/ own: disown, owned, owner, owning, ownly, owns/owned: unowned/owner: ownerless, owners, ownership
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story was produced in collaboration with the Trace as part of a partnership to report on exclusive new gun ownership data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The salon, near an Albertsons and squeezed between Bauhaus Hair Studio and Dollar $mart on North Tustin Street, is under new ownership again.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But in the meantime, Trump’s election added another wrinkle to the company’s ownership situation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 物主身份; 所有权; 所有制; 所有
分布：所有权(100%)
→owner,所有者，-ship,抽象名词后缀。
n.所有(权),所有制The ownership of that house was transferred to somebody.那座房子的所有权转让给某人.
US ['oʊ.nɚ-] noun uncountable
■when you own something 所有权；物主身份；拥有
• Do you have any proof of ownership of/for this car? 你有证据能证明你是这辆车的车主吗？
• Rates of home ownership have remained relatively constant. 拥有住房者的比率一直保持在相对稳定的水准。
n. [法] 所有权；物主身份
 - property, droit

Word: nightmare
Front: nightmare
[ˈnaɪtmeə(r)] (研六雅宝 3586/3794 -3)
Vocabulary: nightmare
(once / 690 pages)
n
If you wake with a start after a terrifying dream, you've had a nightmare.
A nightmare is not just a bad dream — it's seriously scary or upsetting. You can also use nightmare to describe something terrible that happens during the day. Your run-in with a skunk in your back yard might be a nightmare, for example, or your humiliating experience forgetting your lines in a play. In the late thirteenth century, a nightmare was "an evil female spirit afflicting sleepers with a feeling of suffocation," from the Old English word mare, "incubus or goblin."
WORD FAMILY
nightmare: nightmares, nightmarish +/ nightmarish: nightmarishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fall campaign was an unending national nightmare, broadcast relentlessly on cable TV.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It looked more like a nightmare to the short-handed New York Knicks after Harden powered the Rockets to a 129-122 win on Saturday night.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Acknowledging her methodology as “a copy editor’s nightmare,” Ms. Faludi said she flubbed it only once.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 噩梦; <口>可怕的事情，无法摆脱的恐惧; 泛滥成灾; 紧张
adj. 可怕的，噩梦似的
分布：恶梦(66%)，梦魇(32%)，使人极其痛苦的事情或经历(2%)
→night,夜晚，mare,女妖精，梦淫妖，词源同murder.原指夜间与男人交媾的女妖，使人窒息和虚脱，后引申词义噩梦。
n.恶梦;可怕的事物,无法摆脱的恐惧Life with him was a nightmare.与他共同生活是一种恶梦.
【记】night，mare（n 母马）；晚上的母马－恶梦
US [-mer] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a very upsetting or frightening dream 梦魇，噩梦
• a terrifying nightmare 可怕的噩梦
• I shouldn't have watched that movie - it'll give me nightmares. 我真不该看那部电影——它会令我做噩梦。
 IMPROVER
■an extremely unpleasant event or experience or possible event or experience 极不愉快的事情，可怕的经历；可能发生的坏事
• Being trapped underwater is my worst nightmare. 被困水下是我最害怕的事情。
• The whole journey was a nightmare - we lost our luggage and we arrived two days late. 整个旅程就像一场噩梦——我们遗失了行李，而且迟了两天到达。
n. 恶梦；梦魇般的经历
 - paroniria, oneirodynia
adj. 可怕的；噩梦似的
 - terrible, horrible, awesome, fearful, dire

Word: notice
Front: notice
[ˈnəʊtɪs] (中高研四六托雅 1044/1034 -K4)
Vocabulary: notice
(once / 36 pages)
1nv 2nv
The word notice has to do with paying attention to something. For example, you usually notice a flashing light, and an overdue bill might come with the word "NOTICE" written on it to make sure you see it.
The Latin nōtitia, a noun meaning "something known," was the ancestor of notice. Use the verb to mean “to see or point out" and the noun to mean "formal warning." When you give “advance notice,” you let someone know early or ahead of time. In case you haven't noticed, the notice posted on your door says you've been promoted and should move to the corner office. No doubt because of your attention to detail.
WORD FAMILY
notice: noticeable, noticed, noticer, notices, noticing, notify +/ noticeable: noticeability, noticeableness, noticeably, unnoticeable/noticed: unnoticed/ notification: notifications/ notify: notifiable, notification, notified, notifies, notifying/unnoticeable: unnoticeableness, unnoticeably/unnoticed: unnoticedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
When Crissman sees some of the patients who received wigs she now notices an “aliveness” in them, she said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A special thanks to the folks in the reservations department at the Trump International Hotel here who helped us rent this ballroom on last-minute notice.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say the airport is closed until further notice.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 注意; 布告; 警告; 预告
vt. & vi. 注意
vt. 通知; 留心; 关照; 注意到
vi. 引起注意
时态：noticed, noticing, notices
分布：注意(86%)，通知(9%)，布告(3%)，留心(2%)
→来自拉丁语notus,知道的，了解的，来自gno,去知道，了解，词源同know,narrate.引申词义注意。
注意;通知(not+ice)[Not=know,表示"知道,注意"]
n.通知,通告,布告;注意,认识v.注意到,注意In the hot hotel the devoted voter did not notice the noticeable notebook.在炎热的旅馆里,热心的投票者没有注意到显而易见的笔记本.
US ['noʊ.tˌɪs] verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to see or become conscious of something or someone 看到；注意到；感觉到
• I noticed a crack in the ceiling. 我注意到天花板上有一道裂缝。
• Mary waved at the man but he didn't seem to notice. 玛丽朝那个男人挥手，但他似乎没有看到。
• [+ (that)] He noticed (that) the woman was staring at him. 他察觉到那个女人正盯着他。
• [+ question word] Did you notice how she did that? 你注意到她是怎么做的了吗？
transitive often passive
■to bring someone to the attention of the public, usually because of their unusual skill, etc （以出众的才华）引起（公众）关注
• She was first noticed by the critics at the age of 12, and went on to become a world-famous violinist. 十二岁时她第一次引起评论家的注意，此后她平步青云，成为了世界知名的小提琴家。
UK ['nəʊ.tɪs] US ['noʊ.tˌɪs] noun
INFORMATION 信息
 ESSENTIAL countable
■(a board, piece of paper, etc. containing) information or instructions 告示，布告；启事；公告牌，警示牌
• There was a large notice on the wall saying 'No Parking'. 墙上有一张很大的公告牌写著「禁止停车”。
• I saw a notice in the paper announcing their marriage. 我看见他们在报纸刊登的结婚启事了。
notices [plural]
■printed statements of opinion in the newspapers about plays, films, books, etc （报纸上关於戏剧、电影、图书等的）评论
• The musical has received wonderful notices. 那部音乐剧大受好评。
UK ['nəʊ.tɪs] US ['noʊ.tˌɪs] noun
WARNING 警告
 IMPROVER uncountable
■information or a warning given about something that is going to happen in the future 预告；事先通知；事前警告
• The next time you visit, can you give me more notice? 你下次来之前能否先通知我？
• The emergency services are ready to spring into action at a moment's notice. 紧急应变机构随时准备采取行动。
• The building is closed until further notice (= until another official announcement is made). 该建筑将一直关闭，开放时间有待另行通知。
uncountable
■a letter or statement from an employer or from an employee saying that they will leave their job after a particular period of time, or this period of time 辞职信（通知）；解雇信（通知）
• Do I have to work out my notice? 我需要写一份辞呈吗？
give sb notice
■to ask someone who works for you to leave their job, usually after a particular period of time （通常指提前）向（某人）发出解雇通知
• My boss gave me a month's notice. 老板提前一个月向我发出了解雇通知。
hand/give in your notice
■to tell your employer that you intend to leave your job after a particular period of time （事先）提出离职通知；递交辞呈
• I handed in my notice yesterday. 我昨天递交了辞呈。
UK ['nəʊ.tɪs] US ['noʊ.tˌɪs] noun
ATTENTION 注意
uncountable
■attention 注意；关注
• It has come to/been brought to my notice (= I have been told) that you have been late for work every day this week. 有人告诉我，你这周天天上班都迟到。
take notice
 IMPROVER
■to give attention to something 注意，在意
• I asked him to drive more slowly, but he didn't take any notice. 我要他慢点开车，但他根本不在意。
• Don't take any notice of/Take no notice of what your mother says - she's just in a bad mood. 别在意你母亲说的话——她只是心情不好。
UK ['nəʊ.tɪs] US ['noʊ.tˌɪs] noun
at short notice UK (US on short notice)
■only a short time before something happens 在短时间内；一经通知立即
• I can't cancel my arrangements at such short notice. 我无法在这么短的时间内取消我的安排。
catch sight of, observe, notice
catch sight of: 突然看到
observe: 观察,仔细地看, observe the stars
notice: 注意到,
attend, remark, mind, notice, note
这组词都有“注意”的意思，其区别是：
attend: 一般用词，侧重专心于某事。
remark: 一般指经过思维活动而注意到。
mind: 指用心地去观察，了解某人或某物以达到某一目的。常用于命令句中。
notice: 指对所见所闻所感的人或事作出的反应，侧重结果。
note: 语气比notice强，指不仅注意到，而且记录下来，侧重注意的认真与仔细。
n. 通知，布告；注意；公告
 - advice, information, announcement, declaration, regard
vt. 通知；注意到；留心
 - message, observe
vi. 引起注意
 - draw attention, make a dent

Word: inspection
Front: inspection
[ɪnˈspekʃn] (四六托雅宝 3588/3194)
Vocabulary: inspection
(once / 433 pages)
n
Every year, your car must get an inspection by an authorized mechanic who verifies that it is not a hazard on the road or harmful to the environment. An inspection is an official examination.
Inspection can also mean "a close look at." If you discover a bug in your back yard, it might require a careful inspection to figure out what kind of insect it is. An idea might sound good, but on closer inspection, you find that it won't work. Think of inspection as someone looking closely at something to determine a set of facts.
WORD FAMILY
inspection: inspections+/ inspect: inspected, inspecting, inspection, inspector, inspects/ inspector: inspectors, inspectorship/inspectorship: inspectorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
A state inspection of the prison conducted in October classified it as “terrible.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Before opening for business, the hospital will be subject to inspection and licensing by the state Health Department.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They returned often to ensure those exterior nuisances were corrected and, if not, levied liens against owners to collect inspection fees.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 检查; 检验; 视察; 检阅
分布：检查(84%)，视察(16%)
→来自inspect,检查，巡视。
视察;认真看(inspect+ion)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
【记】inspect（vt 检查；视察）根：spect看
【参】retrospect（n 回顾）；introspect（v 反省）
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when you look at something carefully, or an official visit to a building or organization to check that everything is correct and legal 检查；视察
• Her passport seemed legitimate, but on closer inspection, it was found to have been altered. 她的护照看似合法，但仔细检查，发现做过手脚。
• She arrived to carry out/make a health and safety inspection of the building. 她来对大楼进行安全卫生检查。
n. 视察，检查
 - examination, checking, monitoring

Word: supervisor
Front: supervisor
[ˈsu:pəvaɪzə(r)] (托雅 3589/5371 -2)
Vocabulary: supervisor
(once / 1819 pages)
n
A supervisor is the person in charge at your job, who monitors you as you work. Your supervisor prepared you for the world of sneaker sales, and makes sure you don't give them away free to your friends.
To supervise means to oversee, so a supervisor is someone whose job it is to oversee everyone else as they work. If you're the supervisor of a big kitchen, you probably won't spend time chopping onions, but instead wander around making sure everyone has their hair back and is using the right ingredients and working quickly. Sometimes in very complex problems, a whole organization can be a supervisor, like a city department that oversees the police.
WORD FAMILY
supervisor: supervisors+/ supervise: supervised, supervises, supervising, supervision, supervisor, supervisory/supervised: unsupervised/supervision: supervisions
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Dec. 7, the commission voted 6 to 2 to recommend that the Board of County Supervisors approve the project with a septic tank.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But when his supervisors confronted him about his website in 2012, he offered his resignation.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Jason Klenklen, supervisor of transmission maintenance, says the drones currently are used primarily in rural areas to inspect transmission lines.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 监督者，管理者; 镇长
分布：导师(40%)，管理人(20%)，主管人(16%)，监督人(16%)，检查员(4%)，督学(4%)
→supervise,监督，监管，-or,人。
想象,设想(en进入+vis+age→进入看的状态)[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
US [-pɚ.vaɪ.zɚ] noun countable
■a person whose job is to supervise someone or something 监督者，管理者，指导者
■in some colleges, a teacher with responsibility for a particular student （某些学院中某个学生的）指导教师，导师
US
■A town or county supervisor is an elected official who manages local government services. 镇长；县长
n. 监督人， [管理] 管理人；检查员
 - administrator, conductor

Word: consult
Front: consult
[kənˈsʌlt] (高研四六托雅 3591/2826 -K3)
Vocabulary: consult
(once / 117 pages)
v
To consult is to give or get help or advice. When you don't know the meaning of a word, you consult a dictionary. That's why you're here, right?
People making a big decision will usually consult their family and friends. To consult can also mean a type of professional advice: a consultant is a freelance worker paid to help a business out with something. Consulting is a complicated word that can mean to give or receive advice. When in doubt, find someone you trust to consult.
WORD FAMILY
consult: consultant, consultation, consultative, consultatory, consulted, consulting, consultive, consults+/ consultancy: consultancies/ consultant: consultancy, consultants/ consultation: consultations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Danish authorities acted after consulting South Korean authorities.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Milberg consulted a variety of experts, who told him it might be the actual manuscript, and worth as much as $500,000.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Cornwell now consults with people around the world to get the technical details right for her mysteries.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 商议，商量; [医]会诊; 咨询; 充当顾问
vt. 请教; 翻阅; 求教于; 顾及
时态：consulted, consulting, consults
分布：查阅(50%)，请教(40%)，商讨(9%)，就诊(1%)
→con-, 强调。-sul, 带来，召集，词源同consul, 即召集到一起协商事务。
v.请教,向...咨询,找...商量;查阅,查看The insult to the adult consulter results in multiplication of the faulty faucets.对成年咨询者的侮辱导致有缺陷水龙头成倍增加.
【参】consultant（n 顾问；咨询者）；consultation（n 请教；咨询；会诊）bellwether:leadership＝advisor:consultant领导者:领导阶层＝顾问:顾问（同义）
verb
 IMPROVER transitive
■to get information or advice from a person, book, etc. with special knowledge on a particular subject 咨询；请教；查阅
• If the symptoms get worse, consult your doctor. 如果症状恶化就要去就医。
• I'm not quite sure how to get there - I'd better consult a map. 我不是很清楚怎么去那里——我最好查查地图。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to discuss something with someone before you make a decision （同…）商量，（向…）征求意见
• Why didn't you consult me about this? 你怎么没跟我商量这件事？
• This afternoon the Prime Minister was consulting with his advisors and we are expecting an announcement shortly. 今天下午总理在征求顾问们的意见，我们在等待稍后的通告。
confer, negotiate, consult
这组词都有“协商、商量”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 正式用词，强调对观点或意见的交换。
negotiate: 正式用词，指双方通过争论或讨论最后达成协议等；也指通过商议从而解决问题。
consult: 多指向权威或有识之士请教或咨询。
look up, consult
look up: 查检（单词等），通过查阅词典来查检单词
consult: 查阅（词典等）；
vt. 查阅；商量；向…请教
 - look up, speak together
vi. 请教；商议；当顾问
 - take advice, seek advice

Word: arena
Front: arena
[əˈri:nə] (托雅宝 3590/5616 -2)
Vocabulary: arena
(once / 617 pages)
1n 2n
If you're watching a college basketball game in person, chances are you're in an arena — a building specially designed for sporting events and large-scale rock concerts.
There's not much difference between an arena and a stadium, although an arena is enclosed and a stadium sometimes has an open roof. Football is usually played in a stadium, while basketball and other sports typically hold their games in arenas. The word arena originally meant "place of combat," and it's sometimes still used this way. Its root is harena, a kind of sand that was supposedly used on the floor during ancient Roman battles to soak up spilled blood.
WORD FAMILY
arena: arenas
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was definitely a leap of faith,” Robinson said after a recent game at Michigan’s Crisler Arena.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The arena is packed, and the faces are mostly white.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The school is one of about 70 elementary-only, mostly rural, single-school districts in Missouri that receive little attention in the education arena.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 表演场地，舞台; 竞技场; 活动或斗争的场所或场面; 古罗马圆形剧场中央的竞技场
分布：竞技场(100%)
→来自拉丁语harena , 沙，指古罗马竞技场(斗牛场），铺沙以吸干血迹。
角斗场(以沙铺地)[aren=sand(沙)]
【记】a一个，re拼：热，na读：闹。一个热闹的地方。大家看过《角斗士》吧！那里的古罗马竞技场多热闹呀！不仅有人人斗，人兽斗，还有群殴。
noun countable
PLACE 地方
■a large flat area surrounded by seats used for sports or entertainment （体育比赛或表演用的）场地，竞技场，剧场
• an Olympic/a sports arena 奥运会／运动会比赛场地
[ə'ri:.nə] noun countable
ACTIVITY 活动
■an activity that involves argument and discussion 活动场所；斗争场所；竞争舞台
• After 30 years in the political arena, our local member of parliament is retiring next year. 我们当地选出的这位下议院议员已经在政治舞台上活跃了30年，明年他就要退休了。
n. 舞台；竞技场
 - stage, lists

Word: laugh
Front: laugh
[lɑ:f] (中高 861/1021 -K5)
Vocabulary: laugh
(once / 25 pages)
vn
To let out a chuckle or giggle is to laugh: people laugh when something is funny.
To chortle, cackle, guffaw, or titter is to laugh. The job of a comedian is to make people laugh. Often people laugh at things that aren't supposed to be funny, and people also laugh to be polite. If something is silly, you can say "That's a laugh!" If you had fun at a party, you can say "Thanks for the laughs." Everybody's laugh sounds a little different. It would be a shame if your laugh sounded like Elmer Fudd.
WORD FAMILY
laugh: laughable, laughed, laugher, laughing, laughs+/ laughable: laughably/laugher: laughers/laughing: laughingest, laughingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Around us a ballroom of people were laughing and eating and dancing.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The guy next to me laughed, dropping his book on to the floor.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“I’m in the books for something,” Young said with a laugh.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 笑; 发笑; 嘲笑; （特别表示因成功而）处于有利地位
vt. 以笑表示，以笑感动[影响]
n. 笑; 笑声; 引人发笑的事或人; 笑料
时态：laughed, laughing, laughs
分布：笑(77%)，笑声(8%)，嘲笑(7%)，发笑(7%)，笑料(1%)
→来自kleg,笑声，拟声词。
v.笑;(on)讥笑n.笑,笑声We all had a good laugh about it.我们都为这事大笑了一阵.
US [læf] verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to smile while making sounds with your voice that show you think something is funny or you are happy （出声地）笑，大笑
• They laughed at her jokes. 听了她讲的笑话他们都笑了。
• I couldn't stop laughing. 我情不自禁地笑个不停。
• I said he'd have to give a talk and he laughed nervously. 我告诉他说他必须发言，他听后紧张地笑了起来。
• She's so funny - she really makes me laugh. 她太有意思了——真让我笑死了。
• It's very rare that a book is so good you actually laugh out loud. 一本能让你笑出声来的好书真是不多见。
• It was so funny, I burst out laughing (= laughed suddenly and loudly). 太有意思了，我放声笑了出来。
• I laughed till I cried. 我笑得直流眼泪。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
be laughed out of court
■to be considered as too silly or impossible to take seriously, especially in a court of law （尤指在法庭上）被一笑置之，不被重视
• The proposal will be laughed out of court. 这个建议会被认为荒唐可笑。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
be laughing (also will be laughing) UK informal
■used to tell someone that they should not be worried by a particular situation, because they will get an advantage from it 不必发愁，会好起来的
• If the loan's approved you're laughing. 如果这笔贷款批下来，你就不必发愁了。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
be laughing all the way to the bank informal
■to be earning a lot of money easily 轻易发大财，轻松赚大钱
• We'll be laughing all the way to the bank if this deal works out. 如果这笔生意能成交，我们一下子就能赚很多钱。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
be laughing on the other side of your face UK (US laugh out of the other side of your mouth)
■used to tell someone that although they are pleased now, they will not be pleased later when things do not happen as they expected or planned 到时候就笑不出来了，得意变失意
• She's pleased with her promotion but she'll be laughing on the other side of her face when she sees the extra work. 她很高兴自己能获得晋升，不过等她明白自己要多做不少工作时恐怕就笑不出来了。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
be no laughing matter
■to be very serious 不是开玩笑，不是闹着玩的
• It might seem funny but I tell you what, getting stuck up a tree is no laughing matter. 卡在树上看起来可能很好笑，不过我跟你讲，这可不是闹着玩的。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
Don't make me laugh! informal
■said to someone to show that you cannot take their suggestion seriously 别开玩笑了！
• You'll pay? Don't make me laugh! 你要付钱？别开玩笑了！
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
He who laughs last , laughs longest / best. saying
■said to emphasize that the person who has control of a situation in the end is most successful, even if other people had seemed originally to have an advantage 谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
laugh your head off (also laugh yourself silly) informal
■to laugh a lot, loudly 大笑不止，狂笑不已
• You laughed your head off when I fell! 我摔跤了，你却笑个没完！
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
laugh in sb's face
■to make it obvious to someone that you do not respect them 当（某人）的面嘲笑
• They'd laugh in your face if you suggested me for the post. 如果你提议让我担任这个职位，他们准会当面嘲笑你。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
laugh like a drain UK informal
■to laugh a lot, very loudly 狂笑，爆笑
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
laugh up your sleeve
■to secretly find something funny 窃笑，暗自感到好笑
• They're very polite in your presence, but you get the feeling they're laughing up their sleeves. 当着你的面他们都很有礼貌，但你能感觉到他们在暗自发笑。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
you've got to laugh (also you have to laugh) informal
■said when you can see something funny in a difficult situation 还是值得一笑，还有可笑之处
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  laugh at sb/sth ADVANCED
■to show that you think someone or something is stupid 取笑，笑话
• I can't go into work looking like this - everyone will laugh at me. 我不能这个样子去工作——大家会取笑我的。
■to treat someone or something as if they are not important or do not deserve serious attention 嘲笑，蔑视
• If you say that, people will just laugh at you. 如果你那样说，人们就会看不起你。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] laugh sth off
■to make yourself laugh about something unpleasant in order to make it seem less important or serious 对…一笑置之
• She tried to laugh off their remarks, but I could see she was hurt. 她试图对他们的话一笑置之，但我看得出她的内心还是受到了伤害。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the act or sound of laughing 笑；笑声
• a loud/nervous laugh 放声大笑／神经质的笑
• I was embarrassed at the time, but I had a good laugh about it later. 那时我很尴尬，但过后却觉得非常可笑。
■informal
■an enjoyable or funny activity 令人愉快的活动，好玩的活动
• "How was the party?" "Oh, it was a laugh." “派对办得怎么样？”“哦，相当好玩。”
■mainly UK informal
■someone who is funny 好玩的人，有趣的人
• You'd like Sharon - she's a good laugh. 你会喜欢莎伦的——她这个人很风趣。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] noun countable
for a laugh informal
■If you do something for a laugh, you do it for enjoyment 取乐，开玩笑
• Just for a laugh, I pretended that I'd forgotten it was his birthday. 我假装忘了那天是他的生日，只是想开个玩笑。
UK [lɑ:f] US [læf] noun countable
You're having a laugh. UK informal
■used to show that you think that what someone has just said is not reasonable or fair 你在开玩笑
• £500 to cut down a tree - you're having a laugh, mate! 500英镑砍一棵树——老兄，你简直是在开玩笑！
giggle, laugh, chuckle, roar, sneer, beam, jeer, grin
这组词都有“笑”的意思，其区别是：
giggle: v.咯咯地笑，痴笑，傻笑，多指女人和孩子由于紧张、被逗乐、尴尬时所发出的笑声。
 • The schoolgirls giggled when the famous football player walkedsintostheir classroom.   当这个著名的足球运动员走进教室时，女生们都咯咯地笑起来。
laugh: v.笑，大笑，用于一般的笑或出声的大笑。
chuckle: v. (书面语)吃吃的笑，抿嘴笑，轻声笑，多指因得意或领会到某事中的趣味而暗自发笑。
 • She does not laugh out loud; she only chuckles.   她没有笑出声来，只是抿嘴而笑。
roar: v.怒吼，咆哮，引申为放声大笑，哄堂大笑。
 • He roared when he heard the joke.   听完这个笑话，他哈哈大笑。
sneer: v.冷笑，嘲笑，指以语言、表情、和声调表示轻蔑或嘲弄。
 • He sneered at the offer and said it was two low.   他对报价嗤之以鼻，说它太低了。
beam: v.本义指照耀，放光，引申为"微笑"，是正式用语，指面带喜悦或笑容，暗示对他人的友好或内心的满足。
 • She beamed with happiness.   她高兴得眉开眼笑。
jeer: v.讥笑，嘲笑，其同义词是mock。
 • The crowd jeered when the boxer was knocked down.   当那个拳手被人打倒时，人群开始嘲笑他。
grin: v.露齿而笑，指人因高兴、满足、轻蔑等咧开嘴露齿地笑。
 • He grinned at his mother.   他冲他的妈妈咧嘴一笑。
laugh, smile, siggle, grin, beam, sneer
这些动词均含“笑”之意。
laugh: 最常用词，指因喜悦、愉快或轻视而出声的笑或大笑。
smile: 指面露微笑，侧重于无声。
siggle: 指发出咯咯的笑声，较多地用于女人或孩子。
grin: 指露齿而笑。
beam: 书面用词，指人因心情舒畅而发出的笑，即喜形于色地笑。
sneer: 指冷笑、嘲笑。
n. 笑；引人发笑的事或人
 - risus

Word: diagnosis
Front: diagnosis
[ˌdaɪəgˈnəʊsɪs] (托 3594/3739 -2)
Vocabulary: diagnosis
(once / 718 pages)
n
When a doctor tells you why you're feeling ill, he gives you a diagnosis. He asks questions, checks your symptoms, and then identifies what's making you sick.
Diagnosis is a medical term, but you can diagnose lots of things: problems in a relationship, a coming economic crisis, or the reason the car won't start. If you have a sore throat, runny nose and a bad cough, most of the time doctors will diagnose a cold. If the car won't start and the lights and radio are also off, the diagnosis is simple: your battery’s dead. Anytime you determine the cause of a problem, you give a diagnosis.
WORD FAMILY
diagnosis: diagnose, diagnoses, diagnostic +/diagnosable: undiagnosable/ diagnose: diagnosable, diagnosed, diagnosing/diagnosed: undiagnosed/ diagnostic: diagnostically, diagnostician/diagnostician: diagnosticians
USAGE EXAMPLES
He views the term as pejorative, and he is notably skeptical about the value of psychiatric diagnosis in voice-hearing cases:
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
So, here are 10 things a diagnosis of Down’s syndrome didn’t tell me about my son, who is now eight:
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The Hurricanes announced Bickell’s diagnosis last month, and he’s been on injured reserve since Nov. 11.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 诊断; 诊断结论; 判断; 结论
分布：诊断(99%)，调查分析(1%)
诊断(dia+gnosis知道→穿过(皮肤)知道→诊断)[dia-表示"穿过,二者之间"]
诊断(dia穿过+gnos+is→穿过[身体]知道→诊断)[gnos(t),gnor=know,表示"知道"]
US [-'noʊ-] (plural diagnoses)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a judgment about what a particular illness or problem is, made after examining it 诊断
• "What was the diagnosis?" "Arthritis in both joints." “医生的诊断是甚么?”“双肢关节炎。”
• The doctor has made an initial diagnosis. 医生已经作出了初步诊断。
• Diagnosis of the disease (= saying what it is) is difficult in the early stages. 这种病的早期诊断很难。
n. [临床] [计] 诊断
 - diacrisis

Word: possession
Front: possession
[pəˈzeʃn] (高研四六托雅 3593/2337 -K2)
Vocabulary: possession
(once / 68 pages)
1n 2n
A possession is something that belongs to you. If you've got a special rubber ducky, that’s one of your possessions, and it may even be your prized possession.
Possession is all about control: if you have possession of something, you own it, or have your hands on it. If your house keys are in your possession, you know where they are. In soccer being in possession means having control of the ball; in hockey, it’s having your stick on the puck. A possession can also be a territory controlled by another government, as Puerto Rico is a possession of the United States.
WORD FAMILY
possession: possessions, self-possession+/dispossess: dispossessed, dispossesses, dispossessing, dispossession/dispossession: dispossessions/ possess: dispossess, possessed, possesses, possessing, possession, possessive, possessor, prepossess, repossess/ possessed: possessedly, self-possessed/ possessive: possessively, possessiveness, possessives/possessor: possessors/prepossess: prepossessed, prepossesses, prepossessing, prepossession /prepossessing: prepossessingly, unprepossessing / prepossession: prepossessions/repossess: repossessed, repossesses, repossessing, repossession/repossession: repossessions/ unprepossessing: unprepossessingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite that, Matthews finished at almost 50 percent puck possession.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The red card switched the flow of possession.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A Detroit penalty for too many men on the field extended Green Bay's next possession.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 有，所有，拥有; 领地; 财产，所有权，占有物，所有物; 持有违禁物
分布：拥有(49%)，所有(28%)，财产(21%)，殖民地(2%)
→来自possess,拥有，所有。
拥有,占有(possess拥有,pos能+sess坐...能坐在上面...拥有)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
n.持有,拥有;所有权;所有物;(pl.)财产,财富The lost Bible is possibly the biggest loss of my possessions.丢失的圣经可能是我最大的财产损失.
【记】源于：possess（v 占有；拥有）；
【参】possessed（adj 着魔的；疯狂的）
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when you have or own something 拥有，占有；具有
• The possession of large amounts of money does not ensure happiness. 拥有大量金钱并不能保证一定会幸福。
• formal I have in my possession a letter which may be of interest to you. 我有一封信，也许你会感兴趣。
• formal He was found in possession of explosives. 他被发现私藏爆炸物。
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■something that you own or that you are carrying with you at any time 所有物，个人物品；财产
• Please remember to take all your personal possessions with you when you leave the aircraft. 下飞机时请记得携带好所有个人物品。
countable usually plural
■the countries that are ruled by another country 殖民地，托管地；属地
• a former overseas possession 前海外领地
get/take possession of sth legal
■to start to use and control a building or piece of land, whether you own it or not 占有，拥有
• We've already bought the house but we won't take possession of it until May. 我们已买下这栋房子，但直到五月份才能搬进去。
n. 拥有；财产；领地；自制；着迷
 - estate, property, treasure, worth

Word: forgive
Front: forgive
[fəˈgɪv] (高研四六雅 3595/3395 -K2)
Vocabulary: forgive
(once / 93 pages)
v
If you forgive someone, you stop blaming him. You should really forgive your kid sister for eating the rest of the cake.
Forgive comes from the Old English forgiefan, which also means "forgive," just with cooler spelling. When you forgive someone or something, that's the end of the story. Eventually, you will have to either forgive your friend for stealing your boyfriend, or stop being her friend. Loans can also be forgiven. If your credit card company forgives your debt, that means you no longer have to pay it.
WORD FAMILY
forgive: forgave, forgivable, forgiven, forgiver, forgives, forgiving+/ forgivable: forgivably, unforgivable/forgiven: forgiveness / forgiveness: forgivenesses/forgiver: forgivers/forgiving: forgivingest, forgivingly, forgivingness, unforgiving/unforgivable: unforgivablest, unforgivably/unforgiving: unforgivingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tell him you were upset your children were prevented from meeting their cousin and ask him to forgive you for your pettiness.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
“It’s about how we sometimes forgive the lunatic behaviour of artists and call it “eccentricity”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
As news spread, more people started calling him a sellout for forgiving McGraw.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 原谅; 饶恕; 对不起; 请原谅
vt. 免除
时态：forgave, forgiven, forgiving, forgives
分布：原谅(77%)，宽恕(15%)，饶恕(8%)
→来自古英语forgiefan, 给予，允许，for-, 完全的，give, 给予，施予。用来翻译法语词pardon, 原谅。后词义由允许过渡到原谅。
v.原谅,饶恕He will never forgive his parents for what they have done to him.他永远也不会原谅父母对自己做过的事情.
US [fɚ-] (forgave, forgiven)
verb intransitive or transitive [not continuous]
 ESSENTIAL
■to stop blaming or being angry with someone for something they have done, or not punish them for something 原谅；宽恕
• I don't think she's ever quite forgiven me for getting her name wrong that time. 我认为那次把她的名字弄错后她一直都没完全原谅我。
• I've never found it easy to forgive and forget (= to behave as if something wrong had never happened). 我觉得不念旧恶殊为不易。
• [R] I'd never forgive my self if anything happened to the kids. 要是孩子们有个三长两短，我永远也不会原谅自己。
forgive me formal
 IMPROVER
■used before you ask or say something that might seem rude 对不起，请原谅
• Forgive me for asking, but how much did you pay for your bag? 请原谅我问一下，你的袋子花了多少钱？
pardon, overlook, forgive, excuse
这组词都有“原谅”的意思，其区别是：
pardon: 比excuse正式，指原谅或宽恕严重的过失或法律上的犯罪行为；在社会交场合则指对打搅他人表示歉意。
overlook: 语气较弱，指宽容或不计较无关大局的过失。
forgive: 侧重从心里宽恕某人，暗示放弃一切愤恨和要求报偿的权利。
excuse: 口语常用词，语气较轻。指原谅轻微的过错、疏忽或过失。
vt. 原谅；免除（债务、义务等）
 - discharge, pardon for

Word: warm
Front: warm
[wɔ:m] (中高雅 1356/1353 -K4)
Back: adj. 暖和的，温暖的; 保暖的; 热情的; 暖调的
vt. & vi. （使）变暖，被加热，暖和起来
vt. 加热; 使热情; 使兴奋
n. 暖和的地方
vi. 加温; 感兴趣; 变得友善或友好
时态：warmed, warming, warms
分布：温暖的(55%)，暖和的(19%)，变暖(13%)，热情的(9%)，使暖和(2%)，温暖的空气(2%)
→词源有争议，来自gwher,燃烧，热的，词源同burn,furnace,thermal.
a.温暖的,热心的,热情的v.(使)变暖On the far farm the army's arms are kept warm by a swarm of bees.在远方的农场上,陆军的武器被一群蜜蜂保暖.
US [wɔ:rm] adjective
TEMPERATURE 温度
 ESSENTIAL
■having or producing a comfortably high temperature, although not hot 温暖的；暖和的
• Are you warm enough or do you want the fire on? 你暖不暖和，要不要生火？
• I've got my hands in my pockets to keep them warm. 我把手放在口袋里保暖。
 ESSENTIAL
■describes clothes and covers made of a material that keeps you warm （衣物等）保暖的，暖和的
• I don't have a warm winter coat. 我连一件暖和的冬衣都没有。
• Those gloves look nice and warm. 那些手套看起来又漂亮又暖和。
■A warm colour is one which is based on or contains a colour such as red, yellow or orange which suggests warmth. 暖色的
the warm UK
■a warm place 暖和的地方
• It's cold standing out there - come into the warm. 站在外边挺冷的——进来暖和暖和吧。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] adjective
FRIENDLY 友好的
 ADVANCED
■friendly and loving 亲切友好的；热心的，热情的
• They're a very warm family. 他们一家人非常热情。
• He has a lovely warm smile. 他的笑容亲切而迷人。
• I'd like to give a warm welcome to our guests this evening. 我谨对今晚的来宾表示热烈的欢迎。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] adjective
NEAR 接近
[after verb] informal
■(especially in children's games) near to guessing a correct answer or to discovering a hidden object （尤指在儿童游戏中）即将猜中的，快要发现的
• You're getting warmer! 你马上要猜中了！
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to (cause to) become warm (= less cold) （使）温暖，（使）变暖和
• You're so cold - come and warm your hands by the fire. 你太冷了——来，到火边暖暖手。
• Your supper's just warming through in the oven. 你的晚餐正在炉子上热着呢。
• We can warm (up) the room quite quickly with this electric fire. 用这台电炉我们能让房间很快暖和起来。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] warm sth over US disapproving
■to use an idea that has been used before or to discuss a subject that has already been discussed before 再次使用（已用过的办法）；对…老调重弹
• Voters are bored with politicians warming over old policies. 选民们已经厌倦了政客们对老的政策旧调重弹。
warmed-over
    UK [ˌwɔːmdˈəʊ.vər] US [ˌwɔːrmdˈoʊ.və˞] adjective [before noun] US disapproving 2. These commercials are just warmed-over imitations of earlier TV ads. 这些商业广告只是对先前那些电视广告的老套模仿而已。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  warm to sb
■to start to like someone 开始喜欢上（某人）
• I wasn't sure about Sarah at first, but I warmed to her after we'd been out together a few times. 一开始我不太确定是不是喜欢莎拉，可后来我跟她一起外出约会了几次后就对她有了好感。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  warm to sth
■If you warm to an idea, you start to become interested in or enthusiastic about it 对…变得感兴趣；对…变得热衷
• Unfortunately, I had to leave just as the speaker was warming to his theme. 不巧的是，正当发言者就他的主题越讲越起劲时，我不得不离开了。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] warm (sb/sth) up
■to become warmer or to make someone or something warmer 变热；（使）暖和；加热
• The house soon warms up with the heating on. 暖气一开，屋子里很快就暖和起来了。
• I'll just warm up the engine while you're getting your coats on. 你们穿上大衣，我去预热一下引擎。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] warm (sb) up
■to entertain people while they are waiting for a performance to start, for example by telling jokes 节目开始前活跃观众气氛（如讲笑话）
• He's got a job warming up for TV studio audiences. 他找到一份工作，负责在电视节目录制前炒热观众席的气氛。
• He was warming the audience up with his world-famous jokes. 他讲了几个令人捧腹的笑话，以炒热观众席的气氛。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] warm sth up
■to heat food that has already been cooked 重新加热（食品）
• I might just warm up the leftovers from yesterday's meal in the microwave. 我或许只需用微波炉热一热昨天剩的饭菜就可以了。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  warm up
EVENT informal
■If an event warms up, it starts to become more interesting, enjoyable or exciting 活跃起来；热闹起来
• The party was only just starting to warm up as I left. 我离开时派对刚开始要热闹起来。
EXERCISE
■to prepare yourself for a physical activity by doing some gentle exercises and stretches 做准备活动，热身
• If you don't warm up before taking exercise, you risk injuring yourself. 如果你在运动之前不做热身，会有受伤的危险。
warm, hot, burning
这组词都有“热的”的意思，其区别是：
warm: 通常指温度不太高，介于hot与cold之间，不太热也不太凉，给人以舒适感。
hot: 最普通用词，指温度很高，往往有灼热、滚烫含义。
burning: 暗示热源是火，多用于夸张，指像火烧一样热。
adj. 温暖的；热情的
 - intense, hot, tropical, enthusiastic, passionate
vi. 同情；激动；变温暖
 - fire, sympathize
vt. 使…兴奋；使…温暖；使…感兴趣
 - excite
n. 取暖；加热
 - heating up, calefaction

Word: consistently
Front: consistently
[kən'sɪstəntlɪ] (六托 3596/4182)
Vocabulary: consistently
(once / 1002 pages)
adv
The adverb consistently describes something that's done the same way for a long time. If your mom consistently forgets to add sugar when she's baking cookies, it means you can count on inedible cookies.
When something happens again and again, it happens consistently. In fact, the Latin root is consistentem, meaning "standing still." Consistently is most often used to describe something you can depend on, like consistently getting hungry right before lunch, or your dog consistently appearing by your side to cheer you up whenever you're feeling sad.
WORD FAMILY
consistent: consistently, inconsistent, self-consistent+/ inconsistency: inconsistencies/ inconsistent: inconsistency, inconsistently
USAGE EXAMPLES
He consistently challenged traditional interpretations of art and society and connections between the two.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Women were consistently evaluated more harshly than their male counterparts and were penalized to a greater degree if they were unwilling to help.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“Doing this consistently is more of how well you’ve played over a course of time.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 一贯地，坚持地，固守地; 总
分布：一致地(50%)，始终如一地(50%)
ADJ-GRADED
(行为、态度等)一贯的，一致的，始终如一的
Someone who is consistent always behaves in the same way, has the same attitudes towards people or things, or achieves the same level of success in something.
例：Becker has never been the most consistent of players anyway.不管怎么说，贝克尔从来就不是表现最为稳定的球员。
例：...his consistent support of free trade.他对自由贸易始终如一的支持
ADJ
（观点等）一致的，吻合的，不矛盾的
If one fact or idea is consistent with another, they do not contradict each other.
例：This result is consistent with the findings of Garnett & Tobin...这个结果与加尼特托宾公司的调查结果一致。
例：New goals are not always consistent with the existing policies.新目标并不总是与现行政策一致。
ADJ
(观点或看法)前后一致的，连贯的
An argument or set of ideas that is consistent is one in which no part contradicts or conflicts with any other part.
例：These are clear consistent policies which we are putting into place.这些就是我们正在付诸实施的政策，不但清楚而且前后一致。
adv. 一贯地；一致地；坚实地
 - uniformly, coincidentally

Word: basement
Front: basement
[ˈbeɪsmənt] (高研六托雅 3598/5987 -2)
Vocabulary: basement
(once / 1048 pages)
n
A basement is a room that's below ground level, underneath the first floor. You might have a laundry room with a washer and dryer in your basement.
Some basements are partially under the level of the street, while others are completely below ground. Many, though not all, houses and larger buildings have basements. Some basements are "finished," with carpeting and solid ceilings and walls, but more often they're very basic rooms used for storage. The word dates from 1730, most likely from the Italian basamento, "column base."
WORD FAMILY
basement: basements
USAGE EXAMPLES
The 25-year-old victim fell through the corrugated plastic ceiling of a kitchen annexe in a basement flat on Charles Road on New Year's Day.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“We lived in basements and in my mom’s car at one point.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Around 1 p.m. he fell again, from the first floor to the basement.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 地下室; [建]基底，底部
分布：地下室(99%)，根基(1%)
地下室(base+ment表名词)[bas,base=low,foundation,表示"低下,基础"]
地下室(base基础)[-ment 1.表名词"行为或结果"2.表示具体物]
n.建筑物的底部,地下室,地窖Based on the basic case, the purchaser found the vase in the basin in the basement.根据这个基本情况,购买者在地下室的盆子里找到了花瓶.
noun countable
■a part of a building consisting of rooms that are partly or completely below the level of the ground 地下室
• Our kitchenware department is in the basement. 我们的厨具部门设在地下室。
• a basement flat/apartment 地下室公寓
n. [建] 地下室；地窖
 - undercroft, souterrain

Word: project
Front: project
[ˈprɒdʒekt] (高研四六托雅 534/509 -K4)
Vocabulary: project
(once / 63 pages)
1nv 2v 3v 4v
A project is a piece of work that is planned or intended. Plan a little extra time for your gingerbread house project — gluing the walls and roof can take a while.
If you call a person your project, pronounced PRAH-jekt, it means you are trying to improve them by telling them how to behave, etc. As a verb, pronounced pro-JEKT, it means to jut out literally — The fireplace projects into the dining room — or figuratively — Try to project your ideas forcefully. If you assume another person is feeling the same things you are, you are projecting you feelings onto them.
WORD FAMILY
project: projected, projecting, projection, projector, projects+/ projection: projections/projectionist: projectionists/ projector: projectionist, projectors
USAGE EXAMPLES
The “Star Wars” creator is financing the project himself.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Should projects bearing his name receive additional security?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The project also seeks to correlate those outcomes with 123 social and economic factors such as government spending, proficiency in reading and rates of incarceration.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 放映; 计划; 发射; 展现，使突出
vi. 伸出，突出
时态：projected, projecting, projects
分布：项目(58%)，工程(20%)，计划(11%)，设计(5%)，投射(2%)，课题(1%)，突出(1%)，放映(1%)，投掷(1%)
→来自pro-,向前，朝向，-ject,投掷，扔，词源同abject,conjecture.引申诸相词义。
投射出;工程项目(pro+ject+扔+扔向前面→投射;引申为工程项目)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
投射n.设计;目标(pro向前+ject→向前扔→目标;项目)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
n.方案,工程,项目v.投射,放映;设计,规划The projector is subject to rejection and may be ejected from the project.投影机有遭到否决的倾向并可能被逐出工程.
US [ˈprɑː.dʒekt]
 ESSENTIAL
■a piece of planned work or an activity which is finished over a period of time and intended to achieve a particular aim 项目；方案；工程；专案计划
• the Kings Cross housing project 国王十字路口的住宅专案
• a scientific research project 科学研究专案
• Her latest project is a film based on the life of a nineteenth-century music hall star. 她最近计划拍摄一部关于某位19世纪歌厅歌星一生的影片。
• My next project is decorating the kitchen. 我下一步计划整修厨房。
 IMPROVER
■a study of a particular subject done over a period of time, especially by students （尤指学生做的）课题，研究
• He's doing a class project on pollution. 他正在做一个有关污染的学校作业。
• In our third year at college everyone had to do a special project. 大学三年级时，每个人必须做一项专题研究。
verb[prəˈdʒekt/
CALCULATE 估计
transitive usually passive
■to calculate an amount or number expected in the future from information already known 预计，推算
• [+ to infinitive] Government spending is projected to rise by 3% next year. 明年政府的支出预计将增加3%。
verb[prəˈdʒekt/
THROW 投掷
transitive
■to throw or direct something forwards, with force 投掷；发射
• Ninety percent of the projected missiles will hit their target. 发射的飞弹90%将命中目标。
project your voice
■to sing or speak loudly and clearly 扯开喉咙；放声
• It's a big theatre so you really have to project your voice if you're going to be heard at the back. 这是一个大剧院，所以如果你想让后排的人听见就必须扯开你的喉咙。
verb[prəˈdʒekt/
MAKE AN IMAGE 产生图像
transitive
■to cause a film, image or light to appear on a screen or other surface 放映；投射（影、像或光）
• Laser images were projected onto a screen. 雷射图像被投射到了萤幕上。
transitive specialized
■to wrongly imagine that someone else is feeling a particular emotion or desire when in fact it is you who feels this way 投射（自己的感觉给别人）
• I suspect he's projecting his fears onto you. 我猜他是把他的恐惧投射到你身上了。
transitive
■If you project a particular quality, that quality is what most people notice about you 向别人表现（某种品质）
• Recently the president has sought to project a much tougher image. 最近这位总统努力塑造一个更强硬的形象。
verb[prəˈdʒekt/
STICK OUT 突出
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to stick out over an edge or from a surface 伸出，突出
• The hotel dining room projects out over the water. 这家旅馆的餐厅突出到水面上方。
project, inject, eject
这是一组形近易混词。
project: v.伸出，突出；预计，预报；投射，放映。
 • The balcony projects out beyond the wall of the house.   阳台从房子的墙壁上突出来。
 • The government projects that the defence budget will increase by 20% .   政府预计国防预算将增长百分之二十。
inject: v.注射。
 • The nurse injected some medicine into the patient with a needle.   护士用注射器给患者打针。
eject: v.跳出，喷出，弹射出。
 • The pilot ejected from the falling airplane.   飞行员从坠落的飞机中弹射出去。
programme, project, scheme, plan, blueprint, design, plot
这组词都有“计划”的意思，其区别是：
programme: 使用广泛，既可指思想上的计划，又可指任何形式的书面计划或规划。
project: 多指由个人或集体为进行某项工作或完成某一项较大的任务，而制定的计划方案或设想。
scheme: 普通用词，比plan更强调计划的通盘筹划和某些细节的精心安排。在现代英语中，常用于指阴谋诡计。
plan: 最普通常用词，多指事先经过较充分的准备或考虑后制定的计划，也可指非决定性的打算或设想。
blueprint: 从本义蓝图，引申指详细而具体的行动计划。
design: 侧重指按照目标、目的意向，根据固定格式精心作出的计划或安排。
plot: 主要指为实现某一阴谋而拟定秘密的计划。
vi. 设计；计划；表达；投射
 - design, engineer
vt. 设计；计划；发射；放映
 - design, schedule, engineer, style, frame
n. 工程；计划；事业
 - engineering, career, enterprise, plan, scheme

Word: drift
Front: drift
[drɪft] (研四六托雅 3599/3522 -3)
Vocabulary: drift
(once / 172 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4vn 5n 6n
If you get my drift, you get the basic meaning of what I'm saying. Or, if you move around without a seeming fixed destination, you are said to drift — whether you're a snowflake or just a wanderer.
Interestingly, the verb to drift can be used either approvingly or disapprovingly. We rather admire the freedom of certain objects that drift, such as snow drifts or drift wood, but applied to people we're a bit more critical: we tend to harbor suspicions of the carefree Gypsy or nomad, hence the moral criticism (and danger) inherent in the term drifters.
WORD FAMILY
drift: driftage, drifted, drifter, drifting, drifts+/drifter: drifters/drifting: driftingly, driftings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those in attendance drifted in under a yellow-and-white striped awning, the men dressed in tuxedos, the women in ballgowns, many with their hair swept high.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It was a symbol of Israelis’ steady drift to the right in recent years.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Trout are fair while drifting deep bayous in the marsh.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. 流动; 随意移动; 漂泊; 浮现
vt. 漂流; 堆积成堆
n. 漂移，偏移; 趋势，动向; 大意; 放任自流
时态：drifted, drifting, drifts
分布：漂移(59%)，漂流(19%)，趋势(7%)，漂泊(5%)，偏离(4%)，使漂流(3%)，吹积(2%)，使堆积(1%)
→来自drive, 驱动。
v./n.漂,漂流(物)The drifter swiftly shifted the gift to the left of the lift.那个漂泊者敏捷地将礼物换到电梯的左边.
verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
 ADVANCED
■to move slowly, especially as a result of outside forces, with no control over direction （尤指在外力作用下）飘，漂流，漂移
• No one noticed that the boat had begun to drift out to sea. 没有人注意到船已经开始漂向大海了。
• A mist drifted in from the marshes. 一阵雾气从沼泽地里飘过来。
• After the band stopped playing, people drifted away in twos and threes. 乐队演奏结束后，人们便三三两两地散去了。
• figurative The talk drifted aimlessly from one subject to another. 谈话漫无目的地从一个主题转向另一个主题。
[drɪft] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
drift with the tide disapproving
■to agree with other people and not make your own decisions 随波逐流；没有自己的观点；人云亦云
[drɪft] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  drift apart
■If two people drift apart, they gradually become less friendly and their relationship ends. （关系）渐渐疏远，冷淡下来
[drɪft] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  drift off
■to gradually start to sleep 渐渐入睡
• I couldn't help drifting off in the middle of that lecture - it was so boring! 我在听讲座的过程中不知不觉地睡着了——这个讲座太乏味了！
[drɪft] noun
MEANING 含义
only singular
■the general meaning without the details 大意，主旨
• The general drift of the article was that society doesn't value older people. 文章的大意是社会对长者并不重视。
catch/get sb's drift informal
■to understand the general meaning of what someone is saying 大致明白某人所说的话
if you catch/get my drift informal
■used to say that you have left out information or your opinion from what you have just said, but that you expect the person listening still to understand it 你明白我的意思吧
• She's married, but she doesn't act as if she is, if you get my drift. 她结婚了，但她表现得不像是结了婚的，你明白我的意思吧。
[drɪft] noun
MOVEMENT 活动
countable
■a pile of snow or something similar, formed by the wind （风吹积而成的）一堆（雪）
• The snow lay in deep drifts. 到处是风吹起来的厚厚的雪堆。
[S or U]
■a general development or change in a situation 局势变化
• The downward drift in copper prices looks set to continue. 铜价下跌的趋势看来注定还要持续下去。
drift, float
这组词都有“漂流，漂浮”的意思，其区别是：
drift: 多指随风或顺水飘荡，表示动态。
float: 可与drift换用，但侧重指因有液体或气体所支持而不下沉，可表动态或静态。
n. 漂流， [电子] 漂移；趋势；漂流物
 - tendency, direction, tide, trend, set
vi. 漂流， [电子] 漂移；漂泊
 - extravagate, knock about

Word: drain
Front: drain
[dreɪn] (研四六托雅宝 3601/3935 -3)
Vocabulary: drain
(once / 281 pages)
nv
Most commonly found at the bottom of sinks and bathtubs across the globe, a drain is the hole through which water is carried away.
If it rains on the day you decided to go to the beach, you could say your plans went right "down the drain." When used as a verb, to drain means "to gradually empty," whether it's a man-made lake that's got to go or some financial obligations putting a strain on your wallet. And that obnoxious guy who's sucking the life out of the party? He's a real drain too.
WORD FAMILY
drain: drainage, drained, draining, drains+/drainage: drainages/drained: undrained
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Michigan Association of Drain Commissioners says drain commissioners enforce laws related to flood protection, storm management and soil erosion.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
So government-owned banks end up becoming politically focused weapons that are ineffective, and which drain money and resources from our community.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“They drain the resin that otherwise defends the tree,” said Matt Ayres, a Dartmouth College ecologist who worked on the Ecological Applications study.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 排水; 流干
vt. 喝光，喝干; 使（精力、金钱等）耗尽; 使流出; 排掉水
n. 排水; 下水道; 排水系统; [医]引流
时态：drained, draining, drains
分布：下水道(32%)，排出(22%)，消耗(22%)，耗尽(10%)，排干(9%)，喝光(5%)
→词源同dry, 排空，干。
n.排水沟,阴沟;消耗,负担v.排去,放干The gained grain drained away with the rain, all the pains were in vain again.收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费.
verb
REMOVE LIQUID 去除液体
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■If you drain something, you remove the liquid from it, usually by pouring it away or allowing it to flow away, and if something drains, liquid flows away or out of it （使）排出，（使）排放，放干（液体）
• Drain the pasta thoroughly. 把义大利面中的水完全沥干。
• We drained the pond and filled it with fresh water. 我们把池塘中的水放干后重新注入清水。
• Drain (off) any liquid that is left in the rice. 把大米彻底沥干。
• Don't bother drying the pans - just leave them to drain. 不用专门擦干平底锅——让其滴干就行了。
transitive
■If you drain a glass or cup, you drink all the liquid in it. 喝光，喝干
[dreɪn] verb
MAKE TIRED 使劳累
transitive
■to make someone very tired 使劳累，使疲惫
• The long journey completely drained me. 这次长途旅行可把我给累垮了。
[dreɪn] verb
REDUCE 减少
intransitive or transitive
■to reduce or cause something to reduce 使减少；使降低；消耗
• The long war had drained the resources of both countries. 那场旷日持久的战争使两国元气大伤。
• War drains a nation of its youth and its wealth (= uses them until they are gone). 战争消耗掉的是国家的青年和财富。
intransitive
■If the blood/colour drains from someone's face, or if their face drains (of blood/colour), they turn very pale, often because they are shocked or ill （通常指因惊吓或疾病而脸色）变苍白
• The colour drained from his face/cheeks when they told him the results. 他们告诉他结果后，他的脸色变得苍白。
[dreɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drain (sth) away
■If energy, colour, excitement, etc. drains away, it disappears completely, and if something drains it away, it completely removes it （使）彻底消失；（使）流失
• Stretching out her tired limbs, she felt the tensions of the day drain away. 伸展一下疲惫的四肢，她觉得白天的压力也都随之消散了。
[dreɪn] noun
PIPE 管
 IMPROVER countable
■a pipe or channel which is used to carry away waste matter and water from a building, or an opening in the road which rain water can flow down 排水管，下水道；下水井
• I think the kitchen drain is blocked. 我觉得厨房的下水道被堵住了。
• She accidentally dropped her ring down a drain in the road. 她不小心把戒指掉进路边的下水井里了。
drains [plural] UK
■the system of pipes, openings in the ground or other devices that are used for carrying away waste matter and water 下水管道，排水管线
• There was an unpleasant smell coming from the drains. 下水道里发出一种难闻的气味。
 IMPROVER countable US for
■ plughole 排水管，排水口
[dreɪn] noun
MAKE TIRED 使疲倦
only singular
■something that makes you feel very tired 使人疲倦的事物
• I think looking after her elderly mother is quite a drain on her energy. 我认为照顾年迈的母亲对她而言非常吃力。
[dreɪn] noun
REDUCE 减少
only singular
■something that uses more of your energy, money or time than you want to give 拖累，负担
• Having a big mortgage is a real drain on your earnings. 对你的收入而言一大笔抵押贷款是很重的负担。
vi. 排水；流干
 - discharge of water
vt. 喝光，耗尽；使流出；排掉水
 - exhaust, use out
n. 排水；下水道， [建] 排水管；消耗
 - consumption, sewage

Word: last
Front: last
[lɑ:st] (高 130/119 -K2)
Vocabulary: last
(once / 7 pages)
1adjadvn 2v 3adjadv 4adj 5adj 6n 7n
Something that's last comes at the very end, after any others of its kind. The last day of the year is December 31st.
If you eat the last slice of pizza, you take the final one — it's the only one left in the take-out box. And if you catch the last plane to Bermuda, there are no more flights today. The runner who comes in last is behind everyone else, and a poet's last words are the final ones she speaks during her lifetime, before she dies. As a verb, last means "remain" or "survive."
WORD FAMILY
last: lasted, lasting, lastly, lasts+/lasting: lastinger, lastingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
None of that mattered to McSorley, not after his last pass.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
That’s what happened in 2011, the last time Dayton faced full GOP control.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The Vikings held on for an overtime win against Langley Wednesday at the Governor’s Challenge, to rebound from last Tuesday’s 66-53 loss to McDonogh.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 末尾; 最后; 上个; 鞋楦（做鞋的模型）
vt. 经受住; 到…之后; 够用; 足够维持（尤指某段时间）
adj. 最近的; 最后的; 最不可能的; 惟一剩下的
vi. 持续
adv. 上一次，最近一次; 最后
时态：lasted, lasting, lasts
分布：最后(44%)，持续(33%)，维持(9%)，最后的(8%)，最近的(2%)，最近一次(2%)，末尾的(1%)，上一个的(1%)
→缩写自latest,最后的，late的原最高级拼写形式。last 坚持，持续，鞋楦
a.最后的,刚过去的ad.最后n.最后v.持续The lace placed in the palace is replaced first, and displaced later.放在皇宫的带子先被替换,后来被转移.
US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
 ESSENTIAL
■(the person or thing) after everyone or everything else 最终（的），最后（的）；最后一个
• [+ to infinitive] I hate being the last one to arrive at a meeting. 我不愿意开会时最后一个到。
• Our house is the last one on the left before the traffic lights. 我们家是交通信号灯前左侧的最后一家。
• The Mets will surely finish the season in last place (= at the lowest rank of their division). 梅茨队本赛季肯定要垫底了。
• I know Johnson finished last in the race, but who was second to last (= the one before the one at the end) ? 我知道约翰逊在比赛中倒数第一，但谁是倒数第二呢？
• I don't know why he bothers to bet - his horses always come in last. 我不明白他为甚么还要去下注——他选的马总是落在最后面。
• At the last moment (= as late as possible) he changed his mind. 在最后一刻他改了主意。
• He always leaves important decisions to the last (possible) moment (= as late as possible). 在重大问题上他总要拖到最后一刻才作决定。
at (long) last
 ESSENTIAL
■finally 终于，最终
• I've finished my essay at last! 我终于把论文写完了！
• At long last the government is starting to listen to our problems. 政府最后终于开始关注我们的问题了。
the last person/thing, etc.
 ADVANCED
■the least expected or wanted person or thing 最让人想不到的人／事；最不想见的人／最不愿做的事
• Three extra people to feed - that's the last thing I need! 再多养活三口人——我可受不了！
• The last thing I wanted was to make you unhappy. 我最不愿见到的就是惹你不开心。
• Matthew is the last person I'd expect to be interested in dance. 我认为马修是最不喜欢跳舞的人。
• He's the last person I'd trust with my keys. 我最不放心把锁匙托付给他了。
last thing (at night)
■at the latest time in the day 在一天的最后
• I'll switch on the washing machine last thing so it'll be finished when I get up in the morning. 晚上睡觉前我会开启洗衣机，这样等我早晨起床后衣服就洗好了。
the last time
■If you say that it is the last time you will do something, you mean that you will never do it again 最后一次
• He never even thanked me, so that's the last time I do him a favour. 他甚至从未向我表示过感谢，因此从那以后我也再没有帮过他。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
have the last laugh
■to finally get an advantage from an argument or disagreement, when it seemed that you would not 笑到最后，取得最后的胜利
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
last but not least
■importantly, despite being mentioned after everyone else 最后但同样重要的
• I would like to thank my publisher, my editor and, last but not least, my husband. 我要感谢出版商、编辑，最后同样要感谢我的丈夫。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
the last but one (US also the next to last) ADVANCED
■the one before the final one 倒数第二
• I'm almost finished - this is the last but one box to empty. 我马上就要完工了——现在还有最后两个箱子要清空。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
to the last formal
■until something is complete or has been achieved 直到最后一刻
• I think my position is right, and I'll defend it to the last. 我认为自己的立场没有错，我会坚持到底。
■until the end of someone's life 直到死亡
• She was a true patriot to the last. 她自始至终都是一位真正的爱国者。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
(down) to the last ...
■including all of the thing mentioned: used to emphasize what you are saying （用于强调所说的话）包括一切，包括全部
• The model of the village is accurate down to the last detail. 这个村庄的模型精确到了每个细节。
• He has calculated the costs down to the last penny. 他把每一便士的费用都计算在内了。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
to the last (man)
■until every person is dead 直到最后（一个人）
• Both sides have declared themselves ready to fight to the last man. 双方都声称要战斗到底，直到最后一个人。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
  Common Learner Errors  last but not least There is no preposition in this expression. Do not say 'at last but not least', just say last but not least :
✗ I wrote to my mum and dad, my teacher and, at last but not least, my best friend Rachel.
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
  Common Learner Errors  at last or finally? Warning: choose the correct adverb! To introduce the last point or idea, usually at the beginning of a sentence, don't say 'at last', say finally :
✗ At last, I would like to thank you all for listening. Finally, I would like to thank you all for listening.
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective [before noun] noun pronoun noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(being) the only one or part that is left 最后的，最末的；最后的一个或一部分
• Do you mind if I have the last chocolate? 你介意我把最后一块巧克力吃了吗？
• I'm down to my last 50p - could I borrow some money for lunch? 我只剩最后50便士了——我能借点钱吃午饭吗？
• I'm afraid Martha's eaten the last of the ice cream. 恐怕玛莎已经把最后一个霜淇淋吃掉了。
• She was the last of the great educational reformers. 她是唯一健在的伟大的教育改革家。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective [before noun] noun pronoun noun uncountable
as a last resort (UK also in the last resort)
■if all other methods fail 作为最后一招，在万不得已的时候
• British police are supposed to use guns only as a last resort. 英国警方只有在万不得已的时候才能开枪。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective [before noun] noun pronoun noun uncountable
hear/see the last of sth informal
■If you hear/see the last of something or someone unpleasant or difficult, they do not cause you trouble again 从此不再听／看到；到此为止，就此了断
• I paid them £100 for the damage and I hope that's the last I'll hear of it. 我赔了他们100英镑，希望从此能彻底了断这个事情。
• You haven't heard the last of this! - I'll see you in court. 你的这件事还没完！——我们法庭上见。
• He's horrible - I really hope we've seen the last of him. 他太讨人厌了——我真的希望我们从此能不再和他打交道了。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective [before noun] noun pronoun noun uncountable
not hear the end/last of sth
■to be told repeatedly about something 反覆听，没完没了地听
• We'll never hear the last of it if they win that competition. 如果他们赢了那场比赛，我们的耳根就不得清静了。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective [before noun] noun pronoun noun uncountable
on your last legs informal
■A person who is on their last legs is very tired or near to death 快累死了；奄奄一息了
• We'd been out walking all day and I was on my last legs when we reached the hotel. 我们出去走了整整一天，到达饭店时我都快累死了。
• It looks as though her grandfather's on his last legs. 她爷爷看起来快不行了。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective [before noun] noun pronoun noun uncountable
on its last legs informal
■Something that is on its last legs is in such bad condition that it will soon be unable to work as it should 快用坏了，快用到头了
• I've had the same TV for fifteen years now and it's really on its last legs. 这台电视机我已经用了15年了，现在的确是快要报废了。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■(being) the most recent or the one before the present one 上一次（的），最近（的），最后（的）；最后的一次
• Did you hear the storm last night (= during the previous night) ? 你听到昨晚的暴风雨声了吗？
• Did you see the news on TV last night (= yesterday evening) ? 昨晚那条电视新闻你看了吗？
• They got married last November. 去年11月他们结婚了。
• When was the last time you had a cigarette? 你上一次吸烟是在甚么时候？
• When did you last have a cigarette? 你最后一次吸烟是在甚么时候？
• She's been working there for the last month (= for the four weeks until now). 自上个月起她一直在那里工作。
• formal Could you account for your whereabouts on Sunday last? 你能说说上个星期天你都去甚么地方了吗？
• The/These last five years have been very difficult for him. 过去的五年他过得非常艰难。
• The last we heard of her, she was working as an English teacher in France. 上一次我们听到她的消息，她是在法国当英语教师。
• Each of her paintings has been better than the last. 她的油画作品一幅比一幅有进步。
  Common Learner Errors  last or latest? Warning: choose the correct adjective! To talk about the newest or most recent or modern thing to be produced, don't say 'last', say latest : She always wears the latest fashions.
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun
the week/month/year before last ADVANCED
■during the week/month/year before the previous one 上上周／上上个月／前年
• We had lunch together the week before last. 上上周我们一起吃过午饭。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] verb intransitive [L only + noun] last 1 ESSENTIAL
* to continue to exist 持续，延续，继续
• The meeting lasted two hours. 会议持续了两个小时。
• The drought lasted for several months. 干旱持续了好几个月。
• They say the snow will last until the end of next week. 他们说这场雪要一直下到下周末。
• I can't see the ceasefire lasting. 我认为停火不会持续下去。
• They haven't had an argument for two weeks, but it's too good to last (= they'll have an argument soon). 他们已经两周没吵架了，但这种状态恐怕持续不了多久。
• I doubt their enthusiasm will last. 我怀疑他们只是一时的心血来潮。
• He's working very efficiently at the moment, but it won't last. 目前他的工作效率很高，但不会持续很久。
 ESSENTIAL
■to continue being good or suitable 维持，保持
• There's no point buying something that isn't going to last. 买些不耐用的东西根本毫无意义。
• The cheaper washing machines should last about five years. 比较便宜的洗衣机大约可以使用五年。
• This pen should last (you) a lifetime if you look after it. 如果注意爱护，这支钢笔可以用上一辈子。
• Her previous secretary only lasted a month (= left after this period). 她的前任秘书只做了一个月。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] verb intransitive [L only + noun]
not last long (UK also not last five minutes)
■to fail or be unsuccessful very soon 快失败了；长不了
• You won't last long in your job if you carry on being so rude to the customers. 如果你继续这样粗暴地对待顾客，那么你这份工作就做不了多久了。
• He wouldn't last five minutes in the police force - it's far too tough for him. 他在员警队伍里留不了多久——他受不了那份苦。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] verb intransitive [L only + noun]
  Phrasal Verbs  [L] last out
■to manage to stay alive 维持生存，设法活下来
• How long can they last out without food? 没有食物他们能活多久？
• He won't last out the night. 他活不过今天晚上。
final, last, ultimate, latest
final: 最后的，指在一系列的事物中是最后的，而且是结论性的，决定性的。如：The judgment has become final.(这已是最后的判断。)
last: 最后的，与first相对，还可指“上一次的”。如：My seat is in the last row.
ultimate: 最终的，最后的，用于正式场合，含有最高的和最有权威的结果。如：He never considered the ultimate result of his action.(他从未考虑其行为的后果。)
latest: 最近的，指时间上。如：the latest news(最新消息)
last, continue, endure, persist
这组词都有“持续”的意思，其区别是：
last: 着重存在的时间相当长，超过正常的或所期望的时间。
continue: 多指过程，强调持续而无终止，常含不间断之意。
endure: 与last同义，但还指经受住，有能耐忍受而并不受损。
persist: 强调超过了指定的或正常的时间。
n. 末尾，最后；上个；鞋楦（做鞋的模型）
 - foot, tail-end
adj. 最后的；最近的，最新的；仅剩的；最不可能…的
 - recent, finishing, latest, current, nearest
vi. 持续；维持，够用；持久
 - abide, persist
vt. 度过，拖过；使维持
 - spend, weather through
adv. 最后地；上次，最近；最后一点
 - recently, newly, of late

Word: prosecution
Front: prosecution
[ˌprɒsɪˈkju:ʃn] (宝 3605/2989)
Vocabulary: prosecution
(once / 563 pages)
n
You know the lawyers who try to make the jury believe the guy on trial for stealing the bananas actually stole the bananas? That team of lawyers is known as the prosecution.
The entire process of trying to convict someone of a crime is known as the prosecution, and if convicted, you may face prosecution. Any words with the root prosecute are connected to trying to prove someone’s guilt. You might often hear about "the prosecution's case" — that's their evidence. Or you might hear about a "prosecution witness" — someone who is supposed to tell jury members something that will convince them of the defendant's guilt.
WORD FAMILY
prosecution: prosecutions+/ prosecute: prosecuted, prosecutes, prosecuting, prosecution, prosecutor / prosecutor: prosecutors
USAGE EXAMPLES
“People are looking for a visible clampdown in China and results in terms of arrests and prosecutions.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That case is part of an overall increase in prosecutions of officers in fatal shootings in the two years since Ferguson.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“If this were a criminal case, ‘The Case Against Sugar’ would be the argument for the prosecution,” Taubes writes.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 控告，起诉，检举; 原告及其律师的总称; 实施，实行，执行，贯彻，营业; 从事
分布：起诉(84%)，原告(11%)，实行(5%)
→来自prosecute,检举，起诉，控告。
【记】pro前，secu跟随，tion：跟随你，发现你的罪行－检举
【参】persecute（v 迫害）
US [ˌprɑ:.sɪ-] noun
LEGAL 法律
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when someone is prosecuted （被）起诉；（被）检举；诉讼
• A number of the cases have resulted in successful prosecution. 这些案件中有数宗是最后成功提起诉讼的。
• Doctors guilty of neglect are liable to prosecution. 怠忽职守的医生很可能会被起诉。
the prosecution only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
 ADVANCED
■the lawyers in a trial who try to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime 控方律师，原告律师
• His plea of guilty to manslaughter was not accepted by the prosecution. 他关于过失杀人罪的抗辩没有被原告律师接受。
• The prosecution alleged that he lured the officer to his death by making an emergency call. 原告律师宣称他拨打报警电话，将那个警官诱入死地。
UK [ˌprɒs.ɪ'kju:.ʃən] US [ˌprɑ:.sɪ-] noun
CONTINUE 继续
uncountable formal
■When a person or group continues to take part in a planned set of activities, especially a war 把…进行到底，继续参与（尤指战争）
n. 起诉，检举；进行；经营
 - going on, operation, litigation, process, conduct

Word: maximum
Front: maximum
[ˈmæksɪməm] (高研四六托雅 3603/2427 -K3)
Vocabulary: maximum
(once / 505 pages)
adjn
Both a noun and an adjective, maximum takes it to the max: it means the most, the fastest, the biggest.
"The most you can have is the maximum": that's the noun. In "the maximum amount is the most you can have," it's used as an adjective. You might be familiar with the shortened version of the word: the "max." If you take something "to the max," you're doing as much of it as possible. You take it to the limit. You take it to the maximum.
WORD FAMILY
maximum: maxima, maximise, maximize, maximums+/maximise: maximisation, maximised, maximising/ maximize: maximization, maximized, maximizes, maximizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Someone convicted of killing a turtle faces a maximum fine of about $240 and up to three months in jail.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
French forward Giroud said his strike owed much to "maximum luck".
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s not that she hasn’t courted maximum attention, both adoring and hostile; she is, after all, starring in an E!
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 最大值的，最大量的
n. 最大的量、体积、强度等
分布：最大限度(49%)，最高的(29%)，最大量(8%)，最大极限的(7%)，最高点(7%)
→来自拉丁语magnus,大的，巨大的，词源同magnate,magnum.-im,最高级后缀，词源同ultimate,intimate.-um,中性格，词源同datum.即大的最高级中性名词，引申词义最大量，最高限度等。
n.最大值,极限a.最大的,最高的The maximum plus or minus the minimum makes minute difference.最大值加上或者减去最小值只产生极小的差异.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■being the largest amount or number allowed or possible 最大的；最高的；顶点的
• maximum speed/effort/temperature 最高速度／最大努力／最高温度
• The bomb was designed to cause the maximum amount of damage. 设计这种炸弹是为了造成最大程度的破坏。
['mæk.sɪ.məm] noun countable usually singular (plural maxima or maximums)
 ADVANCED
■the largest amount allowed or possible 最大限度；最大量；最大值
• The temperature will reach a maximum of 27°C today. 今天最高气温将达摄氏27度。
Compare minimum
gigantic, maximum, excess, excessive, multiple, surplus
gigantic: 巨大的，庞大的
maximum: 最大的，最高的
excess: （作定语） 过度的，额外的，超过了正常限度或标准
excessive: 过度的，过分的
multiple: 多样的，多重的，多倍的
surplus: 过剩的，多余的，剩余的
n. [数] 极大，最大限度；最大量
 - ceiling amount
adj. 最高的；最多的；最大极限的
 - highest, supreme, peak, top, most

Word: announcement
Front: announcement
[əˈnaʊnsmənt] (高托雅 3604/2825 -3)
Vocabulary: announcement
(once / 278 pages)
n
An announcement is a public statement that's usually formal and has a specific purpose.
There are many kinds of announcements, but they're all public and meant to inform. In school, the announcements might say whose birthday it is and what clubs are meeting after school. In a store, an announcement might mention a sale or a lost kid who's looking for her parents. The President makes lots of formal announcements, like the decision to run for re-election. So basically, if it's announcing something, it's an announcement.
WORD FAMILY
announcement: announcements+/ announce: announced, announcement, announcer, announces, announcing, annunciatory/announced: unannounced/announcer: announcers/unannounced: unannouncedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Opposition leaders were muted in their reaction to the announcement of a criminal investigation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Iridium says it in a tweet that it is pleased with the SpaceX’s announcement and target launch date.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“So the announcement will just help Nebraskans to comply with the existing law.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 通告; 布告; 预告; 宣告
分布：宣布(54%)，声明(32%)，通告(14%)
通告(announce+ment)[nounce,nunci=speak,表示"讲话,说出"]
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that someone says officially, giving information about something, or when someone announces something 公告，布告；通告；声明
• The President made an unexpected announcement this morning. 今天上午总统发表了一项出人意表的声明。
n. 公告；宣告；发表；通告
 - publication, declaration

Word: warrior
Front: warrior
[ˈwɒriə(r)] (托 3607/5376 -2)
Vocabulary: warrior
(once / 166 pages)
n
Although logically linked with someone engaged in war, a warrior can be anyone who fights the good fight, whether in politics, on the job, or just as a "weekend warrior" trying to accomplish multiple tasks during off-hours at home.
As the Old French guerre meant "war," it led to the word guerreor for someone who wages war. This eventually morphed into the word we know as warrior. The word can also refer to someone fighting a philosophical or political war. Author Carlos Castandeda said, "Nobody is born a warrior, in exactly the same way that nobody is born an average man. We make ourselves into one or the other.” After ridding the kitchen of ants, you felt like a proud warrior.
WORD FAMILY
warrior: warriorlike, warriors+/ war: postwar, prewar, warlike, warred, warring, warrior, wars/warlike: warliker
USAGE EXAMPLES
He finished with 15 points, 13 assists and 10 rebounds to help the Warriors win at home for the eighth game in a row.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For the first time in U.S. history, there were more military kids struggling with the behavioral consequences of war than warriors themselves.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“Warrior monks don’t talk and do whatever is asked,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 武士，勇士; 军人; 鼓吹战争的人
分布：战士(53%)，武士(24%)，勇士(23%)
→来自war,战争。即战士，后该词用于指武士。
US ['wɔ:r.i.ɚ] noun countable
■a soldier, usually one who has both experience and skill in fighting, especially in the past （尤指旧时的）武士，勇士
• a Samurai warrior 日本武士
• a warrior king/nation 尚武的国王／好战的民族
n. 战士，勇士；鼓吹战争的人
 - champion, fighter, brave

Word: prediction
Front: prediction
[prɪˈdɪkʃn] (六托 3608/4167 -2)
Vocabulary: prediction
(once / 724 pages)
n
I have a prediction: You’ll know what this word means by the time you finish reading this explanation. A prediction is what someone thinks will happen.
A prediction is a forecast, but not only about the weather. Pre means “before” and “diction” has to do with talking. So a prediction is a statement about the future. It’s a guess, sometimes based on facts or evidence, but not always. A fortune teller makes a prediction using a crystal ball. A meteorologist uses maps and scientific data to tell us about the possibility of rain, snow or sunshine. And when I made the prediction that you would understand what this word meant, it was based on instinct, a gut feeling telling me what would happen next.
WORD FAMILY
prediction: predictions+/ predict: predictable, predicted, predicting, prediction, predictive, predictor, predicts/ predictability: predictabilities/ predictable: predictability, predictably, unpredictable /predicted: unpredicted/predictive: predictively, unpredictive/predictor: predictors/ unpredictability: unpredictabilities/ unpredictable: unpredictability, unpredictably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now, on to the toasts — and some predictions for the new year.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These predictions for 2017 are found to be extraordinarily accurate.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Real cute, but these predictions are supposed to be bold, right?
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [气]预测，预报; 预言; 预言的事物
分布：预报(56%)，预言(44%)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you say what will happen in the future 预计，预料，预言
• Please don't ask me to make any predictions about tomorrow's meeting. 请不要叫我对明天的会议进行预测。
• [+ that] No one believed her prediction that the world would end on November 12. 没人相信她对于世界将在11月12日毁灭的预言。
prophecy, forecast, prediction
prophecy: 根据个人感觉而作的预言
forecast: 预测，预报
prediction: 一般意义的预言，预告
n. 预报；预言
 - message, forecast

Word: bacteria
Front: bacteria
[bækˈtɪəriə] (四六托雅宝 3611/- -K2)
Vocabulary: bacteria
(once / 1007 pages)
n
Bacteria are microscopic living organisms, usually one-celled, that can be found everywhere. They can be dangerous, such as when they cause infection, or beneficial, as in the process of fermentation (such as in wine) and that of decomposition.
In 1676, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first observed bacteria through a microscope and called them “animalcules.” In 1838, the German Naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg called them bacteria, from the Greek baktḗria, meaning "little stick." An apt word, as the first observed bacteria were shaped like rods, although bacteria can also be spiral or spherical in shape. A grammar note: The word bacteria is the plural form of "bacterium" and so should be written as plural, as in "Many bacteria are harmless."
WORD FAMILY
bacteria: bacterial, bacterioid, bacterise, bacterize, bacteroid+/ antibacterial: antibacterials/ bacterial: antibacterial, bacterially
USAGE EXAMPLES
The scientists told the BBC television network that they believe the gut bacteria release chemicals that over-activate immune cells in the brain.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The roots of legumes host bacteria that replenish nitrogen levels.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The rice contained bacteria "above permissible limits", a senior Nafdac official said.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 细菌(bacterium的名词复数)
分布：名词(100%)
→来自拉丁词bacilum, 杆。词源同bacillus, 杆菌。
US [-'tɪr.i-] noun
 ADVANCED plural of
■ bacterium
bacteria, germ, virus, bug, microbe
这组词都有“致病的微生物”的意思，其区别是：
bacteria: (系bacterium的复数形式)，泛指任何在动植物体中广泛传播的微生物细菌，其中有的对生命体无害，有的能导致传染病或严重疾病，如天花、霍乱等。
germ: 微生物的俗称，专指引起人体生命的病菌。
virus: 技术用语，特指病毒或过滤性病原体。
bug: 非正式用词，指细菌或由病毒所引起的传染病。
microbe: 本义指在显微镜下才能见到的微生物，现在多指引起疾病的细菌。
n. 细菌
 - microbe, bacilus

Word: questionnaire
Front: questionnaire
[ˌkwestʃəˈneə(r)] (高研六托雅 3606/4043 -1)
Vocabulary: questionnaire
(once / 6998 pages)
n
A questionnaire is a form containing a set of questions. After the opening night of your new restaurant, ask your customers to fill out a questionnaire so they can help you know what still needs work.
You write a questionnaire to take a snapshot of what a group of people think. They're not opportunities for deep response, but are good for collecting statistics. If you're hosting a big party, distribute a short questionnaire beforehand to find out how many people are coming, and what music they want the dj to play. If you prefer an older version of the word, say you're giving them a questionary.
WORD FAMILY
questionnaire: questionnaires
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ninety-one writers attending the 2014 Edinburgh International Book Festival responded to a questionnaire; seventy per cent said that they heard characters speak.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
As always, the format is a multiple-choice questionnaire.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
When a student enrolls in district, Pegg said, the district issues a student residency questionnaire.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 调查表; 调查问卷
分布：问卷(88%)，调查表(12%)
→来自question,问题。-aire,名词后缀，即-ary.引申词义调查问卷。
调查表,问卷[-aire表名词]
n.调查表,问卷Use a questionnaire to find out people's attitudes towards smoking.使用问卷方式调查人们对吸烟的看法.
US [-'ner] noun countable
■a list of questions that several people are asked so that information can be collected about something 问卷；情况调查表
• Visitors to the country have been asked to fill in a detailed questionnaire. 访问该国的游客被要求填写一份详细的调查表。

Word: mud
Front: mud
[mʌd] (高研四六托 3610/3520 -K2)
Back: n. 泥，泥淖; 没价值的东西，污物; <美俚>咖啡; 诽谤的话
vt. 抹泥; 钻入泥中
时态：mudded, mudding, muds
分布：泥(80%)，泥浆(16%)，弄脏(2%)，抹泥(1%)，诽谤(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*mud,淤泥，泥浆，来自smeu,meu,湿的，脏的，泥泞的。最终词源 可能同mucus,muggy.
n.泥,泥浆v.弄脏,使沾污泥The muscular musician found the bud in the mud in the museum.肌肉发达的音乐家在博物馆里的泥巴中发现了嫩芽.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■earth that has become wet and sticky 泥，泥土；烂泥，泥浆；淤泥
• The vehicles got bogged down in the heavy mud. 车辆深陷淤泥，动弹不得。
• Modern houses have replaced the one-room mud huts with grass roofs that had been home to generations of peasants. 新式住房取代了农民世代居住的单间草顶土屋。
• These mud flats (= level ground near the sea) are a site of special scientific interest. 这片淤泥滩有特殊的科研价值。
[mʌd] noun uncountable
Here 's mud in your eye ! informal
■sometimes said by people in a friendly way just before drinking an alcoholic drink together 干杯！祝您健康！
[mʌd] noun uncountable
hurl/throw/sling mud at sb
■to say insulting or unfair things about someone, especially to try to damage their reputation 污蔑，中伤，诽谤（某人）
⇒ See also mud-slinging
[mʌd] noun uncountable
Mud sticks. UK saying
■said to mean that people are likely to believe something bad that is said about someone, even if it is not true 泥巴黏身不易掉；诽谤总是有人信
clay, mud, dust, ground, land, earth, dirt, soil
这组词都有“土地，土，泥”的意思，其区别是：
clay: 特指潮湿时发粘，而火烤后变坚硬的泥土。
mud: 指湿土，尤指雨后稀泥、污泥。
dust: 特指土壤干燥后，飞扬于空中的细微泥土。
ground: 通常指大地的表面，也可指土壤、泥土或场地。
land: 含义笼统。指与河流、海洋相对的陆地，也指可耕种的土地。
earth: 多指地表带有水分的泥土，较具体。
dirt: 指地表的干松泥土。
soil: 特指适宜栽种农作物或生长各种植物的泥土。
vt. 弄脏；用泥涂
 - soil, spot, dirty
n. [地质] 泥；诽谤的话；无价值的东西
 - muld, vanity

Word: infrastructure
Front: infrastructure
[ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)] (研六 3613/5839 -2)
Vocabulary: infrastructure
(once / 1187 pages)
n
The infrastructure is the basic foundation or underlying framework of an organization or system. In your house, the infrastructure is the system of beams, weight-bearing walls and the foundation that keeps it standing.
Infrastructure often refers to the equipment and structures required by the military or by a country or region. Roads, bridges, and school buildings are part of our nation's infrastructure, and are necessary for the continued growth of our communities. This word was formed as a compound in English, using the prefix infra- "below, underneath."
WORD FAMILY
infrastructure: infrastructures
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also pledged to spend $1 trillion on infrastructure projects and cut everyone’s taxes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The politics and diplomacy may be murky, but, based on a visit to the area late last month, the infrastructure here is ready to roll.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But efforts to build a clean-energy infrastructure are not yet widespread.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 基础设施; 基础建设
分布：基础(58%)，基础设施(42%)
→infra-,低于，在下方，structure,结构。引申词义基础结构，基础设施。
n.基础结构,基础设施
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable usually singular
 ADVANCED
■the basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a country or organization uses in order to work effectively 基础建设
• The war has badly damaged the country's infrastructure. 战争严重破坏了该国的基础建设。

Word: hurry
Front: hurry
[ˈhʌri] (中高 3609/3065 -K2)
Vocabulary: hurry
(once / 57 pages)
vn
To hurry is to rush, or to move quickly. If you're late for a movie and you don't want to miss the beginning, you'll have to hurry into the theater, not stopping to buy popcorn.
When you're out for a walk and the sun begins to set, you might hurry home before it gets dark — in other words, move rapidly, or in haste. You can also hurry someone else, encouraging them to speed up. Your math teacher may criticize your sloppy work by commenting, "Looks like you were in a hurry." Hurry is one of many words that were invented by William Shakespeare, who used it frequently.
WORD FAMILY
hurry: hurried, hurries, hurrying+/hurried: hurrieder, hurriedly, hurriedness, unhurried/hurrying: hurryingly, hurryings/unhurried: unhurriedly, unhurriedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Down the hall in a science room, just a few minutes after classes begin, a student hurries to talk to his teacher.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hurrying over, the team doctor saw that the injury was to Grimes’s left knee—not the one with tendinitis.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“I was always in more of a hurry than he was.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 仓促（做某事）; 催促; （朝某方向）迅速移动; 迅速处理
n. 匆忙，急忙
时态：hurried, hurrying, hurries
分布：匆忙(59%)，急忙(15%)，赶紧(14%)，催促(6%)，仓促(6%)
→词源不确定，一种说法是来自harry拼写变体，或来自拟声词，同hurl,或来自kers,跑，词源同current,horse.
vi.匆忙vt.催促;急运(派)n.急(匆)忙I hurt my tongue when I hurried to eat cherry and strawberry merrily.我匆忙快活地吃樱桃和草莓时伤了舌头.
US ['hɝ:-] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to move or do things more quickly than normal or to make someone do this （使）加快；（使）匆忙；催促
• Hurry or you'll be late. 快点，否则你会迟到的。
• [+ to infinitive] She hurried to answer the telephone. 她匆忙去接电话。
• I hate to hurry you, but I have to leave in a few minutes. 我不想催你，但我几分钟后就要走了。
• Don't hurry your food (= Don't eat it too quickly). 吃东西不要太急。
• I refuse to be hurried into a decision (= to be forced to make a decision too quickly). 我不愿在别人的催促下匆忙作决定。
• After spending her lunch hour shopping, she hurried back (= returned quickly) to work. 利用午饭时间买完东西后，她匆忙赶回去工作。
UK ['hʌr.i] US ['hɝ:-] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hurry (sb/sth) up IMPROVER
■to move or do things more quickly than normal or to make someone do this （使）加快
• Hurry up or we'll miss the train. 快一点，否则就赶不上火车了。
• Could you hurry the children up, or their dinner will get cold. 你可不可以去催催那些孩子，否则他们的晚饭就冷掉了。
UK ['hʌr.i] US ['hɝ:-] noun only singular
 IMPROVER
■the need to move or do things more quickly than normal 匆忙；仓促
• We left in such a hurry that we forgot our tickets. 我们走得太仓促，连票都忘了拿。
• "Can you wait a few minutes?" "Yes, I'm not in any hurry/I'm in no hurry (= I can wait)." “你可以多等几分钟吗？”“可以，我不着急。”
• Are you in a hurry (= wanting) to leave? 你急着走吗？
• What's (all) the hurry (for)/Why (all) the hurry (= Why are you acting or moving so quickly) - we've got plenty of time. 你急甚么——我们有的是时间。
• "I'll let you have this back next week." "That's all right, there's no (great) hurry/there isn't any (great) hurry (= no need to do it quickly)." “我下个星期就把这个还给你。”“不要紧，不用那么急。”
accelerate, hasten, rush, hurry, speed, quicken
这组词都有“加快，使加快”的意思，其区别是：
accelerate: 着重指频率或速率运转加快。
hasten: 指由于事的紧迫性或突然性而加速。
rush: 含义与hurry相近，但显得更仓促更慌乱。
hurry: 指赶紧或匆忙地做某事或催促别人做某事，隐含草率或混乱意味。
speed: 侧重实际的快速行动。
quicken: 普通用词，指增加速度、速率。
haste, hurry, speed, dispatch
这组词都有“迅速，急速”的意思，其区别是：
haste: 中性词，用作褒义指动作迅速，事情做得又快又好；作贬义用时，指做事急躁，行为鲁莽，得不到预期的结果。
hurry: 指急速从事某项活动或匆忙对付一件事情，含明显慌乱的意味。
speed: 多用于褒义，指行动敏捷快速，效果好。
dispatch: 指迅速、敏捷地结事某事，强调敏捷和及时。
n. 匆忙，急忙
 - hasty indeed, haste
vt. 使赶紧；使匆忙，使急忙
 - hasten
vi. 赶紧，赶快；匆忙
 - get a hump on, make haste

Word: privilege
Front: privilege
[ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ] (高研四六托雅宝 3612/3017 -2)
Vocabulary: privilege
(once / 138 pages)
nv
A privilege is a special advantage not enjoyed by everyone. If you're very snooty, you probably don't allow just anyone the privilege of being your friend.
Privilege comes from Latin privilegium, meaning a law for just one person, and means a benefit enjoyed by an individual or group beyond what's available to others. Someone wealthy come from privilege. Someone with a library card has borrowing privileges. Privilege can also be used as a verb. If you are on a committee giving away scholarships, you'll have to decide whether to privilege students from poor backgrounds or the students with high test scores.
WORD FAMILY
privilege: privileged, privileges, privileging+/ privileged: underprivileged
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wendy Garden, the curator of last year’s art exhibition On the Beach, wrote that beaches occupied “a privileged place in the national psyche”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
For example, I am not disabled – this is a major area of privilege for me.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“They are used to being a part of the European Union and enjoying all the privileges and rights of European citizens,” he said.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 特权; （因财富和社会地位而仅有部分人享有的）权益; 免责特权; 特殊荣幸
vt. 给与…特权，特免
时态：privileged, privileging, privileges
分布：特权(80%)，荣幸(17%)，免除(1%)，给特权(1%)，特别恩典(1%)
→来自拉丁语privilegium,私人法律，特权，来自privus,个人的，词源同private,-leg,法律，词源同legal.
特权(privi+lege法律→有个人法律→特权)[Priv=single,lone,表示"单个"]
n.特权,优惠,特许v.给予优惠,给予特权I've hatred for the hateful man's skates bought with prior private privilege.我对那个可恶男子用优先个人特权购买的冰鞋感到厌恶.
【记】pri＝private（adj 私人的），vilege＝village（n 乡村）：有私人的村庄－特权
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■an advantage that only one person or group of people has, usually because of their position or because they are rich （特定个体或群体的）特权，特别待遇
• Healthcare should be a right, not a privilege. 医疗保健应该是权利，而非特权。
• Senior management enjoy certain privileges, such as company cars and private healthcare. 高级管理阶层享受公司配车和私人医疗保健等特权。
 ADVANCED only singular
■an opportunity to do something special or enjoyable 荣幸
• I had the privilege of interviewing Picasso in the 1960s. 我在20世纪60年代很荣幸地采访到了毕卡索。
• It was a real privilege to meet her. 见到她真是莫大的荣幸。
uncountable
■the way in which rich people or people from a high social class have most of the advantages in society （富人或有权势者的）特权，特别待遇
• a life of privilege 特权生活
countable or uncountable specialized
■the special right that some people in authority have which allows them to do or say things that other people are not allowed to 特权；特免
• diplomatic/parliamentary privilege 外交／议会言论特权
privilege, power, right
privilege: 特权
power: 力量，权力
right: 权利
n. [计] 特权；优待；基本权利
 - franchise, peculiar

Word: temple
Front: temple
[ˈtempl] (高研四六托雅 3616/3448 -3)
Vocabulary: temple
(once / 84 pages)
1n 2n
A temple is a religious building that's meant for worshipping or praying. Hindu temples are typically devoted to one specific god.
While temples tend to be associated with non-Christian religions like Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism, some sects of Orthodox Christianity worship in temples as well. The Mormon church also calls its sacred structures temples. The word comes from the Latin templum, "consecrated piece of ground" or "building for worship of a god," from a Proto-Indo-European root, tem-, "to cut," from the idea of a space cleared or "cut down" for an altar.
WORD FAMILY
temple: temples
USAGE EXAMPLES
Only there does he discover that his face is caked with blood and that there is a long, gaping laceration on his right temple.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Temple bells echoed at midnight as families gather around noodles and revelers flock to shrines for the biggest holiday in Japan.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
The money temples are almost certainly right in their assessment of Donald Trump.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 庙，寺; 耶路撒冷古神殿; [犹太教] 犹太教聚会; 太阳穴
分布：庙宇(53%)，寺院(26%)，神殿(21%)
→来自古英语 tempel,庙宇，来自拉丁语 templum,圣地，神圣之地，可能来自 tem,砍，切， 分开，词源同 tome,anatomy.比喻用法，即与世俗隔开的地方。
寺庙[templ=tmple(庙)]
n.庙宇,神殿,寺;太阳穴Because of the temperature tempo, I temporarily lost temper to my contemporary in the temple.由于温度进度的原因,我在庙里一时地同代人发了脾气.
noun
BUILDING 建筑
 IMPROVER countable
■a building used for the worship of a god or gods in some religions 庙宇，寺院；神殿
['tem.pl] noun
BODY PART 身体部位
countable often plural
■the flat area on each side of your head in front of the top of your ear 太阳穴，鬓角
n. 庙宇；寺院；神殿；太阳穴
 - vihara, fane

Word: outdoor
Front: outdoor
[ˈaʊtdɔ:(r)] (研四六 3614/5384 -K2)
Vocabulary: outdoor
(once / 1002 pages)
adj
Things that are outdoor belong outside. Your slippers aren't outdoor shoes, but your snow boots are definitely outdoor shoes.
A picnic is an outdoor meal, and a sculpture garden is often an outdoor area of a museum. Bird watching, surfing, and snowball fights are all outdoor activities, and if you're an outdoor enthusiast you probably enjoy them more than watching TV or baking cookies. The adjective outdoor was first used in the 1740s, with the related adverb outdoors following in the 1800s.
WORD FAMILY
outdoor
USAGE EXAMPLES
I’m hopeful that 2017 will see the flickering resurgence of outdoor civic spaces blossom into something more profound and lasting.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Now 21 games later, the NHL will tell you the outdoor showcases are here to stay.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s an outdoor stage in the middle of a city; it’s one segment of a long show, not a concert production controlled by the star.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 户外的，露天的; 喜欢户外活动的; （医院等）院外的; 室外
分布：户外的(53%)，露天的(25%)，野外的(15%)，喜爱户外活动的(7%)
a.室外的,野外的They keep their dog in an outdoor kennel.他们把狗养在户外狗房中.
US [-ˌdɔ:r] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■existing, happening or done outside, rather than inside a building 户外的，室外的，露天的
• an outdoor swimming pool/festival 室外游泳池／庆典
• outdoor clothes 户外穿的衣服
■liking or relating to outdoor activities, such as walking and climbing 喜欢户外活动的；户外活动的
• Sara's not really the outdoor type. 莎拉算不上是那种真正热衷于户外运动的人。
adj. 户外的；露天的；野外的（等于out-of-door）
 - weather, out of door

Word: suck
Front: suck
[sʌk] (高研四六雅 3618/4142 -K2)
Vocabulary: suck
(once / 431 pages)
vn
To suck is to draw something by force. Vacuum cleaners suck dirt from the floor and milkshake drinkers suck this liquid, tasty liquid through a straw.
Drinking something by pulling it into your mouth is to suck it. You can also suck on something, like a peppermint or a thumb, by holding it in your mouth. Objects can suck too — a fan sucks warm air out the window. You can also suck someone into your plans, meaning you force them to participate. The word suck comes from the Proto-Indo-European sug, from the sound your mouth makes when you suck on something.
WORD FAMILY
suck: sucked, sucker, sucking, sucks, suction+/sucker: suckers/sucking: suckings/suction: suctioned, suctioning, suctions, suctorial
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We knew we couldn’t fumble this mission—they could have been sucking us into a trap,” says a U.S.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
The effect was to suck $50 billion from the banking system.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
The next day, Hively said in a phone interview Wednesday, an administrator reprimanded her for "sucking face" and admonished her for being unprofessional.
Los Angeles Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 吮吸; 吸入; 卷进入; 吸取
vi. 舐，吮吸; 吸入; 通过吸吮的动作产生声音; <俚>巴结
n. 吮吸; 吸力; 吸入物
时态：sucked, sucking, sucks
分布：吸(71%)，吸收(11%)，吸入(6%)，吸吮(6%)，啜(4%)，奉承(1%)，吸力(1%)
→来自古英语 sucian,吮吸，来自 Proto-Germanic*sukana,吮吸，来自 sug,吸，来自 seue, 汁液，液体，词源同 soak,soup.引申诸相关词义。
v. & n.吸,舐;吸收(取)The lucky duck tucked in truck suddenly sucked the gas from the bucket.塞在卡车里的幸运鸭子突然从桶里吸汽油.
verb
PULL IN 吸入
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to pull in liquid or air through your mouth without using your teeth, or to move the tongue and muscles of the mouth around something inside your mouth, often in order to dissolve it 吸；吮吸；咂，啜
• She was sitting on the grass sucking lemonade through a straw. 她坐在草地上，用吸管吸着柠檬汁。
• I sucked my thumb until I was seven. 我一直到七岁才不再吮大拇指。
• I tried sucking (on) a mint to stop myself coughing. 我试着咂块薄荷糖来止咳。
• They used to give you sweets to suck on (UK alsoat)in aeroplanes to stop your ears from going pop. 以前搭飞机时，他们会提供糖果供吮食，以防止耳鸣。
 ADVANCED transitive + adverb or preposition
■Something which sucks a liquid or an object in a particular direction pulls it with great force 吸，抽吸；使卷入
• The waves came crashing over my head and I could feel myself being sucked under by the currents. 海浪袭来，打在我的头顶上，我能感觉到自己被水流吞噬。
• figurative Continued rapid growth in consumer spending will suck in (= encourage) more imports. 消费支出的持续迅速增长将会刺激进口。
[sʌk] verb
BE BAD 糟糕
intransitive mainly US slang
■If someone or something sucks, they are bad or unpleasant 糟糕，差劲；令人厌恶
• Man, this job sucks! 嗨，这工作太糟了！
• While my brother was sick, I had to do all of his chores and it sucked. 我弟弟生病时，他所有的杂事都得我来做，那真是讨厌。
[sʌk] verb
suck sb/sth dry
■to remove all useful, valuable qualities or possessions from a person, thing or place 吸干；抽干（从某人、某物或某地取走或除去所有有用的、有价值的特质或东西）
• That firm sucks its new programmers dry after five years and then sacks them. 那间公司五年后将新电脑程式员的才华都吸干了，然后解雇了他们。
• London has sucked the surrounding towns dry of local talent. 伦敦吸干了周围城市的本地人才。
[sʌk] verb
sucking diesel slang
■feeling good 感觉良好
• "How are you this morning?" "Sucking diesel, mate, sucking diesel." 你今天早上怎么样？“感觉良好，同伴，感觉良好！”
[sʌk] verb
suck it and see UK informal
■to try something to find out if it will be successful 试试看，姑且一试
• I'm not sure whether this paint is the right colour for the bedroom - we'll just have to suck it and see. 我不确定这种油漆的颜色是否适合卧室——我们试试看吧。
[sʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] suck sb/sth in/suck sb/sth into sth
■to cause someone or something to gradually become involved in an unpleasant situation or harmful activity 将…卷入（不快处境或坏事中）
• I really don't want any part in this whole argument, but I can feel myself being sucked into it. 我根本就不想与整件争论有任何瓜葛，不过我能感觉到自己被牵扯了进去。
[sʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] suck sb off offensive
■to use the tongue, lips and mouth on someone's sexual organs to give them pleasure 对（某人）行口淫
[sʌk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  suck up to sb informal disapproving
■to try to make someone who is in authority approve of you by doing and saying things that will please them 奉承，巴结（某人） ；拍（某人）马屁：
• "Why do you think he offered to take all that work home?" "Ah, he's just sucking up to the boss." “你认为他为甚么主动提出把那些工作都带回家做？”“哦，他只不过是为了讨好老板。”
[sʌk] noun countable usually singular
■when you suck something 吸；吮吸；啜
• Can I have a suck of your lolly, please? 我能尝一口你的棒棒糖吗？
incorporate, absorb, suck, digest
这组词都有“吸收”的意思，其区别是：
incorporate: 指一物或多物与它物相融合，形成一整体。
absorb: 普通用词，词义广泛，既可指吸收光、热、液体等具体东西，又可指吸收知识等抽象概念的东西。
suck: 作“吸收”解时，可与absorb换用，但还可有“吮吸”之意。
digest: 侧重在消化道内改变食物的化学结构后被人体吸收。
vt. 吸吮；吸取
 - introject
vi. 吸吮；糟糕；巴结
 - curry favor with, crawl to

Word: and/or

Word: broadcast
Front: broadcast
[ˈbrɔ:dkɑ:st] (高研四托 3617/5111 -K3)
Vocabulary: broadcast
(once / 287 pages)
vn
To broadcast is to air a program, especially on TV or radio. It also means to tell people about something. If you paint your one true love’s name on your car, you broadcast your feelings to the whole world!
The word broadcast used to have to do with spreading seed, but now it refers to spreading information. It can be a noun or verb — if you turn on the radio, you're hearing a broadcast, and the station is broadcasting that show. You don’t have to be in a studio to broadcast, though. Any time you let a lot of people know about something (whether they like it or not), you broadcast. When information is broadcast, it becomes widely known.
WORD FAMILY
broadcast: broadcasted, broadcaster, broadcasting, broadcasts, rebroadcast +/broadcaster: broadcasters/broadcasting: broadcastings/ rebroadcast: rebroadcasted, rebroadcasting, rebroadcasts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The video broadcast on Turkish television shows the alleged gunman filming himself with a cellphone at Istanbul’s Taksim square.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The video broadcast on Turkish television Tuesday shows the alleged gunman filming himself at Taksim square.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say he rented the penthouse flat in China cheaply from a shareholder of broadcast company Wave Media.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 广播; 播放; 使广为人知; 尤指用手播（种）
vi. 播放节目; 参加电台、电视节目的演出; 发送传递信号，传播
n. 广播; 电台、电视节目; 播放时间; 播种
adj. 广播的; 播音的; 广泛散布的
时态：broadcast, broadcasting, broadcasts
分布：广播(93%)，广播节目(3%)，散布(2%)，撒播(2%)
v./n.广播(节目)The news about the broadened breadth is broadcast abroad.宽度加宽的消息被广播到国外.
US ['brɑ:d.kæst] verb intransitive or transitive (broadcast or US ALSO broadcasted, broadcast or US ALSO broadcasted)
 ADVANCED
■to send out a programme on television or radio 广播（电视或无线电节目）；播送
• Radio Caroline used to broadcast from a boat in the North Sea. 加罗林电台过去在北海的一艘船上广播。
• The tennis championship is broadcast live to several different countries. 网球锦标赛向几个国家现场直播。
• figurative I'm leaving but please don't broadcast (= tell everyone) the fact. 我要走了，但请不要到处说。
UK ['brɔ:d.kɑ:st] US ['brɑ:d.kæst] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a television or radio programme 电视节目；广播节目
• a radio/television broadcast 电台／电视节目
• We watched a live broadcast of the concert. 我们观看了音乐会的现场直播。
announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, advertise, broadcast, publish
这些动词均含“宣布，公开”之意。
announce: 多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇心的事情。
declare: 侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。
proclaim: 指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针，语体比announce正式。
pronounce: 词义与announce, declare接近，但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。
advertise: 指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意，有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。
broadcast: 专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。
publish: 专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。
vt. 播送，播放；（无线电或电视）广播；播撒（种子）
 - play, send over
vi. 广播，播送；播放
 - send over
n. 广播；播音；广播节目
 - Pingback

Word: re
Front: re
[reɪ] (3625/6108)
Back: prep. 关于
n. [化]元素铼（rhenium）的符号，铼
分布：关于(89%)，长音阶的第二音(11%)
→来自拉丁语 re,关于，就有关事项，来自 res 的离格，来自 res,事情，事物，词源同 real.
noun [S or U]
■the second note of the sol-fa musical scale 长音阶第二音；C大调第二音

Word: leap
Front: leap
[li:p] (研四六托雅 3621/3425 -3)
Vocabulary: leap
(once / 104 pages)
vn
The word leap is another word for "jump," but it gives a slightly different image — one of lightness and quickness, perhaps a movement with a little more spring in it than a regular jump.
Leap comes from the Old English hlēapan, "to leap or run." The word can convey a happy feeling, as when William Wordsworth writes, "My heart leaps up when I behold a rainbow in the sky." As a side note, the game of leap-frog appears to have had its beginnings in the 1590s.
WORD FAMILY
leap: leaped, leaper, leaping, leaps, leapt, overleap+/leaper: leapers/leaping: leapings/overleap: overleaped, overleaping, overleaps
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was definitely a leap of faith,” Robinson said after a recent game at Michigan’s Crisler Arena.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
From this fictional warning, it is not such a great leap to Trump’s Oceania and Putin’s Eurasia.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
While cheese may be, as the legendary editor Clifton Fadiman called it, “milk’s leap toward immortality,” here it is death on a plate.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. 跳; 冲动的行动
vt. 跳过，跃过; 使跳跃
n. 跳跃，飞跃; 跳跃的距离
时态：leapt, leaping, leaps
分布：跃(76%)，跳跃(20%)，跃过(4%)
→来自古英语lepen,跳，词源同elope,gallop.可能进一步来自klei,弯，转，倾斜，词源同lean,incline.引申词义弹跳的姿势，跳跃。
v.跳,跳跃n.跳跃,飞跃The reaper leaped over a heap of cheap weapons.收割者跃过一堆廉价的武器.
verb (leapt or leaped, leapt or leaped)
MOVE SUDDENLY 突然移动
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to make a large jump or sudden movement, usually from one place to another 跳，跳跃
• He leapt out of his car and ran towards the house. 他跳下车朝那所房子跑去。
• I leaped up to answer the phone 我跳起来去接电话。
• The dog leapt over the gate into the field. 狗越过大门朝田野跑去。
[li:p] verb (leapt or leaped, leapt or leaped)
HAPPEN SUDDENLY 突然发生
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to provide help, protection etc. very quickly 快速提供（帮助、保护等）
• He leapt to his friend's defence. 他立即为他的朋友进行辩护。
• Scott leapt to the rescue when he spotted the youngster in difficulty. 斯科特一发现那孩子处境艰难就立即出手帮忙。
• Mr Davies leapt in to explain. 戴维斯先生赶忙出来解释。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to achieve something, usually fame, power or importance, suddenly 一举获得（常指名望或权势）
• Rufus Sewell leapt to fame after his lead performance as Will Ladislaw in the BBC's production of Middlemarch. 鲁弗斯‧休厄尔因主演英国广播公司出品的《米德镇的春天》中的威尔‧拉迪斯劳而一炮走红。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to increase, improve or grow very quickly 激增；猛涨；快速提高
• Shares in the company leapt 250%. 公司的股票大涨250%。
[li:p] verb (leapt or leaped, leapt or leaped)
  Phrasal Verbs  leap at sth
■to eagerly accept the chance to do or have something 赶紧抓住，迫不及待地接受
• When I offered her the job, she leapt at it. 我刚一提出要给她这份工作，她立即就接受了。
[li:p] verb (leapt or leaped, leapt or leaped)
  Phrasal Verbs  leap out at sb
■If something leaps out at you, you notice it immediately 立即进入（某人）的视线
• As I turned the page his picture leapt out at me. 我刚翻过那一页，他的照片立即映入我的眼帘。
[li:p] noun countable
SUDDEN CHANGE 突然改变
■a big change, increase or improvement 巨变；激增；提高
• a leap in profits 利润激增
• It takes quite a leap of the imagination to believe that it's the same person. 让人相信这是同一个人着实要费一番脑筋。
[li:p] noun countable
MOVEMENT 运动
■a large jump or sudden movement 跳，跳跃；突然的动作
• With one leap he crossed the stream. 他一跃，跳过了小溪。
[li:p] noun countable
by/in leaps and bounds
■If someone or something gets better by/in leaps and bounds, they improve very quickly 非常迅速地
• Her Spanish has come on (= improved) in leaps and bounds this year. 今年她的西班牙语水准提高得很快。
[li:p] noun countable
a leap in the dark
■something you do without being certain what will happen as a result 轻举妄动，莽撞举动
• I had very little information about the company, so writing to them was a bit of a leap in the dark. 我对该公司了解得很少，所以给他们写信有些莽撞。
skip, hop, spring, bound, leap, jump
这组词都有“跳，跳跃”的意思，其区别是：
skip: 指两脚交替轻地跳或跨的动作。
hop: 指单脚短跳或双足猛力的动作。也指小鸟、青蛙等的跳。
spring: 更强调有力和弹跳的运动。
bound: 多指向前向上或向下跳跃、奔跳。
leap: 常可与jump换用，但侧重身体猛力向上升起并朝前急冲的动作，有时含突然的意味。
jump: 是普通用词，指用双脚向上跳，向下跳，或在同一平面上跳到有一定距离的某一点上，或跳过。
vi. 跳，跳跃
 - jump, dance
n. 飞跃；跳跃
 - jump, spring, bound
vt. 跳跃，跳过；使跃过
 - jump, clear

Word: random
Front: random
[ˈrændəm] (高研六托雅宝 3619/3811 -2)
Vocabulary: random
(once / 619 pages)
adj
Something that’s random is lacking in order, plan, or purpose. It happens totally by chance, like the random picking of lottery numbers or unplanned random acts of kindness.
Sometime in the 1980s, teenage slang hijacked the adjective random and tried to turn it into a word meaning weird, odd or out of place. As in "Dude! That guy wearing purple spandex at the party was so random!" But don't fall for it. Something that’s truly random is totally governed by chance and has no specific pattern, like choosing a card at random from a magician’s deck.
WORD FAMILY
random: nonrandom, randomise, randomize, randomly, randomness +/randomise: randomisation, randomised/randomize: randomization, randomized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such a minor delay may be caused by any minimal distraction: a sudden noise, a quick glance at the phone or a random thought.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Some people jumped into the Bosphorus to save themselves after the attacker began shooting at random just over an hour into the new year.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Ask a random sampling of Washingtonians and you’ll find that many want to be closer to nature.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 任意的; 随机的; 胡乱的
n. 随意; 偶然的行动
分布：随机的(42%)，随意(21%)，任意(16%)，随意的(9%)，任意的(8%)，随机地(4%)
→缩写自短语 at random,高速的，引申词义横冲直撞的，莽撞的，后用于指随机的。来自古法 语 randon,冲，冲力，速度，来自 randir,快跑，词源同 run.
a.随机的,随意的n.随机,随意The grandson branded the brandy randomly.孙子给白兰地随机地打上烙印.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■happening, done or chosen by chance rather than according to a plan 任意的；随机的；胡乱的
• random checks/tests /attacks 随机检查／随机测试／胡乱攻击
• We asked a random sample/selection of people what they thought. 我们随机挑选一些人，问了他们的想法。
■informal
■strange or unusual 奇怪的，异常的
• I just saw Billy wearing a top hat - he's so random! 我刚才看见比利戴着一顶高帽子－－可真是怪模怪样！
at random
■without choosing intentionally; by chance 任意地；随意地；随机地
• The winning entry will be the first correct answer drawn at random. 从所有给出正确答案的参赛者中，随意抽出的第一个将获得大奖。
random, casual
这两个形容词均含“随便的，任意的”之意。
radom: 指无明确的方向或目的、方法与系统，暗示没有指挥或控制。
casual: 指非正式的，轻松随便的，强调随和性。
adj. [数] 随机的；任意的； [建] 胡乱的
 - stochastic, arbitrary
n. 随意
 - ad libitum
adv. 胡乱地
 - wild

Word: past
Front: past
[pɑ:st] (中高 680/1116 -K5)
Vocabulary: past
(once / 28 pages)
1adjn 2adv
Past events have already happened — if it happened an Ice Age ago, a century ago, or even a minute ago, it's in the past.
They say the past is history and it's true. If you have ever been accused of "living in the past," you cling to what was instead of reveling in what is. If you hear that a person or a rare object in an antique store "has a past," get ready for a colorful story. As an adjective, past describes what is no longer current, like the past president of a club or past fashion craze — it's over: its time has passed.
WORD FAMILY
past: pastness, pasts, repast +/ repast: repasts
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also encapsulates the host of worries of possible conflicts of interest circulating around a president who is very different from America’s past leaders.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She was a past president of the Washington Society of Investment Analysts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We thought this would be a way to get past the unfortunate bigotry,” Shalaby said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 过去的，以前的; 结束的; 前任的
n. 过去，过往; 往事; [语]过去时
prep. 超过，超出; 远于; 越过
adv. 经过，超过
分布：过(75%)，过去的(23%)，经过(2%)
→来自pass的过去分词。
a.过去的ad.过n.过去,昔日prep.(经)过In the past the compass could pass passion to the passive man having pastime on the pasture.在过去,指南针可以将激情传递给在牧场上消遣的被动之人
US [pæst] preposition adverb
POSITION 位置
 ESSENTIAL
■in or to a position that is further than a particular point 经过
• I live on Station Road, just past the post office. 我住在车站路，就在邮局过去一点。
• Three boys went past us on mountain bikes. 三个男孩骑着越野自行车从我们身边经过。
• Was that Peter who just jogged past in those bright pink shorts? 那个穿亮粉色短裤、刚从我们身边慢跑过去的人是彼得吗？
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] preposition adverb
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■used to say what the time is when it is a particular number of minutes after an hour （时间）晚于，过
• It's 5/10/a quarter/20/25/half past three. 现在是3点5分／10分／一刻／20分／25分／半。
• I've got to leave at twenty past or I'll miss that train. 过了20分我就得走，不然就赶不上火车了。
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] preposition adverb
be past it informal or humorous
■to be too old to do something 年纪太大了，（因年老而）精力不济
• Don't ask Andy to enter the race - he's past it! 别叫安迪参加赛跑了——他年纪太大了！
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] preposition adverb
be past your sell-by date
■If someone is past their sell-by date, they are not wanted or useful any more because they are too old 因年龄太老而不再为人需要或显得有用（sell-by date 是“保质期”。如果说某人过了这个期限，则表示某人太老，不再有用，也不再为人所用）
• There's plenty of time to have a baby. I'm not past my sell-by date yet. 还有足够的时间生孩子。我还没有过“保质期”。
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] preposition adverb
not put it past sb (to do sth) informal
■to not be surprised if someone does something bad, because it is a typical thing for them to do 不奇怪某人会（做坏事）
• Perhaps Helena told him - I wouldn't put it past her. 可能是海伦娜告诉他的——我相信她做得出来。
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] adjective
TIME BEFORE 以前
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■used to refer to a period of time before and until the present 过去的
• The average temperature worldwide has risen by about one degree Fahrenheit in the past 100 years. 在过去的100年内，全世界的平均气温已上升了大约华氏一度。
• I've been walking 3 miles a day for the past 30 years. 在过去的30年里我每天都步行三英哩。
• He was the fifth climber to die on these mountains over the past two days. 他是过去两天内第五个死在这些山上的登山客。
• In centuries/years past (= Many centuries/years ago) even visiting the next village was considered a long journey. 数个世纪／数年前，连到邻村去都被视为一次长途跋涉。
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■having happened or existed before now 刚过去的，以前的
• I know from past experience that you can't judge someone by their appearance. 我凭以往的经验知道不能以貌取人。
• The Prime Minister's family have been instructed not to discuss his past life with the press. 首相的家人被吩咐不要和媒体谈及他过去的生活。
 IMPROVER [after verb]
■finished 结束了的
• I'm feeling much better now that the cold weather is past. 冷天过去了，我现在感觉好多了。
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] adjective
GRAMMAR 文法
[before noun]
■of the past tense 过去式的
• 'Must' doesn't have a past form. must 没有过去式
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] noun only singular
TIME BEFORE 以前
 ESSENTIAL
■the period before and until, but not including, the present time 过去
• Evolution can explain the past, but it can never predict the future. 进化能解释过去，但永远无法预知未来。
• In the past, this sort of work was all done by hand. 在过去，这种工作完全是人工完成的。
• By winning the 1500 metres, he joins some of the great names of the past. 赢得1500公尺比赛的冠军后，他已经能够与昔日的一些伟大运动员并驾齐驱。
a past
■a part of someone's life in which they did unacceptable or dishonest things （不光彩的）过去
• He's a man with a past. 他有一段不光彩的过去。
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] noun only singular
GRAMMAR 文法
 IMPROVER
■the form of a verb used to describe actions, events or states that happened or existed before the present time （动词的）过去式
• The past of 'change' is 'changed'. change 的过去式是 changed。
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■above a particular age or further than a particular point （年龄或程度）超过，超出
• She's past the age where she needs a babysitter. 她已经过了需要有人照顾的年纪。
• Do what you want, I'm past caring (= I don't care any longer). 你想做甚么就做甚么吧，我已经不在乎了。
n. 过去；往事
 - old days, foretime
adj. 过去的；结束的
 - ended, closing, ago, over, back
prep. 越过；晚于
 - beyond, over, behind
adv. 过；经过
 - by

Word: wrist
Front: wrist
[rɪst] (高研四六托宝 3624/4394 -K2)
Back: n. 腕，手腕; 腕关节; （衣袖等的）腕部
分布：手腕(91%)，腕部(9%)
→来自wer,弯，转，拧，词源同wring,wrest,用于指手腕。比较carpal.
n.腕,腕关节On the Christmas the Christian's assistant fisted Pistol Piston and twisted his wrist.在圣诞节,基督徒的助手拳击了"手枪活塞"并扭了他的手腕.
【记】wry（v 扭曲）需要wrist用劲。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the part of the body between the hand and the arm 手腕；腕关节
• I sprained my wrist playing squash. 我打壁球时扭伤了手腕。
n. 手腕； [解剖] 腕关节
 - savoir faire

Word: curtain
Front: curtain
[ˈkɜ:tn] (高研四六托 3622/2492 -K3)
Back: n. 窗帘，门帘; 帐幕之物，幕布; 启幕，落幕
vt. 给（窗户或房间）装上帘子; 掩蔽
时态：curtained, curtaining, curtains
分布：窗帘(89%)，门帘(11%)
→curt, 同court, 庭院。后指挂布，窗帘。
n.窗帘,门帘;幕(布);结束;vt.遮掩It's acertained that the certificate is behind the curtain of the stainless steel container.经查实证书在不锈钢容器的帘子后面.
US ['kɝ:.tˌən] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a piece of material, especially cloth, which hangs across a window or opening to make a room or part of a room dark or private （尤指布质的）帘，窗帘，门帘
• Heavy curtains blocked out the sunlight. 厚厚的窗帘挡住了阳光。
• draw (= open or close) the curtains 拉窗帘
■a thick layer of something which makes it difficult to see anything behind it 帘状物，幕状物
• They could see nothing through the curtain of rain/smoke. 透过密密的雨帘／浓浓的烟雾，他们甚么也看不到。
■the large screen of heavy material in a theatre which separates the stage from the area where people are watching （舞台上的）帷幕，幕布
UK ['kɜ:.tən] US ['kɝ:.tˌən] noun countable
be curtains for sb informal
■used to say someone will die or have to stop doing something （某人）会送命；（某人）会完蛋
• It'll be curtains for him, if he doesn't do what I tell him! 要是他不按我说的办，他就完了！
UK ['kɜ:.tən] US ['kɝ:.tˌən] noun countable
the curtain falls on sth literary
■When the curtain falls on a period of time, it ends （某个时期）结束
• Although the curtain has now fallen on the Republican era, many of its values still remain. 虽然共和党的时代已经结束，但是它的很多价值观依然延续。
n. 幕； [建] 窗帘
 - screen, window hangings
vt. 遮蔽；装上门帘
 - shadow, shield

Word: pond
Front: pond
[pɒnd] (中高研四六 3626/3344 -2)
Back: n. 池塘
v. 筑成池塘
分布：池塘(100%)
→来自pound拼写变体，来自pound古义之一池塘。
n.池塘In the pond the sponsor responded to the correspondent's corresponding responsibility.在池塘里主办者对通讯员的相应责任作出了回应.
US [pɑ:nd] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an area of water smaller than a lake, often artificially made 池塘
• a duck pond 养鸭塘
pool, pond
这组词都有“池塘、水塘”的意思，其区别是：
pool: 指自然形成的池塘。
pond: 一般指乡村由人工挖的可供喂养鹅鸭等的水塘，或指花园中人工修建的养鱼池子。
n. [水文] 池塘
 - tank, mere

Word: domain
Front: domain
[dəˈmeɪn] (研六托雅宝 3627/3345 -1)
Vocabulary: domain
(once / 396 pages)
1n 2n
If you have a place that's all your own, somewhere real or in cyberspace that has your name all over it — literally or figuratively — it's your domain. And if you have something you really excel at, that is your domain too. You own it.
A domain used to mean only land owned by wealthy people, such as lords in the 15th century, but modern usage is much wider, or has a broader domain in the English language. On the Internet, a domain is a space with a specific address, but a domain also can have a physical address, like a home. It can be a specialty, too, as in, "The main domain of the art school was sculpture," or "She was so good at math that algebra became her domain."
WORD FAMILY
domain: domains
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, I was curious about the piece, titled “the public domain.”
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Ludgate Hill, then over Farringdon Street, once a kind of boundary road between the old domains of wealth and the word.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
“But Trump appears to be an especially public and risky illustration of it in many domains.”
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 范围，领域; 领土，疆土; 管辖范围; [计]域名
分布：领域(77%)，范围(13%)，领地(10%)
→来自拉丁语domus, 家，来自dom, 家，住所，引申词义领域。
n.(活动,思想等)领域,范围;领地After maintenance the main remains and remainders are left on the domain.维修之后,主要遗骸和剩余物留在了领地上.
【记】domain＝domin统治，家；参：dominate（v 支配；占优势）
US [doʊ-] noun countable
AREA 区域
 ADVANCED
■an area of interest or an area over which a person has control 领域，领地
• She treated the business as her private domain. 她把公司看作是自己的私人势力范围。
• These documents are in the public domain (= available to everybody). 这些文件已向公众开放。
UK [dəʊ'meɪn] US [doʊ-] noun countable
INTERNET 网际网路／互联网 specialized a part of the Internet that belongs to a person or organization where they can use email or show documents on the Internet （网际网路的）域
field, territory, province, domain, sphere
这组词都有“范围，领域”的意思，其区别是：
field: 主要指经选定在一段时间内作专题研究的方面或领域，含夸张意味。
territory: 指科学知识、活动等的领域或范围。
province: 即可指科学、艺术、学问的领域或范围，又可指个人或机关职权的管辖范围。
domain: 指知识艺术、兴趣或人类活动的领域。
sphere: 指有明显分界线的范围或领域，强调彼此不会干扰、跨越，各不相关。
n. 领域；域名；产业；地产
 - province, territory, world, industry, kingdom, universe, field

Word: guilt
Front: guilt
[gɪlt] (研六宝 3628/3827 -2)
Vocabulary: guilt
(once / 94 pages)
n
You experience guilt when you feel bad about doing something wrong or committing some offense. Guilt is also the state of having committed the offense — it's the opposite of "innocence."
The noun guilt stems from the Old English word gylt, meaning "crime, sin, fault, or fine." Feelings of guilt are typical after you've done something you shouldn't have, like cheating on your spelling test or stealing from your little brother's piggy bank. We often say that our conscience is the source of this feeling. If you're the prosecuting attorney in a criminal trial, your job is to prove the guilt of the defendant, that is, to prove that they committed the crime you're accusing them of.
WORD FAMILY
guilt: guiltless, guilts, guilty +/guiltless: guiltlessly, guiltlessness/ guilty: guiltier, guiltiest, guiltily, guiltiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Swedish activist says he was partly driven by “middle-class guilt” but also a conviction that people should be the masters of their own destinies.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Food should not be about denial, guilt or killing ourselves.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A team led by prominent capital defense lawyer David Bruck represented Roof during the guilt phase of the trial.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 有罪，犯罪行为，罪恶; [法律] 轻罪，过失; 内疚，知罪; 自责
分布：内疚(73%)，罪行(27%)
→词源不详。可能来自guild, 付款，支付。引申义支付罚金，赎罪。
n.罪过,内疚He was filled with guilt.他内心深感不安.
【反】innocence（n 清白）；exculpation（n 使无罪）；attribute guilt（归罪）
noun uncountable
FEELING 感觉
 ADVANCED
■a feeling of worry or unhappiness that you have because you have done something wrong, such as causing harm to another person 内疚；愧疚；自责
• He suffered such feelings of guilt over leaving his children. 他因为抛弃了自己的孩子而备感愧疚。
• She remembered with a pang of guilt that she hadn't called her mother. 她想起没有给妈妈打电话，感到一阵强烈的内疚。
[gɪlt] noun uncountable
RESPONSIBILITY 责任
 ADVANCED
■the fact of having done something wrong or committed a crime 过失；犯罪；罪责
• Both suspects admitted their guilt to the police. 两名嫌疑人都向警方认了罪。
• The prosecution's task in a case is to establish a person's guilt beyond any reasonable doubt. 在庭审案件中，控方的任务无疑就是要证明被告有罪。
Compare innocence
violation, sin, crime, offence, guilt
这组词都有“犯法，犯罪，罪恶”的意思，其区别是：
violation: 指违背誓言、条约、规则以及良心等，也指侵犯权利。
sin: 主要指违反道德原则或违反宗教戒律的过失或罪过行为。
crime: 指严重的违法行为或罪行。
offence: 使用广，可泛指对任何规则、道德标准、法律、纪律等的违反与触犯，其罪行可重可轻。
guilt: 多用于指违反道德或社会标准的不法行为，含应予惩办之意。这种惩办是以证据为根据的。
n. 犯罪，过失；内疚
 - error, crime, mistake, sin, blame

Word: cattle
Front: cattle
[ˈkætl] (高研四六雅 3629/2973 -2)
Vocabulary: cattle
(once / 144 pages)
n
Use the word cattle to talk about a group of cows. A farmer might build a new fence to keep her cattle more safely secured in their pasture.
Cattle usually refers to domesticated cows, almost always a large group of them. If you have a small dairy farm with only three or four cows, you'll probably call them "cows." When you're talking about a bigger operation, they're more likely to be called cattle. In the 13th century, the word simply meant "property," from the Medieval Latin capitale, "property or stock." It took about 300 years before cattle meant "cows."
WORD FAMILY
cattle: cattles, cattleship
USAGE EXAMPLES
Parson, a cattle rancher and former sheriff, said in his statement that he is well and resting at his home in Bolivar.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nelson predicts the low prices for corn, cattle and almost everything else produced in rural Nebraska will remain low for a while.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The animals are skittish and slower to develop than cattle, requiring more than four years before they’re ready to sell.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （总称）牛，牲口; 畜生; 无价值的人; 〈美俚〉女学生
分布：牛(94%)，家畜(5%)，畜牲(1%)
→来自capital, 资产，资本，因牛在农耕社会有着无比重要的作用而引申此词义。比较castor，海狸。
n.牛;牲口,家畜The pattern of the battery doesn't matter to the battle against the little brittle cattle.电池的式样对与脆小牛作战无关要紧.
US ['kætˌ-] plural noun
 IMPROVER
■large farm animals kept for their milk or meat; cows and bulls 牛
• beef/dairy cattle 肉／乳牛
beast, brute, creature, cattle, animal
这组词都有“动物”的意思，其区别是：
beast: 指有别于爬行动物、昆虫等的较大的四脚兽类或牛、马等牲畜。
brute: 特指野兽。用于人时，突出其野蛮或残忍。
creature: 通常指生物或动物，与非生动相对。指人时，则含怜悯或轻蔑的意味。
cattle: 指大牲畜，尤其指牛。
animal: 普通用词，指区别于植物和矿物而言的动物的总称。
n. [脊椎] [畜牧] 牛；牲畜（骂人的话）；家畜；无价值的人
 - ox, moo-cow

Word: subject
Front: subject
[ˈsʌbdʒɪkt] (高雅宝 670/358 -K4)
Vocabulary: subject
(once / 23 pages)
1nv 2n 3nadjv 4adj
Subject can mean "topic," as in "Let's change the subject." It can also mean "to make someone do something," as in "Don't let your dad subject you to an hour-long lecture on fishing." It can also mean everyone in a country who is not the ruler, as in "The king greeted his subjects when he returned from abroad."
A subject could be a broad branch of knowledge, like Biology, or a very narrow focus, like the effects of drought on avocados. If you are painting a portrait, the person posing for you is your subject. Subject can also mean beholden, or subordinate. If you are traveling in England, but not an English subject, or citizen, then you are still subject to English law.
WORD FAMILY
subject: subjected, subjecting, subjection, subjects+/ subjection: subjections
USAGE EXAMPLES
And it’s the subject of “We Believe in Dinosaurs,” an upcoming documentary that is fundraising through Indiegogo.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Rather, he said, its goal was to capture the challenge of talking to young children about difficult subjects.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Several Israeli media outlets reported that Netanyahu is the subject of two police investigations.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 主题，话题; 学科，科目; [哲]主观
adj. 须服从…的; （在君主等）统治下的
v. 提供，提出; 使…隶属
时态：subjected, subjecting, subjects
分布：主题(48%)，话题(21%)，科目(17%)，服从的(3%)，使服从(3%)，题材(3%)，主观(2%)，使遭遇(1%)，使隶属(1%)，实验对象(1%)
→sub-,在下，-ject,投掷，扔，词源同 project,projectile.字面意思即扔在下面，引申词义被制服， 被控制，国民，臣民。后引申词义扔在下面，构成基础，主题，题目等。
主题,主观a.服从的(sub在...下面+ject_→扔下去→服从的,扔下去让大家讨论的主题)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
n.主题;学科a.隶属的;易遭...的v.使隶属The projector is subject to rejection and may be ejected from the project.投影机有遭到否决的倾向并可能被逐出工程.
【记】sub下面，ject扔：扔到下面－臣服者
【参】subjection（n 征服）
【反】potentate（n 当权者）
noun countable /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
AREA OF STUDY 学习领域
 ESSENTIAL
■the thing which is being discussed, considered or studied 主题，话题；问题；题目
• Our subject for discussion is homelessness. 我们讨论的话题是无家可归问题。
• She has made a series of documentaries on the subject of family relationships. 她拍摄了一系列以家庭关系为题材的纪录片。
• The guest lecturer took as her subject (= decided to speak about) 'punishment and imprisonment in modern society'. 特别讲师演讲的题目是“现代社会的刑罚与监禁”。
• The number of planes flying over the town has been the subject of (= has caused) concern since last summer. 自去年夏天开始，从小镇上空飞过的飞机数量一直让人们忐忑不安。
 ESSENTIAL
■an area of knowledge which is studied in school, college or university 学科；科目；专业
• My favourite subjects at school were history and geography. 念书时，我最喜欢的科目是历史和地理。
• mainly UK Her subject (= special area of study) is low-temperature physics. 她的专业是低温物理学。
change the subject
 IMPROVER
■to start talking about a different subject 改变话题，换个话题
• I'd tried to explain the situation, but he just changed the subject. 我想把情况解释清楚，他却岔开话题。
noun countable /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
GRAMMAR 文法
 ADVANCED specialized
■the person or thing which performs the action of a verb, or which is joined to a description by a verb 主语
• 'Bob' is the subject of the sentence 'Bob threw the ball'. Bob 是句子 Bob threw the ball 的主语。
Compare object
noun countable /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
PERSON 人
■a person who lives in or who has the right to live in a particular country, especially a country with a king or queen （尤指君主制国家的）臣民，国民
• He is a British subject. 他是英国国民。
Compare citizen
verb transitive /səbˈdʒekt/
■to defeat people or a country and then control them against their wishes and limit their freedom 使臣服，征服，压服
• The invaders quickly subjected the local tribes. 入侵者很快就征服了当地的部落。
verb transitive /səbˈdʒekt/
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] subject sb/sth to sth
■to make someone or something experience an unpleasant or worrying thing 使承受，使遭受
• The inquiry found that they had been subjected to unfair treatment. 调查发现，他们曾受到过不公正待遇。
• "I didn't want to subject him to such a long journey," she said. “我不想让他长途跋涉。”她说。
adjective]ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
HAVING 拥有
be subject to sth
■to have or experience a particular thing, especially something unpleasant 有；遭受，承受
• Cars are subject to a high domestic tax. 买汽车要缴很高的国内税。
• In recent years, she has been subject to attacks of depression. 近年来，她一直饱受忧郁症的折磨。
adjective]ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
DEPEND 依赖
subject to sth
■depending on the stated thing happening 取决于，视…而定
• We plan to go on Wednesday, subject to your approval. 如果你同意，我们打算周三走。
• Moving all the books should not take long, subject to there being (= if there are) enough helpers. 如果有足够人手，把所有书都搬走花不了多少时间。
adjective]ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
GOVERN 统治
[before noun]
■under the political control of another country or state 使臣服，征服，压服
• subject peoples/states 被征服的民族／国家
topic, subject, theme, issue
这组词都有“主题、话题”的意思，其区别是：
topic: 普通用词，含义广泛，但其范畴小于subject。既可指文章、讲话的题目，谈话的内容，又可指提纲中的标题甚至段落的主题或中心思想。
subject: 一般用词，使用广泛。指书籍、文章、演讲、讨论等中所隐含的、暗示的，需要由读者或听众推断的主题或中心话题。
theme: 系正式用词，多指文学、艺术作品的主题，或论文、演说的主题。
issue: 指有争论、议论，急需讨论研究的热点话题。
course, subject
course: 课程(可包括多门科目),
subject: 科目(具体的学科)a summer course
apt, subject, liable, likely, prone
这组词都有“倾向于……的；易于……的”的意思，其区别是：
apt: 口语中常用，指自然的或习惯的倾向，无特殊的褒贬意味，常指在一般情况下发生的事。
subject: 指确实可以察觉的倾向，也就是总结出来的规律。
liable: 指易于产生某种不利的结果，侧重偶然性，常表示警告或提醒。
likely: 侧重可能性，用于指将来，预言希望或所不希望的结果。
prone: 多用于人，着重其本性，或倾向于某种错误、弱点或不良行为等。
n. [图情] 主题；科目； [语] 主语；国民
 - topic, theme, nation, titles, motive
adj. 服从的；易患…的；受制于…的
 - followed, compliant

Word: walking
Front: walking
[ˈwɔ:kɪŋ] (雅 3634/3981 -K1)
Back: n. 步行，散步; 步法，步态; 道路状态
adj. 步行（用）的; （能）行走的; 解雇的，被免职的
v. 走，步行( walk的现在分词)
分布：走(97%)，活的(2%)，路面状况(1%)
US ['wɑ:-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the activity of going for a walk, especially for pleasure in the countryside 走，步行，徒步旅行
• We're going walking in Wales for a week. 我们要去威尔士徒步旅行一周。
• a pair of walking/hiking boots 一双散步／徒步旅行用的靴子
• a walking stick 拐杖
■the sport of walking fast over long distances 竞走（运动）
n. 步行；散步
 - pedestrism, ambulation
v. 步行（walk的ing形式）
 - footing
adj. 步行的
 - gradient

Word: playoff
Front: playoff
['pleɪˌɒf] (3631/44277)
Back: n. （双方得分相等时的）最后决赛
分布：季后赛(98%)，延长赛(1%)，夺标决赛(1%)
US [-ɑ:f] noun countable usually singular
■an extra game in a competition played between teams or competitors who have both got the same number of points, in order to decide who wins the competition （平局后的）加时赛，延长赛，加赛

Word: minimum
Front: minimum
[ˈmɪnɪməm] (高研四六托雅 3633/2715 -K3)
Vocabulary: minimum
(once / 429 pages)
nadj
The minimum is the lowest or smallest amount possible or acceptable. If you do the minimum amount of work at your job, you might not get fired — but you definitely won't get promoted.
Minimum is Latin for smallest, so clearly English speakers have done less than the minimum amount of messing with the meaning of this word. Obviously, the opposite is maximum. At minimum, you should know that the word means the smallest limit of something. At most, you should be able to talk about its Latin roots.
WORD FAMILY
minimum: minima, minimise, minimize, minimums+/minimise: minimisation, minimised, minimises, minimising/ minimize: minimization, minimized, minimizes, minimizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another possible target: The automatic increases to the state’s minimum wage that start in 2018.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Andrew Puzder, a restaurant executive set to serve as labor secretary, will face scrutiny for past comments on the minimum wage, among other policies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In California alone, 12 cities raised their starting pay requirement, some to as high as $13 an hour, compared with $7.25 for the federal minimum.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 最低限度; 最小量; 最低消费; [数]极小值
adj. 最低的; 最小的; 最少的
分布：最低限度(47%)，最少的(31%)，最小量(18%)，最低程度的(4%)
→来自拉丁语minimus,最小的，-um,中性格。引申词义最小值，最低限度。minimum 最小值，最低限度
最小量(minim+um)[mini-表示"小"]
n.最小值,最低限度a.最小的,最低的The maximum plus or minus the minimum makes minute difference.最大值加上或者减去最小值只产生极小的差异.
['mɪn.ɪ.məm] (written abbreviation min.)
noun countable usually singular (plural minimums or specialized minima)
 ESSENTIAL
■the smallest amount or number allowed or possible 最小值；最少量；最低限度
• Wage increases are being kept to a minimum because of the recession. 由于经济衰退，工资增长的幅度被保持在最低水准。
• She hoped that her fiftieth birthday would pass with the minimum of fuss. 她希望她的50岁生日能尽量安安静静地度过。
• We need a minimum of ten people to play this game. 玩这个游戏我们至少需要十个人。
Opposite maximum
['mɪn.ɪ.məm] (written abbreviation min.)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something that is the smallest or least allowed or possible 最低的，最小的，最低限度的
• This certificate is the minimum qualification required to teach English in most language schools. 大多数语言学校都把这张证书定为入职英语教师必需具备的最低学历资格。
• Eighteen is the minimum age for entering most nightclubs. 大多数夜总会只招待18岁或以上的人士。
['mɪn.ɪ.məm] (written abbreviation min.)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■at the least 至少
• She reckons that you should do three exercise classes a week minimum to get any of the benefits. 她认为你应该每周参加至少三次健身课程才能有点锻炼效果。
adj. [数] 最小的；最低的
 - lowest, least, smallest

Word: fiscal
Front: fiscal
[ˈfɪskl] (宝 3635/4888 -3)
Vocabulary: fiscal
(once / 377 pages)
adj
The word fiscal resembles the word financial, which makes sense because both involve money.
This word has to do with anything financial, which is another fancy word for the world of money. When you're an adult, you have fiscal responsibilities like paying rent, buying groceries, and paying taxes. If you put ten percent of your earnings in a savings account, that shows good fiscal sense. Businesses have a lot of fiscal matters to deal with, like paying salaries and trying to make a profit. If you need help with fiscal issues, consult an accountant.
WORD FAMILY
fiscal: fiscally+/fisc: fiscal, fiscs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Iowa will save more than $100 million this fiscal year, Branstad insisted, even as the insurers themselves reported huge losses and demanded more cash.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The “fiscal cliff” compromise left almost no one happy.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Ground was broken in 1972, but a fiscal crisis in the city slammed the brakes on the project again.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. （美）财政上的，会计的; 国库的
n. 财政年度，会计年度; 财政部长，（苏格兰等的）检察官，（西班牙及葡萄牙的）检察长; 印花税票
分布：财政的(63%)，国库的(37%)
→来自拉丁语fiscus, 钱篓，钱箱，国库，词源同basket, confiscate.比较budget.
财政的[fisc=pruse(钱包)]
【记】fisc国库，al－财政的
【参】confiscate（v 没收；充公）
adjective specialized
■connected with (public) money 财政的；国库的
• fiscal policy 财政政策
adj. 会计的，财政的；国库的
 - monetary, financial

Word: skirt
Front: skirt
[skɜ:t] (中高雅宝 3637/3590 -K2)
Back: n. 裙子; 边缘; （连衣裙、外衣等的）下摆; （车辆或机器基座的）挡板
vt. & vi. 位于…的边缘; 沿…的边缘走; 绕开; 避开
时态：skirted, skirting, skirts
分布：裙子(87%)，绕开(5%)，边缘(3%)，下摆(3%)，挡板(1%)，郊区(1%)
→来自 shirt 对词形式，后产生词义上的分化，shirt 用于指男士衬衫，该词用于指女裙，裙摆， 并引申比喻义挡板，裙板，环绕等，如 outskirt,外围，郊区。
n.裙子;边缘,郊区The virtueless girl's duty is to wash the dirty shirts and skirts in the outskirts.无美德女孩的职责就是在郊区洗脏衬衣和裙子.
【记】穿skirt的女人擅长skirt问题。
【反】seek（v 寻找；探索）；face（v 面对；面临）
US [skɝ:t] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a piece of clothing for women and girls that hangs from the waist and does not have legs 女裙，半身裙
• a long/short skirt 长／短裙
■an outer covering or part to protect particular machines （保护机器的）外罩，护板
UK [skɜ:t] US [skɝ:t] verb transitive intransitive + prep (also skirt around/round)
■to be on or move along the edge of something; to avoid 位于…的边缘；环绕…的四周；沿…的边缘走；避免
• Take the road which skirts (round) the village, not the one which goes through it. 沿村边的那条路走，不要走穿过村庄的那条路。
■to avoid discussing a subject or problem, usually because there are difficulties that you do not want to deal with 避开，绕开（某话题或问题）
• Though the government has promised to deal with drug abuse, it has been accused of skirting round the issue. 虽然政府承诺要解决毒品滥用问题，但还是被指责在闪躲回避。
n. 裙子
 - petticoat
vt. 绕过，回避；位于…边缘
 - move round, shun
vi. 沿边走，绕开；环绕
 - steer clear of, circle round

Word: dump
Front: dump
[dʌmp] (研四六托雅 3636/4144 -K3)
Vocabulary: dump
(once / 606 pages)
1nv 2v 3n 4n
A dump is a place where trash is stored in piles and often buried underground. If you have an old bike that can't be repaired, you might take it to the dump.
Some towns have dumps where residents can freely dispose of garbage, while others require people to pay for the rubbish they bring. You can also call a dump a "landfill," but dump makes sense — it comes from the verb dump, "to toss, drop, or throw away." A figurative meaning of the word is to abruptly and unkindly break off a romantic relationship with someone: "It would be so mean to dump him on his birthday."
WORD FAMILY
dump: dumped, dumper, dumping, dumps, dumpy+/dumper: dumpers/dumping: dumpings/dumpy: dumpier, dumpiest, dumpily, dumpiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Chanel has already fought off plans for a dump not far from the fields where the Mul family grow the flowers.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
They want him to persuade their husbands to dump their mistresses.
Economist(Nov 30, 2016)
The fine is the largest criminal penalty ever paid involving a deliberate dumping by a cruise ship, according to the U.S.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 倾倒; 丢下，卸下; 摆脱，扔弃; 倾销
vi. 突然跌倒或落下; 卸货; 转嫁（责任等）
n. 垃圾场; 仓库; 无秩序地累积
时态：dumped, dumping, dumps
分布：垃圾场(31%)，倾倒(27%)，抛售(12%)，倾销(11%)，抛弃(11%)，倾卸(6%)，突然落下(1%)，军需供应站(1%)
→拟声词。用于经济学术语倾销。比较bump,jump, pump.
v.倾倒,倾卸n.垃圾场The lump jumped off the pump and bumped on the trumpet in the dump.傻大个跳下水泵撞到垃圾堆里的喇叭上.
verb transitive
PUT DOWN 放下
 IMPROVER
■to put down or drop something in a careless way 扔下，丢下
• He came in with four shopping bags and dumped them on the table. 他进门后将手里提着的四个购物袋往桌上一扔。
[dʌmp] verb transitive
GET RID OF 丢弃
 IMPROVER
■to get rid of something unwanted, especially by leaving it in a place where it is not allowed to be 抛弃；乱扔，乱丢
• The tax was so unpopular that the government decided to dump it. 这项税款非常不得人心，于是政府决定将其取消。
• Several old cars had been dumped near the beach. 几辆旧汽车被丢弃在海滩附近。
• Toxic chemicals continue to be dumped in the North Sea. 有毒化工品还在继续被倾倒进北海。
■to sell unwanted goods very cheaply, usually in other countries （常指向另一国家）倾销，甩卖
• They accused the West of dumping out-of-date medicines on Third World countries. 他们指责西方国家向第三世界国家倾销过期药品。
■specialized
■to move information from a computer's memory to a storage device （将记忆体资讯）转存
[dʌmp] verb transitive
END RELATIONSHIP 结束关系 informal
■to suddenly end a romantic relationship you have been having with someone 甩掉，抛弃（恋人）
• If he's so awful, why don't you just dump him? 如果他这么糟糕，你为甚么不把他给甩了？
[dʌmp] noun countable (UK also rubbish dump)
■a place where people are allowed to leave their rubbish 垃圾场，垃圾堆
• I need to clear out the shed and take everything I don't want to the dump. 我要清理一下这个棚子，把不要的东西都扔进垃圾堆。
■informal
■a very unpleasant and untidy place 凌乱的地方，令人厌恶的地方
• His room is an absolute dump! 他的房间就像个垃圾堆！
■a place where things of a particular type are stored, especially by an army 专用仓库；（尤指）军需品存放处
• an ammunition/arms/weapons/food dump 弹药／武器／军械／食品库
[dʌmp] noun countable
(down) in the dumps
■unhappy 情绪低落，不高兴
• She's a bit down in the dumps because she's got to take her exams again. 因为还得重考，她有点情绪低落。
[dʌmp] noun countable
have/take a dump offensive
■to pass the contents of the bowels out of the body 排便；排泄
vt. 倾倒；倾卸
 - pour in
vi. 倒垃圾
 - empty the trash

Word: hence
Front: hence
[hens] (研四六托雅 3639/1904 -K2)
Vocabulary: hence
(once / 105 pages)
1adv 2adv 3adv
Hence means "for this reason," or "therefore." One Hollywood starlet is a huge fan of tiny dogs, hence the Pomeranian puppy peeking out of her purse.
Hence not only means "therefore." It can also mean forward from this time. Nine months hence, a baby that has just been conceived will enter the world kicking and screaming. These days, you're more likely to hear the word hence in a movie set a hundred years ago than in casual conversation because it has a very old-fashioned ring to it.
WORD FAMILY
hence
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hence, I oversee our dental residents as they treat patients at the urgent-care clinic.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Hence the impossibility of predicting financial crises, wars and technological revolutions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Hence why I suggest you should ratchet down your expectations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 因此，所以; 从此; 从此处
int. <诗>去
分布：因此(88%)，从此以后(12%)
→hen-,这里，词源同here,hither,-ce,副词后缀。即就此分开，离开，引申词义因此，由此。
ad.从此,今后;因此It is very late; hence you must go to bed.时间已经很晚了,因此你必须睡觉去.
adverb formal
THEREFORE 因此
■that is the reason or explanation for; therefore 因此，所以
• His mother was Italian, hence his name - Luca. 他母亲是义大利人，所以他的名字叫——卢卡。
[hents] adverb formal
FROM NOW 从现在起
■from this time 从此，从现在起
• The project will be completed at the end of the decade, two years hence. 本专案将于这个十年结束时完成，从现在算起还有两年时间。
accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus
这些连接副词均有“因此，所以”之意。
accordingly: 书面用词，强调根据某种原因而得出的结果，其前可用冒号或分号，但不用逗号。
consequently: 正式用词，侧重符合逻辑的结果。
hence: 较正式用词，指接下来的东西是理所当然的必需的东西，但强调其重要性。
so: 用于比较随便的场合，口语中多用。
therefore: 通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论。
thus: 多用于书面语中，可与therefore换用。
adv. 因此；今后
 - therefore, accordingly, consequently, thus, as a result of

Word: database
Front: database
[ˈdeɪtəbeɪs] (高研雅 3638/2072 -1)
Vocabulary: database
(once / 2585 pages)
n
A database is an organized body of information. Libraries have lots of databases to help you find books, articles, or information.
Looking for some information? You might need to check a database, probably at the library or online. A database collects a bunch of information and resources, usually on a common subject. Some databases feature newspapers; others are related to legal issues. The police use databases to track criminals, and the government uses databases to track terrorists. Anywhere there's information being collected and accessed, there's probably a database keeping track of it all.
WORD FAMILY
database: databases
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new law in Russia, for instance, requires that the personal information of Russian citizens is kept in national databases.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Kimberly Bathgate, a spokeswoman for the Pennsylvania court system, said the outcome was reported to state police for inclusion in its criminal history database.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The state agency overseeing the license database says the federal law enforcement agency tapped into it 240 times in 2016.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 数据库; 资料库; 信息库
分布：数据库(100%)
n.(databank)数据库
US [-tˌə-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a large amount of information stored in a computer system in such a way that it can be easily looked at or changed （电脑）数据库
• We're linked to the on-line database at our head office. 我们连接到总部的线上资料库。
n. [计] 数据库，资料库
 - dbase, informix

Word: uncomfortable
Front: uncomfortable
[ʌnˈkʌmftəbl] (高四六雅 3640/4465 -K2)
Vocabulary: uncomfortable
(once / 369 pages)
adj
If it's very hot or very cold in the room, chances are you are going to feel uncomfortable or ill-at-ease.
The word uncomfortable comes from the prefix un- meaning "not" and comfortable meaning "affording comfort." When something is uncomfortable, it doesn't allow you to relax. A hard chair can be uncomfortable. So can a tense situation in which two people are arguing. Someone can make you feel uncomfortable by saying something inappropriate.
WORD FAMILY
uncomfortable: uncomfortableness, uncomfortablest, uncomfortably+/ comfort: comfortable, comforted, comforter, comforting, comfortless, comforts, discomfort / comfortable: comfortableness, comfortabler, comfortablest, comfortably, uncomfortable /comfortableness: comfortablenesses/comforted: comfortedly/comforter: comforters/comforting: comfortinger, comfortingly/comfortless: comfortlessly/ discomfort: discomforts/uncomfortableness: uncomfortablenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is uncomfortable to be naked and helpless, with our humanness showing.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And that created what was a momentarily awkward and uncomfortable scene as Reed pushed Clark and then Clark pushed back before teammates intervened.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Early in his major foreign policy speech last Wednesday about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, US secretary of state John Kerry promised to tell some “uncomfortable truths”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 不舒服的; 令人不舒服的; 不自在的; 不安的
分布：不舒服的(80%)，不自在的(20%)
US [-'kʌmp.fɚ.tˌə-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■not feeling comfortable and pleasant, or not making you feel comfortable and pleasant 不舒服的；令人难受的
• I've eaten so much, I'm really quite uncomfortable. 我吃了这么多，实在感觉很不舒服。
• These shoes are really uncomfortable. 这双鞋子穿在脚上实在难受。
■slightly embarrassed, or making you feel slightly embarrassed 有点儿尴尬的；令人不自在的
• an uncomfortable silence 令人不自在的沉默
adj. 不舒服的；不安的
 - troubled, uneasy

Word: aim
Front: aim
[eɪm] (高研四六托雅 1931/1261 -K4)
Vocabulary: aim
(once / 87 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
If you wad up a piece of paper and line up a shot at a wastebasket, you are taking aim. If instead, the paper bounces off your teacher's head, then your aim was way off.
A purpose or goal is an aim. When you were little, your aim might have been to be a famous astronaut, a movie star, or a police officer. As a verb, aim means to intend, try, or aspire. You may aim to take your dog for three walks every day, but your fenced-in yard tends to make both of you lazy.
WORD FAMILY
aim: aimed, aiming, aimless, aims+/ aimless: aimlessly, aimlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
So what she does here, she says, is “aim at the middle and pray.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Later that year, then-President George Bush signed legislation aimed at settling the dispute over the mineral rights.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Gov. Ricardo Rossello, 37, proposed several measures aimed at alleviating the crisis shortly after he was sworn in at midnight.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 瞄准; 对准; 踢向; 挥向
vi. 旨在; 以…为目标; 致力于; 决定
n. 目的; 目标; 瞄准
时态：aimed, aiming, aims
分布：目标(67%)，瞄准(15%)，旨在(6%)，对准(5%)，针对(3%)，致力(3%)，枪法(1%)
→estimate的缩写。
n.目的;瞄准vi.(at)目的在于vt.把...瞄准The man proclaimed in exclamation that he aimed to reclaim the aimless claim.那个人呼喊着声明说他打算索回无目标的索赔.
noun
INTENTION 打算
 IMPROVER countable
■a result that your plans or actions are intended to achieve 目标，目的；意图
• My main aim in life is to be a good husband and father. 我人生的主要目标是做一个好丈夫和好爸爸。
• Our short-term aim is to deal with our current financial difficulties, but our long-term aim is to improve the company's profitability. 我们的短期目标是解决当前的财政困难，但长远目标是提高公司的盈利。
• The leaflet has been produced with the aim of increasing public awareness of the disease. 印发该传单的目的是为了提高公众对这种疾病的认识。
[eɪm] noun
POINT TOWARDS 指向
uncountable
■the act of pointing a weapon towards something 瞄准，对准
• He fired six shots at the target, but his aim was terrible, and he missed all of them. 他向靶子开了六枪，但是瞄准得太差，一枪也没中靶。
• She raised her gun, took aim and fired. 她举起了枪，瞄准开火。
[eɪm] verb
INTEND 打算
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to intend 打算，计划；想要
• [+ to infinitive] I aim to be a millionaire by the time I'm 35. 我打算到35岁时成为百万富翁。
• We are aiming for (= planning to achieve) a 50% share of the German market. 我们意图获取德国市场50%的份额。
[eɪm] verb
POINT TOWARDS 指向
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to point or direct a weapon towards someone or something that you want to hit （使）瞄准，（使）对准
• Aim (the arrow) a little above the target. （将箭）瞄准目标稍高一些的地方。
• Aim at the yellow circle. 瞄准黄圈。
• There are hundreds of nuclear missiles aimed at the main cities. 数百枚核导弹瞄准了各主要城市。
• She aimed (= directed) a kick at my shins. 她向我的小腿踢了一脚。
• Let's aim for (= go in the direction of) Coventry first, and then we'll have a look at the map. 我们先往科芬特里方向开，然后再看地图。
[eɪm] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  aim at sth IMPROVER
■to plan, hope or intend to achieve something 目的在于，旨在；致力于
• The talks are aiming at a compromise. 会谈旨在达成妥协。
• [+ -ing verb] The government's campaign is aimed at influencing public opinion. 政府开展这场运动的目的在于影响公众的看法。
[eɪm] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] aim sth at sb ADVANCED
■If information is aimed at a particular person or group of people, it is made known in a way that influences them or makes them interested in something 使…针对（某人）；将（某人）定为…的对象
• These advertisements are specifically aimed at young people. 这些广告是专门针对年轻人的。
aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object, objective
这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。
aim: 从本义“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
goal: 指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
purpose: 普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实际的目标。
end: 指心目中怀着的某种目的，强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。
target: 指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或潮笑的目标。
object: 强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
objective: 与object基本同义，但语义更广泛，指具体或很快能达到的目的，也可指军事目标。书面用词。
vt. 目的在于；引导；把…对准
 - be calculated to, boot
vi. 打算；对准目标
 - propose, to intend
n. 目的；目标；对准
 - intention, purpose, sake, objective, target

Word: execute
Front: execute
[ˈeksɪkju:t] (研四六托雅宝 3642/3704 -3)
Vocabulary: execute
(once / 44 pages)
1v 2v
To execute means to carry out in full or perform. If you execute all the difficult steps of the dance perfectly, you will make your instructor proud.
Here’s what’s tricky about execute: the first thing you think of is being punished with death for criminal actions. Actually, it's more commonly used in the sense of “to carry out in full.” So don't be alarmed with visions of the hooded guy at the guillotine when someone congratulates you on a plan well executed. Think of the word executive to get a closer grasp of both the meaning and the context.
WORD FAMILY
execute: executable, executant, executed, executes, executing, execution, executive, executor +/executable: executability/executant: executants/ execution: executioner, executions/ executioner: executioners/ executive: executively, executives/ executor: executors
USAGE EXAMPLES
But even if Roof is sentenced to death, it's highly unlikely he'd be executed any time soon.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Whether he is sentenced to death or not, it is unlikely Roof would be executed anytime soon, under either jurisdiction.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Whether he’s sentenced to death or not, it’s unlikely Roof would be executed anytime soon, in either jurisdiction.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 执行; 处死，处决; 履行; 完成
时态：executed, executing, executes
分布：执行(93%)，完成(3%)，处决(2%)，实行(2%)
→ex-, 向外。-sec, 跟随，相接，词源同sequence, prosecute. 即一步接一步的执行。
v.实行;实施;执行;完成;履行;处死He had an amusing excuse for executing the executive.对于处决决策人,他有一个可笑的理由.
【参】execution（n 执行；死刑）；executioner（n 刽子手）；executive（adj 实行的；n 经理）
verb transitive
KILL 杀死
 ADVANCED
■to kill someone as a legal punishment （依法）处决，处死
• He was executed for murder. 他因犯谋杀罪被处死。
['ek.sɪ.kju:t] verb transitive
DO 做 formal
■to do or perform something, especially in a planned way （尤指有计划地）实施，履行，表演
• to execute a deal/plan 进行交易／实施计划
• The whole play was executed with great precision. 这出戏由头到尾都表演得丝丝入扣，有板有眼。
execute a will legal
■If you execute someone's will, you deal with their money, property, etc., according to the instructions in it. 执行遗嘱
massacre, execute, murder, slaughter, assassinate, kill
这组词都有“杀，杀死”的意思，其区别是：
massacre: 语气比slaughter强。指大屠杀，尤指屠杀失去了自卫能力的人。
execute: 指依法处死罪犯。
murder: 指谋杀或凶杀。
slaughter: 本义指大批宰杀动物，也指像屠宰牲畜一样一次杀死许多人。
assassinate: 通常指因政治原因用非法手段杀害政治领袖人物或短名人士。
kill: 普通用词，含义广泛，泛指以任何方式使人、动物或植物死亡。
execute, conduct, do, perform, fulfil
这组词都有“做，执行，实施，完成”的意思，其区别是：
execute: 指需专门技术熟练技巧去完成某种复杂的任务或表演等，也指用行动把计划或打算付诸实施或执行某项命令。
conduct: 和perform一样比较正式，二者意义相近，但conduct含指导、领导或监督等意味。
do: 最普通常用词，指完成某项具体工作、任务，也指完成某种行为或动作。
perform: 指完成困难较大、较复杂的任务。较正式用词。
fulfil: 指履行和实现所许诺的、所期望或要求的事情，含最终完成的意味。
vt. 实行；执行；处死
 - perform, implement, enforce

Word: limb
Front: limb
[lɪm] (研四六托雅宝 3643/3978 -2)
Vocabulary: limb
(once / 168 pages)
1n 2n
Willing to pay an arm and a leg for those World Series tickets? Then you're willing to give up two of your limbs for the season's biggest baseball games.
Arms, legs, wings, flippers — these are all examples of limbs. But we shouldn't leave out the trees. They've got plenty of large branches or limbs as well. In fact, when you expose yourself to potentially negative consequences in order to help someone else, it's called "going out on a limb" — like crawling out on a big tree branch. Not a flipper.
WORD FAMILY
limb: forelimb, limbless, limbs+/forelimb: forelimbs/limbless: limblessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He struggled to maintain regular body temperature, and he was confined to a wheelchair until he regained mobility in his limbs.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
No limb he or she can’t hit on the way down.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
With gangly limbs, big, expressive eyes and an entire vocabulary’s worth of colorful grunts and groans at her disposal, she’s equally good at nonverbal comedy.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 肢，翼; 大树枝; 分支; 枝干
vt. 割断…的四肢，肢解; 砍树枝
分布：肢体(78%)，树枝(13%)，枝干(5%)，肢解(4%)
→来自古英语lim,肢，翼，树枝，来自lei,变，转，词源同leg,进一步来自skel,弯，转，词源同scoliosis,isosceles.
n.肢,翼,大树枝In this climate, the climber climbed up the cliff with his stiff limbs.在这种气候下,攀登者用僵硬的四肢爬上悬崖.
【区】limp（v 跛行）
noun countable
■an arm or leg of a person or animal, or a large branch of a tree 肢体；树枝，树杈
• The accident victims mostly had injuries to their lower limbs (= legs). 事故受害者大多腿上都有伤。
• an artificial limb 假肢，义肢
[lɪm] noun countable
out on a limb
■having an opinion which is different from most people's and is unpopular （意见）未得到众人赞同的，孤立的
• She's going out on a limb in criticizing her own party leadership. 她对自己所在党的领导提出的批评并没有得到大多数人的赞同。
shoot, bough, branch, limb
这组词都有“枝”的意思，其区别是：
shoot: 指植物或灌木刚长出的新枝、嫩枝或嫩芽。
bough: 指主枝或粗大强壮的枝。
branch: 普通用词，泛指树木比bough小一些的大枝或小枝，也可用于引申意义。
limb: 多指主枝或大枝。
n. 肢，臂；分支；枝干
 - extremitas, offshoot

Word: ideology
Front: ideology
[ˌaɪdiˈɒlədʒi] (研六托雅宝 3644/3078 -2)
Vocabulary: ideology
(once / 1209 pages)
n
An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual. Very often ideology refers to a set of political beliefs or a set of ideas that characterize a particular culture.
Capitalism, communism, socialism, and Marxism are ideologies. But not all -ism words are. Think: cronyism (a system of graft whereby friends unfairly help each other make money.) Our English noun is from French idéologie. The suffix –logy, used with many English words describing theories or doctrines, is from Greek logos "word, reason, speech, account."
WORD FAMILY
ideology: ideologic, ideological, ideologies, ideologist+/ ideological: ideologically/ideologist: ideologists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dr. Appleby was part of a generation of historians who examined the ideologies and beliefs that animated the American Revolution.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His hope, however far-fetched, was that Trump, by demolishing traditional Party ideologies, might somehow help people move beyond hardened partisan positions.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Try to diversify not only the subject matter you read, but the ideology of the publishers and the identities of the writers.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 思想（体系），思想意识; 意识形态; 观念学; 空想，空论
分布：意识形态(94%)，观念学(3%)，空论(3%)
→来自idea,想象，想法，主意，-logy,学说。引申词义思想体系。
思想体系(ideo+logy体系,学科→思想体系,意识形态)[idea,ideo=idea,表示"思想,观点"]
n.意识形态,(政治或社会的)思想意识This ideology is spawned out of communism.这一思想是从共产主义中产生出来的.
US [-'ɑ:.lə-] noun countable or uncountable
■a theory, or set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political system, party or organization is based （尤指作为政治体制、政党或政治组织基础的）思想（体系），意识形态
• socialist/capitalist ideology 社会主义／资本主义意识形态
• The people are caught between two opposing ideologies. 民众被夹在两种对立的意识形态之间。

Word: average
Front: average
[ˈævərɪdʒ] (高研四托雅 1299/1527 -K4)
Vocabulary: average
(once / 93 pages)
1nadjv 2adj
If something is average, it's ordinary and not very special. You might say a movie was average if you thought it was just okay.
Average can describe what's true most of the time, as in, “The average rainfall in Seattle is fifty-two inches.” It can also be used in a mathematical and more precise way. On his English tests, Dylan received grades of 92%, 85% and 94%. His average grade was 90%, or the sum of the test scores divided by the number of tests taken.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
mean / median / average
Wordsmiths sometimes dislike numbers, or at least have a hard time grasping them. These words offer us an opportunity to better understand numbers and use their terms more precisely in writing and speaking.
Let's say we have a set of numbers:
- 11
- 23
- 30
- 47
- 56
The mean, sometimes called the arithmetic mean, of this set is 33. The mean is the sum of all the numbers in the set (167) divided by the amount of numbers in the set (5).
The median is the middle point of a number set, in which half the numbers are above the median and half are below. In our set above, the median is 30. But what if your number set has an even number of, er, numbers:
- 11
- 23
- 30
- 47
- 52
- 56
To calculate the median here, add the two middle numbers (30 + 47) and divide by 2. The median for our new list is 38.5.
So far, so good. But what about average? The average of a set of numbers is the same as its mean; they're synonyms.
Let's see our terms in action:
Performance is calculated by the arithmetic mean of the returns in an equally weighted portfolio of individual stocks, on a quarterly basis.
The median single-family homeowner in town will pay $175 more in property taxes this year.
Average retail gas prices in California fell 1.3 cents in the last week, putting the average tank of gas at $3.13 per gallon.
While we wordy types may still struggle to understand what an "equally weighted portfolio" is, wonder whether we are median single-family homeowners, or continue to look for lower-than-average gas prices, at least we know how the mean, median, and average were calculated.
WORD FAMILY
average: averaged, averagely, averageness, averages, averaging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though he averaged more than 300 yards off the tee, Walker ranked 183rd in driving accuracy, hitting 48 percent of his fairways.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Notre Dame’s Lindsay Allen began the game ranked No. 8 nationally with an average of 7.2 assists and finished the game with eight.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The average private sector income in Finland is €3,500 per month, according to official data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 平常的; 平均的; 典型的; （价值、比率等的）平均数的
n. 平均水平; （速度等的）平均率; 平均估价
vt. [数学] 计算…的平均值; 调和，拉平; 分摊; 按比例（或平均）分配（利润等）
vi. 平均：作为或达到一个中间值; 维持（有利的）平均价格
时态：averaged, averaging, averages
分布：平均水平(33%)，平均数(30%)，平均的(16%)，一般的(14%)，达到平均水平(3%)，通常的(2%)，取平均值(2%)
→来自阿拉伯语，指海损货品，在古时没有保险机构的情况下，各货主按各自货品价值共同承担损失，后词义转为平均，原义见保险行业术语general average, 共同海损。
n.平均,平均数a.平均的;普通的v.平均If you carry the cabinet of cabbage garbage to the garage, you'll get an average wage.如果你把这橱柜包菜垃圾扛进了汽车库,你将获得一份平均工资.
US [-ɚ-] noun
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the result you get by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts 平均数；平均
• The average of the three numbers 7, 12 and 20 is 13, because the total of 7, 12 and 20 is 39, and 39 divided by 3 is 13. 7、12和20这三个数的平均数是13，因为7、12和20的和是39，而39除以3是13。
• Prices have risen by an average of 4% over the past year. 物价与去年相比平均上涨4%。
• My income's rather variable, but I earn £73 a day on average. 我的收入很不稳定，但是平均每天赚73英镑。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] noun
USUAL STANDARD 一般标准
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■a standard or level which is considered to be typical or usual 一般水准；一般水准；平均水准
• The audience figures were lower than average for this sort of film. 对于这种类型的电影而言，这样的观众人数是低于一般水准的。
• In western Europe, a 7- to 8-hour working day is about the average. 在西欧，一天工作七到八小时基本是平均水准。
• On average, people who don't smoke are healthier than people who do. 一般而言，不抽烟的人比抽烟的人身体健康。
• The quality of candidates was (well) below/above average. 这些候选人的素质（大大）低于／高于一般水准。
• I expect to spend an average of $15 to $20 on a meal in a restaurant. 我去餐厅吃饭，一般一顿饭也就想花15到20英镑。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to reach a particular amount as an average 平均数是；平均为
• Enquiries to our office average 1000 calls a month. 我们办公室每个月平均接到1000个询问电话。
• Many doctors average (= work an average of) 70 hours a week. 很多医生每周平均工作70个小时。
• Trainee accountants average (= earn an average of) £12 000 per year. 实习会计师平均每年收入12 000英镑。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] average sth out
■to calculate the average of a set of numbers or amounts 算出…的平均数
• If I average out what I earn a month, it's about one and a half thousand pounds. 如果要算算我每月平均赚多少钱的话，大约是1500英镑吧。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  average out
■to be or become equal in amount or number 数量相当；达到平衡
• The highs and lows of life tend to average out in the end. 人生一世，往往起起落落，到头来还算公道。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  average out at sth
■to have a particular number or amount as the average 算出的平均值是；平均为
• My annual holiday varies, but it averages out at five weeks a year. 我每年的假期时间长短不等，但是平均算来是每年5周。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] adjective
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■An average number is the number you get by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts. 平均的
• average earnings/income/rainfall 平均工资／收入／降雨量
• The average age of the US soldiers who fought in the Vietnam War was 19. 参加越南战争的美国士兵平均年龄是19岁。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] adjective
USUAL 一般标准
 ESSENTIAL
■typical and usual 普通的；平常的；中等的；一般的
• The average person in the street is a lot better off than they were forty years ago. 再普通再一般的人也要比40年前富裕多了。
• a student of average ability 才智平平的学生
• The food was fairly average (= not excellent, although not bad). 那里的食物很一般。
mean, average
mean: 中间，中数
average: 平均数，一般水平
usual, common, universal, general, average
这组词都有“普通”的意思，其区别是：
usual: a.通常的，惯常的，强调"习惯性的，符合规章制度的"，是个一般用语。
common: a.常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为"平凡的"，强调事物的共同性。另外，它还有"公共的，共同的"之意。
 • Car accidents are a common occurrence.   交通事故是很普通的事件。
universal: a.普遍的，比general语气更强，有"全然没有例外"的意思。
 • Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.   贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。
general: a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。
 • In general, the economy is doing well now.   总的来说，现在的经济形式还不错。
average: a.普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准；通常在有数字出现的情况下，表示"平均的"。
 • The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.   跑步者15分钟内平均跑两英里。
medium, median, average
这些形容词均含“中等的，平均的，适中的”之意。
medium: 指按照某种标准来说是适中或中等的。这种标准可以是通过仪器测量而来，也可能是凭经验而得出。
mediam: 指中间位置的，统计学上指处于中间位置的一个数的。
average: 通常用来形容优劣难分的平庸或折衷情况，也指理论上的平均标准。
mediam, average, medium
这组词都有“中等的，平均的，适中的”的意思，其区别是：
mediam: 指中间位置的，统计学上指处于中间位置的一个数的。
average: 通常用来形容优劣难分的平庸或折衷情况，也指理论上的平均标准。
medium: 指按照某种标准来说是适中或中等的。这种标准可以是通过仪器测量而来，也可能是凭经验而得出。
n. 平均； [数] 平均数； [保险] 海损
 - evenness, typical value
adj. [数] 平均的；普通的
 - mean, ordinary, general

Word: welcome
Front: welcome
[ˈwelkəm] (中高 1545/1647 -K4)
Vocabulary: welcome
(once / 74 pages)
nadjv
A welcome is a greeting that usually comes when you first arrive. Although you aren't fond of Aunt Martha, you always manage to give her a warm welcome when she comes to visit.
When you accept someone into your home courteously, especially upon arrival, you welcome them. When you visit your grandparents, they welcome you with open arms and a plate of homemade cookies. They might even shout, "Welcome!" when you walk in the door. Welcome also means to gladly accept. The president of the French club will welcome your fundraising idea, especially if it involves baked goods.
WORD FAMILY
welcome: unwelcome, welcomed, welcomely, welcomer, welcomes, welcomest, welcoming, welcomingly+/ unwelcome: unwelcomely, unwelcomer, unwelcomest, unwelcomingly/welcomer: welcomers
USAGE EXAMPLES
At first glance, this looks like a welcome injection of cash from equity investors for the debt-laden developer.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Looking east from his home, he sees the snowcapped Sierra peaks - a welcomed sight missing for several years.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A statement issued to the Diamondback from ProtectUMD about why no Jewish groups signed the demands said that any community was welcome to participate.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 欢迎; 乐于接受
adj. 受欢迎的; 令人愉悦的; 表示感谢的
n. 欢迎，迎接
时态：welcomed, welcoming, welcomes
分布：欢迎(96%)，受欢迎的(4%)
→来自古英语wilcuma,来自wil-,希望，渴望，词源同will,cuma-,来到，词源同come。即渴望您的到来，欢迎您的光临，后拼写受well影响俗化。
int.欢迎a.受欢迎的vt./n.欢迎;迎接With shortcomings overcome, the outcome become welcome.随着缺点被克服,结果变得受欢迎.
【反】rebuff（n /v 拒绝）；ostracize（v 排斥；放逐）
verb transitive
ENCOURAGE 鼓励
 ESSENTIAL
■to be pleased about and encourage or support something 乐于接受；欢迎；鼓励；支持
• The new appointment has been widely welcomed. 这个新任命受到广泛欢迎。
['wel.kəm] verb transitive
MEET 会面
 IMPROVER
■to meet and speak to someone in a friendly way when they come to the place where you are 欢迎，迎接
• The visitors to the College were warmly welcomed by the Warden. 该大学的访问者受到学校理事的热烈欢迎。
• Browning stood at the door, welcoming newcomers with a large smile and a pat on the arm. 布朗宁站在门口，面带灿烂笑容迎接新来的人，还会拍拍他们的胳膊。
• Please welcome (= Please clap for) our guest of honour, George Taylor. 请鼓掌欢迎我们尊贵的客人乔治‧泰勒。
['wel.kəm] adjective
MEETING 会面
 ADVANCED
■If someone is welcome, you are pleased when they visit you 受欢迎的
• Come and see us whenever you're in town - you're always welcome/you'll always be welcome. 要是进城就过来看看我们——甚么时候来都欢迎。
• Out in the desert the traveller is a welcome guest. 在沙漠中那位旅行者是一位很受欢迎的客人。
make sb welcome
■to show someone that you are pleased that they are with you 使（某人）觉得受欢迎
• The restaurant made the children very welcome. 那家餐馆令孩子有宾至如归的感觉。
['wel.kəm] adjective
PLEASED 令人愉快的
■If something is welcome, you are pleased to have or do it. 受欢迎的
• The holiday was a welcome change/break/relief. 这个假期是一次令人愉快的改变／休息／放松。
• She offered him the welcome chance/opportunity to do something different. 她为他提供了那次不错的机会，可以做些不同的事。
• A nice cup of tea would be very welcome. 能喝一杯好茶就再好不过了。
['wel.kəm] adjective
be welcome to informal
■If someone is welcome to someone or something, they can have it or do it, especially because it is not valued by anyone else 可以随便拥有，可以随意做（尤指那些不被别人看重的东西或事）
• You're welcome to it - I can never get it to work properly. 你尽管用——我就从没能让它正常运作过。
• If they want to change the rules, they are welcome to try. 如果他们想改变规则，尽可以试试。
['wel.kəm] adjective
you're welcome IMPROVER
■said as a polite answer when someone thanks you for doing something （用于回答别人的感谢）别客气，不用谢
• "It was very kind of you to help." "You're welcome." “非常感谢你的帮助。”“别客气。”
['wel.kəm] noun
MEETING 会面
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when someone is met and spoken to in a friendly way when they arrive in a place 欢迎；迎接，接待
• They were given a warm (= very friendly) welcome. 他们受到热烈欢迎。
• The opposition leader returned to a hero's/heroine's welcome after seven years in exile. 反对党领导人在经历了七年的流亡生涯后，归来时受到英雄般的欢迎。
• She referred to his previous visit in her speech of welcome/welcome speech. 她在欢迎词中提到了他上一次的来访。
outstay/overstay your welcome
■to stay too long 逗留得太久而不再受欢迎
• I left after two days - I didn't want to overstay my welcome. 我两天之后就离开了——我可不想留得太久讨人厌。
['wel.kəm] noun
REACTION 反应
only singular
■a reaction to a decision or suggestion 对某一决定或建议的反应
• Their supporters gave the decision a guarded/cautious welcome. 他们的支持者有所保留地／谨慎地接受了这个决定。
['wel.kəm] exclamation
 IMPROVER
■said as a greeting to someone arriving at a place 欢迎（作为欢迎用语）
• Welcome - please come in. 欢迎——请进。
• Welcome home/back - we've missed you! 欢迎回家／回来——我们很想念你！
• Welcome to Cambridge. 欢迎来到剑桥。
hail, salute, address, welcome, greet
这组词都有“欢迎、致敬，致意，招呼”的意思，其区别是：
hail: 主要指怀着敬意欢迎某人，侧重欢快轻松和嘈杂。也指隔得较远的高声招呼。
salute: 正式用词，指用敬礼、亲吻或挥帽等动作向他人致意或问候，尤指以某种礼节欢迎某人。
address: 侧重打招呼的方式或指所使用的称谓。
welcome: 多指热情的官方的或正式的迎接或欢迎，但也指一般的欢迎。
greet: 常指友好而热诚地欢迎。
adj. 受欢迎的
 - popular, sought-after
n. 欢迎
 - Huanying, salute
vt. 欢迎
 - greet
int. 欢迎
 - ave

Word: tune
Front: tune
[tju:n] (高研四六托雅 3646/3770 -K3)
Back: n. 曲调，曲子; 和谐，调谐; 语调; 心情
vt. 调整; 使和谐，使一致; 调整（频率）; 为…调音
vi. 协调; [无线]调谐
时态：tuned, tuning, tunes
分布：曲调(29%)，调整(18%)，和谐(15%)，调子(15%)，协调(11%)，调音(7%)，数量(3%)，调整频率(1%)，为 ... 调音(1%)
→来自 tone 拼写变体，引申诸相关词义。
n.调子,曲调;和谐,协调vt.调音,调节,调整He tuned his radio to the police frequency.他把无线电调到警方的频率.
US [tu:n] noun
MUSICAL NOTES 曲调
 IMPROVER countable
■a series of musical notes, especially one which is pleasant and easy to remember; a melody 曲调，曲子；旋律
• He was humming a tune as he dried the dishes. 他边哼着调子，边擦干碗碟。
• a theme tune 主题曲
• That's a very catchy (= easy to remember and pleasant) tune. 那是一首很容易上口的曲子。
in tune
■singing or playing notes that are at the right pitch (= level) or that agree with others being sung or played 合调，入调
out of tune
■singing or playing notes that are at the wrong pitch (= level) or that do not agree with others being sung or played 走调
• I'm afraid the piano is out of tune. 恐怕这架钢琴走调了。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] noun
UNDERSTANDING 理解
be in/out of tune with sb/sth
■If you are in tune with people or ideas, you understand or agree with them, and if you are out of tune with them, you do not 与…协调／不协调，与…相／不相契合
• Much of his success comes from being in tune with what his customers want. 他的成功很大程度上归功于他契合了顾客的需要。
• Her theories were out of tune with the scientific thinking of the time. 她的理论与当时的科学思想不符。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] noun
AMOUNT 数量
to the tune of
■to the stated amount 总额达，总计
• The City Council had financed the new building to the tune of over 4 million pounds. 市政会为建这座新大厦已经出资了400多万英镑。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] noun
ENGINE 发动机，引擎
countable usually singular UK
■a tune-up
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] verb transitive
INSTRUMENT 乐器
■to change a part of a musical instrument so that the instrument produces the correct sounds when played 为（乐器）调音（或定弦）
• Get into the habit of tuning your guitar every day before you practise. 要养成习惯，每天练习前给吉他调一下音。
• She tuned (up) her violin before the concert. 音乐会前，她给她的小提琴调了弦。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] verb transitive
RADIO 无线电
■to move the controls on a radio or television, etc. so that it receives programmes broadcast from a particular station 给（收音机、电视等）调谐，为…调频率，调频道
• Press this button and the video will automatically tune itself to the next channel. 按一下这个按钮，录像机会自动调到下一个频道。
• His radio is constantly tuned to KROQ-FM, the local rock station. 他的收音机总是锁定在当地摇滚乐台 KROQ-FM上。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] verb transitive
ENGINE 发动机，引擎
■to change the setting of particular parts of an engine, especially slightly, so that it works as well as possible 把（发动机）调试到最佳运转状态
• The engine certainly needs tuning but there's nothing wrong with the car. 引擎确实需要调试了，但汽车没毛病。
• Could you tune (up) the engine for me, please? 请帮我调试一下引擎好吗？
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  tune in
TV/RADIO
■to watch or listen to a particular television or radio programme or station 收看；收听
• Be sure to tune in to next week's show. 一定要收看下周的节目。
• Millions of viewers tune in every weekday for 'News at Night'. 每个工作日都有数百万的电视观众收看“晚间新闻”。
UNDERSTANDING
be tuned in
■to have a good understanding of what is happening in a situation or what other people are thinking 了解，明白
• She just doesn't seem to be tuned in to her students' needs. 她似乎根本不了解学生的需要。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  tune (sb/sth) out US informal
■to ignore someone or not give your attention to something or to what is happening around you 不理睬，对…置之不理
• He talks such garbage that I just tune him out. 他讲的全是废话，所以我干脆不去理睬。
UK [tju:n] US [tu:n] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  tune (sth) up
INSTRUMENT
■If musicians who are preparing to play tune up their instruments, they make small changes to them so that they produce the correct notes 调节，调试（乐器）
• After the orchestra had tuned up, the conductor walked on to the stage. 管弦乐队调试好音准之后，指挥走上台。
• He began to tune up his violin. 他开始调试他的小提琴。
ENGINE
■to tune an engine 调节引擎
song, theme, melody, tune
这组词都有“乐曲、曲调”的意思，其区别是：
song: 多指配有歌词的歌曲。
theme: 指主旋律。
melody: 指悦耳的曲调旋律。
tune: 指曲调，与配有歌词的歌曲相对。
n. 曲调；和谐；心情
 - accordance, breast, air, concert
vt. 调整；使一致；为…调音
 - adjust, coordinate, accord, restructure
vi. [电子] [通信] 调谐；协调
 - sort, concert

Word: continuing
Front: continuing
[kən'tɪnjʊɪŋ] (3647/2499)
Vocabulary: continuing
(once / 352 pages)
adj
Anything described as continuing is ongoing; it's doesn't stop. A continuing rain goes on and on and on.
When something continues, it doesn't end, so anything that is continuing lacks an ending. Comic books feature the continuing adventures of Batman, Spider-Man, and other heroes: the comics keep going without an endpoint. A chronic illness could be described as continuing: it stays with you and doesn't go away. If you have continuing money problem, your money problems are endless: you always have them. Most things end, but not continuing things.
WORD FAMILY
continuing: continuingly+/continuance: continuances/continuation: continuations/ continue: continuance, continuation, continued, continues, continuing, discontinue /discontinuance: discontinuances/discontinuation: discontinuations/ discontinue: discontinuance, discontinuation, discontinued, discontinues, discontinuing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The kids were the best advocates of all,” he said, adding later that YouthBuild is a program that needed continuing support.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Tyronne Walker from the mayor’s office says they are confident in their strategy and will be continuing with it in the new year.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“No hint of the continuing disaster is allowed to shatter the illusion.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 继续的，连续的，持续的
v. 继续，连续( continue的现在分词 ); 持续; 逗留; 停留
分布：持续的(69%)，连续的(23%)，动词continue的现在分词.(4%)，不间断的(4%)
VERB
继续;持续
If someone or something continues to do something, they keep doing it and do not stop.
例：I hope they continue to fight for equal justice after I'm gone...我希望我走了以后他们能继续为司法公正而战。
例：Interest rates continue to fall...利率持续下调。
V-ERG
延续;继续
If something continues or if you continue it, it does not stop happening.
例：He insisted that the conflict would continue until conditions were met for a ceasefire...他坚持认为除非满足停火条件，否则冲突会继续下去。
例：But as the investigation continued, the plot began to thicken...但是随着调查的继续深入，情况开始变得复杂起来。
VERB
(中断后)继续，再开始
If you continue with something, you start doing it again after a break or interruption.
例：I went up to my room to continue with my packing...我走进房间，继续打包。
例：She looked up for a moment, then continued drawing.她抬头看了一下，然后继续画画。
V-ERG
(使)(中断后)继续
If something continues or if you continue it, it starts again after a break or interruption.
例：He denies 18 charges. The trial continues today...他否认了18项指控。审判今天继续。
例：Once, he did dive for cover but he soon reappeared and continued his activities.他确实一度销声匿迹，但是很快就重出江湖，继续他的各种活动。
VERB
继续说;接着说
If you continue, you begin speaking again after a pause or interruption.
例：'You have no right to intimidate this man,' Alison continued...“你没有权利威胁这个人，”艾莉森接着说。
例：Tony drank some coffee before he continued...托尼喝了点咖啡继续说。
VERB
继续(做某项工作或处于某种状态)
If you continue as something or continue in a particular state, you remain in a particular job or state.
例：He had hoped to continue as a full-time career officer...他曾经希望继续当一名全职的职业事务员。
例：For ten days I continued in this state.我的这种状况持续了10天。
VERB
继续走;继续旅行
If you continue in a particular direction, you keep walking or travelling in that direction.
例：He continued rapidly up the path, not pausing until he neared the Chapter House.他匆匆地继续沿着这条路走，一直快到牧师会礼堂时才停下来。
VERB
(路等)延伸
If a road or path continues somewhere, it goes there after the place you have mentioned.
例：The main road continues towards Viterbo before turning right to Bolsena.大路一直延伸到维泰博，之后右转通向博尔塞纳。
adj. 继续的；持续的；连续的
 - sustained, straight, endless, running, serial

Word: harm
Front: harm
[hɑ:m] (高研四六托 3651/3189 -K3)
Vocabulary: harm
(once / 97 pages)
nv
Harm is a deliberate injury or damage to someone or something. A playground bully is a mean kid who causes harm to other kids.
Harm is both a noun and a verb — when you inflict harm on your brother, you harm him. Physically hurting someone is only one way to harm them. If a classmate spreads a mean rumor about you, that also harms you. The Old English root word is hearm, which means "hurt" and "pain," but also "evil" and "insult."
WORD FAMILY
harm: harmed, harmful, harming, harmless, harms+/harmed: unharmed/ harmful: harmfully, harmfulness/ harmless: harmlesser, harmlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Protecting patients from harm is the most important charge for any hospital,” said Binder.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The highest price, though, would be the harm to political freedom.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Negotiators eventually won the release of the hostages by assuring the inmates that they would not be harmed or transferred to other prisons.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 损害; 伤害; 危害
vt. 伤害; 损害; 危害
时态：harmed, harming, harms
分布：伤害(49%)，危害(33%)，损害(18%)
→来自古英语hearm,伤害，疼痛，来自kormo,伤痛。
n./v.伤害,损害,危害The alarm harmed the charming harmony of the ceremony.警报声损害了典礼迷人的和谐.
US [hɑ:rm] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■physical or other injury or damage 伤害；损害；危害
• Both deny conspiring to cause actual bodily harm. 两人都否认蓄意造成人身伤害。
• A mistake like that will do his credibility a lot of harm. 那样的错误会给他的信誉带来很大损害。
• Missing a meal once in a while never did anyone any harm. 偶尔少吃一顿饭对身体无害。
• You could always ask Jim if they need any more staff in his office - (there's) no harm in asking (= no one will be annoyed and you might benefit). 你可以随时问问吉姆他们办公室里还需不需要人——问问看没坏处。
• She meant no harm (= did not intend to offend) , she was joking. 她并无恶意，只是在开玩笑。
• She was frightened by the experience but she came to no harm (= was not hurt). 这次经验让她受惊了，还好并没有受伤。
UK [hɑ:m] US [hɑ:rm] noun uncountable
do more harm than good
■to be damaging and not helpful 弊大于利
• Getting involved at this stage would do more harm than good. 在这个阶段涉入此事弊大于利。
UK [hɑ:m] US [hɑ:rm] noun uncountable
out of harm's way
■in a position which is safe from harm or from which harm cannot be done 在安全的地方；安全地
• The children will be here soon - you'd better put that plate out of harm's way. 孩子们很快就会来这里——你最好把盘子放在安全的地方。
UK [hɑ:m] US [hɑ:rm] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to hurt someone or damage something 伤害，损害
• Thankfully no one was harmed in the accident. 谢天谢地，没有人在事故中受伤。
• The government's reputation has already been harmed by a series of scandals. 政府的声誉已因一连串丑闻受到了损害。
UK [hɑ:m] US [hɑ:rm] verb transitive
harm a hair on sb's head
■to hurt someone 伤害（某人），动（某人）一根寒毛
• If he so much as harms a hair on her head I won't be responsible for my actions. 如果他胆敢动她一根寒毛，就别怪我不客气。
destroy, harm, ruin, damage
这组词都有“破坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 指十分彻底的毁坏，破坏。如：The whole city was destroyed in the earthquake.( 地震中整个城市被毁了。)
harm: 多指带来悲痛，产生恶果的伤害，可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如：Doctors say smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。)
ruin: 为正式用词，强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏，用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏名声，期望等。如：She poured water all over my painting and ruined it. (她把水倒在画上，把它毁了。)另外，ruin的复数形式ruins表“废墟”。
damage: 一般指部分性的破坏，含可修复使用。
harm, hurt, damage, disable, injure, wound
这组词都有“损害，伤害”的意思，其区别是：
harm: 主要用于有生命的东西，语气略强于injure，指引起严重的痛苦和损伤；有时也用于抽象事物，指造成任何不良后果。
hurt: 普通用词，较口语化，侧重指给有生命的东西造成机体上或精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。
damage: 通常指对无生命物体的损害，并有降低其价值，破坏其功能等的后果。
disable: 强调使伤残。
injure: 较hurt正式，多用于有生命的事物。既可指伤害别人的事物。即可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等，又可指使别人受伤或东西受损，同时含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失功能的意味。
wound: 专指对身体的重伤，尤指在战斗中受的伤，强调外部创伤；也可指精神方面的伤害。
n. 伤害；损害
 - damage, detriment
vt. 伤害；危害；损害
 - hurt, knife, injure

Word: railroad
Front: railroad
[ˈreɪlrəʊd] (研四六 3649/20425 -1)
Vocabulary: railroad
(once / 166 pages)
1nv 2v
The system of tracks that trains run on can be called a railroad. A railroad is made up of the actual tracks, crossings, and stations, as well as the people who keep the trains running and scream, "All aboard!"
If you prefer traveling by railroad, you like to ride trains, whether to the next town over or all the way across the country. Many railroad tracks in the US are used for freight trains that deliver goods around the country. When railroad is a verb, it can mean "move by train," but it's more likely to mean "force or coerce someone to do something," like when you railroad your brother into taking out the trash for you.
WORD FAMILY
railroad: railroaded, railroader, railroading, railroads+/railroader: railroaders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some, like General Motors Co. and railroad CSX Corp., borrowed to prop up pension plans.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Charles Stephenson, who cuts hair at the barbershop and beauty salon across the railroad tracks from the college, worries about his town.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Great vintage advertisement: The Union Pacific railroad touts its access to “America’s vital potato markets.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 铁路，铁道; 铁路系统，铁路公司
v. 迫使…仓促行事; 强使…草率通过 ; 强迫…做; 轻率判处
时态：railroaded, railroading, railroads
分布：铁路(89%)，铁路公司(9%)，由铁道运输(1%)，迫使仓促行事(1%)
→rail,铁轨，road,道路。引申比喻义强迫，迫使，来自火车这一庞然大物的比喻义。
n.(railway)铁路v.由铁道运输A new railroad is under construction.一条新的铁路正在修建中.
US [-roʊd] noun countable (written abbreviation rR)
 ADVANCED US for
■ railway
UK ['reɪl.rəʊd] US [-roʊd] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to force something to happen or force someone to do something, especially quickly or unfairly （尤指以仓促或不公正的方式）强迫，迫使
• We were railroaded into signing the agreement. 我们被迫仓促签定协定。
n. 铁路；铁路公司
 - Eisenbahn

Word: endure
Front: endure
[ɪnˈdjʊə(r)] (研四六托宝 3650/5274 -2)
Vocabulary: endure
(once / 102 pages)
1v 2v
If something endures, it lasts: Beethoven's fame has endured for more than 200 years. But if you endure something, you suffer through it: We endured our teacher's slide shows of her vacation photographs.
Notice above that something that endures can be good or bad. Something you endure is always bad. And people are forever talking about what they can't or won't endure, as in "I refuse to endure any more abuse from my neighbors." Endure derives from the Latin indūrāre "to make hard," formed from the prefix in- "against, into" plus dūrus "hard."
WORD FAMILY
endure: endurable, endurance, endured, endures, enduring +/ endurable: endurably, unendurable / endurance: endurances/ enduring: enduringly, enduringness/ unendurable: unendurably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Watson, who is often reluctant to change equipment, is not your typical player who endures endless hours of product testing.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
As it happens, mania was Lowell’s most enduring diagnosis in his many years as a psychiatric patient.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The agreement promised an “enduring partnership” between the United States and Afghanistan, with pledges of American help in developing the Afghan economy and public institutions.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 忍耐; 容忍
vi. 持续，持久; 忍耐
时态：endured, enduring, endures
分布：忍耐(43%)，容忍(23%)，持久(18%)，持续(16%)
→en-, 进入，使。-dur, 硬，坚持，词源同during, true, tree.
持久,耐久(en进入+dure_进入持久→耐久)[dur=last,hard,表示"持久,坚硬"]
v.忍受,持久,持续My durable endurance made me endure the injury during insurance.我持久的忍耐力使我忍受了保险期间的伤害.
【记】dur持久，坚硬
【参】endurance（n 忍耐力）
US [-'dʊr] verb
EXPERIENCE 经历
 ADVANCED transitive
■to suffer something difficult, unpleasant or painful 忍耐；忍受
• We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport. 航班延误，我们不得不在机场苦等了九个小时。
• She's already had to endure three painful operations on her leg. 她已经承受了三次腿部手术的巨大痛苦。
UK [ɪn'djʊər] US [-'dʊr] verb
CONTINUE 持续
intransitive formal
■to continue to exist for a long time 持续；持久
• The political system established in 1400 endured until about 1650. 建立于1400年的政治体系一直沿用到1650年前后。
withstand, tolerate, stand, endure, suffer, abide
这组词都有“忍受”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 指因具有一定实力、权力或能力而能忍受某种情况。
tolerate: 指以自我克制的态度，对待令人反感或厌恶的东西，含默认宽容意味。
stand: 口语用词，常可与hear换用，但前者侧重指经受得起，后者强调容忍，是普通用语。
endure: 书面用词，指长时间忍受痛苦和不幸，着重体力或意志力的坚强不屈服。
suffer: 通常指非自愿或被迫忍受各种痛苦、困难或不快，强调受到苦难。
abide: 指忍受长期的痛苦或折磨，强调耐心和屈从。多用于否定句和疑问句中。
withstand, bear, tolerate, stand, endure
这些词都表忍受，忍耐。
withstand: 经受，承受，指顶住外来的压力和攻势。如：They have withstood all test.(他们经受了一切考验。)
bear: 忍受，容忍，指忍受使人悲痛、烦恼或痛苦的事情。如：It is hard to bear to be laughed at.(被人取笑是难以忍受的。)
tolerate: 容忍，容许，指自我克制的态度，对于令人反感的事没有任何抗议。如：I can’t tolerate him if he goes on like that. (他如果继续这样下去的话，我决不会容忍他。)
stand: 忍受，与bear同义，但较口语化。如：She can’t stand having nothing to do.(没事干，她受不了。)
endure: 忍耐，书面语，指长时间经受痛苦而不屈服。如：It takes patience to endure hardships. 忍受苦难需要耐力。)
last, continue, endure, persist
这组词都有“持续”的意思，其区别是：
last: 着重存在的时间相当长，超过正常的或所期望的时间。
continue: 多指过程，强调持续而无终止，常含不间断之意。
endure: 与last同义，但还指经受住，有能耐忍受而并不受损。
persist: 强调超过了指定的或正常的时间。
vt. 忍耐；容忍
 - resist, tough, abide
vi. 忍耐；持续
 - resist, abide

Word: radiation
Front: radiation
[ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn] (高研四六托 3652/3892 -2)
Vocabulary: radiation
(once / 1245 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Radiation is energy transmitted in waves or a stream of particles. The first thing you think of as radiation is probably X-rays, but what cooks your food in the microwave oven is also radiation.
Radiation has some important medical uses, especially in the treatment of cancer, as "radiation therapy." It’s also associated with such horrors as "radiation sickness" — observed in people exposed to high levels of radiation, as in the aftermath of the 1986 explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor, in the Ukraine. You can also use the word radiation, in more benign contexts, to describe something spreading out from a central point, as the radiation of warmth from your fireplace.
WORD FAMILY
radiation: radiations+/ radiance: radiances/ radiate: radiance, radiancy, radiated, radiately, radiates, radiating, radiatingly, radiation, radiator / radiator: radiators
USAGE EXAMPLES
I am remembering how my mother lived with breast cancer for 14 years, through two mastectomies and repeated chemotherapy and radiation.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
While not a candidate for surgery, he was recommended for chemotherapy in conjunction with radiation therapy.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Ms. Muñiz stayed in the room with her husband while he received radiation treatment.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 辐射; 放射物; 辐射状; 分散
分布：辐射(98%)，放射线(2%)
→来自 radiate,放射，辐射。
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a form of energy that comes from a nuclear reaction and that can be very dangerous to health （核）辐射
• Many servicemen suffered radiation sickness after the early atomic tests. 很多军人在早期的原子弹试爆后患上了辐射病。
 ADVANCED
■energy from heat or light that you cannot see （光或热的）辐射（能）
• microwave/ultraviolet/electromagnetic radiation 微波／紫外线／电磁辐射
n. [物] 辐射；发光；放射物
 - irradiation, Geigers

Word: horn
Front: horn
[hɔ:n] (研四六托宝 3653/4090 -K2)
Vocabulary: horn
(once / 161 pages)
1n 2nv 3n
A horn is an instrument that's made of metal and is played by blowing into it. Another type of horn comes out of an animal's head. Don't confuse the two and imagine a trombone sticking out of a water buffalo's head.
A trumpet is one kind of horn, and another is a silly plastic noisemaker that produces a loud, honking sound. You might blow this horn at a New Year's party or a football game. Your car has a horn too, that you use to warn other drivers of your presence or express your annoyance. The horns that animals have are hard, bony bumps or projections on their heads — you'll see them on goats and bulls, for example.
WORD FAMILY
horn: dehorn, horned, horning, hornist, hornless, hornlike, horns, horny +/dehorn: dehorned, dehorning/ horny: hornier, horniest, hornily, horniness
USAGE EXAMPLES
At 5:39 a.m., more than a dozen tow trucks, headlights on, paraded down Colorado, horns blaring.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Horned Frogs were within four points after Alex Robinson stole a pass by Mason and beat him to the end for a layup.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The Bulldogs sent the Horned Frogs to only their third losing season in Gary Patterson’s 16 full seasons as their coach.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 角，触角; 号角，喇叭; 角质; 角状物
vi. 不请自来; 闯入
时态：horned, horning, horns
分布：喇叭(59%)，号(33%)，角质(4%)，触角(3%)，强行介入(1%)
→来自ker,角，头，词源同unicorn,corner,cornucopia.引申词义角质，号角等。
n.(牛羊等的)角;号,喇叭;角状物;角制品The attorney's horn lies horizontally in the thorns.代理律师的号角水平地躺在荆棘中.
US [hɔ:rn] noun
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a hard, pointed, often curved part that grows from the top of the head of some animals, or the hard substance of which a horn is made 角；角质
UK [hɔ:n] US [hɔ:rn] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
countable
■a device on a vehicle that is used to make a loud noise as a warning or signal to other people （车辆的）喇叭
• The driver blew/sounded / informalhonked her horn. 那位司机按了喇叭。
⇒ See also foghorn
UK [hɔ:n] US [hɔ:rn] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable
■a curved musical instrument made of metal, which is narrow at the end you blow down to make a sound, and wider towards the other end 号
UK [hɔ:n] US [hɔ:rn] noun
be on the horns of a dilemma
■to be unable to decide which of two things to do because either could have bad results 左右为难；进退维谷
UK [hɔ:n] US [hɔ:rn] noun
draw/pull in your horns
■to act in a more careful way than you did before, especially by spending less money 行为收敛；（尤指）减少开支
• He'll have to draw in his horns now he's lost his job. 由于失业，他将不得不减少开支。
UK [hɔ:n] US [hɔ:rn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  horn in US informal
■to try to become involved in a discussion or activity when you are not wanted 强行插话；强行参与
• She's always horning in on our conversations. 她总是在我们说话的时候插嘴。
n. [电子] 喇叭，号角； [动] 角
 - angle, hao

Word: chronic
Front: chronic
[ˈkrɒnɪk] (研六托雅宝 3654/4016 -2)
Vocabulary: chronic
(once / 843 pages)
adj
If you smoke a cigarette once, you've simply made a bad choice. But if you're a chronic smoker, you've been smoking for a long time and will have a hard time stopping.
The word chronic is used to describe things that occur over a long period of time and, in fact, comes from the Greek word for time, khronos. If you have chronic asthma, it is a recurring health issue for you. No one likes a chronic liar! A problem that cannot be solved can also be called chronic - think of the chronic food shortages in certain parts of the world.
WORD FAMILY
chronic: chronically
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the streets below, ordinary citizens wrestle with 41% inflation and chronic shortages of staples such as sugar, cooking oil and medicine.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A: Psoriasis is a chronic condition in which the immune system attacks the skin and leads to rapid skin-cell turnover.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“For most patients,” said Dukakis’ psychiatrist, Dr. Charles Welch, “depression is a chronic and recurring illness that requires good lifetime management.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 慢性的; 长期的; 习惯性的; 痼
分布：长期的(50%)，慢性的(42%)，惯常的(8%)
→来自希腊词khronos, 时间，见Chronos，时间之神，词源不确定。部分学者认为Chronos是泰坦主神Cronus的另一面，希腊神话中的Cronus吞噬Zeus等亲生子女则象征着过去对未来的吞噬和抑制。
a.(疾病)慢性的;积习难改的;严重的,坏的She has a chronic cough.她得了慢性咳嗽.
【参】synchronous（adj 同步的，同时的）
【反】sporadic（adj 零星的）
US ['krɑ:.nɪk] adjective
LONG LASTING 长期的
 ADVANCED
■(especially of a disease or something bad) continuing for a long time （尤指疾病或不好的事物）慢性的，长期的
• chronic diseases/conditions 慢性病
• chronic arthritis/pain 慢性关节炎／长期的疼痛
• a chronic invalid 长期病患者
• There is a chronic shortage of teachers. 教师长期短缺。
UK ['krɒn.ɪk] US ['krɑ:.nɪk] adjective
BAD 糟糕的 UK informal
■very bad 很糟的，很不好的
• The acting was chronic. 表演很糟糕。
adj. [医] 慢性的；长期的；习惯性的
 - long time, standing, extended

Word: peaceful
Front: peaceful
[ˈpi:sfl] (高研四六 3655/3937 -K3)
Vocabulary: peaceful
(once / 214 pages)
adj
Peaceful describes something calm and tranquil, not at war. The ocean seems peaceful when the waves lap gently at your feet, and a country can be peaceful when it's not fighting anyone.
Peace comes from the Latin word pax meaning, "tranquility, absence of war." Add the suffix ful which means — you guessed it — "full" and you have something full of peace, like a protest where nobody gets hurt. It refers to being passive, committed to nonviolence, like Martin Luther King Jr.'s peaceful protests during the Civil Rights Movement. It's also the mellowness that inspired the Eagles to sing, "I got a peaceful, easy feeling that you won't let me down."
WORD FAMILY
peaceful: peacefuler, peacefulest, peacefully, peacefulness, unpeaceful+/ peace: peaceable, peaceful, peaces/ peaceable: peaceableness, peaceabler, peaceablest, peaceably, unpeaceable
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many wished each other not only a happy, but also a peaceful 2017.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
He said China in 2016 upheld its peaceful development while resolutely defending its territorial sovereignty and maritime rights.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Though both countries are nominally peaceful democracies, political feuds and ethnic and religious discrimination are widely cited as factors motivating some citizens to flee.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 和平的; 爱好和平的; 安静的; 平静的
分布：和平的(86%)，安宁的(14%)
a.和平的,平静的,安宁的,爱好和平的I paced in the peaceful spacecraft.我在宁静的宇宙飞船里踱步.
adjective
NO VIOLENCE 和平的
 IMPROVER
■without violence 和平的
• peaceful demonstrators 和平示威者
• She hoped the different ethnic groups in the area could live together in peaceful co-existence. 她希望该地区不同的种族群体能和平共处。
['pi:s.fəl] adjective
CALM 宁静的
 IMPROVER
■quiet and calm 安静的，宁静的
• a peaceful afternoon/place 安静的下午／地方
noiseless, silent, calm, peaceful, serene, still, quiet
这组词都有“平静的，无声无息”的意思，其区别是：
noiseless: 指无任何噪音或不出声，无声无息。
silent: 普通用词，指缄默不语或无声无息。
calm: 普通用词，既可指天气、海洋等的平静状态，又可指人的镇定沉着、不慌乱，不受外界影响和情绪支配。
peaceful: 普通用词，指一种不受外物扰乱和刺激的内在宁静或和平状态。
serene: 指一种超脱一切烦恼的宁静状态。
still: 指平静而又安定的状态。
quiet: 普通用词，指没有喧闹、活动或骚乱的寂静状态。
adj. 和平的，爱好和平的；平静的
 - pacific, calm, still

Word: innovation
Front: innovation
[ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn] (研六托雅宝 3657/3151 -2)
Vocabulary: innovation
(once / 522 pages)
n
An innovation is the introduction of something new. If you run a magazine about new technology, then you're constantly looking out for the next innovation.
Innovation comes from Latin innovare for renew, whose root is novus or new. It can be used for either the act of introducing something new, as in a company that rewards creativity and innovation, or something that is newly introduced, like an innovation in microchip design. It was once used politically in the sense of revolution, but now you're most likely to hear it in relation to technology, or new ways of doing something.
WORD FAMILY
innovation: innovational, innovations+/ innovate: innovated, innovates, innovating, innovation, innovative, innovator / innovative: innovatively, innovativeness/ innovator: innovators
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But our approach to transportation innovation is that we want to be a catalyst for new and interesting technologies.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But experts say it is the battle for dominance in innovation and science that is more likely to determine the economy of the future.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“We will not allow any nation to dominate this industry and impede innovation through unfair trade practices and massive, non-market-based state intervention.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 改革，创新; 新观念; 新发明; 新设施
分布：创新(88%)，革新(12%)
(制度等)革新(innovate+ion)[nov=new,表示"新的"]
n.改革,革新;新观念,新方法,新发明The innovation of air travel has made the world seem smaller.空中飞行似乎使世界变小了.
【记】novation（n 更新）；novel（n 小说adj 新奇的；新颖的）
noun countable or uncountable
■(the use of) a new idea or method 新观念；新方法；（新观念或方法的）创造，使用
• the latest innovations in computer technology 电脑科技最新的发展
n. 创新，革新；新方法
 - reformation, renovation, renewal

Word: strain
Front: strain
[streɪn] (研四六托雅 3659/2749 -K3)
Vocabulary: strain
(once / 91 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4n 5n 6n
The noun strain is a stretch, effort, or exertion. You can strain your ankle, or your little brother can strain your patience.
This word has many, many meanings. Athletes strain their knees, which strains the emotions of their fans. Usually, you have to strain a little to accomplish anything, like getting an A in math. A strain may also be a line, like a line of ancestry, of thought, or a melodic line in music. Maybe you have to strain to hear the quiet flute in an orchestra. Another meaning is to pass something through a filter, like tea leaves.
WORD FAMILY
strain: distrain, overstrain, strained, strainer, straining, strains, strenuous, unstrain+/distrain: distrained, distraining, distrains/overstrain: overstrained, overstraining, overstrains/strained: strainedest, strainedly/strainer: strainers/straining: strainingly, strainings/strenuosity: strenuosities/ strenuous: strenuosity, strenuously, strenuousness/unstrain: unstrained, unstraining/unstrained: unstrainedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bucks: Starting G Matthew Dellavedova missed his third consecutive game with a strained right hamstring.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Green said will not play in the Pro Bowl because of a right hamstring strain suffered in November.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Green severely strained the hamstring on Nov. 20 and didn’t play the rest of the season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 拉紧，拉伤; 用力拉
n. 血统，家族; 性格，脾气; 语气; 一段音乐
vt. 拉紧，拽紧或扯紧; 尽量使力; 扭伤; 歪曲
vi. 不懈; 受到强大的压力; 拉紧，紧绷
时态：strained, straining, strains
分布：紧张(53%)，拉紧(23%)，劳累(10%)，笔调(7%)，血统(6%)，过分使用(1%)
→来自古法语 estreindre,绑紧，拽紧，来自拉丁语 stringere,绑紧，拉紧，压紧，来自 strenk, 紧的，窄的，词源同 strict,stress,stringent.拼写比较 rain 来自古英语 regnian.引申词义扭伤， 过滤，及相关词义压力，拉力，张力等。strain 动植物的品种，品系，病菌的类型
v.拉紧;紧张;扭伤;竭尽全力n.拉紧;负担The heavy box strained the rope to a breaking point.那只沉重的箱子几乎把绳子拉断.
noun
PRESSURE 压力
 IMPROVER [C usually singular or U]
■a force or influence that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something, sometimes causing damage 压力；拉力，张力；作用力
• The hurricane put such a strain on the bridge that it collapsed. 在飓风强大的威力之下，桥塌了。
• As you get older, excess weight puts a lot of strain on the heart. 随着年龄的增长，体重过重会给心脏造成很大负担。
• Their constant arguments were putting a strain on their marriage. 他们持续不断的争吵使他们的婚姻关系非常紧张。
• The recent decline in the dollar has put a bigger strain on the economic system. 最近美元的贬值为经济体系带来更大压力。
• Migration into the cities is putting a strain on already stretched resources. 城市新移民为原本就已吃紧的资源造成更大压力。
 ADVANCED countable
■an injury to a muscle or similar soft part of the body caused by using that part too much （肌肉等软组织的）损伤，拉伤，扭伤
• a groin/hamstring strain 腹股沟／腘腱拉伤
⇒ See also eyestrain
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when you feel nervous and worried about something 压力；紧张
• She's a lot better than she was but she's still not ready to face the stresses and strains of a job. 她比以前好多了，但仍然没有准备好面对工作的紧张和压力。
• He's been under a lot of strain recently. 他最近压力很大。
[streɪn] noun
TYPE 类型
countable
■a particular type or quality 类型；品质；个性特点，禀性
• A strain of puritanism runs through all her work. 她所有作品都带有一种清教主义色彩。
countable
■an animal or plant from a particular group whose characteristics are different in some way from others of the same group （动植物的）品系，株系，品种
• Scientists have discovered a new strain of the virus which is much more dangerous. 科学家已经发现了一种更危险得多的新病毒。
[streɪn] noun
MUSIC 音乐
strains [plural]
■the sound of music being played or performed 旋律；曲调
• I could hear the strains of Mozart in the background. 我听见背景音乐中有莫札特的旋律。
[streɪn] verb
SEPARATE 分开
transitive
■to separate liquid food from solid food, especially by pouring it through a utensil with small holes in it 滤，过滤（食物）
• Could you strain the vegetables, please. 你能把蔬菜筛一筛吗？
• I usually strain the juice off the pineapple and use it in another recipe. 我通常会把凤梨的汁滤出来，用在别的菜里。
[streɪn] verb
PRESSURE 压力
intransitive or transitive
■to become stretched or to experience pressure, or to make something do or experience this （使）紧张，（使）承受压力；拉紧，绷紧；损伤
• I've put on such a lot of weight recently - this dress is straining at the seams. 我最近胖了很多——这条裙子穿上后紧绷绷的。
• I strained a muscle in my back playing squash. 我打壁球拉伤了背肌。
• Don't watch TV in the dark - you'll strain your eyes ! 不要在黑暗中看电视——会伤害你的眼睛！
• [+ to infinitive] figurative I really had to strain (= try very hard) to reach those top notes. 我确实得拼尽全力才能唱出那些最高的音。
• figurative I was straining (my ears) (= listening hard) to hear what they were saying. 我竖起耳朵，拼命想听清他们在说甚么。
Compare restrain
[streɪn] verb
be straining at the leash
■to be very eager to do something that you are being prevented from doing at the present time 热切期望（非常渴望做你现在被禁止要做的某事）
• Meanwhile we hear that our soldiers have reached a peak of fitness and are straining at the leash. 同时，我们听说我们的士兵已经到达一个有利的据点，热切期盼战斗。
[streɪn] verb
strain after/for effect
■to try so hard to entertain that it seems false 尽力追求；拼命争取
• I find his style of writing so artificial - he always seems to be straining for effect. 我发现他的文风非常不自然-他看起来总是想拼命追求效果。
[streɪn] verb
strain every nerve
■to make the greatest possible effort 竭尽全力
• She's straining every nerve to get the work finished on time. 她拼尽全力把工作按时做完。
pressure, strain, stress, tension
这组词都有“压力，重压，紧张”的意思，其区别是：
pressure: 在科学上，指单位面积上所受到的压力。用于引申时，指某事物所产生的压力或影响力等。
strain: 指某人为克服外力界压力而造成的身心和情绪等方面的压抑。用于物时，指任何力或合力作用于一个物体上面造成的应变。
stress: 侧重指承受外来的压力，也指由于某种原因而引起的心理、生理或情绪上的紧张。
tension: 多指因关系不好或其它原因而出现的紧张状态，也指某物被过度伸展的程度或状态。
n. 张力； [力] 拉紧；负担； [外科] 扭伤；血缘
 - tension, burden, weight
vi. [力] 拉紧；尽力
 - tauten, take pains
vt. [力] 拉紧；滥用；滤去；竭力
 - abuse, tighten up

Word: guitar
Front: guitar
[gɪˈtɑ:(r)] (中高研六雅 3658/2516 -3)
Vocabulary: guitar
(once / 802 pages)
n
A guitar is a musical instrument with a long neck and strings. When you play the guitar, you press the strings with one hand to make a note, and strum with the other hand (unless, of course, you are playing air guitar).
The section of a guitar where your fingers form a note is called the "fingerboard." An acoustic guitar has a hollow body that vibrates with warm sound when you pluck or strum the strings, and an electric guitar is solid and plugs into an amplifier that projects the sound. The word guitar comes from the Spanish guitarra, which has its roots in the Greek kithara, a lyre-like stringed instrument.
WORD FAMILY
guitar: guitarist, guitars+/guitarist: guitarists
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Every day there is tragedy, and every day we play music,” said guitar player Adel Sabawi, who is from Damascus.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As the songwriters strummed guitars and punched lyrics into their phones, Pine’s children splashed in a swimming pool and a chef prepared brick-oven pizzas.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And if I were in charge, defensive coordinator Joe Barry would be the first to be asked to hand over his guitar.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 吉他; 六弦琴
vi. 弹吉他
分布：吉他(100%)
→来自希腊语kithara , 词源同sitar, zither.
n.吉他vi.弹吉他In the suitcase, the guitar tutor found the tuition by intuition.在小提箱里,吉他导师以直觉发现学费.
US [-'tɑ:r] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a musical instrument with six strings and a long neck which is usually made of wood, and which is played by pulling or hitting the strings with the fingers 吉他，六弦琴
• He sat on the grass, strumming his guitar. 他坐在草地上弹着吉他。
• an acoustic guitar 原声吉他
• an electric guitar 电子吉他

Word: replacement
Front: replacement
[rɪˈpleɪsmənt] (研六雅 3656/2742)
Vocabulary: replacement
(once / 949 pages)
n
A replacement is the thing that fills in for something that's missing, or the act of substituting for the missing thing. The replacement for your absent teacher is an annoying substitute. Sigh.
When kids lose their baby teeth, replacements soon grow in their places. And when kids need to have their teeth cleaned but their dentist is on vacation, her replacement will be in charge of taking x-rays and checking for cavities. Replacement comes from the verb replace, which adds the "back" prefix re- to place, "to put somewhere."
WORD FAMILY
replacement: replacements+/ irreplaceable: irreplaceableness, irreplaceably/ replace: replaceable, replaced, replacement, replaces, replacing/ replaceable: irreplaceable, replaceability, unreplaceable
USAGE EXAMPLES
A comparable replacement would be difficult to find and costly to obtain.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The likely outcome of such complications is that the effective date for Obamacare repeal and replacement will be deferred for several years.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The FIS also said it was working with the Russian Snowboard Federation to look “for possible replacement competitions in Russia on the same dates.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 代替; 归还，，复位; 替代者; 补充兵员
分布：更换(95%)，接替者(5%)
替代;复位(replace+ment)[place=place,表示"放,地方"]
n.取代,替换,替换物,代替物The guard left before his replacement came.守卫在接班的人尚未来之前离开了.
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the process of replacing something with something else 更换，替换
• the replacement of existing computer equipment 更换现有的电脑设备
• replacement windows 新换的窗子
 IMPROVER countable
■someone who does a job instead of someone else, or something which you use instead of something else 代理
• The agency sent a replacement for the secretary who resigned. 代理行派来了一个人接替辞职的秘书。
n. 更换；复位；代替者；补充兵员
 - restoration, substitute

Word: behave
Front: behave
[bɪˈheɪv] (高研四六托雅 3660/2463 -K3)
Vocabulary: behave
(once / 149 pages)
v
The way you act or conduct yourself is how you behave. Teachers and parents often tell kids Behave!
If you follow rules and get along with others, you behave well, while if you are nasty and rude, you behave badly. Behave can suggest acting in a polite manner, as when you tell a child (or an adult) to behave in public. We usually behave differently in different situations — like when no one is watching. If you tell someone "practice what you preach" you are pointing out that the way they behave doesn't quite match up to their words.
WORD FAMILY
behave: behaved, behaves, behaving, behavior, misbehave +/ behavior: behaviorism, behaviors/behaviorism: behaviorisms, behaviorist, behavioristic/behaviorist: behaviorists/ misbehave: misbehaved, misbehaves, misbehaving, misbehavior/misbehavior: misbehaviors
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m sorry for it. When you are full of adrenaline, things happen that you don’t perceive. I will try to behave differently in the future.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
To be fair, the bloodhound was much more badly behaved than the babies.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In 2017, people will behave quite differently to one another.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 表现; 举止端正; 自然反应
vt. 使守规矩
时态：behaved, behaving, behaves
分布：行为(41%)，表现(38%)，举止(21%)
→前缀be-, 强调。have, 持有，举止。
举动,举止(be表示动作+have→[一个人]拥有的动作→举动)[hav=possess表示"拥有"]
v.举止,举动,表现;运转,开动Parents always ask children to behave themselves at dinner.吃饭时父母总要求孩子规矩点.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to act in a particular way, or to be good by acting in a way which has society's approval （以某种方式）表现；（使）守规矩；（使）举止…
• She always behaves well/badly when her aunts come to visit. 每当她姨妈来作客时，她总是表现很好／很差。
• Whenever there was a full moon he would start behaving strangely. 每当月圆之时他就怪怪的。
• [R] Did the children behave (them selves)? 孩子们守规矩吗？
vi. 表现；（机器等）运转；举止端正；（事物）起某种作用
 - conduct oneself, bear oneself, run, go

Word: administer
Front: administer
[ədˈmɪnɪstə(r)] (研托雅 3661/3700 -2)
Vocabulary: administer
(once / 68 pages)
1v 2v
When you administer something, you give it to others. This can apply to a dose of medicine, an order, a survey, or a punishment. Administer can also mean to run something — such as a school or an office.
The word administer belongs to a family of words, all having to do with being in charge: administration, administrator, and administrative. Strangely, administer comes from the Latin word minister meaning "servant." So, if your boss or principal administers an instruction that you disagree with, just think of that person as your servant. Doing so will help you carry out your duties with a smile.
WORD FAMILY
administer: administered, administering, administers, administrable, administration +/ administration: administrations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tucson Fire Department also responded and began to administer aid to the victim, but he was pronounced dead at the scene.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Vice President Joe Biden, in one of his final official acts, will administer the oath to 27 returning senators and seven new ones.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I administered diuretics and fitted an oxygen tube to his nostrils.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 管理; 治理（国家）; 给予; 执行
vi. 执行遗产管理人的职责; 给予帮助; 担当管理人
时态：administered, administering, administers
分布：管理(87%)，执行(12%)，给与帮助(1%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。minister, 部长,来自词根min, 小的,同minute。指国王的仆人，后指大臣。
管理,治理(ad+minister→做部长→管理)[mini,min=small,表示"小"]
v.施行,实施;掌管,料理...的事务;给予The Secretary of State administers all the foreign affairs.国务卿掌理所有的外交事务.
【记】1）来自拉丁词administrate，ad加强，ministrate服务－管理2）minister部长，大臣－做部长－管理
US [-stɚ] verb
MANAGE 管理
transitive often passive
■to control the operation or arrangement of something; to manage or govern 管理；治理
• The country was administered by the British until very recently. 直到不久前，这个国家还由英国人来管辖。
• The economy has been badly administered by the present government. 现任政府一直不善处理经济工作。
UK [əd'mɪn.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] verb
GIVE 给
transitive formal
■to cause someone to receive something 给予；施用；施行
• to administer medicine/punishment/relief 给药／施加惩罚／发放救济品
• Tests will be administered to schoolchildren at seven, twelve and sixteen years. 7岁、12岁和16岁的学生将接受测试。
• figurative The latest opinion polls have administered a severe blow to the party. 最新的民意调查结果对该党来说是当头一棒。
administer an oath to sb formal
■to be present while someone says an oath (= formal promise) officially 主持（某人）的宣誓仪式
direct, control, supervise, govern, administer, rule, manage
这组词都有“管理、支配”的意思，其区别是：
direct: 侧重行使领导或指导权。
control: 含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。
supervise: 侧重指运用本身的或被授予的权力来管理、检查工作，含监督意味。
govern: 侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗含能力和知识的运用。
administer: 指官方的或正式的对事务的管理。
rule: 强调用绝对或独裁的权力来管理或统治。
manage: 强调对具体事务机构进行管理，有时含受权管理或处理之意。
vt. 管理；执行；给予
 - manage, afford, perform, conduct, implement

Word: simultaneously
Front: simultaneously
[ˌsɪməl'teɪnɪəslɪ] (六托 3662/3788)
Vocabulary: simultaneously
(once / 584 pages)
adv
Use the adverb simultaneously to describe actions that occur at the same time. You are reading this sentence and simultaneously learning a new word!
Simultaneously doesn’t have to describe two different actions. It just means that things are happening at the same time. If a presidential debate is broadcast simultaneously on three television channels, “broadcast” is the only action but it’s happening in three places at once.
WORD FAMILY
simultaneous: simultaneity, simultaneously, simultaneousness+/simultaneity: simultaneities
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Simultaneously it needs to retain people who backed Remain, and regain those who voted Leave," it said.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The harmony that was created when they laughed simultaneously was close to divine.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Simultaneously, the Puget Sound Regional Council is updating plans for regional centers where growth will be concentrated through 2040.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 同时地; 一壁; 齐; 一齐
分布：同时地(100%)
ADJ
同时发生的;同时出现的;同步的
Things which are simultaneous happen or exist at the same time.
例：...the simultaneous release of the book and the album...书和唱片专辑的同步发行
例：The theatre will provide simultaneous translation in both English and Chinese.剧院将提供英语和汉语的同声翻译。
adv. 同时地
 - contemporaneously, synchronously

Word: dancer
Front: dancer
[ˈdɑ:nsə(r)] (雅 3663/4610 -K2)
Vocabulary: dancer
(once / 491 pages)
n
A dancer is someone who dances for fun, as a hobby, or for a job. The dancers at a rock concert often look like they're enjoying the music most of all.
You can be a dancer at your cousin's wedding reception, or a dancer in a professional ballet corps. Though the second example requires a much more serious commitment than the first, they both require you to move your body rhythmically, usually accompanied by music. In Old French, dancer means "to dance," and its origin is somewhat uncertain. One theory connects the word to the Old Frisian dintje, which means "tremble or quiver."
WORD FAMILY
dancer: dancers+/ dance: danceable, danced, dancer, dances, dancing/dancing: dancings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mendoza brought in an Apache crown dancer to purify the gym, and kept talking with that teenager.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Let the audience sing,” she urged, and she cued one of her dancers to grab her in a lift.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But then the singer, surrounded by dancers and a sea of humanity, appeared flustered and complained of technical difficulties.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 跳舞者，舞蹈演员; 舞女; 舞蹈家
分布：舞蹈演员(88%)，跳舞者(12%)
US ['dænt.sɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who dances either as a job or for pleasure 舞蹈演员；跳舞者
• He's a dancer in the Royal Ballet. 他是皇家芭蕾舞团的舞蹈演员。
• I never knew you were such a good dancer. 我一直都不知道你的舞跳得这么好。
n. 舞蹈家；舞蹈演员；舞女；跳舞者
 - hostess, Alma

Word: amendment
Front: amendment
[əˈmendmənt] (托宝 3667/2864 -3)
Vocabulary: amendment
(once / 295 pages)
n
An amendment is a change made to an original (usually a document or statement). It's meant to improve the original, but one could say the 21st Amendment (prohibition) did more to make Al Capone rich than to make Americans teetotalers.
Can you spot the word amend, meaning "to make better" or "to cure of faults and errors" hidden in amendment? If so, you'll grasp the notion that an amendment is something intended to improve whatever preceded it. It pops up most often in formal legal contexts, where it refers to a written change to a bill, law, contract, or the U.S. Constitution.
WORD FAMILY
amendment: amendments+/ amend: amendable, amendatory, amended, amending, amendment, amends / amended: unamended
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. LaPierre said Mr. Trump’s nominee will be “a generational victory for Second Amendment freedom.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The title of the first, by Ava DuVernay, refers to the 13th amendment to the constitution, which outlaws slavery in the US.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But in the 41 years since the Supreme Court recognized a Sixth Amendment right of self-representation for criminal defendants, in Faretta v.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 修正案; 修改，修订
分布：修正(55%)，修正案(43%)，改进(2%)
改正,(宪法)修正[mend=free from fault表示"改错"]
【记】ment补，修－修改
【参】amends（n 赔偿，补偿）；emend（vt 校订，改正）
noun
countable or uncountable
■a change made to the words of a text 修改，修订，修正
• He insisted that the book did not need amendment. 他坚持认为这本书无需修改。
• I've made a few last-minute amendments to the article. 我对文章做了一些最后的修改。
• Presidential power was reduced by a constitutional amendment in 1991. 1991年的宪法修正案削弱了总统的权力。
countable
■a change to a law that is not yet in operation and is still being discussed 修正案，修正条款
• An amendment to the bill was agreed without a vote. 议案修正条款没有进行表决就通过了。
n. 修正案；改善；改正
 - improvement, correction, reformation

Word: guard
Front: guard
[gɑ:d] (中高研四六 1284/2247 -K4)
Vocabulary: guard
(once / 49 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
A person who protects something is called a guard. You might see a security guard at the mall, a crossing guard on the street outside a school, or a palace guard at Buckingham Palace.
To guard something is to watch over it or keep it from danger. You should ask someone to guard your backpack when you go to the restroom at the restaurant — or take it with you. The verb guard also means to protect against unintended consequences. To guard against overeating at the party, you could have a light snack before you go, so you aren't as tempted by all the delicious snacks and desserts.
WORD FAMILY
guard: guarded, guarding, guards+/ guarded: guardedly, unguarded/unguarded: unguardedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Avoiding computers may indeed be a relatively reliable, if productivity-limiting, strategy for guarding sensitive material.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Lee hillside to monitor the sign and surrounding areas, and a police officer sits in a guard house around the clock, Baumgart said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Robinson, a lithe shooting guard with a quick release, spent one year at Williams, an N.C.A.A.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 警卫; 狱吏，看守; 护卫队; 防护装置
vt. 保卫，守护; 看守; 加防护装置; 谨慎使用
vi. 警惕; 警卫
时态：guarded, guarding, guards
分布：警卫(36%)，守卫(23%)，看守(14%)，保卫(12%)，防护装置(4%)，警戒(4%)，哨兵(4%)，提防(3%)
→词源同ward.
v./n.保卫,守卫,提防n.哨兵,警卫,看守The guard guards the guarantee in the garden regardless of the hazard.卫兵不顾危险看守着花园里的抵押品.
US [gɑ:rd] noun countable
PERSON WHO PROTECTS 守卫
 IMPROVER
■a person or group of people whose job is to protect a person, place or thing from danger or attack, or to prevent a person such as a criminal from escaping 卫兵，警卫；看守，守卫
• prison guards 狱警
• security guards 保安
• There are guards posted (= standing and watching) at every entrance. 每个入口处都设了卫兵。
• Armed guards are posted around the site. 现场周围设了武装警卫。
• The frontier is patrolled by border guards. 边境警卫队沿国境巡逻。
be under guard
■to be kept in a place by a group of people who have weapons 处于武装人员的保护（或守卫）之下：
• The ex-President was under armed guard in the Palace. 前总统在宫中处于武装警卫的保护之下。
stand/keep guard (also be on guard)
■to be responsible for protecting someone or something, or for preventing someone from escaping 守卫；站岗；看守
• Two of the soldiers kept guard over the captured guns. 两名士兵看守着缴获的枪支。
• Armed police stand guard outside the house. 武装员警在房外守卫。
the changing of the guard
■a ceremony held outside Buckingham Palace in London when one set of soldiers replaces the soldiers who have finished their time on duty standing outside the palace 白金汉宫皇家卫队换岗（仪式）
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] noun countable
ON A TRAIN 列车上 UK (US conductor)
■a railway official who travels on and is responsible for a train 列车长
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] noun countable
DEVICE 装置
■a device that protects a dangerous part of something or that protects something from getting damaged 保护装置；保护用品；保护器
• a fire guard 火灾防护装置
• a trigger guard （锁定）枪（扳机）的保险
• The helmet has a face guard attached. 这个头盔带有一个防护面罩。
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] noun countable
be on your guard
■to be careful to avoid being tricked or getting into a dangerous situation 警惕；提防；警戒
• You always have to be on your guard against pickpockets. 你要时时提防扒手。
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] noun countable
catch sb off guard
■to surprise someone by doing something which they are not expecting and are not ready for 乘（某人）不备；使（某人）措手不及；趁（某人）不警惕时（做某事）
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] noun countable
drop / lower your guard
■to stop being careful to avoid danger or difficulty 警惕；提防；警戒
• Once he knew I wasn't a journalist, he dropped his guard and even let me take a photograph of him. 当他知道我不是记者的时候，他立刻放松了警惕，甚至让我为他拍照。
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] verb transitive
WATCH 看守
 IMPROVER
■to protect someone or something from being attacked or stolen 保卫；守卫；保护
• Soldiers guard the main doors of the embassy. 大使馆的主要门口都有士兵把守。
 IMPROVER
■to watch someone and make certain they do not escape from a place 看守；监视
• Five prison officers guarded the prisoners. 五名狱警看守着犯人。
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] verb transitive
NOT TELL 保守
■to keep information secret 保守（秘密）；遮掩
• Journalists jealously (= carefully) guard their sources of information. 记者们非常小心，对消息来源守口如瓶。
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  guard against sth
■to take careful action in order to try to prevent something from happening 防止；防范
• Regular exercise helps guard against heart disease. 经常锻炼有助于预防心脏病。
shelter, guard, harbour, safeguard, defend, shield, protect
这组词都有“保护、保卫”的意思，其区别是：
shelter: 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭危害。
guard: 普通用词，指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。
harbour: 贬义词，指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。
safeguard: 语气强，指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危险。
defend: 普通用词，指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害，消除危险。用作比喻时，指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。
shield: 语气比protect强，但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。
protect: 普通用词，指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。
n. 守卫；警戒；护卫队； [安全] 防护装置
 - vigilance, alertness
vi. 警惕
 - keep one's eye on the ball, keep one's eyes peeled
vt. 保卫；监视
 - watching, shield

Word: pad
Front: pad
[pæd] (研四六雅 3664/5284 -2)
Vocabulary: pad
(once / 686 pages)
1nv 2v 3n 4n 5n
A pad is a soft cushion or mat that protects or supports something. Football players wear pads to keep their bodies from being injured, and you may sit on a pad to cushion your bottom.
A thick cotton bandage is one kind of pad, and your mattress might be topped by another kind of pad. There's also the the soft, cushion-like pad on the bottom of an animal's paws as well as the fleshy part of your own fingertips. There are numerous other pads, including ink pads and helicopter landing pads, and — informally — your cool apartment, or pad. When you pad something, you stuff it, cushion it, or fill it out.
WORD FAMILY
pad: padded, padding, pads+/ padding: paddings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Goalies wear full padding, but the other players wear sweatpants, jerseys and helmets with face masks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The same men also donated pads after wearing them on a garlic-free diet.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Winner pads what so far are the two leading MVP resumes.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 给…装衬垫， 加垫子; 填塞; 踏平
vi. 步行，放轻脚步走
n. 垫，衬垫; 护具; 便签本; 发射台
时态：padded, padding, pads
分布：发射台(48%)，衬垫(25%)，公寓(10%)，填塞(5%)，肉趾(3%)，脚印(3%)，轻轻走(2%)，缓慢行走的马(1%)，便签纸(1%)，夸大(1%)，低沉声音(1%)
→可能来自低地德语pad,脚掌，来自pent,踩，踏，词源同path,foot.后引申词义软垫，垫子，便笺本，以及俚语直升机停机坪等。pad 蹚水
n.垫,衬垫;便笺簿v.加上衬垫You mad madam, my dad doesn't like the bad badminton pad.你这个疯太太,我爸爸不喜欢这种坏羽毛球垫.
noun countable
MATERIAL 材料
■a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something 垫，衬垫；护垫
• a knee/shoulder pad 护膝／垫肩
• Footballers often wear shin pads to protect their legs. 足球运动员经常穿护膝以保护双腿。
• In the 1980s, shoulder pads were very fashionable in women's clothes. 20世纪80年代，女性服装非常流行使用垫肩。
• She wiped her eye make-up off with a cotton wool pad. 她用卸妆棉擦去了眼影。
[pæd] noun countable
PAPER 纸
■a number of pieces of paper that have been fastened together along one side, which is used for writing or drawing on 便条纸簿
• I have a pad and pencil for taking notes. 我拿了一本便条簿和一支铅笔来写笔记。
• I always keep a pad of paper by the phone. 我总是在电话旁放一本便条簿。
⇒ See also notepad
[pæd] noun countable
FLAT SURFACE 平面
■a hard flat area of ground where helicopters can take off and land, or from which rockets are sent （直升机的）起降场地；（火箭的）发射台
• The hotel has its own helicopter pad. 这家饭店有自己的直升机停机坪。
• Missiles have been launched from their pads deep in enemy territory. 飞弹已从敌方阵地深处的发射台发射。
■one of the large flat leaves of a water lily （睡莲的）浮叶
• a lily pad 睡莲浮叶
[pæd] noun countable
FOOT 脚
■the soft part at the bottom of a cat or dog's paw (= foot) （猫或狗的）肉掌，爪垫
[pæd] noun countable
HOUSE 房子 old-fashioned slang
■a person's house or apartment 住所，公寓
• a bachelor pad 单身公寓
[pæd] verb transitive (-dd-)
■to put pieces of soft material in something to make it soft, give it a different shape, or protect what is inside （用软物）填塞，填衬
• These walking boots are padded with shock-resistant foam. 这些步行靴加了防震泡沫乳胶垫。
[pæd] verb transitive (-dd-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pad sth out
■If you pad out a speech or piece of writing, you add unnecessary words or information to make it longer or to hide the fact that you are not saying anything very important. （用多余的内容）延长，扩充（讲话或文章）；掩饰（内容的空洞）
n. [机] 衬垫；便笺簿；填补；印色盒
 - liner, interleaver
vi. 步行；放轻脚步走
 - foot, hoof it
vt. 填补；走
 - step, fill up

Word: transmission
Front: transmission
[trænsˈmɪʃn] (研四六托雅 3665/4198 -2)
Vocabulary: transmission
(once / 1018 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Transmission is the act of transferring something from one spot to another, like a radio or TV broadcast, or a disease going from one person to another.
The noun transmission comes from the Latin word transmissio, which means “sending over or across, passage.” The transmission of a message is the delivery of the message. Transmission can also be a communication sent out by radio or television, while the transmission of a disease is the passing of that virus or bacteria between people. A vehicle’s transmission is the part of the engine that uses the energy created by the burning fuel to make the axle turn.
WORD FAMILY
transmission: transmissions+/retransmit: retransmitted, retransmitting/transmissible: nontransmissible/ transmit: retransmit, transmissible, transmission, transmits, transmittable, transmittal, transmitted, transmitter, transmitting/transmittal: transmittals/transmitter: transmitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Both shows start on Saturday and their transmissions overlap for 25 minutes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Jason Klenklen, supervisor of transmission maintenance, says the drones currently are used primarily in rural areas to inspect transmission lines.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
East River’s transmission system suffered severe damage to almost 500 structures.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 播送; 传送; （电台或电视）信息; 传动装置
分布：传输(61%)，传播(27%)，变速器(8%)，播送(4%)
→transmit,传送，发射，-ss,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。
转送;传达(trans横＋miss+ion→横着送→传送过去)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
n.播送,发射;传动,传送The influenza virus has shown person-to-person transmission in a given locale.业已证明流行性感冒病毒能在特定地点在人与人之间传播.
US [træns-] noun
RADIO/TELEVISION 广播／电视
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the process of broadcasting something by radio, television, etc., or something which is broadcast （广播、电视等的）播送，播送内容
• We apologize for the interruption to our transmissions this afternoon. 我们为今天下午广播节目的中断表示歉意。
UK [trænz'mɪʃ.ən] US [træns-] noun
PASSING 传递
uncountable
■the process of passing something from one person or place to another 传递；传播
• the transmission of disease 疾病的传播
UK [trænz'mɪʃ.ən] US [træns-] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
countable or uncountable
■the machinery that brings the power produced by the engine to the wheels of a vehicle 传动装置
• automatic transmission 自动传动装置
• The car had a faulty transmission. 这辆汽车的传动装置出现故障。
transfer, transaction, transition, transmission, transformation
这是一组在考研和CET-6中经常出现的形近易混词。
transfer: n.转移，转让；(工作的)调动；(旅途中的)换乘，改变路线。
 • The club's goalkeeper isn't happy here, and has asked a transfer.   这个足球俱乐部的守门员在此过得不愉快，已经要求转会到其他俱乐部。
transaction: n.交易行为，处理。
 • Transactions of shares on the stock exchange were up today.   今天证券交易所的股票成交额上升了。
transition: n. (从一种情况到另一种的)过渡，更替。
 • The transition from high school to college can be difficult for students.   对于学生来说，从中学到大学的过渡会是困难的。
transmission: n.传播(比如疾病)；广播。
 • The transmission of germs can occur by contact, breathing, and eating.   细菌通过接触、呼吸和饮食传播。
transformation: n. (外观或性质的)改变，改观，转变。
 • His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marrige.   他结婚之后性格判若两人。
n. 传动装置， [机] 变速器；传递； [计] [通信] 传送；播送
 - gear, driving device

Word: await
Front: await
[əˈweɪt] (研四 3669/3388 -3)
Vocabulary: await
(once / 143 pages)
v
To await is to anticipate or look forward to something. If you're hoping to get a letter from your pen pal, you'll eagerly await the mail carrier's arrival every afternoon.
When you await a phone call, you might sit by the telephone at home or keep your cell phone in your hand. A prisoner who awaits trial is biding his time until his case comes before a judge. Sometimes await implies that some particular outcome is in store for someone: "A terrible surprise awaits her, when she gets home and sees that her dog ate the sofa."
WORD FAMILY
await: awaited, awaiting, awaits
USAGE EXAMPLES
Autopsy results are still awaited to determine the exact cause of death of Daniel R.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The man was soon able to walk back up the hill to the roadway and await medical treatment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The D.C. jail houses inmates awaiting trial or convicted of low-level offenses.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 等候; 等待; 期待
时态：awaited, awaiting, awaits
分布：等候(66%)，期待(32%)，将降临于(2%)
vt.等候,期待;(事情等)降临于I am anxiously waiting for your reply.我在急切地期待你的答复.
[ə'weɪt] formal
verb transitive
■to wait for, or be waiting for something 等待；将降临在（某人身上）
• He's anxiously awaiting his test results. 他正焦急地等待着他的测试结果。
• A marvellous reception awaited me on my first day at work. 上班的第一天，我受到了同事们极为热情的欢迎。
• The long/eagerly awaited sequel is now available on video. 大家期待已久的续集的录影带已经上市。
await, anticipate, hope
这组词都有“希望，期待”的意思，其区别是：
await: 书面用词，指对将要或预料要发生的事怍于期待状态。
anticipate: 指对未来的期望，一般是对好事的期待。
hope: 指希望得到积极、有利的结果，所期待的可能实现，也可能不会实现。
await, wait
await: 是及物动词。如：I await your further instructions.
wait: “等”、“等候”，是不及物动词，后常接介词for。如：I will wait for you at the school gate.
vt. 等候，等待；期待
 - wait for, hope for

Word: retired
Front: retired
[rɪˈtaɪəd] (3670/5236 -K2)
Vocabulary: retired
(once / 149 pages)
adj
Someone who's retired has stopped working permanently. A retired teacher who misses his job might volunteer at an after-school program.
Most retired people in the U.S. are over the age of 65, although some are able to retire earlier, and some continue working well into their 70s or 80s. Some jobs provide pensions, or partial salaries, to retired workers, and other retired people take advantage of government-provided benefits like Social Security. To retire means "to stop working," but also "to retreat or withdraw," and in the 1500s, retired meant "separated or withdrawn from society."
WORD FAMILY
retired: retiredly+/ retire: retired, retiree, retirement, retires, retiring / retiree: retirees/ retirement: retirements/ retiring: retiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Petraeus and retired astronaut Mark Kelly teamed up this year to launch the gun control advocacy group Veterans Coalition for Common Sense.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Others nominees, such as retired Marine Corps Gen. James Mattis for defense secretary, should easily win confirmation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Phil Davis, a retired teacher, joined protests against nuclear weapons.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 退休的，退职的，退役的; 偏远的，幽静的; 与世隔绝的
n. 退休
v. 退职，退役，（使）退休( retire的过去式)
分布：退休的(50%)，退役的(50%)
退休的;隐退的[tir=draw,表示"拉"]
US [-'taɪrd] (written abbreviation retd)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■If someone is retired, they have stopped working 退休的；退职的；退役的
• Both my parents are retired. 我父母都退休了。
• He is a retired airline pilot. 他是一名退役的民航飞行员。
adj. [劳经] 退休的； [军] 退役的；幽闭的
 - emeritus, ex-service
v. [劳经] 退休（retire的过去分词）
 - superannuated

Word: trigger
Front: trigger
[ˈtrɪgə(r)] (研六托雅宝 3666/4962 -3)
Vocabulary: trigger
(once / 595 pages)
nv
A trigger is a metal lever that when pulled discharges a gun. You shoot the gun by pulling the trigger. Trigger can also mean the start of a process––violent protests might trigger a revolution.
Certain scents, places, or old love songs can be said to trigger, or activate, memories. If you get weepy when you hear the national anthem, that may be because it triggers thoughts of family, home, baseball and the Fourth of July. For someone in frail health, a seemingly minor problem like getting a common cold, might trigger a series of physical responses that end up landing them in the hospital.
WORD FAMILY
trigger: triggered, triggering, triggers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Protectionism – starting with the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, which affected thousands of imported goods – triggered retaliatory trade and currency wars that worsened the Great Depression.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
These days it’s populated mainly by seagulls, boarded-up barracks, some art studios and old warehouses, but officials hope the museum triggers its transformation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The theory is that moisturizers “seal” a baby’s skin against some invader that triggers inflammation.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （枪）扳机; 起动装置，扳柄; 引发其他事件的一件事; [电子学]触发器，触发电器
vt. 引发，触发; 扣…的扳机; 发射或使爆炸（武器或爆炸性弹药）
时态：triggered, triggering, triggers
分布：触发(85%)，扳机(14%)，起因(1%)
→改写或回构自早期拼写形式 tricker,来自荷兰语 trekker,扳机，来自 trekken,拉，拔，最终来自 dhragh,拉，词源同 drag,trek.引申词义起因，诱因等。
n.扳机vt.触发,引起That triggered off a revolution.那件事触发了一场革命.
【记】读：吹歌儿，吹出一首歌儿能导致小孩尿尿。
US [-ɚ] noun
GUN PART 枪的部件
countable
■a part of a gun which causes the gun to fire when pressed 扳机
• It's not clear who actually pulled the trigger. 不清楚究竟是谁扣动的扳机。
UK ['trɪg.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
START 开始
countable usually singular
■an event or situation, etc. that causes something bad to start （引起某种坏事的）一件事或情况
• There are fears that the incident may be a trigger for further violence in the capital. 有人担心，这次事件可能在首都引发进一步的暴力活动。
UK ['trɪg.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to cause something bad to start 引起，引发（坏事）
• Some people find that certain foods trigger their headaches. 有些人发现某些食物导致他们头痛。
• The racial killings at the weekend have triggered off a wave of protests. 周末发生的种族屠杀引发抗议浪潮。
trigger, introduce, summon, create
trigger: 引发，表示“开动，启动（系统或装置）”
introduce: 介绍，接物作宾语时，表示“采用（新产品），实施（新法律），引进（新事物）”
summon: 召集，通常与“人或勇气”搭配
create: 创造
vt. [物化] 引发，引起； [电子] 触发
 - attract, produce, cause, operate, occasion
n. [军] 扳机； [电子] 触发器；制滑机
 - flip-flopper

Word: spill
Front: spill
[spɪl] (研四六托雅 3671/4486 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. 溢出; 泼出; 涌出; 蜂拥而出
vt. 使跌落; 泄露机密
n. 洒出（量）; 泼出（量）; 溢出（量）; 小塞子
时态：spilled, spilling, spills
分布：泄漏(59%)，溢出(18%)，洒(11%)，流(9%)，木片(2%)，小杆(1%)
→来自古英语 spillan,破坏，杀死，致残，肢解，来自 Proto-Germanic*spilthjan,破坏，毁灭，来 自 spel,分开，劈开。后引申词义流血，洒出，并可能由该词义引申比喻义洒出，溢出， 泄露等。其原义见 spoil,抢劫，战利品。spill 小木条，小木棍
v.溢出,溅出n.摔下,跌下The silly spilled the milk on the silver silk.傻子把牛奶溅到银白色的丝绸上.
verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
 IMPROVER
■to (cause to) flow, move, fall or spread over the edge or outside the limits of something （使）洒出；（使）流出；（使）溅出； （使）涌出
• I spilt coffee on my silk shirt. 我把咖啡洒到丝绸衬衫上了。
• You've spilt something down your tie. 你把甚么东西洒在领带上了。
• Let's see if I can pour the juice into the glass without spilling it. 来试试看我能不能一滴不漏地把果汁倒进玻璃杯里。
• He dropped a bag of sugar and it spilt all over the floor. 他把一袋糖掉在地上，撒得地板上到处都是。
• Crowds of football fans spilled onto the field at the end of the game. 比赛结束时，成群的足球迷涌进了球场。
[spɪl] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
spill blood literary
■to kill or hurt people 制造流血事件；杀人；伤人
[spɪl] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
spill the beans
■to tell people secret information 泄漏秘密
• So who spilt the beans about her affair with David? 那到底是谁把她和戴维的私情抖露出来的？
[spɪl] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
spill your guts US Australian informal
■to tell someone all about yourself, especially your problems 倾诉（告诉某人你所有的事情，尤其是你的问题）
• Why do people take part in these shows and spill their guts on camera in front of a studio audience? 为甚么有人要参加这些节目，当着摄影机及现场观众的面，倾心吐意？
[spɪl] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
  Phrasal Verbs  spill out
■to flow or fall out of a container 溢出；流出；洒出；掉出
• All the shopping had spilled out of my bag. 采购的东西全从我的袋子里掉了出来。
• The contents of the truck spilled out across the road. 卡车上装载的东西掉在街上，到处都是。
■If people spill out of a place, large numbers of them come out of it （人）涌出，蜂拥而出
• People were spilling out of the wine bar onto the street. 人们从酒吧里蜂拥而出来到街上。
[spɪl] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
  Phrasal Verbs  spill (sth) out
■to talk about or express an emotion freely 倾诉，发泄（情感）
• All his resentment spilled out. 他的怨恨一股脑全都发泄了出来。
• I listened quietly as she spilled out all her anger and despair. 我静静地听她倾诉她的愤怒和绝望。
[spɪl] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (spilled or UK ALSO spilt, spilled or UK ALSO spilt)
  Phrasal Verbs  spill over
■If an activity or situation spills over, it begins to affect another situation or group of people, especially in an unpleasant or unwanted way （尤指令人不快地）波及，扩散，影响
• I try not to let my work spill over into my life outside the office. 我努力不让我的工作影响到办公室之外的生活。
• The conflict threatens to spill over into neighbouring regions. 冲突可能会波及到邻近地区。
■to continue for a longer time than expected 延续；延长
• The talks between the two leaders look likely to spill over into the weekend. 两位领导人之间的会谈看来很可能会持续到这个周末。
[spɪl] noun countable
■an amount of something which has come out of a container 洒出量；溢出量
• a fuel spill on the road 路面上的溢油
• Could you wipe up that spill, please? 请把那溢出的东西擦干净好吗？
• In 1989, there was a massive oil spill in Alaska. 1989年阿拉斯加曾发生过大规模溢油事件。
[spɪl] noun countable
take a spill informal
■to fall off something, usually a bicycle or a horse （通常指从脚踏车或马上）摔下，跌下
vt. 使溢出，使流出；使摔下
 - drain, overflow
vi. 溢出，流出；摔下；涌流
 - discharge, issue, shed
n. 溢出，溅出；溢出量；摔下；小塞子
 - superflux, extravasation

Word: grateful
Front: grateful
[ˈgreɪtfl] (高研四六托宝 3672/2887 -K2)
Vocabulary: grateful
(once / 148 pages)
adj
A person who is grateful feels or shows gratitude. If your neighbor brings you soup when you're sick, you'll be very grateful (unless you hate soup).
Grateful comes from gratus, Latin for pleasing. Originally it meant pleasing, or agreeable (Walter Scott wrote of "the grateful and cooling shade"), but now means thankful. Usually you are grateful to someone for a particular thing she's done. If you're complaining about all your problems, someone might remind you of what you have to be grateful for.
WORD FAMILY
grateful: gratefuler, gratefulest, gratefully, gratefulness, ungrateful +/ grate: grated, grateful, grater, grates, grating/grater: graters/grating: gratingly, gratings/ ungrateful: ungratefulest, ungratefully, ungratefulness/ungratefulness: ungratefulnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fernandez says the wallet contains only the old permit and seven dollars, but he’s grateful.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But mostly she’s just grateful she survived the rollover.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“He’s so grateful for the help. It’s amazing. It truly is.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 感激的，感谢的; 令人愉快的; 宜人的; 荷
分布：感激的(71%)，令人愉快的(29%)
→来自词根grat, 感谢，词源同grace, gratitude.
感谢的;愉快的(grate+ful多...的)[grat,gree=pleasing,表示"感激,高兴"]
感激的(grate感激)[-ful 1.表形容词"有…的"2.表名词"满,量"]
a.(to,for)感激的;感谢的I am grateful to you for your help!非常感谢你的帮助!
【记】不要和上面的grate（磨碎）相混；ingrate（n 忘恩负义者）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■showing or expressing thanks, especially to another person （尤指对其他人）感激的，表示感谢的
• I'm so grateful (to you) for all that you've done. 你为我做了这一切，我（对你）真是感激不尽。
• If you could get that report finished by Thursday I'd be very grateful. 如果你能在星期四之前完成那份报告，我将感激不尽。
• After the earthquake we felt grateful to be alive. 地震后，我们大难不死，真是应该感谢上苍。
• I'm just grateful that I'm not still working for him. 真是谢天谢地，我现在不用再为他工作了。
• formal I would be most grateful if you would send me the book immediately. 如果你能马上把书寄给我，我将感激不尽。
Opposite ungrateful
['greɪt.fəl] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  grateful Warning: Check your spelling! Grateful is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.Remember : the correct spelling has 'ate', and not 'eat'.
['greɪt.fəl] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  gratefulWarning: Common word-building error! Adjectives which end in the suffix -ful have only one 'l'. Don't write 'gratefull', write grateful.
appreciative, grateful
这组词都有“感谢的、感激的”的意思，其区别是：
appreciative: 与greatful基本同义，但语气较强，侧重以行动或言语来感谢。
grateful: 普通用词，侧重因对方的恩惠、好意或帮助，从内心产生的感激之情。
adj. 感谢的；令人愉快的，宜人的
 - pleasant, lovely, thankful

Word: grace
Vocabulary: grace
(once / 45 pages)
1nv 2n
Grace commonly refers to a smooth and pleasing way of moving, or a polite and thoughtful way of behaving. But when someone says they were late to the airport and only made it onto their plane by the grace of God, they're talking about grace in the context of God's favor.
When used in the plural, the social graces are the skills needed for being polite. If you are "in someone's good graces," they regard you with favor. In Middle English, the word grace originally meant "God's favor or help," a sense that we still use today. The related word gracious originally meant "filled with God's favor or help." Grace was borrowed from Old French, from Latin gratia "pleasing quality, favor, thanks," from gratus "pleasing."
WORD FAMILY
grace: disgrace, graced, graceful, graceless, graces, gracing, gracious +/ disgrace: disgraced, disgraceful, disgraces, disgracing/disgraceful: disgracefulest, disgracefully, disgracefulness/ graceful: gracefuler, gracefulest, gracefully, gracefulness, ungraceful/gracefulness: gracefulnesses/ graceless: gracelessly, gracelessness/gracelessness: gracelessnesses/ gracious: graciousest, graciously, graciousness, ungracious/graciousness: graciousnesses/ungraceful: ungracefully, ungracefulness/ungracious: ungraciously, ungraciousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are simply beneficiaries of their good graces, and prisoners of their rages.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That is, government should provide, as an act of grace — systematic grace — a role for parents in raising their children.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Long-range shots weren’t necessary; they were graced with layups and open looks inside 10 feet.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)

Word: virtual
Front: virtual
[ˈvɜ:tʃuəl] (研四六托雅宝 3675/6101 -2)
Vocabulary: virtual
(once / 306 pages)
adj
The adjective virtual is used to describe something that exists in essence but not in actuality. You may have made a virtual friend on an online gaming site, but don't expect that person to meet you for coffee.
Although virtual can be used to describe anything that exists in effect, but not in fact, it is often used to describe things created in a computer or online world. "She enjoyed playing the virtual role-playing game with her online friends." Virtual can also be used to mean "almost" — as in, "The blizzard brought the city to a virtual standstill, with subway and bus passengers stranded on the sidewalks."
WORD FAMILY
virtual: virtually
USAGE EXAMPLES
The virtual and real worlds are not entirely separate.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
“Back in 2014 when everybody was just talking about automotive, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, they were very busy reshaping their product areas.”
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
First there were touchscreens, then there were voice-controlled virtual assistants.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 实质上的，事实上的; （计算机）虚拟的; <物>有效的，虚像的; （粒子）实际存在的
分布：实质的(100%)
→来自virtue,男人的品行，品质，原义为男人的，男人应有的品行和美德，后引申词义看不见但却实质存在的品行，类似于汉语“气场”，后用于计算机术语虚拟的。
a.实际上的,事实上的He was the virtual leader of the movement.他是该运动实际上的领袖.
US ['vɝ:-] adjective
ALMOST 几乎
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■almost a particular thing or quality 几乎…的；实质上的
• Ten years of incompetent government had brought about the virtual collapse of the country's economy. 无能政府十年的执政已经把这个国家带到了崩溃的边缘。
UK ['vɜ:.tju.əl] US ['vɝ:-] adjective
COMPUTER 电脑
■describes something that can be done or seen using a computer and therefore without going anywhere or talking to anyone （透过电脑）虚拟的
• virtual shopping 虚拟购物
adj. [计] [物] 虚拟的；有效的；实质上的，事实上的
 - valid, available, effective, telling, significant

Word: response
Front: response
[rɪˈspɒns] (研四六雅宝 725/798 -K4)
Vocabulary: response
(once / 170 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A response is a reaction to a question, experience, or some other type of stimulus. If you cry at sad movies, you're having an emotional response to the drama that's taking place on the screen.
A response can come in many forms, including an answer to a question, an emotional reaction, or a reply. If a teacher asks, "Who invented the phonograph?" She hopes her students will give her the response, "Why, Thomas Edison, of course!" When a parent tells a child not to cross the street when the light is red, he hopes the response will be compliance.
WORD FAMILY
response: responses
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, the bank said in the note that the downgrade on Indonesia and Brazil was a "tactical" response to Trump's victory.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
The infection sets off a cascade of events that ramps up inflammatory and immune response, Powers says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Asked for a comment about the demands and what the university would do in response, a university spokesman sent this response:
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 反应; 回答，答复; [宗]回应经文，应唱圣歌
分布：反应(46%)，响应(40%)，回答(8%)，答复(6%)
→来自 respond,回答，答复。
回答;答应(respond的名词)[Spond,spons=promise,表示"承诺"]
n.回答,响应,反应I've had no response to my letter.我还没有回信.
US [-'spɑ:nts] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an answer or reaction 回答；回应，反应
• Responses to our advertisement have been disappointing. 人们对我们的广告反应平淡，令人失望。
• Her proposals met with an enthusiastic response. 她的提议得到热烈的回应。
• I looked in her face for some response, but she just stared at me blankly. 我盯着她的脸看，想知道她有何反应，但是她只是面无表情地盯着我。
• Management have granted a 10% pay rise in response to union pressure. 面对工会的压力，资方以加薪10%应对。
countable
■any of the parts sung or said, in some religious ceremonies, by the people in answer to the parts said or sung by the priest （宗教礼拜仪式中会众对牧师的）唱和，应答
response, return, reply
response: 指对刺激的回应，也指对紧迫的或指定问题的回答
return: 回报
reply: 指对他人的陈述或问题给与回答，常与介词to搭配；
n. 响应；反应；回答
 - reaction, behavior, reception, reply, answer

Word: colony
Front: colony
[ˈkɒləni] (研四六托雅宝 3673/3443 -2)
Vocabulary: colony
(once / 111 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A colony is a group of people who settle in a new place but keep ties to their homeland. The people who founded the United States first came to America to live as part of a British colony.
Colony comes from the Latin colonia, meaning "settled land, farm." Colony can also mean "a group of people who've gathered to live near each other and share the same interest." An artists' colony would be a place where everyone's an artist, while a Dunkin' Donuts colony would be full of coffee lovers. The same rules apply to the animal kingdom — an ant colony has a shared interest in ruining your picnic.
WORD FAMILY
colony: colonial, colonies, colonise, colonist, colonize+/ colonial: colonialism, colonially, colonials/ colonialism: colonialisms, colonialist, neocolonialism /colonialist: colonialists/colonisation: colonisations, decolonisation/colonise: colonisation, colonised, coloniser, colonises, colonising, decolonise/coloniser: colonisers/ colonist: colonists/ colonization: colonizations/colonize: colonization, colonized, colonizer, colonizes, colonizing, decolonize/colonizer: colonizers/decolonize: decolonization, decolonized, decolonizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The policy was seen as part of a wider attempt by France to maintain influence in former colonies, but also in Africa.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Taiwan was a Japanese colony from 1895 to the end of World War II and fought along Japan, a German ally, in the Asian theater.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many studies linked the chemicals to a mysterious collapse of bee colonies that was in the news.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 殖民地; 聚居地; 群体; 聚居人群
分布：殖民地(69%)，群体(19%)，菌落(8%)，侨民(2%)，侨居地(2%)
→来自kwel, 转，耕作，词源同cycle, culture. 本义为到新的地方开发，耕作，后指殖民，占领别人的土地。
n.殖民地;侨民;聚居区;(动植物的)群体Australia is a former British colony.澳大利亚曾是英国的殖民地.
【参】colonize（vt 拓殖，殖民）；colonization（n 殖民地化）
US ['kɑ:.lə-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a country or area controlled politically by a more powerful and often distant country 殖民地
• Australia and New Zealand are former British colonies. 澳大利亚和纽西兰从前是英国的殖民地。
■a group of people who live in a colony 殖民地定居者群体
■a group of people with a shared interest or job who live together in a way that is separate from other people （具有共同爱好或工作的）聚居人群，群体
• an artists' colony 聚居在一起的艺术家
• a nudist colony 群居的裸体主义者
■specialized
■a group of animals, insects or plants of the same type that live together （动物、昆虫或植物的）群，群落；生物群
• a colony of ants/termites/bacteria 蚁群／白蚁群／菌落
n. 殖民地；移民队
 - settlements

Word: adoption
Front: adoption
[əˈdɒpʃn] (六托 3674/4220)
Vocabulary: adoption
(once / 609 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Adoption is the act of taking something on as your own. Adoption usually refers to the legal process of becoming a non-biological parent, but it also refers to the act of embracing ideas, habits, or free kittens.
Adoption comes from the Old French word adoptare, meaning "to chose for oneself.” Feel like adding an option? Try adoption. Adoption is the noun form of adopt, so it not only refers to legally taking another person into your family, it can be any time you take something on as your own. If you start dressing like a friend, that's an adoption of your friend's style. If that friend wears micro-miniskirts, your parents might put you up for adoption.
WORD FAMILY
adoption: adoptions+/ adopt: adoptable, adopted, adoptee, adopter, adopting, adoption, adoptive, adopts/adoptable: unadoptable/adoptee: adoptees/adopter: adopters/adoptive: adoptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
"This label helps get more exposure and adoption among the big retailers in France.  "The regional governments also play their part.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But privacy and athletes’ rights advocates worry the technology will outpace the adoption of legal limits and standards.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
President Vladimir Putin signed into law a ban on adoptions of Russian children by U.S. citizens.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 采用，收养
分布：采用(67%)，收养(21%)，采纳(12%)
US [-'dɑ:p-] noun
TAKING CHILD 领养孩子
countable or uncountable
■the act of legally taking a child to be looked after as your own 领养，收养
• She was homeless and had to put her child up for adoption (= asked for the child to be taken by someone else as their own). 她无家可归，只好让别人收养她的孩子。
• The last ten years have seen a dramatic fall in the number of adoptions. 过去十年中收养孩子的人数明显减少了。
UK [ə'dɒp.ʃən] US [-'dɑ:p-] noun
STARTING 开始
uncountable
■accepting or starting to use something new 接受；采用；采纳
• Several suggestions have been offered for adoption by the panel. 总共提出了几项建议以供专家小组采纳。
UK [ə'dɒp.ʃən] US [-'dɑ:p-] noun
CHOOSING 选择
uncountable
■choosing or taking something as your own 选择
• England was Conrad's country of adoption. 康拉德移居英格兰。
• The adoption of a woman candidate was seen as controversial. 推举一位女候选人很有争议。
n. 采用；收养；接受
 - acceptance, introduction, receiving

Word: indigenous
Front: indigenous
[ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs] (托雅宝 3679/5810 -1)
Vocabulary: indigenous
(once / 1455 pages)
adj
Use indigenous to describe a plant, animal or person that is native or original to an area. Though Switzerland is known for its chocolates, chocolate, which comes from the cocoa plant, is indigenous to South America.
Indigenous, aboriginal and native all mean the same thing. Aboriginal, however, is commonly used in connection with Australia, and native with North America. The most neutral of the three terms, indigenous comes from the Latin word, indigena meaning "a native." An indigenous ceremony or religion is one traditionally used by a certain group of people.
WORD FAMILY
indigenous: indigenously, indigenousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The powwow is the one of the world’s largest gatherings of Native Americans and indigenous people.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
I much admired two books about indigenous peoples and colonial histories.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
They also destroyed churches in the capital city and slaughtered Cambodian Christians, along with Muslims and ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese and indigenous minorities.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 土生土长的; 生来的，固有的; 本地的; 根生土长
分布：土生土长的(55%)，本地的(36%)，天生的(9%)
→indi-,在内，在里，来自in-的扩大形式，-gen,生育，孕育，词源同gene,generate.即本地产的。
土产的,土著的(indi内部+gen+ous→内部产生→土产的)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
【记】in里面，di地，gen产生，ous－在地里产生的－土生土长的in里面，dig挖－拼命往下挖，想要本地的人参。
【反】acquired（adj 后天通过自己的努力得到的）；foreign（adj 外国的）exotic（adj 异国情调的；外来的）；nonnative（adj 非本土的）
adjective
■naturally existing in a place or country rather than arriving from another place 当地的；本土的，土生土长的
• Are there any species of frog indigenous to the area? 这个地区是否有本地品种的青蛙？
• So who are the indigenous people of this land? 那么谁是这块土地的原住民？
adj. 本土的；土著的；国产的；固有的
 - native, inherent, mainland, intrinsic

Word: closed
Front: closed
[kləʊzd] (3680/3490 -K2)
Vocabulary: closed
(once / 66 pages)
1adj 2adj
If something's closed, it's shut or sealed. When your brother's bedroom door is closed, you'd better knock; if the library's closed, you'll have to come back tomorrow to check out some books.
Things that are closed aren't open. People sleep with their eyes closed, and your neighborhood bookstore might be closed on Sundays. Things can be figuratively closed too: if you have a closed mind, you're not willing to consider new ideas or perspectives. The word closed comes from the Old French verb clore, "to shut" or "to cut off from," with its Latin root claudere, "to block up or make inaccessible."
WORD FAMILY
close: closed, closely, closeness, closer, closes, closest, closing, closure, enclose +/closeness: closenesses/closer: closers/closing: closings/ closure: closured, closures, closuring/ enclose: enclosed, encloses, enclosing, enclosure / enclosed: self-enclosed, unenclosed/ enclosure: enclosures
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Grapevine was closed for periods in recent weeks because of heavy snowfall, and some motorists were temporarily stranded on mountain roads.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After a Loyola miss, Eric Stafford shook free for a layup with six seconds left and closed with two free throws.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say the airport is closed until further notice.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 关闭着的，封闭着的; 密闭着的，保密的; <美>准备好了的，定了契约的
v. “close”的过去式和过去分词
分布：封闭的(55%)，关闭的(35%)，停业的(6%)，动词close的过去式和过去分词.(4%)
US [kloʊzd] adjective
NOT OPEN 关闭
 ESSENTIAL
■not open 关闭的，不开的
• It might be less draughty if the door were closed. 把门关上可能就不会有那么强的穿堂风了。
 ESSENTIAL
■not open for business 关门的；不营业的
• All the shops were closed, so we couldn't buy any food. 所有的商店都关门了，所以我们甚么吃的都买不到。
UK [kləʊzd] US [kloʊzd] adjective
ENDED 结束的
■finished and therefore not able to be discussed further 完成的；结束的
• "The matter is closed," said the health minister. “这件事到此为止，”卫生部长说道。
UK [kləʊzd] US [kloʊzd] adjective
behind closed doors
■If something happens behind closed doors, it is hidden or kept secret from public view 秘密地，不公开地
• The deal was negotiated behind closed doors. 这笔交易是秘密商谈的。
UK [kləʊzd] US [kloʊzd] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  closed or close? Warning: choose the correct adjective! To talk about something not being distant in position or time, don't say 'closed', say close :
✗ Our house is very closed to the airport. Our house is very close to the airport.
UK [kləʊzd] US [kloʊzd] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  closed or close? To talk about people who know each other well and like each other a lot, don't say 'closed', say close :
✗ I am very closed to her although I don't see her often. I am very close to her although I don't see her often.
adj. 关着的；不公开的
 - privy
v. 关；结束；接近（close的过去分词）
 - concluded, finished

Word: convict
Front: convict
[kənˈvɪkt] (研六托雅宝 3678/4837 -3)
Vocabulary: convict
(once / 97 pages)
vn
A convict is a person who has been found guilty — convicted — of a crime and is serving a sentence in prison.
When you convict (accent on the second syllable) someone of a crime, you find them guilty. The person is then a convict (accent on the first syllable). When the person is released from jail, he's an ex-con, that is, he's not a convict any more.
WORD FAMILY
convict: convicted, convicting, conviction, convicts, reconvict+/ conviction: convictions/reconvict: reconvicted
USAGE EXAMPLES
Someone convicted of killing a turtle faces a maximum fine of about $240 and up to three months in jail.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Olmert is now serving a prison sentence after being convicted of accepting bribes.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Two Marines, a major and a sergeant, were eventually convicted of lesser charges.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 宣判有罪; 证明…有罪; 使知罪; 定…的罪
n. 罪犯
时态：convicted, convicting, convicts
分布：罪犯(54%)，囚犯(36%)，被定罪的(4%)，使 ... 知罪(3%)，宣判 ... 有罪(3%)
→con-, 强调。-vict, 胜利，词源同evince, victory. 该词主要用于法律用语。
证明有罪(con全部+vict→把对方彻底征服→证明[对方]有罪)[vict,vinc=conquer,overcome,表示"征服,克服"]
v.(经审讯)证明...有罪,宣判...有罪n.囚犯He depicted the conviction that contradicted the verdict.他描绘反驳裁决的定罪.
【参】convince（vt 使确信；使信服）；victory（n 胜利）；invincible（adj 不可征服的；无敌的）
US [ˈkɑːn-/
■someone who is in prison because they are guilty of a crime 已决犯，囚犯
• an escaped convict 逃犯
convict, judge, sentence, doom, condemn
这组词都有“判决、宣判”的意思，其区别是：
convict: 法律用词，指审判后判定有罪，但未作最后判决。
judge: 指对案件作出审理判决，但判决内容较笼统，不如sentence和condemn使用广泛。
sentence: 法律用词，指根据罪犯所犯罪行的轻重而宣判处罚。
doom: 书面用词，指郑重他宣判某人有罪。
condemn: 普通用词，指法院对审理结束的案件做出的定罪判刑。
convict, captive, prisoner
这组词都有“囚犯、俘虏”的意思，其区别是：
convict: 指经判决而在狱中服刑的人。
captive: 指战争中抓到的俘虏，也可作引申用。
prisoner: 指关入监狱的囚犯，包括战俘，也可作引申用。
n. 罪犯
 - criminal offender, culprit

Word: towel
Front: towel
[ˈtaʊəl] (中高研四六托雅 3682/4814 -K2)
Back: n. 毛巾，手巾; 纸巾
vt. 用毛巾擦
vi. 用毛巾擦干身体
时态：towelled, towelling, towels
分布：毛巾(84%)，手巾(8%)，用毛巾擦(8%)
→来自中古英语 towel,毛巾，来自 toaille,毛巾，来自 Proto-Germanic*thwahilo,洗手布，毛巾布， 来自 twak,清洗，沐浴。-el,小词后缀。引申词义抹布，手巾等。
n.毛巾vt.用毛巾擦或擦干Mr Brown owns the brown towels in the downtown tower.布朗先生拥有闹市区塔里的棕色毛巾.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a piece of cloth or paper used for drying someone or something that is wet 毛巾；纸巾
• She came downstairs after her shower, wrapped in a towel. 她淋浴后裹着毛巾走下楼来。
• The school provides paper towels for the children to dry their hands on. 学校给孩子提供纸巾擦亁手。
[taʊəl] noun countable
throw/chuck in the towel
■to stop trying to do something because you have realized that you cannot succeed 认输；因觉成功无望而放弃
• Three of the original five candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination have now thrown in the towel. 原来竞争民主党总统候选人提名资格的五人中，有三位已经放弃了。
[taʊəl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to rub something with a towel to dry it 用毛巾擦干
• [+ adj] She towelled her hair dry. 她用毛巾擦亁头发。
• [R] After our swim, we quickly towelled ourselves down and then went to play tennis. 游完泳，我们很快用毛巾擦干身体，然后去打网球。
n. [纺] 毛巾，手巾； [纸] 纸巾
 - tissue, washcloth

Word: modify
Front: modify
[ˈmɒdɪfaɪ] (研四六托雅宝 3685/3239 -2)
Vocabulary: modify
(once / 204 pages)
v
To modify is to change or transform, but only slightly. If you miss your free-throws half the time, your coach will probably try to improve your shooting average by modifying your technique.
Modify may mean to alter something, but it's not a total makeover. When you modify or make modifications, you're making subtle changes. These tweaks are usually needed to make improvements or make the thing being modified less extreme. So you can modify your voice if your tone is too harsh, or modify your wardrobe with a few new pairs of cool shoes.
WORD FAMILY
modify: modifiable, modification, modified, modifier, modifies, modifying+/modifiable: unmodifiable/ modification: modifications/ modified: unmodified / modifier: modifiers
USAGE EXAMPLES
How it works: A modified stethoscope is put in a vest.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“I really like the creativity that we use to modify them,” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The winners advance to the modified double-elimination portion of the tournament.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 被修饰; 修改
vt. 改变; 减轻，减缓; [语]修饰，（用变音符号）改变
时态：modified, modifying, modifies
分布：修改(84%)，更改(8%)，修饰(7%)，缓和(1%)
→来自mode,模式，方式，尺度，-fy,使。即符合模式，使达到最新模式，引申词义修改，调整。
修改(mod+ify→规范化→修改)[mod=mode,manner,表示"方式,模式,风度"]
v.更改,修改,修饰The modest man moderately modified the model in this mode.谦虚者适度地用这种方式修改了模型.
US ['mɑ:.dɪ-] verb transitive
CHANGE 改变
■to change something such as a plan, opinion, law or way of behaviour slightly, usually to improve it or make it more acceptable （稍作）修改，更改，改造，改变
• Instead of simply punishing them, the system encourages offenders to modify their behaviour. 这个制度并不是单单惩罚犯罪者，而是鼓励他们改正自己的行为。
• The proposals were unpopular and were only accepted in a modified form. 这些建议不受欢迎，修改之后才得以接受。
UK ['mɒd.ɪ.faɪ] US ['mɑ:.dɪ-] verb transitive
LANGUAGE 语言 specialized
■If a word or phrase modifies another word or phrase used with it, it limits or adds to its meaning 修饰，限定
• In the sentence 'She ran quickly', the adverb 'quickly' modifies the verb 'ran'. 在句子 She ran quickly 中，副词 quickly 修饰动词ran。
turn, transform, change, modify, convert, vary, alter
这组词都有“变化，改变”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 指外形、颜色、气味、性质等方面的变化，比change更通俗。
transform: 指人或物在形状、外观、形式、性质等方面发生的彻底变化，失去原状成为全新的东西。
change: 指任何变化，完全改变，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。
modify: 强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。
convert: 指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。
vary: 暗示不规则或断断续续地变。
alter: 常指轻微的改变，强调基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
fluctuate, alteration, change, modify, convert, shift（in）, alternation, alter, variations
fluctuate: 没有规律的上下波动
alteration: 强调细节的变化
change: 强调某种本质的变化
modify: “更改，修改”程度略小并有趋缓之意
convert: 用途上的改变，也作态度和信仰的变化
shift（in）: 转换，转变
alternation: 轮流，交替（take turn）
alter: 细枝末节的修改，而非脱胎换骨
variations: 指不规则的或断续的改变，或指一种东西改成了不同样式
vt. 修改，修饰；更改
 - alter, dizen
vi. 修改
 - alter, touch up

Word: particle
Front: particle
[ˈpɑ:tɪkl] (研四六托雅 3683/3155 -2)
Vocabulary: particle
(once / 454 pages)
1n 2n
A particle is a small piece of anything. Particle can also refer to a subatomic particle with mass and structure, but takes up hardly any space at all.
Particles are tiny. If you mean a subatomic particle, that's a body that you can't see because it is so incredibly small, though it does have a miniscule mass and internal structure. These particles are even smaller than atoms. You can also say a crumb or speck of something is a particle. Dust particles are piling up all the time, and vacuuming cleans up lots of particles. Those particles are little bits of things. In both cases, particles are very tiny.
WORD FAMILY
particle: antiparticle, particles+/antiparticle: antiparticles
USAGE EXAMPLES
Proposed sources of dark matter include burnt-out stars; clouds of dust and gas; and subatomic particles called Wimps – weakly interacting massive particles.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
On Thursday, it said the main problem involves a cylindrical vessel filled with billions of tiny sandlike particles that is heated to 1,200 degrees.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Stalling emissions should also spell better health, because coal burning in particular pollutes the air with lung-shredding particles and choking chemicals.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 微粒，颗粒; [数，物]粒子，质点; 极小量; 小品词
分布：粒子(57%)，颗粒(26%)，微粒(9%)，质点(6%)，极小量(2%)
→来自part,部分，-icle,小词后缀。即小部分，引申词义个体，颗粒，微粒。
微粒,极少量(part+icle小东西→一小部分→少量)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
n.粒子,微粒;极小量;小品词,虚词The Particle party's partner participated in the particular Parliament.粒子党的合伙人参与了特别议会.
US ['pɑ:r.tˌə-] noun
GRAMMAR 文法
 ADVANCED countable
■a word or a part of a word which has a grammatical purpose but often has little or no meaning 小品词
• In the sentence 'I tidied up the room', the adverb 'up' is a particle. 在句子 I tidied up the room 中，副词 up 是个小品词。
UK ['pɑ:.tɪ.kl] US ['pɑ:r.tˌə-] noun
SMALL PIECE 小颗粒
countable
■an extremely small piece of matter 微粒，粒子
• Dust particles must have got into the motor. 马达一定是进尘了。
• Electrons are atomic particles. 电子是原子粒子。
only singular
■a very small amount of something 极少量
• She wouldn't give me even the slightest particle of information about what she'd been doing. 她一点也不肯向我透露自己一直在忙些甚么事。
particle, atom, grain, speck, molecule
这组词都有“粒，微粒”的意思，其区别是：
particle: 指任何物质的微粒，引申指任何小的部分。
atom: 指元素的最小粒子，其体积比molecule小。
grain: 通常指能为肉眼清楚看到的颗粒，比上述几个词所表“粒”的体积大。
speck: 一般指“微点”或“微粒”，可引申指“斑点、污点”。
molecule: 指物质中保持原物质的一切化学性质，能独立存在的最小微粒，即分子。
n. 颗粒； [物] 质点；极小量；小品词
 - grain, granule

Word: prize
Front: prize
[praɪz] (中高研四六 3686/2125 -K4)
Vocabulary: prize
(once / 131 pages)
1nadjv 2v
A prize is the reward or recognition a winner gets. When you win first prize in your state spelling bee, you might get a medal and a trip to the national competition in Washington, DC.
Many prizes are given for hard work, athletic skill, or superior intellect, but it's also possible to win a prize from sheer good luck. The prize for a winning lottery ticket, for example, might be a million dollars. If your dog comes in first at an obedience competition, you can call her your "prize pup." And if you adore and value that dog more than anything else, you can say you prize her.
WORD FAMILY
prize: prized, prizes, prizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The prize is big, and both cities want it badly.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Who is talking about this: It is shortlisted for the 2017 Royal Academy of Engineering Africa Prize.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
His picaresque novel G won the Booker prize in 1972.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 奖赏; 战利品; 值得努力争取的东西
vt. 珍视，珍惜; 估价
adj. 获奖的，有望获奖的; 理应获奖的
时态：prized, prizing, prizes
分布：奖品(32%)，奖金(24%)，奖赏(17%)，珍视(10%)，得奖的(8%)，估价(7%)，奖品的(1%)，一流的(1%)
→来自古法语pris,价格，价值，奖品，词源同price,praise.prize 撬开
n.奖赏,奖金,奖品v.珍视,珍惜I recognized the large-sized prize and seized it.我认出了大号奖品并将它占有.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■something valuable, such as an amount of money, that is given to someone who succeeds in a competition or game or that is given to someone as a reward for doing very good work 奖；奖赏；奖金
• The critics' prize for best film was won by Marc Abbott for 'Belly Laugh'. 马克•阿博特的《捧腹大笑》被评论家们评为最佳影片。
• I won a prize in the raffle. 我在摸彩中获了奖。
• The first (= main) prize is a weekend for two in Bruges. 头奖是布鲁日双人周末游。
• The prize money for literary competitions can be as high as £40 000. 文学创作竞赛的奖金可能高达四万英镑。
■something important and valuable which is difficult to achieve or get 难能可贵的东西；不易达到的目标
• The prize would be her hand in marriage. 最理想的是娶她为妻。
[praɪz] noun countable
no prizes for guessing sth
■something you say when it is very easy to guess something …太容易猜了；不用猜都知道…
• No prizes for guessing where Daniel is. 不用猜都知道丹尼尔在哪里。
[praɪz] verb
LIFT 举起 (ALSO UK also prise) transitive + adverb or preposition
■to move or lift something by pressing a tool against a fixed point 撬，撬开
• I prized the lid off with a spoon. 我用杓子把盖子撬掉了。
• The window had been prized open with a jemmy. 窗户被用撬棍撬开了。
[praɪz] verb
REWARD 奖赏
transitive often passive
■to think that someone or something is very valuable or important 重视，珍视
• In parts of Asia this plant is prized for its medicinal qualities. 在亚洲某些地区，这种植物因其药用价值而倍受重视。
• I prize that intimacy above everything. 我把那种亲密关系看得比甚么都重。
[praɪz] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  prize sth out of sb
■to get something from someone with difficulty, especially information or money （费力地）从（某人）那里获得（尤指消息或金钱）
• He's so secretive - you'll have a hard time prizing any information out of him. 他如此守口如瓶——你要从他那打听情况会很困难。
[praɪz] adjective [before noun]
■A prize animal, flower or vegetable is one that has won or deserves to win a prize in a competition because it is of very good quality （指动物、花或蔬菜）得奖的；该得奖的；一流的
• a prize bull 一流的公牛
• a prize marrow 上好的西葫芦
■describes something which is a very good or important example of its type （指某物）极好的；极重要的
• prize assets 重要资产
• slightly old-fashioned Some prize idiot (= extremely foolish person) forgot to lock the door. 有个大傻瓜忘了锁门。
price, prize
price: 价格, The price is high/low.
prize: 奖,奖品,奖金 win the first prize
n. [劳经] 奖品；奖赏；战利品
 - award, capture
vt. 珍视；捕获；估价
 - assess, acquire, evaluate, value, rate

Word: landing
Front: landing
[ˈlændɪŋ] (四六托 3688/3538 -2)
Back: n. 登陆，着陆; 终点; 登陆处; 楼梯的过渡平台
v. （使）登陆(land的现在分词)
分布：着陆(58%)，登陆(32%)，楼梯平台(7%)，登陆处(2%)，动词land的现在分词.(1%)
noun countable
PLANE 飞机
 ADVANCED
■an arrival on the ground of an aircraft or boat 着陆；靠岸
• One person has died after the pilot of a light aircraft was forced to make a crash/emergency landing in a field. 飞行员驾驶轻型飞机在田地里迫降／紧急着陆后有一人死亡。
['læn.dɪŋ] noun countable
FLOOR 地板
■an area of floor joining two sets of stairs, or an area of floor or a passage at the top of a set of stairs which leads to bedrooms and other rooms （连接两段楼梯的）平台；（连接楼梯顶端的）过道
n. [军] 登陆；码头；楼梯平台
 - pier, disembarkation
v. [军] 登陆（land的ing形式）
 - disembarking

Word: conduct
Front: conduct
[kənˈdʌkt] (高研四六托宝 1162/1792 -K4)
Vocabulary: conduct
(once / 46 pages)
1nv 2v 3v 4v
Conduct is about how you behave––"conduct unbecoming"––and also about carrying something through––"the survey was conducted in May and June."
Conduct's two senses are connected. Your conduct or your own behavior is the way you conduct or lead yourself. Think of your brain as a little man in tails and white tie, holding up a baton to conduct the various parts of you the way he would a symphony orchestra.
WORD FAMILY
conduct: conducted, conducting, conduction, conductive, conductor, conducts, misconduct +/conducting: non-conducting, nonconducting, semiconducting/ conduction: conductions/conductive: conductively, conductivity, nonconductive, semiconductive/conductivity: conductivities, superconductivity/ conductor: conductors, nonconductor, semiconductor/ misconduct: misconducted, misconducting, misconducts/nonconductor: nonconductors/semiconductor: semiconductors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Of the three arrests, two were for disorderly conduct and trespassing and one was a handgun case.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A state inspection of the prison conducted in October classified it as “terrible.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
On Monday, at the request of Roof’s former defense attorney, a judge conducted a nonpublic hearing to assess Roof’s competence.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 组织; 实施; 执行; 指挥
时态：conducted, conducting, conducts
分布：行为(67%)，管理(8%)，品行(7%)，导电(6%)，引导(5%)，指挥(4%)，举动(2%)，传热(1%)
→来自conduce, 引导。
行为;指挥(con共同+duct_→引导大家一起做→指挥)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
n.行为,品行v.引导;管理;指挥(乐队);传导One of the students conducted her in.其中有一个学生带领她进入.
【记】con共同，duct引导－引导大家的行为举止
US [ˈkɑːn-]
BEHAVIOUR 行为
 IMPROVER
■behaviour 行为，举止；表现；为人
• bad/excellent/disgraceful conduct 糟糕的／得体的／丢脸的举止
• The club has a strict code (= set of rules) of conduct. 该俱乐部有严格的行为准则。
noun uncountable UK [ˈkɒn.dʌkt] US [ˈkɑːn-]
ORGANIZATION 组织 formal
■the way in which an activity is organized and performed 组织方式；实施方式
• He was criticized for his conduct of the inquiry. 他组织这次调查的方式受到了批评。
guide, direct, conduct, pilot, lead
这组词都有“引导”的意思，其区别是：
guide: 普通用词，可与conduct换用，指引导者与被引导者双方彼此合作，共同努力的关系。
direct: 指为某人指方向，但自己不一定亲自引路，也可表示指导一群人的事或活动。
conduct: 正式用词，指引导某人去某处，强调亲自带领；也强调监督管理一群有共同目的或目标的人。
pilot: 从原义“为飞机、轮船导航”借喻为指亲自带领某人去某处。
lead: 指走在前面给某人引路或带路人共同去达到某一目标。用于抽象意义时，指在某项活动或运动中起主导和组织作用。
execute, conduct, do, perform, fulfil
这组词都有“做，执行，实施，完成”的意思，其区别是：
execute: 指需专门技术熟练技巧去完成某种复杂的任务或表演等，也指用行动把计划或打算付诸实施或执行某项命令。
conduct: 和perform一样比较正式，二者意义相近，但conduct含指导、领导或监督等意味。
do: 最普通常用词，指完成某项具体工作、任务，也指完成某种行为或动作。
perform: 指完成困难较大、较复杂的任务。较正式用词。
fulfil: 指履行和实现所许诺的、所期望或要求的事情，含最终完成的意味。
conduct, attend, escort, accompany
这组词都有“陪同，伴随”的意思，其区别是：
conduct: 无论用于人或物均指引导带领。
attend: 侧重主从关系，即下级对上级，学生对老师等，或表恭、服侍。
escort: 通常指用车或人在陆上伴随、护送，其目的是保护或出于礼节。
accompany: 既可指人也可指物。用于人时，侧重关系紧密或同时发生。
serve, conduct, shoulder, tackle
serve: V服务；供（某人）饭菜；供职、服役 N 发球
conduct: N 行为，品德，指导，指挥，管理，经营 V 领导，指导，带领；控制，管理；传导（热、电流等）
shoulder: N 肩膀，肩部 V 扛，承担
tackle: 应付，对付，处理
conduct, behavior, manner
这组词都有“行为，举止”的意思，其区别是：
conduct: 较正式用词，泛指某人的行动。侧重根据社会道德标准和责任感。
behavior: 普通用词，侧重指某人在特定场合对他人或在他人面前的行为、举止。
manner: 主要用来指人的习惯行为。
vi. 导电；带领
 - lead through
vt. 管理；引导；表现
 - manage, run, direct, represent, aim
n. 进行；行为；实施
 - going on, behavior, dealing, enforcement, administration

Word: blue
Front: blue
[blu:] (高宝 842/1083 -K5)
Vocabulary: blue
(once / 43 pages)
1adjnv 2nadj 3adj 4adj 5adj 6adj 7n 8n 9n
Among other things, blue is a color and a dreary mood. If the blue sky and ocean have turned gray and stormy, you might be blue because your day at the beach is ruined.
Whether it's a primary color or a saddened mood, blue is used often as an adjective for people and things. Blue is a mix of green and purple shades, and it's the favorite color of many. The color blue might bring thoughts of first-place blue ribbons or police officers in blue uniforms, and it colors many flags of the world. Blue is everywhere, but there isn't a lot of blue food unless it's colored with dye. Even blueberries are mostly purple.
WORD FAMILY
blue: blued, blueing, blueish, bluely, blueness, bluer, blues, bluest, bluing, bluish+/bluish: bluishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Really out of the blue, Heinz tells Nathalie he has become involved with another woman and is leaving their home to move in with her.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
ELKHORN, Wis. — The basement room was cleared of pens with blue or black ink, items that could mar paper ballots.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
But at the end of the sessions we said, ‘We made a blues album!’
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 蓝色; [复数]（美国海、陆、空三军穿的）蓝色制服; 蓝颜料; [the blue(s)][用作单数或复数]布鲁斯（歌曲）（一种伤感的美国黑人民歌）
adj. 蓝色的; 沮丧的，忧郁的; 下流的
vt. 把…染成蓝色; 使成蓝色; 给…用上蓝剂; 用上蓝剂于
vi. 变成蓝色，呈蓝色
时态：blued, bluing, blues
分布：蓝色(65%)，蓝色的(29%)，沮丧的(3%)，忧郁的(2%)，色情的(1%)
→来自PIE * bhel, 燃烧，发光。词源同blank, black. 在古英语里这一PIE词表示各种颜色。
a.蓝色的;青灰色的;沮丧的,阴郁的n.蓝色I didn't evaluate the blue glue due to the vague plague.因为不明确的瘟疫,我没有对蓝色胶水估价.
【记】巴乔有一双忧郁的蓝眼睛
adjective
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL
■of the colour of the sky without clouds on a bright day, or a darker or lighter type of this 天蓝色的；蓝色的，蔚蓝色的
• a faded blue shirt 褪色的蓝衬衫
• pale blue eyes 浅蓝色的眼睛
• Her hands were blue with cold (= slightly blue because of the cold). 她的手冻得发青。
[blu:] adjective
SEXUAL 性的
■showing or mentioning sexual activity in a way that offends many people 淫秽的，下流的
• a blue joke 下流的笑话，黄色笑话
• a blue movie/film 色情电影
• His humour is a bit too blue for my tastes. 他的幽默对我来说有点儿太下流了。
[blu:] adjective
SAD 悲伤的
[after verb] informal
■feeling or showing sadness 悲伤的；忧郁的；沮丧的
• He's been a bit blue since he failed his exams. 自从考试不及格后，他就一直有些闷闷不乐。
⇒ See also blues
[blu:] adjective
once in a blue moon
■not very often 少有地
• My sister lives in Alaska, so I only see her once in a blue moon. 我姐姐住在阿拉斯加，所以我很少去看她。
[blu:] adjective
scream / shout blue murder informal
■to show your anger about something, especially by shouting or complaining very loudly 大声抗议；大声诉苦
• He'll scream blue murder if he doesn't get his way. 如果不能如愿，他就会大声抗议。
[blu:] adjective
until you are blue in the face
■If you say or shout something until you are blue in the face, you are wasting your efforts because you will get no results 任凭你磨破嘴皮
• You can tell her to tidy her room until you are blue in the face, but she won't do it. 任凭你磨破嘴皮叫她打扫自己的房间，她也不会去做的。
[blu:] noun
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a blue colour 蓝色
[blu:] noun
SPORTS 体育
countable UK
■a person who has played a sport for Oxford University against Cambridge University or for Cambridge University against Oxford University, or the title given to them for this 牛津（或剑桥）大学校队运动员（头衔）
[blu:] noun
out of the blue ADVANCED
■If something happens out of the blue, it is completely unexpected 出乎意料地，突然
• One day, out of the blue, she announced that she was leaving. 有一天，她突然宣布要走。
melancholy, unhappy, blue, sad, sorrowful, gloomy
这组词都有“忧伤的，悲哀的，伤感的”的意思，其区别是：
melancholy: 指经常性的忧郁或悲哀，多用于文学描写中。
unhappy: 多指日常生活中遇到不如意的事而感到不愉快、不幸，侧重指心理状态。
blue: 非正式用词，语气较随便，指较强烈的忧郁或沮丧。
sad: 最常用词，泛指一切形式的悲伤，着重暂时的不幸或感觉的忧伤。
sorrowful: 多指因丧失亲人等原因所引起的悲哀，也指由于错误而产生的悔恨交加的心情。
gloomy: 指愁眉苦脸，令他人也感到扫兴。
adj. [光] 蓝色的；忧郁的，沮丧的；下流的
 - dark, disappointed, dirty, depressed
n. [光] 蓝色
 - azur, blau

Word: boost
Front: boost
[bu:st] (研四六托雅宝 3691/4022 -3)
Vocabulary: boost
(once / 373 pages)
vn
Think of the word boost as meaning "help up." Maybe you need a boost getting over a fence (hmm — are you sneaking in or sneaking out?), or maybe you are feeling low and need to boost your spirits — chocolate, anyone?
Sometimes words appear that really don't have any clear origins. Boost is one of those words, but it's a fun word, and it's thought that maybe it has some connection to boose, a Scots dialect word that carries the idea of a push. A slang meaning of the word is to sneakily steal, like shoplifting. You gave your cousin a boost into the window, not knowing he was planning on boosting some sneakers.
WORD FAMILY
boost: boosted, booster, boosting, boosts+/ booster: boosters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The miners are banking on a boost in infrastructure spending, which they believe would offset the price declines caused by slowing growth in housing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
If Petra Nova succeeds, it means a boost for carbon capture.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Likewise, it's not clear whether an aromatherapy diffuser needs to be smartphone-controlled, even if its scents really boost memory and clean lungs, as claimed.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 促进，提高; 增加; 吹捧; 向上推起
vi. 宣扬; [美国俚语]（尤指在商店）行窃，偷窃
n. 提高，增加; 帮助; 吹捧; 加速[助推]器
时态：boosted, boosting, boosts
分布：提高(54%)，增加(34%)，推进(8%)，鼓励(3%)，举起(1%)
→词源不详。可能来自拟声词，同boom.
n.vt.提升;增加;抬高(价格);支援The company is boosting a new product.这个公司正在大事宣传一种新产品.
【记】boo读：不，st＝ST一种比较面的股票。既然不是ST，股价就可以增加，提高。
【参】booster（n 热心的拥护者）＝enthusiastic supporter
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to improve or increase something 改善；提高；增强；推动
• The theatre managed to boost its audiences by cutting ticket prices. 剧院设法透过降低票价来增加观众数量。
• Share prices were boosted by reports of the President's recovery. 总统康复的报导导致股票价格上扬。
• I tried to boost his ego (= make him feel more confident) by praising his cooking. 我赞扬他的厨艺，试图以此增强他的自信心。
[bu:st] noun countable usually singular
 ADVANCED
■when something is boosted 推动，促进；提高；增长
• The lowering of interest rates will give a much-needed boost to the economy. 利率的下调将会给经济注入急需的推动力。
• Passing my driving test was such a boost to my confidence. 通过了驾驶执照考试使我自信心大增。
elevate, raise, hoist, heave, lift, boost
这组词都有“升起，举起”的意思，其区别是：
elevate: 较正式用词，指位置、高度的升高，多作比喻用，指职位、品德等的提高。
raise: 较正式用词，常可与lift换用，但强调把某物举起或抬起到应有的高度。常用比喻。
hoist: 多指用绳索、滑轮等机械把重物升起。
heave: 指需花大力气或借外力才能举起或抬起重物。
lift: 指用人力或机械力把某物升到较高的位置。
boost: 原义指从后面或下面推起或提高，现常用于指提高价格、振作精神等抽象概念。
vt. 促进；增加；支援
 - facilitate, promote, enhance, further, jack
vi. 宣扬；偷窃
 - pick pocket, rip off
n. 推动；帮助；宣扬
 - assistance, motivation, hand, aid, publicity

Word: bat
Front: bat
[bæt] (高研四 3692/4758 -3)
Vocabulary: bat
(once / 192 pages)
1nv 2n 3v 4v
A bat is used in the sports of baseball and cricket to hit a small, hard ball. In baseball, a bat can be made out of wood or aluminum.
Bat can be a verb as well: when you're up at bat in a baseball game, it means it's your turn to bat with the bat. There is also an animal called a bat, a small, nocturnal bird-like mammal. People can be said to "bat their eyelashes," or flutter them flirtatiously, as well. This last meaning, from the mid-1800s, comes from an earlier sense of bat, "flutter like a hawk's wings."
WORD FAMILY
bat: bats, batted, batter, batting +/ batter: battered, battering, batters/battered: batteredest/battering: batterings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Roger Clemens fails to get votes necessary for Baseball Hall of Fame, hurls bat shard at Mike Piazza’s plaque in Cooperstown.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Thinking it was Gunther, he almost brained Martin with a baseball bat.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The general rule of thumb is to save 10 to 15 percent toward retirement, but that is often too much off the bat.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 蝙蝠; 短棍，（棒球等的）球棒，（网球等的）球拍; 白话，口语，成语，俗话; （口）打击，猛击，（海上）导弹
vt. & vi. 用球板击球，用球棒击球（尤指板球或棒球运动）
时态：batted, batting, bats
分布：蝙蝠(65%)，球棒(19%)，球拍(13%)，拍打(2%)，用棒击打(1%)
→1.棍子，词源同beat, 击，打。
n.球拍,球棒,短棒;蝙蝠On the flat platform the bat will pat whatever hat it likes.在平坦的站台上,蝙蝠会拍打它喜欢的任何帽子.
noun countable
STICK 棍
 ADVANCED
■a specially shaped piece of wood used for hitting the ball in many games 球棒；球拍；球板
• a baseball/cricket/rounders/table tennis bat 棒球球棒／板球球板／跑柱式棒球球棒／乒乓球球拍
⇒ See also batsman
[bæt] noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
■a small animal like a mouse with wings that flies at night 蝙蝠
[bæt] noun countable
do sth off your own bat UK informal
■to do something without anyone else telling you or asking you to do it 主动地做…；自觉地做…
• I didn't ask her to buy them a present - she did it off her own bat. 我没有叫她给他们买礼物——是她自己去买的。
[bæt] noun countable
have bats in the belfry old-fashioned disapproving
■to be silly and slightly mad with confused behaviour 傻里傻气，精神失常
⇒ See also batty
[bæt] noun countable
off the bat US
■immediately 立刻，马上
• You can't expect to be accepted in a new town right/straight off the bat. 你不能期望刚到一个新的城镇，就立刻被人们接受。
[bæt] verb (-tt-)
EYE 眼睛
transitive
■(especially of women) to open and close your eyes quickly several times, especially to attract attention or admiration （尤指女子）眨眼（以引起注意）
• She smiled and batted her eyelashes at him. 她微笑着，向他眨了眨眼睛。
[bæt] verb (-tt-)
HIT 攻击
intransitive or transitive
■to try to hit a ball with a bat 用球棒（或球拍）击（球）
• He batted the ball high into the air. 他发了一个高球。
• Jones will be the first to bat. 琼斯将是第一位打击手。
[bæt] verb (-tt-)
not bat an eyelid
■to show no sign of surprise or worry when something unexpected happens 眼睛都不眨一下；面不改容
• She told him she'd spent all her savings but he didn't bat an eyelid. 她告诉他已经花完了自己全部的积蓄，可是他根本不为所动。
n. [脊椎] 蝙蝠；球棒；批处理文件的扩展名
 - Murcielago, reremouse

Word: alarm
Front: alarm
[əˈlɑ:m] (高研四托雅 3693/3004 -K3)
Vocabulary: alarm
(once / 92 pages)
nv
On a clock, the alarm can be set to go off at a certain time to wake nearby sleepers. You should always check the alarm on the clock at a hotel because a previous guest may have it set to go off in the middle of the night.
The noun alarm refers to a signal that is meant to rouse, alert, or awaken someone. On April 18, 1775, William Dawes, Paul Revere, and several others rode from Boston to Lexington, Massachusetts to raise the alarm that the British were coming. As a verb, alarm means to be filled with anxiety or apprehension. You may become alarmed if your children become too quiet. Never a good sign — they are probably up to something mischievous.
WORD FAMILY
alarm: alarmed, alarming, alarmism, alarms+/alarmed: alarmedly/ alarming: alarmingest, alarmingly, unalarming/alarmism: alarmist/alarmist: alarmists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The flotilla raised alarm in Japan when it steamed between the Japanese islands of Miyako and Okinawa.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Suddenly, that £5 cappuccino on Oxford Street is no longer cause for outright alarm.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Michigan contract particularly alarmed some experts because of what they perceived as its broad latitude.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
Back: n. 惊恐; 警报; 闹铃; 动员令
vt. 使惊恐; 警告; 给（门等）安装警报器
时态：alarmed, alarming, alarms
分布：警报(65%)，警报器(13%)，惊恐(11%)，警告(7%)，使惊恐(3%)，向 ... 报警(1%)
→来自意大利语all’arme, 全部拿起武器。
n.惊恐;警报(器)vt.惊动,惊吓;向...报警The alarm harmed the charming harmony of the ceremony.警报声损害了典礼迷人的和谐.
US [-lɑ:rm] noun
WARNING 警告
 IMPROVER countable
■a warning of danger, typically a loud noise or flashing light 警报
• If there's any trouble, raise/sound the alarm by pulling the emergency cord. 如果出现任何问题，拉紧急警报索报警。
• The first two bomb alerts were false alarms, but the third was for real. 前两次炸弹警报是一场虚惊，但是第三次是真的。
 IMPROVER countable
■a device which makes a loud noise to warn of danger 警报器；警报装置
• a burglar/car/fire/smoke alarm 防盗／汽车／防火／烟雾警报器
countable * an alarm clock
countable
■If an electronic device such as a watch or computer has an alarm, it can be set to make a noise at a particular time. 闹铃装置；定时装置
UK [ə'lɑ:m] US [-lɑ:rm] noun
WORRY 担忧
 ADVANCED uncountable
■sudden worry and fear, especially that something dangerous or unpleasant might happen 惊恐，惊慌；担忧
• I didn't tell her that he was late because I didn't want to cause her any alarm. 我没有告诉她他来晚了，因为我不想让她担惊受怕。
• Villagers have reacted with alarm to news of a proposed new road. 听说有修新路的计划，村民都十分恐慌。
UK [ə'lɑ:m] US [-lɑ:rm] noun
raise the alarm
■to make people understand the danger of something 发出警报；报警
• A local doctor was the first to raise the alarm about this latest virus. 当地一名医生最先就这种最新病毒向人们发出警告。
UK [ə'lɑ:m] US [-lɑ:rm] noun
ring / sound alarm bells
■If something rings/sounds alarm bells, it makes you start to worry because it is a sign that there may be a problem 敲警钟；发出危险信号；引起警觉
• The name rang alarm bells in her mind. 这个名字引起了她的警觉。
UK [ə'lɑ:m] US [-lɑ:rm] verb transitive
■to make someone worried or frightened
• I didn't want to alarm him by telling him that she was ill. 我不想让他担心，没有告诉他她生病的事。
alarm, fear, fright, horror, panic, terror, dread
这些名词均含“恐惧、惧怕、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 强调突然意识到有危险而产生的恐惧心理。
fear: 普通用词，侧重指面临危险或灾祸时内心所引起的恐惧心情。
fright: 通常指一阵突然的、令人震惊的短暂恐惧，有时含夸张意味。
horror: 侧重指因看到令人讨厌或危险的东西或情景而引起的厌恶情绪、极度恐惧心情或战栗的动作。
panic: 常指因突如其来的外界威胁使人群出现惊慌、恐惧或混乱。
terror: 指极大的恐惧和惊骇，语气最强。
dread: 可与fear换用，着重害怕的心理，但dread常指胆怯和丧失勇气。
alarm, frightem, startle, terrify, scare, intimidate
这些动词均有“惊吓、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 着重指某人意识到危险而突然产生的惊恐。
frightem: 普通用词，使用广泛，指产生突然、短暂的惊慌、恐怖感。
startle: 强调突然使人惊骇或震惊。
terrify: 语气最强，指惊骇得六神无主，魂飞魄散。
scare: 指非正式文体中可与frighten换用，但语气较重，侧重人受惊吓后立即停下正在干的事或跑掉。
intimidate: 特指恐吓某人，迫使其做某事。
n. 警报， [安全] 警告器；惊慌
 - panic, tocsin
vt. 警告；使惊恐
 - exercise, alert, warn

Word: festival
Front: festival
[ˈfestɪvl] (中高研四六托雅 3695/2395 -K4)
Vocabulary: festival
(once / 222 pages)
n
A festival might be an all-day series of music performances or a weekend of short plays or films. Any program made up of many different acts, especially lasting an entire day or several days, can be called a festival.
Another meaning of the word festival is "big party," again most often a celebration that lasts for a long period of time. Some festivals are religious, and others are seasonal or cultural, like a city's Italian Heritage Festival. Some famous festivals include the Fringe Festival in Scotland, Carnivale in Brazil, Oktoberfest in Germany and Burning Man in the United States. You could travel the world as a festival hopper.
WORD FAMILY
festival: festivals
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the highlights of the holiday season for me was attending the “It’s a Wonderful Life” Festival in Seneca Falls, New York.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Piers Handling says Marshall helped build the festival into one of “the most influential public cultural festivals today.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Outside the New York Film Festival, the writer-director Mike Mills kept freezing up on the red carpet.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 节日; 节期; 贺宴，会演
adj. 节日的，喜庆的
分布：节日(84%)，节日的(11%)，喜庆的(3%)，欢宴(1%)，庆祝及祭祀(1%)
→来自拉丁语festa, 假日，宗教节日，来自dhes, 神，与神和宗教相关的，词源同festival, fan, theist.词义由祭祀，庆祝，狂欢引申为盛宴等。
节目,宴会(fext+ival表名词成形容词)[fest=feast,表示"节目"]
n.节日;音乐节;戏剧节a.节日的;快乐的During the festival the investor investigated his ancestor.节日期间投资者调查了他的祖宗.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a special day or period, usually in memory of a religious event, with its own social activities, food or ceremonies 节日；节期
• a Jewish/Christian/Hindu festival 犹太教／基督教／印度教节日
 IMPROVER
■an organized set of special events, such as musical performances （音乐等的）会演，节
• a folk/pop/rock festival 民间音乐／流行音乐／摇滚音乐节
• The Brighton Festival is held every year around May time. 布莱顿艺术节每年五月份左右举行。
• the Cannes Film Festival 坎城电影节
holiday, leave, vacation, festival
这组词都有“假日，节日”的意思，其区别是：
holiday: 指按规定不工作的各种假日，时间可长可短。在英国复数形式表示较长的假期。
leave: 主要指政府机关工作人员或军队人员获准的休假、假期。
vacation: 通常指时间较长的假期，如学校的寒暑假等。
festival: 指公众庆祝、欢度的节日。
n. 节日；庆祝，纪念活动；欢乐
 - holiday, joy, celebration
adj. 节日的，喜庆的；快乐的
 - cheerful, enjoyable

Word: grip
Front: grip
[grɪp] (研四六托雅 3694/3376 -3)
Vocabulary: grip
(once / 245 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n
To grip something is to hold it firmly. You might grip the TV remote to keep your roommate from trying to change the channel.
When you want to hold on to something, you grip it. If your hands are strong and you can hold things well, you have a good grip. Grip is also the roughness or texture of something. A steering wheel has good grip if your hands don't slip while driving. This word can be also be used figuratively. If you’re upset, your friend might tell you to “get a grip” — that is, get a hold of yourself.
WORD FAMILY
grip: gripped, gripping, grips, gript+/gripping: grippingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, the nation is in the grip of a worsening heroin epidemic.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Mr. Thomas and the bride formally met one day earlier, when he suggested she grip his wrist, where his pulse is strongest.
New York Times(Aug 08, 2016)
Syria, Libya and Yemen are gripped by war.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 紧握，抓牢; 握力; 掌握，理解; 能力，胜任
vt. 握紧，抓牢; 吸引住：吸引…的兴趣或注意力; 引起
vi. 抓牢，紧握：保持紧握
时态：gripped, gripping, grips
分布：紧握(40%)，紧抓(20%)，手柄(18%)，了解(10%)，吸引(8%)，手提包(4%)
→词源同grab, grapple.
v./n.紧握,抓紧;掌握I gripped the striped strip that tripped me over on the ship.我握着那条在船上将我绊倒的带条纹的带子.
verb (-pp-)
HOLD 抓住
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to hold very tightly 紧握；握紧；紧抓（住）
• The baby gripped my finger with her tiny hand. 婴儿的小手紧紧握住我的手指。
• Old tyres won't grip (= stay on the surface of the road) in the rain very well. 在雨天，旧轮胎在路面上防滑性能不是太好。
[grɪp] verb (-pp-)
INTEREST 使感兴趣
transitive
■to keep someone's attention completely 使入迷；吸引…的注意力
• This trial has gripped the whole nation. 这场审判引起了全国的关注。
• I was gripped throughout the entire two hours of the film. 整整两个小时我都沉浸在这出电影里。
[grɪp] verb (-pp-)
EMOTION 感情
transitive usually passive
■When an emotion such as fear grips you, you feel it strongly （感情等）强烈地控制；对…产生强烈影响
• Then he turned towards me and I was suddenly gripped by fear. 然后，他转过身对着我，我突然惊恐万状。
[grɪp] noun
CONTROL 控制
 ADVANCED only singular
■control over something or someone 控制；支配
• Rebels have tightened their grip on the city. 叛军已经加强了他们对这座城市的控制。
[grɪp] noun
HOLD 抓住
countable usually singular
■a tight hold on something or someone 紧握；握紧；紧抓（住）
• She tightened her grip on my arm. 她紧紧抓住我的肩膀。
• She would not loosen her grip on my arm. 她紧抓住我的肩膀不放。
[grɪp] noun
BAG 包
countable old-fashioned
■a bag for travelling that is smaller than a suitcase 旅行袋；手提包
[grɪp] noun
get/keep a grip on yourself
■to make an effort to control your emotions and behave more calmly 控制自己的感情；使自己镇定下来
• I just think he ought to get a grip on himself - he's behaving like a child. 我真是觉得他应该控制一下自己——他的举止像个小朋友。
[grɪp] noun
be in the grip of sth
■to be experiencing something unpleasant that you have no control over 处于无法控制的不利局势中；受制于…
• The country is currently in the grip of the worst recession for twenty years. 这个国家现在陷入了20年来最严重的经济衰退之中。
[grɪp] noun
come/get to grips with sth
■to make an effort to understand and deal with a problem or situation 开始理解并着手处理；了解并应付（问题或局面）
• The government have failed to come to grips with the two most important social issues of our time. 政府未能了解到我们这一时期最重要的两个社会问题。
• I can't seem to get to grips with this problem. 我好像理解不了这个问题。
grasp, clasp, catch, grip
grasp: 指用手、牙等抓住或咬住
clasp: 握紧，攥（在手中）
catch: 指用手接住（运动着的物体），捉住，捕获
grip: 紧抓，紧握，用于被动时指吸引某人的注意力
grasp, grab, clasp, seize, take, clutch, grip, snatch
这组词都有“抓住，握紧”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 指紧紧抓住、抓牢。
grab: 指粗暴而急迫的抓住。
clasp: 指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。
seize: 指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。
take: 最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或控制某物。
clutch: 强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。
grip: 语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。
snatch: 指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。
n. 紧握；柄；手提包；支配
 - governance, disposal, purchase, handle, ruling
vt. 紧握；夹紧
 - squeeze, clamp
vi. 抓住
 - clutch at, take hold

Word: weird
Front: weird
[wɪəd] (研托雅宝 3632/5398 -2)
Vocabulary: weird
(once / 698 pages)
adj
Call something weird when it’s strange, bizarre, or strikes you as odd. Putting peanut butter on pizza is weird. So is most abstract, conceptual performance art.
Our definition of weird is rooted in Germanic mythology, where the “weird sisters” were three funky-looking goddesses that controlled fate and destiny: We dropped the idea of destiny and clung to how weird the weird sisters looked. In today’s slang we even use weird as a verb, as in “to weird someone out” or make them feel uneasy.
WORD FAMILY
weird: weirder, weirdest, weirdly, weirdness+/weirdness: weirdnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s kind of weird, if you think about it.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was just weird that he called it yesterday.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Things then got weird on the point after touchdown as Jarran Reed got ejected for an unsportsmanlike penalty.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 怪诞的，超自然的; 奇怪的，奇异的; <古>命运的，宿命的; 不可思议的
n. 命运，宿命; 厄运; <古>命运女神
分布：怪异的(41%)，古怪的(35%)，离奇的(13%)，命运(8%)，预言者(3%)
→来自wer,弯，转，纺织，词源同versus,wreath。原指北欧神话中编织人命运之线的三女神，又称weird sisters,但这三姐妹在传说和文学作品中都被描绘成无比怪异的女巫形象，因此引申词义怪异的，奇怪的。
a.古怪的,离奇的;怪诞的,神秘而可怕的They were awakened by a weird shriek.他们被一声怪叫吵醒了.
【记】we，ird＝bird：我们突然变成鸟了－超自然的；古怪荒唐的
US [wɪrd] adjective
 ADVANCED
■very strange and unusual, unexpected or not natural 怪异的；不寻常的；出乎意料的；超自然的
• He was sitting alone by a window with a weird contraption on the bench in front of him. 他独自坐在窗边，面前的长椅上摆着个奇怪的装置。
• Her boyfriend's a bit weird but she's all right. 她的男朋友有点怪，不过她倒很正常。
• That's weird - I thought I'd left my keys on the table but they're not there. 真奇怪——我记得把锁匙放在桌子上，但现在却不见了。
• There is nothing to rival the weird and wonderful things that come out on the streets at carnival time. 没有甚么可以和狂欢节期间大街上出现的那些奇妙而古怪的东西相媲美。
adj. 怪异的；不可思议的；超自然的
 - magic, mysterious, fantastic
n. （苏格兰）命运；预言
 - fate, prediction, lot, destiny, fortune

Word: undermine
Front: undermine
[ˌʌndəˈmaɪn] (研六托雅宝 3697/3409 -3)
Vocabulary: undermine
(once / 731 pages)
1v 2v
To undermine literally means to dig a hole underneath something, making it likely to collapse. But we more often use the word to describe sabotage or the act of weakening someone else's efforts.
Originally spelled with a ‘y’ instead of an ‘i’, undermine has Germanic roots and means to weaken, hinder, or impair. Accidentally undermine the foundation of a house by digging a tunnel to China beneath it and you might be forgiven. Undermine your teacher’s authority by speaking out of turn and throwing spitballs and odds are you’ll get in trouble.
WORD FAMILY
undermine: undermined, undermines, undermining
USAGE EXAMPLES
She says undoing the law also will undermine Medicaid and Medicare.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All of these things are threatened or undermined as we enter the new year.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Supreme Court in another apparent effort to undermine his Democratic successor's ability to govern.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: v. 逐渐削弱; 使逐步减少效力; 从根基处破坏; 挖…的墙脚
时态：undermined, undermining, undermines
分布：逐渐削弱(53%)，从根基处损害(19%)，暗中损害(19%)，在...下挖(9%)
→under-, 在下面，mine, 挖矿，挖坑。比喻义削弱根基，削弱。
破坏,损坏(under+mine挖→挖墙角)[under-①表示"在…下"②表示"不足,不够"③表示"副手"]
v.暗中破坏,逐渐削弱;侵蚀...的基础The blunder made the underground instrument undergo an undermining of the thunderbolt.这个失策让地下仪器经受了一次雷电的破坏.
【记】under下，mine（v 挖矿）－在下面挖－暗中破坏
【反】reinforce（v 加强）；bolster（v 支持）；undergird（v 加强…的底部）
US [-dɚ-] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make someone less confident, less powerful or less likely to succeed, or to make something weaker, often gradually （常指逐渐地）削弱信心、权威等，损害
• The President has accused two cabinet ministers of working secretly to undermine his position/him. 总统指责有两位内阁部长在暗中算计他。
• Criticism just undermines their confidence. 批评只是削弱了他们的信心。
vt. 破坏，渐渐破坏；挖掘地基
 - destroy, founder

Word: freshman
Front: freshman
[ˈfreʃmən] (3699/26553 -1)
Vocabulary: freshman
(once / 782 pages)
nadj
A freshman is a student in her first year of high school or college. Being a college freshman can be a little overwhelming — it's a huge change in most people's lives.
Sometimes a freshman is called a "first-year student," a term that isn't so gender-specific. However, you can also use the word freshman for a a boy or a girl. Sometimes, rather than school, a freshman is new at something else: in the US Senate, first-timers are frequently called "freshman senators." The word combines the "inexperienced" sense of fresh with man, or "person."
WORD FAMILY
freshman: freshmen
USAGE EXAMPLES
He recorded five receiving touchdowns as a true freshman.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Freshman Jack Jones played at cornerback in his absence, and Burnett returned punts.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Then to his freshman wunderkind, “Cooper, are you ready to play now?”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （中学或大学的）一年级学生; 新手
分布：新手(54%)，大学一年级学生(46%)
→比喻用法。比较sophomore, junior, senior.
['freʃ.mən] US
noun countable (informal frosh)
■a student in the first year of high school , college, or university （中学或大学的）一年级新生
• He's a freshman at Harvard. 他是哈佛大学的一年级新生。
• Greg and Jody met in their freshman year at college and married soon after they graduated. 葛列格和乔迪在大学一年级时相识，毕业后不久就结婚了。
■someone who has recently started any particular job or activity 新手
• a freshman in Congress 国会新议员
• a freshman football player 足球新手
n. 新手，生手；大学一年级学生
 - rookie, tyro

Word: sweat
Front: sweat
[swet] (高研四六托 3696/5134 -K2)
Vocabulary: sweat
(once / 339 pages)
nv
Sweat is perspiration that makes you feel cooler when it evaporates off the surface of your skin — or the giving-off of this liquid. If you exercise hard, you will sweat.
The word sweat comes from the Old English word swætan, which means “perspire,” and “work hard.” Though sweat is the body's way of cooling itself, today it also means "to worry or be stressed out." If someone tells you not to sweat it, it means "don't worry." But if someone is "sweating" you, it means you are hassled, maybe being asked every five minutes, "Did you finish your work yet?"
WORD FAMILY
sweat: sweated, sweater, sweating, sweats+/sweater: sweaters/sweating: sweatings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Smith-Schuster appeared at the media day event sweating and wearing a coat indoors.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Sweat the onion, minced garlic, red pepper flakes and paprika for 3 minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
My thimbleful was entrancing: It tasted of black fruit, a little earth, maybe the sweat, hopes and fears of the crew who fashioned it.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vi. 流汗，渗出; 发酵; 做苦工; 〈非〉烦恼，焦急
vt. 使出汗; 使流出，使排出; 使过度工作; 逼问
n. 汗水; 湿气; 繁重、耗力的劳动; 担心，焦虑
时态：sweated, sweating, sweats
分布：汗水(91%)，焦急(8%)，繁重工作(1%)
→来自古英语 swat,流汗，出汗，来自 Proto-Germanic*swatitaz,汗水，来自 sweid,汗水，词 源同 exude,sudorific.引申诸相关词义。
n.汗v.(使)出汗The man in neat sweaty sweater seated himself in the rear.穿整洁的汗湿毛衣的男子在后面就坐.
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to pass a salty colourless liquid through the skin because you are hot, ill or frightened 流汗，出汗，冒汗
• It was so hot when we arrived in Tripoli that we started to sweat as soon as we got off the plane. 我们到达的黎波里时天气太热，我们一下飞机就开始出汗。
• The prisoners were sweating with fear. 囚犯们吓得直冒汗。
• informal I was so afraid, I was sweating like a pig (= sweating a lot). 我害怕极了，浑身冒汗。
■If something sweats, it produces drops of liquid on the outside 渗出（水珠）
• The walls in older houses sometimes sweat with damp. 老房子的墙壁有时候会因为潮湿而渗出水。
[swet] verb intransitive
make sb sweat informal
■to make someone wait nervously 使（某人）焦急地等待
• It seemed that the authorities had delayed the news just to make us sweat. 当局延后发布新闻似乎就是要让我们着急。
[swet] verb intransitive
sweat blood (also sweat your guts out) informal
■to make a great effort 苦干，拼命地做
• We sweated blood to get the work finished on time. 为了准时完成任务，我们埋头苦干。
• I've been sweating blood over this report. 我一直都在拼命地写这份报告。
[swet] verb intransitive
sweat bullets US informal
■to be extremely nervous and worried about something 极端焦虑不安
• I was sweating bullets over this interview. 这次的采访让我极为不安。
[swet] verb intransitive
sweat it out informal
■to wait nervously for an unpleasant situation to end or improve 如坐针毡地等待（不愉快情形）结束，焦虑不安地苦熬
• My exams finish next week, and then I'll be sweating it out for a month waiting for the results. 我的考试下周就结束，接下来的一个月就得如坐针毡地等待考试结果。
■to do hard physical exercise 做高强度的运动
• I like to sweat it out in the gym for a couple of hours every day. 我喜欢每天都到健身房做一两个小时密集运动。
[swet] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  sweat over sth
■to work very hard using or doing something 苦干，埋头做
• She's been sweating over that essay all afternoon. 她整个下午都在埋头写那篇论文。
• I've been sweating over a hot stove (= cooking) all morning. 我整个早上都忙着做饭。
[swet] noun
LIQUID 液体
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the salty colourless liquid that you pass through your skin 汗，汗水
• The dancers were dripping with/pouring with sweat after a morning's rehearsal. 经过整个上午的彩排，舞蹈演员们都大汗淋漓。
• By the time we'd climbed to the top of the hill, we were covered in sweat. 爬到山顶的时候，我们浑身是汗。
• She wiped the beads (= drops) of sweat from her forehead. 她擦了擦额头上的汗珠。
• figurative The cathedral was built by human toil and sweat (= effort). 这是汇聚人们的血汗建成的大教堂。
[swet] noun
CLOTHES 服装
sweats [plural] US (UK tracksuit)
■a loose top and trousers, worn either by people who are training for a sport or exercising, or as informal clothing （运动时或非正式场合穿的）田径服，运动服
[swet] noun
get in a sweat informal
■to worry 担心，担忧
• He tends to get in a sweat about flying. 他坐飞机时，总是一副很担心的样子。
[swet] noun
no sweat informal
■If you say that something is no sweat, you mean that it will not be difficult or cause problems 毫不费力，不麻烦，没问题
• "Can you fix my car for me?" "No sweat!" “您能帮我修一下车吗？”“没问题！”
vt. 使出汗；流出；使干苦活；剥削；藉出汗减轻；焦急地期待
 - stream, shed
n. 汗；水珠；焦急；苦差使
 - sudor, globule
vi. 出汗；辛苦工作；懊恼；结水珠
 - smart, labour over

Word: outer
Front: outer
[ˈaʊtə(r)] (高研四六 3698/3097 -K2)
Back: adj. 外面的，外部的; 远离内部（中心）的; [哲]客观外界的，物质的
n. 环外命中
分布：外面的(53%)，外部的(47%)
→out-,向外，-er,比较级后缀。
a.外部的,外面的,外层的The outer walls of the house were made of brick.这座房子的外墙是砖的.
US [-tˌɚ] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■at a greater distance from the centre 远离中心的；外围的
• outer London 外伦敦
• the outer lane of the motorway 高速公路的外车道
outward, outer, exterior, external, outside
这组词都有“外部的”的意思，其区别是：
outward: 多指空间关系或方向上向外的。
outer: 主要提离开中心或内部较远的，或指比较在外的。
exterior: 强调位于事物的外表以上，但仍是该事物的一部分，较正式。
external: 指与其他物体分离或没有关系的外部，不涉及内容，只说明全然是外部的。
outside: 指超出某种界限之外的。
adj. 外面的，外部的；远离中心的
 - outside, external, out

Word: European
Front: European
[.jʊərə'piːən] (中高雅 1263/512)
Vocabulary: European
(once / 79 pages)
adjn
Anything European has to do with the continent of Europe. A European is someone from a country in Europe. European fashion is from Europe. One man’s pocketbook is another man’s European carry all.
This word has two closely related meanings. First, a European is someone who lives in Europe or is originally from Europe. People from Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy, Greece, or any other European country are all Europeans. There are 28 countries in the European Union, and 18 of those use the euro, the official currency of the European Union. This word also describes anything related to Europe, such as European politics, European history, European music, and of course, European fashion.
WORD FAMILY
European: Europeanise, Europeanize, Europeanly, Europeans+/Europeanise: Europeanised, Europeanising/Europeanize: Europeanization, Europeanized, Europeanizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The firm currently removes search results only for users in the European Union.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
But the European Central Bank’s ability to create economic harmony in the eurozone is limited.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
As European stocks climbed, a rally in risk appetite also pushed down the yields on lower-rated government bonds in the euro zone to multi-week lows.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 欧洲人
adj. 欧洲的；欧洲人的
分布：欧洲的(64%)，欧洲人(27%)，欧洲人的(9%)
US [ˌjʊr.ə-] adjective
■of or from Europe 欧洲的
• a European city 一个欧洲城市
• European history 欧洲历史
UK [ˌjʊə.rə'pi:.ən] US [ˌjʊr.ə-] noun countable
■someone who comes from Europe 欧洲人
• a party of Europeans 一个欧洲人的聚会

Word: drunk
Front: drunk
[drʌŋk] (高研四六 3701/4187 -K2)
Vocabulary: drunk
(once / 154 pages)
nadj
If you consume so much alcohol that you become inebriated, you are drunk. If you do it too often, you may become a drunk, which is another, blunter, word for "alcoholic."
For the last 600 years or so, the word drunk has been used to describe someone who is intoxicated. Someone who's drunk from alcohol might be unsteady on their feet, slur their speech, or not be able to think straight. But you also can be drunk on things like power, passion or hope. This kind of drunk involves strong feelings or intoxicating emotions instead of one too many beers.
WORD FAMILY
drunk: drunken, drunker, drunkest, drunks+/drunken: drunkener, drunkenest, drunkenly, drunkenness/drunkenness: drunkennesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Strengthening Iowa’s ignition interlock laws, which are among the weakest in the nation, according to Mothers Against Drunk Driving.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Art Brown, president of the Utah chapter of Mothers Against Drunk Driving, told the local Fox affiliate the group would not support Thurston’s proposal.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Traditionally, the ashes are then drunk dissolved in champagne.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 醉的; 陶醉的; 沉醉; 飘飘然
n. 醉汉，酒鬼，酗酒者
v. 喝（酒）( drink的过去分词); 饮; 喝酒; （尤指）酗酒
级别：drunker, drunkest
分布：醉酒(67%)，醉鬼(14%)，陶醉的(9%)，醉酒的(9%)，动词drink的过去分词形式.(1%)
a.醉酒的;(喻)陶醉的n.酗酒者,醉汉The hungry drunk plunged a trunk of lungs into the tunnel under the channel.饥饿的醉汉把一大箱肺投进了水渠下面的隧道.
verb (US also drank) past participle of
■drink
[drʌŋk] adjective [after verb]
 IMPROVER
■unable to speak or act in the usual way because of having had too much alcohol 醉的，喝醉的，醉酒的
• I got completely drunk at my sister's wedding. 我在姐姐的婚礼上喝得酩酊大醉。
• I'd had a couple of glasses of wine but I certainly wasn't drunk. 我是喝了几杯酒，但肯定没喝醉。
• UK He came home last night blind (= extremely) drunk. 昨晚他回家时已经醉得一塌糊涂了。
drunk and disorderly legal
■the crime of behaving badly in public after drinking too much alcohol 酗酒滋事，酒后闹事
drunk with power
■having a strong and unreasonable feeling of being able to control other people 因拥有权势而飘飘然
[drʌŋk] adjective [after verb]
drunk as a lord UK (US drunk as a skunk) informal
■extremely drunk 醉得不省人事，酩酊大醉
• Andy staggered in last night drunk as a lord. 昨晚安迪回来时摇摇晃晃，喝得酩酊大醉。
[drʌŋk] noun
countable (also drunkard) disapproving
■a person who drinks large amounts of alcohol very often and is unable to give up the habit 酒鬼，醉鬼，酗酒者
adj. 喝醉了的
 - loaded, buffy

Word: survey
Front: survey
[ˈsɜ:veɪ] (研四六托雅 1241/1015 -K4)
Vocabulary: survey
(once / 141 pages)
vn
The verb survey means to look something over. When you buy your first home, it's a pleasure to stand on the porch and survey your property.
Survey has several meanings, all of which come from Medieval Latin and Anglo words for looking over. As a noun, survey can mean a detailed study of something, but it also means a short summary with a broad view. A survey course gives an overview of a particular subject area, but doesn't make you an expert. Survey is also a verb. If you survey an area hit by an earthquake, you look closely at it to measure the damage.
WORD FAMILY
survey: resurvey, surveyed, surveying, surveyor, surveys+/resurvey: resurveys/surveying: surveyings/ surveyor: surveyors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sugar is the prime culprit with the National Diet and Nutrition Survey showing four- to 10-year-olds consuming twice as much sugar as they should be.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Last week, a survey for Uswitch suggested that consumers will carry an average outstanding sum of £636 on their credit cards into the New Year.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
But 48% of those surveyed said they did not play the vinyl they bought - while 7% did not even own a turntable.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 测量土地
vt. 调查; 勘测; 俯瞰
n. 调查（表），调查所，测量，测量部，测量图; 概观，检查，鉴定书; 环顾
时态：surveyed, surveying, surveys
分布：调查(75%)，研究(14%)，测量(7%)，问卷(2%)，审视(1%)，环视(1%)
→来自盎格鲁法语 surveier,俯看，俯视，来自拉丁语 supervidere,俯看，监督，来自 super,在上， -vid,看，词源同 video,supervise.后引申词义测量，测绘等。
v./n.俯瞰,眺望;全面审视,调查;测量图,勘定The lively survivor surveyed the conveyer.活泼的幸存者考察了输送装置.
US [ˈsɜ˞ː-]
QUESTIONS 问题
 IMPROVER
■an examination of opinions, behaviour, etc., made by asking people questions 调查
• A recent survey found/revealed/showed that 58% of people did not know where their heart is. 最近的一项调查显示，有58%的人不知道自己的心脏在甚么位置。
• to conduct/carry out/do a survey 进行调查
  Common Learner Errors  surveyWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'make a survey', say do/carry out/conduct a survey :
✗ We should make a survey to find out what our customers want. We should conduct a survey to find out what our customers want.
noun countable UK [ˈsɜː.veɪ] US [ˈsɜ˞ː-]
EXAMINING 测量
■the measuring and recording of the details of an area of land （土地）测量，勘测，测绘
• a geological survey 地质勘测
■a description of the whole of a subject （对某一专题的）概述，全面评述
• His new book is a survey of European theatre in the nineteenth century. 他的新书概括介绍了19世纪的欧洲戏剧。
■UK (US AND Australian inspection)
■an examination of the structure of a building by a specially trained person 房屋鉴定，建筑物查勘
verb
LOOK AT 看 UK [sə'veɪ] US ['sɝ:.veɪ] transitive slightly formal
■to look at or examine all of something, especially carefully （尤指认真地）审视，检查
• He got out of the car to survey the damage. 他下车仔细检查受损的情况。
• She has written a book which surveys (= describes in detail) the history of feminism. 她已经写完一本详细评述女权运动史的书。
■UK [sə'veɪ] US ['sɝ:.veɪ] transitive
■to measure an area of land, and to record the details of it, especially on a map （尤指为绘制地图而）测量，勘测，测绘
• Before the new railway was built, its route was carefully surveyed. 在建设新铁路之前，其路线已经经过仔细测量。
■UK [sə'veɪ] US ['sɝ:.veɪ] transitive often passive UK (US AND Australian inspect)
■If a building is surveyed, it is examined carefully by a specially trained person, in order to discover whether there is anything wrong with its structure. 鉴定，查勘（建筑物）
verb
QUESTIONS 问题 UK ['sɜ:.veɪ] US ['sɝ:-] transitive
■to ask people questions in order to find out about their opinions or behaviour 调查
• The researchers surveyed the attitudes of 2500 college students. 研究人员调查了2500名大学生的看法。
• Many of the listeners surveyed said that they were not satisfied with the station's programmes. 许多接受调查的听众都说，他们不满意这个电台的节目。
verb
lord/master/mistress/king/queen of all you survey humorous
■If you are lord, master, mistress, king, or queen of all you survey, you own or control the place in which you live or work. 主人；当权者；主宰者
inquiry, investigation, research, survey
这些名词均有“调查”之意。
inquiry: 普通常用词，指正式调查，也指一般的打听或查询。
investigation: 一般指有系统的调查以得到希望发现或需要知道的事。
research: 指科学工作者等为揭示自然规律或获取某个领域的新知识而进行长时间的调查研究。
survey: 多指为写书面报告而进行的民意测验或调查。
n. 调查；测量；审视；纵览
 - investigation, measurement, probe, research
vt. 调查； [测] [油气] 勘测；俯瞰
 - examine, check into

Word: research
Front: research
[rɪˈsɜ:tʃ] (中高研四六雅 362/357 -K5)
Vocabulary: research
(once / 93 pages)
nv
In their spare time, teenagers LOVE doing extra research, by investigating the facts of a certain subject and studying and recording what they learn. And if you believe that, you need to do more research on the habits of teenagers.
Research comes from the Old French word recercher, meaning "seek out," or "search closely." When you do research, you are searching for knowledge and facts. Although you write plenty of research papers in college, on anything from the Industrial Revolution to the meaning behind a fur-lined teacup, the term is often used when talking about science, because scientists use step-by-step research to prove what is true, or not true, in their line of work.
WORD FAMILY
research: researched, researcher, researches, researching+/ researcher: researchers
USAGE EXAMPLES
To bolster that idea, he adds, “some creationists also try to mimic the appearance of hypotheses, research, and so forth.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A new research project is using zebrafish to identify genetic and environmental factors that in combination may lead to the development of childhood leukemia.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Even as the research proceeds, thousands of people are using CBD as medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 研究，追究; 探讨，探测; 调查; 探索
vi. 做研究; 探究; （从市场调研中）得出所预测的结果
vt. 从事…的研究，为…而做研究
时态：researched, researching, researches
分布：研究(95%)，调查(5%)
→re-,表强调，search,搜寻。引申词义研究，探索。
v./n.(into,on)研究,调查Early I searched through the earth for earthware so as to research in earthquake.早先我在泥土中搜寻陶器以研究地震.
US [ˈriː.sɜ˞ːtʃ]
 ESSENTIAL (also researches [plural])
■a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding 研究；调查；探索
• scientific/medical research 科学／医学研究
• a research student/assistant/laboratory 研究生／助手／实验室
• They are carrying out/conducting/doing some fascinating research into/on the language of dolphins. 他们正在对海豚的语言展开／进行／做一些很有趣的研究。
• His researches in the field of disease prevention produced unexpected results. 他在疾病预防领域的研究取得了意想不到的成果。
noun uncountable UK [rɪˈsɜːtʃ/
    UK [ˈriː.sɜːtʃ] US [ˈriː.sɜ˞ːtʃ/
  Common Learner Errors  researchWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'make research', say do/carry out/conduct research :
✗ The company makes research into alternative energy sources. The company does research into alternative energy sources.
noun uncountable UK [rɪˈsɜːtʃ/
    UK [ˈriː.sɜːtʃ] US [ˈriː.sɜ˞ːtʃ/
  Common Learner Errors  research In its main meaning, research cannot be used with a or an. To talk about an amount of research , do not say 'a research', say research , some research or a lot of research :
✗ He has done an interesting research into animal behaviour. He has done some interesting research into animal behaviour. To talk about research in the singular, you can say a piece of research : I read a very interesting piece of research on the environment.
verb intransitive or transitive UK [rɪˈsɜːtʃ] US [-ˈsɜ˞ːtʃ]
 ADVANCED
■to study a subject thoroughly, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding 研究；调查；探索
• She's researching into possible cures for AIDS. 她正在对一些可能治愈爱滋病的疗法进行研究。
• Journalists were frantically researching the new Prime Minister's background, family and interests. 记者们在疯狂地调查新首相的背景、家庭和爱好等。
inquiry, investigation, research, survey
这些名词均有“调查”之意。
inquiry: 普通常用词，指正式调查，也指一般的打听或查询。
investigation: 一般指有系统的调查以得到希望发现或需要知道的事。
research: 指科学工作者等为揭示自然规律或获取某个领域的新知识而进行长时间的调查研究。
survey: 多指为写书面报告而进行的民意测验或调查。
n. 研究；调查
 - investigation, study, probe, indagation
vi. 研究；调查
 - probe, examine
vt. 研究；调查
 - examine, survey

Word: separation
Front: separation
[ˌsepəˈreɪʃn] (高四六 3704/3669 -K)
Vocabulary: separation
(once / 362 pages)
1n 2n
When two things that were together come apart, it's a separation, whether they're the two halves of your Oreo or a married couple splitting up.
If you leave your beloved cat to go to college, it's a separation — the two of you are parting ways, at least for a little while. The root is the Latin word separare, which means "to pull apart." A separation from someone you care about can be hard, but the trickiest thing about separation is remembering how to spell it. One common trick is to keep in mind that there's "a rat" in the middle of the word.
WORD FAMILY
separation: separationism, separations+/ inseparable: inseparably/separable: inseparable, separability, separably/ separate: separable, separated, separately, separateness, separates, separating, separation, separatism, separative, separator/separateness: separatenesses/separationism: separationist/separationist: separationists/separatism: separatisms, separatist/separatist: separatists/separator: separators
USAGE EXAMPLES
For Saroo Brierley , that separation was real and lasting— a story so extraordinary and harrowing that it carries an excellent movie called “Lion.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Medically vulnerable children such as Arianna and AJ are often forced to live lives of social isolation and separation from their peers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The last feasible option is a mix of separation and integration.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 分离，分开; 间隔，距离; [矿]分选; （夫妇）分居
分布：分离(91%)，分居(7%)，缺口(1%)，分隔线(1%)
US [-ə'reɪ-] noun
 IMPROVER
■when two or more people or things are separated 分离；分开
• During the war many couples had to endure long periods of separation (= not being together). 战争期间，很多夫妇不得不忍受长期分离之苦。
• After many years the government finally abandoned its apartheid system of racial separation. 多年之后，政府最终废除了种族隔离制度。
countable or uncountable
■an arrangement, often legal, by which two married people stop living together as husband and wife 分居
• Couples may agree to divorce each other after a separation. 分居之后，夫妻双方可能同意离婚。
• They're considering separation as an option. 他们正在考虑选择分居。
n. 分离，分开；间隔，距离； [法] 分居；缺口
 - distance, interval, space, gap, remove

Word: traditionally
Front: traditionally
[trə'dɪʃənəlɪ] (托 3705/3451 -K)
Vocabulary: traditionally
(once / 1432 pages)
adv
Anything done traditionally is done according to customs handed down over time. Traditionally, dessert is served after a meal, although many kids would love to change that one. Cake for dinner, anyone?
Traditions are ways of doing things that have been passed down through the generations, like having birthday candles on birthday cakes. Add an -ally and tada! Tradition becomes the adverb traditionally. The word traditionally means something is happening according to a tradition: the way it’s been done for a while. Traditionally, your friends sing an off-key birthday song while you blow out your candles. Traditionally, people hang decorations for holidays. Traditionally, Scottish men wear kilts.
WORD FAMILY
traditional: nontraditional, traditionalism, traditionality, traditionally, untraditional+/ nontraditional: nontraditionally/ tradition: traditional, traditions/traditionalism: traditionalist, traditionalistic/ traditionalist: traditionalists/untraditional: untraditionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fish are much cheaper than the mice traditionally used in such experiments.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Traditionally turtles were eaten at major events, like a wedding or a chief’s funeral.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Traditionally, progressives defined themselves, at least in part, by a desire for change.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 传统上，传说上
分布：传统上(67%)，照惯例(33%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■according to tradition; in a traditional way 根据传统地；传统上
• Quaker meetings are traditionally held in silence. 传统上，贵格会教徒的祈祷会要安静地举行。
• Traditionally, the company's main markets have been Britain and the US. 一直以来，该公司的主要市场是英国和美国。
adv. 传统上；习惯上；传说上
 - customarily

Word: stuff
Front: stuff
[stʌf] (研四六雅 996/1375 -K4)
Vocabulary: stuff
(once / 119 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v 5v
"Good stuff!" you might say, tasting a delicious piece of cake. The word stuff could refer to all sorts of things. It's one of those words that you can use when you're too lazy to find the right word.
Stuff is one of those words you use in all kinds of contexts, or for all kinds of stuff. When you throw a bunch of stuff into a bag, you could be referring to any arrangement of things. When you talk about someone's possessions, informally, you're talking about his stuff. As a verb, to stuff something, is to fill it up — like when you stuff a turkey with breadcrumbs or stuff a pillow with... stuffing.
WORD FAMILY
stuff: overstuff, stuffed, stuffer, stuffing, stuffs, unstuff+/overstuff: overstuffed, overstuffing, overstuffs/stuffed: stuffedest/stuffer: stuffers/stuffing: stuffings/unstuff: unstuffed, unstuffing, unstuffs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Redo the pantry to put healthy stuff in front.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But the stuffed owls in Santa hats were already marked down — 60 percent off.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
That fake tan stuff only started showing up in the past few years.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 材料，原料，资料; 〈俚〉钱，现金; 填充物; 素材资料
vt. 塞满; 填塞; 让吃饱
vi. 吃得过多
时态：stuffed, stuffing, stuffs
分布：东西(70%)，材料(13%)，原料(5%)，素质(5%)，塞满(3%)，填满(2%)，废物(1%)，本质(1%)
→来 自 中 古 英 语 stuffen, 装 备 ， 提 供 ， 来 自 古 法 语 estoffer, 提 供 ， 塞 满 ， 填 塞 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*stuppona, 塞 满 ， 装 满 ， 堵塞 ， 可 能来 自 steu, 推 ， 击， 打 ， 词源 同 stiff,stop,steep.引申诸相关词义。
n.原料,材料,东西v.填满,塞满The puffy staff's stuffy chests are stuffed with sufficient suffering.喘气的职员们闷热的胸中填满了足够的痛苦.
noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
 ESSENTIAL uncountable informal
■used to refer to a substance or a group of things or ideas, etc., often with a description of their general type or quality or saying who they belong to, without saying exactly what they are 物品，东西，玩意
• There's sticky stuff all over the chair. 椅子上到处都是黏乎乎的东西。
• We'll have to carry all our camping stuff. 我们得带齐所有露营装备。
• Do you want help bringing your stuff (= possessions) in from the van? 你要不要人帮你把东西从送货车上搬进来？
• All that stuff she has been saying about Lee is rubbish. 她说的有关李的那些话都是胡说八道。
the stuff of sth literary
■something that a particular type of thing is made of or based on …的原料；…的基础
• Her appetite for shopping became the stuff of legend. 她对购物的欲望远近驰名。
[stʌf] noun
QUALITY 要素
the stuff of sth literary
■the most necessary, important or typical part of something …的要素；…的重要组成部分；…的典型部分
• A thwarted love affair is the (very) stuff of fiction. 历经波折的爱情是小说的基本元素。
uncountable US
■In baseball, a pitcher 's stuff is the quality and variety of their pitches (= throws to the player hitting the ball) （棒球运动中投手的）投球能力
• Avery had great stuff, total command of all three of his pitches. 埃弗里投球技术很好，三次投球都很有把握。
[stʌf] noun
do your stuff informal
■to do what you should do or what is expected of you 尽本分，做分内的事
• If all the members of the team do their stuff, we should win easily. 如果队里每个人都能尽心竭力，我们要赢并不难。
[stʌf] noun
Good/great stuff!
■something you say to encourage or praise someone 做得好！做得漂亮！
• "The sales figures are up this week." "Great stuff!" 本周的销售数字上升了。 “做得漂亮！”
[stʌf] noun
stuff and nonsense old-fashioned
■an expression used to show that you think something is not true and/or is silly 胡说八道，一派胡言
[stʌf] noun
  Common Learner Errors  stuff or staff? Warning: choose the correct word! To talk about the group of people who work for an organization, don't say 'stuff', say staff : The staff do not have an adequate command of English.
[stʌf] verb
FILL 装满
 ADVANCED transitive
■to completely fill a container with something 装满，填满，塞满
• Stuff the cushion and then sew up the final seam. 把垫子塞满，然后把最后一道缝口缝上。
• Under her bed, they found a bag stuffed with money. 他们在她床下找到一个装满钞票的袋子。
 ADVANCED transitive informal
■to push something into a small space, often quickly or in a careless way （常指匆忙或胡乱地）塞，填
• This case is absolutely full - I can't stuff another thing into it. 这只箱子塞得满满的——我再也塞不进东西了。
transitive
■to fill the body of a dead animal with special material so that it looks as if it is still alive 制作（动物）标本
transitive mainly UK offensive
■(of a man) to have sex with a woman 性交（一个男人和一个女人性交）
[stʌf] verb
FOOD 食物
transitive
■to fill food with stuffing 填料，馅
• Stuff the turkey, then put it into a pre-heated oven. 把填料塞进火鸡后，放进预热的烤箱中。
[stʌf] verb
EAT 吃
stuff yourself [R] informal
■to eat a lot 吃得很多，大吃大喝
• They'd been stuffing themselves with snacks all afternoon, so they didn't want any dinner. 他们吃了一个下午的零食，因此根本不想吃晚饭。
[stʌf] verb
Get stuffed! mainly UK very informal
■used to show anger or disagreement （用于表示厌烦、愤怒或不同意）去你的！
• "I'll give you ten quid for the car." "Get stuffed!" “我出十磅买你的车。”“滚！”
[stʌf] verb
stuff it/them/you, etc. mainly UK slang
■used to show anger, disapproval or a refusal to obey towards a situation, person or thing （用于表示生气、不赞成或不服从）去它的／去他们的／去你的等
• He's expecting us to work late, well stuff that/him! 他希望我们加班，不可能！
• "Shall we tidy up now?" "No, stuff it!" “我们现在要收拾吗?”“不用，管它呢！”
[stʌf] verb
stuff your face informal
■to eat a lot 吃得很多，大吃大喝
• I've been stuffing my face all morning. 我整个上午都在吃个不停。
substance, stuff, matter, material
这组词都有“物质，东西”的意思，其区别是：
substance: 多指某一种形式的物质，既可指元素也可指化合物。
stuff: 多用于日常生活中，非正式用词。常指构成整体的所有部分、物体或项目。有时指劣等材料，含轻蔑意味。
matter: 通常指构成实物的物质，与精神相对立。在科学上，指占有空间，并能以某种方式被感官觉察的一切东西。
material: 通常指组成客观存在物的部分或其原料。
n. 东西；材料；填充物；素材资料
 - thing, packing
vt. 塞满； [机] 填塞；让吃饱
 - be crammed with, be packed with
vi. 吃得过多
 - glut, overeat

Word: govern
Front: govern
[ˈgʌvn] (高研四六托 3711/3050 -K3)
Vocabulary: govern
(once / 12 pages)
v
To govern is to rule, lead, oversee, or otherwise control. Each U.S. state has its own governor, whose job it is to govern the affairs of that state.
While it's true that governors govern — that is, they head the executive branch of their state government — there are lots of other ways to use the verb govern. Almost anything that controls or has a lot of influence over something else can be said to govern. The rules of tennis, for example, govern the way that game is played. In mechanics, a device that controls other devices is called a governor. My dog's basic needs govern the way my household is run: his schedule is our schedule.
WORD FAMILY
govern: governable, governance, governed, governing, government, governor, governs, misgovern+/governable: ungovernable/governed: ungoverned/governing: governings, self-governing/ government: governmental, governments, self-government/ governmental: governmentally/ governor: governors, governorship/governorship: governorships/misgovern: misgoverned, misgoverning, misgovernment, misgoverns/misgovernment: misgovernments/ungovernable: ungovernably
USAGE EXAMPLES
For all his confidence, Mr. Trump will also discover that little is simple about governing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The experience of governing other global commons offers little help.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
From the outset, therefore, self-interest rather than affection governed Israel’s attitude toward the United States.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 统治; 管理; 治理; 支配（词或短语的形式或用法）
vi. 控制，支配; 操纵
时态：governed, governing, governs
分布：管理(34%)，控制(23%)，统治(18%)，支配(18%)，规定(7%)
→来自拉丁语gubernare,驾驶，操纵，引申义管理，尤指政府，词源cybernetic, gubernatorial.
v.统治,管理;决定,支配He couldn't govern his temper.他无法控制自己的脾气.
US [-ɚn] verb
RULE 统治
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to control and direct the public business of a country, city, group of people, etc 统治；管理；治理
• The country is now being governed by the Labour Party. 这个国家现在由工党执政。
• They accused the government of being unfit to govern. 他们指责这届政府施政无能。
UK ['gʌv.ən] US [-ɚn] verb
INFLUENCE 影响
transitive
■to have a controlling influence on something 支配；控制；影响
• Prices of goods are governed by the cost of the raw materials, as well as by the cost of production and distribution. 商品的价格不但取决于生产和行销成本，而且取决于原材料的价格。
direct, control, supervise, govern, administer, rule, manage
这组词都有“管理、支配”的意思，其区别是：
direct: 侧重行使领导或指导权。
control: 含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。
supervise: 侧重指运用本身的或被授予的权力来管理、检查工作，含监督意味。
govern: 侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗含能力和知识的运用。
administer: 指官方的或正式的对事务的管理。
rule: 强调用绝对或独裁的权力来管理或统治。
manage: 强调对具体事务机构进行管理，有时含受权管理或处理之意。
vt. 管理；支配；统治；控制
 - manage, possess, conduct, run, regulate

Word: southeast
Front: southeast
[.saʊθ'iːst] (高研四六 3708/10728)
Back: n. 东南，东南方，（美国）东南部; 东南地区
adv. 在东南; 从东南; 向东南; 来自东南
adj. 东南的; 向东南的; 位于东南的; 东南部的
分布：东南(87%)，东南的(4%)，在东南(3%)，东南地区(2%)，来自东南的(1%)，往东南(1%)，向东南的(1%)，来自东南(1%)
n./a.东南(的),东南部(的)The bird nests only in northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest lest it be found.此鸟只在东北,西北,东南和西南筑巢,以免被发现.
[ˌsaʊθ'i:st] (written abbreviation SE)
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the direction which is between south and east 东南，东南方
• We live in the southeast. 我们住在东南部。
the Southeast
■an area of Britain around London which is considered to be richer than other parts of the country 英国东南部地区（指伦敦周围的富裕地区）
• The Southeast is already overpopulated. 东南地区已经是人口过密了。
[ˌsaʊθ'i:st] (written abbreviation SE)
adjective adverb
■in or towards the southeast 东南（的），在东南方（的）；向东南（的）
• Southeast Asia 东南亚
• The mountains are/lie southeast of the city. 群山位于城市的东南方。
[ˌsaʊθ'i:st] (written abbreviation SE)
adjective
southeast wind
■a wind that comes from the southeast 东南风

Word: intelligent
Front: intelligent
[ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt] (研四六托雅 3709/3621 -K3)
Vocabulary: intelligent
(once / 70 pages)
adj
Scientific findings that squirrels are intelligent animals sounded nutty at first, but now that doctors are encouraging people to eat more nuts because they're such healthy food, those squirrels are looking pretty smart. Pigs are considered intelligent too, and they eat garbage.
People and computers are intelligent when they show a high level of understanding. Intelligent comes from the Latin "to understand, to gather," and intelligent creatures gather and make sense of information easily. Many people who aren't labeled intelligent show creativity with resources, or an intelligent use of space, money, or time. While not everyone is considered intelligent — there are even smart vs. dumb computers — most do things that are intelligent, just as intelligent people can do things that are dumb.
WORD FAMILY
intelligent: intelligence, intelligentest, intelligently, unintelligent +/ intelligence: counterintelligence, intelligences/ unintelligent: unintelligently
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is emotionally intelligent, expertly achieved and beautifully written.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Describe him in three words Friendly, interesting, intelligent.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Intelligent people tend to be messier and swear more than others.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 聪明的; 理解力强的; 有智力的; [计]智能的
分布：聪明的(83%)，智能的(17%)
→intel-,在中间，来自inter-的变体，-leg,选择，选出，词源同collect,eligible.引申词义智力，才智，即聪明的，有才智的。词义演变比较science.
a.聪明的,明智的,理智的The diligent teller told a tedious story about the intelligent satellite.勤奋的出纳讲述了一个关于智能卫星的乏味故事.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■showing intelligence, or able to learn and understand things easily 有才智的；聪颖的，理解力强的
• a highly intelligent young man 聪颖过人的年轻人
• an intelligent remark 妙语
• Helen had a few intelligent things to say on the subject. 对于这个主题，海伦有一些颇有见地的想法要说。
intelligent, bright, wise, ingenious, brilliant, clever, smart, shrewd
这组词都有“聪明的”的意思，其区别是：
intelligent: 正式用词，指在理解新的、抽象东西或处理解决问题时，智力超过一般常人。
bright: 口语常用词，多指年轻人，尤指小孩思路敏捷，理解力强，机灵等。
wise: 侧重不是一般的聪明伶俐，而是有远见，有智慧，能明智地处理问题。
ingenious: 指思路敏捷，并暗示有创造与发明的才能和技巧。
brilliant: 指人的才华出众，思路敏捷，常令人赞叹不已。
clever: 强调头脑灵活，接受新事物快，有智有谋，但不一定暗示全面妥当地考虑问题。
smart: 普通用词，与bright和clever的意思很相近，但更强调机灵。
shrewd: 指精明老练，有头脑，善于判断，把握有利机会。
adj. 智能的；聪明的；理解力强的
 - wise, bright, clever, smart, understanding

Word: wherever
Front: wherever
[weərˈevə(r)] (高研四六 3710/3201 -K2)
Back: adv. （究竟）在哪儿
conj. 无论什么地方; 各处，处处
分布：无论在哪里(55%)，无论什么地方(45%)
conj.无论在哪里ad.无论在哪里,究竟在哪里Wherever are you going?你究竟到哪儿去?
US [wer'ev.ɚ] adverb conjunction
 IMPROVER
■to or in any or every place 无论到（或在）哪里；无论甚么地方
• We can go wherever you like. 你想去哪里，我们就去哪里。
• Wherever I go I always seem to bump into him. 无论去哪里，我似乎总是能碰见他。
• All across Europe, wherever you look, marriage is in decline and divorce rates are soaring. 整个欧洲，无论在甚么地方，结婚率都在下降，而离婚率却在猛升。
• Wherever you choose to live there are always going to be disadvantages. 无论你选择在哪里居住，都会有不利之处。
• He lives, apparently, in Little Overington, wherever that is. 显然他住在小欧佛云顿，管它到底在甚么地方呢。
 IMPROVER
■in every case 在任何情况下
• Wherever possible I use honey instead of sugar. 只要有可能，我就用蜂蜜来代替糖。
UK [weə'rev.ər] US [wer'ev.ɚ] adverb
■used instead of 'where' to add emphasis to a phrase, usually expressing surprise （用于代替 where 加以强调，通常表示惊讶）究竟在哪里；究竟到哪里
• Wherever did you find that hat! 你究竟是在哪里找到那顶帽子的！
• Wherever did you get that idea! 你究竟是怎么想到那个主意的！
• Wherever does he get the money from to go on all these exotic journeys? 出国旅行这么多次，他究竟是从哪里弄到的钱？
conj. 无论在哪里；无论什么情况下
 - ubi

Word: ballot
Front: ballot
[ˈbælət] (研六托雅宝 3706/5454 -3)
Vocabulary: ballot
(once / 534 pages)
nv
A ballot is document that lists the choices during an election. When running for office, a candidate’s first goal is getting on the ballot.
This Italian-derived word has proven remarkably successful by adapting itself to evolving voting technologies. It has been applied to devices used for casting votes from ancient times to the present, whether consisting of pottery, paper or pixels. Any kind of device, whether on paper or a computer screen, can be called a ballot if it lists the candidates and allows you to vote.
WORD FAMILY
ballot: balloted, balloting, ballots, ballotted, ballotting+/balloting: ballotings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The 4,000 tickets to the 31 July event at the cemetery will be available through a public ballot online at www.passchendaele100.org until 24 February.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“Try to replace the prime minister at the ballot boxes, as is accepted in democracies,” it added.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Chargers-written ballot measure seeking $1 billion in hotel occupancy taxes to help fund a new downtown stadium was soundly defeated on Nov. 8.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 投票; 投票用纸; 投票总数; 投票权
vi. 投票表决; 抽签决定
vt. 使投票表决; 拉选票; 通过投票[抽签]选出; 抽签
时态：balloted, balloting, ballots
分布：投票(96%)，投票用纸(4%)
→ball, 球。-ot, 小词后缀。来自古时以黑，白球投票的习俗，见blackball, 反对票。
投票[ball,bol=throw,dance,ball,表示"抛,舞,球"]
n.(不记名)投票;投票总数;投票权vi.投票I balloted for Joe.我投乔的票.
【记】ball球，lot多－好多球儿。大家见过世界杯分组抽签吗？把每个队的名字分别放在球里，再进行抽签，所以你会看见好多球儿。
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a system or occasion of secret voting （不记名）投票
• Representatives were elected by ballot. 代表们是透过不记名投票选举出来的。
• They decided to hold a ballot. 他们决定组织一次不记名投票。
■(also ballot paper)
■a piece of paper on which you write your vote 选票
put sth to the ballot
■to vote secretly on a particular matter 就…举行不记名投票
• OK, this seems to be an area of disagreement, so let's put it to the ballot. 好吧，看来这是个争议点，那我们举行不记名投票（来决定）吧。
['bæl.ət] verb transitive
■to organize a secret vote by a group of people in order to find out their views 进行无记名投票
• The union decided to ballot its members on the issue. 工会决定让会员就这件事进行不记名投票。
n. 投票；投票用纸；投票总数
 - vote, poll
vi. 投票；抽签决定
 - cast one's vote, poll
vt. 使投票表决；拉选票
 - seek a vote

Word: rhetoric
Front: rhetoric
[ˈretərɪk] (托雅宝 3713/5706 -2)
Vocabulary: rhetoric
(once / 520 pages)
n
Rhetoric is speaking or writing that's intended to persuade. If your goal is to write editorial columns for "The New York Times," you should work on your rhetoric.
Rhetoric comes from the Greek meaning "speaker" and is used for the art of persuasive speaking or writing. When people listened eagerly to long speeches and studied them in school, rhetoric was generally used positively; now it is often a negative term, implying artfulness over real content. If someone gives a clever speech but doesn't really address the problem, you might say, "That's just a lot of rhetoric."
WORD FAMILY
rhetoric: rhetorical, rhetorician, rhetorics+/ rhetorical: rhetorically, unrhetorical/rhetorician: rhetoricians/unrhetorical: unrhetorically
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was amid that heated and ugly rhetoric that the center announced its expansion plans — and promptly ran into a wall of opposition.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Nor is the government’s own rhetoric much better.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He asked the assembled state leaders how they will positively influence Montana and whether they will be remembered for their rhetoric or results.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 修辞学; 辩论法，雄辩术; 华丽的文词; 花言巧语
分布：修辞(77%)，修辞学(22%)，华丽虚饰的语言(1%)
修辞学(rhetor修辞学大师+ic)[-ic 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或学科"3.表名词"某种病"]
【记】源于rhetor（n 修辞学教师；修辞学者）；这种长得如此难看的单词不经过修辞是不可能这样的。
US ['retˌ.ɚ-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■speech or writing which is intended to be effective and influence people 雄辩言辞；煽动性语言
• How far the president will be able to translate his campaign rhetoric into action remains to be seen. 总统在大选中作出的冠冕堂皇的承诺能够兑现多少尚待观察。
• I was swayed by her rhetoric into donating all my savings to the charity. 她巧言善辩，说得我服服帖帖，把全部储蓄都捐给了慈善机构。
■specialized
■the study of the ways of using language effectively 修辞（学）；雄辩（术）
■disapproving
■clever language which sounds good but is not sincere or has no real meaning 浮夸之词
• In reply to the question, he just produced a lot of empty (= meaningless) rhetoric. 他对这个问题的回答只是一大堆空洞的浮夸之词。
n. [语] 修辞，修辞学；华丽的词藻
 - trope, eloquence
adj. 花言巧语的
 - smooth-tongued, plausible

Word: convinced
Front: convinced
[kənˈvɪnst] (托 3714/3001)
Vocabulary: convinced
(once / 143 pages)
adj
If you're convinced that the moon is made of cheese, then you completely believe the moon is made of cheese. Let's hope you're not easily convinced of such silly things!
When we are convinced of something, we really, sincerely believe it. We think it's true. For example, if someone told you the President used to live underground as a mole person, I hope you wouldn't be convinced too easily. Unfortunately, even when someone has convinced us of something, that doesn't mean it's true. Someone who can be convinced of absolutely anything, no matter how untrue, is called gullible.
WORD FAMILY
convinced: convincedly, unconvinced +/ convince: convinced, convinces, convincible, convincing / convincing: convincingly, convincingness, unconvincing/ unconvinced: unconvincedly/unconvincing: unconvincingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deadly riots the following year in China’s far west left authorities even more convinced that it was time to step up their controls over society.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
We understood his appeal to people frustrated with gridlock in Washington or convinced that a well-fed establishment is oblivious to their struggles.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Many futurists are convinced that, now more than ever, everyone needs to start thinking the way they do.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 确信的; 深信的; 有坚定信仰的
v. 使确信(convince的过去分词); 说服
分布：确信的(60%)，信服的(40%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■certain 确信的，信服的
• My boyfriend says I'd enjoy a walking holiday, but I'm not convinced. 我男友说我会喜欢徒步旅行渡假的，可是我并不确定。
• [+ (that)] I'm convinced (that) she is lying. 我确信她在撒谎。
■certain of your beliefs （信仰）虔诚的，坚定的
• a convinced Christian/atheist 虔诚的基督徒／坚定的无神论者
• a convinced socialist 坚定的社会主义者
adj. 确信的；深信的
 - confident, sure
v. 使确信（convince的过去分词）；说服
 - induced, persuaded

Word: driving
Front: driving
[ˈdraɪvɪŋ] (雅 3712/4514 -K1)
Back: n. 操纵，驾驶
adj. 推进的; 强劲的; 雨、雪等猛烈的; 倾泻而下的
v. 强迫( drive的现在分词); 驱使; 驱赶; 消除
分布：驾驶(80%)，驱动(14%)，推进的(2%)，强劲的(2%)，精力旺盛的(1%)，动词drive的现在分词.(1%)
noun uncountable
■the ability to drive or the way someone drives 驾驶的能力；驾驶的方式
• a driving lesson/school/test 驾驶课程／学校／考试
• She has to do a lot of driving in her job. 她在工作中需要经常开车。
['draɪ.vɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
■strong and powerful and therefore causing things to happen 强而有力的；起推动作用的
• Driving ambition is what most great leaders have in common. 强烈的进取心是大多数杰出领导者的共同特点。
• She was always the driving force behind the scheme. 她总是担当幕后推动者的角色。
driving rain/snow
■rain or snow that is falling fast and being blown by the wind 暴风雨／雪
• Driving snow brought more problems on the roads last night. 昨晚的暴风雪给道路交通带来了更多的麻烦。
adj. 强劲的；推进的；精力旺盛的
 - intruded, pulsive
n. 驾驶；操纵
 - management, manipulation, working, steering
v. 驾驶（drive的ing形式）
 - steering

Word: vitamin
Front: vitamin
[ˈvɪtəmɪn] (研四六 3715/4866 -3)
Vocabulary: vitamin
(once / 2129 pages)
n
A vitamin is an organic substance your body needs to keep working properly. Vitamins are important to health.
Your body needs food and water to stay alive, but it also needs vitamins to work properly. You get some Vitamin D from the sun, and lots of Vitamin C from citrus fruits such as oranges. Without vitamins, your immune system can weaken. Many people take vitamins in pill form to help them stay healthy. The word vitamin — originally vitamine — was coined by scientist Casimir Funk in the early 1900s. He combined vita, Latin for "life," with amine, from amino acids.
WORD FAMILY
vitamin: multivitamin, vitaminise, vitaminize, vitamins+/ multivitamin: multivitamins/vitaminize: vitaminized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Q. Are decreasing levels of vitamin B12 in old age related to the insomnia from which so many older people suffer?
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
They shop online at UkusiBalkana.com for small luxuries from home, including Eurocrem, a Serbian chocolate spread, and Cedevita, a Croatian orange vitamin drink.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Ingredients like potassium, electrolytes, milk thistle, vitamin B-12 and green tea and caffeine extracts process the toxins inherent in alcohol.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 维生素; 维他命
na. “vitamine“的变体
分布：维生素(100%)
→最早写做vitamine,来自vit-,生命，-amine,氨。后证实这种物质不属于氨基，因此字母e脱落。
维生素(vit+a+min素→生命要素→维生素)[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
n.维生素The contaminated vital vitamin made racial discrimination come to culmination.被污染的重要维他命使种族歧视达到极点.
US ['vaɪ.tˌə-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■any of a group of natural substances which are necessary in small amounts for the growth and good health of the body 维生素；维他命
• a vitamin pill 维生素片
• Oranges are full of vitamin C. 柳橙富含维生素。
n. [生化] 维生素；维他命
 - thiamine hydrochloride

Word: enthusiasm
Front: enthusiasm
[ɪnˈθju:ziæzəm] (研四六托雅 3716/2678 -K3)
Vocabulary: enthusiasm
(once / 102 pages)
n
You might show enthusiasm if you find out that all the shoes are on sale for 70 percent off today. The word enthusiasm indicates intense excitement.
The noun enthusiasm comes from the Greek word enthousiasmos, from enthous, meaning “possessed by a god, inspired.” It was originally used in a derogatory sense to describe excessive religious zeal. Today both the religious and derogatory connotations are gone from enthusiasm, but the zeal has survived. Use it to describe great excitement or interest, like what you feel when you’re doing something that you really, really enjoy.
WORD FAMILY
enthusiasm: enthusiasms, enthusiast, enthusiastic +/ enthusiast: enthusiasts/ enthusiastic: enthusiastically, overenthusiastic, unenthusiastic/overenthusiastic: overenthusiastically/unenthusiastic: unenthusiastically
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s more than five years since the last Curb Your Enthusiasm.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Her talkative enthusiasm meshes with his phlegmatic skepticism.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
A petite woman with an infectious enthusiasm, she spoke passionately about the lessons she was learning with Swades.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 热情，热忱; 热衷的事物; 宗教的狂热
分布：热情(91%)，热心(7%)，热衷的事物(2%)
→来自enthuse，热情。
热情(en进入+thus[theo神]+iasm状态→进入神的状态→热情)[the(a)=god表示"神"]
n.热情,热心;狂热;积极性(for)He showed much enthusiasm for our plan.他对我们的计划表示极大热忱.
【源】原指：神灵附体的引起的狂喜，然后引申为宗教的狂热，现在的意思显然有所扩大。
【反】ennui（n 倦怠；厌倦）
US [-'θu:-] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a feeling of energetic interest in a particular subject or activity and an eagerness to be involved in it 巨大兴趣；热情；热忱；热心
• One of the good things about teaching young children is their enthusiasm. 教小孩子的好处之一就是他们对甚么都充满了兴趣。
• After the accident he lost his enthusiasm for the sport. 经历这场事故后，他对这项体育运动失去了热情。
• I just can't work up (= start to feel) any enthusiasm for the whole project. 我就是对整个案子提不起一点热情。
countable
■a subject or activity that interests you very much 激发热情的事物；热衷的活动；热爱的事物
• One of his greatest enthusiasms was yoga. 他最热衷的活动之一就是瑜伽。
enthusiasm, zeal
这组词都有“热情”的意思，其区别是：
enthusiasm: 侧重指比较理智的热情，如对人对事的钦佩或为了事业或目的等所表现出的追求与忠诚
zeal: 通常指为实现向往的事业或为达到所追求的目标而积极投身到实践活动中所表现出来的热情。
n. 热心，热忱，热情
 - passion, flame, fire, warmth

Word: accommodate
Front: accommodate
[əˈkɒmədeɪt] (研四六托雅宝 3717/3404 -2)
Vocabulary: accommodate
(once / 290 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
If you accommodate, you are making an adjustment to suit a particular purpose. If you accommodate your brother's demand for the attic room, then you give in and let him take over that space.
Accommodate entered English in the mid-16th century from the Latin word accommodat-, meaning "made fitting." Whether it refers to changing something to suit someone's wishes or providing someone with something he needs, accommodate typically involves making something fit. You might change your lunch plans, for example, to accommodate your best friend's schedule. Accommodate can also refer to providing housing or having enough space for something. You might need to open up the extra bedroom to accommodate your out-of-town guests.
WORD FAMILY
accommodate: accommodated, accommodates, accommodating, accommodation, accommodative, accommodator+/ accommodating: accommodatingly, unaccommodating/ accommodation: accommodational, accommodations/accommodator: accommodators
USAGE EXAMPLES
This pattern, and Bellevue’s capacity to accommodate more of the region’s new jobs and residents, is an important consideration as growth policies evolve.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It is designed to accommodate the personal and the planetary, political awareness and head-in-the-sand retreat.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
The extra height of the lid accommodates whipped cream or cappuccino foam, and its inner ring reduces “dribble at the rim,” the company’s website says.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 容纳; 使适应; 向…提供住处; 帮忙
vi. [后面省去反身代词]适应于; （眼）作调节，调节眼球的晶状体（使其变得适应不同距离的物体）; 调解，调停
时态：accommodated, accommodating, accommodates
分布：适应(42%)，容纳(35%)，提供(12%)，调节(4%)，使适应(3%)，调解(3%)，顾及(1%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. 前缀com-,强调。词根mod, 模式，合适。指使客人舒服的，招待好的。
与…符合,容纳(ac+com共同+mod+ate→方式相同→与...符合)[mod=mode,manner,表示"方式,模式,风度"]
v.向...提供住处;对...予以照顾性考虑This hotel can accommodate 1500 people.这家旅馆可容纳一千五百人.
【记】commod适合的－使人合适－提供食宿－供应
【参】commodious（adj 宽敞的）；accommodation（n 住宿）commodity（n 商品）
US [-'kɑ:.mə-] verb transitive
FIND A PLACE FOR 为…找个地方
■to provide with a place to live or to be stored in 为…提供住宿；容纳；为…提供空间
• New students may be accommodated in halls of residence. 新生可以住在学校宿舍里。
• formal There wasn't enough space to accommodate the files. 没有足够的空间存放这些档案。
UK [ə'kɒm.ə.deɪt] US [-'kɑ:.mə-] verb transitive
SUIT 满足
■to give what is needed to someone 为…提供方便；对…予以照顾性考虑
• The new policies fail to accommodate the disabled. 新政策没有照顾到残疾人士的利益。
• We always try to accommodate (= help) our clients with financial assistance if necessary. 必要时，我们总是尽力为我们的客户提供财政援助。
accommodate yourself
■to change yourself or your behaviour to suit another person or new conditions 使适应，使顺应
• Some find it hard to accommodate themselves to the new working conditions. 有些人觉得很难适应新的工作环境。
fit, accommodate, conform, suit, adjust, adapt
这组词都有“使适合，适应”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 含义广，指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。
accommodate: 书面用词，指以外部条件标准改变自己或某事以求得适应，着重改变或调节的有利。
conform: 多指与某模式或规则相符，也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。
suit: 指适合要求，从而使人满意愉快。
adjust: 与adapt含义很接近，但adjust所改变的幅度要小一些，侧重过程，主要用于调整角度、高度、光点等。
adapt: 指人或物在原有情况下作某些改变以适应新的环境或不同的条件，强调改变的目的和重要性。
furnish, accommodate, afford
这组词都有“提供”的意思，其区别是：
furnish: v.指提供生活或某种用途所需要的东西。
 • Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.   阅读虽然为我们的思想提供了各种知识，然而只有思考才能将我们读到的内容变成自己的东西。
accommodate: v.提供住宿、房间；适应，迎合，迁就。
 • This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.   这家饭店可供500位来宾住宿。
 • The company accommodated the customer's wish and sent the delivery overnight.   公司满足了顾客的愿望，连夜将货物发了出去。
afford: v.负担，支付；当“提供”讲时，多用于指抽象事物的提供。
 • We can't afford that expensive sports car.   我们买不起那辆昂贵的跑车。
 • The tall building affords a beautiful view of the ocean.   从这幢高楼上可以看到大海的美丽景致。
vt. 容纳；使适应；供应；调解
 - adapt, contain, suit, accept, serve
vi. 适应；调解
 - adjust, adapt to something

Word: praise
Front: praise
[preɪz] (中高研四六托 3719/4285 -K3)
Vocabulary: praise
(once / 84 pages)
nv
Praise means "admiration or approval," and when you're on the receiving end of it, you feel great.
Whether it's used as a verb or a noun, praise means "approval." If you enthusiastically praise your dog, he's likely to wag his tail and expect a treat. What you've given him (in addition to the treat) is praise, the noun. In a religious context, the verb praise is interchangeable with worship, as when a minister says, "Praise God."
WORD FAMILY
praise: dispraise, overpraise, praised, praiseful, praises, praising, self-praise+/dispraise: dispraises/overpraise: overpraised, overpraises, overpraising/praiseful: praisefully/praising: praisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is the same with Trump’s tasteless praise of Putin.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For all the praise he receives for embracing 21st-century social media, the president-elect seems to understand little about modern technology.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He praised the project’s managers for completing the first stage of the subway extension on time and on budget.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 赞扬，称赞; 崇拜; 赞词
v. 赞扬，赞美; 歌颂; 崇拜
时态：praised, praising, praises
分布：赞美(53%)，称赞(37%)，崇拜(10%)
→来自古法语prisier,称赞，赞美，评估，来自拉丁语preciare,估价，词源同price,appreciate.
v.赞扬,歌颂;表扬n.称赞,赞美;赞美的话The rising risk arises from the surprised fund raiser's praise of the appraisal.上升的风险起因于受惊的资金聚集者对评估的赞美.
【反】fulmination（n 大声斥责）；vituperate（v 谩骂）；excoriate（v 批判）
verb transitive
SHOW APPROVAL 表示赞成
 IMPROVER
■to express admiration or approval about the achievements or characteristics of a person or thing 赞扬，表扬
• He should be praised for his honesty. 他应该因为诚实而获得表扬。
• My parents always praised me when I did well at school. 我在学校里表现好时父母总是夸奖我。
• He was highly praised for his research on heart disease. 他因在心脏病方面的研究而受到高度赞扬。
[preɪz] verb transitive
GOD 神
■to honour, worship and express admiration for a god 赞颂，赞美（神）
• They sang hymns praising God. 他们唱颂歌来赞颂上帝。
[preɪz] noun uncountable
APPROVAL 赞扬
 ADVANCED
■when you say or show your admiration and approval for someone or something 赞扬，表扬
• They deserve praise for all their hard work. 他们如此辛苦地工作，理应受到表扬。
• His economic policies have won widespread praise for reducing government debt. 他的经济政策因减轻了政府的债务而受到广泛赞扬。
• Praise from Adrian is (high) praise indeed (= Praise from Adrian is particularly special because he rarely praises anyone). 能得到阿德里安的赞美可真是不容易。
[preɪz] noun uncountable
GOD 神 formal
■expression of respect and worship to a god 赞美，赞颂
• As we give praise to God, let us remember those who are less fortunate than ourselves. 在我们赞颂上帝时，让我们缅怀那些没我们幸运的人。
praise, applaud, commend, compliment
这些动词均有“赞扬、表扬、称赞”之意。
praise: 普通用词，指用语言或其它方式表示夸奖、赞扬。
applaud: 指出色的表演或高尚的行为等得到同声赞许、大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。
commend: 正式用词，指对具体功绩或成就等表示称赞或嘉奖。
compliment: 侧重客气和礼貌，有时含恭维之意。
applaud, clap, praise, commend
applaud: v.鼓掌，赞扬，指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许，大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。
 • The boss applauded my efforts by praising my work.   老板表扬了我的工作，对我的努力表示赞许。
clap: v.拍打，其用法是clap one's hand=applaud,不能说applaud one's hands。
 • clap sb.   为某人鼓掌，clap sth.拍打某物
praise: v.为一般用词，用于对某人的优秀品质表示钦佩羡慕；赞颂，赞美。
 • A supervisor praised the employee for her good work.   一位主管称赞这位员工的工作做得不错。
 • Survivors of the crash praised God for saving them.   坠机事件的幸存者赞颂上帝使他们得救。
commend: v.为正式用词，用于对具体功绩或成就表示嘉奖，通常指上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的赞赏。
 • The teacher commended the student for doing well on the exam.   老师表扬学生们的考试成绩优异。
n. 赞扬；称赞；荣耀；崇拜
 - worship, favoring and praising
vt. 赞美，歌颂；表扬
 - celebrate, bless, admire
vi. 赞美；赞扬
 - speak highly of, talk up

Word: injure
Front: injure
[ˈɪndʒə(r)] (高研四六托 3721/3032 -K1)
Vocabulary: injure
(once / 66 pages)
v
Injure means to hurt, physically or mentally. Lose a bet and you might injure or bruise your pride, but lose your footing and you could injure your body instead.
When a player in a sport is injured, they leave the field to be examined by a trainer or a physician, to see how severe their injury really is. If you slip and fall on the ice, your mom might say, "Are you injured?" She doesn't mean a bruise–––she's talking about a broken bone or a sprained ankle. You can also injure or wound someone else. Insult your mother's cooking or tackle your little brother too roughly to the ground and you'll injure them, either emotionally or physically.
WORD FAMILY
injure: injured, injures, injuring, injury +/ injured: injuredly, uninjured / injurious: injuriously, injuriousness/ injury: injuries, injurious
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Texas Christian product spent the final 11 weeks of this season on the injured reserve list.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
After two receptions, his season ended on injured reserve.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Schnorenberg was injured during the altercation and treated at a hospital.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 损害，毁坏; 伤害（名誉、自尊等）; （尤指事故中）伤害; 伤害（感情，自尊心等）
时态：injured, injuring, injures
分布：伤害(53%)，损害(27%)，损伤(20%)
→in-,不，非，-jur,法律，公正，词源同jury,justice.即审判不公，引申词义伤害。
v.损害,损伤,伤害I assure the injured jury that a sure insurance is ensured.我让受伤的陪审团确信一笔有把握的保险得到的确保.
US [-dʒɚ] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to hurt or cause physical harm to a person or animal 伤害，损害
• A bomb exploded at the embassy, injuring several people. 一枚炸弹在大使馆爆炸，造成数人受伤。
• She fell and injured her shoulder. 她摔伤了肩膀。
• He was badly injured in the crash. 他在车祸中受重伤。
• He claimed that working too hard was injuring his health. 他声称工作过度损害了他的健康。
harm, hurt, damage, disable, injure, wound
这组词都有“损害，伤害”的意思，其区别是：
harm: 主要用于有生命的东西，语气略强于injure，指引起严重的痛苦和损伤；有时也用于抽象事物，指造成任何不良后果。
hurt: 普通用词，较口语化，侧重指给有生命的东西造成机体上或精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。
damage: 通常指对无生命物体的损害，并有降低其价值，破坏其功能等的后果。
disable: 强调使伤残。
injure: 较hurt正式，多用于有生命的事物。既可指伤害别人的事物。即可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等，又可指使别人受伤或东西受损，同时含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失功能的意味。
wound: 专指对身体的重伤，尤指在战斗中受的伤，强调外部创伤；也可指精神方面的伤害。
vt. 伤害，损害
 - hurt, knife

Word: wilderness
Front: wilderness
[ˈwɪldənəs] (雅 3718/7026 -2)
Vocabulary: wilderness
(once / 560 pages)
n
If you don’t mow your lawn all summer, don’t be surprised if your neighbors complain that it resembles a wilderness, a wild area that is not tended by humans.
The wilderness is of course filled with many animals, but did you know that the name of an animal is hidden in the word wilderness? The word actually is a combination of wild plus the Old English word dēor, along with the ending -ness, used in nouns that refer to a certain condition. While dēor eventually turned into our modern word deer, it didn’t refer to the antlered Bambi we imagine. It was simply the word for “animal.”
WORD FAMILY
wilderness: wildernesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The reality is that with this win, USC emerged from eight years in the probation-cluttered wilderness to become a force in college football again.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“And it is wilderness, world-class wilderness. We think it’s due a big year.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Although set in Australia with vivid wilderness descriptions, his theme that you “attempt to tame nature at your peril” is universal.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 荒野; （草木丛生的）荒地; 不再当政（或掌权）; 令人困惑的东西
分布：荒野(88%)，荒地(12%)
→来自wild,荒野的，狂野的。
US [-dɚ-] noun countable usually singular
■an area of land that has not been used to grow crops or had towns and roads built on it, especially because it is difficult to live in as a result of its extremely cold or hot weather or bad earth 荒无人烟的地区；荒野
• a beautiful mountain wilderness 美丽的山野
• Alaska is the last great wilderness. 阿拉斯加州是最后一片大荒原。
• mainly US It's a wilderness area , under the protection of the Parks Department. 这是一片受公园管理部门保护的荒野。
■an outside area in which plants are left to grow naturally or untidily （杂草丛生的）荒地
• The garden was a wilderness of weeds and overgrown bushes. 这个花园一片荒芜，满是杂草和丛生的灌木。
UK ['wɪl.də.nəs] US [-dɚ-] noun countable usually singular
in the wilderness
■If someone, such as a politician, is in the wilderness, they no longer have a position of authority and are not now in the news （政治家）远离权力和活动中心，在野
• After five years in the political wilderness, she was recalled to be foreign minister. 在野5年之后，她被重新召回担任外交部长。
n. 荒地；大量，茫茫一片
 - lots of, wealth, ocean, sea, body

Word: endless
Front: endless
[ˈendləs] (高四六托 3722/4095 -2)
Vocabulary: endless
(once / 290 pages)
adj
Things that are endless go on forever, or at least appear to. The ocean looks endless when you sail out of sight of the shore.
Endless things are infinite — your love for someone might be endless, and the mathematical symbol of infinity represents an endless number. You're most likely to use this adjective to describe things that only seem to last forever, like an endless meeting at work or an endless commute during rush hour. The Old English root of endless is endeleas, "boundless or eternal."
WORD FAMILY
endless: endlessly, endlessness+/ end: ended, ending, endless, ends/ended: endedly, unended/ending: endings, unending/unending: unendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Watson, who is often reluctant to change equipment, is not your typical player who endures endless hours of product testing.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
“America is a great nation, a kind nation, a nation of greener pastures and milk and honey and endless possibilities,” Mr. Canunayon said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Sure, the practicalities are hideous – no cabs, endless crowds and queues, quite a lot of mugging – but still!
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 无尽的，无边的; 没完没了的; 永久的; 环形的，无端的
分布：没完没了的(55%)，无止境的(45%)
adjective
 ADVANCED
■never finishing, or seeming never to finish 无休止的；无穷尽的
• We used to have endless arguments about politics. 我们过去老是对政治问题争论不休。
• He seems to think that I have an endless supply of money. 他好像觉得我的钱永远花不完似的。
• The possibilities are endless. 有无数种可能。
permanent, eternal, perpetual, everlasting, endless
这些形容词均有“持久的，永久的”之意。
permanent: 指总是处于相同的情况和地位，可长期持续下去，永久不变。
eternal: 语体较庄重，侧重指永远存在，无始无终。
perpetual: 语气最强，指保持永久不变，没有中断的行为，永无止境地持续下去。有时用于贬义，指令人厌烦之事。
everlasting: 语气较庄重，有时可与eternal换用，侧重持续不尽，或指开始后一直进行下去。
endless: 系日常用词，指无尽无休。
adj. 无止境的；连续的；环状的；漫无目的的
 - continuing, straight, running, serial, successive

Word: mandate
Front: mandate
[ˈmændeɪt] (托雅宝 3724/7252)
Vocabulary: mandate
(once / 704 pages)
1nv 2n
A mandate is an official command or a go-ahead. When a politician wins an election by a wide margin, that's a mandate to implement her ideas.
A mandate gives authority. If the government gives schools a mandate to test more, then the schools had better give more tests. People who work for the Peace Corps have a mandate to help various countries with things like getting clean drinking water. A politician who believes in higher taxes and then gets elected considers that a mandate to raise taxes. When you have a mandate, it's like a ticket to get something done.
WORD FAMILY
mandate: mandatary, mandated, mandates, mandating, mandatory +/mandatary: mandataries/ mandatory: mandatories, mandatorily, nonmandatory
USAGE EXAMPLES
For instance, that bill eliminated the tax penalties, tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies central to the ACA’s individual mandate to purchase health insurance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Explaining this research is clearly within the mandate of the Labor Department, whose mission statement includes a pledge to “advance opportunities for profitable employment.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A bipartisan collection of U.S. lawmakers is gearing up to expand CFIUS’s legal mandate, in part to demand greater access by U.S. investors into China.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 授权; 任期; 委任; 命令
vt. 托管; 批准
vi. 强制执行; 委托办理
时态：mandated, mandating, mandates
分布：授权(52%)，要求(25%)，命令(17%)，指令(6%)
→来自拉丁语mandatum,命令，委托，交付，来自manus,手，词源同manual, -dat,给予，词源同data,date.即交付给某人，引申词义授权，命令等。
命令,要求(mand+ate)[mand=order,表示"命令"]
noun countable usually singular
AUTHORITY 权力
■the authority given to an elected group of people, such as a government, to perform an action or govern a country 授权；委任
• At the forthcoming elections, the government will be seeking a fresh mandate from the people. 在即将举行的选举中，政府将向人民寻求新的支持。
• [+ to infinitive] The president secured the Congressional mandate to go to war by three votes. 总统以三票的优势获得了国会对开战的授权。
['mæn.deɪt] noun countable usually singular
AREA NAME 地方名称 specialized
■the name of an area of land which has been given to a country by the UN , following or as part of a peace agreement （联合国授权某国管理的）托管地
['mæn.deɪt] verb transitive
GIVE PERMISSION 批准
■to give official permission for something to happen 正式批准，授权进行
• The UN rush to mandate war totally ruled out any alternatives. 联合国匆匆授权开战，完全排除了其他选择。
['mæn.deɪt] verb transitive
ORDER 命令 mainly US to order someone to do something 命令；要求
• [+ to infinitive] Our delegates have been mandated to vote against the proposal at the conference. 我们的代表受命在会议上对提案投反对票。
n. 授权； [法] 命令，指令；委托管理；受命进行的工作
 - instruction, order, bidding, word, charge
vt. 授权；托管
 - empower, accredit

Word: respectively
Front: respectively
[rɪˈspektɪvli] (四六托 3726/2622 -2)
Vocabulary: respectively
(once / 630 pages)
adv
Respectively is used to indicate order, like if you said "Michael Phelps and Michael Jordan excelled in swimming and basketball, respectively."
You can think of respectively as a word that lines things up in order so they match. You might say that pizza and meatloaf are your favorite and least favorite foods, respectively. If you and your sister were voted Most Improved and MVP in a baseball league, respectively, then you got better and your sister was the best. This word doesn't have much to do with respect, but it is respectful to write clearly, and respectively helps with that.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
respectfully / respectively
If you kiss the mob boss's ring, do it respectfully, or full of respect and admiration. But respectively means "in the order given," so if you have to kiss up to the rest of the mob, make sure to shake hands and high five Jimmy Rags and Tommy Two Face, respectively because Jimmy prefers a handshake, but Tommy loves a good high five.
To show respect is to show how you admire something or someone, to show deference or obedience. Therefore, when you do something respectfully, you're being polite because you do it full of respect:
Mr. Ruck listened, as he always listened, respectfully. (Henry James)
"So tonight, we are respectfully asking the candidates to try to put aside the talking points," he says. (Time)
The servants bowed respectfully, and retired in silence. (Bernhard Severin Ingemann)
Respectively, on the other hand, means in a manner that treats several things individually, one by one, in a sequence. It's a way to keep lists parallel, and it rescues sentences from extra words:
By comparison, Mitalas said fellow Metro League schools Seattle Prep and Lakeside had 70 and 40 turn out, respectively. (Seattle Times)
That's easier to say than "Seattle Prep had a turn out of 70 and Lakeside had a turn out of 40." Same goes for this quote from an obituary of actor Cliff Robertson:
His TV performances in "Days of Wine and Roses" and "The Hustler," for example, were filmed with Jack Lemmon and Paul Newman, respectively. (Washington Post)
Sign your emails "respectfully yours" if you're full of respect for the person you're writing to, and save respectively for singling things out. The grammar mob appreciates your attention to these details.
WORD FAMILY
respective: irrespective, respectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Monday morning, the NBA announced Wall and Harden as the Eastern and Western Conference players of the week, respectively.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The approval numbers for Barack Obama, George W. Bush and Bill Clinton’s transitions were 75 percent, 65 percent and 67 percent, respectively.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Adrian and Jacob, both considered juniors, are from Germany and Denmark, respectively.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 各自地; 各个地; 分别地
分布：各自地(54%)，分别地(46%)
ADV
分别地;各自地
Respectively means in the same order as the items that you have just mentioned.
例：Their sons, Ben and Jonathan, were three and six respectively...他们的儿子，本和乔纳森，分别是3岁和6岁。
例：They finished first and second respectively.他们分获一二名。
adv. 分别地；各自地，独自地
 - separately, alone, in several

Word: uncertainty
Front: uncertainty
[ʌnˈsɜ:tnti] (3728/2981 -2)
Vocabulary: uncertainty
(once / 422 pages)
n
When you have uncertainty, that means you're not really sure. If you missed a lot of classes and didn't study much, you may have uncertainty about whether you passed your big math test.
The noun uncertainty describes a state of doubt. You might view with uncertainty a claim that a $100 investment will return $500 by next month. Uncertainty can also involve being dependent on chance. Your uncle might have uncertainty that he'll have a job next year because his company might be closing one of its branch offices.
WORD FAMILY
uncertainty: uncertainties+/certainty: certainties, uncertainty
USAGE EXAMPLES
The US dabbled ineffectually in helping the rebel cause, hobbled by uncertainty over the groups it was dealing with.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“There’s a lot of uncertainty around Duterte,” one of the officials said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"The relatively wide range for the forecast reflects the higher-than-normal degree of uncertainty regarding the prospects for the UK economy next year," he says.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 无把握，不确定; 不可靠; 不确实知道，半信半疑; 无把握、不确定的事物
分布：不确定(98%)，不可靠(1%)，易变(1%)
US [-'sɝ:.tən.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
■when something is not known, or something that is not known or certain 不确定性；不确定因素；不确定或未知的事物
• Nothing is ever decided, and all the uncertainty is very bad for staff morale. 甚么都还没有决定，而这一切不确定因素都对员工士气非常不利。
• Life is full of uncertainties. 人生充满了未知数。
doubt, supicion, distrust, uncertainty
这些名词均有“怀疑”之意。
doubt: 指对事物的真、假有怀疑。
supicion: 语气较强，指对某人做某事的目的、意图有怀疑，或认为某人做错事，但无确凿证据而产生怀疑。
distrust: 一般用词，泛指对某人某事不信任而感到怀疑。
uncertainty: 侧重指对某事或选择等需作决定时的迟疑不决。
n. [数] [物] 不确定，不可靠
 - indetermination, unsureness

Word: chaos
Front: chaos
[ˈkeɪɒs] (高研四六托雅宝 3727/4091 -3)
Vocabulary: chaos
(once / 698 pages)
n
Chaos is a state of extreme confusion and disorder. Putting a dozen dogs and a dozen cats in the same room would probably lead to utter chaos.
The word chaos derives from a Greek word meaning "chasm" or "void," which makes sense, given that chaos also refers to the formless state of matter before the cosmos was created. In math and science, chaos describes a system that will develop in wildly different ways with only tiny changes to the initial conditions. "Controlled chaos" is a phrase often used casually to describe something that looks out of control but which functions according to unseen rules or organization.
WORD FAMILY
chaos: chaoses, chaotic +/ chaotic: chaotically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile British politics is plunged into chaos, the result being that in ...
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The unknown assailant opened fire at Reina nightclub early on Sunday, before managing to flee amid the chaos.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Witnesses described scenes of chaos as revellers attempted to flee, some even throwing themselves into the Bosphorus to escape the gunfire.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 混乱，紊乱; （天地未出现的）浑沌世界; 〈古〉无底深渊; 一团糟
分布：混乱(68%)，混沌(31%)，无秩序(1%)
→来自gheu, 呵气，张嘴，词源同gas, yawn.神学术语。
n.混乱,紊乱With a clatter, the flatterer shattered the chattering wattmeter in the chaos.当啷一声,马屁精在混乱中打碎了格格作响的瓦特表.
【源】原指：混沌世界（一些宇宙起源论认为的在有序宇宙形成以前的未成形物质和无尽空间的混乱状态）
【记】chao拼：吵，s死：吵死了－混乱
【反】chaotic（adj 混乱的）－strictly structured（构造严谨的）/strictly featured（特征严谨的）
US [-ɑ:s] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a state of total confusion with no order 混乱；无秩序状态
• Snow and ice have caused chaos on the roads. 冰雪造成道路交通秩序混乱。
• Ever since our secretary walked out, the office has been in a state of total/utter chaos. 自从我们的秘书离开后，办公室就陷入了极度混乱中。
• We muddled up the name labels and chaos ensued (= resulted). 我们弄乱了姓名标签，结果一片混乱。
chaos, disturbance, disordr, mess, confusion
这些名词均表示事物的混乱状态。
chaos: 着重指令人无能为力或感到绝望的混乱状态。突出没有很好的组织。
disturbance: 主要指社会中政治性的动乱、骚乱；也可指个人或少数人的闹事。
disordr: 正式用词，含义广泛。指事物因失去原有的秩序而造成混乱；也可指社会中的动乱或骚乱。
mess: 语气强，口语中较常用的非正式用词。指既混乱又肮脏，尤指人思想混乱或外表不整洁。
confusion: 指东西搅混在一起，凌乱得难以辨认；也可指思想混乱，以致无法进行正常的思维活动。
n. [物] 混沌，混乱
 - disorder, confusion, involvement, mix, turmoil

Word: short
Front: short
[ʃɔ:t] (中高雅 627/500 -K2)
Vocabulary: short
(once / 21 pages)
1adjadvn 2adjadv 3nv 4adjadvv 5adjadv 6adj 7adjadv 8adv
Short describes something that is not as long as usual. If your childhood bed is too short for you, your feet will dangle over the edge, and if a school day is short, you'll get out early.
The adjective short describes things that aren't long when you measure them, or have a small distance from one end to another, like your short hair or the short walk to the library. A small amount of time can also be described as short, like a short chat with your mom. As a verb, short can describe cheating someone out of money or not paying what is owed, like a friend who shorts you when the lunch bill arrives.
WORD FAMILY
short: shorted, shorten, shorter, shortest, shorting, shortish, shortly, shortness, shorts+/foreshorten: foreshortened, foreshortening, foreshortens/shorten: foreshorten, shortened, shortener, shortening, shortens/shortener: shorteners/shortening: shortenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
White’s passes, even the short ones, were often well off the mark.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But the judge stopped short of forcing the company to apologise and did not say Chen’s dismissal was related to his gender identity.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
If Trump gets his way, maybe the “Age of Computer” will be shorter than we think.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 短的，短暂的; 矮的; 短缺的; 短期的
adv. 突然; 唐突地; 简短地; 横贯地
n. 短裤; 短路; 缺乏
vt. 故意少给…的零头，骗取
vi. 短路
时态：shorted, shorting, shorts
分布：短的(65%)，缺少(7%)，短期的(7%)，矮的(6%)，短缺的(6%)，未达到(3%)，简略的(3%)，电影短片(2%)，粗暴无礼的(1%)
→来自古英语 scort,短的，来自 Proto-Germanic*skurta,切短的，来自 sker,切，分开，词源 同 shear,share.引申诸相关词义。
a.短的,矮的;(of)缺乏,不足n.(pl.)短裤The external and internal interference interrupts my interpretation at short intervals.内部和外部干涉以很短的间隔打扰我翻译.
US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
DISTANCE 距离
 ESSENTIAL
■small in length, distance or height 短的；矮的
• a short skirt 短裙
• Her hair is much shorter than it used to be. 她的头发比过去短多了。
• It's only a short walk to the station. 去车站只需走很短一段路程。
• I'm quite short but my brother's very tall. 我很矮，可我弟弟很高。
 ADVANCED
■describes a name that is used as a shorter form of a name （名字）简称的，缩略的
• Her name's Jo - it's short for Josephine. 她名叫乔，是约瑟芬的简称。
• Her name's Josephine, or Jo for short. 她名叫约瑟芬，或简称为乔。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■being an amount of time which is less than average or usual 短的，短暂的
• a short film/visit 短片／短暂的访问
• He's grown so much in such a short time. 他在如此短的时间里长高了这么多。
• I work much better if I take a short break every hour or so. 如果每小时我都休息一小会儿，我的工作效率会高很多。
 IMPROVER
■describes books, letters and other examples of writing that do not contain many words and do not take much time to read （书、信等）简短的
• It's a very short book - you'll read it in an hour. 这是一本篇幅很短的书——你一个小时就能读完。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
LACKING 缺乏的
be short (of sth)
 ADVANCED
■to not have enough of something 短缺的，缺乏的
• to be short of space/time 空间／时间不足
• We're a bit short of coffee - I must get some more. 我们的咖啡不多了——我必须去再买一些。
• The bill comes to £85, but we're £15 short. 账单是85英镑，但我们还缺15英镑。
• I'm a little short (= I do not have much money) this week - could you lend me ten dollars? 我这星期钱有点不够用——能借我十块美金吗？
short of breath
■unable to breathe very well, for example because you have been running or doing some type of energetic exercise 喘不过气，上气不接下气
• She's always short of breath when she climbs the stairs. 她爬楼梯时总是上气不接下气。
be in short supply
■to be few or not enough in number 不够用，数量不足
• Computers are in rather short supply in this office. 这个办公室里的电脑不够用。
go short mainly UK
■to not have something, especially when it is something you need in order to live 缺少，缺乏（尤指生存必需品）
• My parents didn't have much money, but they made sure we didn't go short (of anything). 我父母并没有多少钱，但他们总是确保我们衣食无缺。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
NOT PATIENT 不耐烦的
[after verb]
■saying little but showing slight impatience or anger in the few words that you say （说话时）简短不耐的，简短愠怒的
• I'm sorry if I was a bit short with you on the phone this morning. 我很抱歉今天早上我在电话里有点傲慢无礼。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
be caught/taken short UK informal
■to suddenly and unexpectedly need to go to the toilet, especially when it is not convenient for you to do so （尤指不便上厕所时）突然想上厕所；内急
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
be short notice
■to be very near the time when an event is expected to happen 临时通知；距离预定发生时间非常近
• I will have to cancel this afternoon's class - I'm sorry it's such short notice. 我将不得不取消今天下午的课——临时才通知大家非常抱歉。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
draw / get the short straw informal
■to have to do the least enjoyable of a range of duties, often because you have been chosen to do it （常因被选中而）不得不做最无趣的事情，做最苦的差事
• Colin, I'm afraid you've drawn the short straw - you're cleaning out the toilets. 科林，恐怕你得做最苦的差事了——去打扫厕所。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
get the short end of the stick US Australian
■to suffer the bad effects of a situation 倒楣，承受某情况的恶果
• The people who get the short end of the stick are those whose income is just too high to qualify for help from the government. 倒楣的是收入太高、没有资格取得政府援助的那些人。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
have (got) sb by the short and curlies (also have (got) sb by the short hairs) slang
■to have someone in your power 某人在掌握之中；抓住某人的辫子
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
have a short memory
■to forget things quickly 健忘，记性不好
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
in short
■used before describing something or someone in as few words and as directly as possible 简而言之，总之
• He's disorganized, inefficient, never there when you want him - in short, the man's hopeless. 他这个人既没有条理，又没有效率，你需要他的时候他从来不在——简而言之，这个人是不可救药了。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
make short work of sth informal
■to finish or deal with something quickly 快速完成；快速解决
• Well you certainly made short work of the chocolate cake! There's none left for your dad. 你把巧克力蛋糕一下子就吃完了！没有留一点给你爸爸。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
not be short of a bob or two UK informal
■to be rich 非常富有
• Did you see his car? He's not short of a bob or two! 你看到他的车了吗？他真有钱！
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
short and sweet informal
■surprisingly short in a way that is pleasing 短得令人高兴的
• This morning's lecture was short and sweet. 今天早上的课时间很短，太让人高兴了。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
short sharp shock
■(describing or relating to) punishment that is quick and effective 快速而有效的惩罚；（惩罚）快速而有效的
• He's in favour of the short sharp shock treatment for young offenders. 他赞成对青少年罪犯施予快速而有效的惩戒。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] noun countable
DRINK 饮料 UK informal
■a drink of spirits (= type of strong alcohol) without water or any other liquid added （未掺水的）纯烈酒
• She only drinks shorts, never wine or beer. 她只喝纯烈酒，从不喝葡萄酒或啤酒。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] noun countable
FILM 电影
■a short film, especially one which is made for showing before the main film at a cinema （尤指正片播映之前播放的）电影短片
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] noun countable
ELECTRICITY informal for
■ short circuit 短路
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] verb intransitive or transitive informal for
■ short-circuit 短路
• The plumber's shorted the electric shower. 水电工把电热水器弄得短路了。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adverb
■before the arranged or expected time or place 早；提前
• We had to cut short our holiday (= finish it early) because Richard was ill. 我们不得不缩短假期，因为理查病了。
• We wanted to explain the plans fully, but the chairman stopped us short, as there were other important matters to discuss. 我们想完整地介绍这些计划，但是主席提前打断了我们的发言，因为还有其他重要的事情需要讨论。
adj. 短的；不足的；急速的；唐突的
 - insufficient, deficient, lacking
adv. 不足；突然；唐突地
 - pop, hardly more than
n. 短；缺乏；短路；短裤
 - deficiency, need, drought, want, default

Word: mechanical
Front: mechanical
[məˈkænɪkl] (研四六托宝 3729/3521 -2)
Vocabulary: mechanical
(once / 242 pages)
adj
Use the adjective mechanical to describe something related to machinery or tools. If your car breaks down on the same day that your watch stops, you've got a lot of mechanical problems.
You’ll most often hear mechanical used to describe something involving a machine. A mechanical problem at work might mean the copier has broken down again. Mechanical can also refer to physical forces, called mechanics having to do with how things move, like the mechanical elegance of a pendulum. We also use mechanical for human things that are so tedious, repetitive or automatic that they feel like they're done by machines and not people.
WORD FAMILY
mechanical: mechanically, mechanise, mechanize, nonmechanical, unmechanical+/ mechanic: mechanics, mechanism / mechanics: mechanical /mechanisation: mechanisations/mechanise: mechanisation, mechanised/mechanised: unmechanised/ mechanism: mechanisms, mechanist, mechanistic/mechanist: mechanists/mechanistic: mechanistically, nonmechanistic/mechanization: mechanizations/mechanize: mechanization, mechanized, mechanizes, mechanizing/mechanized: unmechanized
USAGE EXAMPLES
When she is done with Arianna and settles her in her wheelchair with the help of a mechanical arm, it’s AJ’s turn.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Around 3 p.m., there were delays on the Q line because of a train with mechanical problems at the City Hall station.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“We’re very familiar with digital products now, but the know-how for this kind of precision mechanical work is disappearing.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 机械的，机械学的; 呆板的; 体力的; 手工操作的
分布：机械的(61%)，呆板的(24%)，力学的(15%)
a.机械的,由机构制成的;机械似的,呆板的The mechanical mechanic knows the technique and technology of the echo mechanism.呆板的机修工知道共鸣装置的技术和工艺.
【参】mechanism（n 机械装置；机制）
【反】emotional（adj 情绪的；情感的）
adjective
MACHINES 机器
 ADVANCED
■describes machines or their parts 机械的；机械零件的
• a mechanical device 机械设备
• The company produces mechanical parts for airplane engines. 这家公司生产飞机引擎的机械零件。
• The plane appeared to have crashed because of a mechanical problem. 这架飞机看来是因机械故障而坠毁的。
[mə'kæn.ɪ.kəl] adjective
WITHOUT THOUGHT 没有思考 (also mechanistic) disapproving
■without thinking about what you are doing, especially because you do something often 机械的；习惯性的
• I was taught to read in a mechanical way. 我接受的教育是机械地阅读。
adj. [机] 机械的； [力] 力学的；呆板的；无意识的；手工操作的
 - wooden, automatic, dead

Word: canvas
Front: canvas
[ˈkænvəs] (研四六托雅宝 3732/4541 -2)
Vocabulary: canvas
(once / 309 pages)
1nv 2v
Canvas is a heavy, coarse fabric artists paint on. It's also used to make sails, shoes, tents, or comfy director's chairs. It's a full-service fabric!
The noun canvas comes from the Latin cannabis by way of the Greek kannabis, meaning “hemp," which it was originally made of. It usually refers to the canvas we paint on, but you could carry a canvas bag while wearing canvas Converse high-tops. Henry David Thoreau, the poet and philosopher, said, “The world is but a canvas to our imaginations.” Don't confuse it with canvass, with the extra "s" — that's when people try to chat to get your vote.
WORD FAMILY
canvas: canvased, canvases, canvasing, canvasser, canvassing+/canvasser: canvassers/canvassing: canvassings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s a plain vanilla blank canvas,” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
By July, the unit was at Camp Borden, an open plain 65 miles north of Toronto where 50,000 men were living under canvas.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
On a recent afternoon, artists piled canvases into their cars.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 帆布; 油画（布）
vt. 用帆布覆盖
adj. 帆布制的
时态：canvassed, canvassing, canvases
分布：帆布(77%)，油画(23%)
→来自拉丁词cannabis, 大麻。指用大麻纤维织的布。
n.帆布;帆布画布,(帆布)油画Having canceled X-ray scan, the cancerous candidate on the canvas ate the idle candles in the candy can.取消X线扫描后,帆布上的癌症候选人吃了糖果罐里的闲置蜡烛.
noun
uncountable
■strong, rough cloth used for making tents, sails, bags, strong clothes, etc. 帆布
countable
■a piece of this cloth used by artists for painting on, usually with oil paints, or the painting itself 油画布；油画
• These two canvases by Hockney would sell for £500 000. 这两幅霍克尼的油画能卖到50万英镑。
under canvas
■in a tent 在帐篷里
• I love sleeping under canvas. 我喜欢睡帐篷。
n. [纺] 帆布
 - sailcloth

Word: forty
Front: forty
[ˈfɔ:ti] (中高 3734/1350 -5)
Vocabulary: forty
(once / 123 pages)
nadj
Whether you call it 40 or XL, you're talking about forty: the number between thirty-nine and forty-one.
If you’ve ever seen the Roman numeral XL, that means forty, since X equals ten, L equals 50 and if you put the X before the L it means L minus X or 50 minus 10 — which is 40. This number comes up in the Bible a lot, especially when the earth is said to have been flooded for forty days and forty nights. Most people are not that thrilled to turn 40 years old: it means they're middle-aged.
WORD FAMILY
forty: forties, fortieth+/forties: mid-forties/fortieth: fortieths
USAGE EXAMPLES
A tall auburn-haired woman in her forties, she starts her science students working with the farm when they’re in kindergarten.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The latest vote was a hundred and seventeen countries in favor to forty against.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
They still control as much as forty per cent of Syrian territory, Landis said.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 四十; 四十几
adj. 四十的
分布：四十(99%)，只 ... )(1%)
→for,同four. -ty,同 ten.
num./a.四十pron.四十(个,只...)He will be forty on his next birthday.到下次生日, 他就四十岁了.
US ['fɔ:r.tˌi] number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 40 （数位）40
• thirty, forty, fifty 30，40，50
• He looks about forty. 他看上去40岁上下。
adj. 四十的；四十个的
 - twoscore

Word: matter
Front: matter
[ˈmætə(r)] (高 528/370 -K5)
Vocabulary: matter
(once / 16 pages)
nv
Matter is everywhere: anything that has mass and takes up space is matter. Air? Donuts? People? Buildings? Melted butter? All of these, and much, much more, are matter.
Other kinds of matter don't have a physical form, like a concern, problem, or even something that people think about, like a worrisome money matter, a personal matter, or a movie with a particular subject matter. Matter can also be a verb, meaning "to be important," as in: "Good health matters to me."
WORD FAMILY
matter: antimatter, mattered, mattering, matters
USAGE EXAMPLES
None of that mattered to McSorley, not after his last pass.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Here, though, such nitpicky assessments served only as distractions from the issues that matter in the weeks and months — and years? — ahead.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“I am pleased that now voters’ voices matter and that, at least in this instance, votes count.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 事件; （讨论、考虑等的）问题; 重要性; 物质
vi. 要紧，重要; 化脓; 有重大影响; 有重要性
分布：问题(36%)，物质(19%)，事情(18%)，有关系(11%)，要紧(10%)，重要性(3%)，事态(2%)，关于...的事情(1%)
→来自拉丁语mater,母亲，词源同mother.引申词义来源，源头，问题的实质，事实，事情等。
n.物质,物体;毛病,麻烦;事情v.有关系,要紧The pattern of the battery doesn't matter to the battle against the little brittle cattle.电池的式样对与脆小牛作战无关要紧.
US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
SITUATION 情况
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a situation or subject which is being dealt with or considered 事情，事件
• Could I talk to you about a personal matter? 我能和你谈件私事吗？
• Alois denied any knowledge of the matter. 阿洛伊斯否认对此事知情。
• Will you phone me back - it's a matter of some importance. 可否回电话给我——有比较重要的事。
• Talking about the world's problems is one thing, but solving them is another matter altogether (= is completely different). 谈论世界所面临的问题是一回事，而将之解决却完全是另一回事。
matters [plural]
■the situation being dealt with or being discussed （正在处理或考虑的）问题
• Her resignation is not going to help matters. 她的辞职无助于解决问题。
to make matters worse
■used to say that something has made a bad or difficult situation worse 使情况更糟的是
• Three of our players were ill, and to make matters worse, our main scorer had broken his ankle. 我们的三名队员病了，更糟的是，主要得分手摔断了脚踝。
be a matter of confidence/luck/waiting, etc.
■If something is a matter of confidence/luck/waiting, etc. that is all you need for it to happen 只需信心／运气／等待等
• Baking a cake isn't difficult - it's just a matter of following the recipe. 烤蛋糕并不难——只需照着食谱做就行。
be no laughing matter
■to be very serious and not a situation that people should joke about 须严肃对待的事，不是闹着玩的
• Being arrested by the police is no laughing matter. 被警方逮捕可不是闹着玩的。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
PROBLEM 问题
the matter only singular
 IMPROVER
■the reason for pain, worry or a problem 麻烦事，问题；毛病
• What's the matter? Why are you crying? 怎么了？你为甚么哭？
• What's the matter with your hand? It's bleeding. 你的手怎么了？都流血了。
• Is anything the matter? 有甚么麻烦吗？
• I don't know what the matter is with the car, but it won't start. 我不知道汽车出了甚么毛病，就是开不动。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
uncountable
■physical substance in the universe 物质
• Some scientists believe that there is about ten times as much matter in the universe as astronomers have observed. 有些科学家认为，宇宙中的物质约是天文学家所观测到的物质的十倍。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
TYPE 类型
uncountable
■a substance or things of a particular type （某一类）物品
• advertising/ printed matter 广告材料／印刷品
• Do you find the subject matter of the book (= the subject that the book deals with) interesting? 你觉得这本书的题材有趣吗？
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
only singular
■used in expressions describing how small an amount or period of time is （表示数量或时间之少）大约，左右
• The interview was over in a matter of minutes. 采访约几分钟就结束了。
• She complained he had short-changed her, but it was only a matter of a few pence. 她抱怨说他少找了钱，其实只差了几便士而已。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
as a matter of course
■If something is done as a matter of course, it is a usual part of the way in which things are done and is not special 作为理所当然的事
• Safety precautions are observed as a matter of course. 采取安全防范措施被认为是理所当然的事。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
be (only) a matter of time
■If it is (only) a matter of time until something happens, it is certain to happen but you do not know when it will happen （只）是个时间问题，是迟早的事
• It's only a matter of time before he's forced to resign. 他被迫辞职只是迟早的事。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
be a matter of life and/or death
■to be very serious 是生死攸关的事
• And if you miss the bus, well, it's not a matter of life and death. 如果你错过了公车，也不是甚么大不了的事。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
be a matter of opinion
■If something is a matter of opinion, different people have different opinions about it 看法因人而异，见仁见智
• Both performances were excellent, it's simply a matter of opinion as to whose was better. 两场演出都很精彩，哪一场较好不过是见仁见智的事。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
be a matter of record
■If a fact is a matter of record, it is generally known to be true. 是有案可查的事情，是公认的事
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
for that matter
■used to show that a statement is true in another situation （表示递进）而且
• Ming's never been to Spain, or to any European country for that matter. 明从未去过西班牙，而且没去过欧洲任何国家。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
the matter in hand UK (US the matter at hand)
■the subject or situation being considered 处理中的事，手头上的事
• Do these figures have any bearing on the matter in hand? 这些数字和手头上的事情有关系吗？
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
no matter mainly UK
■it is not a problem 不要紧，无关紧要
• "I haven't got that form with me." "No matter - here's another." “我没带那张表格。”“不要紧──这里还有一张。”
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
no matter what/when/why, etc.
■used to emphasize that something can not be changed 不管甚么／何时／为甚么等
• I never seem to lose any weight, no matter how hard I try. 不管我怎么努力，体重似乎都减不下来。
• Anyway, we've got to get to the airport on time, no matter what. 总之，我们必须按时到机场，不管用甚么办法。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
take matters into your own hands
■to deal with a problem yourself because the people who should have dealt with it have failed to do so 亲自处理问题
• When the police failed to catch her son's murderer, she decided to take matters into her own hands. 警方未能抓到杀害她儿子的凶手，于是她决定自己来解决此事。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
That's a matter of opinion.
■said to show that you do not agree with something that has just been said （用于表示不同意他人观点）个人看法会有所不同
• "Anyway, she's a wonderful mother." "That's a matter of opinion." “不管怎么说，她都是个很棒的母亲。”“那是你个人的看法。”
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to be important, or to affect what happens 要紧，重要，有关系
• We were late but it didn't seem to matter. 我们迟到了，不过看来不要紧。
• "What did you say?" "Oh, it doesn't matter." “你说甚么？”“哦，没甚么要紧的。”
• [+ question word] It doesn't matter wh at you wear - just as long as you come. 只要你来，穿甚么都没关系。
• [+ that] It didn't matter that our best player was injured after 10 minutes - we still won. 我们最好的球员比赛开始后10分钟就受伤了——但这无碍大局，我们还是赢了。
• I know Charles doesn't think this project is important, but it matters to me. 我知道查尔斯并不看重这个专案计划，但这对我来说很重要。
matter, issue, problem, question
这组词都有“问题”的意思，其区别是：
matter: 含义不很具体，暗示人们考虑和关心的事和话题。
issue: 多指意见能达到一致的问题，着重争论或讨论中的问题。
problem: 指客观上存在的、难以处理或难以理解的问题。
question: 通常指用口头或书面提出来要求回答或有待讨论解决的问题。
affair, matter, concern, business, thing
这组词都有“事情”的意思，其区别是：
affair: 含义较广，侧重指已发生或必须去做的任何事情或事务。复数形式多指重大或较复杂的事务。
matter: 普通用词，着重指一件考虑中的或需要处理的事。
concern: 往往强调与个人或团体利害有直接或重大关系的事。
business: 通常指较重要或较难而又必须承担的事情，也可指商事。
thing: 用作“事情”解时，词义较笼统、含糊，多用于指不很具体的事。
substance, affair, matter, business
substance: 具有某种化学物理性质的“物质”
affair: 私事
matter: 泛指一切有形之物的“物质”
business: 商业，生意
substance, stuff, matter, material
这组词都有“物质，东西”的意思，其区别是：
substance: 多指某一种形式的物质，既可指元素也可指化合物。
stuff: 多用于日常生活中，非正式用词。常指构成整体的所有部分、物体或项目。有时指劣等材料，含轻蔑意味。
matter: 通常指构成实物的物质，与精神相对立。在科学上，指占有空间，并能以某种方式被感官觉察的一切东西。
material: 通常指组成客观存在物的部分或其原料。
n. [物] 物质；原因；事件
 - substance, event, consideration, circumstance, occurrence, scene
vi. 有关系；要紧
 - to be related, make a difference

Word: lobby
Front: lobby
[ˈlɒbi] (研六托雅宝 3736/5302 -3)
Vocabulary: lobby
(once / 471 pages)
1n 2nv
A lobby is a large waiting room or reception area. If you're waiting for an appointment in a lobby, maybe you'll get lucky and find a good magazine or even a peppermint candy.
You'll find a lot of people hanging around in a lobby — which is basically what it’s there for. A lobby is where you meet your friend at the hotel or catch the elevator for your interview. The idea of the "political lobby group" came from the large entrance halls of the legislature, where people hung around trying to influence the lawmakers. So the next time your class tries to lobby your teacher for extra credit, he can thank the halls of congress.
WORD FAMILY
lobby: lobbied, lobbies, lobbying, lobbyism, lobbyist +/ lobbyist: lobbyists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Johnson said he would lobby the Illinois legislature to reform sentencing guidelines for repeat gun offenders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Priebus said his new job was not the result of outside lobbying, but “all a matter of Donald Trump’s opinion.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“That’s why the majority of the poor are still in favour of this move,” says Bhardwai, from the small enterprise lobby.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 门厅，大厅; 休息室; 游说团; 投票厅
vi. 为了支持或抵制某项特定目标游说
vt. 对…进行游说; 陈情（试图努力影响某人采取有利行动）
时态：lobbied, lobbying, lobbies
分布：游说(53%)，大厅(46%)，民众接待厅(1%)
→来自拉丁语lobia,修道院的前厅，门廊，词源同leaf,lodge.后词义通用化，用来指大厅，前厅，以及政治术语游说。
n.大厅,休息室,游说议员者v.游说I hope to make copper copies of the telescope and microscope for hobby in the lobby.我希望制作望远镜和显微镜的铜质复制品.
【记】读：老by，很老的人才会休息。
US ['lɑ:.bi] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to try to persuade a politician, the government or an official group that a particular thing should or should not happen, or that a law should be changed 游说，试图说服（政客、政府或官方团体）
• Small businesses have lobbied hard for/against changes in the tax laws. 小公司极力游说支援／反对修改税法。
• [+ to infinitive] Local residents lobbied to have the factory shut down. 当地居民极力要求关闭该工厂。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] They have been lobbying Congress to change the legislation concerning guns. 他们一直在游说国会修改涉枪法律。
UK ['lɒb.i] US ['lɑ:.bi] noun countable
PRESSURE GROUP 游说团体
■a group of people who try to persuade the government or an official group to do something 游说团体，游说集团
• the anti-smoking lobby 反吸烟游说团体
UK ['lɒb.i] US ['lɑ:.bi] noun countable
ROOM 房间
■the (large) room into which the main entrance door opens in a hotel or other large building 大堂，大厅，门厅
■in the British parliament, a room where someone meets a member of parliament who they have arranged to talk to, or one of the two passages which members of parliament walk through as a way of voting （英国议会的）接见厅，会见厅，表决厅
n. 大厅；休息室；会客室；游说议员的团体
 - sala, salle

Word: profound
Front: profound
[prəˈfaʊnd] (研六托雅宝 3735/4372 -2)
Vocabulary: profound
(once / 155 pages)
adj
When you need a word that's deeper than "deep," consider profound.
Profundus meant literally "deep" in Latin, and profound had the same meaning when it entered English in the 14th century. But even then, it also meant "figuratively deep" — that is, very great or intense: "The new laws have had a profound impact." Of people, it means "very knowledgeable or insightful," but sometimes if a person tries to sound profound they're really just giving you superficial knowledge dressed up with big words.
WORD FAMILY
profound: profounder, profoundest, profoundly, profoundness, profundity +/profoundness: profoundnesses/ profundity: profundities
USAGE EXAMPLES
I’m hopeful that 2017 will see the flickering resurgence of outdoor civic spaces blossom into something more profound and lasting.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“They were in a very difficult and trouble-filled public school district,” Bown said, “And the effect on the family was very profound.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The liberal international order is facing a profound moment of crisis as the year begins.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 深厚的; 意义深远的; 严重的; 知识渊博的
n. 〈诗〉深海，大洋; 深渊; （灵魂）深处
级别：profounder, profoundest
分布：深奥的(33%)，渊博的(28%)，意义深远的(28%)，极度的(11%)
→来自拉丁语profundus,深的，无底的，来自pro-,向前，朝向，fundus,底部，词源同fundamental,bottom.引申词义深邃的，深远的等。拼写受found影响。
深刻的,深远的(pro前面+found→有基础在前面→有根基的,深刻的)[found,fund=base,表示"基础"]
a.深刻的,意义深远的;渊博的,造诣深的Abundance doesn't mean redundance. The hound found a profound book on the roundabout.充裕并不意味多余.猎犬在旋转木马上找到一本深奥的书.
【记】pro向前，found底部：深的
【反】shallow（adj 浅的；浅薄的）
adjective
EXTREME 极度的
■felt or experienced very strongly or in an extreme way 强烈的；深沉的；极度的
• His mother's death when he was aged six had a very profound effect on him. 他六岁时母亲的过世对他的影响很大。
• The invention of the contraceptive pill brought about profound changes in the lives of women. 避孕药的发明为女性的生活带来了重大变化。
• Those two lines of poetry express perfectly the profound sadness of loss. 那两行诗贴切表达了失去亲人的深切悲痛。
• My grandfather has a profound mistrust of anything new or foreign. 我祖父对任何新生或外来事物有一种根深柢固的不信任。
• There was a note of profound irritation in his voice. 他的语气中带有强烈恼怒。
[prə'faʊnd] adjective
SHOWING UNDERSTANDING 表示理解
■showing a clear and deep understanding of serious matters 造诣深的；思想深邃的
• profound truths/wisdom 深奥的真理／博大的智慧
• The review that I read said that it was 'a thoughtful and profound film'. 我看过的评论说它是一部“有创意、有深度的电影”。
• "Dying is easy - it's living that's the problem." "That was very profound of you, Steven." “死很容易——活下去才是难题。”“史蒂文，你的话真深奥！”
profound, deep
这组词都有“深的”的意思，其区别是：
profound: 语气较强，较为庄重，多指抽象的事物，多用于比喻。
deep: 普通用词，指由上到下，或由表及里的深度，可指具体或抽象事物。
adj. 深厚的；意义深远的；渊博的
 - encyclopedic, cyclopaedic

Word: format
Front: format
[ˈfɔ:mæt] (高研托雅 3730/3080 -2)
Vocabulary: format
(once / 1215 pages)
1nv 2nv
In saving a new electronic document, you must choose a format, for instance PDF, Word doc, or XML, which dictates how the information is to be organized, displayed, and manipulated.
To format information is to arrange it according to preexisting parameters. Electronic files require a format or, more commonly, a "file type," so computers will know how to open, read, and change them. Entertainment media are delivered in such varied formats as VHS, CD, DVD, MP3, and MOV. In the world of AM/FM radio, format is the type of music a station plays, such as top-40, urban, dance, or country.
WORD FAMILY
format: formats, formatted, formatting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Basketball coaches are still bristling about the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association’s new state tournament format.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The format is similar to one used in Colorado.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As always, the format is a multiple-choice questionnaire.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （出版物的）版式; [自]（数据安排的）形式; 电视节目的总安排（或计划）
vt. 使格式化; 安排…的格局; 设计…的版面
vi. 设计一个版式
时态：formatted, formatting, formats
分布：版式(40%)，设计(26%)，安排(22%)，使格式化(12%)
→来自form, 模式。
n.(出版物的)开本,版式,格式vt.设计;安排
US ['fɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a pattern, plan or arrangement 模式；计划；安排
• The meeting will have the usual format - introductory session, group work and then a time for reporting back. 这次会议将采取常规模式——情况介绍，分组讨论，然后是反馈汇报。
■specialized
■the way in which information is arranged and stored on a computer （电脑资讯的）格式
UK ['fɔ:.mæt] US ['fɔ:r-] verb transitive (-tt-)
■to organize or arrange text, especially on a computer, according to a chosen pattern （尤指在电脑上）安排…的版式
■to prepare a computer disk for use with a particular type of computer 将（电脑磁片）格式化

Word: trait
Front: trait
[treɪt] (研六托雅宝 3737/6541 -1)
Vocabulary: trait
(once / 507 pages)
n
A trait is something about you that makes you "you." When your mother says that you get all your best traits from her, she means you have the same charming smile and the same brilliant mind as she has.
In science, trait refers to a characteristic that is caused by genetics. Having green eyes or being shorter than average are traits a person might have. In more general use, a trait is an important part of someone’s personality or appearance. Try to describe your favorite teacher in three words and you’ll probably come up with a list of her essential traits — such as compassionate, calm, and kooky.
WORD FAMILY
trait: traits
USAGE EXAMPLES
After a while, as Burke regained his position in the Wizards’ rotation, Brooks began embracing his best traits.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
When I spoke with Barrett, she noted that the traits we think of as gender-based generally depend on varying perception, not varying behavior.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
What is the trait you most deplore in yourself?
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 特点，特性; 少许
分布：特征(52%)，特点(43%)，少许(3%)，一笔(2%)
→来自中古法语 trait,线条，轮廓，特征，来自拉丁语 tractus,描绘，勾勒，来自 trahere,拖，拉， 使移动，词源同 drag,tract.引申词义人的特征，特点等。拼写比较 portrait,protract.
n.特征,特点,特性The traitor in strait straight forwardly told me the traits of the bait.在向前直的海峡里的卖国贼告诉我饵的特性.
noun countable
■a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behaviour （个人的）特征，特性，品质
• His sense of humour is one of his better traits. 具有幽默感是他更讨人喜欢的特点之一。
• Arrogance is a very unattractive personality/character trait. 傲慢是一种非常令人讨厌的性格特点。
peculiarity, properity, quality, attribute, feature, characteristic, character, trait
这组词都有“特性、特点、品质”的意思，其区别是：
peculiarity: 指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩。
properity: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人。
quality: 最普通用词，既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征。
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物。
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征。
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征。
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征。
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征。
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
n. 特性，特点； [心理] 品质；少许
 - quality, tang, identity, sort, distinction

Word: currency
Front: currency
[ˈkʌrənsi] (高研六托雅 3738/2114 -4)
Vocabulary: currency
(once / 272 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Currency is the paper and coin money that a country uses to conduct business. The United States uses a currency that's made up of dollars, quarters, nickels, dimes, and pennies.
Just about every country has its own currency — the money its people use to pay for their groceries, clothes, and other goods. Paper currency in the United States is all green and can confuse people who use bills with different colors for different denominations. In addition to describing a country's monetary system, currency means something that is accepted or used. The slang word "daddy-o" was the currency in the 1950s, but people who say it today can expect to receive strange looks.
WORD FAMILY
currency: currencies+/countercurrent: countercurrents/ current: countercurrent, currency, currently, currentness, currents, noncurrent, undercurrent/undercurrent: undercurrents
USAGE EXAMPLES
CURRENCIES: The dollar started the new year with broad gains in currency markets.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And there was talk about money — India’s recent devaluing of its currency in an apparent effort to cut graft and tax evasion.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
The deadline for exchanging or depositing the old currency in bank accounts passed Friday.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 货币; 通用，流通，流传，传播; 市价，行情; 流通时间
分布：货币(93%)，流通(7%)
→来自current, 流动的，流通的。
流传;流通的货币(跑来跑去的钱→流通货币)[cur(r),curs,cours=run,表示"跑,发生"]
n.流传,流通;通货,货币The currency curriculum made the excursionist incur loss of time and money.货币课程使短途旅游者招致时间和钱的损失.
US ['kɝ:-] noun
MONEY 钱
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the money that is used in a particular country at a particular time 货币，流通货币
• foreign currency 外币
UK ['kʌr.ənt.si] US ['kɝ:-] noun
ACCEPTANCE 接受
uncountable
■the state of being commonly known or accepted, or of being used in many places 流行；流通；通用
• His ideas enjoyed wide currency during the last century. 他的思想在上个世纪广为流传。
• Many informal expressions are gaining currency in serious newspapers. 许多非正式表达方法正在为严肃报刊所接受。
coin, cash, money, currency
这组词都有“(金)钱”的意思，其区别是：
coin: 指铸造的硬币。
cash: 特指立即可以兑现的现金或现款。
money: 钱的通称，可以是硬币可以是纸币，也可指用作货币的其它物品。
currency: 指在流通中的货币，是全部流通中通货的总称，也可指纸币。
n. [金融] 货币；通货
 - money, circulating medium

Word: turkey
Vocabulary: turkey
(once / 1407 pages)
1n 2n
A turkey is a big bird that looks a bit like a huge chicken. If you've ever celebrated Thanksgiving in the U.S. or Canada, you've probably seen the large fowl turkey cooked and taking center stage at the elaborate holiday meal.
Beloved as turkeys may be as holiday-eating fare, you, as a human, probably don't want to be called a turkey. The word is an insult, referring to a person who has done something ill advised or stupid, as in that uncle who decides to introduce his new girlfriend to his ex-wife on Thanksgiving Day. Irredeemable? Perhaps not if he then makes three strikes in a row while bowling later that day — earning himself a coveted turkey. Turkey can also refer to "brass tacks." When it's time to outline the facts of a deal, it's time for "talking turkey," always a good thing.
DOG EARED
Let's Talk Turkey: A Word That's Waddled Round the Globe
Although turkeys were domesticated by Native Americans, turkey itself is not a Native American word. In this excerpt from a new book The Language of Food: A Linguist Reads the Menu , Stanford University professor Dan Jurafsky charts the complicated path the word turkey followed into English, then chases it with a slice of etymological pecan pie.
Why does this bird always seem to be named after countries? Besides Turkey the list includes India, the source of the name in dozens of languages including French dinde, from a contraction of the original d’Inde, “of India,” Turkish hindi, and Polish indik. And there’s Peru (the source of the word peru in both Hindi and Portuguese) and even Ethiopia (in Levantine Arabic the turkey is dik habash, “Ethiopian bird”).
As we’ll see, the answer involves Aztec chefs, a confusion between two birds caused by Portuguese government secrecy and, indirectly, the origins of the modern stock exchange. And as with ketchup, it turns out that turkey and other favorite foods traveled around the world to get here, although in this case it’s a round-trip voyage that started with the Native Americans of this hemisphere.
The journey begins thousands of years ago in south-central Mexico. Many different species of wild turkeys still range from the eastern and southern United States down to Mexico, but our domestic turkey comes from only one of these, Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo, the species that Native Americans domesticated in Michoacán or Puebla sometime between 800 BCE and 100 CE.
We don’t know who the turkey domesticators were, but they passed the turkey on to the Aztecs when the Aztecs moved down into the Valley of Mexico from the north. The turkey became important enough to play a role in Aztec mythology, where the jeweled turkey is a manifestation of Tezcatlipoca, the trickster god.
By the fifteenth century, there were vast numbers of domestic turkeys throughout the Aztec world. Cortés described the streets set aside for poultry markets in Tenochtitlán (Mexico City), and 8000 turkeys were sold every five days, all year round, in Tepeyac, just one of several suburban markets of the city.…
The turkey’s trip to Europe came very quickly after Columbus ate what were probably turkeys on the coast of Honduras in 1502. The Spanish explorers called them gallopavo (chicken-peacock), and sent them to Spain by 1512. The spread of turkeys through Europe was astonishingly rapid; by the mid-1500s turkeys were already in England, France, Germany, and Scandinavia.
The first few turkeys were brought over by the Spanish, but it was the Portuguese rather than the Spanish who did the most to introduce the turkey to Europe.…
In an attempt to break the Ottoman and Venetian monopolies on [the spice] trade, Portuguese mariners, starting with Vasco da Gama in 1497, sailed around Africa to reach Calicut [then the spice trading capital of India] directly by sea. On the way, they established colonies in the Cape Verde Islands and down the coast of West Africa, a region they called Guinea, slave-raiding and trading for ivory, gold, and local birds like the guinea fowl.…
Meanwhile, France and England had been importing a satiny black African bird that looked extraordinarily similar to a small female turkey. Known today as a guinea fowl, the French and English first called this bird galine de Turquie (Turkish chicken) or Turkey cock, after the originally Turkish Mamluk sultans who first sold the bird to the Europeans in the 1400s. It was also called poule d’Inde (hen of India) because it was imported from Ethiopia (in the fifteenth century, “India” could mean Ethiopia as well as India).
By 1550 the Portuguese began to reimport this African “turkey cock” guinea fowl from West Africa (where there are long oral traditions of breeding guinea fowl among the Mandinka and the Hausa) at the exact same time as they were shipping turkeys from the New World. Both quickly became sought-after commodities.
At the same time, the Portuguese government imposed strict secrecy on all of its maritime explorations, with the goal of protecting its advantage in international trade. Publication of its discoveries was forbidden and maps and charts were strictly censored. Portuguese globes and nautical charts were not allowed to show the coast of West Africa, navigators were subject to an oath of silence, and the death penalty was prescribed for pilots who sold nautical charts to foreigners. It was thus impossible to know that one bird came from the Americas and the other from Africa. Because Portuguese goods were routed through Lisbon to pay customs, the two birds may have arrived at Antwerp on the same Portuguese ships, and might even have been traded sight unseen to the English or Germans in the new bourse. The two similar-looking birds were frequently confused, in Antwerp and throughout Europe.
The result is that the English “turkey cock” or “cocks of Inde,” and the French “poules d’Inde” were used sometimes for turkeys, sometimes for guinea fowl, for the next hundred years. The two birds were confused in Dutch too, and even Shakespeare sometimes got it wrong, using “turkey” in Henry IV, part I (act II, scene 1) when he meant guinea hen.
The English confusion between the two birds was only resolved when both were commercially farmed in England. In any case, our modern word arrived just in time for “turkey” to be actually eaten in the Renaissance, thus explaining the ubiquity of giant turkey legs in today’s “Renaissance Faires.”
Other languages were left with a similarly confused atlas of names; French dinde from “d’Inde,” Dutch kalkeon, many names (like Polish indik) dating from later reference to the Americas as the West Indies, and Levantine Arabic dik habash alone still pointing to Ethiopia, the source of the guinea fowl. German used to have a dozen names for turkey (Truthahn, Puter, Indianisch, Janisch, Bubelhahn, Welscher Guli, etc.).….
Unlike most other Thanksgiving food names, the word pecan is Native American. English borrowed it from Illinois, a language of the Algonquin family. The original word was pakani, although we now pronounce our borrowing in many ways. My best friend from kindergarten, James, got married on a warm summer evening along the Brazos River of eastern Texas in what I was distinctly informed were “pickAHN” groves. But the word is PEE-can in New England and the Eastern Seaboard, pee-CAN in Wisconsin and Michigan, and something closer to peeKAHN in the west and many other parts of the country.
Why this difference? The region of the pronunciation pickAHN corresponds remarkably to the native range of the pecan tree. This is because the pickAHN pronunciation is closest to the original in the Illinois language (/paka:ni/). In other words, people in the area where the Illinois gave the word to English still use a traditional pronunciation, while dialects farther away have a modified pronunciation influenced by the spelling.
From The Language of Food: A Linguist Reads the Menu by Dan Jurafsky. Published by W. W. Norton & Company © 2014. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
WORD FAMILY
turkey: turkeys
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last winter, volunteers submitted more than 2,000 reports about more than 38,000 turkeys, nearly triple the previous year’s total.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The newspaper reports raw turkey packed in the semitrailer was pressed against the front of the train, scattering the meat across the area.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Hunters must apply for a turkey permit by the Jan. 11 lottery deadline.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)

Word: reserve
Front: reserve
[rɪˈzɜ:v] (高研四六托雅宝 3740/2475 -K4)
Vocabulary: reserve
(once / 74 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
As a noun, reserve refers to the quality of a shy or modest person who doesn’t easily express his or her feelings. As a verb, to reserve is to stash something away or to set it aside for future use.
Reserve can also refer to backup supplies or resources. If a military is running out of ammunition or food, they may have to dig into the reserve to replenish their supplies. Reserve is also used as a verb to mean "obtain in advance." If you’re expecting a big crowd at your sister's dance recital, you might show up early to reserve seats for your family members. You could also reserve a table at a restaurant for dinner after the show.
WORD FAMILY
reserve: reservation, reserved, reserves, reserving, reservist+/ reservation: reservations/ reserved: reservedly, unreserved/reservist: reservists/unreserved: unreservedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Texas Christian product spent the final 11 weeks of this season on the injured reserve list.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
After two receptions, his season ended on injured reserve.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Times reserves the right to edit and publish any submissions online and/or in print.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 储备; 保护区; 保留; 替补队员
vt. 储备; 保留; 预约
vi. 预订
adj. 保留的; 预备的
时态：reserved, reserving, reserves
分布：保留(64%)，预订(23%)，含蓄(3%)，克制(2%)，延期(2%)，候补(2%)，贮存(2%)，预备品(2%)
→re-,向后，往回，-serv,看护，保护，词源同 conserve,preserve.引申诸相关词义。
保留;预定n.内向,沉默寡言(re再+serve→再留住→预定)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
n.储备(物),储备金;缄默v.保留,储备;预定The reservoir in the reserved preserve is an obstacle to the obstinate observer.预留保护区内的水库对固执的观察者是一个障碍.
【记】“保留”的意思大家很熟，一个人总是保留想法－沉默寡言
US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to keep something for a particular purpose or time 把…专门留给；把…留作；保留
• I reserve Mondays for tidying my desk and answering letters. 我把周一的时间留出来专门清理办公桌和回覆信件。
• These seats are reserved for the elderly and women with babies. 这些座位是专留给老人和抱小孩的妇女的。
• I reserve judgment on this issue (= I won't give an opinion on it now) until we have more information. 在我们得到更多的资讯之前，我暂不对此事发表意见。
 ADVANCED
■If you reserve something such as a seat on an aircraft or a table at a restaurant, you arrange for it to be kept for your use 预订；预约
• I reserved a double room at the Lamb Hotel. 我在兰姆饭店预订了一间双人房。
• [+ two objects] If you get there early, reserve me a seat/reserve a seat for me. 如果你先到那里，给我预订个座位。
UK [rɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
BEHAVIOUR 举止
uncountable
■the habit of not showing your feelings or thoughts 拘谨；矜持；内向
• I took her out for a drink and tried to break through her reserve. 我带她出去喝了杯酒，想消除她的拘谨。
UK [rɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
KEPT 贮藏
countable or uncountable
■when you keep something or a supply of something until it is needed, or a supply that you keep 贮藏（物）；储备（物）；备用（物）
• She keeps a little money in reserve (= for use if and when needed). 她留下了一些钱以备不时之需。
• The librarian has put the book on reserve for me (= will keep it for me when it becomes available). 图书管理员已经替我预约了这本书。
• We still have a reserve of food/food reserves in case of emergency. 我们仍然还有储备粮／粮食储备以应付紧急情况。
countable (also reservation) (US also preserve)
■an area of land kept in its natural state, especially for wild animals to live in and be protected （尤指保护野生动物生存的）自然保护区，禁猎区，保护区
• a nature/game/wildlife reserve 自然保护区／禁猎区／野生动物保护区
countable
■in sports, an extra player who is ready to play if needed 替补队员；后备队员
• We had two reserves in case anyone was injured. 我们有两名替补队员，以防有人在场上受伤。
the reserves [plural]
■a group of people who are not permanently in the armed forces but are used only if needed 后备军；后备部队
• They will call up the reserves. 他们将召集后备军。
UK [rɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
DOUBT 存疑
uncountable formal
■when you have reservations about someone or something 保留
• I can recommend him to you without reserve. 我可以毫无保留地向您推荐他。
UK [rɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
PRICE 价格
countable usually singular (also reserve price)
■the lowest amount of money the owners will accept for something being sold, especially at auction (= public sale) （尤指拍卖中买方定的）底价，保留价格，最低价
• A rare Stradivarius violin failed to reach (= no one offered to pay) its reserve price when put up for auction on Tuesday. 星期二的拍卖会上，对一把稀有的斯特拉迪瓦里制造的小提琴的出价没能达到其拍卖底价。
• We set/put a reserve of £50 on the picture. 我们为这幅画定的底价为50英镑。
conserve, reserve, retain, withhold, preserve, keep
这组词都有“保持，保存”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 一般指保存自然资源，保全人的精力、力量等。
reserve: 正式用词，指为了将来的用途或其他用途而保存、保留。
retain: 指继续保持。
withhold: 指扣住不放，暗示有阻碍。
preserve: 主要指为防止损害、变质等而保存。
keep: 最常用词，指长时间牢固地保持或保存。
n. [贸易] [金融] 储备，储存；自然保护区； [军] [林] 预备队；储备金
 - store, repertory
vt. [贸易] [金融] 储备；保留；预约
 - stay at, save from
vi. 预订
 - book for, make reservation

Word: beam
Front: beam
[bi:m] (高研四六托雅宝 3741/3945 -2)
Vocabulary: beam
(once / 180 pages)
1n 2nv 3v 4n
A beam is a long board that's used to hold up a roof or doorway. The beams in your kitchen ceiling help support the upstairs floor just above it.
In construction, beams are made of wood or metal and are used to frame a building and provide structure. In gymnastics, a beam is used for balancing and doing tricks on. If someone comments that you're getting "broad in the beam," they're disparaging the width of your body, especially your hips. In Old English, a beam first meant a tree, and later a rafter or a ship's timber.
WORD FAMILY
beam: beamed, beaming, beamish, beams, beamy+/ beaming: beamingly/ beamish: beamishly/beamy: beamily
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s beamed wirelessly across the neighborhood, but it’s not password protected,” she said.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The beams of light also brought the promise of better luck this ski season.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Asked to pose for a picture, Fadumo throws her arm around her mom’s shoulders and beams.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 梁，栋梁; 束; 光线; （电波的）波束
vi. 发出光与热; 面露喜色
vt. 播送; 以梁支撑; 用…照射; 流露
vt. & vi. 笑容满面，眉开眼笑; 发射电波，播送; 放出束状的光（或热）
时态：beamed, beaming, beams
分布：光线(45%)，发射(21%)，播送(14%)，桁条(7%)，微笑(5%)，发光(5%)，用梁支撑(3%)
→词源同be, 生长，存在，此处指长成柱子。笑容来自柱子的比喻义，笑容如明亮的光线束。
n.(横)梁,桁条;(光线的)束,柱v.微笑The football team stopped the steam stream with beams.足球队用横杆堵住了蒸汽流.
noun countable
LINE 线
■a line of light that shines from a bright object 光线；光束；光柱
• We could just pick out the path in the weak beam of the UK usuallytorch/ USflashlight. 我们借着手电筒微弱的光线，仅能勉强认清路。
• The rabbit stopped, mesmerized by the beam of the car's headlights. 兔子被汽车车前大灯射出的光束迷住了眼，停了下来。
⇒ See also moonbeam;sunbeam
■a line of radiation or particles flowing in one direction （定向发出的）射束，粒子流
• a laser beam 雷射光束
• an electron beam 电波
[bi:m] noun countable
WOOD 木头
■a long thick piece of wood, metal or concrete, especially used to support weight in a building or other structure （尤指支撑建筑物或其他结构的）梁，桁架，栋梁
• The sitting room had exposed wooden beams. 客厅顶上的木梁露出来了。
the beam
■in the sport of women's gymnastics , a wooden bar on which the competitors balance and perform movements （女子体操运动中的）平衡木
[bi:m] verb
SMILE 微笑
intransitive
■to smile with obvious pleasure 高兴的微笑，眉开眼笑
• She beamed with delight/pleasure at his remarks. 她听完他的话，高兴得眉开眼笑。
• The child beamed at his teacher as he received the award. 那个孩子在领奖时对他的老师报以微笑。
• [+ speech] "I'm so pleased to see you, " he beamed (= said as he smiled). “很高兴见到你，”他微笑着说。
[bi:m] verb
SEND OUT 发送
intransitive or transitive
■to send out a beam of light, or an electrical or radio signal, etc. 辐射；发光；闪光；发射电波；播送
• The midday sun beamed (= shone brightly) down on the boat as it drifted along. 正午的阳光照在缓缓漂动的船上。
• The concert was beamed (= broadcast) by satellite all over the world. 演唱会经卫星转播到世界各地。
giggle, laugh, chuckle, roar, sneer, beam, jeer, grin
这组词都有“笑”的意思，其区别是：
giggle: v.咯咯地笑，痴笑，傻笑，多指女人和孩子由于紧张、被逗乐、尴尬时所发出的笑声。
 • The schoolgirls giggled when the famous football player walkedsintostheir classroom.   当这个著名的足球运动员走进教室时，女生们都咯咯地笑起来。
laugh: v.笑，大笑，用于一般的笑或出声的大笑。
chuckle: v. (书面语)吃吃的笑，抿嘴笑，轻声笑，多指因得意或领会到某事中的趣味而暗自发笑。
 • She does not laugh out loud; she only chuckles.   她没有笑出声来，只是抿嘴而笑。
roar: v.怒吼，咆哮，引申为放声大笑，哄堂大笑。
 • He roared when he heard the joke.   听完这个笑话，他哈哈大笑。
sneer: v.冷笑，嘲笑，指以语言、表情、和声调表示轻蔑或嘲弄。
 • He sneered at the offer and said it was two low.   他对报价嗤之以鼻，说它太低了。
beam: v.本义指照耀，放光，引申为"微笑"，是正式用语，指面带喜悦或笑容，暗示对他人的友好或内心的满足。
 • She beamed with happiness.   她高兴得眉开眼笑。
jeer: v.讥笑，嘲笑，其同义词是mock。
 • The crowd jeered when the boxer was knocked down.   当那个拳手被人打倒时，人群开始嘲笑他。
grin: v.露齿而笑，指人因高兴、满足、轻蔑等咧开嘴露齿地笑。
 • He grinned at his mother.   他冲他的妈妈咧嘴一笑。
laugh, smile, siggle, grin, beam, sneer
这些动词均含“笑”之意。
laugh: 最常用词，指因喜悦、愉快或轻视而出声的笑或大笑。
smile: 指面露微笑，侧重于无声。
siggle: 指发出咯咯的笑声，较多地用于女人或孩子。
grin: 指露齿而笑。
beam: 书面用词，指人因心情舒畅而发出的笑，即喜形于色地笑。
sneer: 指冷笑、嘲笑。
n. [建] 横梁；光线；电波； [船] 船宽； [计量] 秤杆
 - ray, stream
vt. 发送；以梁支撑；用…照射；流露
 - to transmit, send out
vi. 照射；堆满笑容
 - irradiate

Word: abuse
Front: abuse
[əˈbju:s] (高研四六托雅宝 1540/2352 -K4)
Vocabulary: abuse
(once / 148 pages)
1nv 2nv
If you abuse someone, it means you are hurting that person, mentally, emotionally, or physically. If someone else is harming you, you are yourself suffering from abuse.
The word abuse is made up of two parts — "use," which means to employ, and ab-, a Latin prefix meaning "away" — and as a whole comes from the Latin abūsus, meaning "misuse," or "use wrongly." It began as a verb and became a noun in the mid-15th century. Abuse also refers to anything that is employed improperly or to excess, such as the abuse of alcohol or drugs.
WORD FAMILY
abuse: abused, abuser, abuses, abusing, abusive, disabuse, self-abuse+/abused: abusedly, unabused/abuser: abusers/ abusive: abusively, abusiver/ disabuse: disabused, disabuses, disabusing
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a commander in Iraq, General Mattis ordered several investigations into detainee abuse.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The comments, included in a letter about the plight of vulnerable children in general, were some of his most comprehensive on abuse.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s about getting individuals the help they need, whether its substance abuse, drugs issues, anger management, whatever,” Dotson said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 滥用; 恶习; 侮辱; 恶言
vt. 滥用; 虐待; 辱骂
时态：abused, abusing, abuses
分布：滥用(51%)，虐待(33%)，辱骂(13%)，恶习(3%)
→前缀ab-, 非，不好。use,使用。
滥用(ab+use用→用坏→滥用)[ab-,abs-加在词根前,表示"相反,变坏,离去"等]
滥用,谩骂(ab坏+use→不好用→滥用)[us,ut=use,表示"用"]
vt.滥用;辱骂;诋毁n.滥用;虐待I used to abuse the unusual usage, but now I'm not used to doing so.我过去常滥用这个不寻常的用法,但我现在不习惯这样做.
【记】ab离开，use用－用不好，不好用－滥用，辱骂
【参】disabuse（打消……错误念头）；abusive（adj 辱骂的）
verb transitive /əˈbjuːz/
BEHAVE BADLY 坏表现
 ADVANCED
■to use or treat someone or something wrongly or badly, especially in a way that is to your own advantage （尤指为个人私利而）虐待，伤害，滥用，妄用
• She is continually abusing her position/authority by getting other people to do things for her. 她不断滥用职权／权力让别人替她做事。
• I never expected that he would abuse the trust I placed in him. 我从未料到他会利用我对他的信任。
• Several of the children had been sexually/physically/emotionally abused. 几个儿童受到了性虐待／肉体折磨／精神上的伤害。
verb transitive /əˈbjuːz/
SPEAK RUDELY 辱骂
■to speak to someone rudely or cruelly 辱骂，谩骂
• The crowd started abusing him after he failed to save a goal. 他没有守住球门，丢了一分，观众开始对他破口大骂。
noun]əˈbjuːs/
BAD BEHAVIOUR 坏行为
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when someone uses or treats someone or something wrongly or badly, especially in a way that is to their own advantage （尤指出于个人私利的）虐待，伤害，滥用，妄用
• an abuse (= wrong use) of privilege/power/someone's kindness 滥用特权／滥用权力／利用某人的善心
• sexual/physical/mental abuse (= bad treatment) 性虐待／肉体折磨／精神上的伤害
• She claimed to have been a victim of child abuse (= the treatment of children in a bad, esp. sexual, way). 她声称自己曾是虐待儿童罪行的受害者。
• Drug and alcohol abuse (= Using these substances in a bad way) contributed to his early death. 嗜毒和酗酒导致了他的早逝。
noun]əˈbjuːs/
RUDE SPEECH 辱骂
uncountable
■rude and offensive words said to another person 辱骂，谩骂
• He had apparently experienced a lot of verbal abuse from his co-workers. 显然他经常遭到同事的辱骂。
• He hurled (a stream/torrent of) abuse at her (= He said a lot of rude and offensive things to her). 他对她（劈头盖脸）破口大骂。
• 'Idiot!' is a term of abuse (= an insulting expression). Idiot! 是一句稍带有侮辱性的话。
n. 滥用；虐待；辱骂；弊端；恶习，陋习
 - punishment, vice
vt. 滥用；虐待；辱骂
 - strain, maltreat

Word: astronomer
Front: astronomer
[əˈstrɒnəmə(r)] (高托 3744/10779 -2)
Vocabulary: astronomer
(once / 914 pages)
n
A scientist who studies the objects in the sky, including planets, galaxies, black holes, and stars, is called an astronomer.
These days, the terms astronomer and astrophysicist are used interchangeably, to talk about any physicist who specializes in celestial bodies and the forces that affect them. Astronomers use telescopes and cameras to observe the stars and other objects in the sky, and they often use complicated math to make predictions and solve puzzles about their movements and locations. The Greek root, astronomia, literally means "star arrangement."
WORD FAMILY
astronomer: astronomers+/astronomic: astronomically/ astronomy: astronomer, astronomic, astronomical, astronomies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jan. 5 — “A Brief History of Dutch Astronomy,” a talk by astronomer Peter Teuben, at the University of Maryland at College Park’s observatory, 8 p.m.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
To settle the matter, they commissioned a survey and hired two Englishmen, Charles Mason, an astronomer, and Jeremiah Dixon, a surveyor.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“This generation of detectors should be the last,” said astronomer Stacy McGaugh at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 天文学者，天文学家
分布：天文学家(100%)
US [-'strɑ:.nə.mɚ] noun countable
■someone who studies astronomy 天文学家
n. [天] 天文学家
 - stargazer

Word: corruption
Front: corruption
[kəˈrʌpʃn] (托 3743/4342 -3)
Vocabulary: corruption
(once / 316 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Corruption is dishonest action that destroys people's trust. News of corruption at your bank might make you close your account and invest your money somewhere else.
The noun corruption comes from Latin — com, meaning "with, together," and rumpere, meaning "to break." Engaging in corruption can "break" or destroy someone's trustworthiness and good reputation with others. For example, news of corruption in the mayor's office might cause shock and lead to the election of a new mayor. When you corrupt something that is pure or honest, you take away those qualities. That's why "corruption of minors" is a serious offense in our legal system.
WORD FAMILY
corruption: corruptions, incorruption+/ corrupt: corrupted, corrupter, corruptest, corruptible, corrupting, corruption, corruptive, corruptly, corruptness, corrupts, incorrupt/corrupted: corruptedly, uncorrupted/corruptibility: corruptibilities/corruptible: corruptibility, corruptiblest, incorruptible/incorrupt: incorruptly, incorruptness/incorruptibility: incorruptibilities/incorruptible: incorruptibility, incorruptibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
South Korea’s Parliament voted on Dec. 9 to impeach President Park Geun-hye over a corruption scandal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Local and foreign non-governmental organisations say corruption is rife in Egypt.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Obiang is expected to plead not guilty to charges of laundering the proceeds of corruption, embezzlement and misuse of public funds.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 腐败; 贪污; 贿赂; 变体
分布：腐败(69%)，贪污(27%)，堕落(4%)
腐败(cor+rupt+ion)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
noun
BAD 腐败
 IMPROVER uncountable
■illegal, bad or dishonest behaviour, especially by people in positions of power （尤指当权者的）贪污，腐败，堕落
• The film is about a young police-officer and his struggle to expose corruption in the force. 电影讲述的是一个年轻员警的故事，表现了他是如何克服困难揭露警方内部腐败的。
• Political corruption is widespread throughout the country. 政治腐败在全国蔓延。
countable
■in language, a word whose original form has been changed （语言）变体
• The swear word 'bloody' is wrongly thought by some to be a corruption of the words 'by our Lady'. 有些人错误地认为咒骂用语 bloody 是 by our Lady 的变体。
[kə'rʌp.ʃən] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
uncountable
■when the information on a computer is changed in wrong ways so that it cannot be used （电脑上资讯的）破坏，损坏
• data corruption 资料毁损
n. [法] 贪污，腐败；堕落
 - degradation, deterioration

Word: contractor
Front: contractor
[kənˈtræktə(r)] (托 3745/4160 -2)
Vocabulary: contractor
(once / 830 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
A contractor is someone who is hired to build something. As a contractor at a building site, it is highly recommended you keep your hard hat on at all times.
When you think of contractor, you may picture construction sites; however, the word has other meanings as well. Legally, if you sign a contract to perform a specific job then you are what is known as a contractor. When there are not many full-time jobs available for workers, sometimes the only option is to become a freelance contractor, which might mean that you only work part-time or when needed.
WORD FAMILY
contractor: contractors+/ contract: contractable, contracted, contracting, contraction, contractor, contracts, contractual, contracture, subcontract/ contracted: contractedly/ contraction: contractions/contractual: contractually/contracture: contractures/subcontract: subcontracted, subcontracting, subcontractor, subcontracts/subcontractor: subcontractors
USAGE EXAMPLES
They also seized 12 employees of Umanizzare, a private contractor that operates prisons in the Amazon.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They include “burdensome” school lunch standards, tobacco regulations, laws that set higher wages for contractors and elements of the Paris climate-change agreement.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Contractors cut the tree down in late June.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 订约人，承包人; 收缩物
分布：承包商(99%)，立契约的人(1%)
→来自contract, 合同。
US ['kɑ:n.træk.tɚ] noun countable
■a person or company that arranges to supply materials or workers for building or for moving goods 承办人；承办商；承包方；订约人
n. [经] 承包人；立契约者
 - entrepreneur

Word: apologize
Front: apologize
[əˈpɒlədʒaɪz] (高四托宝 3739/9168 -K2)
Vocabulary: apologize
(once / 649 pages)
v
When you apologize you admit that you did something wrong, and you say you’re sorry. The point of apologizing is usually to clear the slate and explain why you did what you did.
We all make mistakes. Sometimes we even do bad things on purpose. But it can all be okay, so long as we apologize. Apologize comes from the Greek apologizesthai, which might be impossible to pronounce, but which means, “give an account.” When you accidentally run over your neighbor's flowerbed on your bike, you better be ready to apologize.
WORD FAMILY
apologize: apologized, apologizes, apologizing+/ apologetic: apologetically, unapologetic / apologise: apologised, apologises, apologising/ apologist: apologists/ apology: apologetic, apologies, apologise, apologist, apologize / unapologetic: unapologetically
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said the agency apologizes to travelers who were delayed getting into the country after long flights.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Tsai herself apologized for the event as offensive to Jewish people.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“What messed me up here was the guy didn’t apologize.”
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 道歉，认错; 辩解，辩护
时态：apologized, apologizing, apologizes
分布：道歉(99%)，赔罪(1%)
道歉(apology+ize)[log,logu=speak,表示"说话"]
【记】apo远离，log说话－远一点说话－因为作错事理亏－道歉
US [-'pɑ:.lə-] verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to tell someone that you are sorry for having done something that has caused them problems or unhappiness 道歉；认错；谢罪
• I must apologize to Isobel for my lateness. 我迟到了，必须向伊莎贝尔道个歉。
• Trains may be subject to delay on the northern line - we apologize for any inconvenience caused. 北线列车可能会延误，如果给您造成任何不便，我们在此谨致歉意。　
• She apologized profusely for having to leave at 3.30 p.m. 她必须在下午三点半离开，对此她再三表示歉意。
  Common Learner Errors  apologise or apology? Warning: do not confuse the verb apologise with the noun apology :
✗ I must insist on an apologise. I must insist on an apology.
vi. 道歉；辩解；赔不是
 - square oneself, make an apology
vt. 道歉；谢罪；辩白
 - square oneself, make an apology

Word: doctrine
Front: doctrine
[ˈdɒktrɪn] (六托雅宝 3746/3606 -2)
Vocabulary: doctrine
(once / 107 pages)
n
Doctrine means a belief or set of beliefs. The idea that a man named Jesus was the son of God is part of the Christian doctrine.
The policy that President Monroe introduced in 1823, stating that the United States should only mess with European countries that set up new colonies in the Americas was the Monroe Doctrine, and it remained an important part of US foreign policy straight through World War I. Doctrine and doctor derive from the same Latin word, docere, which means "to teach": doctor means "teacher," and doctrina means "teaching, learning."
WORD FAMILY
doctrine: doctrinal, doctrines, indoctrinate +/doctrinal: doctrinally/ indoctrinate: indoctrinated, indoctrinates, indoctrinating, indoctrination / indoctrination: indoctrinations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Army personnel this week by the Army's Training and Doctrine Command.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
To what extent does he faithfully transmit Lutheran doctrine?
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Measurably more effective treatments alone sidelined Freudian doctrine.
New York Times(Mar 27, 2013)
Back: n. 教条，教义; 法律原则; 声明; 古语] 所教的东西，教育
分布：学说(35%)，教义(33%)，主义(32%)
→来自doctor, 教导，后主要指宗教教义，教条。
教义,教条(doctr+ine→教的东西→教条)[doc,doct=toteach,表示"教"]
教条,教义(doctr教导+ine)[-ine 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或女人"3.表名词"状态,药物等"]
n.教条,学说The doctor's doctrine undid one dollar and a dozen of collars.博士的学说毁掉了一美元和一打衣领.
US ['dɑ:k-] noun countable or uncountable
■a belief or set of beliefs, especially political or religious, taught and accepted by a particular group （尤指政治或宗教的）信条，教义，学说
• Christian doctrine 基督教教义
• The president said he would not go against sound military doctrine. 总统说他不会反对行之有效的军事学说。
n. 主义；学说；教义；信条
 - principle, theory, belief, teaching

Word: genuine
Front: genuine
[ˈdʒenjuɪn] (研四六托雅宝 3747/2524 -K3)
Vocabulary: genuine
(once / 190 pages)
adj
Genuine things are true or authentic. When you're talking about people, being genuine has to do with being sincere.
This word has to do with things and people that are true. A genuine blonde is a real blonde — no hair dye involved. A genuine friend is a real friend you can trust when the chips are down. Genuine feelings are real feelings — not fake feelings put on as a show. A genuine hundred dollar bill is the real McCoy, not a counterfeit bill. When something is the real thing, it's genuine.
WORD FAMILY
genuine: genuinely, genuineness
USAGE EXAMPLES
He is a genuine person who lives by a strict moral code, and he expects to be treated fairly.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But United continued to look like a team gathering some genuine momentum.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
His editor on The World at One, Dame Jenny Abramsky, remembered him as a "gifted broadcaster" with "genuine warmth".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 真正的; 坦率的，真诚的; 血统纯粹的，纯种的; [医学]真性的
分布：真正的(65%)，真实的(19%)，真诚的(15%)，地道的(1%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同generate. 即天生的。
真正的,纯正的(genu+ine→产生→来源清楚→真正的)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
a.真正的,名副其实的The generous general's genuine genius is in making generators.那位慷慨将军的真正天才在于制造发电机.
【参】ingenuous（adj 坦白的；直率的）
【反】feigned（adj 假的；做作的；捏造的）；spurious（adj 伪造的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■If something is genuine, it is real and exactly what it appears to be 真正的；非伪造的；名副其实的
• genuine leather 真皮
• If it is a genuine Michelangelo drawing, it will sell for millions. 如果这幅画是米高安哲罗（米开朗基罗）的真迹，它的售价将会达数百万。
 IMPROVER
■If people or emotions are genuine, they are honest and sincere 真诚的；诚实的；真心的
• He's a very genuine person. 他为人很真诚。
• Machiko looked at me in genuine surprise - "Are you really going?" she said. 町子真的很惊讶，她看着我问道：“你果真要走吗？”
['dʒen.ju.ɪn] adjective
the genuine article informal
■a good and real example of a particular thing （某类事物的）真品
• Those cowboy boots sure look like the genuine article. 这双牛仔靴看上去的确像是货真价实的正品。
real, authentic, genuine, true, actual, factual
这组词都有“真的，真实的，实在的”的意思，其区别是：
real: 普通用词，含义较广，有时可与actual和genuine换用。指一切真实的或 表面看不出虚假的事物。
authentic: 常可与genuine换用，指与事实完全相符，强调准确可靠。
genuine: 普通常用词，指真正的，货真价实的，强调非人为或非虚假的。
true: 指同实际情况或标准完全一致。口语中多用。
actual: 指事物的实际存在，并非出自主观臆造。
factual: 与actual同义，但更测重根据事实，不扩大或缩小，不渲染。
adj. 真实的，真正的；诚恳的
 - actual, sincere, true, real, positive

Word: thumb
Front: thumb
[θʌm] (研四六托雅 3748/4504 -K2)
Back: n. 拇指; （手套的）拇指部份
vi. 翘起拇指请求搭乘（过路汽车），示意请求搭便车; 翻阅
vt. 翻阅; 作搭车手势; 用拇指翻脏[翻坏]（书页等）
时态：thumbed, thumbing, thumbs
分布：拇指(96%)，翻阅(3%)，示意要求搭车(1%)
→来自古英语 thuma,拇指，来自 Proto-Germanic*thumon,拇指，来自 tum,鼓起，来自 teue, 鼓起，词源同 tumid,thigh.插入字母 b,比较 number,numerate.
n.拇指v.示意要求搭车;迅速翻阅Thus the enthusiastic dumb man thumbed the humble man's umbrella.于是热情的哑巴用拇指拨弄谦卑男子的伞.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the short thick finger on the side of your hand which makes it possible to hold and pick things up easily 拇指
[θʌm] noun countable
all (fingers and) thumbs informal
■to be very awkward with your hands 笨手笨脚
• Can you untangle this thread for me? I'm all thumbs today. 你能帮我解开这个线结吗？我今天手指不灵活。
[θʌm] noun countable
thumbs down informal
■used to show disapproval of something 拇指向下；不赞成，反对
• They've given our plan the thumbs down (= They have disagreed with our plan). 他们不赞成我们的计划。
[θʌm] noun countable
thumbs up informal
■used to show approval of something 竖起大拇指；赞成，接受
• So it's the thumbs up for Brighton's latest night club. 那么这就是对布赖顿最近开的那家夜总会表示认可了。
[θʌm] noun countable
under sb's thumb
■under someone's control 在（某人的）支配下
• He's got the committee firmly under his thumb - they agree to whatever he asks. 他已牢牢掌控委员会，他们同意他提出的任何要求。
[θʌm] verb
thumb a lift informal
■to stand near the edge of a road and hold out your hand with the thumb raised as a signal for a vehicle to stop and take you somewhere 竖起拇指要求免费搭车
• We thumbed a lift to London. 我们搭便车去了伦敦。
thumb your nose at sb/sth
■to show no respect, or to raise the tip of your thumb to the end of your nose to show that you do not respect somebody 对…嗤之以鼻，蔑视
• He has thumbed his nose at authority all his life. 他一生都藐视权威。
[θʌm] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  thumb through sth
■to turn the pages of a book, magazine, or a document quickly and only read small parts of it 匆匆翻阅，浏览
• "Have you read the report?" "Well, I thumbed through it quickly on the train." “你看过报告了吗？”“嗯，我在火车上匆匆翻阅过。”
vt. 翻阅；以拇指拨弄；作搭车手势；笨拙地摆弄
 - turn over, browse through

Word: unity
Front: unity
[ˈju:nəti] (研四六托 3749/2795 -3)
Vocabulary: unity
(once / 247 pages)
1n 2n
Unity is being together or at one with someone or something. It's the opposite of being divided.
This is a word for togetherness or oneness. When the north won the Civil War, it assured the unity of the United States. Sports teams wear uniforms to show unity, and their fans wear team colors for the same reason. When a bunch of people act as one and are on the same page, they're displaying unity. When people are bickering and disorganized, there's no unity. In any group or cause, unity can be hard to find and maintain.
WORD FAMILY
unity: disunity, unities+/disunite: disunited, disunites, disuniting/disunited: disunitedly/disunity: disunities/ reunite: reunited, reunites, reuniting/ unite: disunite, reunite, united, unites, uniting, unity / united: unitedly/uniting: unitings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The celebration includes the recognition of the seven Kwanzaa principles of unity, self-determination, collective work and responsibility, cooperative economics, purpose, creativity and faith.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The archbishop echoed the sentiment of Prime Minister Theresa May, who called for unity following June's "divisive" vote in her new year message.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Snoop Dogg and The Game led a unity march to the Los Angeles Police Headquarters after the killings of Dallas police officers.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 统一体; （艺术等）完整; （文学、戏剧）（情节、时间和地点的）统一性; 团结一致
分布：统一(79%)，一致(13%)，整体(7%)，结合(1%)
→来自拉丁语unus, 一，词源同one。引申义联合，一致。
单一;一致(uni+ty)[un,uni=one,表示"单一,一个"]
n.团结;统一,一致,整体For unity the units united into a unique union.为了统一,这些单位联合成一个独特的联盟.
US [-nə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the state of being joined together or in agreement 联合；一致；团结；和睦
• European political and economic unity 欧洲政治和经济的统一
• a call for national unity 号召全民团结
unity, concord, agreement, harmony, accord
这组词都有“和谐、一致”的意思，其区别是：
unity: 指各个成员、各群体之间相互协调一致的关系。
concord: 多指人际、国家间或民族之间协调一致的关系。
agreement: 侧重态度与观点上的一致。
harmony: 指人与人之间或不同部分与整体之间完全协调、和谐、愉快，没有摩擦。
accord: 指思想一致，彼此不矛盾，也指行动上的一致。
n. 团结；一致；联合；个体
 - accordance, agreement, alliance, identity, combination, union, association

Word: compromise
Front: compromise
[ˈkɒmprəmaɪz] (高研四六托雅宝 3751/3685 -3)
Vocabulary: compromise
(once / 235 pages)
1nv 2v
A compromise is a way of settling differences by everybody making concessions. If you want to stay out until 10 and your friend wants to stay out until midnight, 11 is a good compromise.
Compromise comes from the Latin compromissum, which means "mutual promise." It can be a noun or a verb. If you compromise with your lab partner over how to analyze the experimental data, you find the middle ground between your two ideas. Compromise can also mean to erode or diminish. If you never repair your brakes, you will compromise the safety of the car. If you cheat, you compromise your integrity.
WORD FAMILY
compromise: compromised, compromiser, compromises, compromising +/compromiser: compromisers/ compromising: compromisingly, uncompromising/uncompromising: uncompromisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump may become our president, but this doesn’t mean we need to compromise our health, especially that of our children.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The results are seen in partisan votes and an unwillingness to compromise.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Or maybe there’s a way to find compromise.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 妥协; （名誉等的）损害; 妥协（或折中）方案; 折中物
vi. 折中解决; 妥协，退让
vt. 违背（原则）; 连累; （尤指因行为不很明智）使陷入危险
时态：compromised, compromising, compromises
分布：妥协(69%)，折衷(12%)，让步(8%)，和解(8%)，危害(1%)，妥协处理(1%)，折衷案(1%)
→com-, 强调。-promise, 承诺。即相互承诺的，互退一步相互有所妥协的。
n.妥协,折衷vi.妥协vt.危及,放弃(原则等)"The enterprise will be supervised by a group comprising prominent men," the despising chairman said concisely with no compromise."企业将由杰出人员构成的小组来监
【记】com共同，promise发誓：停战妥协就是两个国家共同发誓不打仗的产物。
【反】intransigent（adj 不妥协的）－open to compromise（可以和解的）；polemical（adj 辩论法的；好辩的）－compromising（adj 妥协的）
US ['kɑ:m-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an agreement in an argument in which the people involved reduce their demands or change their opinion in order to agree 妥协；折衷；让步；和解
• It is hoped that a compromise will be reached in today's talks. 希望今天的会谈能达成妥协。
• In a compromise between management and unions, a 4% pay rise was agreed in return for an increase in productivity. 资方与工会达成和解，同意以加薪4%来作为提高生产力的回报。
• The government has said that there will be no compromise with terrorists. 政府声称不会对恐怖分子让步。
UK ['kɒm.prə.maɪz] US ['kɑ:m-] verb
AGREEMENT 协定
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to accept that you will reduce your demands or change your opinion in order to reach an agreement with someone 妥协；折衷；让步
• Party unity is threatened when members will not compromise. 成员不愿妥协，党内团结受到了威胁。
• Well, you want $400 and I say $300, so let's compromise at/on $350. 好吧，你要价400美元，我说300美元，那我们就来个折衷价350美元。
UK ['kɒm.prə.maɪz] US ['kɑ:m-] verb
LOWER STANDARDS 降低标准
transitive disapproving
■to allow your principles to be less strong or your standards or morals to be lower 放弃；背离，违背；降低
• Don't compromise your beliefs/principles for the sake of being accepted. 不要为了得到别人的认同而放弃了你自己的信仰／原则。
• If we back down on this issue, our reputation will be compromised. 如果我们在这个问题上打退堂鼓的话，会有损我们的声誉。
• [R] His political career ended when he compromised himself by accepting bribes. 他的政治生涯因他收受贿赂而宣告结束。
vt. 妥协；危害
 - harm, meet someone halfway
vi. 妥协；让步
 - meet someone halfway, come to terms with
n. 妥协，和解；折衷
 - accommodation, reconciliation

Word: horrible
Front: horrible
[ˈhɒrəbl] (高研四六雅 3750/4036 -2)
Vocabulary: horrible
(once / 165 pages)
adj
The difference between bad and horrible is like the difference between an unpleasant dream and an awful nightmare.
Horrible means "causing horror," and goes back to the Latin word for “tremble” or “shudder.” A horrible thing makes you shake with fear, like a story about an atrocious crime. We also use horrible hyperbolically (which means in an over-the-top way) to criticize things. You might think you look horrible in photos, or that a new TV reality show is horrible. Do you ever wonder if something horrible is hiding in your closet? I mean, besides your plaid suit?
WORD FAMILY
horrible: horribler, horriblest, horribly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I would be a horrible person if I didn’t accept it,” she says.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I used to look at myself and think, ‘I am horrible, I am a monster, subhuman,’” he said.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
“It was so horrible. It smelled like gunpowder,” Uyanik said, adding that she saw two gunmen at the club.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 可怕的; 极不友好的; 极讨厌的; 令人震惊的
分布：可怕的(96%)，令人毛骨悚然的(3%)，令人讨厌的(1%)
→来自拉丁语horrere,恐惧，颤抖，词源同horror.引申词义恐怖的，可怕的。
可怕的(horr+ible)[hor(r)=shudder,dread,表示"颤抖,害怕"]
a.令人恐惧的,可怕的;极讨厌的,糟透的The miracle mirrors a horrible error made by the terrorists in the terrible territory.这件奇事反映了恐怖分子在这一可怕地区犯的可怕错误.
US ['hɔ:r-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■very unpleasant or bad 极糟的；令人不快的
• He's got a horrible cold. 他得了重感冒。
• What's that horrible smell? 是甚么气味这么难闻？
• That was a horrible thing to say! 说那种话真是可恶！
 IMPROVER
■very shocking and frightening 可怕的，令人震惊的
• a horrible crime 骇人的罪行
appalling, afraid, frightful, terrible, terrific, fearful, horrible, dreadful, awful
这组词都有“害怕的、可怕的”的意思，其区别是：
appalling: 指既令害怕又使人惊异、胆寒。
afraid: 指由于胆小或怯懦而不敢说或做某事。
frightful: 指使人陷入短暂的惊恐或产生毛骨悚然的感觉。
terrible: 侧重指给人以长久的惊骇，极端的恐怖，令人难以忍受。
terrific: 多指外表、形状或力量等的可怕。
fearful: 普通用词，既指外界情况变化而引起的恐惧，又指来自内心的害怕与焦虑。
horrible: 指因骇人听闻的丑恶而令人毛骨悚然，着重厌恶的成分多于害怕。
dreadful: 指使人非常恐惧，毛骨悚然，也使人感到讨厌而退缩。
awful: 指威严得令人害怕或敬畏，有一定的感情色彩。
adj. 可怕的；极讨厌的
 - terrible, awesome, fearful, dire, dreadful

Word: behavioral
Front: behavioral
[bɪ'heɪvjərəl] (3752/-)
Back: adj. 动作的
分布：行为的(100%)

Word: exclusive
Front: exclusive
[ɪkˈsklu:sɪv] (研四六托雅宝 3753/3377 -2)
Vocabulary: exclusive
(once / 203 pages)
adjn
Exclusive means with limited access. The only way you might get reservations at one of the most exclusive restaurants in Los Angeles is to become friends with the maitre d', or become famous.
By its nature, something that is exclusive leaves people out, or excludes them. You would think this was a bad thing, since excluding people is not very nice, but by being exclusive, things like clubs, restaurants, and resorts become all the more desirable. Exclusive can also mean sole or only: The company became the exclusive soda vendor at the new stadium. The local newspaper got an exclusive interview and broke the news.
WORD FAMILY
exclusive: exclusively, exclusiveness, exclusives, unexclusive+/ exclude: excluded, excludes, excluding, exclusion, exclusive / exclusion: exclusions
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story was produced in collaboration with the Trace as part of a partnership to report on exclusive new gun ownership data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The Reina club attacked early on Sunday is one of Istanbul’s most exclusive venues, popular with the city’s elite and tourists alike.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Twitter, in particular, continually partners with movie studios and TV networks on exclusive emojis that are activated with specific hashtags.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 专用的; 高级的; 排外的; 单独的
n. 独家新闻; 专有物; 独家经营的产品（或项目、设计等）; 排外者
分布：唯一的(29%)，独家新闻(22%)，独占的(21%)，排外的(14%)，奢华的(6%)，独权(6%)，完整的(2%)
排他的;专有的(ex+clus+ive)[clos,clud,clus=close,表示"关闭"]
a.独占的;排他的;孤高的;唯一的;高级的This measure may preclude the exclusive agency from selling crucial crude oil.这个措施可以使专有的代理不能出售决定性的原油.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■limited to only one person or group of people 专用的，专有的；独有的，独占的
• This room is for the exclusive use of guests. 这间房是专供客人使用的。
• an exclusive interview 独家采访
 ADVANCED
■expensive and only for people who are rich or of a high social class 昂贵的；高档的；豪华的
• an exclusive private club 豪华私人俱乐部
• an exclusive part of town 城镇的高级住宅区
[ɪk'sklu:.sɪv] adjective
exclusive of sth
■not including something 不包括；排除…在外
• Is the total exclusive of service charges? 总金额是不是不包括服务费？
mutually exclusive
■not possible at the same time 相互排斥的；互不相容的
• Some people think that uncontrolled economic growth and environmental stability are mutually exclusive. 有些人认为，无节制的经济发展和生态环境的平衡稳定是互不相容的。
[ɪk'sklu:.sɪv] noun countable
■a story which is printed in one newspaper or magazine and no others 独家新闻；独家报道；独家专访
• The newspaper published an exclusive about the escape. 这份报纸刊登了有关这次逃脱事件的独家报道。
adj. 独有的；排外的；专一的
 - particular, antiforeign
n. 独家新闻；独家经营的项目；排外者
 - scoop

Word: scatter
Front: scatter
[ˈskætə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 3754/4116 -2)
Vocabulary: scatter
(once / 136 pages)
vn
If you hear someone shout "Everybody scatter!” that person wants everyone to spread out and leave the area. Scatter is a verb that means "to separate suddenly and spread out in different directions."
Scatter is sometimes used as a noun to refer to something that has been scattered. If you have clothes strewn all over your room, you might say there is a scatter of clothes on the floor. More commonly, though, scatter is used as a verb meaning “to spread about.” You might scatter grass seed on your front lawn in the spring. Scatter can also mean “break up or disperse.” The police, for instance, might scatter an unruly mob or gathering.
WORD FAMILY
scatter: scattered, scattering, scatters+/scattering: scatterings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Today, about 400,000 Israelis live in approximately 150 settlements scattered across the West Bank.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
More than two dozen sirens scattered in cities from Orting to the Port of Tacoma would activate.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are 150 Blessed Sacrament nuns scattered across the country and abroad, including 50 in Philadelphia and others in New Orleans, Arizona, Haiti and Jamaica.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. （使）散开，（使）分散，驱散
vi. 撒开; 分散
n. 撒布，散播
时态：scattered, scattering, scatters
分布：分散(46%)，散布(18%)，撒(17%)，驱散(9%)，散播(5%)，消散(4%)，零星少量(1%)
→来自中古英语 scateren,分散，散开，可能最终来自 sek,砍，切，削，词源同 segment,dissect.
v.散开,驱散;散布,散播The cat catches a fat rat and scatters the others under the mat.猫抓了一只肥鼠并驱散了席子下面的其它老鼠.
【反】collect（v 收集；聚集）；nucleate（v 使成核）
US ['skætˌ.ɚ] verb
MOVE 移动
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) move far apart in different directions 散开，分散；使分散，驱散
• The protesters scattered at the sound of gunshots. 听到枪声后抗议者就鸟兽散了。
• The soldiers came in and scattered the crowd. 士兵进来把人群驱散了。
UK ['skæt.ər] US ['skætˌ.ɚ] verb
COVER 覆盖
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to cover a surface with things that are far apart and in no particular arrangement 撒，撒播，撒于…上
• Scatter the powder around the plants. 把这种药粉撒在植物周围。
• I scattered grass seed all over the lawn. 我将草籽撒在整个草坪上。
• I scattered the whole lawn with grass seed. 我在整个草坪上都撒下草籽。
UK ['skæt.ər] US ['skætˌ.ɚ] verb
be scattered to the four winds literary
■If a group of things or people are scattered to the four winds, they go or are sent to different places that are far away from each other 四散开来；散布在各处
• It was the finest collection of paintings in Denmark, but during the last war it was broken up and scattered to the four winds. 这是丹麦最好的一批藏画，但是在上一次战争中亡佚了。
scatter, diffuse, spread, disperse
这组词都有“使分散、使散开”的意思，其区别是：
scatter: 普通用词，指用暴力等手段使人或物向四处散开，或把物随意撒开。
diffuse: 指光线、声音或气味等在空中传送或散布，强调覆盖面积与物质分布相对密度之间的关系。
spread: 指一直延伸、蔓延，侧重遍及。
disperse: 多指把一群人或物等彻底驱散。
vi. 分散，散开； [军] 散射
 - spread around, spread about
vt. [军] 使散射；使散开，使分散；使散播，使撒播
 - disject, disperse
n. 分散；散播，撒播
 - dissemination, decentralization

Word: commonly
Front: commonly
[ˈkɒmənli] (四六 3755/2983 -K)
Vocabulary: commonly
(once / 255 pages)
adv
The adverb commonly is good for talking about something that usually or ordinarily happens. Mice, for example, are commonly afraid of cats.
Commonly describes an action that's to be expected. You could say that the bus commonly picks you up fifteen minutes late, or that colds and flu are commonly passed around between kids at school. The earliest use of commonly, around 1300, was to mean "in a way common to all," from the adjective common, or "belonging to all." The Latin root communis means "in common, public, or shared by all or many."
WORD FAMILY
common: commonality, commonest, commonly, commonness, commons, uncommon+/commonality: commonalities/commonness: commonnesses/uncommon: uncommoner, uncommonest, uncommonly, uncommonness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But there were other uncomfortable truths in the speech, less commonly heard by Israelis.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In restrictive housing, commonly called solitary confinement, inmates are alone for 23 hours a day.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Shelters commonly offer adoption deals during the holidays.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adv. 通常地; 一般地; 平凡地; 粗俗地
分布：通常地(47%)，一般地(33%)，普通地(20%)
US ['kɑ:.mən-] adverb
USUALLY 经常地
■often or usually 经常地；普通地；通常；一般
• Elbow injuries are commonly found among tennis players. 肘伤在网球运动员中很常见。
UK ['kɒm.ən.li] US ['kɑ:.mən-] adverb
SHARED 共有的
■shared by two or more people 共同的；共有的
• a commonly held belief 共同的信仰
adv. 一般地；通常地；普通地
 - currently, normally, generally

Word: convey
Front: convey
[kənˈveɪ] (高研四六托雅宝 3756/3682 -2)
Vocabulary: convey
(once / 141 pages)
v
When you convey something, you carry or deliver it. Little Red Riding Hood conveyed a basket of muffins to her grandmother. Your sad smile might convey more about your feelings than words ever could.
You can also convey a message or information, which means that you communicate it to someone directly or indirectly through your words or actions. In law, the word convey means to transfer or pass property to someone. This verb is from Middle English conveyen, from Old French conveier, ultimately from the Latin prefix com- "together" plus via "way."
WORD FAMILY
convey: conveyable, conveyance, conveyed, conveyer, conveying, conveyor, conveys+/ conveyance: conveyancer, conveyances, conveyancing/conveyancer: conveyancers/conveyancing: conveyancings/conveyer: conveyers/conveying: conveyings/conveyor: conveyors
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Organ donation and transplantation is truly a team effort, and our 2017 float conveys that beautifully."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Light and shadow are deftly conveyed, as are the folds of voluminous costumes.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
What I admired most was Baker’s ability to convey a sense of Beckett’s own writing without imitating it.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 传达，传递; 运送，输送; [法]让与，转让（财产等）; 表达
时态：conveyed, conveying, conveys
分布：传达(59%)，表达(37%)，运输(3%)，转移(1%)
→con-, 强调。-vey, 路，移动，词源同via, way.
运输;转达(con共同+vey→共同用路→运输0[vi,via,voy=way,表示"道路"]
v.运送,搬运,转运;传达,传播The lively survivor surveyed the conveyer.活泼的幸存者考察了输送装置.
【参】convoy（v /n 护送，护航）
verb transitive
COMMUNICATE 传达
 ADVANCED
■to express a thought, feeling or idea so that it is understood by other people 表达，传达（思想、感情或想法）
• His poetry conveys a great sense of religious devotion. 他的诗歌表达了献身宗教的强烈感情。
• If you see James, do convey my apologies (to him). 要是你见到詹姆斯，一定要转达我（对他）的歉意。
• [+ question word] I tried to convey in my speech how grateful we all were for his help. 在发言中，我竭力地表达我们大家对他所给予帮助的感激之情。
• You don't want to convey the impression that we're not interested. 你不想给人留下我们不感兴趣的印象吧。
[kən'veɪ] verb transitive
TAKE 带走
■to take or carry someone or something to a particular place 运送，运输
• The goods are usually conveyed by sea. 这种货物通常透过海路运输。
• Could you convey a message to Mr Merrick for me, please? 你能替我给梅里克先生传个口信吗？
convey, fetch, get, transport, take, bring, carry
这组词都有“带、拿、取”的意思，其区别是：
convey: 指通过中间人传递信息，或以某种方式把人或物送到目的地。
fetch: 指一往一返，相当于go and bring，去取了东西或带人再返回到出发处。
get: 口语用词，与fetch基本同义，语气随便。
transport: 指使用车辆或机械设备把人或货物从一处运载到另一处。
take: 指从说话人或说话人心目中所在处把某人或某物带离开，带到离说话者有一定距离的地方，与bring的方向正相反，侧重方向，不着重方式。
bring: 指从某处把人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的地点，强调方向，不着重方式。
carry: 指把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方式。
vt. 传达；运输；让与
 - communicate, release, transport

Word: rush
Front: rush
[rʌʃ] (中高研四六托 1956/2531 -K3)
Vocabulary: rush
(once / 61 pages)
1vnadj 2vn 3vn 4n 5adj
To rush is to hurry or move very quickly, like when you rush to get to class on time or rush to catch the subway instead of waiting for the next one.
Rush implies urgency — you need to get somewhere, or do something, fast. You can also rush someone else: "Don't rush me, I like to stay after the movie and watch the credits!" It's a noun, too: "She's obviously in a rush to get somewhere." A "rush job" has an immediate deadline, and "rush hour" is the busiest time of day for drivers in a rush to get to work, or to go home afterward.
WORD FAMILY
rush: rushed, rusher, rushes, rushing, rushingly, rushlike, rushy+/rusher: rushers/rushing: rushings
USAGE EXAMPLES
This did not stop him from rushing back to Washington on the eve of the invasion and speaking to the American people.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He added two more touchdowns via rushing and special teams.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the final three games of the regular season, Seattle averaged 79 yards per game rushing and just 2.9 yards per carry.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. （使）急速行进，仓促完成; 猛攻; 急速流动，奔腾
vt. 突袭; （使）仓促行事; 催促; （为物色、招募目的）特别关注
n. 冲; 匆忙; 繁忙的活动; 涌动
时态：rushed, rushing, rushes
分布：冲(50%)，匆忙(17%)，奔(14%)，冲进(4%)，蜂拥(3%)，抢购(3%)，仓促行事(2%)，急速行进(2%)，突袭(2%)，繁忙的(2%)，紧急的(1%)
→可能来自中古英语 ruschen,冲，匆忙，来自古英语 hryscan,惊吓，摇晃，最终来自 kors, 跑，急促，词源同 course,horse.
v.(使)冲;奔n.冲,急速行进a.(交通)繁忙的I pushed aside the crushed cushion in a rush and saw a bushy brush.我急忙推开压皱的软垫子,看见一把浓密的刷子.
verb
GO/DO QUICKLY 奔跑
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause to) go or do something very quickly （使）急速行进；（使）赶紧；（使）仓促行事；（使）急速做
• Whenever I see him, he seems to be rushing (about/around). 我甚么时候见到他，他都是匆匆忙忙的。
• I rushed up the stairs/to the office/to find a phone. 我飞奔上楼梯／匆匆赶到办公室／赶忙去找电话。
• When she turned it upside down the water rushed out. 她把它底朝上翻转过来时，水一下倾泻出来。
• [+ to infinitive] We shouldn't rush to blame them. 我们不应该不问青红皂白就责备他们。
• You can't rush a job like this. 你不应该这样粗粗地赶活。
• The emergency legislation was rushed through Parliament in a morning. 应急法案在一个上午就被议会快速通过了。
• Don't rush me! 别催我！
• The United Nations has rushed medical aid and food to the famine zone. 联合国向发生饥荒的地区紧急提供了医疗援助和食品。
• He rushed the children off to school so they wouldn't be late. 他催赶着孩子们快点出门去学校，以免他们迟到。
[rʌʃ] verb
ATTACK 猛攻
transitive
■If a group of people rush an enemy or the place where an enemy is, they attack suddenly and all together 一起向…发起突袭；猛攻；向…猛冲
• We rushed the palace gates and killed the guards. 我们一起冲向宫殿大门，杀死了守卫。
[rʌʃ] verb
AMERICAN FOOTBALL 美式橄榄球
intransitive
■In American football, to rush is to carry the football forward across the place on the field where play begins. Also, a member of the opposite team rushes when they force their way to the back of the field quickly to catch the player carrying the football. （美式橄榄球中）跑动带球
[rʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rush into sth
■If you rush into something such as a job, you start doing it without having really decided if it is the right thing to do or having considered the best way to do it. 仓促做；匆忙做；草率地做
[rʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rush sb into (doing) sth
■If someone rushes you into doing something, they forcefully persuade you to do it without giving you time to really decide. 使（某人）仓促做…；使（某人）草率做…
[rʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rush sth out
■to very quickly produce something and make it available to sell 匆匆生产；赶制
• When the war started, several publishers rushed out books on the conflict. 战争一爆发，几家出版社就迅速出版了一批有关这场冲突的书。
[rʌʃ] noun
HURRY 匆忙
 IMPROVER only singular
■when you have to hurry or move somewhere quickly 匆忙，赶紧；冲，奔
• Slow down! What's the rush? 慢点！跑那么快做甚么？
• Why is it always such a rush to get ready in the mornings? 为甚么早晨老是得这么手忙脚乱一通才能准备好？
• Everyone seemed to be in a rush. 每个人似乎都是急急忙忙的。
• He was in a rush to get home. 他急忙赶回家。
• They were in no rush to sell the house. 他们并不急于卖出那个房子。
 ADVANCED only singular
■when a lot of things are happening or a lot of people are trying to do or get something 忙乱，忙碌；争做；争抢
• There's always a rush to get the best seats. 人们总是抢着去占最好的位子。
• I try to do my shopping before the Christmas rush. 我尽量在圣诞节购物潮来临之前把东西买好。
• There's been a rush for (= sudden popular demand for) tickets. 人们蜂拥而至抢购门票。
only singular
■when something or someone suddenly moves somewhere quickly 急速流动（或行进）；猛冲
• There was a rush of air as she opened the door. 她一打开门，一阵风忽地吹了进来。
• They made a rush at him to get his gun. 他们猛地扑向他去抢他的枪。
only singular
■a sudden movement of people to a certain area, usually because of some economic advantage （通常因经济利益驱动而发生的）蜂拥前往，蜂拥的人潮
• the California gold rush 加利福尼亚淘金潮
countable
■in American football, an attempt to run forwards carrying the ball, or an attempt to quickly reach and stop a player from the opposing team who is carrying the ball （美式橄榄球中的）跑动带球
[rʌʃ] noun
SUDDEN FEELING 突然的感情
only singular
■a sudden strong emotion or physical feeling （突然的）一阵强烈感情；（身体的）一阵感觉
• The memory of who he was came back to him with a rush. 他忽地一下子想起了自己是谁。
• I had my first cigarette for a year and felt a sudden rush (of dizziness). 这是我一年以来第一次抽烟，直感到一阵（晕乎乎的）腾云驾雾的感觉向我袭来。
[rʌʃ] noun
PLANT 植物
countable usually plural
■a plant like grass that grows in or near water and whose long thin hollow stems can be dried and made into floor coverings, containers, etc 灯心草
• a rush mat 灯心草垫子
accelerate, hasten, rush, hurry, speed, quicken
这组词都有“加快，使加快”的意思，其区别是：
accelerate: 着重指频率或速率运转加快。
hasten: 指由于事的紧迫性或突然性而加速。
rush: 含义与hurry相近，但显得更仓促更慌乱。
hurry: 指赶紧或匆忙地做某事或催促别人做某事，隐含草率或混乱意味。
speed: 侧重实际的快速行动。
quicken: 普通用词，指增加速度、速率。
rush, dash
这组词都有“冲，奔”的意思，其区别是：
rush: 指因急躁或事务紧急而采取快速行动。
dash: 指以最快的速度向前奔驰。
n. 冲进；匆促；急流； [植] 灯心草
 - rapid, whitewater
vt. 使冲；突袭；匆忙地做；飞跃
 - sweep down, surprise attack
vi. 冲；奔；闯；赶紧；涌现
 - thread one's way, crash

Word: twist
Front: twist
[twɪst] (高研四六托雅 3759/3673 -K3)
Vocabulary: twist
(once / 179 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4n 5n
When you twist something, you turn it in a different direction. You might twist off a bottle cap, or you might even twist the plot of a story you are writing.
A kite's tail twists in the wind, curling around itself, and a baker twists a piece of dough into a pretzel shape. You can also twist out of someone's grasp (to escape your godmother's cheek pinching), or twist your ankle hurrying away. As a noun, twist means a bent and curved shape, like the twist of a curl or a twist of soft serve ice cream. In a book or movie plot, a twist is a shocking development.
WORD FAMILY
twist: twisted, twister, twisting, twists, untwist+/twisted: twistedest, twistedly/twister: supertwister, twisters/twisting: twistingly, twistings/untwist: untwisted, untwisting, untwists
USAGE EXAMPLES
But just like in any good TV script, a twist was in store.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think we created something new, something of a twist on horror movies on the independent scale that we haven’t seen yet.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There will doubtless be new twists on the fitness tracker too.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 扭成一束; 搓，捻; 绕，卷; 连结，交结
vi. 被搓揉; 蜿蜒，曲折; 扭曲身体，扭动; 旋转，转动
n. 揉搓之物; 丝线; 烟草卷; 旋转
时态：twisted, twisting, twists
分布：扭曲(38%)，捻(32%)，拧(12%)，搓(8%)，缠绕(5%)，弯曲处(3%)，盘旋(2%)
→可能来自 two,二，-st,表反复。引申词义缠绕在一起，旋转，转动等。
v.捻;拧;扭曲;蜿蜒曲折而行n.拧;歪曲;曲折On the Christmas the Christian's assistant fisted Pistol Piston and twisted his wrist.在圣诞节,基督徒的助手拳击了"手枪活塞"并扭了他的手腕.
verb
TURN 转动
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to turn something, especially repeatedly, or to turn or wrap one thing around another 转动，旋转；缠绕，盘绕
• The path twists and turns for over a mile. 这条小路弯弯曲曲，长达一英里多。
• She sat there nervously twisting the ring around on her finger. 她紧张地坐在那里，不停转着手指上的戒指。
• She twisted her head (round) so she could see what was happening. 她扭过头来，想看看发生了甚么事。
• Twist the rope tightly round that post over there. 把绳子紧紧缠在那根柱子上。
transitive
■If you twist a part of your body, such as your ankle , you injure it by suddenly turning it 扭伤（脚踝等）
• She slipped on the ice and twisted her knee. 她在冰上滑了一跤，结果扭伤了膝盖。
[twɪst] verb
CHANGE 改变
transitive disapproving
■to change information so that it gives the message you want it to give, especially in a way that is dishonest 曲解，歪曲
• This report shows how she twisted the truth to claim successes where none, in fact, existed. 这份报告表明她扭曲事实，她所宣称的那些成就其实根本不存在。
• You're twisting my words - that's not what I said at all. 你在扭曲我的话——我根本不是那样说的。
[twɪst] verb
twist sb's arm
■to persuade someone to do something they do not want to do 强迫（某人），向（某人）施加压力
• I didn't want to go but Linda twisted my arm. 我并不想去，可琳达非要我去不可。
[twɪst] verb
twist sb around/round your little finger
■to be able to persuade someone to do anything you want, usually because they like you so much 任意摆布，任意左右（通常指十分喜欢自己的人）
• He'd do anything for you. You've got him twisted around your little finger. 他会为你做一切。你已经完全左右了他。
[twɪst] noun
TURN 转动
countable
■when you twist something 扭动，转动
• She gave the cap another twist to make sure it was tight. 她又扭了一下盖子，以确保盖紧。
• an Elvis-style twist of the hips 猫王艾维斯式的臀部扭动
countable
■the shape of or a piece of something which has been twisted 螺旋状（物）；麻花状（物）；辫子形（物）
• a twist of hair 麻花辫
• a twist of lemon 螺旋柠檬皮
countable
■a tight bend 急转弯
• a path with many twists and turns 蜿蜒曲折的小路
[twɪst] noun
CHANGE 改变
countable
■a change in the way in which something happens 变化；转折；改变
• The story took a surprise twist today with media reports that the doctor had resigned. 媒体报道该医生已经辞职，使事情在今天有了惊人的转折。
• The incident was the latest twist in the continuing saga of fraud and high scandal in banks and stockbroking firms. 此事件是银行和股票经纪公司持续不断的诈骗和高层丑闻的最新发展。
• But for a cruel twist of fate/fortune , he could now be running his own business. 要不是时运不济，他现在可能正在经营自己的公司了。
• There's an unexpected twist in/to the plot towards the end of the film. 电影结尾部分的情节出人意料。
countable
■a complicated situation or plan of action 复杂的形势；复杂的行动计划
• the twists and turns of fate 命运的曲折变化
• It has proved very difficult to unravel the twists and turns and contradictions of the evidence. 事实已经证明，要理清复杂且矛盾丛生的证据的确不容易。
[twɪst] noun
DANCE 跳舞
the twist only singular
■a dance in which people stay in one place and twist their bodies from side to side to music 扭摆舞
[twɪst] noun
be/go round the twist (also send sb round the twist) old-fashioned
■to be, become or make someone else become angry or unable to behave in a reasonable way （使）愤怒，（使）发怒；（使）疯癫，（使）发疯
• If I'd stayed there any longer, I'd have gone round the twist. 如果我在那里再多留一会儿，我会发疯。
curve, crook, twist, bend, bow
这组词都有“弯、弯曲”的意思，其区别是：
curve: 指变成曲线或弧线状的动作或状态。
crook: 指不规则的弯曲，也指按照规则或模型弯曲某物。
twist: 指通过转动、拧或扭使某物成弯曲状。
bend: 普通用词，指把某物变成曲线或角形。用于人时，指头部或身躯弯下。
bow: 指把头部或上身弯向前方的动作，也指社交中的礼节性动作。
vt. 捻；拧；扭伤；编织；使苦恼
 - screw, harry
n. [力] 扭曲；拧；扭伤
 - distortion, strain
vi. 扭动；弯曲
 - bend, double up

Word: complexity
Front: complexity
[kəmˈpleksəti] (六托 3757/3335 -2)
Vocabulary: complexity
(once / 1248 pages)
n
Is the movie simple or does it have lots of plot twists and intricate relationships between characters? If the latter is true, the movie's complexity makes it hard to understand.
When you see the word complexity, think of something with a lot of pieces, something not easy to put into words or understand. Things that can have complexity include: the events leading up to the American Civil War, a broth made with many ingredients, your relationship with your parents. Complexity is the opposite of simplicity. When something has a lot of complexity, you say it is complex. When it has very little complexity, it is simple.
WORD FAMILY
complexity: complexities+/ complex: complexedly, complexes, complexity, complexly, complexness
USAGE EXAMPLES
What we did not anticipate was the reaction of other countries and the complexity of history.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s just the vagaries of the system, the complexity of the cases and the sheer volume that is present in the criminal justice system.”
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A reaction against the cosmopolitan complexity of the early 21st century.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 复杂性，错综复杂的状态; 复杂的事物; 复合物
分布：复杂(64%)，复杂性(35%)，复杂的事物(1%)
复杂性(complex+ity)[plex=fold,表示"重叠"]
复杂性(com全部+plex重叠)[-ity表名词,指具备某种性质]
US [-sə.tˌi] noun
uncountable
■when something has many parts and may be difficult to understand or find an answer to 错综复杂，复杂性
• a problem of great complexity 极复杂的难题
complexities [plural]
■the features of something which make it difficult to understand or find an answer to 复杂的事物，使某物难以理解之处，令问题难以解答或解决的地方
• There are a lot of complexities surrounding this issue. 此事牵涉到许多错综复杂的情况。
complication, complexity
这组词都有“复杂”的意思，其区别是：
complication: 指纷乱复杂到令人难于理解的地步。
complexity: 着重指极度复杂而难于辨认的关系。
n. 复杂，复杂性；复杂错综的事物
 - sophistication, intricacy

Word: fork
Front: fork
[fɔ:k] (中高研四六 3758/5592 -K2)
Vocabulary: fork
(once / 366 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v
An eating utensil with several points or prongs is called a fork. If you aren't skilled at using chopsticks, you can ask the waiter at the Chinese restaurant to bring you a fork.
In most Western households, forks are a basic part of a table setting — unless all you're eating is soup. There are different forks for different purposes, from a long, narrow fondue fork to a large, wide serving fork. There are also garden tools called forks, including pitchforks and hand-held pronged digging implements. Yet another kind of fork is the place where two roads or branches meet in a V shape. If you come to a fork in the road, you better know which direction to take.
WORD FAMILY
fork: fork-like, forked, forking, forks+/forked: forkedly/forking: forkings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fold the square over to form a triangle, pressing the edges together to seal, then crimp using your fingers or a fork.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Every twirl of the fork delivered a thrill.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Anyone with information about the incident is asked to contact American Fork police.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 叉（挖掘用的园艺工具）; 餐叉; 叉状物; （自行车或摩托车的）车叉子
vi. 分叉; 分歧
vt. 走岔路; 叉，耙
时态：forked, forking, forks
分布：叉(89%)，分叉(8%)，叉状物(1%)，用叉叉起(1%)，使成叉形(1%)
→来自拉丁语furca, 叉，叉子，词源同bifurcate,furcate.
n.叉,耙;叉形物;餐叉In the cork workshop, the workers fork the pork.在软木车间,工人们用叉子叉猪肉.
US [fɔ:rk] noun countable
FOOD 食物
 ESSENTIAL
■a small object with three or four points and a handle, that you use to pick up food and eat with 餐叉
• a knife and fork. 一副刀叉
UK [fɔ:k] US [fɔ:rk] noun countable
GARDEN 花园
■a tool with a long handle and three or four points, used for digging and breaking soil into pieces 叉；耙
• a garden fork. 园艺用叉
UK [fɔ:k] US [fɔ:rk] noun countable
DIVISION 分隔
■a place where a road or river etc. divides into two parts, or either of those two parts （公路、河流等的）分岔处，分流处，岔口；岔路
• When you reach a fork in the road take the right-hand path. 到了岔路口走右边那条路。
UK [fɔ:k] US [fɔ:rk] verb
DIVIDE 划分
intransitive
■If a road or river forks, it divides into two parts （公路或河流）分岔
• The pub is near where the road forks. 酒吧在马路的岔口附近。
intransitive + adverb or preposition UK
■to turn in one of two different directions 走岔路中的一条
• Fork left/right where the road divides. 在岔路口走左边／右边那条路。
UK [fɔ:k] US [fɔ:rk] verb
GARDEN 花园
transitive
■to move or dig something with a fork 叉运；叉起；用叉挖
UK [fɔ:k] US [fɔ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  fork out (sth) informal
■to pay, especially unwillingly （尤指不情愿地）付钱
• I forked out ten quid for/on the ticket. 我不情愿地掏了十英镑买票。
• I couldn't persuade him to fork out for a new one. 我无法劝服他花钱再买个新的。
UK [fɔ:k] US [fɔ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fork over/up sth US informal
■to give something, especially money to someone, especially when you do not want to （尤指不情愿地）给，交出（尤指钱）
• We had to fork over ten bucks to park near the stadium. 我们不得不付了十美元以在体育馆附近停车。
• Hey, that's mine. Fork it over! 嘿，那是我的。交出来！
n. 叉；餐叉；耙
 - harrow
vi. 分叉；分歧
 - branch off, diverge

Word: disk
Front: disk
[dɪsk] (四六 3761/2518 -K1)
Vocabulary: disk
(once / 821 pages)
nv
A disk is a round, flat circle. The face of the clock on your kitchen wall is a disk.
Disk, also spelled disc, refers to anything with a circular flat shape, like a Frisbee, a penny, or a dinner plate. In computing, a disk is a device that stores data, and in the audio/video world, a disk can be a musical compact disk, or a DVD, a digital video disk. A disk jockey is someone who plays music, either on LPs or CDs, on the radio. The Greek root, diskos, means "platter."
WORD FAMILY
disk: disked, diskette, disking, disklike, disks+/diskette: diskettes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Q. I keep a ton of stuff in my Dropbox account, which is fine for my desktop computer with its spacious hard disk.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
When is the last time you saw a floppy disk?
Washington Times(Dec 17, 2016)
Winter squash such as butternut are great when cut into chunks or disks, rolled in olive oil and roasted.
Washington Post(Dec 12, 2016)
Back: n. 磁盘; 唱片; 圆盘; 光盘
v. 把…录成唱片; 使成圆盘状; 用圆盘耕地
分布：磁盘(90%)，圆盘(5%)，唱片(3%)，花盘(1%)，盘形物(1%)
→来自拉丁语discus, 圆盘，词源同disc, dish. 用于指电脑磁盘。
(UK also disc) [dɪsk] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a flat circular device, usually inside a square container, which has a magnetic covering and is used for storing computer information （电脑）磁碟，光盘，光碟
⇒ See also floppy (disk);hard disk
n. [计] 磁盘，磁碟片；圆盘，盘状物； [电子] 唱片
 - magneticdisc, circular disc

Word: relieve
Front: relieve
[rɪˈli:v] (研四六托 3764/4260 -2)
Vocabulary: relieve
(once / 56 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
To relieve is to ease a burden or take over for someone. An aspirin can relieve a headache, and a substitute can relieve the teacher who fell asleep on her desk after lunch.
Relieve comes from the Latin word relevare meaning "to help" or "make light again." An ice pack might relieve a pain in your elbow, but you can also be relieved of your duties if you get fired (or taken out to lunch). A thief might even relieve you of your wallet. Like thief, relieve is the rare word that actually follows the "i" before "e" rule ("i" before "e" except after "c" or when sounded as "a" as in "neighbor" and "weigh"). Aren't you relieved?
WORD FAMILY
relieve: relief, relieved, reliever, relieves, relieving+/ relief: reliefs/ relieved: relievedly, unrelieved/reliever: relievers/unrelieved: unrelievedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was ready to get his teeth extracted to relieve the pain.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The cities argued in a November hearing that it should be relieved from the 1994 court order.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Relieved at my innocence, but amused by my stupidity, they laughed for roughly 17 years.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 解除; 缓解; 换班; （去厕所的一种委婉说法）方便
时态：relieved, relieving, relieves
分布：减轻(71%)，解除(20%)，救济(7%)，偷(2%)
→来自拉丁语 relevare,减轻，来自 re-,表强调，levare,举起，词源同 lever,lighten,relevant.
减轻;解除(re再＋lieve→再轻→减轻)[lev,live=raise,lighten,表示"提高,举起,变轻"]
v.减轻,解除,援救,救济,换班I believe my brief words will relieve her grief.我相信我简短的话会减轻她的悲痛.
verb
MAKE BETTER 减轻
 ADVANCED transitive
■to make an unpleasant feeling, such as pain or worry, less strong 缓解，减轻，解除（疼痛或担忧）；使宽心，使宽慰
• She was given a shot of morphine to relieve the pain. 医生给她注射了一针吗啡来止痛。
• She relieved her boredom at home by learning how to type. 她在家学打字来打发无聊的时光。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to improve an unpleasant situation 缓和，缓解（令人不快的局势）
• The council is considering banning vehicles from the town centre to relieve congestion. 市政会正在考虑禁止车辆驶入市中心，以缓解交通拥堵的问题。
[rɪ'li:v] verb
HELP 救援
transitive
■to provide relief for a bad situation or for people in need 救济；救援；救助
• emergency food aid to help relieve the famine 为了救济饥民而提供的紧急食品援助
transitive
■to take the place of someone and continue doing their job or duties 接替；换…的班；替下
• I'm on duty until 2 p.m. and then Peter is coming to relieve me. 我要值班到下午两点，两点以后彼得就会来替我的班。
transitive formal
■to free a place that has been surrounded by an enemy army by military force 将（某地从敌人的围困中）解围；解救
• An armoured battalion was sent to relieve the besieged town. 那个城市被困，一个装甲营被派去解围。
[rɪ'li:v] verb
URINATE 小解
relieve yourself [R] polite word for
■ urinate
• He proceeded to relieve himself against a tree. 他走到一棵树旁小解。
[rɪ'li:v] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  relieve sb of sth
TAKE formal
■to take from a person something that they are carrying, in a helpful or polite way （热心或礼貌地）替（某人）拿，帮助（某人）减轻（负担）
• May I relieve you of that heavy bag? 那个袋子很重，我来帮你搬好吗？
■humorous
■to steal something from someone 偷窃…的（东西）；从…窃取
• The pickpocket delicately relieved him of his wallet. 扒手巧妙地偷走了他的钱包。
END JOB [usually passive] formal
■to remove someone from their job or position because they have done something wrong 把（某人）从（工作岗位上）开除；解除（某人）的职务
• Following the scandal, he was relieved of his post as deputy finance minister. 丑闻曝光后，他被解除了财政部副部长的职务。
• The committee's chairperson is to be relieved of her duties. 该委员会的女主席将被解职。
• The general was relieved of his command in 1941. 这位将军于1941年被解除指挥权。
relieve, reveal, reject, release
relieve: 援助，接替
reveal: 透露，暴露
reject: 拒绝，抛弃
release: 释放，解除
relieve, console, soothe, comfort, ease
这组词都有“给人以帮助以减轻痛苦或悲伤”的意思，其区别是：
relieve: 指解除或缓解某人的病痛、担心或忧虑等，常用被动态。
console: 较正式用词，侧重缓和或减轻别人的痛苦或悲伤。
soothe: 着重以安慰减轻悲痛、愤怒或激动，使人理智地平静下来。也可指药物等减轻病痛。
comfort: 普通用词，指用语言或行动对痛苦者给予鼓励、勇气和力量，从而减轻其痛苦或悲伤，得到安慰。
ease: 正式用词，指减轻身心的痛苦、不安和忧虑。
vt. 解除，减轻；使不单调乏味；换…的班；解围；使放心
 - moderate, release from

Word: suspicion
Front: suspicion
[səˈspɪʃn] (研四六托宝 3762/3216 -K3)
Vocabulary: suspicion
(once / 87 pages)
n
Suspicion is a feeling that something might be true. If your friends seem to be keeping a secret from you, you might have a suspicion that they are planning a surprise party for your birthday.
Suspicion can mean the same as hunch or inkling, like when you have a suspicion that your friend is hiding a flower bouquet behind his back. Suspicion comes from the Latin word suspicere, or mistrust. That's why it can mean a general bad feeling about someone or something, like neighbors who regard all new people with suspicion until they get to know them.
WORD FAMILY
suspicion: suspicions, suspicious +/ suspect: suspected, suspectedly, suspecting, suspectingly, suspects, suspicion /suspected: unsuspected/suspecting: unsuspecting/ suspicious: oversuspicious, suspiciousest, suspiciously, suspiciousness, unsuspicious/unsuspected: unsuspectedly/unsuspecting: unsuspectingly/unsuspicious: unsuspiciously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Israel’s Justice Ministry later issued a statement saying Netanyahu was questioned “on suspicion of receiving benefits from business people.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
But Mr. Haldeman’s notes appear to confirm longstanding suspicions that Nixon himself was directly involved, despite his later denials.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There were dozens of tiny growth lines, confirming Erickson’s suspicions.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 怀疑; 嫌疑; 疑心; 〈口〉一点儿
vt. 怀疑
分布：怀疑(81%)，猜疑(19%)
→sus-,在下，向上，-spic,看，词源同 suspect,despicable.引申词义怀疑。
怀疑(sus+spic+ion→在下面看→怀疑)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
n.怀疑,猜疑;一点儿,少量I had a suspicion that he was there.我有一种他在那里的感觉.
noun
THINK LIKELY 认为可能
 IMPROVER countable
■a belief or idea that something may be true 怀疑，猜想
• [+ that] I have a suspicion (= belief or idea) that he only asked me out because my brother persuaded him to. 我怀疑是我哥哥说服他约我出去的。
• She had a nagging/sneaking suspicion that she might have sent the letter to the wrong address. 她心烦意乱地猜想／心里暗想自己可能把信寄错了地址。
[sə'spɪʃ.ən] noun
only singular
■a small amount 少量，一点
• He gave just a suspicion of a smile. 他只是微微一笑。
• I have a suspicion of doubt about whether I should accept his invitation or not. 我有点疑虑，不知该不该接受他的邀请。
[sə'spɪʃ.ən] noun
THINK GUILTY 认为有罪
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a feeling or belief that someone has committed a crime or done something wrong 怀疑；嫌疑
• "I'm arresting you on suspicion of illegally possessing drugs," said the police officer. 警官说：“你涉嫌非法持有毒品，我将拘捕你。”
• mainly UK She is under suspicion of murder. 她涉嫌谋杀。
• In this particular case, they are above/beyond suspicion (= cannot be thought to be guilty). 在这宗案件中，他们没有嫌疑。
• His strange behaviour aroused/raised his neighbours' suspicions. 他奇怪的举动引起了邻居们的怀疑。
[sə'spɪʃ.ən] noun
DOUBT 怀疑
countable or uncountable
■doubt or lack of trust 怀疑，疑心；不信任
• Since they discovered the truth about his background, his colleagues have regarded him with suspicion. 自从他的同事知道了他的真实背景，他们就不再信任他。
• They feel that she harbours (= has) suspicions of their politics. 他们觉得她对他们的政见心存怀疑。
n. 怀疑；嫌疑；疑心；一点儿
 - doubt, challenge
vt. 怀疑
 - dispute, wonder, question, suspect of, to doubt

Word: finish
Front: finish
[ˈfɪnɪʃ] (中高托 916/842 -K4)
Vocabulary: finish
(once / 45 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
To finish something is to complete it or bring it to a conclusion. If you finished a race, you completed it — even if you didn’t come in first.
Finishing is about concluding. If you finished a novel, you read the whole thing. Finishing a job means the job is done. This word can also refer to a coating or polish used to make furniture look nicer or fancier. If you say someone has a finished look about them, they don’t actually have a coating or polish, of course — but the effect is the same. They have a clean, cultured, polished appearance.
WORD FAMILY
finish: finished, finisher, finishes, finishing, refinish+/finished: finisheder, finishedly, unfinished/finisher: finishers/finishing: finishings/refinish: refinished, refinisher, refinishes, refinishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Parks finished with 19 points for the Citadel, which finished with 100-plus points for the eighth time this season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He finished with nine points and nine rebounds in 14 minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He started concentrating on that fix at the World Cup in Australia, where he teamed with Rickie Fowler to finish tied for second.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 完成; 结束; 吃光; 使筋疲力尽
n. 结尾; 结束; 最后阶段; 抛光
时态：finished, finishing, finishes
分布：完成(80%)，结束(16%)，用完(3%)，最后一层涂饰(1%)
→来自拉丁语finis, 终结，边界，进一步来自拉丁语figere, 固定，标记，词源同fix.
完成,结束(fin+ish)[fin=end,boundary,表示"结束,范围"]
n.完成;结束;磨光v.完成;结束;用完;毁掉During the procession, the microprocessor finished the processing procedure.在队伍行进时,微处理器完成了加工过程.
verb
COMPLETE/END 完成／结束
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to complete something or come to the end of an activity 完成，（使）完结
• I'll call you when I've finished my homework. 我做完作业后会给你打电话。
• Please place your questionnaire in the box when you've finished. 完成调查问卷后请将其投进箱子里。
• She finished (the concert) with a song from her first album. 她以自己第一张专辑中的一首歌作为（音乐会的）结尾。
• She finished second (= in second place) in the finals. 她在决赛中获得了第二名。
• [+ -ing verb] Have you finished reading that magazine? 你看完那本杂志了吗？
• They've already run out of money and the building isn't even half- finished (= half of it has not been completed). 房子连一半都没有完成，他们就已经没钱了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to end 结束；停止，终止
• The meeting should finish around four o'clock. 会议应该在四点左右结束。
• The play finishes with a song. 这出戏以一首歌结尾。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to eat, drink or use something completely so that none remains 吃完；喝完；用完，耗尽
• Make sure she finishes her dinner. 一定要让她把饭都吃完了。
• He finished his drink and left. 他喝完饮料就离开了。
• We finished (= ate all of) the pie last night. 我们昨晚把馅饼全吃光了。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
WOOD 木材
transitive
■If you finish something made of wood, you give it a last covering of paint, polish or varnish so that it is ready to be used. 给（木制器具）上最后一道漆；给…最后抛光
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
put the finishing touches to UK (US put the finishing touches on)
■to add the final improvements to something so that you are satisfied with it or certain that it is complete 做最后的加工（或润饰）
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] finish sth off ADVANCED
COMPLETE
■to complete the last part of something that you are doing 完成，使完结
• I want to finish off this essay before I go to bed. 我想写完这篇文章再上床睡觉。
USE
■to eat, drink or use the last part of something 吃完；喝完；用完，耗尽
• We may as well finish off this pie - there's only a little bit left. 我们不如把这个馅饼都吃了——反正只剩下一点。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] finish sb/sth off
KILL informal
■to kill someone or something, especially if they have already been injured 杀死，毁灭，干掉（尤指已受伤者）
• A third heart attack finally finished off the old man. 第三次心脏病发作最终导致了那个老人的死亡。
DEFEAT
■to defeat a person or team that you are competing against in a sports event （在体育比赛中）击败（对手）
• He could spar well enough but he couldn't seem to finish off his opponents. 他拳打得很好，但好像总是打不赢对手。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] finish sb off informal
■to make someone extremely tired, weak or unhappy 使（某人）精疲力竭；使（某人）极度虚弱；使（某人）极不快乐
• That game of football has really finished me off. 那场足球比赛真的把我累死了。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [I or L] finish up UK
■If you finish up in a particular place or situation, that is the place or situation that you are in finally 最终到达（某地）；最终处于（某种情况）
• You'll finish up dead if you carry on drinking like that. 如果你继续这样喝下去的话，会把自己喝死的。
• She married a Spaniard and finished up in Barcelona. 她嫁给了一个西班牙人，最后在巴塞隆纳定居了。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] finish (sth) up ADVANCED
■to eat or drink all of what you are eating or drinking 吃光；喝光
• Finish up your dinner and you can have dessert. 把晚餐吃完你就可以吃甜点了。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  finish with sth ADVANCED
■to stop using or needing something 不再使用（或需要）
• Have you finished with that magazine? 那本杂志你看完了吗？
['fɪn.ɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  finish with sb UK
■to stop having a romantic relationship with someone 与（某人）分手
• She finished with him when she discovered he was having an affair. 她发现他和别人有暧昧关系之后就跟他一刀两断了。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] noun countable
COMPLETE/END 完成／结束
 ADVANCED
■the end of a race, or the last part of something （比赛的）结果，结束；（某事的）最后阶段（或部分）
• a close finish 比分接近的比赛结果
• They replayed the finish in slow motion. 他们对比赛的最后部分进行了慢动作重播。
['fɪn.ɪʃ] noun countable
WOOD 木材
■the condition of the surface of a material such as wood （木制品等的）表面状况
• Look at the lovely shiny finish on that piano. 看看那架钢琴表面漂亮的光泽。
■the last covering of varnish, polish or paint, that is put onto something 罩面漆，末道漆；抛光
• Even a clear finish will alter the colour of wood slightly. 即使是最后一道清漆也会使木材的颜色发生轻微的变化。
conclude, finish, accomplish, terminate, complete, end, close
这组词都有“结束，完成”的意思，其区别是：
conclude: 正式用词，多指以某事或活动达到预期目的而告终。
finish: 与complete基本同义，着重圆满地结束或完成已着手的事。
accomplish: 正式用词，强调一个过程的完成；也可指依靠努力达到一定目的，或取得一定的结果。
terminate: 强调有一个空间和时间的限度，届时必须终止。书面语用词。
complete: 侧重指完成预定的任务或使某事完善，补足缺少的部分等。
end: 最普通用词，着重事情的完成。也指某种活动因达到目的而自然结束或由于某种原因而突然中止。
close: 普通用词，着重行为的终止或结束，不强调其目的。
attain, finish, accomplish, complete, achieve
attain: 达到，实现，常用于一般人的能力不易达到的目的。如：Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goals.
finish: 最常用，后接动词的-ing形式，表示在一个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的一步或阶段。如：I’ll finish the job alone. (我要独自完成这项工作。)
accomplish: 表成功，强调完成的结果而不是过程。如：Because of his hard word, things are accomplished. (由于他的努力，事情都已完成了。)
complete: 表示积极的完成，更具体地指建筑、工程等的完成。如：Has he complete his novel yet? (他的小说写完了吗？)
achieve: 完成，实现，强调通过努力而达到目的。如：You will achieve success if you work hard.
vt. 完成；结束；用完
 - accomplish, carry out, achieve, perform, complete
vi. 完成；结束，终止；终结
 - drop, determine
n. 完成；结束；完美；磨光
 - completion, achievement, execution, perfection, accomplishment

Word: residence
Front: residence
[ˈrezɪdəns] (研四六托雅 3766/3658 -2)
Vocabulary: residence
(once / 177 pages)
n
The house or apartment where you live is your place of residence. If you're house proud, it means you keep your residence nice and tidy.
The act of living in a place is also called residence. You might take up residence in an ancient oak tree when the city threatens to cut it down, for example. The official home of a person in a position of power — like a monarch or a president — is also called a residence. The official residence of the British Prime Minister is 10 Downing Street, and the residence of the President of the United States is 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.
WORD FAMILY
residence: residences, residential +/nonresident: nonresidents/ reside: resided, residence, residency, resident, resides, residing/residency: residencies/ resident: nonresident, residents/ residential: nonresidential, residentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dahlin’s first interrogation began about 2am that winter morning, as temperatures outside The Residence plunged to six degrees below zero.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Investigators questioned the prime minister for three hours at his official residence in Jerusalem.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Shapira reprimanded the prime minister again that same year, saying living and hospitality expenses for both his official residence and private home were exorbitant.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 住处，住宅; 居住时间，居住; 公馆; 驻地
分布：住宅(50%)，居住(42%)，住处(8%)
→来自 reside,居住，定居。
居住;住宅(reside+ence)[Sid=sit,表示"坐"]
n.住处,住宅Considering considerable spiders outside, I stay in the president's residence.考虑到外面有相当多的蜘蛛,我呆在总统的住宅里.
【记】re再，side坐，nce－再坐到住宅里面
['rez.ɪ.dənts] formal
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a home 住所；住房；宅第
• the Governor's official residence 总督官邸
in residence
■officially staying or living somewhere （官员等）驻在（某地）的，住在（某地）的
• The Queen is in residence at the Palace this week. 女王本周在王宫驻跸。
author/poet/artist in residence
■an author (= writer) , poet or artist who is employed at a school or college, etc. for a short period （学校、大学短期招聘的）驻校作家／诗人／艺术家
take up residence/residency somewhere
■to go to live somewhere 到（某地）定居；开始定居在（某地）
• She took up residence in Canada. 她在加拿大定居。
• She took up permanent residency abroad. 她永久定居国外。
home, building, residence, shelter, dwelling, habitation, house
这组词都有“居住处”的意思，其区别是：
home: 指永久住家时，带有家庭所特有的温暖、情感等气息。
building: 泛指一切建筑物，不限于居住的房子。
residence: 指大而堂皇的寓所或公馆，也指法律上的居住点。
shelter: 可指长期或临时的住处，也指简陋或临时搭建的躲避风雨的场所。
dwelling: 正式用词，仅指人们居住的任何建筑物。
habitation: 指长久或固定的住所或居住地。
house: 中性词，泛指一切供居住的建筑物，尤指适合一家一户居住的房屋。
n. 住宅，住处；居住
 - home, accommodation

Word: shame
Front: shame
[ʃeɪm] (中高研四六 3767/3668 -K3)
Vocabulary: shame
(once / 96 pages)
nv
Shame is a painful feeling that's a mix of regret, self-hate, and dishonor. A good person would feel shame if they cheated on a test or did something mean to a friend.
Feeling shame — or being ashamed — is one of the most miserable feelings of them all. When you feel shame, you feel like a bad person and regret what you did. If you're trying to make someone else feel bad by scolding them, you're shaming them. People also often say, "That's a shame," when something bad happens — meaning it's sad or a pity.
WORD FAMILY
shame: shamed, shameful, shameless, shames, shaming+/shameful: shamefulest, shamefully, shamefulness/shameless: shamelessly, shamelessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
If you are avoiding opening up because of shame, then I recommend you talk about why you are avoiding talking about certain things.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
“It is a sin that shames us,” the pope wrote.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All these frivolous high society partygoers are faced with the “nausea, terror and shame” that awaits them.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 羞愧; 羞辱; 可耻的人; 羞愧感
vt. 使蒙羞; 玷辱; 使感到羞愧; 使相形见绌
时态：shamed, shaming, shames
分布：羞愧(64%)，耻辱(23%)，使蒙羞(5%)，使丢脸(4%)，使羞愧(3%)，可耻的人或物(1%)
→来自古英语 scamu,羞耻，羞愧，来自 Proto-Germanic*skamo,覆盖，隐藏，来自 skem,*kem, 覆盖，隐藏，可能来自*skeu,覆盖，隐藏，词源同 hide,shoe.引申诸相关词义。
n.羞耻,耻辱;可耻的人(或事物)v.使羞愧Your bad behavior brings shame on the whole school.你的恶劣行径给整个学校带来耻辱.
noun
BAD LUCK 恶运
 IMPROVER only singular
■an unlucky situation 可惜，遗憾
• [+ that] It 's a (great) shame that the concert had to be cancelled. 音乐会被迫取消，真是（很）遗憾。
• [+ to infinitive] Have some more vegetables - it would be a shame to waste them. 多吃点蔬菜吧——浪费就太可惜了。
• "Douglas is having to miss the school concert because he's ill." "Oh, what a shame] that's a shame!" “道格拉斯因病不能参加学校音乐会了。”“哦，那真是太遗憾了！”
[ʃeɪm] noun
BAD FEELING 不好的感觉
 ADVANCED uncountable
■an uncomfortable feeling of guilt or of being ashamed because of your own or someone else's bad behaviour 羞耻，羞愧
• He said he felt no shame for what he had done. 他说他并不为自己的所作所为感到羞愧。
• The children hung/bowed their heads in shame. 孩子们羞愧地低下了头。
• The shame of the scandal was so great that he shot himself a few weeks later. 这件丑闻让他无地自容，所以几个星期后他开枪自杀了。
• You can't go out dressed like that - have you no shame (= don't you feel ashamed about being dressed like that) ? 你不能穿成这样就出去——你难道不怕丢人吗？
 ADVANCED uncountable
■loss of honour and respect 丢脸；耻辱
• He thinks there's great shame in being out of work and unable to provide for his family. 他认为没有工作、无法养活家人是一件很丢脸的事情。
• In some societies, if a woman leaves her husband, it brings shame on her and her family. 在有些社会里，如果妇女离开自己的丈夫，这会给她和她的家人带来耻辱。
put sb to shame
■to make someone feel ashamed 使（某人）感到羞愧
• It puts me to shame that I still haven't replied to David's letter. 我还没有给戴维回信，真让我惭愧。
to my shame
■I feel ashamed because 令（我）羞愧的是
• To my shame, I never wrote and thanked Mary for her present. 令人羞愧的是，我从没有给玛丽写信，感谢她送的礼物。
shame on you
■used to tell someone that they should feel sorry for something they did （你）应该感到羞愧
• Shame on you for being so unkind. 你如此刻薄，真该感到羞愧。
• humorous You mean you were in town and you didn't come and see us - shame on you! 你是说你来过城里却没有来看我们——真不像话！
[ʃeɪm] noun
COMPARE WELL 胜过
put sb/sth to shame
■to make someone or something seem not good by comparison 使相形见绌
• Your cooking puts mine to shame. 你做菜的功夫令我自惭形愧。
[ʃeɪm] noun
die of shame informal
■to feel extremely ashamed 羞愧死了，羞愧难当
• If anyone found out that I took the money, I'd die of shame. 如果有人发现钱是我拿的，我会羞愧死的。
[ʃeɪm] verb transitive
BAD FEELING 不好的感觉
■to make someone feel ashamed, or to make someone or something lose honour and respect 使感到羞愧；使丢脸；羞辱
• It shames me that I treated her so badly. 我对她这么坏，真是令我羞愧。
• The behaviour of a few children has shamed the whole school. 少数学生的行为使整个学校都蒙受耻辱。
shame sb into/out of sth
■to cause someone to do or not to do something by making them feel ashamed 使（某人）感到羞愧而做／不做…
• [+ -ing verb] The number of people out of work has shamed the government into taking action to prevent further job losses. 失业人数之多使政府感到羞愧，继而采取行动阻止失业问题进一步恶化。
[ʃeɪm] verb transitive
COMPARE WELL 胜过
■to cause something not to seem of a high standard by comparison 使相形见绌
• The school's examination results shame those of the other schools in the area. 该校的考试成绩使这个地区的其他学校都相形见绌。
[ʃeɪm] exclamation
■used to express disapproval of something that a public speaker is saying （用于表示不赞同演讲者所说的话）可耻
• To cries of 'Shame!', the minister announced that taxes were being increased. 在一片“可耻”的指责声中，部长宣布加税。
shame, embarrassment, disgrace, dishonour
这组词都有“丢脸，羞愧”的意思，其区别是：
shame: 多指因非法婚烟、私生、卖国或犯法等而丢失脸面或败坏名声，使他人认为“丢脸”、“可耻”。
embarrassment: 多指在社交活动中所遇到的尴尬事。
disgrace: 常指失去他人的尊敬和称赞而使自己感受到的丢脸、耻辱。
dishonour: 指失去原来享有的光荣或自尊和自重。
shame, disgrace, humiliate, dishonour
这组词都有“使丢脸、使受耻辱”的意思，其区别是：
shame: 指由不光彩或不道德的行为引起的惭愧感或羞耻感。
disgrace: 侧重在别人，尤其在众人面前丢脸。
humiliate: 强调受辱者自尊心的损坏。
dishonour: 有时可与disgrace换用，但前者是指因失去荣誉所致。
n. 羞耻，羞愧；憾事，带来耻辱的人
 - abashment
vt. 使丢脸，使羞愧
 - discountenance, abash

Word: meaningful
Front: meaningful
[ˈmi:nɪŋfl] (六托 3769/5632 -2)
Vocabulary: meaningful
(once / 2135 pages)
adj
Use the adjective meaningful to describe something that has a purpose, like a political rally for a cause you believe in strongly.
You would probably say that your backpacking trip across Asia was meaningful, or worthwhile, but you might not describe three hours watching bad TV shows as meaningful. When something is important or significant, it is meaningful, or "full of meaning." Meaning itself comes from the word mean, which has its roots in the Old English mænan, "to signify, tell, or complain."
WORD FAMILY
meaningful: meaningfully, meaningfulness, nonmeaningful+/ mean: meaner, meanest, meaning, meaningly, meanly, meanness, means, meant/ meaning: meaningful, meaningless, meanings/meaningless: meaninglessly, meaninglessness/meanness: meannesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
To avoid a stockpile of holiday cards, “save only those that are meaningful and special,” Tova Weinstock, a professional organizer in Brooklyn, said.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Political and geographical divisions must end, and lawmakers need to focus on the final goal - passing meaningful legislation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The College Football Playoff rendered the others less meaningful.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 意味深长的; 有意义的; 有意图的; 隽
分布：有意义的(91%)，意味深长的(9%)
→meaning,意义，-ful,形容词后缀。
adjective
EXPRESSING STH 意味深长的
■intended to show meaning, often secretly 富有意义的，意味深长的
• a meaningful look 意味深长的一瞥
• He raised one eyebrow in a meaningful way. 他扬起一道眉毛，动作中富含意义。
['mi:.nɪŋ.fəl] adjective
IMPORTANT/SERIOUS 重要的／有意义的
■useful, serious or important 有用的；有意义的
• She seems to find it difficult to form meaningful relationships. 她似乎觉得很难跟他人有深入的交往。
• Having the opportunity to work would make retirement more meaningful for many pensioners. 对许多退休者来说，有机会工作会使退休生活更有意义。
adj. 有意义的；意味深长的
 - significant, eloquent

Word: sidewalk
Front: sidewalk
[ˈsaɪdwɔ:k] (3770/22023 -1)
Back: n. 人行道
分布：人行道(100%)
US [-wɑ:k] noun countable mainly US for pavement
n. [交] 人行道
 - pavement, footpath

Word: Olympics
Front: Olympics
[əʊ'lɪmpɪks] (3768/-)
Back: n. 奥林匹克运动会(=Olympic games); 奥林匹克运动会的( Olympic的名词复数 )
分布：奥林匹克运动会(95%)，=Olympic Games.(5%)
ADJ
奥林匹克运动会的；奥运会的
Olympic means relating to the Olympic Games.
例：...the reigning Olympic champion.现任奥运会冠军
N-PROPER
奥林匹克运动会；奥运会
The Olympics are the Olympic Games.
例：I will be in Atlanta for the next Olympics...我将参加在亚特兰大举行的下届奥运会。
例：She won the individual gold medal at the Winter Olympics.她在冬奥会上获得了个人金牌。

Word: technological
Front: technological
[ˌteknə'lɒdʒɪkl] (3771/4223 -2)
Vocabulary: technological
(once / 1972 pages)
adj
The adjective technological describes something that’s based in science and applied to everyday life to solve problems. If you network your computers at home to make it easier to share files, you’re using your technological skills.
The root of technological comes from the Greek word tekhnologia, meaning “systematic treatment,” and a systematic, scientific approach is still behind modern technological developments. What makes something technological — rather than scientific — is the practical application of the science. The technological advances of the last decades have touched nearly every aspect of life, including how you stay in touch with friends, how you gather and analyze information, how your food is produced, and even how you listen to your music.
WORD FAMILY
technological: technologically+/technologist: technologists/ technology: technological, technologies, technologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
NBC News reports that the “technological disruption” started at 5 p.m.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
Samsung, the icon of South Korean technological prowess, suffered global humiliation with its recent recall of exploding Galaxy Note 7 smartphones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The first thing about futurism that surprised me is that practitioners don’t think much about technological change.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 技术上的; 工艺（学）的; 因技术革新而造成的
分布：工艺的(55%)，科技的(45%)
US [-'lɑ:.dʒɪ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to, or involving, technology 技术的，关于或涉及技术的
• Technological advances in computing and telecommunications will reduce the need for many people to travel to work. 随着电脑及通讯技术的进步，许多人将不必再出门上班了。
technological, technical
这是一组形近易混词。
technological: a.技术上的。
 • a major technological breakthrough   主要技术性突破
technical: a.技术的，工艺(学)的；专门的，深奥的。
 • The banker made some technical points about the economy in his speech.   银行家在他的关于经济的演说中提出了几个很专业的论点。

Word: signature
Front: signature
[ˈsɪgnətʃə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 3773/4275 -K2)
Vocabulary: signature
(once / 416 pages)
n
When you sign your name in your own handwriting, that is your signature. Things you can put your signature on include checks, permission slips, letters, stays of execution, and declarations of independence.
Signature isn't just about signing your name on the dotted line. A characteristic mark, tune, or style is also called a signature. Perhaps you have a favorite outfit or style that you consider your signature look. "I Did It My Way" was a signature tune of Frank Sinatra. In music, the signature indicates what key the song is set in by showing the sharps and flats.
WORD FAMILY
signature: signatures+/co-sign: co-signed/countersign: countersignature, countersigned, countersigning, countersigns/insignificance: insignificances/ insignificant: insignificance, insignificantly/ sign: co-sign, countersign, signatory, signature, signed, signedly, signer, signify, signing, signs, undersign/ signatory: signatories/signed: unsigned/signer: signers/ significance: significances/ significant: insignificant, nonsignificant, significance, significantly /signification: significations/signifier: signifiers/ signify: significant, signification, signified, signifier, signifies, signifying/signing: signings/undersign: undersigned, undersigning
USAGE EXAMPLES
During his campaign for the White House, Trump pledged to undo many of Obama's signature policy measures, including his healthcare law.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
In Mr. Braith’s mosaic, he is clad in a slick red blazer and carrying his signature Braithophone, alto and soprano saxophones melded into one.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Amendment 71 requires that signatures in such cases be collected in all 35 state Senate districts.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 签名; 署名; 识别标志，鲜明特征; [医]药的用法说明
分布：签署(84%)，书帖(8%)，有特征的符号(8%)
→来自 sign,签字，签署，签约，-ate,使，-ure,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
签名;盖章(sign+ature→记号的东西→签名)[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
签名(sign签字)[-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示"一般状态,行为"…ature","iture"注:-ture在s结尾的词根后变成-sure]
n.签名,署名,签字The signalman's signature sign is significant to the vacant vacation.信号员的签字符号对空假期具有重要意义.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■your name written by yourself, always in the same way, usually to show that something has been written or agreed by you 签名 Compare autograph
n. 署名；签名；信号
 - a scratch of pen

Word: pleasant
Front: pleasant
[ˈpleznt] (中高研四六雅 3772/2880 -K3)
Vocabulary: pleasant
(once / 51 pages)
adj
Something pleasant is nice or enjoyable. Usually, a picnic in the park is considered a pleasant activity.
Pleasant is a word for things that are pleasing: ice cream is considered pleasant by most people. A second meaning refers to a person who is polite or agreeable. People who have good manners, give compliments, smile often are considered more pleasant than someone who screams and curses all the time. This word is often used for weather: clear skies and warm temperatures are signs of pleasant weather. Still, different weather (and other things) will be pleasant to different people.
WORD FAMILY
pleasant: pleasance, pleasanter, pleasantest, pleasantly, pleasantness, unpleasant +/ displease: displeased, displeases, displeasing, displeasure/displeased: displeasedly/displeasing: displeasingly/displeasure: displeasures/pleasance: pleasances/pleasantness: pleasantnesses/ please: displease, pleasant, pleased, pleaseed, pleaser, pleases, pleasing, pleasure /pleased: pleaseder, pleasedly/pleaser: pleasers/pleasing: pleasinger, pleasingly, pleasingness, pleasings, unpleasing/ pleasurable: pleasurablest, pleasurably/ pleasure: pleasurable, pleasures/ unpleasant: unpleasanter, unpleasantest, unpleasantly, unpleasantness/unpleasantness: unpleasantnesses/unpleasing: unpleasingly, unpleasingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Temperatures are in the pleasant low 70s, under partly cloudy skies.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“It was a pleasant surprise,” said Victoria Eisenberg, who seemed to express the reaction of many.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The bland, mouth-coating sensation of the powdered beans with which they are dusted is pleasant, but not compelling.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 可爱的; 令人愉快的; 有趣的; 晴朗的
级别：pleasanter, pleasantest
分布：令人愉快的(52%)，舒适的(27%)，宜人的(18%)，讨人欢喜的(3%)
→来自please,请，使愉悦。
a.令人愉快的vt.使高兴vi.满意;喜欢Please release that pleasant peasant teaser who brings us plenty of pleasure.请释放那个带给我们巨大快乐的友好的农民逗趣者.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■enjoyable, attractive, friendly, or easy to like 令人愉快的；宜人的；亲切友好的
• a pleasant climate/smile/person 宜人的气候／亲切的笑容／和气可爱的人
• a pleasant day/surprise 令人愉快的日子／惊喜
• Harold did his best to be pleasant to the old man. 哈乐德竭力和颜悦色地对待那位老人。
• It was pleasant to sit down after standing for hours. 站了好几个小时后，能坐下来真让人感到舒坦。
joyful, glad, delightful, merry, gay, happy, agreeable, jolly, nice, pleasant, cheerful
这组词都有“愉快的，高兴的”的意思，其区别是：
joyful: 语气较强，强调心情或感情上的欣喜。
glad: 最普通用词，语气较弱，表示礼貌的惯用语。指乐于做某事或因某事而感到满足，常表愉快的心情。
delightful: 指能带来强烈的快乐，激起愉快的情感，用于非常愉快的场合。
merry: 指精神情绪的暂时高涨，表示欢乐、愉快的心境或情景，侧重充满欢笑声和乐趣。
gay: 侧重无忧无虑、精神昂扬、充满生命的快乐。
happy: 侧重感到满足、幸福或高兴。
agreeable: 指与感受者的愿望、情趣或受好等和谐一致而带来的心情上的快意。
jolly: 通俗用词，多指充满快乐与喜悦的神情。
nice: 语气较温和，泛指任何愉快或满意的感觉。
pleasant: 侧重给人以“赏心悦目”或“愉快的，宜人的”感受。
cheerful: 多指因内心的愉快而表现出兴高采烈，是强调而自然的感情流露。
pleasant, pleasing, pleased
pleasant: 常用作定语, a pleasant trip
pleasing: 常用作表语,pleasing主语常为物 The trip is pleasing.
pleased: 常用作表语,pleased主语常为人
adj. 令人愉快的，舒适的；讨人喜欢的，和蔼可亲的
 - lovely, favorable, comfortable, grateful, easy

Word: wow
Front: wow
[waʊ] (3774/9178 -1)
Vocabulary: wow
(once / 2173 pages)
vn
When you wow your teacher, you get him really excited about your three paragraph essay. To wow is to impress.
If you imagine saying, "Wow!" after tasting your friend's coconut cupcakes, you'll understand exactly what the verb wow means. When the cupcakes make you exclaim like that, they wow you. A wonderful movie will wow you, and your dad's juggling act might also wow you. The word wow is Scottish in origin, an amazed interjection from the 1500's. The verb form came along in American slang much later, in the 1920's.
WORD FAMILY
wow: wowed, wowing, wows
USAGE EXAMPLES
It wowed the Staples Center crowd and offered a glimpse of Ingram’s potential.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The former Colombia goalkeeper wowed the crowd at the old Wembley with his clearance in a friendly against England in 1995.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“It was, ‘Wow, this is so up in the air right now.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: int. 哇！呀！
n. 一鸣惊人; 音符失真，声音走音; 魔兽世界（游戏）
vt. <俚>使惊叹，使佩服; 使热烈叫好
时态：wowed, wowing, wows
分布：哇！(51%)，巨大的成功(33%)，使热烈赞赏(16%)
→感叹词。
informal
exclamation
 ADVANCED
■used to show surprise and sometimes pleasure （用来表示惊讶或惊喜）呀，哇
• Wow! Did you make that cake? It looks delicious! 哇！那个蛋糕是你做的吗？看起来味道好极了！
[waʊ] informal
noun only singular
■a person or thing that is very successful, attractive or pleasant 成功的人（或事）；受欢迎的人（或事物）
• He's a real wow with the girls in his class. 他班里的女孩子都非常喜欢他。
[waʊ] informal
verb transitive
■to make someone feel great excitement or admiration 使印象深刻；使叫绝
• The movie wowed audiences throughout the States with its amazing special effects. 该电影以令人叫绝的特技效果大获全美观众的喜爱。
n. 叫声，哭声； [电讯] 失真
 - distortion, cry

Word: suspend
Front: suspend
[səˈspend] (研四六托雅宝 3775/3116 -3)
Vocabulary: suspend
(once / 174 pages)
v
You can use the verb suspend any time you need to stop something. Whether it’s your judgment, a rule, or bus service, when you suspend it, you temporarily bring it to a halt.
Suspend often describes stopping an activity for a while. A winter storm, for example, may suspend air travel until weather conditions improve. Suspend also works in a more figurative sense, such as when you suspend your doubt in order to give someone or something a fair chance. A student who is suspended is temporarily forbidden from attending class. Don't confuse this with expel, which means he or she may never return.
WORD FAMILY
suspend: resuspend, suspended, suspender, suspending, suspends, suspension +/resuspend: resuspended/suspender: suspenders/ suspension: suspensions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Farmer, who started at outside linebacker in place of the suspended Manny Bowen, said the nerves disappeared after his first collision on special teams.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was suspended in December 2014 when the animals were placed back on the endangered species list due to a Federal court decision.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A month after being suspended from work, Ozakca learned he was being fired.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 暂停; 延缓; 挂; 悬
时态：suspended, suspending, suspends
分布：暂停(72%)，中止(22%)，悬浮(5%)，勒令停职(1%)
→sus-,在下，向上，-pend,悬挂，词源同 depend,pendulum.引申词义暂停，中止。
悬挂,中止(sus+pend挂→挂在下面→悬挂)[sus-表示"在…下面"]
悬吊;停止(sus在...下面+pend→挂在下面→悬吊,引申为中止)[pend,pens=hang,表示"悬挂"]
v.悬(浮),挂;暂停,取消;推迟We saw smoke suspended in the still air.我们看见烟悬浮在静止的空气中.
【记】sus下面，pend挂－挂在下面－悬挂；悬挂起来不用－暂停
【反】let fall（使下落）；erect（v 使竖立；建立）；invoke（v 调用；使用）
verb
STOP 停止
 ADVANCED transitive
■to stop or to cause to be not active, either temporarily or permanently 停止，暂停，中止
• The ferry service has been suspended for the day because of bad weather. 因为天气恶劣，渡船已经停开。
• The President has suspended the constitution and assumed total power. 总统废除宪法，独揽大权。
• When you go to the theatre, you have to be willing to suspend disbelief (= to act as if you believe that what you are seeing is real or true, although you know that it is not). 去戏院看戏时，你得对剧情深信不疑。
• I'm suspending judgment (= not forming an opinion) on the book I'm reading until I've finished it. 在把书读完之前，我不会对它作出任何评价。
• legal Mr Young was given a six-month jail sentence suspended for two years (= If he commits another crime within two years, he will have to go to prison for six months for his original crime). 杨先生被判监禁六个月，缓刑两年执行。
 ADVANCED transitive
■If someone is suspended from work, school, etc., they are temporarily not allowed to work, go to school or take part in an activity because they have done something wrong （因犯错而）暂令停职，暂令停学，暂令停止参加活动
• She was suspended from school for fighting. 她因为打架而被勒令停学。
• He was suspended for four matches after arguing with the referee. 跟裁判发生争执之后，他被禁赛四场。
[sə'spend] verb
HANG 悬挂
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to hang 悬挂
• The builders worked on wooden platforms, suspended by ropes from the roof of the building. 建筑工人站在用绳子从房顶上吊下来的木制平台上工作。
• It was very uncomfortable lying on the hospital bed with my legs suspended in the air. 我躺在医院的病床上，腿悬吊在半空，难受极了。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If small pieces of solid material are suspended in a gas or a liquid, they hang or float in the gas or liquid 悬浮，漂浮
• The drug is suspended in a saline solution. 这种药悬浮在生理盐水中。
• A cloud of smoke was suspended in the air. 空中飘浮着一团烟雾。
suspend, defer, postpone, prolong, delay, put off
这组词都有“推延，延期”的意思，其区别是：
suspend: 指暂时中断以待某种条件的实现。
defer: 正式用词，语气强于postpone，多指故意拖延。
postpone: 正式用词，语气较强，多指有安排的延期，常指明延期到一定的时间。
prolong: 指把时间延长至超过正常或通常的限度。
delay: 普通用词，多指因外界原因推迟或耽误，也可指有意推迟。
put off: 口语用词，与postpone同义，但较通俗。
suspend, hang
这组词都有“挂，吊”的意思，其区别是：
suspend: 侧重悬挂物支撑点的灵活性和活动自由。
hang: 通常指一端固定于一点或一条线上，另一端悬于空中的状态。
vt. 使暂停；延缓，推迟；使悬浮
 - wait, phase back

Word: rebel
Front: rebel
[ˈrebl] (研四六托 3776/3456 -4)
Vocabulary: rebel
(once / 118 pages)
nv
When you rebel against your parents by dyeing your hair green and staying out without calling, you are acting in a way that questions both their authority and their rules about what is right and acceptable.
A rebel is someone who fights authority. The story of a rebel often finds its way into books and movies. In the 1950s film "Rebel without a Cause," a teenager rebels against his parents. In the "Star Wars" movies, the Jedi rebel against the Empire. A rebel, whether the cause they are fighting for is just or not, is always the underdog. One pronunciation hint, rebel as a noun has the stress on the first syllable and as a verb on the second.
WORD FAMILY
rebel: rebeled, rebeling, rebelled, rebelling, rebellion, rebels+/ rebellion: rebellions, rebellious / rebellious: rebelliously, rebelliousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The rebel groups questioned Russia’s ability to force the Syrian government and their allies to abide by the terms of the ceasefire deal.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The group were found during an army operation in a remote northern region, in which at least 12 rebel fighters were captured.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The country is also facing renewed conflict with Kurdish rebels in the southeast and across the border in Syria and Iraq.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 反政府的人; 反叛者; 造反者; 叛逆者
adj. 反抗的; 造反的
时态：rebelled, rebelling, rebels
分布：反抗(54%)，造反(14%)，反叛者(12%)，叛逆者(12%)，造反者(6%)，反感(2%)
→re-,相对，相反，-bel,战争，词源同 belligerent,bellicose.引申词义反抗，叛逆。
反叛[bell,bel=war,fight,表示"战争,打斗"]
v.反抗,反叛,起义n.叛逆者,起义者The rebels labeled the labor laboring in the laboratory and lavatory.反叛者给在实验室和舆洗室劳动的劳工贴上标签.
noun countable /ˈreb.əl/
 IMPROVER
■a person who is opposed to the political system in their country and tries to change it using force, or a person who shows their disagreement with the ideas of people in authority or of society by behaving differently （试图武装推翻国家政治制度的）反抗者，造反者；（对抗权威或社会的）叛逆者
• The rebels took over the capital and set up a new government. 叛乱分子占领了首都并成立了新政府。
• He was a bit of a rebel when he was a teenager and dyed his hair pink. 他十几岁的时候有些叛逆，把头发染成了粉红色。
verb intransitive /rɪˈbel/
(-ll-)
■to fight against the government or to refuse to obey rules, etc 武力反抗；造反；反叛
• The people rebelled against the harsh new government. 人民起来反抗这个残暴的新政府。
• Jacob rebelled against his parents' plans for him and left school at the age of 16. 父母替雅各做好了计划，他却和他们对着干，在16岁就辍学了。
■to react against a feeling, action, plan, etc 嫌恶；生反感；受不住
• My poor sick stomach rebelled at the idea of any more food. 我的胃不太好，连产生再多吃一点的念头都会反胃。
revolt, resist, rebel
revolt: 反叛，造反，反对，反抗；
resist: vt. 抵抗，反抗，一般为褒义；
rebel: 造反，反叛，贬义
vi. 反叛；反抗；造反
 - strive against, come out against
n. 反叛者；叛徒
 - rat, putschist
adj. 反抗的；造反的
 - resistant, mutinous

Word: frozen
Front: frozen
[ˈfrəʊzn] (3778/5248 -K2)
Vocabulary: frozen
(once / 331 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4adj
Frozen liquids are so cold that they've become ice. Frozen orange juice makes a delicious homemade popsicle.
If your car's door handle is frozen, it's impossible to open, and if your driveway's surface is frozen, it's a sheet of ice. If your TV dinner is still frozen after you cook it, your microwave may not be working properly. When people are frozen, they're often exaggerating how cold they are — or they may be struck as still as a statue, frozen in place. Frozen comes from freeze, with its Old English root freosan, "turn to ice."
WORD FAMILY
frozen: frozenly, unfrozen+/ antifreeze: antifreezes/ freeze: antifreeze, freezer, freezes, freezing, froze, frozen, unfreeze/ freezer: freezers/freezing: freezings/unfreeze: unfreezes, unfreezing, unfroze
USAGE EXAMPLES
Klopp, meanwhile, simply looked frozen through as he shivered on the touchline.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s not only wages that are stuck, frozen, immobile.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
In Angola, $64 million frozen by the Swiss authorities was repatriated and earmarked for mine clearance and agricultural development.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 冷冻的; 冰封的; 冻硬的; 呆若木鸡的
v. 结冰（ freeze的过去分词）; 冷藏; 冻结; 冻住
分布：冰冻的(94%)，动词freeze的过去分词.(6%)
US ['froʊ-] verb past participle of
■ freeze
UK ['frəʊ.zən] US ['froʊ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■(of water) turned into ice, or (of food) preserved by freezing （水）结冰的，冰冻的；（食物）冷藏的
• They skated over the frozen lake. 他们在结冰的湖面上滑冰。
• We don't have any fresh vegetables, only frozen peas. 我们没有新鲜蔬菜，只有冻豌豆。
 IMPROVER
■If a person, or a part of their body is frozen, they are very cold （人体）冰凉的，冻僵的
• I'm frozen - could you close the window? 冻死我了——把窗户关上好吗？
• After walking through the snow, my feet were frozen stiff. 走过雪地之后，双脚都冻僵了。
adj. [制冷] [气象] [生物] [经] 冻结的； [食品] 冷酷的
 - grim, pitiless
v. [气象] 结冰（freeze的过去分词）；凝固；变得刻板
 - freezed

Word: desire
Front: desire
[dɪˈzaɪə(r)] (高研四六托雅 1551/1629 -K4)
Vocabulary: desire
(once / 25 pages)
nv
If you're talking about the longings of the heart, use the word desire. When you are studying for a difficult history exam, the desire to be somewhere far away doing something fun might be very strong!
Desire can be used as both a noun and a verb. Is your boyfriend your heart's desire? Your parents probably desire your punctual appearance at the dinner table every evening. Desire is usually used not just when you long for any old thing, but for something that is associated with giving great pleasure. Thus, you might want to get an A on a test, but you desire a piece of chocolate cake.
WORD FAMILY
desire: desirable, desired, desires, desiring, desirous +/desirability: desirabilities/ desirable: desirability, desirableness, desirably, undesirable/ desired: desiredest, undesired/desiring: undesiring/ desirous: desirously, undesirous/undesirable: undesirability, undesirables, undesirably/undesiring: undesiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he’s not certain that will be the case and isn’t sure about Cousins’ desire to be back.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some characters want to pose as more than who they are, but an equally human desire is to appear less than one is.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Traditionally, progressives defined themselves, at least in part, by a desire for change.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 希望; 渴望; 要求; 请求
n. 愿望; 欲望; 希望; 请求
vi. 有希望; 期望; 愿望; 想望
时态：desired, desiring, desires
分布：渴望(39%)，愿望(28%)，欲望(24%)，要求(8%)，向往(1%)
→来自法语，来自拉丁语de sidere, 星星，星辰，词源同consider, sidereal. 来自古代的占星术，通过星辰移位来推测人世变迁，期望星辰按理想的状态运行，引申词义渴望。参照disaster.
v./n.愿望,欲望,要求The hired admirer inspired his desire for the wire.雇佣钦佩者激发了他对铁丝的渴望.
US [-'zaɪr] noun
WANT 渴望
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a strong feeling that you want something 欲望，渴望，愿望
• I certainly have no desire to have children. 我当然没有想要孩子的愿望。
• There is a strong desire for peace among the people. 人民极盼和平。
• He needed to satisfy his desire for revenge. 他需要满足自己复仇的愿望。
• [+ to infinitive] She had a burning/strong desire to go back to her home country before she died. 她极其渴望在临死之前回到祖国。
• Several people have expressed a desire to see the report. 有几个人表示想要看看这份报告。
UK [dɪ'zaɪər] US [-'zaɪr] noun
SEXUAL NEED 性需求
uncountable formal
■the strong feeling that you want to have sex with someone 情欲，欲火
• sexual desire 性欲
• Beatrice was the object of Dante's desire. 贝雅特丽齐是勾动但丁情欲的女人。
UK [dɪ'zaɪər] US [-'zaɪr] verb transitive not continuous formal
WANT 想要
■to want something, especially strongly （尤指强烈地）渴望，希望，想要
• I desire only to be left in peace. 我只想清清静静地不受打扰。
• The hotel had everything you could possibly desire. 那间饭店有你可能想要的任何东西。
• What does her Ladyship desire me to do/desire of me? 夫人她想要我做些甚么？
• [+ to infinitive] The President desires to meet the new Prime Minister. 总统希望与新首相会面。
UK [dɪ'zaɪər] US [-'zaɪr] verb transitive not continuous formal
SEXUAL NEED 性需求
■to have a strong feeling that you want to have sex with someone 情欲，欲火
UK [dɪ'zaɪər] US [-'zaɪr] verb transitive not continuous formal
sb's heart's desire
■something that you want very much （某人）渴望获得之物
expect, desire, wish, long, want, hope
这组词都有“希望”的意思，其区别是：
expect: 通常指有很大程度的把握，但仍含有预料之意，或预计某事或某行动的发生。
desire: 语气较正式庄重，着重渴望的力量与热切，常含有强烈的意图和目的。
wish: 语气较弱，多指难于实现或不可能实现的愿望。
long: 语气强，指极殷切地盼望着，这种盼望侧重于很难或不可能得到的东西。有时也指一般愿望，但含一定感情色彩。
want: 一般指所想要的东西是切望得到的东西，能弥补实际需要。
hope: 指对愿望实现有一定信心的希望。
n. 欲望；要求，心愿；性欲
 - requirement, wants, do, need, wish
vt. 想要；要求；希望得到…
 - feel like, wanna, require, mean, exact
vi. 渴望
 - rare, aspire, long for, yearn for, die for

Word: spouse
Front: spouse
[spaʊs] (研六托雅 3777/6100 -2)
Vocabulary: spouse
(once / 1011 pages)
n
A spouse is your companion, your mate, your partner. In ye olden times, spouse was used as a verb meaning “to marry,” but nowadays, it functions as a noun referring to either husband or wife.
Your spouse is often called "your better half." What we call adultery used to be referred to as spouse-breach in the early 13th century. American pediatrician Benjamin Spock said, “The surest measure of a man's or a woman's maturity is the harmony, style, joy, and dignity he creates in his marriage, and the pleasure and inspiration he provides for his spouse.” So, avoid that spouse-breaching at all costs, and till death do you part.
WORD FAMILY
spouse: ex-spouse, spousal, spouses+/spousal: spousally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sending good wishes to you and your spouse.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
“The Good Wife” explored the complicated inner life of a wronged, but publicly implacable, political spouse.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The USS Dwight D. Eisenhower arrived Friday in Norfolk to cheers from hundreds of spouses and children clutching balloons and flowers and waving signs.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 配偶，夫或妻
vt. 和…结婚
分布：配偶(100%)
→来自古法语 spouse,婚姻伴侣，新娘，阴性格于 spous,新郎，来自拉丁语 sponsus,新郎，来自 spondere,庄严的承诺，词源同 sponsor,spondee.
n.配偶(指夫或妻)He never mentioned his spouse.他从来不提自己的妻子.
[spaʊs] formal or legal
noun countable
■a person's husband or wife 配偶
• In 60% of the households surveyed both spouses went out to work. 在60%的受调查的家庭中，夫妻双方都外出工作。
n. 配偶
 - mateship, sexual partner

Word: fluid
Front: fluid
[ˈflu:ɪd] (研四六托雅 3779/3676 -2)
Vocabulary: fluid
(once / 491 pages)
1nadj 2adj 3adj
Something that is unstable or subject to change can be described as fluid. The fluid political situation in a particular country makes it unsafe to travel there, with the constant possibility of a violent uprising.
A liquid is a fluid — something that flows easily when poured — although gases can also be called fluid. When your doctor told you to drink lots of fluids to help your cold symptoms, she probably meant things like water or orange juice, not root beer floats. If a movement is smooth, it can also be described as fluid. You have to make fluid arm movements in ballet so you look graceful.
WORD FAMILY
fluid: fluidity, fluidly, fluidness, fluids+/fluidity: fluidities, semifluidity
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, our modern, sedentary lifestyles mean that our secondary hearts tend to weaken, which permits excessive fluid pooling into the lower body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Lowell was in congestive heart failure, his lungs filling with fluid.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The minimal use of props allows for fluid scene changes, and the symbolic white sheet creates some dramatic stage images.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 液体，流体
adj. 流体的，流动的，流体的，液体的; 易变的，不固定的; （动作、设计、音乐等）流畅优美的
分布：流体(66%)，液体(26%)，流动的(5%)，流畅的(2%)，不定的(1%)
→来自拉丁语fluere, 流动，词源同fluent.
流体,液体a.流动的(flu+id)[flu=flow,表示"流动"]
流动的(flu流+id)[-id表形容词"如…的"]
a.流动的,液体的n.流体,液体Mercury is a fluid substance.水银是流质.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a substance which flows and is not solid 液体；流质
• If you have a fever you should drink plenty of fluid(s). 如果发烧，应多喝流质。
• The virus is contracted through exchange of bodily fluids. 这种病毒透过体液感染。
['flu:.ɪd] adjective
MOVEMENT 运动
■smooth and continuous 流畅的
• fluid movements 流畅的动作
['flu:.ɪd] adjective
LIKELY TO CHANGE 易变的
■If situations, ideas or plans are fluid, they are not fixed and are likely to change, often repeatedly and unexpectedly （情况、想法或计划）不固定的，易变的
• The military situation is still very fluid. 军事局势依然很不稳定。
adj. 流动的；流畅的；不固定的
 - floating, flowing, running, fluent
n. [流] 流体； [物] 液体
 - liquid medium

Word: pension
Front: pension
[ˈpenʃn] (高研四六雅宝 3785/1490 -K3)
Vocabulary: pension
(once / 308 pages)
nv
A pension is a regular payment, usually from a company you worked for, that allows you to survive without working after you retire.
People used to work for the one company, then retired at 65 and receive pensions: regular payments of enough money to live on in old age. Nowadays, not that many jobs offer pensions, and it's hard for companies that do to pay for them, which is why you're likely to hear this word when people are arguing about budget cuts. It's also a verb: if you pension your employee, you give them a pension. How nice of you!
WORD FAMILY
pension: pensionable, pensionary, pensioned, pensioner, pensioning, pensions+/pensionary: pensionaries/pensioner: pensioners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some, like General Motors Co. and railroad CSX Corp., borrowed to prop up pension plans.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Former Welsh Secretary Stephen Crabb was promoted to the Department for Work and Pensions on 19 March following the resignation of Iain Duncan Smith.
BBC(Mar 19, 2016)
The Houston Chronicle reports that Mayor Sylvester Turner attributes the $95 million deficit to the continued growth of the city’s pension obligations.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 退休金，养老金; 膳宿费; 生活津贴; 寄宿学校
vt. 发给…养老金[退休金]; 准予退休，强迫退休（并发给退休金）
时态：pensioned, pensioning, pensions
分布：养老金(58%)，退休金(31%)，抚恤金(6%)，年金(4%)，发退休金(1%)
→来自拉丁语pendere,悬挂，称量，支付，词源同pendulum,dependent,pound.-s,过去分词格。引申词义定期支付的钱，养老金。pension 廉价小旅店
年金;养老金(pens+ion→用心花费的)[pend,pens,pond=weight,expend,表示"称重量,称银子",引申为"花费"]
n.养老金,年金The conspicuous suspicious pension is in suspension.那笔引人注目的可疑养老金被暂停发放.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a sum of money paid regularly by the government or a private company to a person who does not work any more because they are too old or they have become ill 养老金；退休金；抚恤金
• They find it hard to live on their state pension. 他们觉得靠政府的养老金很难生活下去。
• He won't be able to draw (= receive) his pension until he's 65. 他要等到65岁以后才能领取养老金。
['pent.ʃən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] pension sb off mainly UK
■to make someone leave their job and give them a pension , usually because of their age 向（某人）支付退休金使其离职；向（某人）支付养老金使其退休
• Workers in the company are being pensioned off at 50. 该公司的工人到50岁时就要领养老金退休。
['pent.ʃən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pension sth off
■to stop using something, usually a machine, because it is old and has been used too much （因陈旧而）不再使用（机器等）
• After flying for 38 years, their Wessex helicopter is about to be pensioned off. 他们的威塞克斯式直升机在飞行38年后即将退役。
n. 退休金， [劳经] 抚恤金；津贴；膳宿费
 - retirement pay, subsidy

Word: resume
Front: resume
[rɪ'zju:m] (研四六托雅宝 3780/3836 -1)
Vocabulary: resume
(once / 131 pages)
1v 2nv
If you resume something, you start it again after stopping. You might resume singing an aria after breaking to spit out your gum.
Resume is from Latin resumere "to take up again, take back," from the prefix re- "again" plus sumere "to take up, take." The Latin verb sumere is formed from the prefix sub- "under, up" plus emere "to take." When you pause a movie or game and then you press play again, what you're really doing is resuming play.
WORD FAMILY
resume: resumed, resumes, resuming, resumption +/ resumption: resumptions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Authorities say recovery efforts are resuming in the search for a small plane carrying six people that disappeared over Lake Erie, near Cleveland.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The company said it would resume launches as early as Sunday.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
SpaceX is tentatively aiming to resume cargo flights to the space station this month.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 重新开始; 继续; 恢复职位
时态：resumed, resuming, resumes
分布：简历(73%)，履历(15%)，重新开始(9%)，摘要(2%)，再继续(1%)
→re-,再，重新，-sum,承担，拿起，词源同 assume,consume.引申词义重新开始，继续，总结， 小结等，后用于指简历，履历。
拿回;恢复(自由等)(re回+sun+e→拿回去,也可解释为重新拿起,继续)[sum,sumpt=take表示"拿,取"]
n.个人简历v.再继续,重新开始;再用;恢复The perfume consumer presumably assumes that the volume is resumed.香水消费者假定地设想音量已恢复.
US [-'zu:m] formal
verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■If an activity resumes, or if you resume it, it starts again after a pause （中断后）继续，重新开始
• Normal services will be resumed in the spring. 春天将恢复正常服务。
• [+ -ing verb] He stopped to take a sip of water and then resumed speaking. 他停下来呷了一口水，然后继续发言。
• The talks are due to resume today. 会谈预定今天继续进行。
⇒ See also resumption
transitive
■If you resume a place or position which you have left for a period of time, you return to it 恢复；重新回到，重返（某地或某位置）
• to resume your post/job 重返工作岗位
• Please resume your seats, as the performance will continue in two minutes. 请大家回到自己的座位上去，两分钟后演出继续。
abstract, summary, resume, digest, outline
这组词都有“摘要、概要、概括”的意思，其区别是：
abstract: 指论文、书籍等正文前的内容摘要，尤指学术论文或法律文件的研究提要。
summary: 普通用词，指将书籍或文章等的内容，用寥寥数语作简明扼要的说明。
resume: 源于洁语，与summary极相近，通常可互换使用。
digest: 侧重对原文融汇贯通，重新谋篇布局，以简明扼要的语言，简短篇幅成文，展现原作精华。
outline: 指配以释议文字的提纲。
resume, succeed, continue, go on
这组词都有“继续”的意思，其区别是：
resume: 指中断后的继续。
succeed: 侧重指有规律地连续。
continue: 普通用词。或指持续而不停止，或有一段中断后又继续下去。
go on: 通俗用词，多用于口语中。go on+-ing表暂停后继续做原事，即后继续的内容与原来的内容相同。go on+不定式指做完某事后，接着做不同的另一件事。
n. [管理] 履历；个人简历；摘要
 - bio, abstract, brief, summary, record
vt. 重新开始；重新获得
 - recover, start over

Word: theoretical
Front: theoretical
[ˌθɪəˈretɪkl] (高研四六托雅宝 3781/2729 -2)
Vocabulary: theoretical
(once / 872 pages)
adj
Something theoretical is concerned with theories and hypotheses — it's not necessarily based on real life or meant to be applied to real life.
Theoretical things are based on theory and ideas, while practical ones are based on practice. Theoretical thinking can be really helpful when you're trying to imagine something or problem-solve, but your theories should always be tested out in the practical world. As philosopher Bertrand Russell said, “The theoretical understanding of the world, which is the aim of philosophy, is not a matter of great practical importance to animals, or to savages, or even to most civilized men.”
WORD FAMILY
theoretical: theoretically+/theoretician: theoreticians/theorise: theorisation, theorised, theoriser, theorises, theorising/theoriser: theorisers/ theorist: theorists/theorization: theorizations/theorize: theorization, theorized, theorizer, theorizes, theorizing/theorizer: theorizers/ theory: theoretic, theoretical, theoretician, theories, theorise, theorist, theorize
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, more effort should be directed to developing new theoretical approaches to understanding gravity, he argues.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
“I learned a lot of theoretical stuff, but I was missing the practical side,” she said.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
But Gonzalez started her graduate studies as a theoretical physicist and only later switched to experimental work, when she showed uncommon aptitude.
Nature(Dec 18, 2016)
Back: adj. 理论的; 推想的，假设的; 空论的
分布：理论上的(100%)
→theory,理论，-ical,形容词后缀。
a.理论(上)的You can get a theoretical knowledge of farming from text books.你可以从教科书上得到关于耕作的理论知识.
US [ˌθi:.ə're-] adjective
■based on the ideas that relate to a subject, not the practical uses of that subject 理论上的；纯理论的
• theoretical physics 理论物理
■related to an explanation that has not been proved 推想的，假设的
adj. 理论的；理论上的；假设的；推理的
 - academic, reasoning

Word: sodium
Front: sodium
[ˈsəʊdiəm] (六托 3783/6256 -2)
Back: n. <化>钠(11号元素，符号 Na)
分布：钠(100%)
→来自 soda,苏打，-ium,金属元素后素。因提取自氢氧化钠(sodium hydroxide)而得名。
US ['soʊ-] noun uncountable
■a soft silver-white chemical element that is found in salt 钠
n. [化学] 钠（11号元素，符号 Na）
 - natrium

Word: blow
Front: blow
[bləʊ] (中高托 1414/1822 -K3)
Vocabulary: blow
(once / 48 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4n 5v 6n 7v 8v
To blow is to create a burst or puff of air. When chilly breezes start to blow, it's time to close your windows.
People blow candles out on birthday cakes and blow up balloons — a person blows by directing a flow of air from the mouth in a steady stream. When the wind blows, an air current moves. Another way to blow something is to burst, break, or ruin it: "If I drive over that broken glass, I'll blow a tire," or "I just know I'm going to blow my audition." You can also blow money, by wasting or squandering it.
WORD FAMILY
blow: blew, blowed, blower, blowing, blows, blowy, counterblow, overblown +/blower: blowers/blowing: blowings/blowy: blowiest/counterblow: counterblows
USAGE EXAMPLES
His phone was blowing up in his pocket as we walked.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
His conclusion was that "most boycott threats around this topic ultimately blow over."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
They got down by 18 in the loss to Detroit, lost by 21 at Indiana and blew an 18-point lead at Brooklyn.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 殴打，打击; 吹风，一阵风; 意外的灾害; 吹奏（声）
vt. & vi. （风）吹; （轮胎等）爆炸
vt. 吹，吹气; 使爆炸; 奏出，演奏; 使气喘
vi. 吹刮，吹动; 随风飘动; 鸣叫; 喘气
时态：blew, blown, blowing, blows
分布：吹(53%)，打击(40%)，风吹(5%)，殴打(2%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，涌出。词源同bellow, 吼叫。
vi.吹,吹气,打气;吹奏;爆炸;n.打,打击The plowman slowly blows at the glowing globe.犁地者对着发红的球体慢慢吹气.
US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
SEND OUT AIR 吹气
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move and make currents of air, or to be moved or make something move on a current of air 吹；吹动；被吹走
• The wind was blowing harder every minute. 风越来越大。
• The letter blew away and I had to run after it. 信被风吹走了，我不得不去追。
• A gale-force wind had blown the fence down. 大风将篱笆吹倒了。
• I blew the dust off the books. 我吹掉了书上的灰尘。
• I wish you wouldn't blow smoke in my face. 我希望你不要把烟吹到我脸上。
intransitive or transitive
■to make a sound by forcing air out of your mouth and through an instrument, or to make a sound when someone does this 吹响；吹奏，演奏
• Ann blew a few notes on the trumpet. 安用喇叭吹了几个音符。
• He scored the winning goal just before the whistle blew. 就在哨声吹响之前他打入了致胜的一球。
transitive
■to shape glass which has been heated until it is soft into an object by blowing air into it down a tube 吹制（玻璃）
• a beautiful blown glass vase 漂亮的玻璃吹制花瓶
blow your nose
■to force air from your lungs and through your nose to clear it 擤鼻子
blow sb a kiss (also blow a kiss to/at sb)
■to kiss your hand and blow on it in the direction of someone 向（某人）送飞吻
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
DESTROY 摧毁
 ADVANCED transitive
■to cause something to be destroyed by a bomb, technical failure, etc. 毁掉；炸毁
• His car had been blown to pieces. 他的车被炸得粉碎。
intransitive or transitive
■If an electrical fuse (= short thin piece of wire) blows, or if something electrical blows a fuse, the device it is fitted to stops working because it is receiving too much electricity. （使）（保险丝）烧断
intransitive informal
■If a tyre blows, it suddenly gets a hole in it and goes flat. （轮胎）爆开，爆裂
blow sth sky-high
■to seriously damage something by making it explode 将…炸得稀烂；严重损坏
• The explosion blew the building sky-high. 爆炸把这座建筑物炸得稀烂。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
SPEND 花费
transitive informal
■to spend a large amount of money, especially on things that are not really necessary 挥霍，浪费
• When I got paid I blew it all on a night out. 我领到工资后出去一个晚上就全花光了。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
be blowed if... old-fashioned informal
■If someone says that they are blowed if they will do something, they are determined not to do it 决不会…
• I'm blowed if I'm going to pay for his taxi home. 打死我也不会替他付回家的计程车费。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow (it)! old-fashioned informal
■an expression of anger 该死，讨厌
• Oh, blow it! I've forgotten to invite Paul to the party. 噢，该死！我忘了邀请保罗来参加聚会了。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow sb's brains out slang
■to kill someone by shooting them in the head 用枪把（某人的）脑袋打开花
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow sb's cover
■to make known secret information about who someone is or what they are doing 暴露（某人的）身份；揭发（某人的）秘密活动
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow your lid/top/stack informal
■to become extremely angry 发怒，生气
• My father will blow his top when he sees what happened to the car. 我父亲看到汽车的这副样子肯定会大发雷霆的。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow sth/sb out of the water
■to destroy or defeat something or someone completely 以压倒性姿态战胜…；彻底击垮…
• They came to court with fresh evidence that would, they said, blow the prosecution's case completely out of the water. 他们为法庭带来新的证据，又说这些证据可以彻底推翻指控。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow your mind informal
■If something blows your mind, you find it very exciting and unusual 使感到极度兴奋（或激动）
• There was one scene in the film that really blew my mind. 电影中有个场面的确让我很震撼。
⇒ See also mind-blowing
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow your own trumpet/horn
■to tell everyone proudly about your achievements 自吹自擂，自我吹捧
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow a fuse/gasket old-fashioned informal
■to become very angry 勃然大怒，大发雷霆
• When he told her how much it cost, she blew a gasket. 当他告诉她这个东西花了多少钱时，她勃然大怒。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow hot and cold
■to sometimes like or be interested in something or someone and sometimes not, so people are confused about how you really feel 忽冷忽热；反覆无常；摇摆不定
• He's been blowing hot and cold about the trip to Holland. 他对去荷兰这件事一直变来变去。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow it (also blow your chance) informal
■to fail to take advantage of an opportunity by doing or saying something wrong 错失机会
• I really blew it when I turned down that job offer, didn't I? 我拒绝那份工作就等于真的错失了一个机会，对吧？
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow the cobwebs away UK
■to get rid of feelings of tiredness, usually with fresh air or exercise （通常透过呼吸新鲜空气或锻炼）消除疲劳，振作精神
• We went for a five-mile jog to blow the cobwebs away. 为了恢复精神，我们慢跑了五英里。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow the gaff UK old-fashioned
■to make known a secret 泄露秘密
• He's a good bloke - he wouldn't blow the gaff on us. 他是个好人——不会泄露我们的秘密。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow the whistle on sb/sth informal
■to cause something bad that someone is doing to stop, especially by bringing it to the attention of other people 叫停，取缔（坏事）；（尤指）告发，揭发
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
(well) I'll be blowed! (also blow me!) old-fashioned informal
■an expression of great surprise 天哪！
• "Kate's getting married." "Well, I'll be blowed!" “凯特要结婚了。”“是吗，真难以置信！”
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  blow sb away
PLEASE mainly US informal
■to surprise or please someone very much 使（某人）大为惊讶；令（某人）非常高兴
• The ending will blow you away. 结局会让你无比惊喜。
KILL [M] US informal
■to kill a person by shooting them 枪杀（某人）
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] blow sb/sth away US informal
■to defeat someone or something completely, especially in a sports competition （尤指在体育比赛中）大败，彻底战胜
• They blew the other team away in the second half of the game. 在比赛的下半场他们大败对手。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] blow sth/sb off US
■to treat something or someone as if they are not important 不认真对待…
• Just blow off his comments, he's only joking. 别把他的话当真，他只不过是在开玩笑。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] blow (sth) out
■If a flame blows out or you blow it out, it stops burning when a person or the wind blows on it （被）吹熄，（被）吹灭
• After dinner she blew out the candles. 晚饭后她吹灭了蜡烛。
• The sudden breeze made the candles blow out. 突然的一阵微风吹灭了蜡烛。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] blow sb out informal
■to disappoint someone by not meeting them or not doing something that you had arranged to do with them 失约于（某人）；放（某人）的鸽子
• She was supposed to go to that party with me, but she blew me out. 她本该与我一起去那个聚会的，可是她失约了。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  blow over
SITUATION
■When an argument blows over, it becomes gradually less important until it ends and is forgotten （争论）逐渐平息
■1. I thought that after a few days the argument would blow over. blow 1 我觉得过几天这场争论就会逐渐平息。
STORM
■When a storm blows over, it becomes gradually less strong until it ends 平息，渐渐停止
• The storm raged all night but by morning it had blown over. 暴风雨肆虐了一整夜，但到第二天早上就平息了。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] blow (sb/sth) up IMPROVER
■to destroy something or kill someone with a bomb, or to be destroyed or killed by a bomb （被）炸毁；（被）炸死
• They threatened to blow up the plane if their demands were not met. 他们威胁说如果要求得不到满足就炸毁飞机。
• He drove over a landmine and his jeep blew up. 他开的吉普车碰上地雷后被炸毁了。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] blow sth up
FILL WITH AIR
■to fill something with air 给…充气，给…打气
• Would you help me blow up these balloons? 请你帮我给这些气球充上气好吗？
PHOTO
■to print a photograph or picture in a larger size 放大（照片或图片）
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  blow up
STORM
■When a storm blows up, it begins. 开始
ANGER informal
■to suddenly become very angry 勃然大怒
• My dad blew up (at me) when he saw the phone bill. 我爸爸看到电话帐单后（对我）大发雷霆。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] noun
HIT 打击
 ADVANCED countable
■a hard hit with a hand or a weapon （用拳头或武器的）重击
• a sharp blow to the stomach 对肚子猛的一击
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] noun
BAD EVENT 坏事
 ADVANCED countable
■an unexpected event that has a damaging effect on someone or something 打击；不幸
• Losing his job was a severe blow to his confidence. 失去工作对他的自信心是个沉重的打击。
• Her death came as a terrible blow to her parents. 她的死对她父母是个沉重的打击。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] noun
AIR 吹气
countable usually singular
■when you blow something, such as your nose or an instrument 吹；擤（鼻子）；吹奏（乐器）
• Have a good blow (= blow your nose well). 好好擤一下你的鼻子。
countable usually singular UK old-fashioned
■a walk in the fresh air （在空气清新的地方）散步
• Shall we go out for a blow? 我们出去散散步好吗？
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable slang UK
■ cannabis
■uncountable US slang
■ cocaine blow 的短语动词
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] noun
come to blows
■to have a physical fight or a serious argument with someone 动手，打架；吵架
• Demonstrators nearly came to blows with the police during the march. 游行期间示威者差点与员警打了起来。
• Do you think the two countries will come to blows over this? 你认为两国会因此发生冲突吗？
n. 吹； [机] 打击；殴打
 - stroke, shock, strike, hit, hiding
vi. 风吹；喘气
 - catch my breath

Word: promotion
Front: promotion
[prəˈməʊʃn] (六 3786/2334 -K)
Vocabulary: promotion
(once / 434 pages)
n
A promotion is a raise in pay or stature, or it's a way to raise the profile or attention of something. If you create an advertising promotion that increases sales of spray jeans in a can, for example, you might get a promotion to company vice-president.
Words that start with pro- usually hint at something positive or forward moving, and a promotion is a moving up or a motion forward. A product promotion pushes the item out in front so it gets more exposure, and a work or school promotion raises your salary or moves you up a grade. If you’re in the military a promotion means a higher rank, with more people under your command, and the same happens if you earn a promotion in a club or organization like the scouts.
WORD FAMILY
promotion: promotional, promotions+/ promote: promoted, promoter, promotes, promoting, promotion, promotive/ promoter: promoters/ promotional: promotionally/promotive: promotively
USAGE EXAMPLES
While DAMAC’s contract with Trump allows them to use his image in advertising the course, McLoughlin said the company would be “tasteful” in its promotions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With a $110m budget and millions more spent on promotion, Passengers will need a lift from foreign audiences.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The “Polar Bear Days” promotion begins Sunday and ends Feb. 28.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 促进，增进; 提升，升级; （商品等的）推广; 发扬
分布：提升(32%)，晋升(29%)，促销(23%)，促进(16%)
→来自promote,提拔。
促进;升级(promote+ion)[mot=move,表示"动"]
US [-'moʊ-] noun
ENCOURAGE 鼓励
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■activities to advertise something 促销，推销；宣传
• a sales promotion 促销
• There was a promotion in the supermarket and they were giving away free glasses of wine. 超市里有一项促销活动，可以免费品尝葡萄酒。
• Obviously as sales manager he'll be very involved in the promotion and marketing of the product. 很显然地，作为业务经理，他将积极参与这项产品的宣传和行销。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when something is encouraged to happen or develop 促进；推广，宣传
• the promotion of a healthy lifestyle 对健康生活方式的宣传推广
UK [prə'məʊ.ʃən] US [-'moʊ-] noun
RAISE 提升
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when someone is raised to a higher or more important position or rank 提升，晋升；升迁
• Did Steve get /Was Steve given the promotion he wanted? 史蒂夫得到他梦寐以求的升迁了吗？
• The job offers excellent promotion prospects. 这份工作有很好的升迁机会。
• Fiorentina's win against Palermo last night has considerably increased their chances of promotion this season. 佛罗伦斯队昨晚战胜巴勒莫队，大大增加了他们本赛季晋级的可能性。
n. 提升， [劳经] 晋升；推销，促销；促进；发扬，振兴
 - advancement, acceleration, impetus

Word: delicate
Front: delicate
[ˈdelɪkət] (高研四六托雅宝 3787/3775 -K2)
Vocabulary: delicate
(once / 91 pages)
adj
Delicate things, like a flower, a necklace or someone’s feelings are fragile, easily broken and often quite beautiful.
A delicate situation. A delicate balance. A delicate child. A delicate lace design. A delicate taste. Sometimes the word implies intricate beauty and at other times fragility. Delicate can have negative overtones: A delicate situation is a tricky one. A delicate balance describes an agreement that might turn sour any moment. A delicate child may cry easily. But delicate can also refer to things that are very lovely and hard to reproduce: a delicate lace collar on a dress stands out. A delicate flavor, like pomegranate peach mint sauce, makes salad — or vanilla ice cream — much more delicious.
WORD FAMILY
delicate: delicacy, delicately, delicater, delicatest, indelicate, overdelicate+/ delicacy: delicacies, indelicacy/indelicacy: indelicacies/ indelicate: indelicately
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mills politely insisted, and Plummer acknowledges, “I was better as a screen actor because of Mike Mills and his delicate way with psychology.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But the delicate devices can’t be sterilized like a scalpel because intense heat would destroy crucial components.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Bite for bite, it’s delicate, extremely mild and moist.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 微妙的; 熟练的; 纤弱的; 易损的
分布：微妙的(59%)，精美的(15%)，纤细的(9%)，脆弱的(9%)，敏锐的(5%)，美味的(3%)
→词源同delicious, 美味的。引申义精美的，脆弱的。
精致的,优美的(de一再+lic+ate→一再引诱人的→精美的)[lic=allure,表示"引诱"]
a.纤弱的;精致的;微妙的;灵敏的The complicated indicator is dedicated to the delicate delicious machine.这个复杂的指示器被奉献给精密而美妙的机器.
adjective
EASILY DAMAGED 易受损坏的
 IMPROVER
■needing careful treatment, especially because easily damaged 脆弱的；娇嫩的
• Peaches have delicate skins which are easily bruised. 桃子的表皮很娇嫩，容易碰伤。
• Delicate plants need to be kept in a greenhouse during the winter. 娇贵的植物需要在温室里过冬。
• delicate china 易碎的瓷器
• Molly's health has always been delicate (= She becomes ill easily). 莫莉的身体一直都很娇弱。
■needing to be done carefully 需要小心处理的，得小心谨慎的
• Repairing damaged nerves is a very delicate operation/process. 修复受损神经的手术／过程需要非常小心谨慎。
['del.ɪ.kət] adjective
EASILY OFFENDED 容易发生
delicate situation/matter/point, etc.
 ADVANCED
■a situation or matter, etc. that needs to be dealt with carefully in order to avoid trouble or offence 微妙的形势／问题／时刻等
• I need to speak to you about a rather delicate matter. 我要跟你谈一件很棘手的事情。
• The pay negotiations have reached a delicate point/stage. 工资谈判已经到了微妙的关头／阶段。
• Teachers need to strike a delicate (= carefully achieved) balance between instructing their pupils and letting them discover things for themselves. 教师需要在向学生传授知识和引导学生自己去探索之间，找到一个微妙的平衡点。
['del.ɪ.kət] adjective
ACCURATE 精确的
■able to measure very small changes 精细的，精密的
• Weather-forecasters have extremely delicate equipment which helps them predict what the weather is going to be like. 气象预报人员使用非常精密的设备，帮助他们预测天气变化。
['del.ɪ.kət] adjective
SOFT 柔和的
■pleasantly soft or light; not strong 柔和的；轻柔的；清淡的
• a rose with a delicate scent 散发清香的玫瑰
• a delicate shade of pink 柔和的粉色
• We chose a delicate floral pattern for our bedroom curtains. 我们为睡房选了一种花色图案非常淡雅的窗帘。
delicate, fine, subtle
这组词都有“微妙的，细微的”的意思，其区别是：
delicate: 侧重指需要谨慎处理和对待。
fine: 隐含“不易察觉的”意味。
subtle: 侧重有洞察、领悟事物细微差别以及微妙关系的能力。
adj. 微妙的；精美的，雅致的；柔和的；易碎的；纤弱的；清淡可口的
 - subtle, female, refined, fine, fragile

Word: forehead
Front: forehead
[ˈfɔ:hed] (高研四六 3788/4632 -2)
Vocabulary: forehead
(once / 179 pages)
n
Your forehead is the top part of your face, just below your hairline and above your eyebrows. If you have long bangs, they cover up most of your forehead.
You can also call your forehead your "brow." It's important for communication, since the forehead helps people express basic emotions — muscles in your forehead control the movement of your eyebrows, which help you express concern and anger, among other feelings. Forehead has the Old English roots fore, "the front part," and heafod, "top of the body," or "head."
WORD FAMILY
forehead: foreheads+/ head: forehead, headed, header, headful, heading, headless, headlike, heads, headship, heady, overhead, subhead/headed: headeder, headedest, headedly, unheaded/ header: headers/ heading: headings, subheading/headship: headships/ heady: headier, headiest, headily/ overhead: overheads/subhead: subheads/subheading: subheadings
USAGE EXAMPLES
For Ms. Brooks, he created a small crown on her forehead in a nod to royalty, and the idea of beauty and knowing one’s worth.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
At 61, Fisher is short and wiry, with thinning gray hair swept back over a high and gently tanned forehead.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
But after long, silent minutes, I opened my eyes and pressed my forehead against the window louvers to look outside.
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Purple Hibiscus(2003)
Back: n. 额; 前部
分布：前额(96%)，前部(4%)
n.前额;(任何事物的)前部The bead is put on the forehead of the dead shepherd ahead of the herd.珠子被戴在牧群前面的死牧羊人的前额上.
US ['fɑ:.rɪd] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the flat part of the face, above the eyes and below the hair 前额，额头
• She's got a high forehead. 她额头很高。
n. [解剖] 额，前额
 - quantum, frons

Word: rebuild
Front: rebuild
[ˌri:ˈbɪld] (高托 3790/4709 -2)
Vocabulary: rebuild
(once / 557 pages)
v
When you construct something again, you rebuild it. If the chair you made from scraps of wood collapses when you sit in it, you can either rebuild it or give up on the idea of making your own furniture.
When a natural disaster — like a hurricane or a tornado — destroys people's houses, they usually need the community's help to rebuild them. Before modern fire departments existed, several cities in the United States burned in terrible fires, destroying nearly all the homes and businesses. These cities had to rebuild, which they often did using less flammable materials, like bricks, rather than just wood.
WORD FAMILY
rebuild: rebuilding, rebuilds, rebuilt+/ build: builder, building, builds, rebuild /builder: builders/ building: buildings/rebuilding: rebuildings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“If not” is a dangerous thought for a team about to enter the win-or-else phase of its rebuilding.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Europe and Japan rebuilt; the Soviet Union failed; communism was discredited.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Mendoza and I met a few years back, and he invited me to look in on his rebuild.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 重建; 重新组装; 再形成某事物; 恢复
时态：rebuilt, rebuilding, rebuilds
分布：重建(91%)，恢复(8%)，重新组装(1%)
→re-,再，重新，build,建造。
[ˌri:'bɪld] (rebuilt, rebuilt)
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to build something again that has been damaged or destroyed 重建；改建；使恢复原状
• The cathedral was completely rebuilt in 1425 after it had been destroyed by fire. 这座大教堂毁于火灾，于1425年得以全面重建。
 ADVANCED
■If you rebuild a system or organization, you develop it so that it works effectively 重新组织；改造
• Before the election, the party claimed it would rebuild the country's economy. 在大选前，这个政党声称它会重振经济。
rebuild your life
■to try to return to the good situation that you were in before an unpleasant event happened to you 恢复正常的生活；重新安排生活
• Many people have difficulty in rebuilding their lives when they come out of prison. 很多人在出狱后很难重新过正常的生活。
vt. 重建；改造，重新组装；复原
 - reconstruct, reintegrate

Word: bounce
Front: bounce
[baʊns] (高研四六托雅 3792/4778 -2)
Vocabulary: bounce
(once / 604 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
Bounce is a word for an up and down movement or recovery — like a ball's bounce on the pavement or the stock market's rise after a crash.
Bounce can be a noun or a verb. A basketball player bounces a ball on the floor and it springs back into her hand. Trampolines have a lot of bounce in them; that's why they are fun to jump on. Good dance music makes you want to bounce up and down. The phrase “bounce back” describes how you might recover after a bad situation. Did you slip and suffer a painful bounce on the floor? Some hot chocolate will help you "bounce back."
WORD FAMILY
bounce: bounced, bouncer, bounces, bouncing, bouncy+/bouncer: bouncers/bouncing: bouncingest, bouncingly, bouncings/bouncy: bouncier, bounciest, bouncily, bounciness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In central Mexico’s Mezquital Valley, new pick-up trucks bounce along unpaved roads and U.S.-style houses are springing up alongside cornfields.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The sounds of soft, expert cork pops bounce percussively off every wall.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I really believe in pedicures because I bounce around on cement floors for hours a week.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 跳，反弹; 急促地动; 拒付，退票
vt. 弹跳; 使弹起; （使）上下晃动
n. 弹跳; 弹性; 活力
时态：bounced, bouncing, bounces
分布：弹跳(36%)，弹起(19%)，活力(13%)，弹力(12%)，使弹起(8%)，解雇(5%)，退票(3%)，驱逐(3%)，重新恢复(1%)
→拟声词。
n./vi.(球)弹起,弹回;弹起,跳起;n.弹力The counselor bounced up to denounce discount.顾问上升蹦跳指责折扣.
verb
JUMP 跳
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) move up or away after hitting a surface （使）弹起，（使）反弹；反射；跳跃
• The ball bounced off the post and into the net. 球击中门柱弹进了球网。
• She bounced the ball quickly. 她快速地拍球。
• Her bag bounced (= moved up and down) against her side as she walked. 她走起路来身旁的袋子一颠一颠的。
• The children had broken the bed by bouncing (= jumping up and down) on it. 孩子们老在床上蹦，把床蹦坏了。
• He bounced the baby (= lifted it up and down) on his knee. 他把婴儿放在膝上颠着玩。
• figurative Television pictures from all over the world are bounced off satellites (= are sent to and returned from). 世界各地的电视画面都透过卫星转播。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move in an energetic and enthusiastic manner （人）蹦蹦跳跳
• Tom bounced in , smiling broadly. 汤姆蹦蹦跳跳地进来了，脸上笑开了花。
[baʊnts] verb
NOT PAY 拒付
intransitive or transitive informal
■to (cause a cheque to) not be paid or accepted by a bank because there is no money in the account （因帐上存款不敷）（使支票）拒付，退回
• I had to pay a penalty fee when my cheque bounced. 由于支票被银行拒付，我得付一笔罚款。
• To my horror the bank bounced the cheque. 令我震惊的是，银行拒付了支票。
[baʊnts] verb
EMAIL 电子邮件
intransitive or transitive
■If an email that you send bounces or is bounced, it comes back to you because the address is wrong or there is a computer problem. （电子邮件）被退回，发送（电子邮件）失败
[baʊnts] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bounce back
■to start to be successful again after a difficult period, for example after experiencing failure, loss of confidence, illness or unhappiness 恢复；恢复元气；重振旗鼓
• Stock prices bounced back after a steep plunge earlier this week. 股票价格在本周较早时急剧下跌后又回弹了。
• Children often seem to bounce back from illness more quickly than adults do. 孩子通常比成人病后恢复得更快。
[baʊnts] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bounce sb into sth UK
■to force somebody to do something that they do not want to do, usually relating to politics （通常指在政治上）逼（某人）（做不愿做的事）
• [+ -ing verb] The opposition hopes to bounce the Prime Minister into calling an early election. 反对党希望迫使首相提前举行大选。
[baʊnts] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bounce sth off sb
■If you bounce something off someone, you tell someone about an idea or plan in order to find out what they think of it 试探（某人）对（某事）的看法
• Can I bounce a couple of ideas off you? 我可以跟你交流几个想法吗？
[baʊnts] noun countable or uncountable
■when something bounces, or the quality that makes something able to bounce 弹，反弹；弹力，弹性
• In tennis you must hit the ball before its second bounce. 打网球时必须在球第二次落地之前出手击打。
• figurative This shampoo will give your hair bounce (= make it look attractively thick) and shine. 这种洗发精会使头发富有弹性和光泽。
[baʊnts] noun countable or uncountable
on the bounce informal
■one after another with nothing else between 接连，连续
• The team has had five wins on the bounce. 这支队伍已获得了五连胜。
n. 跳；弹力；活力
 - energy, vitality, spring, elasticity, vigor
vi. 弹跳；弹起，反跳；弹回
 - rebound, resile

Word: electrical
Front: electrical
[ɪˈlektrɪkl] (高研四六雅 3789/3190 -K2)
Back: adj. 用电的，与电有关的，电学的; 令人激动的，紧张的，惊人的
分布：电的(57%)，与电有关的(43%)
a.电的,电学的The electrical connection in the photoelectric elevator involves electronics.光电升降机内的电气连接涉及到电子学.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■related to electricity 电的；与电有关的
• electrical equipment/goods/devices 电气设备／电器产品／电气装置
• an electrical fuse/circuit/fault 保险丝／电路／电路故障
electrical, electric, electronic
这三词都与电有关
electrical: 多指本身不产生电，但是与电有关的。如：electrical engineering(电机工程)；an electrical transcription(广播唱片)
electric: 着重于发电的，电动的或导电的。如：electric generator(发电机)；electric light(电灯)
electronic: 电子的，电子操作的。如：electronic engineering(电子工程学)

Word: hook
Front: hook
[hʊk] (高研四六托 3791/4337 -K3)
Vocabulary: hook
(once / 245 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v
A hook is a curved piece of metal or other hard material that's used or pulling or holding something. A tow truck is equipped with a large hook to pull cars, and the fictional Captain Hook came equipped with an iron hook to pull off dastardly deeds.
There are coat hooks in a classroom, picture hooks on the your walls, and fishhooks for catching trout in a lake. You might have a hook and eye lock on your bedroom door, or enjoy crocheting scarves with yarn and a crochet hook. To catch a fish or a loop of yarn is to hook it. In boxing, a curving, bent-elbow punch is a hook. and in basketball a hook shot is a high, one-handed, sweeping play.
WORD FAMILY
hook: hooked, hooker, hooking, hooklike, hooks, unhook+/hooker: hookers/hooking: hookings/unhook: unhooked, unhooking, unhooks
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the BBL prides itself on the outreach work it does, and Lyons says as soon as they can connect with people, they get hooked.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
In October, Rayaan was hooked up to an IV drip and given nutritional supplements and medicine.
Washington Post(Nov 30, 2016)
“They bought everything he said hook, line and sinker,” she said.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 钩，铁钩; 弯曲部分，有钩部分; 圈套，陷阱; 〈俚〉锚
vt. &vi. 用钩挂; 〈俚〉偷，扒
vt. 钩，钩住; 引上钩; 牢牢抓住
vi. 弯成钩状
时态：hooked, hooking, hooks
分布：钩(91%)，钩住(5%)，勾拳(2%)，钩状物(1%)，当妓女(1%)
→来自古英语hoc,钩子，来自keg,钩子，齿，词源同hack,haggle.引申词义鱼钩，挂钩等。
n.钩,吊钩,钩状物v.钩住By the crook, the cook looked through a cookbook before making hooked cookies.在溪边,厨子在做钩形饼干之前查阅了一本食谱.
noun countable
DEVICE 装置
 ADVANCED
■a curved device used for catching or holding things, especially one fixed to a surface for hanging things on 钩子，挂钩
• a coat/picture hook 挂衣钩／挂画的钩子
• a boat hook 船竿
• a fish hook 鱼钩
[hʊk] noun countable
HIT 击打
■a way of hitting in boxing , cricket or golf （拳击的）勾拳；（板球或高尔夫球中右手持板或棒者击出的）左曲球
• a right/left hook 右／左勾拳
• a hook shot 单手勾射投篮
[hʊk] noun countable
by hook or by crook
■by any method possible 不择手段，千方百计
• I decided I was going to get that job by hook or by crook. 我下定决心无论如何都要得到那份工作。
[hʊk] noun countable
fall for sth hook , line and sinker
■to completely believe something that someone tells you which is not true 完全相信（某人的谎言）
• She told him she needed the money for her baby and he fell for it hook, line and sinker. 她告诉他，她需要这笔钱给她的孩子用，他便完全相信了。
[hʊk] noun countable
get your hooks into sb/sth
■to get control or influence over someone or something 获得对…的掌控；对…产生影响
• This product has really got its hooks into the American market. 这种产品已经主导了美国市场。
[hʊk] noun countable
off the hook
■If you leave the telephone off the hook, you do not put the part of it that you talk with back correctly and it will not ring. （电话听筒）未挂上
■If you are off the hook, you have escaped from a difficult situation 脱离困境，脱身
• John's agreed to go to the meeting in my place so that gets/lets me off the hook. 约翰答应帮我去开会，这样我就能脱身了。
[hʊk] verb
DEVICE 装置
transitive
■to fasten something with a hook, hang something on a hook, or catch something with a hook （用钩子）固定，挂，钩住
• He hooked the trailer (= joined it with a hook) to his car. 他把拖车挂在自己的汽车上。
• How many salmon did you hook (= catch) this afternoon? 今天下午你钓到了多少鲑鱼？
• She hooked the shoe (= lifted it with a hook) out of the water. 她用钩子将鞋钩出了水面。
[hʊk] verb
SEX 性
intransitive US informal
■to have sex for money 卖淫
[hʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hook (sb/sth) up to sth
■to connect a machine to a power supply or to another machine, or to connect a person to a piece of medical equipment 给（机器）接（电源）；连接（两台机器）；将（医疗器械）接到（某人）身上
• Can we hook up to the electricity supply at the campsite? 我们的露营地能接电吗？
• Helen was unconscious and hooked up to a life support machine. 海伦不省人事，于是就给她接上一台生命维持系统。
n. 挂钩， [机] 吊钩
 - towing eye, drawhook
vt. 钩住； [口腔] 引上钩
 - hitch

Word: detective
Front: detective
[dɪˈtektɪv] (高研六托雅 3793/2906 -3)
Vocabulary: detective
(once / 297 pages)
n
Whether it's a police detective who investigates crimes or a private detective hired by a husband to uncover his wife's affair, a detective is someone whose job is to find out hard-to-get information.
Detective comes from the Latin root detectus meaning to uncover or expose. Detectives detect, or discern and uncover the truth, the way a dog might detect an odor and uncover a bone. Sherlock Holmes, perhaps the most famous detective in fiction, used disguises, deductive reasoning and forensics to solve crimes. "When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth," he famously said.
WORD FAMILY
detective: detectives+/ detect: detectable, detected, detecting, detection, detective, detector, detects/ detectable: detectably, undetectable/detected: undetected/ detection: detections/ detector: detectors/undetectable: undetectably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Israel’s prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, is reportedly being interviewed by detectives investigating whether he broke the law by receiving gifts from wealthy businessmen.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Cleveland police homicide detectives investigate every child death in the city.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Detectives were investigating the fatal crash that occurred Sunday night.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 侦探的; 适于探测的; 用于探测的
n. 侦探
分布：侦探(95%)，侦探的(5%)
→来自detect,查明，侦查。
侦探a.侦探的(detect发觉+ive)[tect=cover,表示"盖上"]
侦探(detect察觉)[-ive 1.表形容词2.表名词后缀,"人或物"]
n.侦探The detective detected that the arch was under the marching Arctic architects' protection.侦察察觉拱门受到行进的北极建筑师们的保护.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone whose job is to discover information about crimes and find out who is responsible for them 侦探
• a private detective 私家侦探
• detective stories 侦探故事
 IMPROVER
■used as part of the title of particular ranks in the police force 警探（用于某些级别的员警头衔）
• Detective Sergeant Lewis 路易士探长
n. 侦探
 - tec, hawkshaw

Word: traveler
Front: traveler
['trævlə] (高 3795/-)
Back: n. 旅行支票; 旅行信用卡; （常）出远门的人; 巡回推销员
分布：导丝钩(50%)，临时记帐单)(25%)，旅行者(移式起重机(25%)
n. 旅行者；旅客；旅行推销员（等于traveller）
 - passenger, tourist

Word: click
Front: click
[klɪk] (高研雅 3794/6659 -K2)
Vocabulary: click
(once / 388 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5v
A click is a sound like a sharp tap. Your dog might start barking excitedly every evening when he hears the click of your key turning in the lock. And you might click your computer mouse when you are excited about getting to another page on the web.
Click is also a verb, meaning to make the sound of a click: "Don't click your tongue at me — I can have ice cream for dinner if I want to!" You can use the word in a figurative way as well, to mean "fall suddenly into place," as when a confusing math problem finally clicks for you. Increasingly, to click is to tap on a computer icon with a mouse: "Click through to my new website!"
WORD FAMILY
click: clicked, clicking, clicks
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Let’s face it, we’re in the click age,” he said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think he’s learning each and every day just as much as we are and it’s starting to click now,” Burke said.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Of all the instruction pieces we've published this year, the following are the five that you, our readers, clicked on the most in 2016.
Golf Digest(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 喀哒声; 爪，掣子; [计]（鼠标）点击; [语言学]吸气音
vt. 使发出喀哒声
vi. 发出喀哒声; 极成功; 合得来，一见如; [计]鼠击
时态：clicked, clicking, clicks
分布：点击(99%)，咔嗒声(1%)
→拟声词。
n.滴答声;vi.发出滴答声The door suddenly clicked shut.门忽然卡嗒一声关上.
verb
OPERATE COMPUTER 电脑操作
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive specialized
■to (cause a computer instruction to) operate by pressing a button on the mouse (= small control device) of a computer 点击（滑鼠）
• If you want to open a file, click twice on the icon for it. 如果你想开启一个档案，按两下该档案图示。
• When you have selected the file you want, click the 'Open' box. 选中了你想要的档案，用滑鼠点击“开启”方框。
[klɪk] verb
MAKE SOUND 发声
intransitive or transitive
■to make a short, sharp sound, or to make something do this （使）发出短而尖的声音；（使）发出哢嗒声
• The door clicked shut behind her. 门在她身后哢嗒一声关上了。
• Can you hear that strange clicking noise? 你听到哢嗒哢嗒的怪声吗？
• Paul clicked his fingers (= moved his thumb against his middle finger to make a short sharp sound) to attract the waiter's attention. 保罗打了个响指叫侍者。
• Soldiers click their heels (= bring them sharply together) when they stand to attention. 士兵立正时脚后跟哢嚓相碰。
[klɪk] verb
BECOME FRIENDLY 变得友好
intransitive informal
■to become friendly or popular 成为朋友；受欢迎
• Liz and I really clicked the first time we met. 莉兹和我一见如故。
• The new daytime soap opera has yet to show signs that it's clicking with the television audience. 尚无迹象显示新日间肥皂剧受到观众的欢迎。
[klɪk] verb
BECOME CLEAR 变得清楚
intransitive informal
■to be understood, or become clear suddenly （被）突然明白；恍然大悟
• Suddenly everything clicked and I realized where I'd met him. 突然一切都清楚了，我想起自己在哪里见过他了。
• [+ question word] As he talked about his schooldays, it suddenly clicked wh ere I had met him before. 当他谈起自己的学校生活时，我突然想起我曾经在哪里见过他了。
• [+ that] So it's finally clicked that you're going to have to get yourself a job, has it? 所以，你最后终于明白你必须给自己找份工作，是吗？
• In the last act of the play, everything clicks into place. 在戏的最后一幕，一切都真相大白了。
[klɪk] noun countable
SOUND 声音
■a short, sharp sound 短而尖的声音
• The soldier gave a click of his heels as he saluted. 士兵敬礼的时候脚后跟哢嚓一声并拢。
[klɪk] noun countable
COMPUTER OPERATION 电脑操作
■when you press a button on the mouse (= small control device) of a computer to operate it （在滑鼠按钮上所作的）点击
[klɪk] noun countable
clicks and mortar (also clicks and bricks) (or bricks and clicks)
■used for talking about businesses that involve selling things in stores as well as on the Internet 结合传统零售管道和线上电子商务的营运方式
• Retailing is set to be very much clicks and mortar. 可以预料，零售业会向传统零售和电子商务相结合的营运方式发展。
• the development of a clicks-and-mortar strategy 电子商务策略的开发
n. 单击；滴答声
 - ticktack, tictac

Word: compensation
Front: compensation
[ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn] (研六托雅 3796/2611 -3)
Vocabulary: compensation
(once / 437 pages)
1n 2n
Compensation means "making up for a something." When a restaurant offers you a free dessert as compensation for messing up your dinner order, the hope is you will leave happy and come back again.
Compensation can also be money, a payment meant to give someone a fair exchange for their effort and output. In fact, the word comes from the Latin word compensat-, meaning "weighed against." If you receive fair compensation for your work, the money is equal to your time and effort. In other words, the scale is balanced.
WORD FAMILY
compensation: compensations+/ compensate: compensable, compensated, compensates, compensating, compensation, overcompensate/compensated: uncompensated/overcompensate: overcompensated, overcompensates, overcompensating, overcompensation
USAGE EXAMPLES
The group was also to receive unspecified compensation for what is described in the accord as previously unfair exclusion from Afghanistan’s government.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But he noted that Apple’s high compensation, focused product mission and top-down decision-making tended to damp the risk-taking necessary to start a company.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The reason is clear from consultation into a proposed deadline for PPI compensation claims.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 补偿，赔偿; 修正; 补救办法
分布：补偿(60%)，赔偿(35%)，赔偿金(5%)
n.补偿(或赔偿)的款物;补偿,赔偿Equal compensation for equal work.同工同酬.
US [ˌkɑ:m-] noun
MONEY 钱
 IMPROVER uncountable
■money that is paid to someone in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some problem 赔偿金；补偿金
• She received £40 000 in compensation for a lost eye. 她得到四万英镑，作为对失去一只眼睛的赔偿。
• You should claim/seek compensation. 你应该要求赔偿。
• a compensation claim 索赔要求
UK [ˌkɒm.pen'seɪ.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:m-] noun
EXCHANGE 交换
countable or uncountable
■something that makes you feel better when you have suffered something bad 补偿（物）；赔偿（物）
• I have to spend three months of the year away from home - but there are compensations like the chance to meet new people. 我一年必须有三个月的时间出门在外——但也有好处，比如有机会认识新朋友。
• Free food was no compensation for a very boring evening. 免费食物并不能弥补晚会的乏味无聊。
n. [会计] 补偿；报酬； [保险] 赔偿金
 - payment, consideration, insurance, reward, offset

Word: exit
Front: exit
[ˈeksɪt] (高研四六托 3798/4923 -K2)
Vocabulary: exit
(once / 337 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v
To exit is to go out of or leave a place. When an actor exits, he moves off the stage and out of sight of the audience.
You can literally exit a room or a building, or exit in a more figurative way: "She decided to exit politics after two terms as Senator." The door or passage through which you exit can also be called an exit, like the emergency exit on a train or airplane. The stage direction, as in "exit, stage left," is the original English use of the word, from the Latin exitus, "a leaving, a going out."
WORD FAMILY
exit: exited, exiting, exits
USAGE EXAMPLES
He will spend Monday doing the customary exit interviews with players.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As in hockey, players entered and exited in shifts.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It just don’t get any better,” the frustrated pop diva said sarcastically, exiting the stage.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 出口，通道; 退场; 退去，退出; 死亡
vi. 离开; 退出; 退场; 去世
时态：exited, exiting, exits
分布：退出(53%)，出口(37%)，退场(7%)，离去(3%)
→ex-, 向外。-it, 走，词源同ion, itinerary.
出口,出去(ex出+it→走出,出口)[it=go,表示"行走"]
n.出口,通道Where is the exit?哪儿是出口?
noun countable
DOOR 门
 ESSENTIAL
■the door through which you might leave a building or large vehicle, or the act of leaving especially a theatre stage （建筑物或大型交通工具的）出口，安全门；（尤指演员）退场
• a fire exit (= a door you can escape through if there is a fire) 消防出口
• an emergency exit 紧急出口
• He saw Emma arrive and made a quick exit. 他见到艾玛匆匆而来又匆匆离去。
• She made her exit from the stage to rapturous applause. 在观众热烈的掌声中，她退场走下舞台。
Compare entrance
['ek.sɪt] ['eg.zɪt] noun countable
ROAD 道路
■a smaller road used to leave a main road （驶出主干道的）出口，出路
• Come off the motorway at the Duxford exit. 从达克斯福德出口驶出高速公路。
['ek.sɪt] ['eg.zɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
LEAVE 离开
■to leave a building or large vehicle 离开（建筑物或大型交通工具）
• I exited quickly before anyone could see me. 趁没人看到，我赶快离开了。
• Please exit the theatre by the side doors. 请从侧门离开剧场。
['ek.sɪt] ['eg.zɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
COMPUTER 电脑
■to end a computer program that you are using 退出，终止（一个电脑程式）
• You have to exit the program before starting another. 你必须退出这个程式，才能打开另一个。
n. 出口，通道；退场
 - door, channel, route, way out
vi. [计] 退出；离去
 - to quit, back out

Word: attraction
Front: attraction
[əˈtrækʃn] (高四托 3800/3108 -K2)
Vocabulary: attraction
(once / 320 pages)
1n 2n
The charm or special quality of something that draws you to it is its attraction. The attraction of a college might be its sports program, for example, or the attraction of a job might be its high pay.
An attraction can be a physical force as well as a psychological one — though sometimes, as with love, it can be hard to tell the two apart. Planets have a gravitational attraction to each other, as do opposite magnetic poles. Attraction can also refer to a public entertainment, such as a popular place or a performer or event. You might line up to visit a tourist attraction, or look forward to seeing the main attraction go onstage.
WORD FAMILY
attraction: attractions, counterattraction+/ attract: attractable, attracted, attracter, attracting, attraction, attractive, attractor, attracts/attracter: attracters/ attractive: attractively, attractiveness, unattractive/attractor: attractors/unattractive: unattractively, unattractiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I want to offer a positive attraction to everyone within the Dover community.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The season runs from May through October with a main attraction being daily street bullfights hosted through a rotation of sponsoring villages.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Buses and tram lines stop nearby, and most attractions are within easy walking or biking distance.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 吸引; [物]引力; 魅力; 引人注意的东西，有趣的东西
分布：吸引(64%)，吸引力(35%)，有吸引力的人或事物(1%)
吸引力(attract+ion)[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
【反】repulsion（n 推斥，厌恶，反驳）
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■something which makes people want to go to a place or do a particular thing 吸引（力）；有吸引力的事物
• Life in London has so many attractions - nightclubs, good restaurants and so on. 伦敦的生活有很多诱人之处——夜总会、高级餐厅等都令人迷恋。
• tourist attractions 旅游景点
• The opportunity to travel is one of the main attractions of this job. 能有机会去不同的地方是这份工作富有吸引力的一大因素。
• Skiing holds no attraction for me. 滑雪对我来说没有吸引力。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you like someone, especially sexually, because of the way they look or behave （尤指两性间的）诱惑，迷恋，喜爱
• She felt an immediate physical attraction to him. 她立即因他的长相而产生了爱慕之情。
n. 吸引， [力] 吸引力；引力；吸引人的事物
 - appeal, charm

Word: dedicate
Front: dedicate
[ˈdedɪkeɪt] (研六托雅 3799/4671 -2)
Vocabulary: dedicate
(once / 280 pages)
v
To dedicate is to assign, to commit or to give over. If you dedicate a song you’ve written to a friend, it means the song belongs to them. If you dedicate yourself to a project, it means you give yourself to it.
Things you may be dedicated to include your family, improving your local park, or attempting to break the world record for making the world's biggest rubber band ball. A dedicated resource is one committed to a specific mission, such as the computer room at your school being dedicated, or given over, to newspaper production every Tuesday afternoon.
WORD FAMILY
dedicate: dedicated, dedicates, dedicating, dedication, rededicate +/ dedicated: dedicatedly, undedicated/ dedication: dedications/ rededicate: rededicated, rededicates, rededicating, rededication/rededication: rededications
USAGE EXAMPLES
Together, in 2009, they founded China Action, a non-profit advocacy group dedicated to supporting human rights defenders in the one-party state.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
On November 14th like-minded souls will gather in Paris for the first international conference dedicated to finding ways for countries to co-ordinate internet policies.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Mr. Bernstein, in his book, called Davies and Service “smart and dedicated public servants” who were “naïvely dazzled” by the Communists.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 奉献，献身; （为表示感情或敬意将著作、乐曲、艺术作品等）题献给（某人、某事业等）(to); （在书、音乐或作品的前部）题献辞; 以…供奉
时态：dedicated, dedicating, dedicates
分布：致力于(78%)，献出(18%)，提献辞(4%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-dic, 说，声称，词源同diction. 原为宗教术语，即向上帝发愿，致力于完成某功德。后词义通用化。
献身于,致力于(de加强+dic说+ate→再说→努力献身)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
vt.奉献;献身于The complicated indicator is dedicated to the delicate delicious machine.这个复杂的指示器被奉献给精密而美妙的机器.
verb transitive
GIVE TIME/ENERGY 献出时间／精力
 ADVANCED
■to give your energy, time, etc. completely 奉献，献出（全部精力、时间等）
• He has dedicated his life to scientific research. 他把自己的一生都奉献给科学研究工作。
• [R] The new President said she would dedicate herself to protecting the rights of the old, the sick and the homeless. 新任总统说她将致力于保护老人、病人和无家可归者的权利。
['ded.ɪ.keɪt] verb transitive
BOOK, ETC 书籍等
■If you dedicate a book, play, performance, etc. to someone or something, you publicly say that it is in their honour （把书籍、戏剧、演出等）献给
• The book is dedicated to the author's husband. 该书为作者的丈夫而作。
['ded.ɪ.keɪt] verb transitive
BUILDING 建筑物 formal
■When a building, especially a religious building, is dedicated, there is a ceremony at which it is formally opened for use and its particular purpose is stated 为（尤指宗教建筑）举行奉献典礼；为…举行落成仪式
• The church was dedicated on 1st March 1805 to the local Saint Jude. 教堂于1805年3月1日落成以纪念当地的圣裘德。
dedicate, devote
这组词都有“奉献”的意思，其区别是：
dedicate: 正式用词，指献身于某一崇高事业或目的，也可指把著作题献给他人。
devote: 普通用词，指决心把全部身心、精力、时间等献给某一目标，某一个人或致力于某一事业。
vt. 致力；献身；题献
 - give oneself, devote to

Word: altogether
Front: altogether
[ˌɔ:ltəˈgeðə(r)] (高研四 3801/2575 -K3)
Vocabulary: altogether
(once / 91 pages)
1adv 2n
If you're altogether certain, you know it for a fact. Since you're altogether sure that your calculations are correct, go ahead with the experiment. Please wear your goggles just in case.
Never use “all together” (meaning “all in one place”) when you mean altogether (which can also mean "all things considered"). It was risky to bring us all together again after so many years, but you have to admit that altogether we had a good time. Altogether, it could have been worse. It wasn't altogether bad. I suppose we won't do it again next year.
WORD FAMILY
altogether
USAGE EXAMPLES
Is it time to ask for a raise, or to look for a new job altogether?
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Some other countries refuse to collaborate with U.S. deportation proceedings altogether, effectively blocking their nationals’ return.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Altogether, 13 rebel groups signed the cease-fire agreement, but many more are lending their support, he said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 全部地; 完全地; 总共; 总而言之
n. 〈口〉裸体
分布：总共(47%)，完全(33%)，总的来说(20%)
→来自复合词all together.
ad.完全,总之,全部地;总共;总而言之Altogether there were 38 people in the bus.在公共汽车上一共有38个人.
US [ˌɑ:l.tə'geð.ɚ] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■completely or in total 完全，全然；总共，一共
• That'll be £52.50 altogether, please. 一共是52.5英镑。
• The government ought to abolish the tax altogether. 政府应该彻底取消这一税收。
• She wrote less and less often, and eventually she stopped altogether. 她动笔的次数越来越少，最后完全停笔了。
• It's all right working with him, but living with him would be a different matter altogether. 跟他一起工作还可以，但跟他一起生活可完全是另外一回事。
• I'm not altogether sure I want that (= I have doubts about it). 我不能完全肯定我想要那个。
• He's bad-tempered, selfish and altogether (= including everything) an unpleasant man. 他脾气暴躁，自私自利，总之很令人讨厌。
• I think Graham will agree, but convincing Mary will be altogether more (= much more) difficult. 我觉得格雷厄姆会同意，但要说服玛丽就肯定难多了。
UK [ˌɔ:l.tə'geð.ər] US [ˌɑ:l.tə'geð.ɚ] noun only singular
be in the altogether old-fashioned
■to be naked 赤身裸体
adv. 完全地；总共；总而言之
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully
n. 整个；裸体
 - birthday suit, entireness

Word: pickup
Front: pickup
[ˈpɪkʌp] (研 3802/8372)
Back: n. 收集; <口>搭车（者）; 唱机唱头; 小卡车
adj. 临时凑成的，偶然认识的
分布：加速(18%)，小型卡车(15%)，拾音器(15%)，获得(12%)，拾起(10%)，固定器(5%)，临时的(5%)，随便买的东西(5%)，搭便车者(5%)，凑合的(5%)，实况转播(5%)
→比喻用法。
n.拾起,获得
N-COUNT
皮卡；轻型货车
A pick-up or a pick-up truck is a small truck with low sides that can be easily loaded and unloaded.
N-SING
（贸易或经济的）好转，改善
A pick-up in trade or in a country's economy is an improvement in it.
例：...a pick-up in the housing market...房地产市场的回暖
例：The economy remains deep in recession with few signs of a pick-up.经济仍深陷衰退之中，几乎没有好转的迹象。
N-COUNT
接人；取走物品；提货
A pick-up takes place when someone picks up a person or thing that is waiting to be collected.
例：The company had pick-up points in most cities...这家公司在大部分城市都有提货点。
例：Trains will operate from Waterloo with a pick-up stop at Ashford.火车从滑铁卢站出发，途中会在阿什福德站停靠上人。
N-COUNT
（以发生性关系为目的的）搭识，搭讪
When a pick-up takes place, someone talks to a person in a friendly way in the hope of having a casual sexual relationship with them.
例：They had come to the world's most famous pick-up joint.他们已来到了世界上最著名的调情场所。
n. 收集，整理；小卡车；拾起；搭车者；偶然结识者
 - arrangement, clustering, sorting

Word: carve
Front: carve
[kɑ:v] (高研四六托雅宝 3803/4931 -2)
Vocabulary: carve
(once / 249 pages)
v
When you cut a design into a piece of wood or marble, you carve it. Headstone engravers carve people's names and the dates of their births and deaths into gravestones.
You might carve your initials into the tree in your backyard, or carve a walking stick out of a large branch. Some artists work by carving shapes from clay or granite, and a chef learns to carve, or precisely cut up, large cuts of meat and poultry. The Old English root word is ceorfan, "to cut, slay, carve, or engrave."
WORD FAMILY
carve: carved, carver, carves, carving+/carved: uncarved/carver: carvers/carving: carvings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wealthy businessmen and officials were purchasing elaborate carvings as luxurious gifts or, in some cases, bribes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He etched the name “Evans” into it and carved an intricate pattern.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
China will shut down domestic ivory carving workshops and factories by April.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 切，切开; 雕刻; 创制，开创
vt. 切片; 雕塑
时态：carved, carving, carves
分布：雕刻(86%)，切割(14%)
→来自PIE *sker, 砍，切，刻，词源同graph ,shear ,scribe.
v.(雕)刻"What a marvelous carving!" the starveling harvester in vest said."好一件神奇的雕刻!"挨饿的穿着背心的收割者说.
US [kɑ:rv] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make something by cutting into especially wood or stone, or to cut into the surface of stone, wood, etc. （尤指在石头或木头上）雕刻
• This totem pole is carved from/out of a single tree trunk. 这根图腾柱是由一整根树干雕刻而成的。
• He carved her name on a tree. 他将她的名字刻在树上。
• Some of the tunnels in the cliff are natural, some were carved out (= cut into the rock) by soldiers for defensive purposes. 峭壁中的一些隧道是天然形成的，一些是士兵在石头上开凿出来用于防御的。
■to cut thin pieces from a large piece of cooked meat 把（熟肉）切成小片
• Would you like me to carve (the chicken)? 您要我（把鸡肉）切成小块吗？
UK [kɑ:v] US [kɑ:rv] verb intransitive or transitive
carved in stone informal
■If a suggestion, plan, rule, etc. is carved in stone, it cannot be changed 无法改变的；铁定的；铁板钉钉的
• These proposals are for discussion, they're not carved in stone. 这些提议是供讨论的，并非不可更改。
UK [kɑ:v] US [kɑ:rv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  carve sth out (for yourself)
■to successfully create or get something, especially a work position, by working for it 靠努力开创出；努力赢得，谋得（尤指职位）
• He hopes to carve out a niche for himself as a leading researcher in his field of study. 他希望在自己的研究领域里闯出一个学术带头人的地位。
• She carved out a reputation for herself as an aggressive businesswoman. 她为自己赢得了商界女强人的名声。
UK [kɑ:v] US [kɑ:rv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] carve sth up disapproving
■to divide something into smaller parts 分割，瓜分
• The Nazi-Soviet pact carved up the Baltic states in 1939. 1939年签订的《苏德条约》瓜分了波罗的海各国。
UK [kɑ:v] US [kɑ:rv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  carve sb up UK informal
■to drive past someone in a car and then suddenly drive in front of them 突然超车；快速切入（别人）的行车线
• Some idiot carved us up on the way over here - I don't know how he missed us! 有个白痴从路这边突然超我们的车——不知怎么居然没撞上我们！
vt. 雕刻；切开；开创
 - grave, engrave
vi. 切开；做雕刻工作
 - slice from, cut open

Word: needle
Front: needle
[ˈni:dl] (高研四六宝 3804/3238 -K2)
Vocabulary: needle
(once / 343 pages)
nv
A needle is a small, pointed piece of metal that's used in medicine or sewing. When a tailor sews a button on your shirt or even when a doctor sews your skin back together, a needle is used.
Needles are sharp — when you stitch fabric with a needle, you might use a metal thimble to protect your fingertip. When a doctor or nurse uses a needle, it needs to be very sharp — it has to be able to penetrate human skin to stitch up a wound or inject a medication. When you needle someone, you don't literally poke them, but you do annoy or provoke them in some way.
WORD FAMILY
needle: needled, needlelike, needles, needling
USAGE EXAMPLES
Q. Why are there brown needles as well as green ones on the average evergreen?
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His “Arbor Series,” at Cross MacKenzie Gallery, includes views of silhouetted pines, their branches and needles often divided among multiple frames.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The show this year on the Space Needle will be longer than usual — 10 minutes long.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 针; 针状物; <口>刺激性言行
vt. 用针缝，刺; 刺激，激怒; <俚>增加（饮料的）酒精含量
vi. 缝纫
时态：needled, needling, needles
分布：针(94%)，缝纫(2%)，激怒(2%)，用针缝(1%)，嘲弄(1%)
→来自sne-tla,针，来自*sne,缝纫，编织，词源同net,nettle,*tla,工具格后缀。引申词义缝衣针，指针等。
n.针,指针,针状物We need reed needles to speed the deed indeed.我们确实需要一些芦苇针来加快行动.
【参】needlework（n 刺绣；缝纫）
noun countable
SEWING TOOL 缝纫工具
 ADVANCED
■a thin metal pin, used in sewing, which is pointed at one end and has a hole called an eye at the other end for thread 针，缝衣针
• a needle and thread 针线
• Here, your eyes are better than mine - could you thread (= put thread through) this needle for me? 来，你的眼睛比我好——帮我把线穿进这根针，好吗？
⇒ See also needlework
■a long thin metal stick used with another of the same type to knit 编织针
• a knitting needle 编织针
['ni:.dl] noun countable
MEDICAL TOOL 医用工具 (also hypodermic needle)
■a very thin hollow pointed piece of metal which is connected to a syringe and used to take blood from the body or to put drugs or medicine in 注射针
['ni:.dl] noun countable
POINTER 指示物
■on a compass or measuring device, the thin moving part which points in a particular direction or points to a particular measurement （指南针或测量仪器上的）指针
• The needle on a compass always points to magnetic north. 指南针的指针总是指向磁北极。
['ni:.dl] noun countable
LEAF 树叶
■a thin hard pointed leaf of a pine tree 松针，针叶
• pine needles 松针
['ni:.dl] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐 informal
■the part of a record player which touches the record as it turns round and which is made of a hard material, such as a diamond 唱针
• It sounds like the needle on your record player needs to be replaced. 听上去像是唱机的唱针该换了。
['ni:.dl] noun countable
a needle in a haystack
■something which is impossible or extremely difficult to find, especially because the area you have to search is too large 不可能（或极难）找到的东西；大海里的针
• looking for/trying to find a needle in a haystack 大海捞针
['ni:.dl] verb transitive informal
■to annoy someone, especially by repeated criticism 惹恼，激怒；（尤指）不断地数落
• His mother was always needling him about getting a job. 他母亲总是数落他，要他去找份工作。
n. [轻] 针；指针；刺激；针状物
 - stimulus, incentive, index, finger, excitement
vi. 缝纫；做针线
 - sew
vt. 刺激；用针缝
 - stimulate, fan, motivate, activate

Word: belly
Front: belly
[ˈbeli] (高研雅 3805/5691 -2)
Vocabulary: belly
(once / 609 pages)
nv
Your belly is your stomach. If you have a belly ache, you have a pain in your abdomen.
Santa Claus is famous for his jolly laugh and his large belly. The word belly is a more casual way to say "stomach" or "abdomen," just as your navel is informally called a "belly button." A less common way to use the word is as a verb meaning "to swell," which is actually the oldest meaning of belly, from the Old English belig, "bag," and a Germanic root meaning "to swell like a bag."
WORD FAMILY
belly: bellied, bellies, bellyful, bellying, bellyless, underbelly+/bellyful: bellyfuls/bellying: bellyingly/underbelly: underbellies
USAGE EXAMPLES
His only resemblance to Santa is his white hair and his deep belly laugh.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
One of the first scenes shows her preparing to navigate customs by wrapping a loose cloth around her pregnant belly.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
A morsel of tempura-fried geoduck belly dipped in oyster mayonnaise was the most unforgettable bite at Scout’s chef’s counter.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 肚子，腹部; （物体的）圆形或凸起部份; 胃口，食欲; 腹部…形的
vt. & vi. 膨胀
时态：bellied, bellying, bellies
分布：腹部(94%)，膨胀(6%)
→词源同ball, 球，形容鼓起来的。
n.肚子,腹部;(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分,膛The banker has a large belly.银行家大腹便便.
noun countable informal
■the stomach or the front part of the body between your chest and your legs 腹部，胃
• He fell asleep with a full belly and a happy heart. 他吃饱喝足后，心满意足地睡着了。
• Now six months pregnant, Gina's belly had begun to swell. 吉娜已有六个月身孕，肚子开始鼓起来了。
■the rounded or curved part of an object （物体的）鼓起部分
• The belly of the aircraft was painted red. 机身底部漆成红色。
['bel.i] noun countable
go/turn belly up informal
■If a company or plan goes/turns belly up, it fails 破产；失败
• The business went belly up after only six months. 这家公司只开张了六个月就破产了。
n. 腹部；胃；食欲
 - stomach, appetite, abdomen
vi. 涨满；鼓起
 - summon up
vt. 使鼓起
 - plump

Word: ship
Front: ship
[ʃɪp] (中高雅 1219/1356 -K4)
Back: n. 船; <口>宇宙飞船; （舰船上的）全体船员; 运气
vt. & vi. 运送
vt. 把…装上船; 装好（船具）; 上市; 使乘船
vi. 在船上工作; 乘船旅行; 当船员
时态：shipped, shipping, ships
分布：船(88%)，舰(8%)，装运(4%)
→来自古英语 scip,船，来自 Proto-Germanic*skipa,船，掏空物，来自 skep,切，分开，来自 skei,切，分开，词源同 shape,-scape.来自早期掏木为船的原始做法，比较 boat.
n.船舶,舰艇v.装运,航运,运送;发货I gripped the striped strip that tripped me over on the ship.我握着那条在船上将我绊倒的带条纹的带子.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a large boat for travelling on water, especially across the sea （尤指航海的）大船，轮船，舰
• a sailing ship 大帆船
• a merchant/naval ship 商船／军舰
• They boarded (= went on to) a ship that was sailing (= leaving) the next day. 他们登上了一艘隔天启航的船。
[ʃɪp] noun countable
like ships that pass in the night
■If two people are like ships that pass in the night, they meet once or twice by chance for a short time then do not see each other again. 擦肩而过；一面之缘（如果两个人像夜里交错而过的船，他们只短时间见面一两次，然后就不再相遇）
[ʃɪp] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
 ADVANCED (-pp-)
■to send something, usually a large object or a large quantity of objects or people, to a place far away 运输，运送
• We ship books out to New York every month. 我们每个月都有书运往纽约。
[ʃɪp] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ship sb off informal
■to send someone away somewhere 送走某人
• The children were shipped off to their grandparents' house for the holidays. 孩子们被送到祖父母家度假。
transmit, send, forward, deliver, ship, dispatch
这组词都有“送出，发送，传送”的意思，其区别是：
transmit: 指将文件、消息等的内容或类似的东西发至某地或传达给他人。
send: 普通最常用词，含义广。指把人或物由一地送往另一地，而不涉及事物的内容或 送的方式。
forward: 指经过其他人或手段把东西转送给某人。
deliver: 指把信件、包裹等物寄发出去或交到某地，或直接交与某人，着重发送这一行为。
ship: 把通过水运、陆运或空运等方式运送东西。现常指商业上的运货，或将物品托运。
dispatch: 指为特殊目的而发送或派遣，强调紧急或快速。
craft, vessel, ship, canoe, steamer, boat
这组词都有“船”的意思，其区别是：
craft: 船只的集合名词，但可指单独的船只。
vessel: 多指运货或运人的大船。
ship: 含义广，一般指大轮船，如航海船只，内河航运船只。
canoe: 指长而轻，用桨的小舟、独木船。
steamer: 指靠蒸汽发动机为动力的船只。
boat: 泛指任何大小的船只，尤指靠划桨或风帆行进的无篷小船。
vt. 运送，乘船；以船运送
 - freight, transit, forward
vi. 上船；乘船旅行；当船员
 - to go aboard, take water
n. 船；舰；太空船
 - vessel, craft

Word: scare
Front: scare
[skeə(r)] (高研四六托宝 3807/7593 -K2)
Vocabulary: scare
(once / 271 pages)
vn
Scare is a verb that means frighten or intimidate. You might be embarrassed to admit that you don't want to go to the beach with your friends because of how much seagulls scare you.
Questions on a test you're unprepared for might scare you, and so might a barking dog. To scare is to spook, startle, or cause fear, and what scares your best friend most (like losing his job) might not be what would scare you more than anything (like discovering a huge snake in your shower). You can also use scare as a noun, as in "It gave me such a scare when all my friends jumped out and yelled, 'Surprise!'"
WORD FAMILY
scare: scared, scarer, scares, scarey, scaring+/ scared: scareder, scaredest, scaredly/scarer: scarers
USAGE EXAMPLES
As Anderson was recounting the scary scene, linebacker Corey Nelson leaned in and told him, “I was scared for you. I was so scared, bro.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Kubiak missed a week of work in October after suffering a complex migraine, his second health scare in three years.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"There was then a robust discussion. I felt scared. The situation was extremely unpleasant."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使惊恐，惊吓; 使害怕，使恐惧; 把…吓跑
vi. 受惊吓; 感到害怕
n. 惊恐，惊吓; 恐惧; 恐慌
adj. 骇人的，令人恐惧的; 引起恐慌的; 用以吓唬人的
时态：scared, scaring, scares
分布：恐吓(34%)，惊吓(29%)，吓走(21%)，惊恐(9%)，受惊吓(7%)
n.惊恐,恐慌v.惊吓,受惊The careful man is scarcely scared by the scarce parcel.细心男子勉强被罕见的包裹吓了一下.
【记】s死，care关心，注意：注意死人－恐怖的
US [sker] verb intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) feel frightened （使）惊恐，（使）害怕；受惊吓，感到害怕
• Sudden noises scare her. 突然的响声把她吓了一跳。
• She's very brave - she doesn't scare easily. 她很勇敢——她不会那么容易害怕的。
• He scared me out of my wits (= made me extremely frightened) when he was driving so fast. 他开得那么快，把我吓得半死。
• Meeting new people scares me stiff/to death (= makes me extremely nervous and worried). 与陌生人见面我会感到很紧张，手足无措。
• She scared the hell/life/living daylights out of me (= frightened me very much) when she crept up behind me and shouted in my ear. 她蹑手蹑脚地走到我身后对着我耳朵大喊一声，把我的魂都吓飞了。
UK [skeər] US [sker] verb intransitive or transitive
scare sb shitless offensive
■to make someone extremely frightened 把（某人）吓得屁滚尿流
UK [skeər] US [sker] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scare sb/sth away/off
■to make a person or an animal so frightened that they go away 把…吓跑
• Don't make too much noise or you'll scare away the birds. 别发出那么大声音，会把鸟儿吓跑的。
• She scared off her attacker by screaming. 她大声叫喊，把袭击她的人吓跑了。
UK [skeər] US [sker] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scare sb away/off
■to make someone so worried about doing something that they decide not to do it 吓跑，吓退（某人）
• If you charge as much as that, you'll scare customers off. 如果你索价那么高，会吓跑顾客的。
UK [skeər] US [sker] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  scare sb into doing sth
■to persuade someone to do something by frightening them 胁迫（某人）做…
• The two boys scared the old man into handing over his wallet. 这两个男孩恐吓老人，逼他交出钱包。
UK [skeər] US [sker] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scare sth up US informal
■to find or get something despite difficulties or limited supplies 仓促准备，勉强凑成
• There's hardly any food in the house, but I'll scare something up from these leftovers. 家里几乎没有甚么吃的，但我会用这些剩饭菜做出一顿饭来。
UK [skeər] US [sker] noun
only singular
■a sudden feeling of fear or worry 惊恐，恐慌
• I got/had a scare (= I was very worried) when I looked at my bank statement this morning! 我今天早上看到银行账单时吓了一跳。
• You gave us a real scare (= frightened us) when you fainted, you know. 你知道吗，你晕倒的时候真把我们吓坏了。
countable
■when a subject receives a lot of public attention and worries many people, often unnecessarily （往往不必要的）担忧；人心惶惶
• a bomb/health scare 炸弹／健康恐慌
• The government are accused of employing scare tactics (= ways of frightening people in order to persuade them to do something). 政府被控使用恐吓手段。
• The press have been publishing scare stories (= newspaper reports which make people feel unnecessarily worried) about the mystery virus. 新闻界一直在发布关于神秘病毒的骇人报道。
alarm, frightem, startle, terrify, scare, intimidate
这些动词均有“惊吓、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 着重指某人意识到危险而突然产生的惊恐。
frightem: 普通用词，使用广泛，指产生突然、短暂的惊慌、恐怖感。
startle: 强调突然使人惊骇或震惊。
terrify: 语气最强，指惊骇得六神无主，魂飞魄散。
scare: 指非正式文体中可与frighten换用，但语气较重，侧重人受惊吓后立即停下正在干的事或跑掉。
intimidate: 特指恐吓某人，迫使其做某事。
uncommon, rare, scare, occasional
这组词都有“稀罕的，很少发生”的意思，其区别是：
uncommon: 指一般不发生或很少发生的事情，故显得独特、异常与例外。
rare: 指难得发生的事或难遇见的人或事，侧重特殊性。
scare: 指暂时不易发现、不存在或数量不足，供不应求的东西。
occasional: 指偶然、不时或间或发生的事，侧重无规律可循。
vt. 惊吓；把…吓跑
 - take aback
vi. 受惊
 - spook
n. 恐慌；惊吓；惊恐
 - panic, pavor
adj. （美）骇人的
 - haircurling, terrifying

Word: portfolio
Front: portfolio
[pɔ:tˈfəʊliəʊ] (雅宝 3809/3733 -2)
Vocabulary: portfolio
(once / 856 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A portfolio is a large, flat briefcase used to hold papers and other loose materials, like maps or artwork. A portfolio is usually used to transport important documents, like examples of your graphic design work if you’re an artist.
The noun portfolio has its roots in the similarly-sounding Latin portafoglio “a case for carrying loose papers.” Notice, within that word, two other words — there’s porta, meaning “carry,” and foglio, meaning “sheet, leaf.” In English, think portable folio, or papers that can be carried. Also, portfolio can refer to the duties of a government official or the collection of investments held by a financial company.
WORD FAMILY
portfolio: portfolios
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps you simply want to use copies of the designs in a portfolio.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
And your exposure to global equities — when the equity leadership shifts, whenever that might be — is likely to benefit your portfolio even more.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Portfolio returns with a good amount of cash.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 公文包; 代表作品集; 证券投资组合; 部长[大臣]的职位
分布：投资组合(88%)，文件夹(7%)，公事包(3%)，作品集(2%)
→来自拉丁语portare,携带，folio,纸张，文件。引申词义文件夹，公事包等。
文件夹;投资组合(port+folio树叶,页→拿树叶[书页]的东西→文件夹)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
文件夹(port带+fol+io→把树叶[纸张]带来带去→文件夹)[foli=leaf,表示"树叶"]
【记】port拿，folio树叶－拿在手里的树叶一样的东西－有价证券的投资组合port＝report（n 报告，案例）－有价证券的投资组合
US [ˌpɔ:rt'foʊ.li.oʊ] (plural portfolios)
noun countable
CASE 箱子
■a large thin case used for carrying drawings, documents, etc. 公事包；资料夹
■a collection of drawings, documents, etc. that represent a person's, especially an artist's, work （尤指艺术家的）代表作的选辑
• She's trying to build up a portfolio of work to show during job interviews. 她正想整理出自己的代表作以便找工作面试时展示一下。
UK [ˌpɔ:t'fəʊ.li.əʊ] US [ˌpɔ:rt'foʊ.li.oʊ] (plural portfolios)
noun countable
FINANCIAL 投资 specialized
■a collection of company shares and other investments that are owned by a particular person or organization （个人或机构的）投资组合
UK [ˌpɔ:t'fəʊ.li.əʊ] US [ˌpɔ:rt'foʊ.li.oʊ] (plural portfolios)
noun countable
JOB 工作 UK specialized
■a particular job or area of responsibility of a member of a government （部长或大臣）职务；（部长或大臣）职责
• The Prime Minister offered her the foreign affairs portfolio. 总理邀请她出任外交部长。
without portfolio UK specialized
■In Britain, a minister without portfolio is an important government official who is not in charge of a particular department, but who still takes part in the decisions of the government. 不兼职务的（指在英国政府中任要职但并不具体负责某个部门）
n. [管理] 公文包；文件夹；证券投资组合；部长职务
 - folder, briefcase

Word: shuttle
Front: shuttle
[ˈʃʌtl] (高研四六托雅宝 3810/8928 -2)
Vocabulary: shuttle
(once / 1341 pages)
1n 2nv 3n
A shuttle runs between two or more places regularly. The benefit to staying at a hotel close to the airport is that you can take a shuttle, or a regular bus that travels back and forth, to catch your plane in the morning.
Airport shuttles are often buses, although they can also be trains, vans, or any other form of transportation. Some airplanes are shuttles, flying passengers on quick trips. You can also use the word shuttle as a verb, to describe what the bus itself does as it moves back and forth. The original meaning of shuttle is the part of a hand loom that moves to and fro in weaving.
WORD FAMILY
shuttle: shuttled, shuttles, shuttling
USAGE EXAMPLES
The government plans to provide security for buses that will be used to shuttle passengers from Kaduna’s small airport to Abuja.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For launches from Florida, SpaceX hopes to complete renovations at Launchpad 39A at the Kennedy Space Center, once used for space shuttle launches.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
SpaceX is slated to shuttle astronauts to the International Space Station — the first crewed space station launch from U.S. soil in years.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （织机的）梭子; 航天飞机; （缝纫机的）滑梭; 短程穿梭运行的飞机（或火车，汽车）
vt. & vi. 穿梭般来回移动
vt. 以短程往复方式运送（货物等）
vi. 以短程往复式运行
时态：shuttled, shuttling, shuttles
分布：航天飞机(70%)，穿梭(18%)，梭子(9%)，穿梭移动(1%)，往返运送(1%)，往返移动之物(1%)
→来自古英语 scytel,飞镖，箭，来自 Proto-Germanic*skut,投射，掷，来自 skeud,投，扔， 射，推，词源同 shoot,shot,shut.引申词义梭子，穿梭，往返等。
n.往返汽车/列车/飞机;穿梭v.往返穿梭This plane shuttles between Washington and New York.这架飞机在华盛顿与纽约间定期往返.
US ['ʃʌtˌ-] noun countable
VEHICLE 交通工具
■a vehicle or aircraft that travels regularly between two places 穿梭运行的车辆；接驳车
• To get across town, you can take the shuttle from Times Square to Grand Central. 要穿越市区，你可以乘坐从时代广场穿梭到中央车站的公车。
• The American (space) shuttle can be used many times to put payloads in space. 美国的太空梭可以多次使用，向太空运送物品。
UK ['ʃʌt.l] US ['ʃʌtˌ-] noun countable
THREAD 线 specialized
■in weaving , a device which is used to carry the thread that goes across the cloth between the threads that go down the cloth 梭子
UK ['ʃʌt.l] US ['ʃʌtˌ-] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to travel or take people regularly between the same two places 往返穿梭；往返运送（人）
• A small train shuttles constantly between the concourse and the runways. 一列小型火车往返于机场大厅和跑道之间。
n. [航] 航天飞机；穿梭； [纺] 梭子；穿梭班机、公共汽车等
 - spaceplane

Word: invisible
Front: invisible
[ɪnˈvɪzəbl] (研四六雅 3811/4744 -2)
Vocabulary: invisible
(once / 296 pages)
adj
If you are invisible, you can't be seen with the naked eye, but you can do an awful lot of spying. When you do something embarrassing, you often wish you were invisible.
Germs are invisible, as are odors. A good question to ask someone is whether they would rather be able to fly or be invisible. Flight gives you freedom to travel, but if you are invisible, you have the ability to sneak around and see things you would not normally be able to see. Which would you prefer?
WORD FAMILY
invisible: invisibility, invisibleness, invisiblest, invisibly+/ invisibility: invisibilities/ visibility: visibilities/ visible: invisible, visibility, visibleness, visibler, visiblest, visibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But, like any invisible authority, such systems should be open to scrutiny.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
So astronomers proposed that invisible dark matter must be providing the extra gravity needed to hold galaxies together.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
A powerful Post investigation in 1999, “Invisible Lives,” detailed the dreadful conditions and lack of attention to vulnerable people placed in the city’s care.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 看不见的; 不易为视线所见的，隐匿的; 无形的（指银行、旅游等服务）; 不引人注目的
n. 看不见的人
分布：看不见的(63%)，无形的(37%)
→in-,不，非，visible,有形的，可视的。
a.看不见的,无形的Bacteria is something invisible to the eye.细菌是肉眼看不见的东西.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■impossible to see 看不见的，隐形的
• The aircraft is designed to be invisible to radar. 这种飞机的设计目的是能躲过雷达探测。
• These bacteria are invisible unless viewed with a microscope. 这些细菌只有用显微镜才能看得见。
[before noun] specialized
■describes money that is added to a country's economy by activities such as the service and financial industries rather than the production of goods in factories （指服务业、金融业等所产生的收入）无形的
• an increase in invisible exports 无形出口的增长
• Tourism brings in 40% of the island's invisible earnings. 旅游业为该岛带来了40%的无形收益。
adj. 无形的，看不见的；无形的；不显眼的，暗藏的
 - intangible, discarnate, aeriform

Word: timing
Front: timing
[ˈtaɪmɪŋ] (3808/3768 -2)
Back: n. 时机掌握; 配光; 记时; 定时
分布：时机(67%)，定时(29%)，时间的安排(3%)，时间的掌握(1%)
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the time when something happens （某事发生的）时间
• "Have we arrived too early?" "No, your timing is perfect - dinner is almost ready." “我们到得是不是太早了？”“不，你们来得正是时候——晚餐就要准备好了。”
• The bomb contained a timing device set to make it go off at rush hour. 炸弹有一个定时装置，预设在交通高峰时间引爆。
 ADVANCED
■the ability to do something at exactly the right time 掌握时机的能力
• To be a good tennis player, you have to have good timing. 要成为一个优秀的网球运动员，你必须掌握好击球的时机。
■the ability to play or sing all the notes in a piece of music at the correct speed 合节拍的能力，掌握节奏的能力
• My singing teacher says I must try and improve my timing. 我的声乐老师说我必须努力提高掌握节奏的能力。
n. 定时；调速；时间选择
 - definite time

Word: engagement
Front: engagement
[ɪnˈgeɪdʒmənt] (研六雅 3812/3950 -2)
Vocabulary: engagement
(once / 207 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
If you are a musician or performer and you arrange for a performance, then you have booked an engagement. You might stand in line for tickets when your favorite comedian books an engagement at the local theater.
An engagement can also be a general appointment. A previous engagement is the perfect excuse not to go to the opera with your grandmother. An engagement also means an agreement to get married. The news of your engagement might please everyone you know except your fiancé's ex-girlfriend. A military engagement is a hostile meeting of military forces on opposing sides of a conflict.
WORD FAMILY
engagement: engagements, non-engagement+/ disengage: disengaged, disengagement, disengages, disengaging/disengagement: disengagements/ engage: disengage, engaged, engagement, engages, engaging / engaged: unengaged/ engaging: engagingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said he is concerned that three former high-level spies for Cuba are involved in their country’s engagement with the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In general, it’s our hope the new board sets policies from the start that promote public engagement and transparency in county government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jim Al-Khalili is a broadcaster and a professor of physics and public engagement in science at the University of Surrey.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 订婚，婚约; 约会; 约定，契约; 雇用
分布：订婚(53%)，婚约(20%)，约会(15%)，约定(5%)，交战(5%)，雇用(2%)
→en-, 进入，使。-gage, 承诺，加入，词源同wage, wedding. 即给予承诺的，订婚的。
n.约会,约定;婚约,订婚It is imaginable that breaking the engagement will damage his image.可以想象,违反婚约将损害他的形象.
noun]ɪnˈgeɪdʒ.mənt/
MARRIAGE 婚姻
countable
■an agreement to marry someone 订婚
• They announced their engagement at the party on Saturday. 他们在周六的派对上宣布了他们订婚的消息。
• an engagement party 订婚派对
noun]ɪnˈgeɪdʒ.mənt/
ARRANGEMENT 安排
countable formal
■an arrangement to meet someone or do something at a particular time 约定；约会；预约
• a dinner engagement 晚餐预约
• I'm afraid I have a previous/prior engagement (= another arrangement already made). 对不起，我已经有约了。
noun]ɪnˈgeɪdʒ.mənt/
BEGIN FIGHTING 开始战斗
countable or uncountable specialized
■the act of beginning to fight someone, or a period of time in a war 交战，交火；战斗
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
date, appointment, engagement
这组词都有“约会”的意思，其区别是：
date: 主要指朋友之间的随便约见或男女之间的约会。
appointment: 通常指严格根据时间表上预约的时间进行的约见或约会，其目的主要是讨论公事或业务问题。
engagement: 普通用词，可与本组的另外两个词换用。泛指任何商定的地点和时间见面，专指针对某一目的约会。
n. 婚约；约会；交战；诺言
 - date, word, contract

Word: ankle
Front: ankle
[ˈæŋkl] (高研四六雅 3814/4387 -K2)
Vocabulary: ankle
(once / 490 pages)
n
Your ankle connects your lower leg to your foot. The ankle is a joint that bends and swivels.
The ankle is actually a fairly complicated part of your body, officially including three separate joints that make it possible to bend your legs, jump, run, and walk. The major bone in your ankle is called a talus, and it's the one at the very top of your foot. In Old English, it was ancleow, from a root word meaning "to bend," a root it shares with the word angle.
WORD FAMILY
ankle: ankles, anklet +/ anklet: anklets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lions: Cornerback Asa Jackson left the game with an ankle injury.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Lillard was listed as doubtful for the game with that sprained left ankle.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
INJURIES: Chiefs S Eric Berry left with an ankle injury in the second half.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 踝，踝关节; 脚脖子
分布：踝(84%)，踝关节(16%)
→同angle, 角，弯。
n.足踝,踝关节Thanks to the bankrupt banker, my ankle avoided an injury.多亏那位破产的银行家,我的脚踝免受伤害.
【区】rankle（vi 怨恨；vt 激怒）r读：怨，ankle脚脖子－因脚脖子扭了而怨恨。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the joint (= place where two bones are connected) between the foot and the leg, or the thin part of the leg just above the foot 踝关节；踝
• I fell over and sprained/twisted my ankle. 我摔倒了，扭伤了脚踝。
n. 踝关节， [解剖] 踝
 - gambrel, malleolus

Word: transaction
Front: transaction
[trænˈzækʃn] (研六托雅宝 3813/2065)
Vocabulary: transaction
(once / 303 pages)
n
A transaction is any kind of action involved in conducting business, or an interaction between people. When you go to the bank, fill out a form, and deposit your paycheck, you make a transaction.
An important business deal can be called a transaction, particularly the buying or selling of goods, but you can call any exchange with another person a transaction. There are transactions involving money, ideas, and even e-mail. The Latin root transactionem describes an agreement or accomplishment. This led to a mid-15th century version of transaction that described the adjustment of a dispute.
WORD FAMILY
transaction: transactions+/ transact: transacted, transacting, transaction, transactor, transacts/transactor: transactors
USAGE EXAMPLES
For cash deals above 100,000 francs, a Swiss retailer must now confirm customers’ identities and report suspicious transactions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Estimating the costs of lost productivity and slower processing of transactions is more difficult.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Transactions between private citizens previously did not require any background checks.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 交易，业务，事务; 办理，处理; （一笔）交易，（一项）事务; （学会等的）会议记录，学报
分布：事务(53%)，交易(36%)，处理(7%)，办理(3%)，会报.(1%)
交易;办理(trans+action行动→交换行动→交易)[trans-①表示"横过,越过"②表示"变换,改变,转移"]
n.办理,处理;交易,事务;(pl.)会报,学报All transactions, from banking to shopping, will be performed electronically.所有的活动,从跑银行到买东西,都可通过电脑来完成.
【记】trans转，action行动：两边都行动－交易
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone buys or sells something, or when money is exchanged 交易（人们购买或出售物品，或兑换金钱货币）
• a business transaction 生意
• Each transaction at the foreign exchange counter seems to take forever. 外币兑换柜枱的每笔交易似乎都要花很长时间。
• We need to monitor the transaction of smaller deals. 我们需要监控规模较小的交易。
transfer, transaction, transition, transmission, transformation
这是一组在考研和CET-6中经常出现的形近易混词。
transfer: n.转移，转让；(工作的)调动；(旅途中的)换乘，改变路线。
 • The club's goalkeeper isn't happy here, and has asked a transfer.   这个足球俱乐部的守门员在此过得不愉快，已经要求转会到其他俱乐部。
transaction: n.交易行为，处理。
 • Transactions of shares on the stock exchange were up today.   今天证券交易所的股票成交额上升了。
transition: n. (从一种情况到另一种的)过渡，更替。
 • The transition from high school to college can be difficult for students.   对于学生来说，从中学到大学的过渡会是困难的。
transmission: n.传播(比如疾病)；广播。
 • The transmission of germs can occur by contact, breathing, and eating.   细菌通过接触、呼吸和饮食传播。
transformation: n. (外观或性质的)改变，改观，转变。
 • His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marrige.   他结婚之后性格判若两人。
n. [贸易] 交易； [计] 事务；办理；会报， [图情] 学报
 - relations, trade, truck

Word: rescue
Front: rescue
[ˈreskju:] (高研四六托雅宝 3815/3918 -K3)
Vocabulary: rescue
(once / 145 pages)
vn
When you rescue something, you save it from something bad — you come to the rescue. If Muffin, your kitten, is stuck in a tree, you can get out your ladder and climb up to rescue her.
A rescue is a good thing, much appreciated by people (and kittens). If your house is in foreclosure, you'd be very grateful for the uncle who comes to your rescue by paying your mortgage. Whenever there's an earthquake or other disaster, rescue operations are quickly put in place to find survivors. You can use the word more casually, as in describing how you saunter over at a cocktail party and rescue your friend from a conversation with an insufferable bore.
WORD FAMILY
rescue: rescued, rescuer, rescues, rescuing+/rescuer: rescuers
USAGE EXAMPLES
She prescribed oral steroids in addition to a rescue inhaler to calm my overactive airways, which helped.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Rescue crews met United Express Flight 6060 on the tarmac after authorities learned during the flight that the man was trapped with passengers’ luggage.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
By the time rescue crews arrived, the number of dolphins was up to 10.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 营救，救援，使免遭损失; [法律] 非法劫回
n. 营救，救援; 营救[救援]行动
时态：rescued, rescuing, rescues
分布：救援(53%)，营救(35%)，援救(12%)
→来自古法语 rescurre,营救，解救，来自拉丁语 re-,表强调，excutere,摇出，来自 ex-,向外，-cut, 摇，晃动，词源同 discuss,percussion.
v./n.营救,援救It was true that the rescued cruel man let fuel oil issue from the tissue.获救的无情男子真的任凭燃油从薄纱中流出.
【记】re反复，s死，cu哭，e饿：急需救援。
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to help someone or something out of a dangerous, harmful or unpleasant situation 救援；营救；解救
• The lifeboat rescued the sailors from the sinking boat. 救生艇将水手们从正在下沉的船上救起。
• The government has refused to rescue the company from bankruptcy. 政府已经拒绝援助这间濒于破产的公司。
['res.kju:] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when someone in a dangerous situation is helped and made safe 救援；营救；解救
• Lifeboats carry out many rescues every month. 救生艇每月都会执行很多救援任务。
• We huddled together on the cliff ledge, waiting for rescue. 我们挤作一团蜷缩在悬崖上一块突出的岩石上，等待救援。
• I didn't know anybody at the party, but the hostess came to my rescue (= helped me out of a difficult situation) by introducing me to a few people. 在派对上我谁也不认识，但女主人过来救了我的驾，把我介绍给几个客人。
save, rescue
这组词都有“营救、拯救、搭救”的意思，其区别是：
save: 含义广泛，既可指营救某人使脱离危险，也可指精神或道德上的拯救。
rescue: 多指营救某人脱离紧迫的危险。
n. 营救；援救；解救
 - deliverance

Word: counterpart
Front: counterpart
[ˈkaʊntəpɑ:t] (研六托雅宝 3816/4029 -3)
Vocabulary: counterpart
(once / 919 pages)
n
If you leap tall buildings in a single bound for the Des Moines branch of your corporation, then your Metropolis counterpart might be Superman. That means you and Superman do similar jobs, but in different locations.
The noun counterpart comes from the French word countre part, meaning “duplicate of a legal document.” In legal circles counterpart still means "a duplicate document," but today it is more likely to describe people. Counterparts aren't duplicates, of course, but they have similar skills and responsibilities. If you play soccer, your counterpart is the player on the other team who plays the same position.
WORD FAMILY
counterpart: counterparts+/forepart: foreparts/ part: counterpart, forepart, parted, partial, parting, partitive, parts, subpart, underpart/ partial: partiality, partially, partialness, partials/ partiality: partialities/parting: partings/partitive: partitively, partitives/subpart: subparts/underpart: underparts
USAGE EXAMPLES
In addition, Rossello pledged to provide female government employees with the same pay as their male counterparts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Women were consistently evaluated more harshly than their male counterparts and were penalized to a greater degree if they were unwilling to help.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
A US study claims that female physicians kill fewer patients than their male counterparts.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 配对物; 副本; 相对物; 极相似的人或物
分布：副本(64%)，对应物(20%)，职务相当的人(8%)，相似之物(8%)
→counter-, 相对。part, 部分。
相对物;副本(counter相对应+part→对应的一部分→对应的人或物)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
n.对应的人(或物)In the compartment, the impartial participant told me his counterpart's departure.在隔间里,公正的参与者把其对等人物的离世告诉了我.
【记】counter，part部分：相对应的部分
US [-tˌɚ.pɑ:rt] noun countable
■a person or thing which has the same purpose as another one in a different place or organization （与不同地方或组织的人或物）作用相同者，相对应者
• The Prime Minister is to meet his European counterparts to discuss the war against drugs. 首相将会见欧洲各国首脑就打击毒品犯罪进行商讨。
n. 副本；配对物；极相似的人或物
 - repeat, coppy

Word: historically
Front: historically
[hɪ'stɒrɪklɪ] (3817/6633)
Vocabulary: historically
(once / 1671 pages)
adv
Anything that has happened historically has been going on for a long time. A historically accurate picture of a time portrays it just right. If your model of a 1950’s soda shop is historically accurate, your grandmother will love it.
Historically refers to things that have happened throughout history or somehow relate to history. If something is historically very difficult, then it’s been hard to do for a long time. Historically, nations have gone to war over oil. Wilt Chamberlain played historically well, scoring 100 points in a basketball game. As the first black President, Barack Obama is historically significant.
WORD FAMILY
historical: ahistorical, historically, historicalness, prehistorical+/ historian: historians/ history: historian, historic, historical, historicism, histories, prehistory / prehistoric: prehistorically/ prehistory: prehistoric
USAGE EXAMPLES
Priebus grew up in historically Democratic blue-collar Kenosha, the son of a German American electrician father and a Greek mother born in Africa.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Money invested in tech startups remains historically high but is on track to decline materially from 2015.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He further added: “It would’ve helped, really, to publish a thorough, precise, historically informed and technically honest attribution report in plain English.”
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 从历史角度; 在历史上; 以历史观点; 根据历史事实
分布：历史上地(100%)
ADJ
历史（上）的
Historical people, situations, or things existed in the past and are considered to be a part of history.
例：...an important historical figure.重要的历史人物
例：...the historical impact of Western capitalism on the world...西方资本主义对世界历史的影响
ADJ
（书籍、电影或图片）描述历史的，基于史实的
Historical books, films, or pictures describe or represent people, situations, or things that existed in the past.
例：He is writing a historical novel about nineteenth-century France.他正在写一本描述19世纪法国的历史小说。
例：...another great Eisenstein historical film.爱森斯坦的另一部杰出的历史片
ADJ
历史学科的;史学的
Historical information, research, and discussion is related to the study of history.
例：...historical records.史籍
例：...modern historical research.现代史学研究
ADJ
历史背景的;历史视角的
If you look at an event within a historical context, you look at what was happening at that time and what had happened previously, in order to judge the event and its importance.
例：It was this kind of historical context that Morris brought to his work...莫里斯的作品正是基于这样一种历史背景。
例：The Telegraph puts the union in a historical perspective.《电讯报》从历史的角度对该工会进行了报道。

Word: firmly
Front: firmly
[ˈfɜ:mli] (高 3818/2206 -K)
Vocabulary: firmly
(once / 184 pages)
adv
When you do something firmly, you do it with strength or in a secure way, like when you shut a door firmly behind you so your cat can't get out.
You might grab a tennis racket firmly in your hands, gripping it hard, and then firmly smack the ball across the net. You can also act in a firm, or determined way: "I told her firmly that she couldn't borrow my clothes without asking next time." The Latin root of both firmly and firm is firmus, "strong, steadfast, trusty, or stable."
WORD FAMILY
firm: firmed, firmer, firmest, firming, firmly, firmness, firms, infirm, unfirm+/firmness: firmnesses/ infirm: infirmer, infirmity, infirmly/ infirmity: infirmities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, I think Man Utd will nick this one and keep Manchester City firmly in sight.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The Crimson Tide’s bulky defensive linemen firmly held their ground at the point of attack while the linebackers quickly clogged the hole.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The lead was slim at the interval, but the momentum appeared to be firmly with the league leaders.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 坚固地; 稳固地; 坚定地; 坚决地
分布：坚定地(72%)，牢牢地(28%)
US ['fɝ:m-] adverb
NOT LOOSELY 坚固地
 ADVANCED
■strongly, in a way that will not become loose 坚固地；牢固地
• Make sure the rope is firmly attached before attempting to climb down it. 在顺着绳子往下爬之前，确保绳子已系牢。
UK ['fɜ:m.li] US ['fɝ:m-] adverb
STRONGLY 有力地
■strongly and tightly 强而有力地；坚决地
• He shook my hand firmly and climbed into the taxi. 他用力握了握我的手，然后钻进了计程车。
UK ['fɜ:m.li] US ['fɝ:m-] adverb
FORCEFULLY 坚决地
■forcefully 坚决地
• "You're not going to the party and that's that!" she said firmly. “你不能去参加聚会，就是这样！”她语气坚决地说。
UK ['fɜ:m.li] US ['fɝ:m-] adverb
CERTAINLY 无疑地
■in a way that is certain or definite 无疑地；确定地；肯定地
• We are firmly committed to reducing unemployment. 我们坚定不移地致力于减少失业人数。
adv. 坚定地，坚决地；坚固地，稳固地
 - surely, steadily, tightly

Word: mild
Front: mild
[maɪld] (高研四六托 3819/3774 -K3)
Vocabulary: mild
(once / 183 pages)
adj
A mild person is humble and meek — the opposite of bold. Mild things are also moderate in some way, like pleasantly mild weather or food that’s not spicy. Mild is the opposite of extreme. There’s nothing wild about mild.
Mild comes from the Old English word milde for "gentle." Indeed, mild people are gentle. They don't brag or do cartwheels in supermarkets. They're mellow and submissive. Things can be mild too. Mild salsa doesn’t have many hot peppers. Mild can also mean slight, or small amount, as in a mild cold that doesn’t keep you home from school. If you skip school because you have a mild headache, you might just get a mild punishment.
WORD FAMILY
mild: milder, mildest, mildly, mildness+/mildness: mildnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
One is 10 years old with only mild mental disabilities.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The carnival-like celebration that draws tens of thousands of ornately costumed performers got underway Sunday amid mild winter temperatures and sunshine.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Bite for bite, it’s delicate, extremely mild and moist.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 温柔的; 温暖的; 轻微的; （味道）不浓的
n. 淡味麦芽啤酒
级别：milder, mildest
分布：温和的(85%)，柔和的(8%)，宽大的(5%)，清淡的(2%)
→来自mel,软的，词源同mill,meld,melt.引申词义温和的，温柔的，轻微的等。
a.温和的,轻微的,味淡的,不含有害物质的的In the building, the wild child hurt his mild chin on the china.在大楼里,那个粗野的孩子在瓷器上弄伤了温柔的下巴.
【参】mildew（n 霉；v 发霉）mil温和，dew露珠：使东西发霉。Milestone（n 里程碑）mile公里，stone石头
【反】acute（adj 敏锐的；急性的）
adjective
SLIGHT 轻微的
 ADVANCED
■not violent, severe or extreme 温和的；和缓的；轻微的
• She can't accept even mild criticism of her work. 即使别人对她的作品略有微词，她也不能接受。
• He has suffered a mild heart attack - nothing too serious. 他只是轻微的心脏病发作，并不太严重。
[maɪld] adjective
WEATHER 天气
 ADVANCED
■describes weather that is not very cold or not as cold as usual （天气）温和的，暖和的
• We've had a mild winter this year. 我们今年过了个暖冬。
[maɪld] adjective
FOOD 食物
 ADVANCED
■describes food or a food flavour that is not very strong （食物或其味道）不浓烈的，淡的
• He doesn't like a hot curry - he prefers a mild one. 他不喜欢辛辣的咖喱饭，而较喜欢味淡一点的。
• a mild chilli sauce 微辣的辣椒酱
[maɪld] adjective
GENTLE 温和的
■gentle and calm 温和的，随和的
• a shy, mild sort of guy 害羞、温和的人
[maɪld] noun uncountable
■a dark beer, drunk in some parts of Britain, that does not have a very strong or bitter taste （英国一些地区的）清淡黑啤酒 Compare bitter
gentle, moderate, tender, mild, soft
这组词都有“温和的，柔和的”的意思，其区别是：
gentle: 指温柔、亲切、优雅。常含有节制和意味。
moderate: 中性词，指温和稳健，有节制，不走极端。
tender: 和gentle意思很接近。指人的感情细腻、温情慈爱和有同情心，侧重心理素质。也可指物的柔嫩等。
mild: 用于人时，指天性温顺，脾气好，不放肆粗野；用于物时，主要指适度，程度上相当缓和给人以愉快感觉。
soft: 侧重柔软或安稳、光滑，使人不感到粗糙或严酷。
adj. 温和的；轻微的；淡味的；文雅的；不含有害物质的的
 - pacific, gentle, moderate, soft, slight

Word: rider
Front: rider
[ˈraɪdə(r)] (四六宝 3824/3987 -K3)
Vocabulary: rider
(once / 255 pages)
1n 2n
Riders are people who are in motion — riding bicycles, subways, horses, roller coasters and much more. Another kind of rider is a special list that attaches to, or "rides along" with, a contract.
The noun rider means "one who rides," but its other meaning is "a document that is added to legal or official documents." On Capitol Hill, lawmakers add riders to legislation documents to try to get certain stipulations to be part of new laws. You may have heard of touring musicians who demand that certain rare flowers be placed in their hotel rooms, which must have Italian linen sheets on the bed, and be exactly 71 degrees. It's all in the rider of the tour contract.
WORD FAMILY
rider: riders+/ override: overridden, overrides, overriding, overrode/overriding: overridingly/ ride: override, ridden, rider, rides, riding, rode/riding: ridings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wiggins, 36, was named on Thursday as part of the eight rider men's track endurance team in British Cycling's Olympic Podium Programme squad.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
It’s not quite “SafeCar,” but Wiedefeld said the changes could have dramatic effect on the day-to-day experiences of Metro riders.
Washington Post(Nov 30, 2016)
This has set off a vicious cycle of lower revenues leading to service cuts and higher fares that drive more riders away.
Reuters(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 骑手，骑马的人，善于骑马的人，骑师; （精密天平上的）游（动砝）码; 附文，附加条附加条款款; 扶手
分布：骑士(76%)，扶手(13%)，附件(11%)
【记】ride骑，r：骑在法案上的东西－附加条款
【参】ridge（n 背脊；山脊）
US [-dɚ] noun countable
ON HORSE/BICYCLE 车或马上
 IMPROVER
■a person who travels along on a horse or bicycle 骑马者，骑师；骑车者
• One of the riders was thrown off his horse. 其中一位骑师被甩下马背。
UK ['raɪ.dər] US [-dɚ] noun countable
EXTRA STATEMENT 附加条文 formal
■a statement that is added to what has already been said or decided, or an addition to a government bill (= a written plan for a law) 附加意见；附文；议案的附加条款
• I should like to add a rider to the judgment of the court. 我要在法庭判决上附加一条意见。
n. 骑手；附文；扶手
 - rail, caballero

Word: doll
Front: doll
[dɒl] (中高研托 3823/5101 -2)
Vocabulary: doll
(once / 422 pages)
n
A doll is a toy that looks like a small person, often a baby. When kids play with dolls, they might dress them up, push them in toy strollers, and have pretend tea parties with them.
Some dolls are the size of real babies and are played with in a way that's a kind of practice parenting — like pretending to feed and bathe a doll. Other dolls are much smaller and represent people of varying ages, like a family of dolls that are played with in a doll house, sitting at little tables and sleeping in tiny beds. The word doll is also an old-fashioned, slightly offensive term for a woman, especially one who's young and pretty.
WORD FAMILY
doll: dolls
USAGE EXAMPLES
But why are black dolls and toys absent from the shelves of many stores in the UK?
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
In fact, she unearthed a series of pasts, each concealing another like a matryoshka doll.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
For unopened toys such as Lego sets or American Doll dresses, try the Brian’s Toys website.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. （口技演员使用的）木偶; 玩偶; 纨绔子弟; 漂亮的姑娘
vt. 把…打扮漂亮
分布：玩具娃娃(85%)，打扮(7%)，美貌女子(4%)，有吸引力的人(4%)
→来自Dorothy的昵称，用来指玩偶。比较Teddy Bear.
n.玩偶,玩具娃娃The little girl is playing with a doll.小女孩正在玩洋娃娃.
US [dɑ:l] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a child's toy in the shape of a small person or baby 玩具娃娃，玩偶
UK [dɒl] US [dɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] doll yourself up often disapproving
■If a woman dolls herself up, she tries to make herself more attractive by putting on make-up and special clothes 打扮，化妆
• I'm not going to doll myself up just to go to the shops. 我不会就为了去趟商店而特意打扮一番。
dolled up
    UK [ˌdɒldˈʌp] US [ˌdɑːld-] adjective [after verb] informal 2. She spent two hours getting dolled up for the party. 为了参加派对，她花了两个小时的时间化妆。
n. 洋娃娃；玩偶；无头脑的美丽女人
 - babydoll, Living Doll

Word: noon
Front: noon
[nu:n] (中高 3820/6907 -2)
Vocabulary: noon
(once / 165 pages)
n
Noon is twelve o'clock in the middle of the day. Many people sit down to eat lunch right at noon.
You can also call noon midday, and its opposite is midnight — also twelve o'clock, but falling in the middle of the night. The word noon comes from a Latin root, nona hora, or "ninth hour." In medieval times, noon fell at three PM, nine hours after a monk's traditional rising hour of six o'clock in the morning. Over time, as noon came to be synonymous in English with midday, its timing changed to twelve PM.
WORD FAMILY
noon: forenoon, noons+/forenoon: forenoons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many were in the same situation as Baker, who will become an unrestricted free agent March 7 at noon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At noon, the state House and Senate will gavel in, opening the 90-day session.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Republican-led Legislature begins its session at noon Tuesday, expected to last at least until late April.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 正午，中午; 全盛期，顶点; 〈古〉午夜; 晌午
分布：中午(87%)，正午(11%)，顶点(1%)，全盛期(1%)
→来自古英语non,第九个小时，下午三点，词源同nine.因古时以六点为基准点，后在14世纪时词义由下午三点过渡到中午12点。
n.中午,正午A day goes through daybreak, morning, noon, afternoon, evening and midnight.一天经过拂晓,上午,正午,下午,傍晚和午夜.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■twelve o'clock in the middle of the day, or about that time 正午；中午
• We used to ski before noon then take a long lunch. 我们过去经常在中午之前滑雪，然后悠闲地吃午餐。
• By noon, we had had ten phone calls. 到中午，我们已经接了十个电话。
n. 中午； [天] 正午；全盛期
 - midday, midnoon

Word: amid
Front: amid
[əˈmɪd] (研六托雅 3825/5382 -3)
Back: prep. （表示位置）在…中间; （表示环境）处于…环境中; 由于存在…情况; （表示让步）尽管有…的情况
分布：在其间(50%)，在其中(50%)
prep.在...中间,在...之中,被...围绕He was brave amid dangers.他在危险中总是很勇敢.
[ə'mɪd] (also amidst) formal
preposition
 ADVANCED
■in the middle of or surrounded by; among 在…中间，在…当中；为…环绕
• On the floor, amid mounds of books, were two small envelopes. 地板上的书堆里有两个小信封。
• The new perfume was launched amidst a fanfare of publicity. 这种新香水在一阵大张旗鼓的广告宣传下推出市场。
among, between, amid, amongst
这些前置词均含“在……之间，在……之中”之意。
among: 指三者或三者以上的同类事物之间。
between: 多指两者之间，但现代英语中也可指三者或三者以上，表示彼此间清楚的独立的个体关系。
amid: 正式用词，侧重指在某个地方的中间或被某个东西包围着或在非同类人中间。
amongst: 与among同义，是among的变体。一般说来among总能替代amongst, 而amongst则不然。
prep. 在其中，在其间
 - in the interim

Word: identical
Front: identical
[aɪˈdentɪkl] (研四六托雅 3822/3273 -2)
Vocabulary: identical
(once / 480 pages)
adj
When you're looking for exact replicas, don't waste your time on snowflakes or fingerprints; no two are identical, or exactly the same.
Great mind may think alike, but they'll never be identical. Twins, on the other hand, very well may be — if they've come from the same split embryo that is. It makes sense then, that the word identical has linguistic roots in the Latin word idem, meaning "the same."
WORD FAMILY
identical: identically, identicalness+/ identity: identical, identities
USAGE EXAMPLES
And some of which are almost identical to the originals but lack the comfort and quality.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
These opposite poles of life are dressed in identical trappings, and we’re invited to react to them with a single, limited set of coded responses.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
But Allen nearly blocked a kick earlier in the game in identical fashion, off by just six inches, Huff said.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 同一的; 完全同样的，相同的; 恒等的; 同卵的
n. 完全相同的事物; 同卵双胞
分布：相同的(89%)，同一的(11%)
→来自拉丁语id,那个，同前，同样，-ent, 形容词后缀。引申词义相同的。
一样的[ident=same(相同)]
a.(to.with)同一的,同样的The student identified the identical idiom on the identity cards.学生辨认出了身份证上相同的成语.
US [-tˌə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■exactly the same, or very similar 完全相同的；极为相似的
• I've got three identical blue suits. 我有三套完全相同的蓝色西装。
• The two rooms were virtually identical. 这两个房间几乎一模一样。
• The interests of both parties may not be identical, but they do overlap considerably. 双方的利益可能并不完全相同，但的确也有很多重合之处。
• The tests are identical to those carried out last year. 这些测试和去年进行的完全相同。
equivalent, identical, equal, same, very
这组词都有“相同的”的意思，其区别是：
equivalent: 主要指有同样价值、效力或意义的两种不同的事物。
identical: 着重指人或物等在每细节上都完全相同。
equal: 多指在价值等方面相当而不相同的事物。
same: 可指相同的人或物，也可指在质量、外表或意义等方面相同，但实际上有差别的事物。
very: 侧重指完全同一，没有区别。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。
adj. [数] 同一的；完全相同的
 - self, same

Word: precise
Front: precise
[prɪˈsaɪs] (高研四六托雅宝 3826/2761 -K2)
Vocabulary: precise
(once / 152 pages)
adj
Precise means strictly correct or very exact. If you need something to be precise, like the positioning of a safety net for a stunt jump over a canyon, there's no room for error.
The word precise might make you think of nerdy scientists with rulers or stiff accountants double checking their calculations. But being precise, or painstakingly accurate, has its merits. When making a grilled cheese sandwich, for example, it’s important that the arrangement of ingredients be precise: Place a tomato in each corner and ensure that the cheese covers every inch of bread so that each bite is full of gooey delight.
WORD FAMILY
precise: imprecise, precisely, preciseness, preciser, precisest+/ imprecise: imprecisely, impreciseness/preciseness: precisenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the data becomes more precise, experts believe interventions to combat geographic disparities will become more effective.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Although there are no precise figures, the UK’s Sephardic population is estimated to be in the thousands.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He further added: “It would’ve helped, really, to publish a thorough, precise, historically informed and technically honest attribution report in plain English.”
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 清晰的; 精确的; 正规的; 精密
分布：精确的(62%)，准确的(25%)，严格的(8%)，恰好的(5%)
→pre-,预先，-cis,剪，切，词源同concise,excise.引申词义精确的。
精确的,精细的(pre+cise切→预先切好的→精确的)[pre-表示"…前的,预先"]
精确的,清楚的(pre预先＋cise→预先切好→精确的)[cid,cis=cut,kill,表示"切开,杀"]
a.精确的,准确的I highly appreciate the preceding man's precious precise exercise.我高度欣赏前面那个人可贵的精确演练.
US [prə-] adjective
EXACT 精确的
 ADVANCED
■exact and accurate 精确的；准确的，确切的
• The bunker's precise location is a closely guarded secret. 掩体的确切位置严格保密。
• He caught me at the precise moment that I fainted. 他正好在我晕倒的那一刻抓住了我。
• There was a good turnout for the meeting - twelve of us to be precise. 出席会议的人不少——确切地说有我们12个人。
UK [prɪ'saɪs] US [prə-] adjective
CAREFUL 仔细的 approving
■very careful and accurate, especially about small details （尤指在细节上）严谨的，细致的
• Years of doing meticulous research had made her very precise in her working methods. 多年来一丝不苟的研究使她养成了严谨的工作方法。
correct, accurate, exact, true, right, precise
这组词都有“准确的，正确的”的意思，其区别是：
correct: 最常用词，主要指按一定标准或规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或无缺点错误。
accurate: 指通过谨慎的努力达到符合事实或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性，与事实无出入。
exact: 着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比accurate强。
true: 暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件丝毫不差。
right: 使用广泛，可与这些词中的correct换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动等方面的正确。
precise: 侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确无误。
adj. 精确的；明确的；严格的
 - accurate, strict, mathematical, rigid, decided

Word: anxious
Front: anxious
[ˈæŋkʃəs] (高研四六托 3827/2630 -K3)
Vocabulary: anxious
(once / 69 pages)
1adj 2adj
When you are anxious, you are very concerned or worried, but it can also refer to when you are quite interested in something. You might be anxious to improve your performance in math class after falling asleep during a big test.
The word anxious has generally been used to describe when someone is very concerned about something. In medical terms, to be anxious means feeling uneasy and worried but not always with a specific focus. On the other hand, being anxious can also mean that you are very eager. One meaning is negative and the other is positive!
WORD FAMILY
anxious: anxiously, anxiousness, overanxious
USAGE EXAMPLES
She seemed anxious about our interaction, and it was infectious.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The government was so anxious to unload, it protected Mr. Mnuchin and his group from almost all losses over 30% on many mortgages.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
But Mr. Ilves also played down the idea that the Baltic countries were anxious.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 焦急的; 渴望的; 令人焦虑的; 流露出忧虑的
分布：忧虑的(59%)，渴望的(41%)
→来自anger古义，焦急。字母g, x 音变。
焦虑的[angu,anx=distress(苦恼)]
a.焦虑的,担心的;急于(得到的),渴望的The anxious man is unconscious of my anxiety.那个不安的人没有觉察到我的忧虑.
adjective
WORRIED 忧虑
 IMPROVER
■worried and nervous 焦虑的，不安的，担心的
• My mother always gets a bit anxious if we don't arrive when we say we will. 如果我们说好回家却没有回去，我母亲总会有些担心。
• I saw my sister's anxious face at the window. 我看到了视窗姐姐那张忧心忡忡的脸。
• The drought has made farmers anxious about the harvest. 这场旱灾使农民因担心收成而焦虑不安。
['æŋk.ʃəs] adjective
EAGER 渴望
 ADVANCED
■eager to do something 渴望做某事
• Developing countries which are anxious for hard currency can rarely afford to protect the environment. 急于获得强势货币的发展中国家很难顾及环保问题。
• [+ to infinitive] I'm anxious to get home to open my presents. 我恨不得马上到家去打开礼物。
• [+ that] I'm anxious that we get there on time because I don't think there'll be many seats left. 我真希望我们能准时赶到那里，因为我觉得到时候就没有太多空座了。
anxious, keen, eager
这组词都有“急切的，渴望的”的意思，其区别是：
anxious: 强调因忧虑、关注或害怕而产生的急切心情。
keen: 强调因兴趣强烈或欲望而急于做某事。
eager: 侧重于急于成功的迫切心情。
adj. 焦虑的；担忧的；渴望的；急切的
 - eager, hungry, desired, sick, keen

Word: structural
Front: structural
[ˈstrʌktʃərəl] (四六托雅 3829/2916 -2)
Vocabulary: structural
(once / 1516 pages)
adj
When you're talking about something structural you're talking about the way it's built. The simple look of a building can mask its complex structural design.
A skeleton is the structural framework of a body. While we all look different on the outside, for the most part, we all share the same structural components — we're built the same way. Some buildings, such as the Eiffel Tower, reveal their structural design completely. They are nothing but structure. Other buildings work hard to hide their structural qualities. You can discuss the structural nature of ideas too, as in "structural economics" or even human relationships.
WORD FAMILY
structural: nonstructural, structuralism, structurally
USAGE EXAMPLES
The industry hasn’t changed all that much, in a structural sense.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
They are the weak spots that threaten the structural integrity of Trump’s political project and the fortunes of the Republican Party itself.
Slate(Dec 29, 2016)
New structural and flood-level requirements enacted after the storm meant starting from scratch with the design.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 结构（上）的，构架（上）的; 建筑的; 构造上的; 组织上的
分布：结构的(65%)，建筑的(15%)，构造的(14%)，建筑用的(6%)
→structure,结构，-al,形容词后缀。
US [-tʃɚ-] adjective
ARRANGEMENT 安排
 ADVANCED
■relating to the way in which parts of a system or object are arranged 结构；构造；机构；体系
• The political reforms have led to major structural changes in the economy. 政治改革导致经济结构的重大变化。
UK ['strʌk.tʃər.əl] US [-tʃɚ-] adjective
BUILDING 建筑物
■relating to the structure of a building or similar object （建筑物或类似物体）结构上的
• Hundreds of houses in the typhoon's path suffered structural damage. 台风所到之处，数百栋房屋遭到结构性破坏。
adj. 结构的；建筑的
 - tectonic, configurational

Word: residential
Front: residential
[ˌrezɪˈdenʃl] (六托 3828/2791 -2)
Vocabulary: residential
(once / 2252 pages)
adj
In the same way that an “industrial area” is a place of industry where people work, a residential area is made up of houses and apartment buildings — places where people reside.
Residential is an adjective that expresses a relationship with homes, apartments, or any place where people live. You might refer to a residential building, a residential neighborhood, or a residential block. Something that is deemed “for residential use” is designed for use at home or rather than for business or commercial use.
WORD FAMILY
residential: nonresidential, residentially+/nonresident: nonresidents/ reside: resided, residence, residency, resident, resides, residing/ residence: residences, residential /residency: residencies/ resident: nonresident, residents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Baldwin Street in the city of Dunedin on New Zealand's South Island is officially the world's steepest residential road.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The zoning changes proposed along the trolley will allow relatively intense commercial and residential development there, which fits with the city’s climate action plan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Most involved state wards in foster homes, adoptive homes, state-licensed residential care facilities and the juvenile probation system.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 住宅的，适于作住宅的; 与居住有关的; 适宜作住宅的
分布：住宅的(60%)，居住的(40%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■A residential road, area, etc. has only private houses, not offices and factories. 居民区的
■A residential job, position, course, etc. is one for which you live at the same place where you work or study. （为工作或学习而）在某处居住的，寄宿的，住宿在任所的
■relating to where you live or have lived 居住的；定居的
• You must satisfy the residential qualifications to get a work permit. 要想得到工作许可，你必须要符合居民资格。

Word: diagnose
Front: diagnose
[ˈdaɪəgnəʊz] (研六托雅宝 3832/5714 -2)
Vocabulary: diagnose
(once / 1778 pages)
v
If you diagnose a disease, you recognize it by the signs and symptoms your patient shows. Your high temperature and the green crud you keep coughing up will allow your doctor to diagnose your bronchitis.
The verb diagnose was first used in medicine, meaning "make a diagnosis," or identify a disease by observation of symptoms. Use it to describe the process of figuring it out. If you have bad gut pain, ask your doctor to diagnose your condition. You can also use diagnose for other problems, like if you diagnose poverty and malnutrition as the real causes of a student's terrible behavior, or diagnose the virus that caused your computer to crash.
WORD FAMILY
diagnose: diagnosable, diagnosed, diagnosing+/diagnosable: undiagnosable/diagnosed: undiagnosed/ diagnosis: diagnose, diagnoses, diagnostic / diagnostic: diagnostically, diagnostician/diagnostician: diagnosticians
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kubiak was back in the hospital, this time diagnosed with a complex migraine headache.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In November, he was diagnosed again, this time with an aggressive brain cancer called glioblastoma.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But later that afternoon her physician releases a statement saying that two days earlier, Clinton was diagnosed with pneumonia.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 诊断; 判断
vi. 做出诊断
时态：diagnosed, diagnosing, diagnoses
分布：判断(100%)
→dia-, 穿过，整个的。-gn, 知道，词源同know, cognizance. 用于医学名词。
vt.诊断(疾病);判断(问题)The doctor diagnosed his illness as malaria.医师诊断他的病为疟疾.
【记】dia穿过，2，gnose知道－穿过皮肤才知道－诊断
US [ˌdaɪ.əg'noʊz] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to recognize and name the exact character of a disease or a problem, by examining it 诊断（病症）
• The specialist diagnosed cancer. 那位专家作出的诊断是癌症。
• His condition was diagnosed as some sort of blood disorder. 他的病被诊断为某种血液病。
• She was diagnosed with/as having diabetes. 她被查出患有糖尿病。
• The electrician has diagnosed a fault in the wiring. 电工查出了一处线路故障。
vt. 诊断；断定
 - tell, figure out
vi. 诊断；判断
 - judge of, pass upon

Word: carbohydrate
Front: carbohydrate
[ˌkɑ:bəʊˈhaɪdreɪt] (研托宝 3831/9278 -2)
Vocabulary: carbohydrate
(once / 4693 pages)
n
The word carbohydrate refers to a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is a major source of energy for animals. Carbohydrates can be found in many foods — especially in a plate of spaghetti.
Often formed by a plant, a carbohydrate may be a sugar, starch, or cellulose that typically breaks down into energy within the body. So when you hydrate — or “water” — a carbon in just the right way, it can lead to the stuff that makes up bread, pasta, apples, beans, and potatoes. Carbohydrate often goes by its less threatening nickname carb, though beware: abbreviating the word does nothing to lessen its calories.
WORD FAMILY
carbohydrate: carbohydrates
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s about the number of carbohydrates in one small apple.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Older women aren’t as efficient at processing carbohydrates, so they tend to store the excess as fat.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Carbohydrates are causing an obesity epidemic and fats silt up your arteries.
The Guardian(Dec 12, 2016)
Back: n. 碳水化合物，糖类; 淀粉质或糖类食物
分布：碳水化合物(86%)，糖类(14%)
→carb, 碳，见carbon. -hydr, 氢，水，见hydrate.
碳水化合物(carbo碳+hydr+are)[hydy,hydro=water,表示"水"]
n.碳水化合物;糖类;(plural)淀粉质或糖类Sugars and starcher are carbohydrates.糖和淀粉是碳水化合物.
【记】carbo碳，hydr水－碳水化合物
【参】carbonated（adj 含二氧化碳的）
US [ˌkɑ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
■one of several substances such as sugar or starch , which provide the body with energy, or foods containing these substances such as bread, potatoes, pasta and rice 碳水化合物，糖类；含碳水化合物的食物，淀粉质食物
n. [有化] 碳水化合物；糖类
 - glucide, saccharide

Word: liberty
Front: liberty
[ˈlɪbəti] (高研四六托宝 3835/3629 -3)
Vocabulary: liberty
(once / 62 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Liberty is a kind of freedom, whether it's freedom from tyranny, freedom from confinement, or simply the freedom of choice.
The phrase "give me liberty or give me death" is attributed to Patrick Henry, whose 1775 speech persuaded the Virginia colony to raise troops to fight the British in the American Revolutionary War. For sailors and naval officers, liberty means shore leave — a brief vacation on land between voyages. We also use this noun to describe the act of getting a little too familiar or personal with someone, or doing something before we have their approval or permission.
WORD FAMILY
liberty: liberate, libertarian, liberties+/ liberate: liberated, liberates, liberating, liberation, liberator / liberation: liberations/ liberator: liberators/ libertarian: libertarianism, libertarians
USAGE EXAMPLES
The next year, they encouraged friends Rusty Wilson and Denise Simone to relocate their theater company to Idaho to perform on the Liberty’s thrust stage.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Liberty kept its lead between 11 and 15 from there.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Onlookers donning oversized 2017 eyeglasses and green Statue of Liberty hats were screened by police Saturday afternoon ahead of the midnight bash.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 自由; 许可权; 放肆，无礼; 解放，释放
分布：自由(96%)，自由权(3%)，冒失(1%)
→词源同liberal,自由的，-ty,名词后缀。引申词义自由过度，放肆，无礼。
自由(liber+ty)[liber=free,表示"自由"]
n.自由,自由权;特权I deliberately liberated the man who was in despair and desperately struggled for liberation and liberty.我有意解放了那个拼命地争取解放和自由的绝望者.
US [-ɚ.tˌi] noun
FREEDOM 自由
 IMPROVER uncountable formal
■the freedom to live as you wish or go where you want 自由
• For most citizens, liberty means the freedom to practise their religious or political beliefs. 对大多数公民而言，自由意味着可以不受限制地信奉自己的宗教或政治信仰。
• Hundreds of political prisoners are to be given their liberty (= released from prison). 数百名政治犯将获得自由。
• Of the ten men who escaped this morning from Dartmoor Prison, only two are still at liberty (= free or not yet caught). 今晨从达特摩尔监狱逃跑的十人当中，目前只有两人依然在逃。
be at liberty to do sth formal
■to be allowed to do something 被准许做…
• I'm not at liberty to reveal any names. 我无权透露任何人的名字。
liberties [plural] formal
■freedom to live as you wish or go where you want 自由
• These laws will restrict our ancient rights and liberties. 这些法律将限制我们固有的权利和自由。
UK ['lɪb.ə.ti] US [-ɚ.tˌi] noun
BAD BEHAVIOUR 不良行为
countable
■an example of speech or behaviour that upsets other people because it shows little respect or does not follow what is thought to be polite or acceptable 放肆，无礼，失礼
• What a liberty, to refuse the invitation on your behalf, without even asking you! 太放肆了，连问你都不问就以你的名义一口回绝了邀请！
take liberties (with sth)
■to change something, especially a piece of writing, in a way that people disagree with 任意歪曲，随意改动
take liberties (with sb) old-fashioned
■to be too friendly with someone, usually in a sexual way （对某人）过分亲昵，过分亲热；调戏
• Some of the younger women complained that he'd been taking liberties with them. 一些年轻一点的妇女抱怨说他对她们过分亲热。
UK ['lɪb.ə.ti] US [-ɚ.tˌi] noun
take the liberty of doing sth formal
■to do something that will have an effect on someone else, without asking their permission 擅自做…，自行作主做…
• I took the liberty of booking theatre seats for us. 我自作主张给大家预订了戏票。
liberty, freedom
这组词都有“自由”的意思，其区别是：
liberty: 常可与freedom换用，但强调从过去受的压制、管束下被解救或释放出来，也指法律所承认的特权，如言论、集会等自由。
freedom: 含义广，指任何无限制无束缚的自由自在状态。
n. 自由；许可；冒失
 - freedom, permission, leave

Word: poster
Front: poster
[ˈpəʊstə(r)] (高研六托雅宝 3834/3930 -2)
Back: n. 海报，招贴，公告; 招贴画; 张贴者; [古语]急行的人，匆忙赶路的人
分布：海报(99%)，急行旅人(1%)
→来自post,柱子，张贴。
n海报,张贴的大幅广告There is a poster about the pop festival.有一张关于流行音乐节的海报.
【记】post（n 柱；邮件；v 张贴），er东西－在柱子上贴的东西－海报
US ['poʊ.stɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a large printed picture, photograph or notice which you stick or pin to a wall or board, usually for decoration or to advertise something 招贴，海报；布告
• The children put up posters on the classroom walls. 孩子们在教室的墙上张贴了海报。
• We noticed a poster advertising a circus. 我们看到一张马戏演出的海报。
⇒ See also poster paint
n. 海报，广告； [印刷] 招贴
 - advertisement, bill, publicity

Word: theology
Front: theology
[θiˈɒlədʒi] (3833/5178 -1)
Vocabulary: theology
(once / 274 pages)
n
Theology is the study of religion, plain and simple. Of course, religion isn’t simple, so theology covers a lot of subjects, like rituals, divine beings, the history of religions, and the concept of religious truth.
Theology is taught to priests and ministers so they can better understand their religion, and it’s also taught in non-religious colleges to anyone who is curious about the ideas and effects of religion. The first half of theology is theo-, which means god in Greek. The suffix -logy means “the study of,” so theology literally means “the study of god," but we usually expand it to mean the study of religion more broadly.
WORD FAMILY
theology: theological, theologies, theologise, theologist, theologize+/ theological: theologically/theologise: theologised, theologiser, theologising/theologist: theologists/theologize: theologized, theologizer, theologizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
He initially studied theology and considered becoming a Catholic priest, like two of his brothers.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Nation of Islam theology claims white people were created as a “race of devils” by the scientist.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Chafe’s interpretation of the St. John detects theology in almost every bar.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 神学
分布：神学(100%)
→theo-,神，-logy,学说，
神学(theo神+o+log+y)[log=science,表示"科学,学科"]
神学(theo+logy学科)[the(a)=god表示"神"]
【记】theo神，ology学科
US [-'ɑ:.lə-] noun
uncountable
■the study of religion and religious belief 神学，宗教信仰学；宗教信仰
countable or uncountable
■a set of beliefs about a particular religion 神学，宗教信仰学；宗教信仰
n. 神学；宗教体系
 - divinity

Word: nonprofit
Front: nonprofit
[ˌnɒn'prɒfɪt] (3837/-)
Vocabulary: nonprofit
(once / 1890 pages)
adjn
A business or organization is nonprofit if its main purpose isn't making money for its owners. Nonprofit companies usually raise money for charities.
You can use the word nonprofit as an adjective or a noun — a nonprofit is an organization that benefits some public good, rather than raising revenue for stockholders or owners. There are educational nonprofits, religious nonprofits, public health nonprofits, and many others. The word's been around since the 1920s, combining non, or "not," with profit, from the Latin root profectus, "advance, increase, success, or progress."
WORD FAMILY
nonprofit: nonprofits+/ profit: nonprofit, profitable, profited, profiteer, profiting, profitless, profits, profitting/ profitable: profitability, profitableness, profitabler, profitablest, profitably, unprofitable/ profiteer: profiteered, profiteering, profiteers/profitless: profitlessly/unprofitable: unprofitability, unprofitableness, unprofitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The nonprofit is still in the planning stages.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It's why he's now dedicated to a healthier, more active lifestyle and volunteering for OneLegacy — a nonprofit organ and tissue recovery organization.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
He continues to search for jobs in the nonprofit sector.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 非营利的
分布：非赢利组织(59%)，非赢利的(41%)
ADJ
非营利的
A non-profit organization is one which is not run with the aim of making a profit.
例：Her center is typical of many across the country — a non-profit organization that cares for about 50 children.她的中心照顾着大约50名儿童，是全国众多非营利机构的典型代表。

Word: crawl
Front: crawl
[krɔ:l] (研四六托雅 3836/5004 -2)
Vocabulary: crawl
(once / 284 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4nv 5v
To crawl is to move slowly across the floor on your hands and knees. Before they learn to walk, most babies crawl.
You might crawl around looking for a lost earring, or watch a spider crawl across your ceiling. The slow, creeping movement itself is a crawl, too: "Traffic was moving at a crawl." When your dog has fleas, he crawls with them, and if something gives you a creepy, prickling sensation, it makes your skin crawl. Crawl probably comes from the Old Norse krafla, "to claw one's way," which shares a root with crab.
WORD FAMILY
crawl: crawled, crawler, crawling, crawls+/crawler: crawlers/crawling: crawlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Culture crawl I would, at breakneck pace, through an only-in-Manhattan New Year’s Eve, to show last year the door.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As an infant, Blake reached developmental milestones, learning to roll over, sit up and crawl at all the right times.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Laundromat owner Rhonda Emerson says the thieves kicked a hole in the wall underneath the change machine and crawled into the locked office.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 爬行; 缓慢行进; 巴结
n. 缓慢的爬行; 〈美俚〉跳舞，自由式游泳; 养鱼（龟）池
时态：crawled, crawling, crawls
分布：爬行(88%)，自由式游泳(5%)，匍匐而行(4%)，卑躬屈膝(3%)
→词源同creep.
v./n.爬行,蠕动;缓慢(的)行进Step by step, the sleepy creeper crawled into my sleeve to sleep.昏昏欲睡的爬虫一步一步爬进我的袖子里睡觉.
US [krɑ:l] verb
MOVE 移动
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to move slowly or with difficulty, especially (of a person) with the body stretched out along the ground or on hands and knees 缓慢移动；艰难前行；爬行；匍匐前进
• The child crawled across the floor. 那个孩子爬过了地板。
• The injured soldier crawled to safety. 受伤的士兵慢慢爬向安全的地方。
• The lorry crawled noisily up the hill. 货车轰轰隆隆吃力地爬上山坡。
• Megan has just learned to crawl. 梅甘刚学会爬。
UK [krɔ:l] US [krɑ:l] verb
TRY TO PLEASE 试图讨好
intransitive informal disapproving
■to try hard to please in order to get an advantage 巴结，讨好；阿谀奉承；卑躬屈膝
• I don't like people who crawl. 我不喜欢卑躬屈膝的人。
• UK He crawled to the group leader because he wanted a promotion. 因为想得到提升，他对集团领导阿谀奉承。
UK [krɔ:l] US [krɑ:l] verb
FILL 充满
be crawling with sth informal
■to be completely covered with or full of a particular type of thing 爬满；充满；挤满
• The kitchen floor was crawling with ants. 厨房的地板上爬满了蚂蚁。
UK [krɔ:l] US [krɑ:l] verb
crawl back (to sb)
■to admit that you were wrong and ask someone for forgiveness or for something that you refused in the past （向某人）认错，讨饶
• Don't come crawling back to me when she throws you out! 等她抛弃你时，别跑回来求我原谅！
UK [krɔ:l] US [krɑ:l] noun
SWIMMING 游泳
[S or U]
■a style of swimming in which you move your arms over your head and kick with straight legs 自由泳；爬泳
UK [krɔ:l] US [krɑ:l] noun
MOVEMENT 移动
only singular
■a very slow speed 缓慢移动；徐行；爬行
• Traffic moved forward at a crawl. 车辆缓缓向前移动。
climb, creep, crawl
这组词都有“爬”的意思，其区别是：
climb: 通常指用手或足爬上或爬下，也指飞机、日、月的上升，还可用作比喻。
creep: 多指人或四足动物匍匐爬行，尤指偷偷地或不出声地缓慢向前爬行。也指植物的蔓延生长等。
crawl: 指人或动物以身躯贴着地面缓慢地移动。
vi. 爬行；匍匐行进
 - creep
n. 爬行； [水产] 养鱼池；匍匐而行
 - creep, aquarium

Word: oxygen
Front: oxygen
[ˈɒksɪdʒən] (高研四托 3839/3719 -2)
Vocabulary: oxygen
(once / 656 pages)
n
Oxygen is air, the stuff we breathe, the thing that makes our lives possible. It is an element, a basic chemical found on the earth.
In fact, we don't breathe pure oxygen; our air is about 20 percent oxygen. Still, oxygen is everywhere—it’s the third most common element on earth. Usually, the word is used in scientific contexts. Still, when someone has a big personality and likes to be the center of attention, we say, they "take all the oxygen out of the room." That means they are a blowhard and attention hog. If they really took your oxygen, you’d be dead.
WORD FAMILY
oxygen: oxygenate, oxygenize+/oxygenate: oxygenated, oxygenates, oxygenating, oxygenation/oxygenated: unoxygenated/oxygenize: oxygenized, oxygenizes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Metabolic activity is dependent on oxygen delivery to the tissues of the body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The tank buckled, the company said, and supercooled liquid oxygen pooled in the lining.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The company says its investigation of the Sept. 1 explosion found that a tank failed within the larger, second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [化]氧，氧气
分布：氧(69%)，氧气(31%)
→来自希腊语oxys,尖锐的，刺鼻的，来自ak,尖，刺，词源同acid,acumen.-gen,生成，产生。即生成的尖锐刺鼻气体，后用于指氧气。
n.氧,氧气Her boyfriend fed a box of oxygen and hydrogen to the ox and fox.她男朋友给牛和狐狸喂了一盒子氧和氢.
US ['ɑ:k-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a colourless gas that forms a large part of the air on Earth and which is needed by people, animals and plants to live 氧，氧气
n. 氧气， [化学] 氧
 - O2

Word: handsome
Front: handsome
[ˈhænsəm] (中高研四六雅 3838/4033 -2)
Vocabulary: handsome
(once / 94 pages)
adj
If your father is described as handsome, it means he is good-looking, attractive in a classically masculine way. If your mother is also called handsome, it means while she's striking, if not exactly pretty.
Handsome is always a compliment, an admiring way of describing someone, although it's sometimes used as a way to describe a woman who's not conventionally attractive but is still interesting-looking. You can use it to describe an object as well as a person, in which case you are most likely talking about something that's really well-made, or of an obviously high quality, like a particularly handsome oak dining-room table. Occasionally, people talk about a handsome amount of money or a handsome number of votes; this is a generally admiring way of describing almost anything.
WORD FAMILY
handsome: handsomely, handsomeness, handsomer, handsomest
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are sweaters and snacks, a handsome Australian neighbor, and a couch.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dressed in a T-shirt and knee-length shorts, he was lean, athletic and as handsome as a model.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
On her desk is a framed photograph of Jesse: he’s a handsome man, formally dressed, with a resemblance to the poet TS Eliot.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 英俊的，健美的; 美观的; 大方的; 数量大的
级别：handsomer, handsomest
分布：英俊的(81%)，可观的(17%)，灵巧的(1%)，慷慨大方的(1%)
→来自hand的引申义，即手边的，方便的，-some,形容词后缀。后来引申灵巧的，体贴的，大方的，慷慨的等多种词义，但主要用于形容男子潇洒的，英俊的，实质上即暖男。
a.漂亮的,英俊的;慷慨的,数量可观的The handy left-hander left a handsome handkerchief on the handle of the handbag.手巧的左撇子把一方漂亮手帕留在手提包的提手上.
adjective
ATTRACTIVE 吸引人的
 ADVANCED
■describes a man who is physically attractive in a traditional, male way （男子）英俊的，漂亮的
• She's dreaming she'll be whisked off her feet by a tall, dark handsome stranger. 她梦想自己被一位高大黝黑的英俊陌生男子迷得神魂颠倒。
■describes a woman who is attractive but in a strong way （女子）健美的
• a handsome woman in her fifties 一位五十多岁的健美女子
['hæn.səm] adjective
LARGE AMOUNT 大量
[before noun]
■large in amount 大量的，数量可观的
• They made a handsome profit on their house. 他们利用自己的房子赚了一大笔钱。
beautiful, lovely, handsome, fine, pretty, fair
这组词都有“美丽的，漂亮的”的意思，其区别是：
beautiful: 普通用词，含义广泛，语气最强，指优美和谐，是一种几乎接近完美的美。指人时通常形容女人或小孩，很少用于描写男子。
lovely: 普通用词，描写人时，主要指女人和小孩的相貌，语气不如beautiful强。
handsome: 多用于描写男性的英俊潇洒。有时也形容女人，指其五官端正，体态秀丽。
fine: 指在容貌、身材或风度等方面令人感到可爱。用于事物时，强调形式或内容的优美。
pretty: 普通用词，语气比beautiful弱，多用于描写妇女、儿童以及小巧玲珑，精美可爱之物。
fair: 正式用词，多用于文学中，形容女子和儿童，侧重外表的美。
beautiful, handsome, pretty, good-looking
beautiful: 貌美动人，气质高雅；
handsome: 体态健美端庄；
pretty: 活泼可爱；
good-looking: 一般性“好看”
adj. （男子）英俊的；可观的；大方的，慷慨的；健美而端庄的
 - generous, liberal

Word: sum
Front: sum
[sʌm] (研四六托 3843/1671 -K3)
Vocabulary: sum
(once / 94 pages)
nv
When you determine the sum, you add up all the numbers. When you sum something up, you focus on all of its important points.
The word sum can also refer to a certain amount of money. A new car might cost you a huge sum of money. But if you sum or add up all its benefits, you might be able to justify spending so much. You calculate the total on a restaurant bill when you sum up the prices of everything you ordered. Sum doesn't have to refer strictly to numbers. When you sum something up, you're giving an overview or general statement about it.
WORD FAMILY
sum: summate, summation, summed, summing, sums+/summate: summated, summating/ summation: summational, summations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last week, a survey for Uswitch suggested that consumers will carry an average outstanding sum of £636 on their credit cards into the New Year.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
“We worked so hard throughout the season, it just sums it all up,” Schmidt said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some poor families spend large sums on expensive creams to fight the disease.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 总数; 算术; 金额; 概略，要点
vt. & vi. 总计; 总结，概括; 归纳
时态：summed, summing, sums
分布：总结(48%)，概括(15%)，总数(11%)，金额(9%)，归纳(8%)，总计(5%)，要点(4%)
→来自拉丁语 summa,阴性形式于 summus,最高的，最上面的，缩写自 sup-mos-,最上面的， 构成 super 的最高级形式，-m,最高级后缀，词源同 maximum,minimum.后形容词作名词使用， 引申词义最高点及相关词义。
总计,和[sum,summ=addup,表示"总,加"]
n.总数,和;金额;算术题;要旨v.合计,总计The sum of the hammers is made in the summer summary.锤子总额在夏季总结里作了统计.
noun
AMOUNT OF MONEY 钱数
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an amount of money 金额
• Huge sums of money are spent on national defence. 巨额的钱财都投入到国防上。
• He'll get £50 000 from the company when he retires, which is a tidy (= large) sum. 他退休的时候会从公司拿到五万英镑，这可不是一个小数目。
• humorous I worked for three whole weeks for which I received the princely (= very low) sum of $100. 我整整工作了三周，却只得到可怜兮兮的100美元。
[sʌm] noun
CALCULATION 计算
countable
■a calculation, especially a simple one, using such processes as adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing （尤指运用加减乘除的简单）计算，算术
• I remember how much I hated doing sums when I was at school. 我记得我上学的时候非常讨厌算术。
[sʌm] noun
TOTAL 总数
only singular
■the whole number or amount when two or more numbers or amounts have been added together 总数，总和
• The sum of thirteen and eight is twenty-one. 13加8等于21。
in sum formal
■considered as a whole 总的来说，总而言之，总之
• The meeting was, in sum, a disaster. 总而言之，这次会议糟糕透了。
the sum of sth
■all of something 全部…，所有…
• I'm afraid that's the pitiful sum of my knowledge on the subject! 恐怕我对这个学科的了解总共就那么一点点！
[sʌm] noun
get / have your sums right / wrong mainly UK
■to calculate the cost of something correctly/wrongly 正确／错误地计算费用
• I must confess that I got my sums wrong - the house extension is costing a lot more than I expected. 我必须承认我算错了帐——房子的扩建费用大大超出我的预期。
[sʌm] verb (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sum (sth/sb) up
 ADVANCED
■to describe or express the important facts or characteristics about something or someone 总结，概述，概括
• The best way of summing up the situation in our office is to say that it is 'absolute chaos'. 一言以蔽之，我们办公室的情况“完全是一团糟”。
• I'd just like to sum up by saying that it's been a tremendous pleasure to work with you. 总之，跟您合作真是一大乐事。
• He's a small man with a big ego - that about sums him up, doesn't it? 他是个自高自大的小个子男人——这样概括他差不多吧?
[sʌm] verb (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sum sth/sb up
■An action or object which sums something or someone up represents the most typical qualities of that person or thing 代表，体现
• For me, her paintings sum up the restless spirit of America. 在我看来，她的画集中表现了自强不息的美国精神。
■to quickly form an opinion about someone or something 对…迅速作出判断
• She summed up the situation quickly and took charge. 她很快对形势作出判断并开始主持工作。
[sʌm] verb (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  sum up
■When a judge sums up towards the end of a trial, he or she makes a speech to the jury telling them again of the main matters they should consider in the case. （审理结束前法官向陪审团）作案件总结，作结案陈词 summing-up /ˌsʌm.ɪŋˈʌp] noun countable
amount, sum, number, quantity
这组词都有“总数、总量”的意思，其区别是：
amount: 普通用词，与quantity近义，但强调整体，指把所有数量、重量及度量归并在一起得出的总数。
sum: 普通用词，指简单加算的结果。
number: 普通用词，指人或物的数目，强调数的概念。
quantity: 书面用词，指事物的总量和总数量，侧重大批计量，含准确测量的意味。
total, whole, sum
这组词都有“总数、全体”的意思，其区别是：
total: 指总量之大，强调每一构成部分或成分均被计算在内。
whole: 着重其中没有部分或成分被忽略不计。
sum: 指两个或更多的数目相加的总和。
n. 金额； [数] 总数
 - total, gross
vi. 概括
 - recapitulate, gather up
vt. 总结；合计
 - summarize, tally up

Word: provided
Front: provided
[prəˈvaɪdɪd] (研四六雅 3842/2695 -K2)
Back: conj. 如果; 假如; 在…的条件下
v. 提供，供给( provide的过去式和过去分词)
分布：提供的(76%)，假如(15%)，预备好的(5%)，若是(2%)，动词provide的过去式和过去分词.(2%)
→来自provide,规定。即在某规定下的，引申词义如果，假如。
conj.倘若,只要,假如You may keep the book a further week provided that no one else requires it.倘若这本书没有其他人想借的话,你可以再续借一个礼拜.
CONJ-SUBORD
如果；假如；只要
If you say that something will happen provided or provided that something else happens, you mean that the first thing will happen only if the second thing also happens.
例：The other banks are going to be very eager to help, provided that they see that he has a specific plan...如果看到他有具体的计划，其他银行会很愿意提供帮助。
例：Provided they are fit I see no reason why they shouldn't go on playing for another four or five years.只要他们身体强健，我看不出他们有什么理由不继续再打四五年比赛。
conj. 假如；倘若
 - if, supposing
v. 提供；给予（provide的过去式）
 - gave, supplied

Word: businessman
Front: businessman
[ˈbɪznəsmæn] (高 3840/3547 -K3)
Back: n. 商人; 实业家
分布：商人(100%)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a man who works in business, especially if he has a high position in a company （尤指公司高层的）商界人士；实业家
• He was a successful businessman before becoming a writer. 在成为作家之前，他是一位成功的实业家。
['bɪz.nɪs.mən] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  businessmanRemember: businessman is written as one word. Don't write 'business man', write businessman :
✗ A lot of business men suffer from stress.
dealer, businessman, merchant, tradesman, trader
这组词都有“商人”的意思，其区别是：
dealer: 指商人时多与表商店的字连用。
businessman: 指有经验、善于经营、从事各种买卖活动的买卖人、实业家或工商业家。
merchant: 指从事批发生意的大商人，尤指从事国际贸易的大商人，但在美国或苏格兰等地，也指一般商人。
tradesman: 指零卖商人，开小店的商人。
trader: 指从事贸易工作的人，也指贩子。
n. [贸易] 商人
 - merchant, trader

Word: promising
Front: promising
[ˈprɒmɪsɪŋ] (研四六托雅 3844/4669 -2)
Vocabulary: promising
(once / 327 pages)
adj
Promising things are encouraging or hopeful — they give you every sign that they'll be successful in the future. A promising early spring hints that the rest of the season will be warm and full of flowers.
A promising ballet dancer is young, but off to a very talented start. If you pick up a novel in a bookstore and the first few pages look promising, you'll probably buy it. Promising things are full of promise, "an indication that something will occur." The Latin root is promittere, "put forth," from pro-, "forward," and mittere, "send."
WORD FAMILY
promising: promisingly, unpromising +/ promise: promised, promisee, promiser, promises, promising, promisor, promissory /promised: unpromised/promiser: promisers/promisor: promisors/ unpromising: unpromisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, Carr suffered a broken leg in a Week 16 game against Indianapolis, sending Oakland’s promising season into a tailspin.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Walker is promising a “sizeable increase” in funding for K-12 public schools, raising the state-imposed limits on school district spending.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This was the second year under General Manager Scot McCloughan, and there were some promising signs.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有前途的; 有希望的; 光明; 有为
分布：有前途的(59%)，有希望的(41%)
→来自promise,承诺，保证。比喻用法。
a.有希望的,有前途的The promising singer underwent mysterious misery.那位有前途的歌手遭受了神秘的痛苦.
US ['prɑ:.mɪ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■Something which is promising shows signs that it is going to be successful or enjoyable 有希望的；有出息的；有前途的
• They won the award for the most promising new band of the year. 他们赢得了该年度最有前途新进乐团奖。
• "How's your new venture going?" "It's looking quite promising." “你的新事业进展得如何？”“看起来相当不错。”
• It's a great restaurant but it doesn't look at all promising from the outside. 这间餐厅棒极了，不过从外面看可一点都看不出来。
Opposite unpromising
adj. 有希望的，有前途的
 - likely, hopeful
v. 许诺，答应（promise的现在分词形式）
 - undertaking

Word: conscious
Front: conscious
[ˈkɒnʃəs] (研四六托雅 3845/2633 -K3)
Vocabulary: conscious
(once / 48 pages)
1adj 2adj
Conscious is an adjective that simply means alert and awake. If you fall from a tree and smack your head on the side of the wheelbarrow, there's a good chance you won't be conscious afterward.
Conscious is a Latin word whose original meaning was “knowing" or "aware.” So a conscious person has an awareness of her environment and her own existence and thoughts. If you're "self-conscious," you're overly aware and even embarrassed by how you think you look or act. But that sounds better than being unconscious, or totally unaware and out of it.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
conscious / conscience
Both words have to do with the mind, but it's more important to be conscious, or awake, than conscience, or aware of right and wrong. Remain conscious while listening to your friend's moral dilemma so you can use your conscience to give good advice.
Conscious, pronounced "KAHN-shuhs," means being aware of yourself or the world around you. It also means being sensitive to something or being awake, not asleep or insensible:
Witnesses say he was bleeding profusely but conscious and talking. (Washington Post)
He was even horribly conscious of a slow pallor creeping over his face. (Bertram Mitford)
Conscience, pronounced "KAHN-shuhns," is a moral understanding, an inner feeling, of right and wrong. If you were a cartoon, your conscience would be that little angel on your shoulder, telling you the right thing to do (and to ignore the little devil on the other side). See the word in action:
They went out guiltily, as men whose consciences troubled them. (Richard Marsh)
Passports are not required, but a social conscience probably is. (New York Times)
To help keep conscious and conscience straight, try emphasizing the second n in conscience, remembering that the conscience deals with your inner thoughts.
WORD FAMILY
conscious: consciously, consciousness, nonconscious, self-conscious, semiconscious, subconscious, unconscious +/ consciousness: consciousnesses/ self-conscious: self-consciously, self-consciousness/semiconscious: semiconsciously, semiconsciousness/ subconscious: subconsciouses, subconsciously, subconsciousness/ unconscious: unconsciously, unconsciousness/unconsciousness: unconsciousnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Packers said he was conscious with movement and was being evaluated at the hospital.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Screwvalas say they hope to raise a generation of socially conscious middle-class Indians, and perhaps the next wave of Indian entrepreneurs.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
He says the girl was conscious and breathing but unresponsive.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 有意识的，神志清醒的; 自觉的，有意的; （痛苦，感情，冷气等）感觉得到的; 同“self-conscious“
分布：意识(83%)，自觉的(5%)，意识到的(5%)，有意的(4%)，神志清醒的(3%)
→con-, 强调。-sci, 知道，词源同science.
有意识的;自觉的(con+sci+ous→知道的→有意识的)[sci=know,表示"知道"]
a.(of)意识到的,自觉的;神志清醒的She was conscious that her memory was failing.她意识到自己的记忆力在逐渐衰退.
US ['kɑ:n-] adjective
NOTICING 意识到
be conscious of sth/sb
 IMPROVER
■to notice that a particular thing or person exists or is present 意识到；察觉到；感觉到
• The tooth doesn't exactly hurt, but I'm conscious of it (= I can feel it) all the time. 牙齿并不痛 ，可是我总觉得不舒服。
• [+ -ing verb] I think she's very conscious of being the only person in the office who didn't have a university education. 我想她对于自己是办公室里唯一没有受过大学教育的人这一点很敏感。
• [+ that] He gradually became conscious (of the fact) that everyone else was wearing a suit. 他渐渐意识到其他人都是穿着西装。
⇒ See also subconscious
UK ['kɒn.tʃəs] US ['kɑ:n-] adjective
AWAKE 醒着的
■awake, thinking and knowing what is happening around you 有意识的；神志清醒的；有知觉的
• He's still conscious but he's fairly badly injured. 他神志还清醒，但伤得很重。
• They've brought her out of the operating theatre, but she's not fully conscious yet. 他们把她推出了手术室，可是她还没有完全清醒。
• figurative humorous "Can I speak to Isobel, please?" "She's still in bed. I'll just go and see if she's conscious (= awake) yet." “我可以跟伊索贝尔通话吗？”“她还没起床，我去看看她醒了没有。”
Opposite unconscious
UK ['kɒn.tʃəs] US ['kɑ:n-] adjective
INTENTIONAL 有意的
■determined and intentional 故意的，存心的；刻意的
• He's obviously making a conscious effort to be nice to me at the moment. 他此刻显然是在有意讨好我。
• It wasn't a conscious decision to lose weight. It just happened. 我没有刻意减肥，就瘦下来了。
sensible, conscious, awkward, aware, clumsy
这组词都有“笨拙的”的意思，其区别是：
sensible: 侧重通过直觉或理性感觉意识到某物的存在。 awkward, clumsy
conscious: 指内心的感觉，强调深刻的心理活动。
awkward: 侧重缺乏优雅、机敏和技巧。用于物时，指使用不便。
aware: 强调通过耳闻目睹或感觉而得到的信息，也指敏税的观察和推断。侧重感知，多与of一起用。
clumsy: 指人时，侧重行动笨拙；指物时，侧重制作粗陋或体积、重量过大而呈现笨重。
adj. 意识到的；故意的；神志清醒的
 - aware, intended, studied, designed

Word: determination
Front: determination
[dɪˌtɜ:mɪˈneɪʃn] (高四六托雅宝 3846/2788 -K2)
Vocabulary: determination
(once / 223 pages)
n
Determination can be a decision, or the focus you need to get something done.
The sense of determination, as making up your mind about something, finds its roots in an Old French word meaning “decision," such as the judge's determination that the man was guilty, or the panel's determination that the chocolate was too bitter. Usually the decision comes after much consideration and research, like when Copernicus made the determination that the earth revolves around the sun. The word has come to mean also grit, gumption, pluck, persistence: "With hard work and determination, they were able finish the school project on time."
WORD FAMILY
determination: determinations, indetermination, self-determination+/determinable: determinably, undeterminable/ determinant: determinants/ determine: determinable, determinant, determination, determined, determiner, determines, determining, determinism, predetermine, redetermine/ determined: determinedly, undetermined/determiner: determiners/determinism: determinisms, determinist, deterministic/determinist: determinists/predetermination: predeterminations/ predetermine: predetermination, predetermined, predetermines, predetermining/redetermine: redetermination, redetermined, redetermines/undetermined: undeterminedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There is an absolute determination that the regime will persist and continue. That is number one for everything: the perpetuation of the regime.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Emotionally, you need a positive attitude and determination.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But she kept her determination to heal and start a new life.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 决心; 决定，确定; [物]测定，计算
分布：决心(54%)，测定(44%)，规定(1%)，定位(1%)
决定(determine决定)[-ation表名词"行为,过程,结果"]
US [-ˌtɝ:-] noun
TRYING HARD 毅力
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the ability to continue trying to do something, although it is very difficult 决心，毅力
• a man of fierce/ruthless determination 很有毅力／痛下决心的人
• [+ to infinitive] She has a great determination to succeed. 她有很大的决心获得成功。
⇒ See also self-determination
UK [dɪˌtɜ:.mɪ'neɪ.ʃən] US [-ˌtɝ:-] noun
DECISION 决定
uncountable formal
■the process of controlling, influencing or deciding something 决定，确定
• The determination of policy is not your business - your job is to implement it. 政策的决定与你无关——你的工作就是执行。
UK [dɪˌtɜ:.mɪ'neɪ.ʃən] US [-ˌtɝ:-] noun
DISCOVERING 发现
countable or uncountable specialized
■the process of finding something out 查明；测定
• the determination of his whereabouts 查明他的下落
resolve, determination, resolution, decision
这组词都有“决定、决心”的意思，其区别是：
resolve: 语气较强，强调克服感情上的软弱，下决心干具体的一件事。
determination: 侧重坚定不移的顽强意志力。
resolution: 指自觉地正式表示的决心，含极强的主观能动意味。
decision: 既可指重大的或一般的决定或决心，又可指在多种情况下作出果断的抉择，毫不犹豫地采取行动。
n. 决心；果断
 - decision, resolution, push, backbone

Word: donor
Front: donor
[ˈdəʊnə(r)] (托宝 3847/5462 -2)
Vocabulary: donor
(once / 984 pages)
n
A donor is a person who donates something of value to a person or an organization, especially a charity. A wealthy donor might leave her book collection to the local library in her will.
Buildings on college campuses are frequently named after generous donors — if you give millions of dollars to your school, they might name the new library after you, crediting you as a donor. Another kind of donor gives blood that can be used for transfusions, or agrees to donate organs after his or her death. Donor comes from the Latin root donare, "give as a gift."
WORD FAMILY
donor: donors
USAGE EXAMPLES
An opposition lawmaker is also campaigning for Netanyahu to be investigated over suspicions that donors improperly transferred money for his personal use.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It's also why he's devoted his life to keeping the memory of his donor, Jason Gosnell, alive.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Blumberg hopes the public will chip in, which is why he’s assuring potential donors that Fleet Week will survive.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 捐赠者，[医]供血者，输血者; [医]供血者，输血者; [物]施主
分布：捐赠人(41%)，供者(40%)，施主(19%)
→来自词源don, 给予，词源同donate.
捐献者(don+or→给的人)[don,dit=give,表示"给予"]
【参】donate（v 捐赠；赠予）；又送don穿的，又送ate吃的donation（n 捐赠品；贡献）
US ['doʊ.nɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who gives some of their blood or a part of their body to help someone who is ill 捐血者；器官捐赠者
• a blood donor 捐血者
• a kidney donor 肾脏捐赠者
 ADVANCED
■a person who gives money or goods to an organization 捐助者，捐赠者
• Thanks to a large gift from an anonymous donor, the charity was able to continue its work. 多亏得到了一位匿名人士的大笔捐助，该慈善机构才得以继续运转。
n. [法] 捐赠者；供者；赠送人
 - donator

Word: hers
Front: hers
[hɜ:z] (中高 3849/3071 -K2)
Back: pron. 她的; 属于她的
分布：代词(92%)，形容词(6%)，名词(2%)
pron.[she的物主代词]她的(所有物)She identified the bag as hers by saying what it contained.她以说出手提包里有什么东西,证明那是她的.
US [hɝ:z] pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that something belongs to or is connected with a woman, girl or female animal that has just been mentioned 她的（所有物）
• Nicky and I both have red hair but hers is lighter than mine. 尼基和我的头发都是红色，但她的颜色稍浅一些。

Word: pastor
Front: pastor
[ˈpɑ:stə(r)] (宝 3850/12474 -1)
Vocabulary: pastor
(once / 441 pages)
n
A pastor is someone with the authority to lead religious services. Pastors lead church services and help others worship.
Pastor is a religious title used mostly in Christian churches. The pastor is a leader within a church who has been ordained and therefore given the authority to conduct religious services. The pastor leads Sunday mass and other types of rituals, such as funerals. Members of the congregation may seek a pastor for advice. Within a religious community, a pastor is someone respected very much.
WORD FAMILY
pastor: pastoral, pastors, pastorship+/ pastoral: pastorally, pastorals/pastorship: pastorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Protestant pastor says he believes in a larger meaning of civility, a definition that captures a truly civil approach to social justice.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
To this day the limited case documentation provided to the family doesn’t specify which “terror” organization the pastor supposedly joined.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Tim tells people all the time that for the first 49 years of his life, he would do anything for God, but be a pastor.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 牧师
vt. 作…的牧师
分布：牧师(99%)，作...牧师(1%)
→来自拉丁语pascere,放牧，喂养，来自pa,喂食，喂养，词源同food,company.即放牧者，引申词义牧师。-t,过去分词格。
牧师(原来是拉丁文"牧羊人"的意思)[-or表名词"人或物器",在一些词根前写成"-ator"]
【记】源于：pasture（n 牧草，牧场）－牧师
【参】pastoral（n 牧歌；田园诗；adj 牧人的；田园生活的）
US ['pæs.tɚ] noun countable
■a leader of a Christian group or church, especially one which is Protestant （尤指基督教新教的）牧师
n. 牧师
 - minister, priest, preacher

Word: jazz
Front: jazz
[dʒæz] (高研四宝 3848/5759 -3)
Vocabulary: jazz
(once / 885 pages)
1nv 2n 3v
Jazz, a form of instrumental and vocal music characterized by syncopated rhythms and informal improvisation, has been called America's only original art form. If you've ever listened to Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, or Thelonious Monk, jazz is what you're hearing.
The term jazz originated not with music, but in baseball, where it was used as a synonym for "pep, vim, vigor." It began to be used to describe music about a decade after jazz first began to be played in 1900 New Orleans. Since then, like the art form it describes, jazz has changed and expanded its meaning. Today, jazz can refer to a genre of dance, to the act of "sprucing something up," to the decade of the 1920s (nicknamed The Jazz Age), or to holding your hands above your head and waving your fingers, making jazz hands.
WORD FAMILY
jazz: jazzed, jazzes, jazzing, jazzy +/ jazzy: jazzier, jazziest, jazzily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stone plays an actress, Gosling a jazz pianist.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Musical performance in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese Verroneau, an international acoustic quartet, performs a blend of bossa nova, jazz, samba and swing.
Washington Post(Nov 29, 2016)
“I played for jazz bands in bars, and I even recorded with a pop group called the Blue Nile.”
The New Yorker(Nov 27, 2016)
Back: n. 爵士乐，爵士舞（曲）
时态：jazzed, jazzing, jazzes
分布：爵士乐(85%)，奏爵士乐(7%)，跳爵士舞(3%)，游荡(2%)，使有生气(1%)，以爵士风格演奏(1%)，各种杂物(1%)
→一种发源于美国路易斯安那克里奥尔区的流行音乐或舞蹈，词源不确定，可能来自非洲某语言jasm,精力，活动，衍生俚语词jism,种子，精液，后衍生俚语词jazz,性交。后黑人音乐家用于命名他们创作的一种音乐形式，即爵士。但始料未及的是，该音乐形式在创作出来后，迅速流行于全世界，并赋予了多种褒义词义。因此，也有人评论说：“If the truth were known about the origin of the word”Jazz”,it would never be mentioned in polite society.”比较funk.
n.爵士乐Do You like listening to jazz?你喜欢听爵士音乐吗?
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a type of modern music with a rhythm in which the strong notes are usually not on the beat and which is usually improvised (= invented as it is played) 爵士乐；爵士乐曲
[dʒæz] noun uncountable
and all that jazz informal
■used when speaking to mean 'and other similar things' 以及诸如此类
• They sell televisions and radios and all that jazz. 他们经销电视、收音机之类的商品。
[dʒæz] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] jazz sth up informal
■to make something more attractive or interesting 使更有趣；使更吸引人
• Jazz the dress up with some bright accessories. 用些鲜艳的饰物为连身裙增色。
• He jazzed up the food with a spicy sauce. 他用辣酱使食物更美味。
n. 爵士乐，爵士舞；喧闹
 - Jass, rumpus
vi. 奏爵士乐，跳爵士舞；游荡
 - louse around, potter about
vt. 奏爵士乐；使活泼
 - enliven, activate
adj. 爵士乐的；喧吵的
 - loud

Word: opera
Front: opera
[ˈɒprə] (高研四六托 3851/2984 -3)
Vocabulary: opera
(once / 397 pages)
n
An opera is a theatrical piece that tells a story totally through the music. It consists of recitatives which provide the narrative plot line and elaborate chorus singing, along with duets and arias, which are the parts we most remember.
We get the word opera from the Latin and, later, from the Italian, a noun formed from the word operari, "to work." The style evolved in Italy around 1600, and was initially unrealistic, mainly a chance for soloists to show off. In the mid-18th Century the focus shifted to both strong story and exquisite singing. Emotion is an important quality, a trait carried over to "soap operas" which have no singing but plenty of fake tears.
WORD FAMILY
opera: operas, operatic+/operatic: operatically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Reviewing the premiere in Philadelphia last fall, Zachary Woolfe of The New York Times called it an “ambitious, accomplished, dramatically direct opera.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Televisions are tuned to the Golf Channel or Korean game shows and soap operas.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Damrau and Mr. Grigolo were especially inspired during the four duets that form the dramatic crux of Gounod’s opera.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 歌剧; 歌剧艺术， 歌剧业; 作品( opus的名词复数 ); 砌
分布：歌剧(99%)，挪威Opera软件公司的浏览器软件(1%)
→来自意大利语opera,音乐创作，作曲，歌剧，来自拉丁语operari,工作，劳作，创作，词源同opus,operate.后用于指歌剧。
歌剧(通过创作而来)[Oper=work,表示"工作"]
n.歌剧The rational operator started a new era of opera cooperation in AD 2000.理性的操作者在公元2000年开创了一个歌剧合作的新时代.
【记】a和o结尾的都是艺术单词，源于意大利。
【参】operetta（n 小歌剧）
UK ['ɒp.rə] US ['ɑ:.pɚ.ə] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a musical play in which most of the words are sung, or plays and music of this type 歌剧
• 'Carmen' is my favourite opera. 《卡门》是我最喜爱的歌剧。
• I've never been a huge fan of opera. 我对歌剧一向不是很着迷。
• He goes to the opera (= to see an opera) whenever he can. 他一有机会就去看歌剧。
• an opera singer 歌剧演唱家
Compare operetta

Word: Japanese
Front: Japanese
[.dʒæpə'niːz] (中高雅 1718/1820)
Back: n. 日本人；日语
adj. 日本（人）的；日语的
分布：日本人(38%)，日语(30%)，日本的(22%)，日本人的(6%)，日语的(4%)
adjective
■from, belonging to or relating to Japan 日本的；与日本有关的
• the Japanese stock market 日本的股票市场
• Japanese art 日本艺术
[ˌdzæp.ə'ni:z] noun
uncountable
■the language of Japan 日语
• Do you speak Japanese? 你会说日语吗？
countable
■a person from Japan 日本人
• She married a Japanese. 她嫁给了一个日本人。
the Japanese [plural]
■the people of Japan 日本人
• The Japanese make excellent cars. 日本人生产的汽车性能优良。

Word: frame
Front: frame
[freɪm] (研四六托 1833/2161 -K3)
Vocabulary: frame
(once / 103 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4nv 5n 6v
A frame is a basic shape or structure, especially one that outlines or surrounds a door or window. If you slam your bedroom door hard enough, the whole frame might shake.
When frame is a noun, it is usually some kind of enclosure or outline that is also a physical support — like the frame around a window, a bed frame, or a picture frame. One frozen image, or still, from a movie is another kind of frame. As a verb, to frame means both to enclose something in a frame, the way you frame a painting, and to make it look like an innocent person is guilty of something.
WORD FAMILY
frame: framed, framer, frames, framing, underframe+/ framed: unframed/framer: framers/framing: framings/underframe: underframes
USAGE EXAMPLES
A good therapist will find a way to frame the issue as a source of potential growth.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
The university says a time frame for Merchant’s return to coaching hasn’t been determined.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Frames like those used for window screens fit on top of the plastic trays.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 框架; 眼镜框; 组织; 边框
vt. 陷害; 设计; 表达; 使适合（某一特殊用途）
adj. 有木架的，有构架的
时态：framed, framing, frames
分布：框(59%)，帧(19%)，结构(11%)，陷害(3%)，骨架(3%)，制定(2%)，身躯(1%)，表达(1%)，把 ... 框起来(1%)
→来自pro, 向前，词源同forth, from, proceed. 其原义为向前，推进，用来指建筑框架和基础结构。后词义通用化。
n.框架;体格;骨架;组织;机构v.设计;制定The tame tigers play the same game on the frame.温顺的老虎在框架上玩同一游戏.
noun countable
BORDER 边界
 ADVANCED
■a border which surrounds and supports a picture, door or window （图画、门、窗的）框，框架
• a picture frame 画框
frames
■the plastic or metal structure that holds together a pair of glasses 眼镜框架
[freɪm] noun countable
STRUCTURE 结构
 ADVANCED
■the basic structure of a building, vehicle or piece of furniture that other parts are added onto （建筑物、车辆或家俱的）构架，支架，骨架
• a bicycle frame 脚踏车车架
■UK (US rack)
■a wooden or plastic triangular object used to put the balls into position at the start of a game such as billiards or snooker （桌球、撞球等运动中开球时使用的）三角框
■the size and shape of someone's body 体格；骨架
• My sister has a much bigger frame than me. 我姐姐的骨架比我大很多。
frame of mind
■the way someone thinks or feels about something at a particular time 心态，心境
• The most important thing is to go into the exam in a positive frame of mind. 最重要的是要以积极的心态参加考试。
frame of reference
■a set of ideas or facts accepted by a person which explains their behaviour, opinions or decisions （某人的行为、看法或决定所依据的）参照准则，观念体系
• How can Christians and atheists ever come to understand each other when their frames of reference are so different? 基督徒和无神论者的思想观念差异如此之大，他们又怎么能相互理解呢？
[freɪm] noun countable
GAME 游戏
■a period of play in some games, such as snooker （桌球等游戏的）一局
• She lost the next two frames. 她输掉了接下来的两局。
[freɪm] noun countable
PHOTOGRAPH 相片 specialized
■one of the pictures on a strip of photographic film, or one of the single pictures which together form a television or cinema film （摄影胶片的）画格；（电视或电影的）画面，镜头
[freɪm] verb
EXPRESS 表达
transitive
■to express something choosing your words carefully （措词谨慎地）表达，说出
• The interview would have been more productive if the questions had been framed more precisely. 如果当时问题提得更确切些，采访就会更有成效。
[freɪm] verb
MAKE GUILTY 使有罪
transitive often passive informal
■to make a person seem to be guilty of a crime when they are not, by producing facts or information which are not true 陷害，诬陷
• He claimed he'd been framed by the police. 他声称自己被警方陷害了。
[freɪm] verb
BORDER 边界
transitive
■to fix a border around a picture etc. and often glass in front of it 给（图画等）装（镜）框
• I keep meaning to get that photo framed. 我一直打算给那张相片镶上框。
transitive
■to form an edge to something in an attractive way 修饰…的边缘
• Her new hairstyle frames her face in a much more flattering way. 她的新发型把脸衬托得漂亮多了。
n. [建] [计] 框架；结构； [电影] 画面
 - configuration, mechanics, texture, structure
vt. 设计；建造；陷害；使…适合
 - design, construct, engineer, style, project

Word: acquisition
Front: acquisition
[ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 3856/2567 -3)
Vocabulary: acquisition
(once / 432 pages)
n
An acquisition is something you acquire—a book, a skill or if you are a mogul, a company. It describes things you have purchased, things you have learned, or things you have gotten.
Acquisition has a formal sense to it. We don't talk about our new jeans as our latest acquisition, unless we are the kind of person who refers to their latest copy of Vogue as their Bible. It is very commonly used to refer to paintings purchased by museums—in fact, large museums have acquisition departments.
WORD FAMILY
acquisition: acquisitions+/ acquire: acquirable, acquired, acquirer, acquires, acquiring, acquisition, acquisitive / acquired: acquiredly/acquirer: acquirers/ acquisitive: acquisitively, acquisitiveness, unacquisitive
USAGE EXAMPLES
The U.S. semiconductor industry is facing an unprecedented wave of consolidations, with mergers and acquisitions in the sector valued last year at over $100 billion.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Because the survey relied on the memories of the participants, the researchers wrote, the more recent gun acquisition data might be more accurate.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Then, in 1972, the Soviet Union purchased the property and obtained more acreage in exchange for real estate acquisitions by the United States in Moscow.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 获得; 购置物; 获得物; 收购
分布：采集(75%)，获得(24%)，所获之物(1%)
n.取得,学到,养成(习惯);获得的东西This bookcase is my latest acquisition.这个书架是我最新购置的.
【反】divestiture（n [财产权利的]剥夺）
noun
uncountable
■the process of getting something 获得
• The acquisition of huge amounts of data has helped our research enormously. 我们获得的大量数据对我们的研究有莫大的帮助。
countable
■something that someone buys, often to add to a collection of things 收购品（常用于收藏）
• The museum has been heavily criticized over its acquisition of the four-million-dollar sculpture. 该博物馆因为购置了一件价值400万美元的雕塑而备受批评。
• I like your earrings - are they a recent acquisition (= did you get them recently) ? 我挺喜欢你的耳环——你刚买的吗？
countable or uncountable
■something such as a building, another company, or a piece of land that is bought by a company, or the act of buying it 收购物（房屋、公司、土地等），收购
n. 获得物，获得
 - getting, procurement, winning

Word: pit
Front: pit
[pɪt] (研四六托雅 3857/2882 -3)
Vocabulary: pit
(once / 279 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv
A pit is a hole in the ground, like the one in Poe’s “The Pit and the Pendulum” that the narrator tries not to fall into. A pit can also be smaller indentation. There’s also a pit hiding inside a peach.
Pit is a word with a wide variety of meanings. There's the pit you dig on the beach as a moat for your sandcastle, and the pit a hunter digs for trapping an animal. Then there's the sunken area of a performance hall where musicians play, an orchestra pit, and the area that's reserved for certain activity, like the trading pit at a stock exchange. Finally, a pit is also a large, hard seed — like a peach pit.
WORD FAMILY
pit: pits, pitted, pitting+/pitting: pittings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The restrictions include bans on wood in fireplaces and outdoor fire pits.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The biggest game of the week pits the Packers against the Lions for the NFC North title.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Their showdown pits the Tigers’ mostly aerial attack against a Buckeyes offense that dominates with a punishing ground game and the run-pass option.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 井; 煤矿; 麻子; （赛车道旁的）修理加油站
vt. 使有麻子; 使有凹陷
vi. 凹陷; 起凹点
时态：pitted, pitting, pits
分布：坑(77%)，矿井(8%)，陷阱(5%)，凹陷(5%)，使竞争(2%)，使凹陷(2%)，凹痕(1%)
→来自古英语pytt,水坑，井，来自Proto-Germanic*puttjaz,水坑，井，借自拉丁语puteur,水坑，井，来自peue,清洗，纯化，词源同pure,purity.引申坑，井，洞，休息区等多种词义。pit 核，果核
n.坑,陷阱;煤矿,矿井It's a pity that the spitbox in the pit was hit and split.遗憾的是坑内的痰盂被打裂.
noun countable
PLACE/AREA 地方／区域
 ADVANCED
■a large hole in the ground, or a slightly low area in any surface 坑；麻子，痘痕
• They'd dug a shallow pit and left the bodies in it. 他们挖了一个浅坑把尸体扔在里面。
• These pits in my skin are from when I had chickenpox. 我皮肤上的麻子是我出水痘时留下的。
⇒ See also armpit;sandpit
 ADVANCED
■a coal mine or an area of land from which a natural substance is taken by digging 矿道，矿井
• The coal-mining industry wants new pits to be opened. 煤矿业需要开凿新的矿井。
• a gravel/chalk pit 砾石／白垩坑
■slang
■a very untidy or dirty place 异常凌乱的地方；肮脏的地方
• I'm afraid my room is a complete pit! 恐怕我的房间乱得一塌糊涂！
the pit only singular
■in a theatre, the seats at the lowest level, or the orchestra pit 剧院的正厅后座；乐池，乐队席
the pits [plural] informal
■something that is of extremely low quality 品质极为低劣之物
• The hotel we stayed in was the pits! 我们住的饭店实在太糟糕了！
■the area next to a motor race track where the cars are given fuel or repaired during a race 赛车场的检修加油站
[pɪt] noun countable
SEED 种子 US for stone (SEED)
[pɪt] noun countable
pit of your stomach
■the part of the body in which people say they feel fear or nervousness 胸口，心窝；心底
• I got a sick feeling/a knot in the pit of my stomach when the news of the attack was announced. 当发动攻击的消息宣布时，我感到胸口很难受／心揪得紧紧的。
[pɪt] verb transitive (-tt-)US for stone (SEED)
[pɪt] verb transitive (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pit sb/sth against sb/sth
■to cause one person, group or thing to fight against or be in competition with another 使相斗；使竞争；使较量
• It was a bitter civil war, that pitted neighbour against neighbour. 那是一场可怕的内战，使人和人之间相互为敌。
• [R] The climbers pitted themselves against the mountain. 攀登者与大山一较高下。
pit your wits against sb/sth
■to see if you can be cleverer than someone or something 与…斗智
• Would you like to pit your wits against our quiz champion? 你想和我们的益智竞赛冠军斗智吗？
hollow, cavity, pit, cave, hole
这组词都有“洞、穴”的意思，其区别是：
hollow: 通常指表面上的坑或凹处，也指物体内部的空洞。
cavity: 比hole正式，指实体内中或表面的空洞或空腔。
pit: 指天然的大洞，尤指地上的洞，也指为采掘矿物而挖的深洞。
cave: 指出洞、窑洞或溶洞，可以是天然的或人造的。
hole: 最普通用词，泛指实体上的洞、孔或坑，不涉及其大小、深浅或穿透与否。
n. [矿业] 矿井；深坑；陷阱；（物体或人体表面上的）凹陷；（英国剧场的）正厅后排；正厅后排的观众
 - mine, trap
vt. 使竞争；窖藏；使凹下；去…之核；使留疤痕
 - cache
vi. 凹陷；起凹点
 - cave, sink marks

Word: hug
Front: hug
[hʌg] (高研六雅 3858/6694 -2)
Vocabulary: hug
(once / 595 pages)
vn
To hug someone is to warmly embrace or grasp them with your arms. Some families hug each other all the time, while others save their hugs for special occasions.
Celebrate National Hug Your Cat Day if you want to, but your cat may be less enthusiastic about it than you are. Hug is both a verb and a noun: when you hug your cat, she gets a hug. You can also hug your knees, holding them close to your body, and your skinny jeans can be said to hug your legs, or fit tightly. Hug probably comes from the Old Norse hugga, "to comfort."
WORD FAMILY
hug: hugged, hugger, hugging, hugs+/hugger: huggers/hugging: huggings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Soon he was followed by sprinting, dancing teammates who were quickly engulfed in hugs and confetti.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Each resident received handmade cards and hug from students.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He pulled Mills into a bear hug and murmured plaudits into his ear.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 热烈地拥抱，抱住，紧抱
vt. 紧靠…走; 抱有，持有
n. 紧抱，热烈拥抱
vi. 缠紧，缚紧（某物，尤指人体）
时态：hugged, hugging, hugs
分布：拥抱(93%)，紧抱(5%)，抱有(1%)，挨着(1%)
→来自中古英语hugge,拥抱，可能来自huck,蹲下，蹲坐，词源同huckster.
v./n.热烈拥抱,紧抱The smuggler shrugged to the bugler hugging the bug in the tugboat.走私者对在拖船中拥抱臭虫的号手耸耸肩.
verb transitive (-gg-)
 IMPROVER
■to hold someone or something close to your body with your arms, usually to show that you like, love or value them 拥抱，搂抱（以示喜欢或欣赏）
• Have you hugged your child today? 你今天拥抱过你的孩子没有？
• They hugged each other when they met at the station. 他们在车站碰面时互相拥抱。
• Emily hugged her teddy bear tightly to her chest. 艾蜜莉把她的泰迪熊紧紧抱在胸前。
• She sat on the floor hugging her knees (= with her knees bent up against her chest and her arms around them). 她双手抱膝坐在地上。
• Whenever I travel in the city I make sure I hug my handbag tightly to me. 每次我在市区里行动时，一定会把手提包紧紧抱着。
■to stay very close to something or someone 紧靠，紧挨
• The road hugs the coast for several miles, then turns inland. 那条路有几英哩紧临海岸，然后转向内陆。
• This type of car will hug (= not slide on) the road, even in the wettest conditions. 即使在最湿滑的情况下，这种汽车也不会在路面上打滑。
• a figure-hugging dress 紧身衣
■literary
■to keep something that makes you feel better or pleases you private or secret 心中怀有
• I hugged the idea to my self all through dinner. 整个晚餐我都在暗自盘算这个主意。
[hʌg] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■when you hold someone or something close to your body with your arms 拥抱，搂抱
• Come here and give me a big hug. 过来好好抱我一下。
• We always exchange hugs and kisses when we meet. 我们见面时总是互相拥抱和亲吻。
vt. 拥抱；紧抱；抱有，坚持
 - press, stay, embrace, tough
vi. 拥抱；紧抱在一起；挤在一起
 - embrace, cuddle
n. 拥抱；紧抱；固执
 - embrace, persistence

Word: wildlife
Front: wildlife
[ˈwaɪldlaɪf] (高托雅 3859/3597 -2)
Back: n. 野生的鸟兽等
adj. 野生生物的
分布：野生动植物(75%)，野生动植物的(25%)
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■animals and plants that grow independently of people, usually in natural conditions 野生动植物，野生生物
• a documentary on Peruvian wildlife 关于秘鲁野生生物的纪录片
• wildlife groups/conservation 野生生物种群／保护区

Word: punish
Front: punish
[ˈpʌnɪʃ] (中高研四六 3862/4686 -K2)
Vocabulary: punish
(once / 78 pages)
v
To punish is to discipline or penalize someone because they've done something wrong. If you stole the cookie from the cookie jar, someone may have to punish you. Not you? Then who?
A judge will often punish a guilty defendant with community service or parole — or sometimes even with time spent in prison, if the crime is serious enough. You probably punish your puppy for chewing your shoes simply with a firm "No!" Sometimes people are punished unfairly, like how higher gas prices punish the people who can already barely afford to drive to their jobs.
WORD FAMILY
punish: punishable, punished, punishes, punishing, punishment +/punishable: punishably/punished: unpunished/ punishing: punishingly/ punishment: punishments, self-punishment
USAGE EXAMPLES
"At 2-2 I just started to drop and got punished."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
But voters brutally punished Mr Clegg for his gamble.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It's just one incident, but it supports Rohingya claims that they are being abused and collectively punished by the military.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 处罚; 严厉对付; 贪婪地吃喝
时态：punished, punishing, punishes
分布：惩罚(84%)，处罚(15%)，粗暴对待(1%)
→来自拉丁语punire,惩罚，处罚，纠正，来自 poena,处罚，罚金，词源同pain,penal.
惩罚(pun+ish)[pen,pun=penalty,表示"处罚"]
v.惩罚,处罚I'm to be punished for publishing his bad reputation to the public of the republic.我因将他的坏名声公布给共和国的公众将受到惩罚.
verb transitive
CRIME 犯罪
 IMPROVER
■to cause someone who has done something wrong or committed a crime to suffer, by hurting them, forcing them to pay money, sending them to prison, etc 惩罚
• Those responsible for these crimes must be brought to court and punished. 那些该为罪行负责的人必须被送上法庭接受惩罚。
• He punished the class by giving them extra work. 他给这班学生多派了些作业作为对他们的惩罚。
• The oil company was found guilty on ten counts of pollution, and was punished with a $250 million fine. 这家石油公司被判犯了十项污染环境的罪状，被罚款2.5亿美元。
⇒ See also punitive
■to punish anyone who commits a particular crime 惩处（犯罪行为）
• Drunken driving can be punished with a prison sentence. 酒后驾车可被处以监禁。
['pʌn.ɪʃ] verb transitive
TREAT BADLY 很差地对待
■to use or treat badly, violently or without care 粗暴对待，伤害
• He really punishes that horse of his. 他狠狠地教训他的马。
vt. 惩罚；严厉对待；贪婪地吃喝
 - penalise, chastise
vi. 惩罚
 - drop across, come down on

Word: primary
Front: primary
[ˈpraɪməri] (中高研四六托雅 1504/1172 -K3)
Vocabulary: primary
(once / 181 pages)
adjn
Primary means basically "first." When you vote in a primary, that is the first election in a series. When a matter is of primary concern, it means it's of first importance. Primary school is the first you go to (after nursery school, at least).
There's an interesting alternate system for counting first, second, third, etc. up to tenth. It's primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary, senary, septenary, octonary, nonary, and denary. There's also a word for twelfth, duodenary, though that — along with all the words after tertiary — is rarely used.
WORD FAMILY
primary: primaries, primarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cough is a primary way to clear the gunk.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
As a result, cardiac output is a primary determinant of metabolic activity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Months after the primary, tensions were still running high when Taylor’s campaign manager tried to join the local GOP committee in Forbes’s stronghold of Chesapeake.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 首要的，主要的; 最早的，原始的; [地质学]原生的; 基本的
n. 第一位; 最好者; 要素; 候选人提拔会
分布：主要的(48%)，原色(10%)，首要的(9%)，初级的(9%)，初选(8%)，要素(4%)，第一位(3%)，最主要者(3%)，初期的(2%)，初级线圈(2%)，根本的(2%)
→来自prime,第一的，最初的，首要的，-ary,形容词后缀。
最初的;根本的(prim+ary)[prim=first,chief表示"第一,主要的"]
a.最初的,初级的;首要的,主要的,基本的A primary school is the first school everybody goes to.小学是所有的人上的第一个学校.
US [-mɚ.i] adjective
MOST IMPORTANT 最重要的
 IMPROVER
■more important than anything else; main 首要的；主要的
• The Red Cross's primary concern is to preserve and protect human life. 红十字会最关心的是维护人的生命安全。
• The primary responsibility lies with those who break the law. 主要的责任在于那些违法者。
UK ['praɪ.mə.ri] US [-mɚ.i] adjective
EDUCATION 教育
[before noun] UK and Australian English
■of or for the teaching of young children, especially those between five and eleven years old 初等教育的，小学的
• primary education 初等教育
• a primary school 小学
UK ['praɪ.mə.ri] US [-mɚ.i] adjective
EARLIEST 最早的
■happening first 最初的，起源的，原始的
• the primary stages of development 发展的最初阶段
UK ['praɪ.mə.ri] US [-mɚ.i] noun countable
■in the United States, an election in which people who belong to a political party choose who will represent that party in an election for political office （美国推举党内候选人的）初选
primary, elemental, elementary
这组词都有“基本的”的意思，其区别是：
primary: 可与作“初步的，初级”的elementary换用。
elemental: 强调属于事物的基础或本质。
elementary: 指属于事物的初步或起始阶段
principal, leading, primary, foremost, capital, major, chief, main
这组词都有“首要的，主要的”的意思，其区别是：
principal: 用于人时，指地位优于其他人；用于物时，指该物在大小、重要性等方面优于他物。
leading: 侧重指具有影响力或凝聚力。从而有主导和引导的作用。
primary: 通常不用于人。用于物时，指在重要性方面占第一位。
foremost: 侧重指在行进或发展过程中居首位。
capital: 着重指因重要性、意义、优越或重大而名列同类之首。
major: 指同其他人或其它物、问题等相比较，显得更加重要和突出。
chief: 拽人时，表同类中职位最高，权力最大；指物时，表同类中最重要，价值最高。
main: 通常只用于物。指在一定范围内，某物的重要性、体积或力量等超过其它物。
adj. 主要的； [数] 初级的；基本的
 - elementary, major, central, main, leading
n. 原色；最主要者
 - original color, fundamental colour

Word: equity
Front: equity
[ˈekwəti] (雅宝 3863/3355 -3)
Vocabulary: equity
(once / 476 pages)
1n 2n
Equity is the state or quality of being fair. In classrooms, it's important to establish equity as any hint of unfairness turns everyone against the teacher.
In finance, equity refers to the value of a business or piece of property after subtracting the amount of the mortgage. Also in finance, equities are stocks, in contrast to bonds. Equity is from Middle English equite, from Old French équité, from Latin aequitas "equality," from aequus "equal."
WORD FAMILY
equity: equities, inequity +/ inequity: inequities
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is high for U.S. equities by historical averages, elevated for Japan, moderate for Europe and low for emerging markets.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Beyond the purchase of IndyMac, Mnuchin was an active private equity investor with stakes in retail companies and Hollywood film studios.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But equity investors responded to this year of surprises by placing buy orders.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 公平; 公道; 公正裁决; 公平合理（或公正）的事
adj. 股票的; 股市的
分布：公平(40%)，权益(30%)，衡平法(14%)，公正(12%)，产权(4%)
→来自equal, 平等的。
公平,公正(equ+ity)[equ,equi=equal,even,表示"相等,平均"]
【记】equi相等－人人平等－公平
【反】unfairness（n 不公平）；discrimination（n 辨别；歧视）；equitable（adj 公平公正的）－discriminatory（adj 有差别的）/unfair（adj 不公平的）
US [-tˌi] noun
VALUE 价值
countable or uncountable specialized
■the value of a company, which is divided into many equal parts owned by the shareholders , or one of the equal parts into which the value of a company is divided （公司的）股本，股票值；股票
• He sold his equity in the company last year. 他去年卖掉了这家公司的股票。
• The rights give holders the opportunity to purchase additional equity interests in the company at a big discount. 这些权利使得股票持有者有机会以很优惠的折扣价额外购买该公司股份。
uncountable
■the value of a property after you have paid any mortgage or other charges relating to it 资产净值
UK ['ek.wɪ.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
FAIRNESS 公平
uncountable formal
■when everyone is treated fairly and equally 公平；公正
• a society based on equity and social justice 建立在公平公正和社会公义基础之上的社会
uncountable legal
■in English-speaking countries, a system of justice which allows a fair judgment of a case where the laws that already exist are not satisfactory （英语国家的一种司法制度，允许在现存法律不适用时对案件作出公正判决的）衡平法
n. 公平，公正；衡平法；普通股；抵押资产的净值
 - fairness, righteousness

Word: wrong
Front: wrong
[rɒŋ] (中高 655/672 -K4)
Vocabulary: wrong
(once / 43 pages)
1adjadv 2adjvn 3adj
Use the adjective wrong to talk about something that is factually incorrect. You thought your paper was due a week from Friday, but you were wrong. It's due tomorrow. Better start typing!
You can use the word wrong to describe something that deviates from your moral principles. You might believe that the death penalty is just wrong, but not everyone agrees with you. The adjective wrong can also describe something that is inappropriate for a certain purpose. It's frustrating to get all the way home from the store before you realize you grabbed the wrong kind of milk — buttermilk instead of two percent.
WORD FAMILY
wrong: wronged, wronger, wrongest, wrongful, wronging, wrongly, wrongness, wrongs+/ inappropriate: inappropriately, inappropriateness/wrongful: wrongfully, wrongfulness/wrongness: inappropriate, wrongnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
But after the first drive, it quickly became apparent that something was wrong.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“They were using the wrong gauge to measure their progress.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
At least it’s not what I sometimes get: “What’s wrong with you?”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 有毛病的，失常的; 错误的，不正确的; 不好的，不公正的; 反对的，相反的，颠倒的，背面的，里面的
adv. 不对，错误，失当; 不好，不公正; 逆，颠倒，翻转; 有毛病，不舒服
n. 过失，错误; 不义的行为; 不义行为; 犯罪
vt. 委屈，无理地对待，诽谤
时态：wronged, wronging, wrongs
分布：错误(54%)，错误的(34%)，冤枉(2%)，坏事(2%)，错误地(2%)，不公正(1%)，有毛病的(1%)，不适当的(1%)，不道德的(1%)，犯罪(1%)，欺骗(1%)
→来自wrengh,弯，转，偏离，来自wer的鼻音形式，弯，转，词源同wry,wring。引申义错误的。比较right,来自reg,直，词源同rectitude,regulate.
a.错的ad.错误地,不正确地n.错误v.委屈I took the wrong way.我走错了路.
US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
NOT CORRECT 不正确
 ESSENTIAL
■not correct 错误的；不正确的
• Three of your answers were wrong. 你的回答中有三个是错的。
• That clock is wrong - it's 12.30 not 12.15. 那个时钟不准——是12：30，不是12：15。
• Some of his facts are questionable, others are plainly (= completely) wrong. 他提供的事实有些值得怀疑，其他的则完全错误。
Compare right
 ESSENTIAL
■If someone is wrong, they are not correct in their judgment or statement about something 弄错的；判断错的
• You were wrong about the time - the shop closed at 7 not 8. 你把时间搞错了——这商店是七点关门，不是八点。
• He's wrong in thinking that we will support the project financially. 他错误地以为我们会在资金上支持这个专案计划。
prove sb wrong
■to show by your actions that someone's judgment of you was not correct 证明（某人）是错误的
• I thought she couldn't do it, but she proved me wrong. 我原以为她做不来这件事，但她证明我错了。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
NOT SUITABLE 不合适的
 ESSENTIAL
■not suitable or correct, or not as it should be 不合适的；不想要的；不应该的
• She's the wrong person for the job. 她不是这份工作的合适人选。
• We must have taken a wrong turning. 我们一定是拐错弯了。
• I'm sorry, you've got the wrong number (= this is not the telephone number you wanted). 对不起，您打错电话了。
Compare right
 ADVANCED
■describes something that is not considered to be socially acceptable or suitable 不正当的；不可取的
• She got in with the wrong crowd (= a group of people who were not considered socially acceptable) at university. 她上大学时结交了一群狐群狗党。
 ADVANCED
■If you ask someone what is wrong, you want to know what is worrying or upsetting them 烦恼的；不顺心的
• You've been quiet all evening. Is there anything wrong? 你整晚都很沉默，有甚么不顺心的事吗？
• What's wrong with you today? 你今天怎么了？
the wrong way round/around
■If something is the wrong way round/around, the part that should be at the front is at the back 前后弄反的（地），颠倒的（地）
• You've got your skirt on the wrong way round. 你把裙子反过来穿了。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
IMMORAL 不道德的
 ADVANCED
■not considered morally acceptable by most people 不道德的；不正当的；不对的
• Children should be taught that violence is wrong. 应该教育孩子暴力是不良行为。
• It was wrong of her to lie to you. 她对你撒谎是不对的。
• What's wrong with having a bit of fun? 找点乐趣有甚么不对？
Opposite right
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
NOT WORKING 不工作的
[after verb]
■not working correctly 不正常运作的；出毛病的
• Something's wrong with the television - the picture's gone fuzzy. 电视机出毛病了——图像不清楚。
• The doctors are still trying to find out what's wrong. 医生仍在试图找出问题的症结。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
catch sb on the wrong foot
■If something catches you on the wrong foot, you are not prepared for it 令（某人）措手不及
• I hadn't expected the question and it caught me on the wrong foot. 我没有预料到这个问题，它使我措手不及。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
get the wrong end of the stick informal
■to not understand a situation correctly 误解
• Her friend saw us arrive at the party together and got the wrong end of the stick. 她的朋友看到我们一同到达聚会现场，便产生了误解。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
get / fall into the wrong hands
■If something gets/falls into the wrong hands, a dangerous person or enemy starts to control it 落到危险分子（或敌人）手里
• If this sort of information fell into the wrong hands, we could be in serious trouble. 如果这种消息让对手知道，我们就麻烦了。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
go down the wrong way
■If food or drink goes down the wrong way, it goes down the wrong tube in your throat and causes you to cough or stop breathing for a short time. （食物或饮料）误入气管，呛到了
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
send / give out (all) the wrong signals
■to give an incorrect message 传达一个错误讯息
• If the government refuses to provide aid, it would send out all the wrong signals to the rest of the world. 如果政府拒绝提供援助，这将向世界上的其他国家传达错误的讯息。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adverb
 IMPROVER informal
■in a way that is not correct 错误地；不对
• You've spelt my name wrong. 你把我的名字拼写错了。
⇒ See also wrongly
get sth wrong informal
■to make a mistake in the way you answer or understand something 答错；理解错
• I spent hours doing that calculation and I still got the answer wrong. 我花了好几个小时解那道计算题，但还是做错了。
• You've got it all wrong - it was your boss that she was annoyed with and not you! 你完全理解错了——让她生气的是你们老板，而不是你！
go wrong
 IMPROVER
■If a situation or event goes wrong, it becomes unpleasant and is not a success 出问题；不如意；失败
• Our marriage began to go wrong after we had our first child. 我们在有了第一个孩子之后，婚姻开始出现问题。
 ADVANCED
■to make a mistake 犯错误；弄错
• These shelves are very easy to put together - you can't go wrong. 这些架子很容易组装——你不会弄错的。
• I thought I'd done this correctly, I just can't understand where I've gone wrong. 我以为自己这样做是对的，我就是不明白错在哪里。
■If a machine goes wrong, it stops working correctly. （机器）出毛病，不正常运作
• Our TV keeps going wrong. 我们的电视一直有毛病。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adverb
don't get me wrong
■said when you think someone might not understand what you say, or be upset by it 别误会
• Don't get me wrong - I'd love to come but I'm too busy next week. 别误会——我确实想来，但是我下个礼拜太忙了。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] noun
uncountable
■what is considered to be morally unacceptable 不道德；不正当；错误
• He has no sense of right and wrong. 他没有甚么是非感。
• I was brought up to tell the truth and know right from wrong. 我从小就受教育要说真话、明辨是非。
• As far as her parents are concerned, she can do no wrong (= she is perfect in every way). 在她父母眼中，她是完美无瑕的。
countable
■an unfair action 冤枉；不公平的行为
• He has done us a great wrong. 他大大冤枉了我们。
• She was trying to right (= do something to make better) the wrongs of the past. 她试图纠正过去的冤屈。
in the wrong
■If someone is in the wrong, they have made a mistake or done something which is bad or illegal 犯错误；不对
• The driver was unquestionably in the wrong. 毫无疑问是那个司机不对。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] noun
Two wrongs don't make a right. saying
■said to emphasize that it is not acceptable to do something bad to someone just because they did something bad to you first 以牙还牙是不可取的。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] verb transitive formal
■to treat someone in an unfair or unacceptable way 不公正地对待；冤枉
• She felt deeply wronged by his accusations. 他的指控使她觉得深受冤枉。
adv. 错误地；邪恶的，不正当地
 - in error, incorrectly
n. 坏事；不公正
 - bad, injustice
adj. 错误的；失常的；不适当的
 - false, incorrect, unhappy, improper, inadequate
vt. 委屈；无理地对待；诽谤
 - vilify, asperse

Word: doorway
Front: doorway
[ˈdɔ:weɪ] (研 3866/3727 -2)
Vocabulary: doorway
(once / 272 pages)
n
A doorway is the place through which you enter a room. Some doorways have actual doors, while others are merely arched openings into a room or building.
If you stand in your doorway watching your neighbor approach on his bike, you've probably got the front door open and you're standing in its space. The doorway to your living room, on the other hand, might be a simple arch or wide entryway. The word dates from about 1799, from door and way, which here means "space" — it's the space in a wall where a door sits.
WORD FAMILY
doorway: doorways
USAGE EXAMPLES
In June, a senior U.S. diplomat was attacked by a Russian soldier at the doorway to the U.S.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Drug addicts used his doorway as a urinal, he said.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Derek hovers in the doorway, seemingly unsure what to do.
BBC(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 门口，门道
分布：门口(100%)
n.门口The poor man in poverty sleeps on the floor at the doorway.那个贫困的可怜人睡在门口的地板上.
US ['dɔ:r-] noun countable
■the space in a wall where a door opens, or a covered area just outside a door 出入口，门口
n. 门口；途径
 - mechanism, approach, pass

Word: departure
Front: departure
[dɪˈpɑ:tʃə(r)] (高研四六托 3867/2903 -K)
Vocabulary: departure
(once / 149 pages)
n
A departure is the act of leaving somewhere. Think about an airport that has departure gates for outgoing passengers and an arrival area for people flying in.
Since departing means to leave, a departure is an act of leaving. There are many type of departures, such as when you go to the store or take a flight. A departure can be a metaphor too, as in a departure from the norm, like if a TV cop show suddenly turns into a vampire show. If a comedian starts being serious, that's a departure too. This word is also a euphemism for death, as in "a departure from life."
WORD FAMILY
departure: departures+/ depart: departed, departer, departing, departs, departure /departer: departers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Through a spokeswoman, Mr. Prendergast declined a request to discuss his departure.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Though Obama remains president until Jan. 20, the White House can’t process the departure of all its staffers on a single day.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fans in Denver, anticipating his departure, chanted “Kooooobes” with less than a minute left in the game.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 离开，离去; 起程; 背离; 东西距离
分布：离开(62%)，出发(36%)，分歧(1%)，新的尝试(1%)
n.离开,起程In the compartment, the impartial participant told me his counterpart's departure.在隔间里,公正的参与者把其对等人物的离世告诉了我.
US [-'pɑ:r.tʃɚ] noun countable or uncountable
LEAVING 离开
 ESSENTIAL
■when a person or vehicle, etc. leaves somewhere （人、交通工具等）离开；启程；出发
• There are several departures (= buses, trains, ships or aircraft leaving) for Paris every day. 每天都有几班次去巴黎。
• Our departure was delayed because of bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们的出发时间延后了。
• departure time 发车／起飞／开船时间
■when someone leaves a job 离职，辞职
• Everyone in the office was surprised by Graham's sudden departure. 格雷厄姆的突然离职让办公室里的每个人都感到非常意外。
UK [dɪ'pɑ:.tʃər] US [-'pɑ:r.tʃɚ] noun countable or uncountable
CHANGE 改变
■a change from what is expected, or from what has happened before 偏离，背离，脱离
• There can be no departure from the rules. 不得违反规则。
• Selling men's clothing is a new departure (= type of activity) for the shop. 经营男装是该店的一项新业务。
n. 离开；出发；违背
 - leaving, starting, violation, breach, quit

Word: elevator
Front: elevator
[ˈelɪveɪtə(r)] (研四六托雅 3871/12407 -K1)
Vocabulary: elevator
(once / 989 pages)
n
An elevator is a machine that carries passengers to higher and lower floors in a tall building. Even though you usually take the stairs to your apartment, when you're exhausted you might decide to take the elevator instead.
Most elevators run on electricity, although in the 19th century the first elevators used steam power to move heavy goods in coal mines. Today, elevators are legally required in tall buildings, so that people who aren't able to climb stairs have access to all floors. In the 1640's, elevator meant "muscles used to raise the body," from the Latin elevator, "one who raises up."
WORD FAMILY
elevator: elevators+/ elevate: elevated, elevates, elevating, elevation, elevator / elevated: elevateds/ elevation: elevations
USAGE EXAMPLES
He posted short videos from the elevator on Twitter.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The Virginia-based company bought two Ohio grain elevators in September.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Everyone paused, looking for an elevator or alternate route.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 电梯; 升降机（美）; 谷仓
分布：斗式皮带输送机(50%)，飞机升降舵(50%)
→e-, 向外。-lev, 举起，轻，词源同light , lever.
电梯,升降机(elevate+or)[lev,live=raise,lighten,表示"提高,举起,变轻"]
n.电梯,升降机The electrical connection in the photoelectric elevator involves electronics.光电升降机内的电气连接涉及到电子学.
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable US (UK lift)
■a small room which carries people or goods up and down in tall buildings 电梯
■a moving strip which can be used for unloading goods from a ship, putting bags onto an aircraft, moving grain into a store, etc. （装有传送带，用以卸货、装货或搬运粮食入库的）升降机，起卸机
n. 电梯； [机] 升降机；升降舵；起卸机
 - lift, moving staircase

Word: teenage
Front: teenage
[ˈti:neɪdʒ] (3868/5330 -2)
Back: adj. 十几岁的; 青少年的
n. 青少年时期
分布：十几岁的(100%)
→来自 teen,青少年，age,时代，年纪。
ADJ
十几岁的;青少年的
Teenage children are aged between thirteen and nineteen years old.
例：Almost one in four teenage girls now smoke.如今，十几岁的女孩几乎 4 个当中就有 1 个抽烟。
ADJ
面向十几岁青少年的;由十几岁青少年完成的
Teenage is used to describe things such as films, magazines, bands, or activities that are aimed at or are done by teenage children.
例：...'Smash Hits', a teenage magazine.青少年杂志《流行金曲》
例：...teenage pregnancies.少女怀孕
adj. 青少年的；十几岁的
 - juvenile
n. 青少年时期
 - youth

Word: guidance
Front: guidance
[ˈgaɪdns] (高研四六雅 3869/2601 -2)
Vocabulary: guidance
(once / 456 pages)
n
Guidance can mean steering (like the navigation system in a satellite) or the act of providing direction (like a guidance counselor does).
Back in the 1530s, guidance started out meaning "the process of directing conduct," similar to what we think of when we think of parents, mentors, or counselors. If you've ever asked a friend for advice on what to wear, you were seeking their guidance. But guidance also applies to physical direction. We might use a global positioning system (GPS) for guidance when we drive. Years ago, sailors relied on the stars for guidance. Sherpas provide guidance to climbers hiking Mt. Everest so they don't get lost.
WORD FAMILY
guidance: guidances+/ guide: guidance, guided, guides, guiding, misguide /guided: unguided/guiding: guidingly/ misguide: misguided, misguides, misguiding/ misguided: misguidedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He and Leah met with a guidance counsellor to discuss his plan to graduate in three years.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Ahlschwede said although the vet may be thriving at his or her new career, he or she may need some guidance along the way.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They hold support groups at their Victorian home outside Boston; manage a website, ecttreatment.org; and answer inquiries from people seeking guidance.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 指导，引导; 导航; 领导
分布：指导(82%)，引导(15%)，导航(3%)
n.引导,指导He did the work under the teacher's guidance.他在老师的指导下做了这件工作.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■help and advice about how to do something or about how to deal with problems connected with your work, education, or personal relationships 指导；引导
• I've always looked to my father for guidance in these matters. 在这些问题上我总是依靠父亲指点迷津。
• careers guidance 职业咨询指导
■the process of directing the flight of a missile or rocket （导弹或火箭的）制导，导引
• a missile guidance system 导弹制导系统
guidance, assistance
guidance: 指导，领导
assistance: 帮助，协助
n. 指导，引导；领导
 - direction, aiming, lead, steering

Word: happiness
Front: happiness
['hæpɪnəs] (高四 3870/3979 -K)
Vocabulary: happiness
(once / 79 pages)
n
Happiness is that feeling that comes over you when you know life is good and you can't help but smile. It's the opposite of sadness.
Happiness is a sense of well-being, joy, or contentment. When people are successful, or safe, or lucky, they feel happiness. The "pursuit of happiness" is something this country is based on, and different people feel happiness for different reasons. Whenever doing something causes happiness, people usually want to do more of it. No one ever complained about feeling too much happiness.
WORD FAMILY
happiness: happinesses+/ happy: happier, happiest, happily, happiness, happyly, unhappy/unhappiness: unhappinesses/unhappy: unhappier, unhappiest, unhappily, unhappiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The patterns you establish right now will impact your health, productivity, financial security and happiness for decades.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
“The majority of individuals everywhere . . . seem to associate happiness more with extravagance than with frugality.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Nothing fills me with more happiness than when Seb enters the playground and is welcomed into a game of football.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 幸福; 高兴; 恰当; 合适
分布：幸福(67%)，快乐(32%)，适当(1%)
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the feeling of being happy 幸福，快乐
• It was only later in life that she found happiness and peace of mind. 她直到了晚年才找到幸福和内心的平静。
• formal Will you join me in wishing the bride and groom every happiness? 你愿意和我一起祝福新娘新郎幸福美满吗？
n. 幸福
 - welfare, xingfu, eudemonia

Word: statue
Front: statue
[ˈstætʃu:] (高研四六托雅 3872/4519 -K2)
Vocabulary: statue
(once / 188 pages)
n
To stand as still as a statue is to stand absolutely still, a statue being a sculpture, after all. A statue is a specific kind of sculpture, one that clearly represents a person, an animal, or other living creature.
There's no question that the first thing most people think of when they hear the word statue is the Statue of Liberty. The woman's name is Liberty and there she is, a statue. Any sculpture that represents a person (Liberty, George Washington, Gandhi, or the Mad Hatter) is called a statue. In New York's Central Park, there is a much beloved statue of a dog named Balto, a heroic husky from Alaska.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
statue / statute
Look under the pigeons and you might find a bronze statue in a park, but there's probably a statute, or law, about how big it can be.
A statue is a figure of a person, animal, or object that is carved or cast from some material, such as marble or iron. A statue is usually life-sized or larger. (If it's smaller than the real-life original, it's a statuette or a figurine). Here are some examples of statue in the headlines:
Bronze statue unveiled in tribute to Ronnie Barker (Mirror UK)
Rosa Parks statue dedicated in downtown Grand Rapids (Michigan Live)
But a statute is a written law, such as that of a particular government or organization:
Fifteen other states and the District of Columbia have since enacted similar statutes, though cannabis remains classified as an illegal narcotic under U.S. law. (Reuters)
All were also discharged within the past six years, putting them within the statute of limitations. (New York Times)
Both words come from the Latin word "to stand," but a statue literally stands, often on two legs, and a statute is a law that stands. So while you might find a statue in the park of, say, Jimi Hendrix, it's the statutes about that park that allow a monument to the rock star to be erected there.
WORD FAMILY
statue: statuary, statues, statuesque, statuette+/statuary: statuaries/ statuesque: statuesquely/statuette: statuettes
USAGE EXAMPLES
American said a statement Sunday that statue’s placement improperly suggested that the university was advocating for clemency for Peltier.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Maybe Facebook would prefer the statue to be dressed again.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Onlookers donning oversized 2017 eyeglasses and green Statue of Liberty hats were screened by police Saturday afternoon ahead of the midnight bash.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 雕像，塑像
vt. 用雕像装饰
分布：雕像(77%)，塑像(23%)
→来自拉丁语 statua,雕像，塑像，图像，来自 stare,站立，词源同 stand,state.
雕像(stat+ue→站着的[雕像])[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
n.塑像,雕像At the station the statesman hesitates to state the status of the statue.在车站政治家不愿陈述雕像的状况.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an object made from a hard material, especially stone or metal, to look like a person or animal （尤指石头或金属的）雕像，雕塑，塑像
• a statue of a boy 一尊男孩雕像
• They planned to put up/erect a statue to the President. 他们计划为总统设一尊雕像。
n. [建] 雕像，塑像
 - effigy

Word: pursuit
Front: pursuit
[pəˈsju:t] (研四六雅 3873/4084 -2)
Vocabulary: pursuit
(once / 171 pages)
n
A pursuit is a chase or or a quest for something. When a guard runs after an escaping jewel thief, she's in pursuit — while the thief may have stolen the jewels because he was in pursuit of wealth.
Whether it's a police officer in a car chase or a student working towards a college degree at a university in the tropics, both can be considered in “hot pursuit.”  Derived from the Anglo-French purseute, pursuit means the act of pursuing or striving towards goals. In the late 14th century it implied persecution, but things have changed since then.
WORD FAMILY
pursuit: pursuits+/ pursuant: pursuantly/ pursue: pursuance, pursuant, pursued, pursuer, pursues, pursuing, pursuit / pursuer: pursuers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A 15th major is unlikely but vigorous pursuit would be thrilling.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Later, a stylized dream sequence recalls Gene Kelly’s pursuit of Leslie Caron in the ballet that closes “An American in Paris.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Trivial pursuits don’t follow serious endeavors, they precede them and, crucially, inspire them, even if unintentionally.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 追赶; 工作
分布：追求(89%)，追赶(7%)，工作(4%)
→来自pursue,追求，追逐，-it,名词后缀。
追求(pursue追求+it)[-it 1.表名词,通常是抽象名词2.表名词"…的"]
n.追赶,追求;职业,工作The ship is in pursuit of whales.那条船在追踪鲸鱼.
US [pɚ'su:t] noun
ACTIVITY 娱乐
countable usually plural
■an activity that you spend time doing, usually when you are not working 嗜好，消遣，娱乐
• I enjoy outdoor pursuits, like hiking and riding. 我喜欢户外活动，比如健行和骑马。
• I don't have much opportunity for leisure pursuits these days. 我近来没有多少时间可以花在业余爱好上了。
UK [pə'sju:t] US [pɚ'su:t] noun
FOLLOWING 追踪
countable or uncountable
■when you follow someone or something to try to catch them 追踪；追击
• Three people have been killed in high-speed pursuits by the police recently. 有三人在最近员警的高速追捕中毙命。
• The robbers fled the scene of the crime, with the police in pursuit. 抢劫者逃离了犯罪现场，员警紧追不舍。
UK [pə'sju:t] US [pɚ'su:t] noun
ATTEMPT 试图
uncountable
■when you try to achieve a plan, activity or situation, usually over a long period of time 追求；从事；实行
• the pursuit of happiness 对幸福的追求
• The company is ruthless in its pursuit of profit. 公司为追求利润毫不放松。
• The union is on strike in pursuit of (= the act of trying to achieve) a 10% pay increase. 工会为了争取10%的加薪而罢工。
n. 追赶，追求；职业，工作
 - profession, employment, career, calling, job

Word: repair
Front: repair
[rɪˈpeə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 3874/2940 -K3)
Vocabulary: repair
(once / 142 pages)
1vn 2vn
To repair means to fix or mend something so that it is in good working order again. If you forget to put oil in your car and you blow the engine, it's going to cost you an awful lot to repair it.
Not only does repair describe the act of fixing something, it can also be used as a noun for the fixing itself, as in “Who did the repair on this house? It looks terrible!” In a totally different meaning, if you repair somewhere, you return back to or go to a place for rest or shelter. If you're outside and it begins to rain, you might want to repair to the house where it's dry.
WORD FAMILY
repair: disrepair, repaired, repairer, repairing, repairs, reparable, reparation +/ disrepair: disrepairs/ irreparable: irreparably/repaired: unrepaired/repairer: repairers/ reparable: irreparable / reparation: reparations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The long slog to fund road and bridge repairs continues in 2017.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Emergency bridge repairs on the northbound side in December 2014 and January 2015 sometimes caused traffic to back up for 6 miles.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To top it off, she also broke her right femur, which was repaired by surgery.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 修理; 纠正; 恢复; 弥补
n. 修理; 修理工作; 维修状态; 经修理的东西
时态：repaired, repairing, repairs
分布：修理(69%)，修补(16%)，去(9%)，补救(3%)，维修工作(1%)，维修状态(1%)，赴(1%)
→来自拉丁语 reparare,修复，复原，来自 re-,再，重新，parare,准备，词源同 prepare.
修理(re再+pair→重新准备好→修理)[par=get ready表示"准备"]
n.修理,修补v.补救,纠正;修理You ought to get your watch repaired.你该把表送去修理了.
US [-'per] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to put something that is damaged, broken or not working correctly, back into good condition or make it work again 修理；修补；修复；整修
• to repair (the surface of) the road 修路（面）
• to repair a roof after a storm 暴风雨后修理房顶
• The garage said the car was so old it wasn't worth repairing. 修车厂的人说这辆车太旧，不值得修了。
• I really must get my bike repai red this weekend. 这个周末我真得修修脚踏车了。
■If you repair something wrong or harmful that has been done, you do something to make it right 补救；纠正；弥补
• to repair a broken friendship 修复破裂的友情
• Is it too late to repair the damage we have done to our planet? 现在采取措施挽回我们对地球所造成的破坏已为时太晚了吗？
UK [rɪ'peər] US [-'per] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  repair to somewhere formal
■to go to another place, usually in a group of people （通常指一群人）去某处，赴某地
• After dinner, we repaired to the lounge for coffee. 晚餐后，我们一起去了酒吧雅间喝咖啡。
UK [rɪ'peər] US [-'per] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when something is done to fix something that is broken or damaged 修理；修补；修缮
• My car is in the garage for repairs. 我的车正放在修车厂里维修。
• The repairs to the roof will be expensive. 修理房顶将会花很多钱。
• The mechanic pointed out the repair (= repaired place) on the front of my car. 修车工人给我指出车前部修过的地方。
UK [rɪ'peər] US [-'per] noun countable or uncountable
in good/bad repair (also in a good/bad, etc. state of repair)
■in good/bad, etc. condition 状况良好／不佳等
• The house is in very good repair. 这座房子状况很好。
UK [rɪ'peər] US [-'per] noun countable or uncountable
under repair
■being repaired 在修理；正在维修中
• This section of motorway will be under repair until January. 这段高速公路正在维修中，要到一月份才开放。
fix, mend, repair, patch
这组词都有“修理，修复”的意思，其区别是：
fix: 多用于美语，仅用于指带有安装固定性质的修理。
mend: 通常指较简单的修复过程，一般不需要专门技术或特殊工具。
repair: 可与mend换用，但一般指需要较高的职业技能和使用较复杂的工具进行修理。
patch: 通常指用类似材料修补破洞、裂缝或磨损的地方。
vi. 修理；修复
 - perform maintenance, fix up
vt. 修理；恢复；补救，纠正
 - restore, doctor, help
n. 修理，修补；修补部位
 - renovation, fixing

Word: decent
Front: decent
[ˈdi:snt] (研四六托雅宝 3878/3681 -2)
Vocabulary: decent
(once / 195 pages)
adjadv
The adjective decent means sufficient or acceptable. The local diner you like to frequent may not serve a four-star breakfast, but it probably has decent food.
Though the concept is a little dated, people of "decent society" are socially correct. They don't break the law, behave rudely, use impolite language, or wear inappropriate clothing. Decent can also mean "nice": Holding the door for a woman with a stroller is the decent thing to do. Lastly, decent can also mean "appropriately clothed" (or just "not naked"). If a stranger is knocking on your door, you're probably not going to answer it until you're decent.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
decent / descent / dissent
Decent is all buttoned up. Descent has all the fun because it gets to climb down a mountain. Dissent is what you do when the glee club wants to get matching red outfits but you like purple.
Decent, pronounced "DEE-sent," means "socially acceptable." It's also an old fashioned way to say "polite." These days if you ask someone if she's decent, you probably don't care if she went to finishing school, you're just wondering if she's dressed so you can come in. Decent can also mean good but not excellent. Have it both ways:
He's a decent old chap, but isn't at home much. (Bertram Mitford)
"We're going to work hard out there, and earn a decent living." (New York Times)
Descent, pronounced "dih-SENT," means the act of moving downward, either physically or socially, like an evil cartoon character's descent into the underworld, or a villain's descent into madness, or even your descent into the subway station or down a mountain:
There are a few nasty, short climbs, but several long descents too. (Guardian)
Descent can also refer to a person's cultural background. Makes sense if you think about going down the family tree:
The women, U.S. citizens of Somali descent, are charged with conspiracy to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization. (Washington Post)
Finally, dissent, also pronounced "dih-SENT" is to pipe up against popular opinion.
It can refer to an opinion that differs from an official or popularly held one.To dissent is to voice such an opinion. There are shades of meaning, but it always means to go against the grain:
Mr. Putin, who has rarely faced public dissent in his 11 years in power, appeared momentarily taken aback, but quickly recovered and finished his statement. (New York Times)
Mrs. Twining curled her mouth in bitter dissent. (Edgar Fawcett)
To recap: decent is fine and you're dressed, descent is to go down down down, and dissent is when you're opinion doesn't mesh with others.
WORD FAMILY
decent: decency, decenter, decentest, decently, indecent +/ decency: decencies/ indecency: indecencies/ indecent: indecency, indecenter, indecently
USAGE EXAMPLES
At first glance, Melania Trump did a good job of seeming like a decent sane person in her softball interview with Anderson Cooper in October.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
If this is just a decent match, it will be memorable.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The group says the state’s residents deserve affordable housing and transportation, high-quality education, nutritious food and a decent wage.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 正派的; 得体的; （服装等）相称的，合宜的; 相当好的
分布：体面的(53%)，正派的(25%)，相当好的(12%)，适当的(10%)
→来自dek, 接受，得体，合适，词源同doctor, dignity.
a.体面的;正派的,合乎礼仪的;合适的Those innocent adolescents ascending the hill are the tribe's descendants of decent descent.这些爬山的天真青少年是这个部落具有正派血统的后代.
【记】de地，cent硬币：我在马路边，拣到一分钱，把……（多么得体的行为！！）
【参】decency（n 庄重；正派；端庄）；decant（vt 移入其他容器）
【反】seamy（adj 丑恶的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■socially acceptable or good 正派的；体面的，正经的；像样的，相当不错的
• Everyone should be entitled to a decent wage/standard of living. 人人都应该有权获得像样的工资／过着体面的生活。
• I thought he was a decent sort of person. 我认为他是个正派人物。
• It was very decent (= kind) of you to help. 你能帮忙，真是个大好人啊。
• It made quite a decent-sized (= large) hole. 它弄出了一个很大的洞。
• After the recent scandal, the priest is expected to do the decent thing and resign from his position. 近来的丑闻过后，估计那个牧师会做该做的事，引咎辞职。
■informal
■dressed or wearing clothes 穿好衣服的
• Are you decent yet? 你穿好衣服了吗？
• You can come in now, I'm decent. 我穿好衣服了，你可以进来了。
adj. 正派的；得体的；相当好的
 - proper, goodish

Word: gym
Front: gym
[dʒɪm] (中雅 3876/9878 -2)
Vocabulary: gym
(once / 2271 pages)
n
A gym is a building or room that's meant for playing indoor sports or exercising. You might go to the gym to pump iron, or you might go to the gym to see who else is pumping iron.
The word gym is a shortened form of gymnasium, originally a Latin word meaning "school for gymnastics," from the Greek gymnasion, "public place where exercises are practiced." The preferred way to dress at a gym these days is in shorts or sweatpants, but back in Ancient Greece, men commonly exercised naked — hence the root gymnazein, "to train naked."
WORD FAMILY
gym: gyms
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s game time,” said Sampson, who previously worked as a manager at the gym.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Pictures of them line the walls of the club’s gym, groups of a dozen men in camouflage clustered around the blue-and-red flag of the separatists.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
At the gym in mid-August, her vision became blurry.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. <非正>健身房; 体育馆; 室内健身操; 体操
分布：健身房(60%)，体育馆(35%)，体育课(5%)
noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■gymnastics, especially when done as a subject at school （尤指作为学校课程的）体操，健身操
• a gym skirt 体操裙
• gym shoes 体操鞋
• Class 3 do gym on a Wednesday afternoon. 第三班在星期三的下午上体操课。
 ADVANCED countable
■a large room with weights for lifting, horizontal bars and other equipment for exercising the body and increasing strength 健身房；体操馆
• I go to the gym twice a week. 我每星期都去健身房两次。
uncountable US for * physical education
n. 健身房；体育；体育馆
 - gymnasium, physical culture

Word: oral
Front: oral
[ˈɔ:rəl] (高研四六托雅 3875/3468 -2)
Vocabulary: oral
(once / 1450 pages)
adjn
The word oral means having to do with the mouth or speaking. When you give an oral report in school, you stand in front of the class and talk.
Use the adjective oral to describe something that's spoken aloud, like an oral exam or an oral history passed between generations through bedtime stories. Oral is also good for referring to other things you do with your mouth — your dentist may drive you crazy talking about "oral hygiene," or keeping your teeth clean. The roots of the word oral go back to the Latin word for "mouth," which is os.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
aural / oral / verbal
Aural refers to the ear or hearing, and oral to the mouth or speaking. Something verbal is expressed in words, either spoken or written. Listen to the aural sensations of songs from outer space when you've been gassed for your oral surgery. Then stay non-verbal because you can't use words for a long time after the dentist wakes you up.
Aural is related to the sense of hearing:
While the songs may be familiar, the delivery is the aural version of having one's stocking stuffed. (technorati.com)
Audio teams capture far-flung aural impressions to set the proper movie mood (Dallas Morning News)
Our second word, oral, refers to something spoken (rather than written) or something related to the mouth:
The Long Island Storytelling Network will be telling tales at the library on Wednesday to help revive the oral tradition. (Storynet.org)
Oral cancer has always been a bigger threat to men than women. (Washington Post)
Now what about oral vs. verbal? They both relate to something expressed through words, but oral is spoken and verbal can be spoken or written. Oral and verbal are often used interchangeably — both describe spoken words after all. But they're not always interchangeable. If your little sister sticks everything in her mouth, she has an oral fixation. If she can recite the Constitution by age two, she's quite verbal. Consider these quotes from articles about college basketball:
K-State basketball gets oral commitment from 7-footer Diaz. (Wichita Eagle)
Gipson is Kansas State's second verbal commitment. (Fox Sports)
Using those definitions, Diaz told K-State he'd join the team. He didn't sign any paperwork. But Gipson could have signed on the dotted line, or he might have just spoken his commitment.
Remember: if it's related to the ear or hearing, you want aural. If it's related to something spoken or to the mouth, it's oral. And although verbal can mean spoken or written, oral can only mean spoken.
WORD FAMILY
oral: orally, orals
USAGE EXAMPLES
She prescribed oral steroids in addition to a rescue inhaler to calm my overactive airways, which helped.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The doctor may prescribe a steroid cream or, in severe cases, an oral immunosuppressant for the itch.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Because the treatment would expose his oral structures — including the jawbone, salivary glands and teeth — to radiation, a dental evaluation was prompted.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 口头的，口述的; 口服的; 属于或关于嘴的; 构成或使用言语的
n. （尤指外语考试中的）口试
分布：口试(57%)，口头的(22%)，口语的(17%)，口部的(4%)
→来自拉丁语os的所有格形式oris,嘴，来自os,嘴，词源同orator,osculate.
口头的[ora,orat=mouth,表示"嘴,说"]
a.口头的The sore is orally ignored by the ignorant immoral man.疮痛被无知的不道德者口头忽视了.
US ['ɔ:r.əl] adjective
SPOKEN 口头的
 ADVANCED
■spoken; not written 口头的；口述的
• an oral agreement/exam 口头协议／口试
UK ['ɔ:.rəl] US ['ɔ:r.əl] adjective
MOUTH 口 mainly specialized
■of, taken by, or done to the mouth 口的；口服的；口腔的
• oral hygiene 口腔卫生
• oral contraceptives 口服避孕药
• oral surgery 口腔手术
UK ['ɔ:.rəl] US ['ɔ:r.əl] noun countable
■an examination, often a type of language examination, in which you give spoken and not written answers 口试（通常是一种语言的测验，对问题做口头而不是书面回答）
• When do you have your Spanish oral (= exam in spoken Spanish) ? 你们甚么时候进行西班牙语口试？
oral, verbal
这组词都有“口头表达的”的意思，其区别是：
oral: 侧重指用嘴进行表达或交流。
verbal: 指口头进行，但不排除使用文字的可能性。
adj. [药] [解剖] 口头的，口述的
 - spoken, verbal, word-of-mouth
n. 口试
 - viva voce

Word: clerk
Front: clerk
[klɑ:k] (高研四托 3877/2959 -K2)
Vocabulary: clerk
(once / 154 pages)
nv
A clerk is an office worker who does various paper work and often keeps accounts of money or other details. An office clerk might answer the phone, file papers, or organize computer records.
A clerical worker is one kind of clerk, and another is the person behind a counter at a store who rings up sales on a cash register. The clerk at your favorite bookstore might also recommend the best new books. Clerk originally had a religious meaning, from cleric, which meant both "ordained person" and "literate person." Because of this second meaning, clerk came to mean "anyone who can read or write."
WORD FAMILY
clerk: clerked, clerking, clerks, clerkship+/clerkship: clerkships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump released a list of potential choices during the campaign that included Utah Sen. Mike Lee, who clerked for Justice Samuel Alito.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say a man confronted the clerk and demanded cash while implying that he was armed, although he did not show a weapon.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Clerks in Illinois, Michigan, Texas, Florida and California also reported a recent rise in marriages.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 店员; 办事员，职员; 书记员; <古>牧师，教士
vi. 当职员; 当销售员
时态：clerked, clerking, clerks
分布：职员(82%)，办事员(18%)
→来自clergy,神职人员。因为旧时大多数人是不识字的，神职人员在履行神职的同时，也从事 一些记帐记录之事，因此引申此词义。
n.职员,办事员;店员At 8 o'clock the clerk locked the flock of cocks in the room.八点钟时办事员将那群公鸡锁在房间里.
US [klɝ:k] noun countable
■a person who works in an office, dealing with records or performing general office duties 文书；职员
• a filing clerk 档案管理员
• a junior office clerk 办公室初级职员
■US
■a hotel employee who welcomes the guests on arrival （饭店的）接待员
• The (desk) clerk checked us in and gave us our key. （服务台的）接待员给我们办理了入住手续，然后给了我们锁匙。
■US
■someone who sells things in a shop 售货员，店员
• Take your purchases to the (sales) clerk, and he will wrap them for you. 把你买的东西交给售货员，他会帮你包好。
UK [klɑ:k] US [klɝ:k] verb intransitive
■to work as a clerk 担任职员、文员或店员
• Debbie has a summer job clerking in an office. 戴比暑期在一间办公室当文书。
n. 职员，办事员； [劳经] 店员；书记；记帐员
 - secretary, office staff

Word: envelope
Front: envelope
[ˈenvələʊp] (高研四六 3879/3672 -K2)
Vocabulary: envelope
(once / 423 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An envelope is something that envelops, or wraps around. It usually refers to the thing you stick a stamp on and snail mail.
In the early 1700s, envelope, the noun for "wrapper," evolved from the French enveloppe, meaning “to envelop.” Envelope is always a noun, unlike the verb envelop which means “to wrap, cloak.” Synonyms for envelope range from casing and enclosure to pouch and sheath. Virginia Woolf said, “Life is a luminous halo, a semi-transparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning.” She ditched hers by walking into a river with her pockets full of rocks.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
envelop / envelope
To envelop is to surround something completely. But an envelope is a piece of paper you put your love note in and lick to seal. With enVElop, the accent is on the second syllable, while with ENvelope, the accent is on the first.
Envelop means to wrap around something completely, to surround, either literally or figuratively. Fog can envelop a city, but love might also envelop a person's mind. Here are some envelops in the wild:
Gradually this veil spread inland and quietly enveloped all things on shore. (Lillian Elizabeth Roy)
Kenya had been enveloped in violence following the contested presidential elections in December 2007. (Forbes)
An envelope is a flat piece of paper used to enclose — or envelop — documents. To push the envelope means to approach the limits of something. You might hear the envelope, please when you're waiting to find out who won an Oscar. Here are some envelopes waiting to be opened:
Related links in NPG Funding models can push the envelope, but at what cost? (Nature)
Mr. Warner drew the letter from its envelope, began casually running through it. (Inez Haynes Gillmore)
When love envelops your brain, you might forget to seal the envelope for your mushy letter. If it falls out for all to see, embarrassment might envelop you!
WORD FAMILY
envelope: envelopes
USAGE EXAMPLES
In late December, Girmay received an envelope from the Swedish Migration Agency.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
The menu arrives in a sealed parchmentlike envelope, like a royal edict.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Under North Carolina law, that’s appropriate and requires two witnesses to sign the absentee-ballot envelope.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 信封，封皮; 壳层，外壳; 包裹物; [生物学]膜，包袋
分布：信封(96%)，封袋(2%)，壳层(2%)
→来自envelop,包围，围住。
n.信封,信皮;封套The sloped envelope indicates the development velocity of printing.那个倾斜的信封显示了印刷的发展速度.
【记】envelop（vt 遮盖；包围n 包裹；信封）
US ['ɑ:n.və.loʊp] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a flat, usually square or rectangular, paper container for a letter 信封
UK ['en.və.ləʊp] US ['ɑ:n.və.loʊp] noun countable
on the back of an envelope
■in a hurried way, without much detail 匆忙地；粗略地
• The prices were very roughly calculated - it looked as though he'd done them on the back of an envelope. 计算出来的价格不很精确——看起来似乎他只是粗略算了一下。
n. 信封，封皮；包膜； [天] 包层；包迹
 - cover, involucrum

Word: reporting
Front: reporting
[rɪˈpɔ:tɪŋ] (3882/5124 -4)
Back: n. 报告
adj. 报告的
分布：报告(87%)，报告的(12%)，动词report的现在分词形式.(1%)
N-UNCOUNT
新闻报道工作
Reporting is the presenting of news in newspapers, on radio, and on television.
例：...honest and impartial political reporting.坦诚而公正的政治新闻报道
n. 报告；报导
 - advisory, rept
adj. 报告的
 - informational

Word: destination
Front: destination
[ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 3883/4309 -2)
Vocabulary: destination
(once / 460 pages)
n
Destination can describe where you are going, like a traveler whose destination is Paris, or a place that is known for a particular purpose, such as a hip new music club that's a destination for fans of indie rock.
The noun destination comes from the Latin word destinare, meaning "determine, appoint, choose, make firm or fast." If you choose a destination, that's where you intend to end up, the "finish line" or goal that you keep in mind, like a friend's house that is the destination of a walk that might be interrupted a number of times, as you stop in stores along the way and pause to talk to the people you meet.
WORD FAMILY
destination: destinations+/destine: destination, destined, destines, destining, predestine/predestinarian: predestinarianism, predestinarians/ predestinate: predestinated, predestinately, predestinates, predestinating/ predestination: predestinationist, predestinations/predestine: predestinarian, predestinate, predestination, predestined, predestines, predestining/predestined: predestinedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was to enable a permanent moon base to support missions to “Mars and other destinations.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Younger Taiwanese like Japanese food, cartoons and literature, while Japan is Taiwanese people’s top travel destination.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Visitors should allow for extra time getting to their destination. Also banned: No drones.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 目的，目标; 目的地，终点; [罕用语]预定，指定
分布：目的地(91%)，终点(9%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-stin, 站，站立，词源同stand, institute. 即下一个立足点，目的的。
n.目的地,终点The destiny of the pest in chestnut is not known before reaching the destination.栗子中害虫的命运在到达目的地之前是未知的.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the place where someone is going or where something is being sent or taken 目的地；终点
• We arrived at our destination tired and hungry. 我们到达目的地时又累又饿。
• His letter never reached its destination. 他的信没有被送到收信人处。
• The Caribbean is a popular tourist / UK holiday / US vacation destination. 加勒比海是人们喜爱的旅游／渡假胜地。
n. [计] 目的地，终点
 - goal, end-point

Word: fist
Front: fist
[fɪst] (高研四六托雅 3881/4178 -2)
Back: n. 拳，拳头; 〈口〉笔迹; 掌握; [印]指标参见号
vt. 紧握; 握成拳; 用拳打
分布：拳头(90%)，紧握(8%)，用拳头打(2%)
→来自penkwe, 五，词源同five, finger. 用于指拳头。
n.拳头vt.用拳头打;紧握On the Christmas the Christian's assistant fisted Pistol Piston and twisted his wrist.在圣诞节,基督徒的助手拳击了"手枪活塞"并扭了他的手腕.
noun countable
■a hand with the fingers and thumb held tightly in 拳，拳头
• She clenched her fists. 她紧握双拳。
• Protestors were shaking their fists at the soldiers. 抗议者向士兵们挥舞着拳头。
n. 拳头；掌握；笔迹
 - writing, calligraphy
vt. 紧握；拳打；握成拳
 - squeeze, grip

Word: endorse
Front: endorse
[ɪnˈdɔ:s] (托雅宝 3884/4200 -2)
Vocabulary: endorse
(once / 611 pages)
1v 2v
To endorse is to give support to someone or something. "I endorse this!" means "I think this is a good thing, and so should you."
People endorse in many ways. When someone endorses a politician, it means "You should vote for this person, and I'm putting my reputation on the line to say so." When someone endorses a product in a commercial, it means "Go buy this! You'll like it." To endorse is to give support. You can also endorse a check, which means writing your name or someone else's on the back so that you or the other person can cash or deposit it.
WORD FAMILY
endorse: endorsed, endorsement, endorser, endorses, endorsing+/ endorsement: endorsements/endorser: endorsers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump, who campaigned on building a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border and endorsed mass deportations, effectively rejected the recommendation — and won anyway.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Decius sought to be clear-eyed about the candidate he was endorsing.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Seen as a progressive, Harris was endorsed by the outgoing senator for California, Barbara Boxer, and Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren in her Senate run.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 支票的背书，签名; 签署，批准：签署（签名），; 开发票，开证明文件; 支持，核准
时态：endorsed, endorsing, endorses
分布：支持(66%)，赞同(33%)，背书于(1%)
→en-, 进入，使。-dors, 背，见dorsal. 财务术语，即在背后签字。
【记】dorse背－在背后签字表示同意
【参】dorsal（adj 背的）读：抖擞（背上的毛）
【反】oppose publicly（公开反对）；impugn（v 打击；指责）；deprecate（vt 抗议；不赞成）
US [-'dɔ:rs] verb transitive
SUPPORT 支援
 ADVANCED
■to make a public statement of your approval or support for something or someone （公开）赞同，认可，支援
• The National Executive is expected to endorse these recommendations. 预计全国执委会将赞同这些提议。
• formal I fully endorse (= agree with) everything the Chairperson has said. 我完全赞同主席所说的一切。
 ADVANCED
■to appear in an advertisement, saying that you use and like a particular product （在广告中对某种产品）宣传，吹捧
• They paid $2 million to the world champion to endorse their new aftershave. 他们付给这位世界冠军200万美元，请他为他们新生产的须后水做广告。
UK [ɪn'dɔ:s] US [-'dɔ:rs] verb transitive
GIVE PERMISSION 给予许可
■to write something in order to give permission for something, especially your signature on the back of a cheque , in order to make it able to be paid to someone else （尤指在支票背面）签名，背书
UK [ɪn'dɔ:s] US [-'dɔ:rs] verb transitive
PUNISH 惩罚 UK to officially record on a driving licence that the driver has been found guilty of driving in an illegal way （在驾驶执照上）注明司机违规，记录违规事项
vt. 背书；认可；签署；赞同；在背面签名
 - ink, allow, back, sign

Word: exploration
Front: exploration
[ˌekspləˈreɪʃn] (六托 3885/4004)
Vocabulary: exploration
(once / 669 pages)
n
An exploration is a trip, but it's more than just a vacation — it's going somewhere to examine and discover new things.
Exploration is what you do when you want to learn more about what's out there in the big wide world. Guys like Christopher Columbus were experts in exploration. Some astronauts devote their lives to the exploration of space, looking for new planets. But you don't have to go any farther than your local library to do your own exploration — when you study or research something, you could say you're doing an exploration of it.
WORD FAMILY
exploration: explorations+/explorative: exploratively, nonexplorative, unexplorative/exploratory: nonexploratory, unexploratory/ explore: exploration, explorative, exploratory, explored, explorer, explores, exploring, re-explore/explored: unexplored/ explorer: explorers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But his campaign suggestions - more deep space exploration, less Earth science - seem to bode well for Alabama and for Marshall Space Flight Center.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think it’s very much an exposure and an exploration,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Don Cheadle overreached when he wrote, produced, directed, starred in and did the music for this “exploration of the life and music of Miles Davis.”
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 探测，勘探，探险; 搜索，研究; [医]探查术
分布：探索(42%)，勘探(36%)，探险(15%)，探测(7%)
探索(explore+ation)[plor=cry,weep,表示"喊,哭"]
US [-splɚ'reɪ-] noun countable or uncountable
■when you search and find out about something 探测；勘查；探索；研究
• Livingstone was the first European to make an exploration of the Zambezi river (= to travel to it in order to discover more about it). 利文斯顿是第一个勘探赞比西河的欧洲人。
• We need to carry out a full exploration (= examination) of all the alternatives. 我们必须彻底调查所有可供选择的方案。
• The exploration (= search) for new sources of energy is vital for the future of our planet. 探索新能源对我们地球的未来极为重要。
n. 探测；探究；踏勘
 - inquiry, detection, search

Word: generous
Front: generous
[ˈdʒenərəs] (高研四六托雅 3886/3178 -K3)
Vocabulary: generous
(once / 111 pages)
adj
Generous people are the ones who give more than is expected of them. It's generous of your friend to take the couch and let you sleep in the bed when you stay over at her place. She didn't have to do that.
When you decide to go one step beyond what's expected of you, you're being generous. A generous helping of food is a bigger than expected scoop of mashed potatoes. A generous teacher is one who volunteers to stay after school to help you with your homework. Be generous yourself: don't forget the letter o when you spell the word generous. Just think of it as a generous act, throwing that extra letter in there.
WORD FAMILY
generous: generosity, generousest, generously, generousness, overgenerous, ungenerous+/ generosity: generosities/overgenerous: overgenerously/ungenerous: ungenerously
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are some incredibly generous credit card sign-up bonuses available now, including 100,000-point offers from certain Chase and American Express products.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Keynes’s arguments for a more generous settlement were prescient.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
On set, Mills is his best self: assured, curious, generous.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 慷慨的，大方的; 丰盛的; 肥沃的; 浓厚的
分布：慷慨的(67%)，宽宏大量的(15%)，丰盛的(10%)，丰厚的(6%)，味浓的(2%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同generate. 原指出生高贵的，词义褒义化。
慷慨的;丰富的(gener+ous→[不断]产生→丰富的,慷慨的)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
a.宽宏大量的,慷慨的The generous general's genuine genius is in making generators.那位慷慨将军的真正天才在于制造发电机.
US [-ɚ-] adjective
CHARACTER 性格
 ESSENTIAL
■willing to give money, help, kindness, etc., especially more than is usual or expected （尤指超乎一般或期望地）慷慨的，大方的；宽宏大量的，仁慈的
• a very generous man 非常慷慨的人
• [+ to infinitive] It was most generous of you to lend me the money. 你借给我钱，心肠可真是太好了。
• She's been very generous with her time. 她不吝投入大量时间。
• There's a generous (= kinder than deserved) review of the book in today's newspaper. 今天的报纸刊登了一篇书评，对该书赞赏有加。
UK ['dʒen.ər.əs] US [-ɚ-] adjective
SIZE 大小
■larger than usual or expected 大的；大量的；丰富的
• a generous slice of cake 一大块蛋糕
• a generous pay increase 大幅度加薪
adj. 慷慨的，大方的；宽宏大量的；有雅量的
 - handsome, liberal

Word: bath
Front: bath
[bɑ:θ] (高研四雅 3890/2551 -K3)
Vocabulary: bath
(once / 557 pages)
1nv 2n
The action of soaking or washing yourself in water is a bath. You might take a bubble bath to relax before bed after a stressful day.
Your soak in soapy water is a bath, and the tub in which you're lying is also a bath. Other containers of water are baths too, particularly in cooking: "If the custard's sitting in a hot water bath, it will cook more evenly." While the Old English root bæð means "immersing in water," it also means "immersing in mud." If an investor "takes a bath," it means, colloquially, that she loses a lot of money.
WORD FAMILY
bath: baths
USAGE EXAMPLES
The apartment’s 8,055 square feet includes five bedrooms, seven and a half baths, a library and a family room.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Beneath the steel sink and commode, I keep a bath towel spread open across the floor, which I use as a floor rag.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Plug me into one of those pink goo baths from The Matrix.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 沐浴; 洗澡; 浴缸，澡盆; 浸，泡，洗澡水
vt. & vi. （给…）洗澡
分布：洗澡(56%)，浴室(18%)，沐浴(17%)，浴盆(9%)
→来自PIE *bhe, 暖，热，同bask. 原义仅指变热，热水洗浴和游泳都是词义发展的结果。
n.沐浴,洗澡;浴室(池,盆)v.(给...)洗澡Both the math pathfinders bathed in the bathtub.两个数学先驱都在浴盆里洗过澡.
US [bæθ] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable UK (US bathtub)
■a long plastic, metal or ceramic container which is filled with water so that a person can sit or lie in it to wash their whole body 澡盆，浴缸
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■the activity of washing yourself or someone else in a bath 沐浴，洗澡
• mainly UK Susannah has a long hot bath every evening. 苏珊娜每天晚上都要美美地泡个热水澡。
• mainly US I took a bath this morning. 今天早上我洗了个澡。
• bath oil 沐浴油
run a bath UK (US fill the tub)
■to fill a bath with water for washing 往浴缸里放水
• I'll run you a bath while you take off those wet clothes. 你把湿衣服脱掉，我帮你给浴缸放水。
countable US
■used to refer to a bathroom when describing a home 浴室
• a four-bedroom two-bath house 有四间卧房和两间浴室的房子
countable UK
■a health treatment （保健性）洗浴
• mud/thermal baths 泥浴／温泉浴
countable UK
■any container holding liquid 池；盆
• a bird bath 鸟澡盆
UK [bɑ:θ] US [bæθ] verb intransitive or transitive UK (mainly US bathe)
■to wash in a bath or to wash someone in a bath （给某人）洗澡
• old-fashioned She baths every morning. 她每天早晨都洗澡。
• I usually bath the kids in the evening. 我通常在晚上给孩子们洗澡。
bathe, bath
bathe: You bathe something to make it clean in a medical way.
bath: You bath to get clean.
n. 沐浴；浴室； [建] 浴盆
 - ablutions, bagnio
vt. 洗澡
 - wash oneself
vi. 洗澡
 - wash oneself

Word: thereby
Front: thereby
[ˌðeəˈbaɪ] (研四六托雅 3891/2910 -2)
Vocabulary: thereby
(once / 249 pages)
adv
The adverb thereby shows cause and effect: "She forgot to tie her shoes, thereby tripping and falling down the stairs."
Use thereby to connect two events: because of A, B happened: "Matt walked around with the frying pan on his head, thereby causing him to walk into a wall." Thereby is used in the infamous saying, written by Shakespeare: "And thereby hangs a tale" — a humorous way to let your listeners know they are about to hear an extremely long explanation as to why something happened.
WORD FAMILY
thereby
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or reduce, if not eliminate, it from our diet, thereby improving our odds of living a long, healthy life.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
A three-year, 15 percent tariff enabled domestic producers to raise their prices, thereby raising the costs of many American manufacturers.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
He wanted to nourish ability, to see credit properly attributed and, above all else, thereby to advance astronomy.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adv. 由此，从而; 在那附近
分布：从而(64%)，因此(36%)
ad.因此,从而He became a citizen, thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了公民,因此有投票权.
US [ˌðer-] formal or old-fashioned
adverb
■as a result of this action 因此，由此；从而
• Diets that are high in saturated fat and cholesterol tend to clog up our arteries, thereby reducing the blood flow to our hearts and brains. 高饱和脂肪和高胆固醇的饮食容易阻塞我们的动脉，从而减少向心脏和大脑的供血。
UK [ˌðeə'baɪ] US [ˌðer-] formal or old-fashioned
adverb
thereby hangs a tale humorous
■said to someone when what they have asked about involves a long explanation 说来话长，其中大有文章（表示某人问及的情况需要很长的解释）
• "Why are you limping?" "Ah, thereby hangs a tale." “你为甚么一瘸一拐的？”“唉！说来话长。”
adv. 从而，因此；在那附近；在那方面
 - hence, accordingly, thus, consequently, as a result of

Word: overall
Front: overall
[ˌəʊvərˈɔ:l] (研四六托雅 1941/1565 -K4)
Vocabulary: overall
(once / 393 pages)
1adj 2n
The overall meaning of the word overall is that it covers all the parts of something. For example, the individual parts don't matter as much as the overall value.
The word overall is the sum of its parts. Take the word over, meaning "above," and add it to the word all, meaning "everything" and you get overall, meaning "above everything". But remember, it's an adjective as in the overall impression of the music, the overall effect of the new tax code, the overall direction (as opposed to individual little changes.) Remember that overalls, the clothes you wore as a kid, went "over all" your other clothes.
WORD FAMILY
overall: overalls
USAGE EXAMPLES
But according to experts, checking your weight is a misguided, demoralizing way to gauge overall health.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But the Browns also possess the first-round choice of the Eagles, projected to be 12th overall, thanks to the Carson Wentz trade.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Two men, in flannel and jeans and overalls, holding hands.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 全部的; 全体的; 一切在内的; 综合的
adv. 全面地; 总地; 总的说来
n. 工装裤; 罩衫; 〈英〉（军官的）紧身军裤
分布：总的来说(58%)，全部的(14%)，工作服(9%)，总体的(7%)，罩衫(5%)，总共(5%)，全面考虑的(2%)
→over-,在上，all,全部的。
a.全面的,综合的n.(pl.)(套头)工作服A gallon of gasoline and the nylon overalls fall into the valley.一加仑汽油和尼龙工作裤落进了山谷.
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ'ɑ:l] adverb [before noun] adjective
 IMPROVER
■in general rather than in particular, or including all the people or things in a particular group or situation 总的（来说）；全面的（地）；包括一切的（地）
• The overall situation is good, despite a few minor problems. 尽管有些小问题，局势总的来说是好的。
• Overall, it has been a good year. 总的来说，这一年很不错。
• The overall winner, after ten games, will receive $250 000. 10场比赛后，总冠军将获得25万美元。
adj. 全部的；全体的；一切在内的
 - entire, all, corporate, total, universal
adv. 全部地；总的说来
 - outright
n. 工装裤；罩衫
 - jeans, jea

Word: indicator
Front: indicator
[ˈɪndɪkeɪtə(r)] (雅 3892/3574 -2)
Vocabulary: indicator
(once / 2025 pages)
1n 2n
If you're familiar with the verb to "indicate," then indicator should be no problem. An indicator points to, suggests, or shows something. The arrow on a street sign is an indicator telling you which way to go.
"It's not the heat, it's the humidity!" In other words, temperature is only one indicator of how it feels outside. Air-pressure, humidity, wind-chill, and cloud cover are other important indicators of weather conditions. You might hear a lot from newscasters about "economic indicators." These are figures, such as the rate of unemployment or inflation, that indicate where we're headed economically. Good or bad, we need reliable indicators if we're going to recover economically. Not all the indicators say the same thing: some say we're going to be OK sooner than others.
WORD FAMILY
indicator: indicators+/ indicate: indicated, indicates, indicating, indication, indicative, indicator, indicatory/ indication: indications, preindication/ indicative: indicatively, indicatives
USAGE EXAMPLES
At times, he found himself running around his neighborhood in the dark until his calorie-burn indicator reset to zero at midnight.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Leading economic indicators — such as job growth and increases in total personal income — show the city continues to thrive, Lazere said.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Furman also suggested that consumer confidence was a lagging indicator.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 指示器; [化]指示剂; 指示者
分布：指示器(81%)，指示剂(17%)，指示牌(2%)
→来自indicate,指示。
US ['ɪn.dɪ.keɪ.tɚ] noun countable
SHOWING 指标；标志
■something that shows what a situation is like 指标
• Commodity prices can be a useful indicator of inflation, he claimed. 他声称，商品价格可以作为一种有用的通货膨胀指标。
• an economic indicator 经济指标
UK ['ɪn.dɪ.keɪ.tər] US ['ɪn.dɪ.keɪ.tɚ] noun countable
SIGNAL 信号 UK (US turn signal)
■one of the lights at the front and back of a road vehicle which flash to show which way the vehicle is turning （车辆）方向灯
■a device which indicates a value or a change in level, speed, etc 指示器；指针
• The car has an overhead console with a compass and outside temperature indicator. 这辆汽车上方有个仪表板，板上有个指南针和显示车外温度的指示器。
n. [微] [试剂] [计] [电] [电子] [机] 指示器；指示剂；指示符；压力计
 - pointer, viewer

Word: sunlight
Front: sunlight
[ˈsʌnlaɪt] (高四六托雅 3895/4796 -2)
Back: n. 阳光
分布：阳光(92%)，日光(8%)
noun uncountable
■the light that comes from the sun 阳光，日光
• a ray/beam/shaft/pool of sunlight 一束／一片阳光
• The morning/afternoon/evening sunlight shone through the curtains. 早上／下午／傍晚的阳光透过窗帘照进来。
• The lake sparkled in the bright sunlight. 在明亮的阳光下，湖面波光粼粼。
n. 日光
 - Nikko, day light

Word: feedback
Front: feedback
[ˈfi:dbæk] (研四六雅宝 3888/4828 -2)
Vocabulary: feedback
(once / 2314 pages)
n
When you give feedback, it means you offer a helpful response to someone's work or idea.
If you were recording your first album and you asked friends for feedback on which songs to include, you'd be asking them to offer their critical opinions on your music. Feedback is almost always offered or requested with the intention of improving the final product. Another meaning of feedback is a kind of sound distortion from an amplifier or microphone. This sense of electronic feedback has been around since about 1920, while the "critical response" definition didn't come into use until 1955.
WORD FAMILY
feedback: feedbacks
USAGE EXAMPLES
First, these policies are aimed at creating reinforcing feedback loops that will further empower progressive policymaking.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
He didn’t offer any direct feedback on a single PDB item during more than 5 1 / 2 years in office.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The department is also still asking for feedback from the public on the current training and testing for driving instructors.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 反馈; 反应; 反馈噪音
分布：反馈(95%)，反馈意见(5%)
→即喂回来。
n.反馈;反应;回授
【记】feed（v 喂养），back反－反馈
noun uncountable
OPINION 意见
 ADVANCED
■information or statements of opinion about something, such as a new product, that provide an idea of whether it is successful or liked 回馈资讯，回馈意见
• Have you had any feedback from customers about the new soap? 有关新款肥皂你有没有收到顾客的回馈意见？
• positive/negative feedback 正面的／负面的回馈意见
['fi:d.bæk] noun uncountable
MACHINE 机器
■the sudden, high, unpleasant noise sometimes produced by an amplifier when sound it produces is put back into it （扩音器的）回馈噪音
• Jimi Hendrix loved to fling his guitar around to get weird and wonderful sounds from the feedback. 吉米‧罕醉克斯喜欢用力弹拨他的吉他，这样扬声器的啸声中就会传出一种怪诞奇妙的声音。
■specialized
■the return back into a machine or system of part of what it produces, especially to improve what is produced 回馈（把机器或系统生产之物的一部份再度投进机器或系统的做法，此举多用以改良生产物）
• Feedback from the sensors ensures that the car engine runs smoothly. 侦测器的回馈能确保汽车引擎平稳运转。
n. [电子] [自] 反馈；成果，资料；回复
 - production, outcome, information

Word: spectrum
Front: spectrum
[ˈspektrəm] (研六托雅宝 3893/3581 -2)
Vocabulary: spectrum
(once / 1331 pages)
n
A spectrum is a broad range of similar things or qualities. Like the wide spectrum of political beliefs in this country, ranging anywhere from super conservative to uber-liberal and everything in between.
Our modern definition of spectrum started out in the 1600s, when scientists used it to refer to the band of colors formed by a beam of light, like a rainbow. In physics, it’s a word that describes the distribution of something, like energy or atomic particles. We still use those scientific meanings today, but spectrum can also apply to non-science related groupings or ranges of related things.
WORD FAMILY
spectrum: spectra, spectrums
USAGE EXAMPLES
And this year, the lab started a partnership with Bellevue College’s Autism Spectrum Navigators program, and is offering students with autism a chance to intern.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The statement reaffirmed Washington’s “ironclad commitment” to defend its allies, using “the full spectrum of US extended deterrence capabilities.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
She applauds trans activists for adopting the idea that “gender is fluid and on a spectrum.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 光谱; 波谱; 范围; 系列
分布：光谱(69%)，范围(19%)，系列(9%)，幅度(3%)
→来自拉丁语 spectrum,出现，显示，影像，鬼魂，幽灵，来自 specere,看，词源同 spectator,aspect. 后与 specter 词义上进行分工，前者用于指鬼，幽灵，该词用于指光谱。
n.谱,光谱,频谱;范围,幅度,系列The respectful spectator gave the prospective president a retrospect of the spectacular spectrum.恭敬的旁观者对未来的总统回顾了壮观的光谱(景象).
【记】spect看，rum－看到颜色－光谱
【参】spectral（adj 光谱的；鬼怪的）
['spek.trəm] (plural spectra or spectrums)
noun countable
COLOURS 颜色
 ADVANCED
■the set of colours into which a beam of light can be separated, or a range of waves, such as light waves or radio waves 光谱；波谱；声谱；频谱
• The colours of the spectrum - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet - can be seen in a rainbow. 光谱中的红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫诸色可以在彩虹中见到。
['spek.trəm] (plural spectra or spectrums)
noun countable
RANGE 范围
 ADVANCED
■a range of opinions, feelings, etc. （看法、感觉等的）范围，各层次
• He has support from across the whole political spectrum. 他得到了所有政治派别的支援。
• The group includes students from both ends of the social spectrum (= range of social classes). 这个团体包括了来自社会上、下两个阶层的学生。
• A wide spectrum of opinion was represented at the meeting. 会议上提出了一系列广泛的意见。
n. [光] 光谱；频谱；范围；余象
 - extent, boundary, region, territory, area

Word: purple
Front: purple
[ˈpɜ:pl] (中高研四六托 3894/5326 -K2)
Vocabulary: purple
(once / 215 pages)
nadjv
Purple is a shade that's a mixture of red and blue. If you are eating a grape Popsicle, get ready to spend a while with a purple tongue and lips.
The Greek root of purple is porphyra, which was the name of the shellfish from which purple dye was made. Long ago, only royalty could wear — and afford the dye for — purple clothing. If the setting sun purples the sky, the light is making the horizon appear to be colored purple, just as a bruise purples your skin. Purple prose is a literary term that refers to overly flowery or exaggerated writing.
WORD FAMILY
purple: purpled, purpleness, purpler, purples, purplest, purpling, purplish, purply, purpurate+/purpurate: purpurates
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yes, this is still a nation of purple mountain majesties and fruited plains.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Purple Eagles’ final 3 was off the mark.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The bottle’s purple label with floral images was designed to attract female shoppers’ attention in a wine aisle dominated by dull colors.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 紫色的; 帝王的; 词藻华美的
n. 紫色; 紫（红）衣，紫袍; 帝位，皇权; 皇族
vt. 使成紫色
vi. 变紫
时态：purpled, purpling, purples
分布：紫色(73%)，紫色的(25%)，皇室(1%)，辞藻华丽的(1%)
→来自古英语purpul,来自purpure的异化词，来自拉丁语purpura,紫色的，紫颜料，来自希腊语porphyra,紫色的，紫颜料，词源同porphyry,porphyrite.
a.紫的n.紫色In church the nurse cursed the people pursuing the purple purse.在教堂里,护士诅咒了追求紫色钱包的人们.
US ['pɝ:-] adjective
COLOUR 颜色
 ADVANCED
■of a dark reddish blue colour 紫色的，紫红色的
• purple plums 紫色的李子
• a dark purple bruise 一块青肿
purple in the face/purple with rage
■dark red in the face because of anger 气得脸色发青
UK ['pɜ:.pl] US ['pɝ:-] adjective
STYLE 风格 UK describes a piece of writing which is complicated or sounds false because the writer has tried too hard to make the style interesting （作品）词藻华丽的，华而不实的
• Despite occasional patches of purple prose , the book is mostly clear and incisive. 这本书尽管偶尔有几段词藻华丽的文句，但总体来讲文风简洁明了。
UK ['pɜ:.pl] US ['pɝ:-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a dark reddish blue colour 紫色，紫红色
• Purple is my favourite colour. 我喜欢的颜色是紫色。
• The evening sky was full of purples and reds. 傍晚的天空布满紫色和红色的云彩。
adj. 紫色的；帝王的；华而不实的
 - regal, violet
n. 紫色；紫袍
 - lila, amethyst
vt. 使成紫色
 - empurple

Word: laser
Front: laser
[ˈleɪzə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3896/4841 -2)
Vocabulary: laser
(once / 3834 pages)
n
A laser is a focused beam of light used for many reasons, from eye surgery to gun scopes to laser pointers.
The first laser was created more than 50 years ago. The word laser actually stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," and the result is a powerful beam of light that happens to be very useful. Many people know lasers from science fiction movies, where aliens fire deadly lasers at Earth. Lasers aren't that dramatic in real life, but they are used in many ways, including surgery, light shows, and actual weapons.
WORD FAMILY
laser: lasers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Each unit’s record platter is checked by lasers and human workers to ensure perfect balance.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Shining a laser pointer at an occupied air craft is now a misdemeanor offense.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“There's not a lot of spaces being built like this anymore,” said Tony Castillo, 36, who creates laser cutting art and is a tenant.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 激光; 激光器，镭射器
分布：激光(98%)，镭射(2%)
→首字母缩写词，来自light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
n.激光In occasional case the phrase emphasizes the importance of the phase to the laser.在偶然情况下该短句强调了相位对于激光的重要性.
US [-zɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■(a device which produces) a powerful narrow beam of light that can be used as a tool to cut metal, to perform medical operations, or to create patterns of light for entertainment 雷射（器）
• laser beam 雷射光束
• laser surgery 雷射手术

Word: bold
Front: bold
[bəʊld] (研四六托雅 3897/4474 -2)
Vocabulary: bold
(once / 90 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj
Someone who's bold is daring and brave. You might show how bold you are by climbing onto the roof of your house, or by speaking up when you see someone being treated unfairly.
When you act in a bold way, you're taking some kind of risk; you could be risking physical danger, embarrassment, or your reputation. Whatever bold actions you take, they are confident and fearless. The adjective bold can also be used to describe a particular typeface that is thick, dark, and confident. Bold type is usually used to emphasize something strongly in writing.
WORD FAMILY
bold: bolder, boldest, boldly, boldness, bolds, overbold+/boldness: boldnesses/overbold: overboldly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Slowly, a pinch of doubt about the bold move that Duncan was attempting bubbled to the surface.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nightly visions appear to us in the form of bold, 72-point type headlines.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Saying a 40-year old athlete in a contact sport will look his age doesn’t seem especially bold, but in Brady’s case, it is.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 明显的，醒目的; 勇敢的，无畏的; 莽撞的; 陡峭的
n. 粗体字; 黑体字
级别：bolder, boldest
分布：大胆的(83%)，醒目的(8%)，陡峭的(4%)，粗体的(3%)，无礼的(2%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，鼓起。词源同ball. -d, 插入字母。
a.大胆的,勇敢的;冒失的;黑体的,粗体的The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand.大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里.
US [boʊld] adjective
BRAVE 勇敢的
 ADVANCED
■brave; not fearing danger 勇敢的，无畏的
• She was a bold and fearless climber. 她是一位勇敢无畏的登山者。
• The newspaper made the bold move /took the bold step of publishing the names of the men involved. 该报采取大胆行动，将有关人员的名字都公布了出来。
UK [bəʊld] US [boʊld] adjective
NOTICEABLE 突出的
■strong in colour or shape, and very noticeable to the eye 醒目的；显著的；色彩艳丽的；轮廓清晰的
• They painted the kitchen in bold colours - crimson, purple and blue. 他们用于粉刷厨房的油漆色彩鲜艳——有绯红色、紫红色和蓝色。
in bold (type/print)
■printed in thick dark letters 以黑体，以粗体
• This sentence is printed in bold. 这个句子是用粗体印刷的。
UK [bəʊld] US [boʊld] adjective
NOT SHY 不害羞的
■not shy, especially in a way that shows no respect 冒昧的；鲁莽的；放肆的
• He was a bold and defiant little boy. 他是一个又冒失又不听话的小男孩。
UK [bəʊld] US [boʊld] adjective
(as) bold as brass
■with extreme confidence or without the respect or politeness people usually show 冒昧
• She marched into the shop, as bold as brass, and demanded her money back. 她厚着脸皮闯进商店要求把钱退给她。
UK [bəʊld] US [boʊld] adjective
if I may be/make so bold (as to) old-fashioned formal
■a polite way of asking for or suggesting something when you do not want to offend someone 请允许我冒昧地…
• If I may be so bold, you still haven't mentioned why you're here. 请恕我唐突，您还没有说您为甚么在这里呢。
brave, bold, daring, heroic, fearless, courageous
这组词都有“勇敢的”的意思，其区别是：
brave: 含义广泛，指天生的勇敢，无所畏惧地面对困难与危险，侧重胆识与果断。
bold: 侧重指面对困难或危险时勇往直前，勇于进取的勇敢精神。
daring: 强调面临意外或危险时胆大心细，头脑冷静。褒义贬义均可用，贬义指胆大妄为。
heroic: 正式用词，多指在战争或重大危险时，为他人为事业忘我献身的英雄气概。
fearless: 语气肯定，侧重在危险时无所畏惧，毫无动摇。
courageous: 正式用词，侧重指在一切情况下都有胆量，无所畏惧，强调基于道德信念，经深思熟虑后所产生的勇敢。
adj. 大胆的，英勇的； [印刷] 黑体的；厚颜无耻的；险峻的
 - rapid, stouthearted

Word: reluctant
Front: reluctant
[rɪˈlʌktənt] (研四六托雅 3900/3511 -3)
Vocabulary: reluctant
(once / 226 pages)
adj
If the adjective reluctant applies to you, it means that you are undergoing some inner struggle and are unwilling or unable to decide.
The word reluctant comes from the Latin reluctantem, which means "to struggle against." These days reluctant means “unwilling.” If you’re reluctant to dance to a terrible song, you’re unwilling to shake your booty, and you might even have to struggle against your friends who try to get you on the dance floor. You might offer them a reluctant smile instead (and hope it doesn’t look like a grimace).
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
reluctant / reticent
Consider this sentence:
They may also be reticent about sharing bad news with you.
Are they reticent? Or are they reluctant? It's a subtle difference to be sure. But is it worth preserving?
Reluctant means resisting, unwilling. There's a strong negative connotation attached to it, as these examples demonstrate:
The US healthcare industry has been extremely reluctant to embrace outsourcing firms.
The subject lends itself to hyperbole both because of its urgency and the imperative to draw reluctant readers.
US websites are reluctant to remove extremist religious material because of the First Amendment to the constitution protecting free speech.
By comparison, reticent means quiet, restrained, unwilling to communicate. Despite the unwillingness component, reticent imparts less of a negative feeling:
They were reticent about their main concerns, and few wanted to talk about how they voted.
The mustache and beard deny us the opportunity to get too close to the man, whose reticent gaze appears fixed to the floor.
Korchagin, usually calm and reticent, spoke with a passion that surprised Tsvetayev
Garner's Modern American Usage reports that reticent for reluctant is at stage 4 of language change: a nearly universal form that only "linguistic stalwarts," those "die-hard snoots," object to. Those snoots (syntax nudniks [pests] of our time) are people who love language, are at ease with its nuances, and tend toward tradition, rejecting neologisms without good cause.
It's up to you, then. If you're in favor of preserving the nuance between reluctant and reticent, then be proud to be a snoot!
WORD FAMILY
reluctant: reluctance, reluctantly +/ reluctance: reluctances
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Watson, who is often reluctant to change equipment, is not your typical player who endures endless hours of product testing.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
In some counties, state legislators effectively control central committees and are reluctant to relinquish appointment power.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Speaking ahead of the Centennial Classic, Bettman reiterated that NHL owners were reluctant to return for a sixth consecutive Olympics.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 不情愿的，勉强的; 顽抗的; 难处理的; 厌恶的
分布：不情愿的(65%)，勉强的(35%)
→来自拉丁语 reluctari,扭打，抵抗，来自 re-,相对，对着干，luctari,缠绕，扭打，词源同 leg,ineluctable.引申词义勉强的，不情愿的。
a.不愿的,勉强的The conductor is reluctant to reduce the conductivity of the semiconductor.导演不情愿降低半导体的导电率.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it 勉强的；不情愿的
• [+ to infinitive] I was having such a good time I was reluctant to leave. 我玩得很开心，都不愿意离开了。
• Many parents feel reluctant to talk openly with their children. 很多父母都不愿意和儿女们敞开心扉交谈。
• She persuaded her reluctant husband to take a trip to Florida with her. 她说服了丈夫跟她一起去佛罗里达旅游，尽管他不太情愿。
unwilling, reluctant
这组词都有“不情愿的，不愿意的”的意思，其区别是：
unwilling: 语气强烈，指有力的否定、拒绝。也可指被牵涉于非本意之事。
reluctant: 指做不赞同的，不很乐意的或害怕的事，有时也指坚决反对某事。
adj. 不情愿的；勉强的；顽抗的
 - narrow, unwilling

Word: starting
Front: starting
['stɑ:tɪŋ] (雅 3899/3953)
Back: n. 出发，开始
v. 出发，启程( start的现在分词 ); 起动; 提出（问题）; 开办
分布：开始(85%)，出发(14%)，动词start的现在分词.(1%)
VERB
开始(做某事)
If you start to do something, you do something that you were not doing before and you continue doing it.
例：John then unlocked the front door and I started to follow him up the stairs...约翰接着打开前门，我开始跟他上楼。
例：It was 1956 when Susanna started the work on the garden...苏珊娜是从 1956 年开始修建这个花园的。
V-ERG
(使)开始;(使)发生
When something starts, or if someone starts it, it takes place from a particular time.
例：The fire is thought to have started in an upstairs room...火灾被认为是从楼上的一个房间里开始燃起的。
例：The Great War started in August of that year...第一次世界大战于那年 8 月爆发。
VERB
(从…)开始;(从…)着手
If you start by doing something, or if you start with something, you do that thing first in a series of actions.
例：I started by asking how many day-care centers were located in the United States...我一开始先问了问美国有多少所日托中心。
例：He started with a good holiday in Key West, Florida.他先去佛罗里达的基韦斯特岛度了个愉快的假期。
VERB
第一份工作是…
You use start to say what someone's first job was. For example, if their first job was that of a factory worker, you can say that they started as a factory worker.
例：Betty started as a shipping clerk at the clothes factory...贝蒂的第一份工作是在服装厂里当运务员。
例：Grace Robertson started as a photographer with Picture Post in 1947.格雷斯·罗伯逊于 1947 年参加工作，做了《图片邮报》杂志的一名摄影师。
VERB
开办;创办
When someone starts something such as a new business, they create it or cause it to begin.
例：George Granger has started a health centre and I know he's looking for qualified staff...乔治·格兰杰开办了一个保健中心，我知道他正在物色合格的职员。
例：Now is probably as good a time as any to start a business.目前可能正是创业的最佳时机。
V-ERG
开动，发动(发动机、汽车、机器等)
If you start an engine, car, or machine, or if it starts, it begins to work.
例：He started the car, which hummed smoothly...他发动了汽车，车发出平稳的嗡嗡声。
例：We were just passing one of the parking bays when a car's engine started.我们从一个停车区经过时，一辆车发动了引擎。
VERB
惊起;吓一跳;激灵
If you start, your body suddenly moves slightly as a result of surprise or fear.
例：She put the bottle on the table, banging it down hard. He started at the sound...她砰的一声把瓶子放到了桌子上，把他吓了一跳。
例：Rachel started forward on the sofa. — 'You mean you've arrested Pete?'雷切尔从沙发上猛地往前一欠身子。——“你的意思是你已经抓到了皮特?”
PHRASE
首先;第一
You use for a start or to start with to introduce the first of a number of things or reasons that you want to mention or could mention.
例：You must get her name and address, and that can be a problem for a start...你必须先打听到她的姓名和地址，而那可能就是第一个难题。
例：It comes as a surprise to be reminded that he is 70. For a start, he doesn't look it...有人提醒我他 70 岁了，这很令人惊讶。首先，他看上去不像。
PHRASE
开局顺利/开局不顺
If you get off to a good start, you are successful in the early stages of doing something. If you get off to a bad start, you are not successful in the early stages of doing something.
例：The new Prime Minister has got off to a good start, but he still has to demonstrate what manner of leader he is going to be...新首相上任后开了个好头，但他仍得展现出自己的执政风格。
例：England got off to a bad start in the Five Nations' Championship, losing 35-10 to France.英格兰队在五国锦标赛中开局不利，以 10 比 35 输给了法国队。
PHRASE
(事情、过程等)开始时，一开始
To start with means at the very first stage of an event or process.
例：To start with, the pressure on her was very heavy, but it's eased off a bit now...一开始，她的压力很大，但现在已经好些了。
例：Success was assured and, at least to start with, the system operated smoothly.成功有保证了，至少该系统一开始运行得挺顺利。
n. 开始；出发
 - beginning, threshold, opening, conception, fresh
v. 开始（start的ing形式）
 - beginning, initiating

Word: expertise
Front: expertise
[ˌekspɜ:ˈti:z] (研六托雅宝 3898/2982 -2)
Vocabulary: expertise
(once / 2675 pages)
n
When you're an expert at something, you show expertise — or an exceptional knowledge of the subject. "He had expertise in accounting, having excelled in math, but he had even more expertise in dancing, his hobby since a small child."
Expertise has obvious roots in the word expert. Just about any interest or field has a place for experts. Just as one individual has expertise in world religions, another may have expertise in computer gaming. Working hard or immersing yourself in a specialty leads to expertise, and it comes through both study and hands-on experience.
WORD FAMILY
expert: expertise, expertly, expertness, experts, inexpert +/ inexpert: inexpertest, inexpertly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fernyhough quotes an advocate who says, “It is about power, and it’s about who’s got the expertise, and the authority.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The auction house quickly moved to hire Martin to provide museum-quality expertise.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Any medication prescribed to him was overseen by a board-certified psychiatrist with expertise in working with autistic individuals.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 专门知识或技能; 专家的意见; 专家评价，鉴定
分布：专门知识(52%)，专门技术(36%)，专家的意见(12%)
→来自expert, 专家。
n.专门知识(或技能等),专长From the experiment the experienced expert gained an unexpected expertise.有经验的专家从实验中获得一项意外技能.
【记】expert（n 专家）
US [-spɝ:-] noun uncountable
■a high level of knowledge or skill 专门技能（知识）；专长
• We admired the expertise with which he prepared the meal. 我们很羡慕他那一手烹调绝技。
• I have no expertise in sewing/sewing expertise. 我在缝纫上很外行。
• She has considerable expertise in French history. 她研究法国历史有很深的造诣。
n. 专门知识；专门技术；专家的意见
 - special knowledge, professional knowledge

Word: practically
Front: practically
[ˈpræktɪkli] (研四六托雅 3901/4456 -K2)
Vocabulary: practically
(once / 200 pages)
adv
Practically means nearly, like being practically broke if you have three dollars left in the whole world. It also means done in a practical way – if you wear sneakers on a long walk, you’re dressed practically.
There are two main senses of practically. If you have practically no free time, you have nearly no free time. If your hair is practically blonde, it is almost blonde. Also, this word can refer to the sense of practical as sensible and realistic. A smart worker will know how to get the job done practically (efficiently). A smart investor will invest money practically (wisely). Doing things practically is the opposite of being reckless and unrealistic.
WORD FAMILY
practical: impractical, practicality, practically +/impracticability: impracticabilities/impracticable: impracticability, impracticableness, impracticably/ impractical: impracticality, impractically/impracticality: impracticalities/practicability: practicabilities/ practicable: impracticable, practicability, practicableness, practicably/ practicality: practicalities/ practice: practicable, practical, practiced, practices, practicing/practiced: unpracticed
USAGE EXAMPLES
Reagan and his “dear friend, Margaret” agreed on practically everything.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
And, fellow Lion Dennis Boles marvels, customers from “practically every African country.”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
“I practically live here,” said Ms. Raia, who struggled even to leave her house after a car crash left her disabled in the late 1990s.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 实际上; 几乎; 事实上
分布：几乎(51%)，实际上(37%)，简直(12%)
ad.几乎,实际上,简直Practically, the plan didn't work well.实际上该计划进行得不顺利.
adverb
NEARLY 几乎
 ADVANCED
■almost or very nearly 几乎，差不多
• She blamed me for practically every mistake in the report. 她几乎把报告里所有的错误都怪在我头上。
• These changes would cost us practically nothing. 这些变化对我们几乎不会有任何损失。
• It's practically impossible for me to get home in less than an hour. 要我在一小时内到家几乎是不可能的。
• They used to argue all the time and now they've practically stopped talking to each other. 他们以前老是在争吵，现在几乎互不说话了。
['præk.tɪ.kli] adverb
REAL 实际上
■in a way that relates to real situations and actions rather than ideas 实用地，实际地
• Many people have offered to help, but there is little they can do practically. 很多人已经提供帮助，但实际上他们几乎帮不上甚么忙。
• Theoretically, it's a good idea to live without a car, but practically speaking , it would be difficult to manage without one. 理论上说，生活中不开车是个好主意，但实际上不用到汽车很难做到。
realistically, practically, virtually
realistically: 写实地，逼真地
practically: 几乎，实事求是地
virtually: 差不多地，事实上，实际上
adv. 实际地；几乎；事实上
 - almost, nearly, actually, really, most

Word: program
Front: program
[ˈprəʊgræm] (四六雅 194/1660 -K4)
Vocabulary: program
(once / 82 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A program is a sequence or plan. At your niece's dance recital you may be dismayed to discover that her piece is 19th on the program. Settle in!
Program comes from the Greek for "public notice." When you go to the theater, you'll be handed a program with the names of the play and the performers. We call television or radio shows programs, especially if they’re on regularly. If you're trying to get in shape, you'll need an exercise program. To program is to plan or organize something, or to write the code and execute the commands that make computers work.
WORD FAMILY
program: programing, programmer, programmes, programs, subprogram+/ programmer: programmers/subprogram: subprograms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Governors typically use the speech to outline their priorities and introduce new programs and initiatives, sending ripples cascading across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Dayton said he’s not done expanding preschool programs.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In contrast, there’s something soothingly achievable about “Relax into Yoga for Seniors: A Six-Week Program for Strength, Balance, Flexibility and Pain Relief.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 程序; 节目，节目单; 计划，安排
v. [计]给…编写程序; 为…制定计划; 设计安排活动; 编排
时态：programmed, programming, programs
分布：程序(51%)，计划(21%)，节目(20%)，课程(3%)，节目单(2%)，安排(1%)，编制程序(1%)，指定(1%)
→来自pro-,向前，朝向，-gram,写。引申诸相关词义。
计划;提纲;程序(pro在前+gram→在前面写好→计划;提纲)[graph,gram=write,表示"写,图"]
US ['proʊ-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a series of instructions which can be put into a computer in order to make it perform an operation （电脑）程式；编码指令
• a computer program 电脑程式
• She's written a program to find words which frequently occur together. 她设计了一个程式以便找到经常一起出现的词语。
 ESSENTIAL Australian English usually and US * a programme
UK ['prəʊ.græm] US ['proʊ-] verb transitive (-mm-)
■to write a series of instructions which make a computer perform a particular operation 为（电脑）程式设计；编制…的程式
• [+ to infinitive] She programmed the computer to calculate the rate of exchange in twelve currencies. 她为电脑编制了一套计算12种货币之间兑换率的程式。
n. [计] 程序；计划；大纲
 - procedure, routine, plan, scheme, project

Word: picture
Front: picture
[ˈpɪktʃə(r)] (中高雅 562/626 -K4)
Vocabulary: picture
(once / 32 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Use the verb picture if you want people to imagine something vividly in their minds. If your story about your principal and some chickens is descriptive enough, your friends can picture the whole incident.
A picture is also a piece of art made by painting or drawing, like the pictures by famous artists you see in a museum. In a book, a picture is an illustration that accompanies the text, often in a child's picture book. You can also call a photograph a picture. Your dad might take so many pictures on vacation that it seems like you spent your entire childhood hiding from his camera.
WORD FAMILY
picture: pictural, pictured, pictures, picturesque, picturing+/pictured: unpictured/ picturesque: picturesquely, picturesqueness, unpicturesque/picturesqueness: picturesquenesses/picturing: picturings/unpicturesque: unpicturesquely
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But in doing so, they lose the bigger picture of transforming the body.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Pictures of them line the walls of the club’s gym, groups of a dozen men in camouflage clustered around the blue-and-red flag of the separatists.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Never imagined I would be signing pictures for people 50 years later.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 照片，画像; 图画，图片; 影片; 情景
vt. 构想，想象; 描绘，画; 描述
时态：pictured, picturing, pictures
分布：画(54%)，照片(25%)，图画(8%)，想像(6%)，影片(3%)，描述(3%)，拍照(1%)
→来自拉丁语pictus,图画的，来自pingere,绘制，画图，来自peig,砍，切，词源同paint.
图画,照片(pict+ure)[Pict=paint,表示"描画"]
n.画,图片;影片;美景v.画,描述,想象This picture is the best I have seen.这张是我见过画得最好的画.
US [-tʃɚ] noun
IMAGE 图像
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a drawing, painting or photograph, etc 画，图画；照片
• Atticus drew/painted a picture of my dog. 阿提库斯画了一幅我的狗的画像。
• We took a picture of (= photographed) the children on their new bicycles. 我们拍了一张孩子骑新自行车的照片.
• I hate having my picture taken (= being photographed). 我不喜欢被人拍照。
 IMPROVER countable
■an image seen on a television or cinema screen （电视或电影的）图像，画面
• We can't get a clear picture. 我们看不到清晰的画面。
the pictures [plural] old-fashioned
■the cinema 电影
• Let's go to the pictures tonight. 今晚我们去看电影吧。
countable
■something you produce in your mind, by using your imagination or memory （脑海中的）形象；想像；印象
• I have a very vivid picture of the first time I met Erik. 我清楚地记得第一次遇见埃瑞克的情景。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
IDEA 想法
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■(an idea of) a situation 情况；局面；事态
• After watching the news, I had a clearer picture of what was happening. 看完新闻后，我进一步了解到当时发生的事。
• The picture emerging in reports from the battlefield is one of complete confusion. 据报道，战场上的局面一片混乱。
 IMPROVER only singular
■a situation described in a particular way 描述，描绘；描写
• figurative The experts are painting a gloomy/brighter/rosy picture of the state of the economy. 专家把经济状况描绘得很阴暗／日趋明朗／非常乐观。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
be a picture mainly UK
■to look beautiful 看起来很美
• The garden was a picture with all the roses in bloom. 花园里所有的玫瑰都开了，看起来真美。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
be the picture of health/innocence, etc.
■to look very healthy, innocent, etc 看起来非常健康／无辜等
• I can't believe there's anything seriously wrong with him - he's the picture of health. 我无法相信他会得甚么重病——他看来非常健康。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
Every picture tells a story. saying
■said when what has really happened in a situation is clear because of the way that someone or something looks 不言而喻；非常明显
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
get the picture
■to understand 了解情况
• It's all right, don't say any more - I get the picture. 行了，不用再说了——我明白了。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
keep sb in the picture
■to make sure someone knows all the facts about a changing situation 使（某人）了解情况
• I use the radio to keep me in the picture about what's happening abroad. 我一直靠听收音机来了解国外发生的事情。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
out of the picture
■not important to or not involved in a situation 不重要；未参与
• He used to be in the team, but he's gradually drifted out of the picture. 他以前是队里的成员，但渐渐退出了。
■unnecessary in a particular situation 不必要，多余
• The new systems cut humans out of the picture altogether. 新系统完全无需人的参与。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
put sb in the picture
■to tell someone the facts about a situation 告知（某人）有关情况
• His lawyer put him in the picture about what had happened since his arrest. 他的律师告诉了他在他被捕之后发生的一切。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
sb's face is a picture UK
■If someone's face is a picture, they look very surprised or angry 某人看起来非常惊讶（或生气）
• Her face was a picture when I told her the price. 我告诉她价格时她非常惊讶。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to imagine something 想像，设想
• Picture the scene - the crowds of people and animals, the noise, the dirt. 想像一下那个场景——拥挤推搡的行人，三五成群的牲口，嘈杂不堪的喧闹声，满天飞扬的尘土。
• [+ -ing verb] Try to picture yourself lying on a beach in the hot sun. 设想一下自己在炙热的阳光下躺在海滩上。
• [+ question word] Picture to your self how terrible that day must have been. 你自己想像一下那天有多糟糕。
• formal He was pictured (= An artist had painted him) as a soldier in full uniform. 他被画成一名全身戎装的士兵。
picture, sketch, describe, represent
这组词都有“描写、描述”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 着重能够栩栩如生地把事物或场景等描绘出来。
sketch: 指快速地勾勒或概略地叙述。
describe: 侧重指描述细节，给读者或听众提供清晰的视觉图像。
represent: 指有代表性或象征性地描述或讲述。
picture, photo, drawing
picture: 可指相片,图片,电影片,
photo: 用照相机拍摄的照片,
drawing: 画的画 Let's go and see a good picture.
picture, film, cinema, movie
这组词都有“电影”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 从原义指银幕或电视屏幕上的图像引申指影片。
film: 指电影、影片，普通用词。
cinema: 与the连用指(上映的)电影，电影工业；可指电影院；在英国与the连用还可指电影艺术。
movie: 美国英语中的口语用词。
picture, sketch, cartoon, illustration, diagram, painting, portrait, drawing
这组词都有“画，图”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 指广义的“图画”，现多用来指相片、画像。
sketch: 通常指只画出物体主要特征的图画。
cartoon: 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。
illustration: 指插入书页之间帮助说明的任何插图或图解。
diagram: 多指科技书籍或文献中具有概括解说作用的图表、图样或略图。
painting: 指着色的画。
portrait: 指肖像，只用于指人。
drawing: 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。
n. 照片，图画；影片；景色；化身
 - photo, scenery, drawing, landscape, prospect
vt. 画；想像；描写
 - draw, imagine, brush, think of

Word: eating
Front: eating
[ˈi:tɪŋ] (3905/4748)
Back: n. &adj. 吃; 食物; 食用的; 可生食的
v. 吃，喝，吃饭（ eat的现在分词 ）; （食物）吃起来感到; 咬; （人）感到苦恼（或烦恼）
分布：吃(90%)，食物(8%)，食用的(1%)，可食的(1%)
VERB
吃
When you eat something, you put it into your mouth, chew it, and swallow it.
例：She was eating a sandwich...她在吃三明治。
例：The bananas should be eaten within two days...那些香蕉应该在两天内吃掉。
VERB
（合理或健康地）饮食
If you eat sensibly or healthily, you eat food that is good for you.
例：...a campaign to persuade people to eat more healthily.劝说人们饮食更加健康的宣传活动
VERB
用餐;吃饭
If you eat, you have a meal.
例：Let's go out to eat...我们出去吃吧。
例：We ate lunch together a few times.我们一起吃过几次午餐。
VERB
使不安;使焦虑
If something is eating you, it is annoying or worrying you.
例：'What the hell's eating you?' he demanded.“到底什么事让你心烦啊？”他问道。
PHRASE
完全听命于;完全受…支配
If you have someone eating out of your hand, they are completely under your control.
例：She usually has the press eating out of her hand.她通常都能将新闻界抓在自己手心。
PHRASE
比…还要厉害；令…妒忌
People use eat your heart out with the name of a person when they are doing something that they think the person named might be jealous of.
例：A limousine was sent to pick me up and deliver me to the set. Eat your heart out, Tom Selleck!...他们派了一辆豪华轿车来接我去片场，你就眼红吧，汤姆·塞立克！
例：I want everyone back in Cleveland to be eating their crummy little hearts out.我想让家乡克利夫兰所有那些烂人都懊悔不已。
PHRASE
（尤指客人）把…吃穷
If you eat someone out of house and home, you eat a lot of their food, especially when you are living with them.
例：Is Karen still eating you out of house and home?卡伦还在只顾吃光你的家当吗？
adj. 侵蚀的；可生食的；进餐用的
 - corroded, eroding
n. 吃；食物
 - food, feeding, diet

Word: age
Front: age
[eɪdʒ] (中高托雅 386/363 -K5)
Vocabulary: age
(once / 22 pages)
1nv 2n
Your age is the number of years you've been alive. If your cat is six, you can say that he's "six years of age."
You can also talk about a stage of life or an era in history as an age: "School age kids need to get outside and play every day." Often when someone mentions age as a concept or idea, they mean old age, or being elderly. And the verb age means "grow older." The word comes from the Old French aage, "age or lifetime," from the Latin root aevum, "lifetime, eternity, or age."
WORD FAMILY
age: aged, ageing, ageism, ageless, ages, aging, agism, nonage, overaged, underage+/aged: ageder, agedest, agedly, agedness, nonaged, unaged/ageism: ageisms/ageless: agelessly, agelessness/underage: underager
USAGE EXAMPLES
Problem: Pneumonia kills 27,000 Ugandan children under the age of five every year.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But the passage of time hasn’t been easy for the aging school.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials didn’t release any identifying information, including the children’s ages.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 年龄; 时代; 老年; 年龄段
vt. & vi. （使）长大; 使显老; 使变老; 使苍老
vi. [化学]老化; 陈化，熟化; （吸毒者随年龄增长而主动）戒毒，戒除毒品
vt. [化学]使老化; 使陈化; 使熟化; 估计，推测（马的年龄）
时态：aged, ageing, ages
分布：年龄(69%)，时代(25%)，时期(5%)，长时间(1%)
→来自PIE *aiw, 生命力。同词根ev, 见longevity, 长寿。
n.年龄;时代;老年;长时间v.(使)变老I'm perplexed by the flexible complex index of sex and age.我被灵活复杂的性别与年龄索引迷惑住了.
noun
TIME SPENT ALIVE 活着的时间
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the period of time someone has been alive or something has existed 年龄，年纪；存在时间
• Do you know the age of that building? 你知道那座楼的历史有多久吗？
• What age (= How old) is your brother? 你弟弟多大了？
• I'd guess she's about my age (= she is about as old as I am). 我猜她和我年龄差不多。
• She was 74 years of age when she wrote her first novel. 她写第一本小说时是74岁。
• He left home at the age of 16. 他16岁时离开了家。
• I was married with four children at your age. 像你这么大的时候我已经结了婚并且有了四个孩子。
• She's starting to show/look her age (= to look as old as she is). 她开始看上去与实际年龄一般大。
• I'm really beginning to feel my age (= feel old). 我真的开始觉得老了。
• His girlfriend's twice his age (= twice as old as he is). 他的女朋友年龄比他大一倍。
Act your age!
■said to someone to tell them to stop behaving like someone who is much younger 别孩子气！成熟点吧！
the age of consent
■the age at which someone is considered by the law to be old enough to agree to have sex with someone 法定年龄（可发生性行为的法定年龄）
under age
■legally too young to do something 未到法定年龄
• He was prosecuted for having sex with a girl who was under age. 他因和未成年少女发生性行为而被起诉。
• under age drinking 未到法定年龄的非法饮酒行为
[eɪdʒ] noun
PERIOD 时期
 IMPROVER countable
■a particular period in time 时代；时期
• the Victorian age 维多利亚时代
• the modern age 现代
• the nuclear age 核子时代
[eɪdʒ] noun
LONG TIME 长时间
ages IMPROVER [plural] mainly UK informal (also an age only singular)
■a very long time 很长时间
• It takes ages to cook. 做饭要花很长时间。
• I've been waiting for ages. 我已经等了很长时间。
• It's been ages/an age since we last spoke. 我们好长时间没有交谈了。
[eɪdʒ] noun
BEING OLD 年老
uncountable
■the process of getting older 年老；衰老；老化；陈年
• Her back was bent with age. 随着年纪渐长，她的背驼了。
• This cheese/wine improves with age. 这种起司／酒放的时间越长越好。
• Her temper hasn't improved with age! 她的脾气一点没有随着年龄增长而变好！
[eɪdʒ] noun
come of age
■to reach the age when you are legally recognized as an adult and become old enough to vote 到达法定年龄；成年
■If something has come of age, it has reached its full successful development. 成熟；发达
[eɪdʒ] verb intransitive or transitive ( UK ageing or US aging, aged, aged)
 ADVANCED
■If someone ages or something ages them, they look older. 衰老，使…显得苍老
• She's aged since the last time we met. 她显得比我们上次见面时老了。
■to develop in flavour or leave something to do this （使）发酵，（使）变陈
• The brandy is aged in oak for ten years. 这种白兰地在橡木桶中陈酿了十年。
mature, age, develop, ripen
这组词都有“成熟、长成”的意思，其区别是：
mature: 指生物自然发育成熟或丰满或使其能起正常作用，还可指人获得智慧、经验或变得世故。
age: 一般指使人过早成熟，强调已走向衰老。
develop: 侧重使某一种类或个体潜在本能进化完全，词义比mature广泛。
ripen: 侧重已到长生成熟的顶点。
times, epoch, age, era, period
这组词都有“时期、时代”的意思，其区别是：
times: 侧重某一特定时期。
epoch: 正式用词，侧重指以某重大事件或巨大变化为起点的新的历史时期。
age: 常指具有显著特征或以某杰出人物命名的历史时代或时期。
era: 书面语用词，指历史上的纪元、年代，可与epoch和age互换，侧重时期的延续性和整个历程。
period: 最普通用词，概念广泛，时间长短不限，既可指任何一个历史时期，又可指个人或自然界的一个发展阶段。
n. 年龄；时代；寿命，使用年限；阶段
 - era, time, stage, phase, grade
vi. 成熟；变老
 - mature, flower
vt. 使成熟；使变老，使上年纪
 - grey, ripen

Word: hint
Front: hint
[hɪnt] (研四六托雅 3909/3492 -3)
Vocabulary: hint
(once / 149 pages)
1nv 2n
A hint is a slight indication or clue. Your mother might hint at the fact that she doesn’t like your shoes, while your grandmother will just come right out and say that they’re ugly.
If you’re a journalist following a lead, you’ll prefer that your source give you all the facts, rather than just a hint. A hint can be an indirect suggestion and it is also a very small amount — maybe you take just a hint of sugar in your coffee. As a verb, hint is an intimation or subtle suggestion. It’s also something you drop, like when you hint that you want a particular video game for your birthday.
WORD FAMILY
hint: hinted, hinting, hints
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Lions and Packers lean on their passing, but there were some hints of more balance Sunday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He never tells us what she died of, though there are hints that she committed suicide: “She succumbed to her own melancholy.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The president’s next tweet hinted at progressive fears over Trump’s nomination of a number of climate change deniers to key positions in his cabinet.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 线索，迹象; 提示，注意事项; 暗示; 微量
vt. 暗示
vi. 暗示，提示
时态：hinted, hinting, hints
分布：暗示(93%)，示意(7%)
→来自中古英语hinten,告知，通知，来自古英语hentan,抓住，词源同hunt.引申词义暗示。
n.暗示,提示,线索v.暗示,示意I hint that the faint saint painted the printer with a pint of paint.我暗示说虚弱的圣徒用了一品脱油漆涂印刷机.
noun
INDIRECT STATEMENT 间接说明
 ADVANCED countable
■something that you say or do that shows, but not directly, what you think or want 暗示，提示；示意
• [+ that] He's dropped (= given) several hints to the boss that he'll quit if he doesn't get a promotion. 他已经向老板暗示了好几次，如果不获擢升他就会辞职。
• Did she give you any hints about where she was going? 她有没有向你暗示过她要去哪里呢？
• You can't take (= understand) a hint, can you? Just go away and leave me alone! 你就是听不懂暗示，对不对？滚开，不要管我！
[hɪnt] noun
ADVICE 建议
countable
■a piece of advice which helps you to do something 建议
• Could you give us a hint about how to do this exercise, please? 你能不能给我们一些关于如何做这个练习的建议？
• This recipe book is full of handy (= useful) hints. 这本食谱中有很多有用的建议。
[hɪnt] noun
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
countable usually singular
■a very small amount of something 很少量
• There's just a hint of brandy in the sauce. 酱汁中只有很少的白兰地。
• I detected a hint of doubt in his voice. 我察觉到他的语气带些怀疑。
[hɪnt] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to say or do something that shows, but not directly, what you think or want 暗示
• [+ (that)] Mum's hinted (that) she might pay for my trip to Mexico. 妈妈暗示她或许可以资助我的墨西哥之行。
• He's hinted at the possibility of moving to America. 他暗示过有可能移居美国。
imply, hint, suggest
这组词都有“暗示”的意思，其区别是：
imply: 侧重指话语、行为或情景中的一种暗示，听者或读者必须加以逻辑推断才能领会。
hint: 指通过时间接而有提示性的话语或表情来暗示某事。
suggest: 指有意或无意的，直接或间接暗示，强调事物的表征等使人引起联想。
implication, suggestion, hint
这组词都有“暗示，暗指”的意思，其区别是：
implication: 指对某事不公开发表自己的意见，仅用语言动作或表情表明态度，要对方进行推断。
suggestion: 既可指比较明显的暗示，又可指客观上流露出的迹象。
hint: 最常用用词，多指无意中的，间接的暗示。
n. 暗示；线索
 - connotation, reminder, implication, allusion
vt. 暗示；示意
 - sign, imply
vi. 示意
 - beckon

Word: sharply
Front: sharply
[ˈʃɑ:pli] (四六托 3908/3057 -K)
Vocabulary: sharply
(once / 191 pages)
adv
If something happens sharply, it occurs abruptly and intensely. You may hear newscasters gloomily reporting that the price of gas is rising sharply.
The value of your baseball cards might rise sharply, inspiring you to sell a few of them. A car you're riding in can also swerve sharply, jerking suddenly to the left. You can also describe something that's distinct, clear, or detailed using this adverb: "I love how sharply defined the moon is in your photograph." And finally, if someone speaks sharply, they use a voice so harsh and angry that it seems to have a sharp edge.
WORD FAMILY
sharply: sharplys+/ sharp: sharpen, sharper, sharpest, sharply, sharpness, sharps/sharpen: sharpened, sharpener, sharpening, sharpens/sharpened: unsharpened/sharpener: sharpeners/sharper: sharpers/sharpness: sharpnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Food and Drug Administration clearing just 22 new medicines for sale, the lowest number since 2010 and sharply down on 2015's tally of 45.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Klayum’s time to help him search is sharply limited by regulations.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
November’s cut, soon followed by more cuts by non-OPEC countries like Russia, helped push oil prices sharply higher.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 严厉地; 明确地; 锋利地; 突然地
分布：严厉地(43%)，锐利地(35%)，厉害地(11%)，轮廓清晰、线条分明地(11%)
US ['ʃɑ:r-] adverb
SUDDENLY 突然地
 ADVANCED
■quickly and suddenly
• Inflation has risen/fallen sharply. 通货膨胀急遽上升／下降。
• His health improved/deteriorated sharply this week. 本周他的健康情况迅速好转／恶化。
• The road bends sharply to the left. 公路突然左转弯。
UK ['ʃɑ:.pli] US ['ʃɑ:r-] adverb
ABLE TO CUT 能切断
■in a way which will cut or make a hole 锋利地；尖尖地
• a sharply pointed nail 尖尖的指甲
■severely and angrily 严厉地，尖刻地，尖锐地
• a sharply-worded letter of complaint 措词尖锐的投诉信
• He spoke sharply to his daughter. 他训斥了女儿。
• The police have been sharply criticized for their handling of the affair. 警方在这件事的处理上受到严厉批评。
UK ['ʃɑ:.pli] US ['ʃɑ:r-] adverb
CLEARLY 清楚地
■clearly and obviously 清楚地，明显地
• a sharply focused photograph 对焦准确的照片
• We have sharply differing views. 我们的观点截然不同。
UK ['ʃɑ:.pli] US ['ʃɑ:r-] adverb
FASHIONABLE 时髦的
■in a fashionable way 时髦地
• to be sharply dressed 穿着时髦
UK ['ʃɑ:.pli] US ['ʃɑ:r-] adverb
CLEVER 聪明的
■quickly noticing things 敏锐地
• Her ears are sharply attuned to her baby's cry. 她的耳朵很尖，宝宝一哭她就能听到。
adv. 急剧地；锐利地
 - keenly, trenchantly

Word: parade
Front: parade
[pəˈreɪd] (研四六托雅 3907/4972 -2)
Vocabulary: parade
(once / 376 pages)
nv
A parade is a group of people marching in ceremony, celebration, or protest. Often a parade involves fire trucks, costumed adults throwing candy to children, baton twirlers, and members of the armed forces.
Parade is also a verb, meaning to walk or march ostentatiously. When your sister first brings home her prom dress, she might parade around the living room after putting it on so everyone can see it. As a noun parade is an event in which a whole lot of people march in the streets — they could be wearing prom dresses, but more likely they're celebrating of a holiday or taking part in a military action.
WORD FAMILY
parade: paraded, parader, parades, parading+/parader: paraders
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it's not like you can't be hip enough to emcee the Rose Parade.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Any time is a good time to remember Arnold Palmer, of course, and the Rose Parade in Pasadena, Calif., this morning was among them.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
The 128th annual parade got started Monday with an added police presence and measures to prevent a vehicle from barreling into the route.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 游行; 展览; 招摇过市; 接受检阅
n. 检阅; 游行; 一系列; 炫耀
时态：paraded, parading, parades
分布：游行(68%)，阅兵(13%)，炫耀(6%)，检阅(5%)，参加游行(3%)，夸耀(3%)，散步(1%)，绕行(1%)
→来自拉丁语parere,准备，安排，装饰，词源同pare,prepare.原指接受检阅的军队，后词义通俗化。
游行(原意指部队训练场,引申为排队游行;部队训练,准备打仗)[par=get ready表示"准备"]
n./v.游行,夸耀n.检阅,阅兵式v.使列队行进The graduated comrade gradually graded the trademarks after the parade.阅兵过后,那位毕了业的同志逐渐将商标分了等级.
noun countable
LINE OF PEOPLE 群众队伍
 ADVANCED
■a large number of people walking or in vehicles, all going in the same direction, usually as part of a public celebration of something 游行
• a victory parade 胜利游行
■a series of people or things that appear one after the other 一队人；一系列事物
• For three hours a committee of state senators listened to a parade of local residents giving their opinions. 整整三个小时，州参议员组成的委员会听取了一批又一批当地居民发表自己的看法。
on parade
■When soldiers are on parade they march and practise military movements in front of important officials or as part of a public celebration or ceremony 接受校阅
• The entire regiment was on parade. 整个军团在接受校阅。
[pə'reɪd] noun countable
ROAD 路 UK a row of shops 购物街
Parade UK
■used in the names of some roads 用于路名中
• Park Parade 派克大道
[pə'reɪd] verb
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■(of a group) to walk or march somewhere, usually as part of a public celebration 游行，列队行进
• The Saint Patrick's Day marchers paraded up Fifth Avenue, past the cathedral. 在圣派屈克节那天，游行者一路经过第五大道，途经大教堂。
• In ancient Rome, captured generals were paraded through the streets in chairs. 在古罗马，俘获的将军会被绑在椅子上游街示众。
intransitive or transitive
■to show something in an obvious way in order to be admired 夸示，炫耀
• It's sickening the way he parades his wealth, his car and his expensive clothes. 他炫耀他的财富、汽车和高级服饰的样子令人作呕。
• The children paraded about/around in their new clothes. 孩子都穿着新衣服四处炫耀。
procession, parade, demonstration
这组词都有“游行”的意思，其区别是：
procession: 指举行庆祝活动或盛大仪式时庄严行进的有秩序的游行队伍或行列。
parade: 多指盛大和正式的游行，有检阅等活动。
demonstration: 侧重指抗议的示威性游行。
n. 游行；阅兵；炫耀；行进；阅兵场
 - display, pageant
vt. 游行；炫耀；列队行进
 - show off, brag about
vi. 游行；炫耀；列队行进
 - file, show off

Word: realm
Front: realm
[relm] (研四六托雅宝 3911/4782 -2)
Vocabulary: realm
(once / 310 pages)
n
A realm is an area that is ruled by something. If you are a controlling cook who doesn’t like anyone to do anything else in the kitchen, then the kitchen is your realm.
Realm comes from the French for kingdom, but since there aren’t so many kings or queens left in the world, you’ll more often find it referring to non-royal spheres. That could be the sphere of a special kind of knowledge, like the realm of biology, or the political realm. Or it could be an area dominated by some group. Little Italy was famously the realm of the mafia; Hollywood is the realm of film stars.
WORD FAMILY
realm: realms
USAGE EXAMPLES
They combined their talents to move beyond selling bulk beans in the commodity market and into the value-added realm.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
So it might remain in the realm of science fiction for a while.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
And all of these ideas are within the realm of serious debate about our health-care system.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 领域，范围; 王国; （学术的）部门，界; （动植物分布的）圈，带
分布：领域(79%)，王国(21%)
→来自古法语 reaume,王国，来自拉丁语 regimen,政体，统治，词源同 regal.
n.王国,国土;领域I really realized that a realm came into reality.我真地认识到一个王国已变成现实.
【记】real真的，m妈妈：真正的妈妈是祖国－王国；领域
noun countable
AREA 范围
■an area of interest or activity （兴趣或活动的）界，领域，范围
• Her interests are in the realm of practical politics. 她的兴趣在于那些需要采取具体行动去做的事情。
[relm] noun countable
COUNTRY 国家 formal
■a country ruled by a king or queen 王国
• the defence of the realm 王国的防务
• The matter was hotly debated in all the towns of the realm. 此事在该王国内的各个城镇都进行了激烈的讨论。
[relm] noun countable
within the realms of possibility
■possible 可能的
• A pay rise is not within the realms of possibility, I'm afraid. 我觉得涨薪金恐怕不可能。
region, setting, realm
region: 地区
setting: 场所，背景，环境
realm: 王国，领域
n. 领域，范围；王国
 - domain, territory, kingdom, province, world, universe, extent

Word: cancel
Front: cancel
[ˈkænsl] (中高研四六托雅 3915/3183 -K3)
Vocabulary: cancel
(once / 482 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
To cancel means to call off or postpone indefinitely. Which is probably what you would do if the hotel you were planning to stay in has an infestation of bedbugs.
Scrub, scratch, or strike down — those are all other ways of saying cancel. People often cancel plans, deciding not to do something they had already scheduled. In math, if the numerator and a denominator of a fraction have common factors you can cancel the factors out, which means delete them. To cancel a debt means to get rid it. A cancel on a postage stamp is the mark that shows it has been used.
WORD FAMILY
cancel: canceled, canceling, cancellated, cancellation, cancelled, cancelling, cancels+/cancellation: cancellations
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s unclear if some flights will need to be canceled.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last month, South Korean authorities said they would cancel Ms. Chung’s passport.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Heavy smog on Sunday caused hundreds of flights to be canceled and highways to shut, disrupting the first day of the New Year holiday.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 取消，注销; 抵消，偿还; 〈数〉约去
vi. 抵消，中和
n. 撤销，注销; 〈数〉（相）约
时态：cancelled, cancelling, cancels
分布：取消(89%)，抵消(7%)，删除(2%)，注销(1%)，作废(1%)
→来自拉丁词carcer拼写变体。原指监狱，围栏，后指组成围栏的斜栅，形如字母X，因而引申词义删除。见incarcerate，最终来自PIE *sker, 围，弯，词源同ring, curve.
v.取消,把...作废;删去,划掉Having canceled X-ray scan, the cancerous candidate on the canvas ate the idle candles in the candy can.取消X线扫描后,帆布上的癌症候选人吃了糖果罐里的闲置蜡烛.
['kænt.səl] (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to decide that an organized event will not happen, or to stop an order for goods or services that you no longer want 取消；终止；撤销
• They've had to cancel tomorrow's football match because of the bad weather. 因为天气太糟，他们不得不取消了明天的足球比赛。
• The 7.10 train to London has been cancelled. 7点10分开往伦敦的火车被取消了。
• to cancel a magazine subscription 停止订阅杂志
transitive
■to mark a stamp to show that it has been used and cannot be used again 盖销（邮票）
['kænt.səl] (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cancel sth out
■to remove the effect of one thing by doing another thing which has the opposite effect 抵消；对消
• This month's pay cheque will cancel out his debt, but it won't give him any extra money. 这个月的工资支票将抵消他的债务，可那样他就一点钱都不剩了。
repeal, delete, cancel, abolish
repeal: 书面用词，指撤销立法机关通过的协议、法案或法律等。
delete: vt. 删除
cancel: 用法广泛，多指取消债务、合同、证书、比赛、旅行、计划或约会等。
abolish: 正式用词，指彻底废除某种制度、规章或习俗。
extinguish, dispose, erase, exclude, cancel, eliminate, abolish
这组词都有“取消，除掉”的意思，其区别是：
extinguish: v.熄灭，扑灭(火)；使沉默，使暗淡。
 • Firefighters extinguished a big fire.   消防队员扑灭了大火。
dispose: v.处理，处置；表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。)
 • After your picnic, please dispose of the litter.   野餐后请清除掉垃圾。
erase: v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。
 • I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.   我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。
exclude: v.排斥；排除，不包括在内，与include互为反义词。
 • The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from entering.   衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。
cancel: v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消；删去(字、句)。
 • The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.   会议由于流感而取消了。
eliminate: v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。
 • The losing team was eliminated from further competition.   失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。
 • The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.   医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。
abolish: v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除；完全破坏。
 • The government abolished the tax on alcohol.   政府取消了酒税。
vt. [计] 取消；删去
 - recall, call it off
vi. [计] 取消；相互抵销
 - call it off, declare off
n. [计] 取消，撤销
 - withdrawal, revocation

Word: blend
Front: blend
[blend] (研四六托雅 3914/5972 -2)
Vocabulary: blend
(once / 414 pages)
vn
If you blend red and blue, you get purple. To blend is to mix together thoroughly. If you put this color in your hair, you'll blend with the people at a punk rock concert!
Used as a noun, the word blend means the thing you mixed together or the act of mixing something together. Purple is a blend of red and blue. When you see this word, picture the blender on your kitchen counter. If you use it to give ice cream, fruit and fruit juice a blend, it'll mix things together well to make a very tasty blend.
WORD FAMILY
blend: blended, blender, blending, blends+/blended: unblended/blender: blenders/blending: blendings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wine varieties—Chardonnay, Pinot Grigio and a red blend—were chosen because of their popularity with women.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Secret Service agents are now sprinkled throughout the property, at night blending into the shrubbery along the grounds.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In August, her start-up, Accompany, released its app, which blends profiles of contacts with calendaring, email extensions and other tasks.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 混合; 把…掺在一起; （使）调和; 协调
vi. 掺杂; 结合; 相配，相称
n. 混合; 混合色，合成语; 混合物
时态：blended, blending, blends
分布：混合(90%)，混合物(10%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 照耀，闪光。指闪光，炫目，障眼法，混合。词源同blank, 白的。
n.混合(物)v.混和,混杂I send him the blend calendar and the splendid bent lens he lent to me.我把他借给我的混合日历和绝妙的弯曲透镜送给他.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a mixture of different things or styles （不同东西或风格的）混合品，混合物
• a rich blend of the finest coffee beans 各种上等咖啡豆的混合品
• Their music is a blend of jazz and African rhythms. 他们的音乐融合了爵士乐和非洲音乐。
[blend] verb intransitive or transitive
■to mix or combine together （使）混合，（使）混杂；（使）交融
• Blend the ingredients into a smooth paste. 将这些原料混和成均匀的糊糊。
• The cushions blend well with the colour of the carpet. 靠垫与地毯的颜色配搭得十分和谐。
[blend] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  blend in/blend into sth
■to look or seem the same as surrounding people or things and therefore not be easily noticeable 融入
• We tried to blend into the crowd. 我们试图混入人群。
• They have adopted local customs and tried to blend in with the community. 他们已经接受了当地习俗并努力融入当地社会。
compound, blend, combination, mixture, composite
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
compound: 特指两种或多种元素构成的化合物。
blend: 侧重混合成分之间的类似和整个混合物的统一性。
combination: 指相混元素的紧密结合，但不一定的是融合。
mixture: 普通用词，指不同类种、性质不同的事物的混合。
composite: 通常可与compound换用，但倾向于指人为的或偶然的结合或凑合。
mingle, merge, blend, combine, mix
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
mingle: 暗示混合后的各成分仍保持各自的特性，能辨别出来。
merge: 指一种成分被别一种成分吸收或融合，着重成分的个性消失在整体之中。
blend: 一般可与mix和mingle换用。混合与其各成分的性质通常是一致的，侧重混合整体的统一性与和谐性。
combine: 通常用于化学反应中，指化合物等。
mix: 含义广泛，侧重混合的一致性，混合的各成分可能按原样存在，但不一定能辨别出来。
vt. [天] 混合
 - compound, mix together, intermingle with, to mix
vi. [天] 混合；协调
 - sort, concert
n. [天] 混合； [油气] 掺合物
 - mixture, mix

Word: therapist
Front: therapist
[ˈθerəpɪst] (雅 3916/6273 -2)
Vocabulary: therapist
(once / 4484 pages)
n
An expert at a specific kind of healing practice is called a therapist. A massage therapist is trained to soothe sore muscles, for example.
The first thing many people think of when they see the word therapist is a psychotherapist, a mental health practitioner whose job is to diagnose and treat psychiatric conditions. This kind of therapist might listen to a patient's thoughts, fears, problems, and dreams and offer helpful techniques or even medication. Other types of therapists include physical therapists and occupational therapists, both of whom help clients with mobility and quality of life issues presented by their physical disabilities or challenges.
WORD FAMILY
therapist: therapists+/ therapeutic: therapeutically, therapeutics/ therapy: therapeutic, therapeutical, therapies, therapist
USAGE EXAMPLES
What is a good way to find a therapist?
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
So Mr. Hames and others founded the digital health start-up Big Health and created Sleepio, an online sleep improvement program that uses a virtual therapist.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Ages 7-9, each was accompanied by a therapist who never left his side.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 治疗专家，特定疗法技师
分布：临床医学家(100%)
→therapy,治疗，-ist,人。
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone whose job is to treat a particular type of mental or physical illness or disability, usually with a specific type of therapy 治疗师
• a speech therapist 言语治疗师
• a music/art therapist 一个音乐／艺术治疗师
• I'm seeing my therapist on Friday morning. 周五上午我要去找我的治疗医生。

Word: peel
Front: peel
[pi:l] (研四六雅宝 3920/6496 -2)
Vocabulary: peel
(once / 1101 pages)
nv
A peel is the covering of a fruit or vegetable. Some peels are thick and easy to remove, like an orange peel, while others might be more stubborn, like the thin peel on a potato.
When you remove an apple peel or the peel of an eggplant, you peel it. You can peel anything with a rind or skin, especially things you can eat, like shrimp and onions. There are non-edible things to peel, like stickers and old wallpaper too. You can also figuratively peel something: "I had to peel off my wet clothes and put dry ones on before I stopped shivering." The Latin root, pilare, means "to strip of hair."
WORD FAMILY
peel: peeled, peeler, peeling, peels+/peeler: peelers/peeling: peelings
USAGE EXAMPLES
There he developed a disease that caused layers of his skin to peel off.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A lot of times, ends peel and it’s either incomplete or we get it to the back on an end.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But he added that “we’re starting to peel back some of the layers of the onion here.”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 剥皮; 覆盖层脱落，剥落
vi. 剥落; 脱落; 揭掉; 表面起皮
n. 果皮，蔬菜皮; 长柄木铲; [英史]堡寨，堡宅
时态：peeled, peeling, peels
分布：果皮(55%)，剥落(23%)，削皮(10%)，脱皮(6%)，脱衣服(6%)
→来自古法语pel,皮，皮肤，果皮，来自拉丁语pellis,皮，皮肤，果皮，词源同film,pelt.
v.削皮,剥皮n.果皮These potatoes don't peel easily.这些土豆的皮很难剥.
【记】peel原指削去头发，引申为削皮
verb
FOOD 食物
 ADVANCED transitive
■to remove the skin of fruit and vegetables 除去，剥去（水果、蔬菜的）皮
• Peel, core and chop the apples. 把苹果去皮、去核并剁碎。
[pi:l] verb
COVERING 覆盖物
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■If a layer or covering peels, it slowly comes off, and if you peel a layer or covering, you remove it slowly and carefully （表层）脱落，剥落；剥去（表层），剥去…的壳
• We peeled the wallpaper off the walls. 我们把壁纸从墙上撕了下来。
• Peel off the backing strip and press the label down firmly. 撕下背垫条，将标签用力下压。
• The posters were peeling away from the damp walls. 海报正从潮湿的墙面脱落。
• The new paint is already starting to crack and peel. 新漆已经开始出现裂纹并脱落。
[pi:l] verb
BODY 身体
intransitive
■If you peel, or part of your body or your skin peels, parts of the top layer of your skin comes off because you are burnt from being in the sun （皮肤因日晒而）脱皮，蜕皮
• My back is peeling. 我的背在脱皮。
[pi:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  peel away/off
■When separate vehicles, people or animals peel away/off, they leave the group or structure they were part of and move away in a different direction （车辆、人或动物）离队，离群
• One motorbike peeled away from the formation and circled round behind the rest. 一辆摩托车脱离了车队，在其他车后面绕行。
[pi:l] noun uncountable
■the skin of fruit and vegetables, especially after it has been removed （尤指水果和蔬菜被削掉的）外皮
• apple peel 苹果皮
• potato peel 马铃薯皮
• The dessert was decorated with strips of lemon peel. 甜点上有些切成丝状的柠檬皮以作装饰。
• What shall I do with the peel? 这些皮我该如何处理？
hide, fur, peel, leather, skin
这组词都有“皮，皮肤”的意思，其区别是：
hide: 多指大型动物的厚皮，也指没有鞣的牛、马等皮革。
fur: 现多指猫、兔等动物软毛皮，也指其它动物的毛皮。
peel: 指剩下的或可以剥去的果皮或蔬菜皮。
leather: 通常指经过加工的熟皮，可用于制作各种皮革制品。
skin: 最常用词，指人的皮肤或动物的皮，也可指水果、植物和种子等的外皮。
v. 剥，剥落；削
 - flake off, shell off
n. [植] 皮
 - fur, tegument

Word: pizza
Front: pizza
[ˈpi:tsə] (3918/7979 -2)
Vocabulary: pizza
(once / 3280 pages)
n
Pizza is a round, baked crust topped with melted cheese and tomato sauce. If you order a slice of pepperoni, you must like pizza.
Pizza was an Italian invention, but over the years it's become extremely popular all around the world. The first recorded use of the word pizza (literally "pie" in Italian) was in the tenth century, in a Latin document that stipulated delivery of duodecim pizze, or "twelve pizzas" to a certain bishop on Christmas Day. Pizza as we know it today was created in Naples sometime during the nineteenth century.
WORD FAMILY
pizza: pizzas
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the songwriters strummed guitars and punched lyrics into their phones, Pine’s children splashed in a swimming pool and a chef prepared brick-oven pizzas.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the mall, with its awfully affordable S. Klein Department store, a two-screen movie theater and a pizza parlor, was a hit.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Imagine the heat of a wood-fired pizza oven, with the pressure you would experience 2km under the sea.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 意大利薄饼，比萨饼
分布：比萨饼(100%)
→来自意大利语pizza,糕点，馅饼，词源不详。可能来自希腊语pitta,糕点，馅饼，来自peptos,烧制的，来自pekw,烧，煮，煎，词源同cook,peptic,pitta.
(US old-fashioned also pizza pie)
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a large circle of flat bread baked with cheese, tomatoes, and sometimes meat and vegetables spread on top 比萨
• a slice of pizza 一块比萨
• I like a lot of different pizza toppings. 我喜欢好多不同的比萨馅料。
• deep UKpan / USdish pizza 厚比萨

Word: recipient
Front: recipient
[rɪˈsɪpiənt] (研六托雅宝 3919/5361 -2)
Vocabulary: recipient
(once / 570 pages)
1n 2n
A recipient is the person on the receiving end of something. Meryl Streep is the recipient of more Academy Award nominations than any other actor.
Just as an actor can be the recipient of a prize for acting, a banker can be the recipient of a bonus for good banking. You'll notice the connection between recipient and receive. In order to be a recipient you have to receive something, whether it's a prize or just a letter in the mail. If it's true that it's better to give than to receive, does that mean it's better to be a giver than a recipient?
WORD FAMILY
recipient: recipients+/ receive: receivable, received, receiver, receives, receiving, reception, receptive, receptor, recipient /receiver: receivers, receivership/receivership: receiverships/ reception: receptionist, receptions/ receptionist: receptionists/ receptive: receptively, receptiveness, receptivity, unreceptive/ receptivity: receptivities/receptor: receptors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Couriers may be useful if you and your intended recipient are in the same city.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Twenty-four transplant recipients — including Whalen — will row in unison as the float moves.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The organization allows donor families and the recipients to keep in touch with one another after the transplant.
New York Times(Aug 08, 2016)
Back: n. 接受者; 容器; 容纳者
adj. 容易接受的; 感受性强的
分布：接受者(78%)，收信人(22%)
→re-,向后，往回，-cip,抓住，词源同 receive,participate.即接收者。
a.接受的,感受性强的n.接受者,感受者,容器The recipe recipient transiently made the conscientious alien client unconscious.烹饪法接受者瞬变使有责任心的外国人客户无意识.
[rɪ'sɪp.i.ənt] formal
noun countable
■a person who receives something 接受者；领受者；承受者
• This latest cut in government spending will affect income support recipients and their families. 最近这次政府削减开支会影响到拿政府补助金的人及其家庭。
• He was a recipient of the Civilian Service Award. 他被授予平民服务奖章。
n. [包装] 容器， [通信] 接受者；容纳者
 - container, vessel, receiver, pocket, bin
adj. 容易接受的，感受性强的
 - acceptant, susceptive

Word: hesitate
Front: hesitate
[ˈhezɪteɪt] (研四六托 3924/3279 -K2)
Vocabulary: hesitate
(once / 89 pages)
v
To hesitate is to pause before doing something, often out of concern or worry.
If you're playing basketball and have a wide-open shot but don't take it right away, you hesitated. Maybe you felt too much pressure to shoot the ball. When people are nervous or worried, they tend to hesitate. Hesitating while speaking is common. In class, if you're not sure you have the right answer, you'll hesitate. When giving bad news, people often hesitate. Sometimes it makes sense to hesitate and sometimes you just need to do what you have to do.
WORD FAMILY
hesitate: hesitated, hesitater, hesitates, hesitating, hesitation, hesitator+/hesitater: hesitaters/hesitating: hesitatingly, unhesitating/ hesitation: hesitations/hesitator: hesitators/unhesitating: unhesitatingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Let’s not hesitate to tell him what to do.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Schanes told Gates to never hesitate in calling to get revisions done to her wig.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The issue arose again in September, he said, when he hesitated because of a daughter’s upcoming wedding.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 犹豫，踌躇; 不愿; 支吾; 停顿
vt. 对…犹豫; 不情愿
时态：hesitated, hesitating, hesitates
分布：犹豫(96%)，不情愿(2%)，口吃(2%)
→来自拉丁语haerere,粘着，粘附，来自ghais,粘结，词源同adhere,inherent,adhesive.
踌躇,犹豫(hest+itate粘粘糊糊→犹豫)[her,hes=stick,表示"粘附"]
v.犹豫,踌躇;含糊,支吾At the station the statesman hesitates to state the status of the statue.在车站政治家不愿陈述雕像的状况.
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to pause before you do or say something, often because you are uncertain or nervous about it 犹豫，踌躇
• She hesitated slightly before answering the inspector's question. 在回答调查员的问题之前，她稍稍犹豫了一下。
• "Do you love me?" she asked. He hesitated and then said, "I'm not sure". ｢你爱我吗？｣她问道。他犹豫了一下，然后说：｢我不确定。｣
• [+ to infinitive] If you need anything, don't hesitate to call me. 如果你需要甚么，马上打电话给我。
hesitate, waver
这组词都有“犹豫，踌躇”的意思，其区别是：
hesitate: 普通用词，一般指在决定干什么，选择什么或说什么等行动之前犹豫不决。
waver: 指因优柔寡断而迟迟不见行动，或虽作出决定，伸行动上却犹豫不决，因此含畏缩不前之意。
vi. 踌躇，犹豫；不愿
 - vacillate, stand at
vt. 踌躇，犹豫；有疑虑，不愿意
 - stand at, hang back

Word: flip
Front: flip
[flɪp] (托雅宝 3922/9976 -2)
Vocabulary: flip
(once / 1145 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v 5v 6n 7adj
To flip is to turn or toss upside down, like flipping a mattress over. People flip out when excited, and a flip remark is disrespectful.
There are many types of flips and flipping. Gymnasts who turn themselves upside down are doing flips. Turning a pancake over is flipping it. Any quick, light motion can be described as a flip, like a quarterback flipping the ball to a receiver. When someone is extremely excited — and usually mad — they flip out. Also, flip comments are casual, quick, and disrespectful.
WORD FAMILY
flip: fliply, flipped, flipper, flipping, flips+/flipper: flipper-like, flippers
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the flip side, this may mean more competitive pricing on vacation experiences deemed less authentic, such as theme parks.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He looked at his flip phone, saw he hadn’t missed any calls from his attorney, and finished the first belt.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
He flipped it open and found a stamp from the Montgomery County library, and a checkout date of December 1974.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 轻弹，轻击; 按（开关）; 快速翻转; 急挥
vi. 发疯; 急动; 捻; 蹦蹦跳跳
n. 浏览; 空翻; （射击时枪管的）跳跃; 轻抛
adj. [口语]无礼的，轻率的，油腔滑调的; 冒失的，鲁莽的
时态：flipped, flipping, flips
分布：翻转(42%)，掷(12%)，弹(11%)，浏览(10%)，轻弹(6%)，轻击(6%)，轻率的(6%)，无礼的(5%)，冒失的(2%)
→来自辅音丛bl, fl, 折腾，拍打，拟声词，词源同flap, flag,flick. 引申各相关词义。
【记】fl＝fly飞，lip（n 嘴唇）：总是对小姑娘飞吻－鲁莽的，轻率的
verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (-pp-)
■If you flip something, you turn it over quickly one or more times, and if something flips, it turns over quickly （使）快速翻转；迅速翻动
• When one side is done, flip the pancake (over) to cook the other side. 一面烤熟后，把烤饼迅速翻过来烤另一面。
• I lost my place in my book when the pages flipped over in the wind. 风把书页吹乱了，我找不到读到的那个地方了。
• You turn the television on by flipping (= operating) the switch at the side. 把边上的开关按一下，电视就打开了。
• The captains flipped a coin into the air (= made it turn over in the air to see which side it landed on) to decide which side would bat first. 两队队长向空中抛出一枚硬币，决定哪一方先击球。
[flɪp] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (-pp-)
flip (your lid) informal
■to become very angry 勃然大怒
• She'll flip her lid if I'm late again. 如果我又迟到，她会气疯的。
[flɪp] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  flip through sth
■to look quickly at the pages of a magazine, book, etc. 快速浏览；草草翻阅
[flɪp] noun countable
■when something turns over quickly or repeatedly 翻动，翻转
• a flip of a coin 抛硬币
• The acrobats were doing somersaults and flips (= jumping and turning their bodies over in the air). 杂技演员们正在翻筋斗和空翻。
[flɪp] adjective (flipper, flippest) UK informal for
■ flippant 活动挂图，配套挂图
[flɪp] exclamation UK old-fashioned informal
■used when you are slightly annoyed “不！”感叹词，表示有些愠怒
• Oh, flip, I've missed the bus. 哦不！我错过公车了。
vt. 掷；轻击
 - throw, pitch
vi. 用指轻弹；蹦跳
 - frisk
adj. 无礼的；轻率的
 - rude, offensive
n. 弹；筋斗
 - somesault

Word: accounting
Front: accounting
[əˈkaʊntɪŋ] (托雅 3921/3070 -2)
Vocabulary: accounting
(once / 935 pages)
n
Accounting is the act of computing something, usually by dealing with numbers. If you were very good at math in high school, you might think about going into accounting.
You can see the word count within accounting, which is one way to remember that the word has to do with keeping track of numbers — usually in relation to financial transactions. Balancing your checkbook is a form of accounting. Large firms often hire accountants to keep track of their earnings and spending. Accounting can also more generally mean explaining. Someone who decides to wear shorts to the prom is likely going to have some serious accounting to do!
WORD FAMILY
accounting: accountings+/ account: accountable, accountant, accounted, accounting, accounts/ accountability: accountabilities/ accountable: accountability, accountably, unaccountable / accountant: accountancy, accountants, accountantship/ unaccountable: unaccountablest, unaccountably
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Lynchburg, those numbers are slightly higher, with male teachers accounting for 21 percent.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Look for red flags such as major legal problems or investigations into accounting.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
His father, a veterinarian who does his own accounting, even offered to help Kevin with the bookkeeping.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 会计; 会计学; 记账
v. 记述，报告(account的现在分词)
分布：会计(100%)
会计学(account计算)[-ing 1.表名词"状态"2.表名词"行业"3.表形容词"正…的","令人…的"]
US [-tˌɪŋ] noun uncountable
■the skill or activity of keeping records of the money a person or organization earns and spends 会计；会计学
US (UK accountancy)
■the job of being an accountant 会计工作；会计职业
n. [会计] 会计，会计学；帐单
 - treasurer, rechnung
v. 解释（account的ing形式）；叙述
 - relating, explaining

Word: debate
Front: debate
[dɪˈbeɪt] (高研四六托宝 1082/1210 -K4)
Vocabulary: debate
(once / 140 pages)
nv
Another word for formally discuss is debate. Cheese lovers often debate the merits of gorgonzola, triple creme brie, and gouda. Of course, they need to accompany their arguments with a taste test!
A debate is a kind of respectful, well reasoned argument over opposing points of view, although tensions can run high and voices can be raised. In fact, the verb evolved from the Old French debatre, meaning “to fight.” Most formal debates, during a political campaign for example, keep the battles to a minimum. But if you find yourself in the midst of a debate between a Red Sox fan and a Yankees fan, things could get ugly!
WORD FAMILY
debate: debatable, debated, debater, debates, debating+/ debatable: debatably/debater: debaters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The George became a home for political debate and gossip - and Shakespeare's plays were often performed in its courtyard.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
So the debate rages on and we continue ...
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The debate between liberalism and republicanism, especially active in the 1970s, eventually subsided.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 讨论; 辩论; 争论; 辩论
vt. & vi. 辩论; 仔细考虑; 思考; 盘算
时态：debated, debating, debates
分布：辩论(58%)，争论(28%)，讨论(13%)，思考(1%)
→de-, 加强。-bat, 击打，词源同beat, batter. 引申义交锋，争辩。
辩论,讨论(de加强+dat+e→加强打击→反驳,辩论)[bat=beat,表示"打,击"]
v./n.争论,辩论There has been much debate about the bill.关于该法案有很多争论.
【记】bate打，击－互相打击－辩论
【参】debatable（adj 不肯定的，可争议的）
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■(a) serious discussion of a subject in which many people take part 谈论，讨论；争论，辩论
• Education is the current focus of public debate. 教育是目前大众谈论的焦点。
• How we proceed from here is a matter for debate. 我们还需要讨论下一步该怎样做。
• Over the year we have had several debates about future policy. 一年来，我们就未来的政策进行了几次讨论。
[dɪ'beɪt] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to discuss a subject in a formal way 讨论；争论
• In Parliament today, MPs debated the Finance Bill. 今天在议会上议员们讨论了财政法案。
• They had been debating for several hours without reaching a conclusion. 他们已经争论了好几个小时，仍然没有得出一个结论。
• [+ question word] The authorities debated wh ether to build a new car park. 政府有关部门就是否要修建一座新停车场进行了讨论。
transitive
■to try to make a decision about something 斟酌；考虑
• [+ question word] We debated wh ether to take the earlier train. 我们考虑到底要不要乘早一点的那班列车。
• I'm still debating what colour to paint the walls. 我还在考虑要把墙刷成甚么颜色。
argue, reason, discuss, dispute, debate, quarrel
这组词都有“辩论，争论，说理”的意思，其区别是：
argue: 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。
reason: 指据理力争以说服对方或求得对问题作更深入的研究。
discuss: 最常用词，指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等，以便统一认识，解决问题。
dispute: 侧重对分歧进行激烈或热烈的争论或争辩，带一定感情色彩，常隐含“各持已见”或“争论不休”意味。
debate: 侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩。
quarrel: 指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好的、吵吵嚷嚷地大声争论某事，尤指“吵嘴、吵架”。
argument, controversy, dispute, debate, conflict, strife, quarrel
这组词都有“争执、不和”的意思，其区别是：
argument: 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。
controversy: 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。
dispute: 普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。
debate: 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。
conflict: 指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。
strife: 指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。
quarrel: 普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。
vt. [法] 辩论，争论，讨论
 - reason, dispute about
vi. [法] 辩论，争论，讨论
 - deal, pro-and-con
n. [法] 辩论；辩论会
 - dispute, controversy

Word: bias
Front: bias
[ˈbaɪəs] (研六托雅 3925/4611 -2)
Vocabulary: bias
(once / 818 pages)
1nv 2nadj
Use the noun bias to mean a preference for one thing over another, especially an unfair one.
Some biases are completely innocent: "I have a bias toward French wines." But most often, bias is used to describe unfair prejudices: "The authorities investigated a case involving bias against Latinos." It is also a verb meaning "to show prejudice for or against," as in "They claimed the tests were biased against women." (In British English, it takes an extra S in the forms biassed and biassing.) The word goes back at least to Old Provençal, a former language of southern France, in association with the sport of lawn bowling, where it referred to the tendency of a ball to roll in one direction or the other.
WORD FAMILY
bias: biased, biasedly, biases, biasing, biasly, biassed, biassing+/ biased: unbiased /biassed: unbiassed/ unbiased: unbiasedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
This past year I wrote often about the racial inequality and bias that keep this country from being its best.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Personal bias clouds our perceptions so profoundly that employee performance ratings often reveal more about the person conducting them than the person being rated.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
During the first presidential debate, Hillary Clinton argued that “implicit bias is a problem for everyone, not just police.”
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: n. 偏见; 偏爱，爱好; 倾向; 斜纹
vt. 使倾向于; 使有偏见; 影响; 加偏压于
adj. 斜纹的; 斜的，倾斜的; 斜裁的
adv. 偏斜地，倾斜地; 对角地
时态：biased, biassing, biases
分布：偏见(84%)，偏爱(10%)，斜纹(4%)，使偏心(2%)
→词源不详。
偏见[bias=slant(斜)]
n./v.(使有)偏见,偏心,偏袒Deviation in aviation is dangerous. Writing is alleviated via bias on abbreviation.在航空过程中的不符合是危险的.写被关于缩写通过偏见减轻.
【记】bias本身就是词根：斜－斜的意见－偏见
noun
PREFERENCE 偏爱
 ADVANCED countable usually singular uncountable
■often supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way by allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment 偏见；偏心；偏袒
• The government has accused the media of bias. 政府指责新闻媒体有偏见。
• Reporters must be impartial and not show political bias. 新闻记者必须公正，不应有政治偏见。
• There was clear evidence of a strong bias against her. 有明显证据显示，她受到了严重不公平的对待。
• There has always been a slight bias in favour of/towards employing arts graduates in the company. 公司内部一直有点偏向聘请文科毕业生。
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■a preference towards a particular subject or thing 倾向；趋势；偏好
• She showed a scientific bias at an early age. 她在少年时就表现出对科学的偏爱。
['baɪ.əs] noun
CLOTHING 衣服
uncountable specialized
■a direction at an angle across the threads of woven material 斜纹
• The dresses in his new winter collection are all cut on the bias (= in a diagonal direction across the cloth). 他设计的新款冬装都是斜裁的。
['baɪ.əs] verb transitive (-ss- or US USUALLY -s-)
■to cause someone or something to have a bias 使…怀有偏见
• The judge ruled that the information should be withheld on the grounds that it would bias the jury against the accused. 法官因该资料会导致陪审团产生对被告不利的偏见，责令将其收回。
prejudice, bias
这组词都有“偏见，成见”的意思，其区别是：
prejudice: 侧重指在缺乏理由或证据之前就形成怀疑的、有恶感的偏见。
bias: 指因个人的好恶或偏见，对人或物作出的不正确、或好或坏的判断或意见。
n. 偏见；偏爱；斜纹；乖离率
 - preference, favour
adj. 偏斜的
 - deflective

Word: huh
Front: huh
[hʌ] (3926/8335 -2)
Back: int. 嘿（表示疑问、惊讶或异议）
分布：名词(100%)
exclamation informal
■used to show that you have not heard or understood something （表示没听清楚或不理解）嗯，啊
• "So what do you want to do tonight?" "Huh? What did you say?" ｢那么今天晚上你想做甚么？｣ ｢嗯？你说甚么？｣
• Huh? These instructions don't make sense! 嗯？这些说明莫名其妙！
■humorous
■used to express disapproval （用于表示不赞同）哼，啊
• Huh, I don't think much of that idea! 哼，我觉得那个主意不怎么样！
■mainly US
■used at the end of a question or statement, especially when you want someone to agree with what you have said （用于句尾，尤用于寻求他人的赞同时）嗯
• I'll bet you wish you hadn't done that, huh? 我敢肯定你自己也希望没做过那件事，嗯？
• Pretty cool, huh? 很酷，是不是？
int. 哼！；哈！（表示轻蔑、疑问或惊异等）
 - ha

Word: metaphor
Front: metaphor
[ˈmetəfə(r)] (研托雅宝 3927/5128 -2)
Vocabulary: metaphor
(once / 833 pages)
n
If you brag that "the world's your oyster," you're using a metaphor from Shakespeare, who knew a thing or two about figures of speech.
Good writers know their way around a metaphor, where you make an analogy between two things to show how one resembles the other in some way. When a character from Shakespeare calls the world his oyster, that's his boastful way of saying that all the riches of the world are his for the taking, like plucking a pearl from an oyster shell. Shakespeare also wrote, "All the world's a stage." Oyster? Stage? Come on, Will, get your metaphors straight!
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
metaphor / simile
Both make comparisons, but a metaphor compares one thing to another straight up, while a simile uses "like" or "as."
The word metaphor comes from the Greek metaphora "to transfer." With a metaphor, an idea is transferred from one word to another. It's implicit, like in this metaphor from Flannery O'Connor, "He had measured five feet four inches of pure gamecock." But don't mix them — mixed metaphors get confusing. Don't put all of your eggs in one doghouse. Wha? Here are some examples of the word itself:
Driving is such a metaphor, literally and figuratively, for freedom — as it is in the movie — so I'm amazed when some people never learn it. (Los Angeles Times)
Never mind what Lemmy said — with respect, 'Ace of Spades' can be viewed as a metaphor. (BBC)
Then it was all about finding the right analogy or metaphor for the way to tell an audience. (New York Times)
A simile is similar but it always uses "like" or "as." In fact, the word simile comes from the Latin for "a like thing." A simile's comparison is explicit. Just like that old joke from Fat Albert, "You're like school on Saturday: no class!" But seriously folks, here are some examples of the word in action:
Clouds roasted like marshmallows; everything — eventually — scorched beyond simile. (The New Yorker)
It's like McDonald's,' she said, pleased to have landed on a simile that an American reporter would surely appreciate. ( New York Times)
A metaphor is direct — Rudolpho is a cow! But a simile can soften the blow — Rudolpho is like a cow. Use them in descriptive writing or any time you're feeling sassy.
WORD FAMILY
metaphor: metaphoric, metaphorical, metaphors+/ metaphorical: metaphorically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Thirty seconds later, a woman shows up dressed like a shark who calls herself a dolphin, which is probably a metaphor.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
These films may also offer a metaphor to contemporary life, depending on how you read them.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And conducting is very much a metaphor, I think, for living.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 隐喻，暗喻; 象征
分布：隐喻(95%)，象征(5%)
→meta-,改变，-phor,带来，词源同bring.引申词义改变方式，用于语法指暗喻，隐喻。
隐喻(meta[meta-表示"超过,改变"]+phor带来→(语言)改变着说→隐喻)
n.隐喻,暗喻In poetry the rose is often a metaphor for love.玫瑰在诗中通常作为爱的象征.
【记】meta后面，phor话－字面后面的话－隐喻
US ['metˌ.ə.fɔ:r] noun countable or uncountable
■an expression which describes a person or object in a literary way by referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to the person or object you are trying to describe 隐喻；暗喻
• 'The mind is an ocean' and 'the city is a jungle' are both metaphors. “思维是海洋”和“城市是丛林”都是隐喻。
• Metaphor and simile are the most commonly used figures of speech in everyday language. 隐喻和明喻是日常语言中最常用的修辞手法。
UK ['met.ə.fɔ:r] US ['metˌ.ə.fɔ:r] noun countable or uncountable
a metaphor for sth
■a symbol which represents a particular thing …的象征
• The author uses disease as a metaphor for the corruption in society. 这位作家用疾病来比喻社会中的腐败。
• In the film, the city is a metaphor for confusion and loneliness. 在这部电影中，城市是迷惘与孤独的象征。
n. 暗喻，隐喻；比喻说法
 - parabole

Word: candle
Front: candle
[ˈkændl] (中高研四六雅 3928/4173 -2)
Back: n. 蜡烛; 烛光; 蜡烛状物
vt. 对光检查
时态：candled, candling, candles
分布：蜡烛(96%)，烛形物(3%)，对光检查(1%)
→来自词根cand, 照明，进一步来自PIE *skai, 照耀，见shine.
蜡烛[cand=white,glow,表示"白,发光"]
n.蜡烛Having canceled X-ray scan, the cancerous candidate on the canvas ate the idle candles in the candy can.取消X线扫描后,帆布上的癌症候选人吃了糖果罐里的闲置蜡烛.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a usually cylindrical piece of wax with a wick (= piece of string) in the middle of it which produces light as it slowly burns 蜡烛
• Shall I light a candle? 我点支蜡烛好吗？
n. [轻] 蜡烛； [光] 烛光；烛形物
 - bougie, glim

Word: handle
Front: handle
[ˈhændl] (高研四六托宝 1238/1576 -K4)
Vocabulary: handle
(once / 106 pages)
vn
To handle something is to control it, the way an elephant handler might handle an elephant, or the way you would use a handle to lift a suitcase. If you're panicking, a friend might suggest you "get a handle on yourself."
How to get a handle on the word handle? Start with the thumb. Much like the word “thimble” is derived from “thumb,” “handle” essentially refers to an object held "in hand," or placed under your control. Handle can also have a more abstract meaning, such as understanding or grasping a concept. You should be able to handle geometry before you start trig, right? A handle is also slang for a nickname. "What's your handle?" is another way of saying "What's your name?
WORD FAMILY
handle: handled, handleless, handler, handles, handling, mishandle +/handler: handlers/handling: handlings/ mishandle: mishandled, mishandles, mishandling
USAGE EXAMPLES
They are likely to be too much for the Dolphins to handle.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
To handle a gun, you must be “maximally aggressive,” Gariev said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“I thought he handled himself pretty well,” Del Rio said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （织物、毛皮等的）手感; 手柄; 举动; 柄状物
vi. 操作，操控; 容易搬运
vt. 用双手触摸、举起或握住; 用手操作，操纵; 处理或负责，管理; 〈美〉买卖，经营
时态：handled, handling, handles
分布：处理(46%)，柄(31%)，把手(15%)，操作(5%)，触(1%)，对待(1%)，买卖(1%)
→来自hand,手，-le,工具格后缀。引申词义操纵，比较manipulate.
n.柄,把手,拉手v.处理,对待,操纵;触,抚养The handy left-hander left a handsome handkerchief on the handle of the handbag.手巧的左撇子把一方漂亮手帕留在手提包的提手上.
【记】hand（手），le一把手
【反】cumbersome（adj 讨厌的；麻烦的；笨重的）－easy to handle（容易处理的）
noun countable
PART 部分
 ADVANCED
■a part of an object designed for holding, moving or carrying the object easily 柄，把手
• a door handle 门把手
• the handle on a suitcase 手提箱的提手
• I can't pick the kettle up - the handle's too hot. 我没法拿起茶壶，壶柄太烫了。
• She turned the handle and slowly opened the door. 她转动把手，慢慢地打开门。
['hæn.dl] noun countable
NAME 名称 informal
■a name of a person or place, especially a strange one （尤指奇怪的）名字，名称
• That's some handle to go through life with! 一辈子取那样一个名字也够奇怪的！
['hæn.dl] verb
DEAL WITH 处理
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to deal with, have responsibility for, or be in charge of 处理；应付；负责
• I thought he handled the situation very well. 我认为他把局面处理得非常好。
• Some people are brilliant with computers, but have no idea how to handle (= behave with) other people. 有些人在电脑方面很出色，却不会与人打交道。
• If you can't handle the job I'll get someone else to do it. 如果你做不了这项工作，我会让别人来做。
• Who handles the marketing in your company? 你们公司谁负责市场行销？
['hæn.dl] verb
TOUCH 触碰
transitive
■to pick something up and touch, hold or move it with your hands （用手）触摸，拿，搬动
• Always wash your hands before handling food. 拿食物之前一定要洗手。
• Please don't handle the vases - they're very fragile. 请不要触碰花瓶，它们极易破碎。
['hæn.dl] verb
OPERATE 操作
transitive
■to operate or control something which could be difficult or dangerous 操作，控制（困难或危险的事物）
• Have you ever handled a gun before? 你以前用过枪吗？
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If a car handles well, it is easy and pleasant to drive. （汽车）驾驶起来
['hæn.dl] verb
SELL 出售
transitive
■to buy and sell goods 买卖（商品）
• We only handle cosmetics which have not been tested on animals. 我们只经营未在动物身上做过试验的化妆品。
• mainly UK He's been arrested for handling stolen goods. 他因卖赃物被捕。
deal with, cope with, dispose of, manage, handle
这些动词或短语动词都含有“处理”，“对付”之意。
deal with: 既可指处理具体事情，也可指处理或解决具有抽象意义的问题。
cope with: 指成功地处理或对付更为重大，更为严重的问题或事物。
dispose of: 与deal with同义，普通用法。
manage: 指处理日常事务与工作，也可指经营管理。
handle: 从原义“手柄”，转引申为作“处理”解时，其内涵是管理和操纵。
n. [建] 把手；柄；手感；口实
 - shank, grip
vt. 处理；操作；运用；买卖；触摸
 - operate, feel, exert, work, cope with

Word: worry
Front: worry
[ˈwʌri] (中高 970/1537 -K4)
Vocabulary: worry
(once / 102 pages)
nv
The verb worry is an anxious word; it means to be concerned or nervous. If you sent your carrier pigeon out in the morning to deliver a message, you might worry if it hadn't returned by the afternoon.
When you worry, you feel uneasy — the way you might worry that you've got spinach in your teeth when you're at a job interview. When it's an animal doing the worrying, it takes on a different meaning: a dog will worry a bone — or gnaw on it and play with it, for hours. The word worry comes from the Old English wyrgan, which originally meant "strangle," and changed over the years to mean first "harass," and then "cause anxiety to."
WORD FAMILY
worry: worried, worrier, worries, worriment, worrisome, worrying+/unworried: unworriedly/ worried: unworried, worriedly/worrier: worriers/worriment: worriments/worrisome: worrisomely/worrying: worryingly, worryings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some environmentalists are not too worried: they think economics may drive India's clean energy revolution.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
It also encapsulates the host of worries of possible conflicts of interest circulating around a president who is very different from America’s past leaders.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s probably only a cyst, and there’s nothing to worry about.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 烦恼，忧虑; 担心; 撕咬
vi. 担心，焦虑; 为…发愁; 撕咬
vt. 使烦恼; 烦扰; 撕咬
时态：worried, worrying, worries
分布：担心(67%)，忧虑(11%)，烦恼(11%)，发愁(6%)，撕咬(3%)，使烦恼(1%)，使焦虑(1%)
→来自wergh,弯，转，缠绕，词源同wring,wriggle。其原义为扭打，缠绕，后用于心理学揪心，担忧，烦扰。
v.烦恼;(about)对...感到烦恼n.烦恼,焦虑"Sorry, I'll borrow the lorry tomorrow," the sorrowful man said with worry in the corridor."对不起,明天我要借用这辆卡车."那个悲伤的人在走廊里担心地说.
US ['wɝ:-] verb
PROBLEM 问题
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to think about problems or unpleasant things that might happen in a way that makes you feel unhappy and afraid 担心；忧虑；发愁
• Try not to worry - there's nothing you can do to change the situation. 别发愁了——你没法改变这种局面。
• Don't worry, she'll be all right. 别担心，她会没事的。
• It's silly worrying about things which are outside your control. 为自己无法掌控的事发愁是很愚蠢的。
• [+ (that)] She's worried (that) she might not be able to find another job. 她担心自己无法再找到一份工作。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to make someone feel unhappy and afraid because of problems or unpleasant things that might happen 使担忧；使焦虑
• You worried your mother by not writing. 你没有写信，这令你妈妈很担心。
• [+ that] It worries me that he hasn't phoned yet. 他还没有打电话，这令我有些担忧。
• The continued lack of rain is starting to worry people. 持续少雨开始令人们担忧起来。
  Common Learner Errors  worryRemember : the most usual preposition to use with worry is about : To refer to the thing that is making you worry, don't say 'worry for', say worry about : There's no need to worry about anything.
UK ['wʌr.i] US ['wɝ:-] verb
ANIMAL 动物
transitive
■If a dog worries another animal, it chases and frightens it and might also bite it （狗）追赶，撕咬（其他动物）
• Any dog caught worrying sheep in these fields will be shot. 这些牧场里只要发现有狗攻击羊只，狗就会被射杀。
UK ['wʌr.i] US ['wɝ:-] verb
Don't worry your pretty little head. informal humorous
■used to tell someone not to worry 用以告诉某人不必担心
• "What about all the work that needs doing in the kitchen?" "I'll sort that out - don't worry your pretty little head about it!" “厨房里那些要做的工作怎么办？”“别担心，包在我身上！”
UK ['wʌr.i] US ['wɝ:-] verb
not to worry informal
■said to show that you are not worried or upset because something has gone wrong or something unexpected has happened 别担心；别发愁
• Not to worry - perhaps you'll be able to come next week instead. 别着急——或许你可以下星期再来。
UK ['wʌr.i] US ['wɝ:-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  worry at sth
OBJECT
■to shake, pull at or touch something repeatedly 反复逗弄
• The dog was worrying away at its bone. 狗在反复撕咬着骨头。
PROBLEM
■to keep trying to find a way of solving a problem 不断努力；反覆尝试
• She'll worry at those figures until she's sure they've been worked out properly. 她会反覆验算那些数字，直到确定计算结果无误为止。
UK ['wʌr.i] US ['wɝ:-] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a problem that makes you feel unhappy and afraid 令人担心（或发愁）的事
• health/financial worries 健康／财务上的烦恼
• Keeping warm in the winter is a major worry for many old people. 冬天如何保暖对很多老年人来说是一件令人担忧的大事。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you feel unhappy and afraid about something 担忧；担心；发愁
• Unemployment, bad health - all sorts of things can be a cause of worry. 失业、健康状况不佳——各种各样的事都可能会产生烦恼。
• It was clear that Anna had no worries about her husband's attempts to flirt. 非常明显，安娜对她丈夫几次想与人调情并不感到忧虑。
fret, care, brood, worry
这组词都有“烦恼、担忧”的意思，其区别是：
fret: 通常指因悲哀、焦虑或忧愁等所困扰的心理状态。
care: 多指极强烈的关心和忧虑。常带纯客观的意味。
brood: 语气比worry强，多指沉思、沮丧或忧郁。
worry: 普通用词，着重使人焦虑、烦恼或深深不安。
anxiety, concern, care, worry
这组词都有“焦虑、关心”的意思，其区别是：
anxiety: 指对预料中的不祥之事的焦虑。
concern: 作“关心”用时，是indifference(冷漠)的反义词，侧重对他人健康、安全等的关心，也可暗示对困难、危险或失败等的忧虑。
care: 强调因出于责任感或顾虑等而产生的不安。
worry: 侧重对未知事态演变的忧虑。
n. 担心；烦恼；撕咬
 - trouble, fear
vt. 担心；发愁；折磨
 - harry, trouble, tear
vi. 担心；烦恼；撕咬
 - trouble, concern about/for/over

Word: judicial
Front: judicial
[dʒuˈdɪʃl] (研雅宝 3930/3083 -2)
Vocabulary: judicial
(once / 312 pages)
adj
If your situation has anything to do with the administration of justice or involves a judge, then it's officially judicial. And you should probably get a lawyer.
Judicial comes to us all the way from the Latin word judex, which means — you guessed it — "judge." But while judicial is most often used when describing legal proceedings, it can also be used to describe anyone who has to judge something in a fair way. Film critics are expected to give judicial reviews, just as the Miss America pageant judges must be judicial when assessing the swimsuit competition.
WORD FAMILY
judicial: judicially, judiciary +/ judiciary: judiciaries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Whether that would pass judicial review is less clear.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In early November, nearly 20 protesters who sat, chanted, sang and refused orders to leave were arrested in the building’s judicial wing.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
By contrast, when Democrats controlled the Senate in the last two years of George W. Bush’s presidency, 68 of his judicial nominees were confirmed.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 司法的; 法庭的; 明断的; 公正的
分布：公正的(39%)，司法的(30%)，法庭的(25%)，审判上的(6%)
→来自拉丁语iudicare,审判，判决，词源同judge.即与审判相关的，引申词义司法的。
司法的;法官的(judic判断→法官→司法的)[judg,judic=judge,表示"判断"]
法庭的(judic司法+ial)[-ial表形容词"有…的"]
a.司法的,法庭的,审判的;明断的,公正的
adjective
■involving a court of law 司法的；审判（上）的
• the judicial system 司法制度
• a judicial enquiry/review 司法质询／审查
judicial, judicious
这是一组形近易混词。
judicial: a.司法的，法律的，法庭的。
 • The judicial system settles arguments between people.   司法系统解决人与人之间的争端。
judicious: a.果断的，明智的，是个正式用语。
 • He made a judicious decision to save money for his old age.   他做了一个明智的决定，要为他的晚年攒钱。
adj. 公正的，明断的； [法] 法庭的；审判上的
 - just, candid

Word: entity
Front: entity
[ˈentəti] (研六托雅宝 3932/3875 -2)
Vocabulary: entity
(once / 1050 pages)
n
If your little sister turns her lemonade stand into a lemonade empire, she might incorporate it as a company. Under the law, it would be considered an entity, or a separate being for purposes of government control.
The word entity originally meant "being, existence," and was borrowed from Medieval Latin entitas, from Latin ens, irregular form of esse "to be, exist." The suffix –ity means "quality or state." Medieval Christian philosophers, influenced by the Church Fathers and Aristotle, discussed the concept of ens "abstract being" versus esse "actual being."
WORD FAMILY
entity: entities, nonentity +/ nonentity: nonentities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The larger the government entity - from local to state to federal - the more complicated it all is.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Catholic Benefits Association, a group of Catholic hospitals, dioceses and other entities, filed a separate lawsuit against the HHS rule last week.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Ma, whose multimedia studio, Shizhi Media, produced the taxi cartoon, said about a fifth of its clients were party or state entities.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 实体; 实际存在物; 本质
分布：实体(94%)，存在(4%)，本质(2%)
→ent-, 存在，来自拉丁文esse的现在分词，is的原型，词源同essence, absent.
存在[et=being(存在)]
n.实体;存在(物);组织,机构;本质The whole country is a single entity.全国一盘棋.
US [-tˌə.tˌi] formal
noun countable
■something which exists apart from other things, having its own independent existence 实体；独立存在体
• The museums work closely together, but are separate legal entities. 这些博物馆密切合作，但它们都是独立的法人实体。
• He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity. 他把这个国家的北部地区视为一个独立的文化实体。
n. 实体；存在；本质
 - presence, existence, essence, principle, texture

Word: suffering
Front: suffering
[ˈsʌfərɪŋ] (高 3933/4466 -K2)
Vocabulary: suffering
(once / 86 pages)
nadj
Suffering is the kind of pain you feel when you shatter your ankle and it's what you'll see all around you if you find yourself in the middle of a tornado or an earthquake.
When you're suffering, you're not happy — in fact, you're quite miserable. The Latin roots that give us suffering and related words paint a vivid picture of what suffering feels like. The word comes from sub-, meaning "below," and ferre, "bear." Suffering is something pressing you down that you have to submit to and bear. It's definitely the opposite of fun.
WORD FAMILY
suffering: sufferingly, sufferings+/ insufferable: insufferably/ suffer: sufferable, sufferance, suffered, sufferer, suffering, suffers/sufferable: insufferable, sufferably, unsufferable/ sufferance: sufferances/sufferer: sufferers/unsufferable: unsufferably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Phoenix Fire Department says the girl is in stable condition after suffering burns to her hands, feet and other parts of her body.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Kubiak missed a week of work in October after suffering a complex migraine, his second health scare in three years.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A car leaving the scene crashed nearby and police found the driver suffering from a gunshot wound and a female passenger dead from the crash.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 受苦，遭难; 苦楚，苦难; 令人痛苦的事
v. 受苦(suffer的现在分词); 蒙受
adj. 受苦的; 患病的
分布：痛苦(93%)，受难(7%)
→suffer,忍受，遭受，-ing,动名词后缀。
US [-ɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you experience physical or mental pain 疼痛；折磨；痛苦
• The war will cause widespread human suffering. 战争会给很多人带来苦难。
n. 受难；苦楚
 - martyrdom
adj. 受苦的；患病的
 - stricken, sickening

Word: full-time
Front: full-time
[ˈfʊlˈtaɪm] (雅 -2)
Vocabulary: full-time
(once / 2148 pages)
advadj
If you do something full-time, you spend most of your available time doing it. Working full-time usually means spending around forty hours a week doing your work.
You can be employed at a full-time job, or you can be a full-time student. Some people are full-time parents, and you might hope to be a full-time artist or a full-time musician one day. In all of these examples, people use the majority of their waking hours (at least during the work week) focusing on one thing. This term dates from the late 1800s.
WORD FAMILY
full-time
USAGE EXAMPLES
Malloy says no one who works full-time should live in poverty.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The expansion at the Fieldbrook Farms facility in Dunkirk will allow the company to add 61 full-time jobs and retain 586 others.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
While paying for the meals herself keeps things “interesting” financially for the certified nursing assistant who just started working full-time again, it doesn’t matter.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 全部时间的; 全日制的; 专职的，专任的
分布：全部时间的(72%)，专任的(28%)
adjective adverb
 ADVANCED
■(of work or education) done for the whole of a working week 全日制的（地）；全职的（地）
• a full-time job 全职工作
• Most children in the UK remain in full-time education until they are at least 16 years old. 在英国，大多数孩子至少在16岁之前都要接受全日制教育。
• She went back to work full-time when her youngest child went to school. 她最小的孩子上学之后，她又回去做全职工作了。
full-time job/activity
■an activity which uses a lot of your time 占据大量时间的工作／活动
• Keeping a garden tidy is a full-time job. 整理花园是一项很费时间的工作。
[ˌfʊl'taɪm] adjective adverb
  Common Learner Errors  full-time Remember that when we use full-time as an adjective, it is most usual to keep the hyphen ' - ' between 'full' and 'time':
✗ I am looking for a full time job for the summer holidays. I am looking for a full-time job for the summer holidays.
adj. 专职的；全日制的；全部时间的
 - all-time

Word: feel
Front: feel
[fi:l] (中高雅 134/135 -K5)
Vocabulary: feel
(once / 13 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4vn 5vn
If you put your hand on someone's arm, they will feel your touch; if you give them a piece of really bad news, they will feel sad. Feel means to be aware of a physical or emotional sensation.
Feel is most often used as a verb, meaning to physically touch or grope something or to be conscious of something emotionally. There's also a noun form of feel, which describes an awareness of something or the physical property of something, like in the sentences, "This place has the feel of a palace," or "She told me it was cotton, but it has the feel of silk."
WORD FAMILY
feel: feeler, feeling, feels+/feeler: feelers/ feeling: feelings, unfeeling/unfeeling: unfeelingly, unfeelingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I know so many people that would say, ‘Oh, that officer came to my house and made me feel safe again.’
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Many readers will feel the same way about “Testimony,” which by detailing a legendary time in musical creativity, casts its own magic.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
All of that still feels true to me.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 感觉; 认为; 触摸; 试探
vt. & vi. 感觉，觉得; 认为，以为; 触摸
n. 感觉; 触摸; 感受; 触觉
vi. 觉得; 摸索
时态：felt, feeling, feels
分布：感觉(45%)，觉得(33%)，认为(10%)，触摸(5%)，摸索(3%)，触觉(3%)，摸起来(1%)
→来自pal,触摸，感受，词源同palpitate.
v.触;认为vi.摸上去有...感觉;摸索;觉得I feel a bit of bitterness for his ambitious exhibition.我为他雄心勃勃的展览感到一点点触痛.
verb (felt, felt)
EXPERIENCE 经历
 ESSENTIAL [L or T]
■to experience something physical or emotional 觉得；感到；体会到
• "How are you feeling?" "Not too bad, but I've still got a slight headache." “你感觉如何？”“不算太糟，但我还是有点轻微的头痛。”
• How would you feel about moving to a different city? 你觉得搬到另一座城市去怎么样？
• He's still feeling a bit weak after his operation. 手术后他仍感觉有点虚弱。
• My eyes feel really sore. 我的眼睛真的很痛。
• I never feel safe when I'm being driven by Richard. 理查开车载我时，我总是觉得不安全。
• Never in her life had she felt so happy. 她一辈子从未觉得这么开心过。
• My suitcase began to feel really heavy after a while. 过了一会儿，我开始觉得手提箱沉起来。
• I felt (= thought that I was) a complete idiot/such a fool. 我觉得自己是个十足的傻瓜。
• She felt his hot breath on her neck. 她感觉到脖子上他热辣辣的气息。
• [+ obj + -ing verb] I could feel the sweat trickling down my back. 我感觉到汗水顺着后背淌下来。
• By midday, we were really feeling (= suffering from) the heat. 到正午时，我们确实觉得热了。
feel like sth
 IMPROVER
■to have a wish for something, or to want to do something, at a particular moment 想要；想做
• I feel like (going for) a swim. 我想（去）游泳。
• I feel like (having)a nice cool glass of lemonade. 我想喝一杯美味的冰柠檬汁。
• "Are you coming to aerobics?" "No, I don't feel like it today." “你去做有氧健身操吗？”“不，我今天不想去。”
 IMPROVER [+ -ing verb]
■to want to do something that you do not do 真想做（未做之事）
• He was so rude I felt like slapping his face. 他这么无礼，我真想掴他的脸。
feel the cold
■to get cold quicker and more often than most people 易冷，不耐寒
• As you get older, you tend to feel the cold more. 人上了年纪，往往会更怕冷。
not feel a thing informal
■to not feel any pain 感觉不到疼痛
• "Did it hurt?" "Not at all - I didn't feel a thing." “痛吗？”“一点也不痛，甚么感觉都没有。”
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
OPINION 意见
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to have the opinion, or consider 认为；相信
• [+ (that)] I feel (that) I should be doing more to help her. 我认为我应该更加努力帮助她。
• [R (+ to be) + adj] He had always felt him self (to be)inferior to his brothers. 他总是觉得自己不如兄弟。
• Do you feel very strongly (= have strong opinions) about this? 您对此很有意见吗？
• I feel certain I'm right. 我确信自己是对的。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
TOUCH 触摸
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to touch something in order to discover something about it 触，摸
• [+ question word] Just feel how cold my hands are! 摸摸我的手有多冷！
• He gently felt the softness of the baby's cheek. 他轻轻抚摸着婴儿柔软的脸颊。
• I was feeling (around) (= searching with my hand) in my bag for the keys. 我在袋子里摸索着找锁匙。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
feel your age
■to realise that you are no longer young 意识到自己老了，感到自己上年纪了
• Everybody there looked under twenty and I really felt my age. 那里所有人看起来都不满20岁，我确实觉得自己老了。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
feel free
■If someone tells you to feel free to do something, they mean that you can do it if you want to 尽管做，可以随便（做…）
• Feel free to help yourself to coffee. 请随意喝咖啡。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
feel it in your bones
■to believe something strongly although you cannot explain why 直觉确信；本能感到
• It's going to be a good summer - I can feel it in my bones. 今年夏天将会特别舒适——直觉告诉我的。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
feel the pinch
■to have problems with money because you are earning less than before （由于收入减少而）手头拮据
• When my father lost his job and we had to live on my mother's earnings, we really started to feel the pinch. 父亲失业后，我们不得不依靠母亲的工资度日，真的开始感到手头拮据。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
feel your way
■to judge where you are going by touching with your hands instead of looking 摸索着走动
• The room was so dark, I had to feel my way along the wall to the door. 房间里太黑了，我只好靠着墙摸索着走到门口。
■to act slowly and carefully because you are not certain how to do something 谨慎行事
• It's my first month in the job so I'm still feeling my way. 现在是我做这份工作的第一个月，所以我还在摸索着。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
  Phrasal Verbs  feel for sb
■to experience sympathy and sadness for someone because they are suffering 同情，怜悯（某人）
• I know what it's like to be lonely, so I do feel for her. 我知道孤独是甚么感觉，所以我真的很同情她。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] feel sb up slang
■to touch someone sexually, especially someone you do not know, for your own excitement 猥亵（某人）
• That's the second time she's been felt up on the Metro. 那是她第二次在地铁里遭到猥亵了。
[fi:l] noun
TOUCH 触摸
only singular
■the way that something feels 触觉；手感
• She loved the feel of silk against her skin. 她喜欢丝绸贴着皮肤的感觉。
countable mainly UK informal
■the action of touching something 触摸；摸
• Is that shirt silk? Ooh, let me have a feel! 那件衬衫是丝绸的吗？哦，让我摸一摸吧！
[fi:l] noun
CHARACTER 特征
only singular (also feeling)
■the character of a place or situation （场所或情况给人的）感受，气氛；特质
• I like the decoration - it's got quite a Spanish feel to it. 我喜欢这种装饰，相当有西班牙风情。
• There was a feel of mystery about the place. 这个地方有种神秘感。
• We were there for such a short time, we didn't really get the feel of (= get to know) the place. 我们在那里逗留的时间太短了，没有真正领略到那里的特质。
[fi:l] noun
UNDERSTANDING 理解
a feel for sth (also feeling)
■a natural understanding or ability, especially in a subject or activity （尤指在某学科或活动方面的）理解力，领悟力
• She has a real feel for language. 她的语感很好。
• I tried learning the piano, but I never had much of a feel for it. 我尝试过学钢琴，但是从来就没怎么入门。
get the feel of sth (also feeling)
■to learn how to do something, usually a new activity 学会做…
• Once you get the feel of it, using a mouse is easy. 你一旦学会了，用滑鼠就变得很容易。
vt. 感觉；认为；触摸；试探
 - expect, count, guess, find, make
vi. 觉得；摸索
 - fish for, poke about
n. 感觉；触摸
 - consciousness, sense perception

Word: lamp
Front: lamp
[læmp] (中高研四六托雅 3936/3340 -K2)
Vocabulary: lamp
(once / 149 pages)
n
A lamp is a small appliance that holds an electric bulb and produces light. Your desk lamp might provide enough light for you to read by at night, or you may have to turn on a floor lamp too after the sun goes down.
Today, most lamps use electricity and a light bulb to shine the light that we all need to work and live comfortably after daylight fades. There are also older-style oil lamps and gas lamps, which are more typically described as lanterns. The Greek root of lamp is lampas, "torch or beacon" and also "meteor," from lampein, "to shine."
WORD FAMILY
lamp: lamps
USAGE EXAMPLES
Voting was halted for 15 minutes due to problems with the ultra-violet lamps used in the voting verification process.
Seattle Times(Dec 25, 2016)
For passengers on the southbound train, the display starts with Randolph-Macon College, which demonstrates its merriment by wrapping white lights around lamp posts.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
The items — some festive — seem an odd assortment for a burglary: a decorative reindeer, a wreath and a table lamp.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 灯; 发热灯，照射灯
分布：灯(86%)，台灯(7%)，油灯(6%)，光源(1%)
→来自lap,照耀，发光，词源同lantern,插入鼻音字母m.可能同leuk,发光，照明，词源同light,lucid.
n.灯He stamped on the stamps and slammed the lamp on the damp dam.他用脚踩邮票并将灯砰地摔在潮湿的坝上.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a device for giving light, especially one that has a covering or is contained within something （尤指带灯罩的）灯
• an electric/oil/gas lamp 电／油／煤气灯
• a street lamp 路灯
• a table/bedside lamp 枱／床头灯
⇒ See also sunlamp
 ADVANCED
■any of various devices that produce particular types of light 照明设备，照射器
• an infrared lamp 红外线照射灯
lamp, light
这组词都有“灯”的意思，其区别是：
lamp: 通常指以油、气或电为能源的照明设备，一般有罩。
light: 普通用词，含义广泛。泛指一切供照明的灯，多指电灯。
n. [电] 灯；照射器
 - light
vt. 照亮
 - light up, lumine
vi. 发亮
 - brighten up, resplend

Word: garbage
Front: garbage
[ˈgɑ:bɪdʒ] (高研四六托雅 3934/12130 -K1)
Vocabulary: garbage
(once / 2009 pages)
n
If you throw it in the trash, you can call it garbage. Likewise, if something is so terrible you wish you could throw it in the trash, like a really bad movie, you can also call it garbage.
Everything in your kitchen trash is garbage — essentially, it's anything that's useless. Garbage can include vegetable scraps, wadded-up paper, or even spoken gibberish. The origin of the word garbage is a little uncertain, though in the 15th century it was used to mean literally "giblets of a fowl," or the extra parts that weren't considered food.
WORD FAMILY
garbage
USAGE EXAMPLES
In America, each of us throws away more than seven pounds of garbage a day.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Fisher, whose tough-talking princess defied Empire generals while tossing off one-liners like “Into the garbage chute, flyboy,” died Tuesday at age 60.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Fisher, whose tough-talking princess defied Empire generals while tossing off one-liners such as “into the garbage chute, flyboy”, died on Tuesday.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 垃圾; 脏东西; 丢弃的食物; 无用的数据
分布：垃圾(96%)，废物(3%)，食物残渣(1%)
→原义为禽类内脏。词源不详，可能来自sker, 切，撕，词源同shear, carve.
n.垃圾If you carry the cabinet of cabbage garbage to the garage, you'll get an average wage.如果你把这橱柜包菜垃圾扛进了汽车库,你将获得一份平均工资.
US ['gɑ:r-] noun uncountable US (UK rubbish)
■waste material or unwanted things that you throw away 垃圾；废物
■nonsense or stupid ideas 废话；无聊的话；无价值的东西
• He talks a lot of garbage about education. 他废话连篇地大谈自己对教育的看法。
UK ['gɑ:.bɪdʒ] US ['gɑ:r-] noun uncountable
Garbage in, garbage out mainly US
■something you say which means that something produced from materials of low quality will also be of low quality 垃圾进，垃圾出（意为用劣质的材料生产出的产品也必然是劣质的）
• The meals are pretty poor but then they never use fresh ingredients - garbage in, garbage out. 这饭真难吃，因为他们从来不用新鲜材料——也难怪，垃圾进，垃圾出。
waste, debris, rubbish, litter, garbage, junk
这组词都有“废物，垃圾”的意思，其区别是：
waste: 普通用词，概念广泛，指任何被丢弃的东西。
debris: 着重指分解、分裂或破坏后剩下的碎片，也指零散的普通废品。
rubbish: 普通用词，指任何成堆的、破损的、用过的或无用的东西，尤指弃掉的垃圾堆。也可作引申用。
litter: 是四下乱丢物品的总称，尤指散落于地，有碍观瞻的废物。
garbage: 主要指有机废料，包括厨房的剩菜剩饭或不能再用的食物。也可作引申用。
junk: 指回收的旧汽车或大型机器，也指毫无实用价值，或破烂物体，但不指垃圾。
n. [环境] 垃圾；废物
 - refuse, waste, junk, rubbish, trash

Word: servant
Front: servant
[ˈsɜ:vənt] (中高研四六 3938/1878 -K3)
Vocabulary: servant
(once / 49 pages)
n
A servant works at someone’s home, often doing lowly tasks. You might feel like a servant when your mom insists that you do the dishes before you can do anything fun, but think how she feels cooking dinner every day!
If you’re a servant, you serve someone else. In that 1930s mystery novel, chances are the rich family had servants to set the table and do the laundry. Nowadays, calling someone who does those things a servant has an insulting connotation. If you think your hard work gets no respect, you might feel like a servant. But people who work for the government like to be called "public servants," because they serve the good of public and not themselves.
WORD FAMILY
servant: servants+/ serve: servant, served, server, serves, serving/server: servers/serving: self-serving, servings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The group described Turkey as “the servant of the cross.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Bernstein, in his book, called Davies and Service “smart and dedicated public servants” who were “naïvely dazzled” by the Communists.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The honorees are actually chosen by civil servants committees based on nominations from the government and the public.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 仆人，佣人，雇工; [美]奴仆，奴隶; 官吏，公务员，服务员; 随员，献身…的人
分布：仆人(100%)
→来自 serve,服务，服侍，-ant,人。
仆人;公务员(serv+ant表示人)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
n.仆人The desert deserves the nervous servants to observe.那个沙漠值得神经紧张的公务员们去观察.
US ['sɝ:-] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a person who is employed in another person's house, doing jobs such as cooking and cleaning, especially in the past （尤指旧时的）佣人，仆人
public servant/servant of the state
■a person who works for the government 公务员，公仆
• Public servants should be incorruptible. 公务员应该做到清正廉洁。
attendant, servant, waiter
这组词都有“服务员”的意思，其区别是：
attendant: 多指跟随某人并为其服务的人。也可指一般意义的“服务员”。
servant: 指吃住在他人家为挣工资而干活的人，也指被雇用的人或指广义的“公仆”。
waiter: 指在饭店、旅馆等处的男服务员，女服务员为waitress。
n. 仆人，佣人；公务员；雇工
 - man, flunky

Word: regulatory
Front: regulatory
[ˈregjələtəri] (托 3939/5206)
Vocabulary: regulatory
(once / 1255 pages)
adj
Regulatory describes something that holds you to the rules. Detention is regulatory, as are other kinds of punishments. When your mom tells you not to run in the house, she’s being regulatory.
You’ll notice most of the word regulate is in regulatory. That’s because when something is regulatory, it’s regulated. You also might be reminded of the word regular. Things that are regulatory, like being forced to stay in for recess, are intended to keep things regular — no breaking rules, no breaking laws, no breaking at all. Things that are regulatory are meant to keep you from falling out of line.
WORD FAMILY
regulate: deregulate, regulated, regulates, regulating, regulation, regulator, regulatory +/ deregulate: deregulated, deregulates, deregulating, deregulation /regulated: unregulated /regulating: regulatings, self-regulating/ regulation: regulations/regulator: regulators
USAGE EXAMPLES
The club’s bar will need government approvals to serve alcohol, not to mention other regulatory issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The only regulatory mechanism is the insistence that all participation is voluntary, and all experience is reciprocal.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission included the finding in its draft environmental impact statement for the proposed Atlantic Coast Pipeline, released Friday.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 调整的; 具有监管权的，监管的
分布：管理的(38%)，控制的(31%)，调整的(31%)
US ['reg.jʊ.lə.tɔ:r-] formal
adjective
■controlling 管理的；控制的；监管的
• a regulatory body/organization 监管部门／组织
adj. 管理的；控制的；调整的
 - administrative, managing, guiding

Word: diplomatic
Front: diplomatic
[ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk] (研六托雅宝 3940/3567 -3)
Vocabulary: diplomatic
(once / 298 pages)
adj
If you have the ability to say the right thing when two friends are fighting, making both sides happy, you are diplomatic. You have tact. You are a peacemaker.
You can be diplomatic in your personal life if you’re polite, easy to get along with, and able to deliver bad news in a kind way. You can also be professionally diplomatic — diplomats are important members of the U.S. State Department. Diplomats keep the peace and maintain good relationships with other countries, even as they try to get other countries to see and do things our way. That's why keeping the peace in smaller ways is also called diplomatic.
WORD FAMILY
diplomatic: diplomatically, undiplomatic, undiplomatically+/ diplomacy: diplomacies, diplomatic, diplomatical, diplomatist/ diplomat: diplomacy, diplomats/diplomatist: diplomatists
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1974, he was travelling from Beirut to Jerusalem in a car bearing Vatican diplomatic plates when it was stopped by Israeli security forces.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In this respect, she faces a more nuanced diplomatic challenge than confronted, say, Thatcher or Tony Blair.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“So there is a question about whether there’s a political retribution here versus a diplomatic response.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 外交上的; 外交人员的; 有手腕的; 策略的
分布：外交的(49%)，老练的(42%)，古字体的(9%)
a.外交的,从事外交的;策略的,有手腕的The diplomatic diplomas are made in automation in the autonomy.外交证书在自治区是自动化生产的.
US [-'mætˌ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■involving the management of the relationships between countries 外交的
• diplomatic negotiations 外交谈判
■approving
■acting in a way that does not cause offence 讲究方法的，委婉的
• Ask him nicely - be diplomatic. 好好向他提出请求——要委婉一些。
adj. 外交的；外交上的；老练的
 - foreign, experienced

Word: elegant
Front: elegant
[ˈelɪgənt] (高研六托雅 3942/3833 -K3)
Vocabulary: elegant
(once / 209 pages)
adj
Nimble ballerinas and long-legged birds are elegant; dump trucks and walruses usually are not.
Being graceful and refined are aspects of being elegant. That word first appears in English in the 15th century. It comes, via Old French, from the same Latin source that gave rise to the English word "elect, and it does seem that especially elegant people and things are in a select group. Very stylishly dressed men and women are elegant, and fine restaurants with distinctive delicacies are elegant. Most ordinary places and people can become elegant, though, when dressed up or adorned for special occasions. Even walruses can appear elegant when they're swimming.
WORD FAMILY
elegant: elegance, eleganter, elegantest, elegantly, inelegant +/ elegance: elegances/inelegance: inelegances/ inelegant: inelegance, ineleganter, inelegantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another Apple hallmark — elegant design — is also a core value.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I remembered seeing the girls on the red carpet: elegant, smiling, fresh, happy,” Mr. Soria said.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Elegant drawings of religious iconography adorned the margins, adding to the artifact’s elegance.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. （人或其举止）优美的; 漂亮的; 简炼的; 简洁的
分布：优雅的(75%)，雅致的(25%)
→e-, 向外。-leg, 收集，选出，词源同college, eligible. 即选出来的，优秀的，优雅的。
高雅的;美好的(e出+leg[=lig]+ant→选出的→好的,高雅的)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
a.优雅的;端庄的;雅致的She is elegant.她姿态优美.
【记】e出，leg腿：露出大白腿………高雅的；但是靠这个优雅也是比较悲哀的一件事（见下）
【参】elegance（n 优雅；文雅）
【反】insolent（adj 傲慢无礼的）－polite（adj 有礼貌的）『elegant』
adjective
 ADVANCED
■ graceful and attractive in appearance or behaviour 高雅的；优雅的
• an elegant woman 举止优雅的女性
• a very elegant suit 雅致的套装
• an elegant dining room 雅致的餐厅
■describes an idea, plan or solution that is clever but simple, and therefore attractive （想法、计划或办法）巧妙的，简捷的，简练的
elegant, graceful
elegant: （训练或修养所得），人为的优雅
graceful: （天生的）天真优雅
adj. 高雅的，优雅的；讲究的
 - graceful, exquisite

Word: inside
Front: inside
[ˌɪnˈsaɪd] (中高研四六 964/1301 -K4)
Vocabulary: inside
(once / 76 pages)
1adjnadv 2adv
Something that's inside is located near the center or in the interior of a space. The inside of a perfectly baked potato should be fluffy, buttery, warm, and delicious.
You can scrape inside a jar with a knife to get the last of the jam, or stay inside the house all day when it's very hot outside. Inside can serve as an adjective, noun, or adverb, depending how you use it, but it always refers to the inner, most privileged, or deepest part of something. Colloquially, your insides are your digestive system or stomach, and when someone's inside after stealing a car, they're in prison.
WORD FAMILY
inside: insides
USAGE EXAMPLES
D.C. police are investigating an abandoned U-Haul truck that was found Monday in Southeast Washington with “multiple” ATMs inside, a police spokesman said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Or trade secrets, and valuable inside information about mergers or drug trials.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Once they’re inside, it becomes extraordinarily difficult to try the guilty or release those who are no longer a threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 里面的，内部的; 内幕的; 内侧的
n. 里面，内侧; 内脏; 内容，内幕; （道路或跑道拐弯处的）内侧
adv. 在内地，在内部地; 在内侧地; 在监狱里
prep. 在…以内; 在内侧或内部; 进入里面
分布：内部(66%)，里面的(21%)，在里面(12%)，在 ... 里面(1%)
→in-,进入，使，在内，side,边。
a.里面的ad.在里面n.内部prep.在...里Besides this side, I considered both the inside and outside.除了这一面外我还考虑了内外两面.
noun]ɪnˈsaɪd/
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■the inner part, space or side of something 里面，内部
• Did you clean the inside of the car? 你把车内擦干净了吗？
• The hotel looked shabby from the street, but it was fine on the inside. 这家饭店从街上看去显得很破旧，但里面很好。
• the insides of people's houses 人们的房子内部
Compare outside
countable usually singular
■The inside of a part of the body such as the arm or leg is the part facing in towards the rest of the body （肢体的）内侧
• She dabbed perfume on the inside of her wrist. 她在手腕内侧搽了香水。
insides [plural] informal
■a person's or animal's internal organs, especially their stomach or bowels 内脏，（尤指）肠胃
• The dead seal's insides were spread all over the snow. 死海豹的内脏散布在雪地上。
noun]ɪnˈsaɪd/
on the inside informal
■If someone is on the inside, they have a job or position in which they have special or secret information 在（机构或组织的）内部；参与内部机密
• Who do we know on the inside who can help us? 我们认识哪位能帮助我们的内部人士？
adverb preposition adjective]ɪnˈsaɪd/
 ESSENTIAL
■in or into a room, building, container, or something similar 在（…）里面，在（…）内部；里面的，内部的
• "Is Anna in the garden?" "No, she's inside (= in the house)." “安娜在花园吗？”“不，她在屋里。”
• What's inside the box? 盒子里面是甚么？
• Luckily, no one was inside the building when it collapsed. 幸运的是，房子倒塌时里面没有人。
• figurative She couldn't cope with the grief she felt inside. 她无法承受内心的悲伤。
• figurative Who can tell what goes on inside his head? 谁知道他脑袋里想的是甚么？
• He put the documents carefully in his inside pocket (= pocket on the inside of a jacket or coat). 他把文件小心翼翼地放进外套内层的口袋里。
inside out
 IMPROVER
■If something is inside out, it has the usual inside part on the outside and the usual outside part on the inside 里面朝外地
• She had her jumper on inside out. 她把羊毛衫穿反了。
adverb preposition adjective]ɪnˈsaɪd/
turn a place inside out UK informal
■to search a place very thoroughly 彻底搜查
• I've turned the house inside out but I still can't find my keys. 我把房子翻了个底朝天，仍没能找到锁匙。
adverb preposition adjective]ɪnˈsaɪd/
know sth inside out informal
■to know everything about a subject 对…了如指掌
• He knows the system inside out. 他对该体系了如指掌。
preposition]ˌɪnˈsaɪd/ (also inside of)
■If you do something or if something happens inside (of) a particular time or limit, you do it or it happens in less than that amount of time or under the limit 在（某段时间）内；少于（某时间）
• The new faster trains can do the journey inside two hours. 新型快速列车两小时内就可跑完全程。
• He finished it inside of two hours. 他不用两个小时就做完了。
adjective [before noun] /ˈɪn.saɪd/ /ˌ-ˈ-/ (of information) obtained by someone in a group, organization or company and therefore involving special or secret knowledge （资讯）内部的
• inside information/knowledge 内部消息／内情
• I'll call up Clare and get the inside story (= a true report of the facts). 我将给克莱尔打电话了解内幕。
adjective [before noun] /ˈɪn.saɪd/ /ˌ-ˈ-]
have the inside track
■to have a special position within an organization, or a special relationship with a person that gives you advantages that other people do not have 有优先权；处于有利地位
adverb]ɪnˈsaɪd/ informal
 IMPROVER
■in prison 在监牢里
• Her husband's inside for armed robbery. 她的丈夫因持械抢劫而进了牢房。
interior, inward, inner, inside, internal
这组词都有“内部的，内在的”的意思，其区别是：
interior: 指某物的内部，尤指某物的内侧；也可指内地的或国内的。
inward: 指朝着中心或内部方向的，侧重方向而不是位置；也可指内心的隐密活动。
inner: 含义广泛，指事物中心或接近中心的部位，也可指内心隐密的活动。
inside: 多指处于某物内部或靠近内部，常可与inner换用，可引申指内幕的，秘密的。
internal: 书面用词，医学上多用，指事物的内部，也可指国内的或内政的。
n. 里面；内部；内情；内脏
 - interior, within, inner
adj. 里面的；内部的；秘密的
 - internal, inner, secret, underground, chamber
prep. 少于；在…之内
 - within, under, in

Word: reception
Front: reception
[rɪˈsepʃn] (高研四六托雅 3944/2928 -K2)
Vocabulary: reception
(once / 240 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Reception is the act of receiving, or getting something, or the way it is received. If your book receives a positive reception, it means people receive it well. In other words, they like it.
A reception can also be a party, such as a wedding reception. A reception area is an office waiting room where visitors are greeted and the receptionist sits. Reception can also refer to the quality of a broadcast signal, as received by a TV or radio. Good reception means a clear, strong signal, and poor reception means you might want to shake or kick the TV screen. A reception is also the act of catching the ball in American football.
WORD FAMILY
reception: receptionist, receptions+/ receive: receivable, received, receiver, receives, receiving, reception, receptive, receptor, recipient /receiver: receivers, receivership/receivership: receiverships/ receptionist: receptionists/ receptive: receptively, receptiveness, receptivity, unreceptive/ receptivity: receptivities/receptor: receptors/ recipient: recipients
USAGE EXAMPLES
I wait in the reception area for an hour before the X-ray technician calls my name.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
After two receptions, his season ended on injured reserve.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Unfortunately, Robinson converted just 73 of those targets into receptions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 接待; 欢迎; 招待会; 接待处
分布：接待(42%)，招待会(23%)，接待处(12%)，接收(10%)，欢迎(10%)，反应(3%)
→来自 receive,接收，收到，-pt,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。
n.接待,招待会;接收,接受,接收效果Such views will not have a favorable reception.这样的见解将得不到好评.
noun
WELCOME 欢迎
 ADVANCED countable
■a formal party at which important people are welcomed 欢迎会；招待会
• The President gave a reception for the visiting heads of state. 总统举行招待会款待来访的外国元首。
 ADVANCED only singular
■the way in which people react to something or someone 感受；反应；回应
• Her first book got a wonderful/warm/frosty reception from the critics. 评论家对她的第一本书反应很好／热烈／冷淡。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the act of welcoming someone or something 接待；迎接；欢迎
• The new hospital was ready for the reception of its first patients. 新医院已经可以用了，准备收治第一批病人。
⇒ See also receive
[rɪ'sep.ʃən] noun
WELCOME 欢迎
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the place in a hotel or office building where people go when they first arrive （饭店或办公楼的）接待处，服务台，前台
• Ask for me at reception. 要找我的话，到前台问询。
• I signed in at the reception desk. 我在接待处登了记。
[rɪ'sep.ʃən] noun
SCHOOL 学校
uncountable UK
■ foundation the first year of infant school 学前班
• a reception class/teacher 学前班／学前班老师
[rɪ'sep.ʃən] noun
RADIO/TELEVISION 收音机／电视
uncountable
■the degree to which radio or television sounds and pictures are clear （收音机或电视信号）接收效果，接收质量
• We live on top of a hill and so we get excellent radio reception. 我们住在小山顶上，所以收音机的收听效果特别好。
⇒ See also receive
n. 接待；接收；招待会；感受；反应
 - reaction, response, behavior

Word: vanish
Front: vanish
[ˈvænɪʃ] (研四六托雅 3949/4129 -2)
Vocabulary: vanish
(once / 162 pages)
v
A car driving into the distance, a member of a near-extinct species, or that last piece of pecan pie in the refrigerator — any of these things is likely to vanish soon, meaning "to disappear."
The word vanish entered English by way of French, but it can be traced back to the Latin word evanescere, meaning to “die away” or “to dissipate.” The word covers all kinds of disappearing acts, from the disappearance of an object or a person. You might, for example, vanish from school when the last bell rings on Friday. Things we can't see can also vanish, like the stress that vanishes when your big project is complete.
WORD FAMILY
vanish: vanished, vanisher, vanishes, vanishing +/vanisher: vanishers/ vanishing: vanishings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The university says the six were returning to Columbus when the plane vanished late Thursday shortly after takeoff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities are also searching for 13-year-old Fabian Xavier Rosales, who vanished from the backyard of his Aurora home Sunday night.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A beverage distribution company executive was piloting the plane when it vanished Thursday night.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 消失; 突然不见; 消亡，消灭; [数]化为零
vt. 使消失，使不见
n. [语音学]消失音，弱化音
时态：vanished, vanishing, vanishes
分布：消失(93%)，绝迹(4%)，不见了(3%)
→缩写自拉丁语evanescere,来自e-,向外，-van,空出，虚无，词源同vain。引申词义消失。
不见,消失(van+ish→空空→消失了)[vac,van,void=empty表示"空"]
消失(van空,失去+ish)[-ish 1.表形容词"像…一样,有的..."通常放在一具体名词后2.表动词"造成…"3.表示"国家的或语言"]
vi.突然不见;消失The animals unanimously vanished from the mammal's room furnished with Spanish furniture.动物一齐从配备有西班牙家具的哺乳动物的房间消失.
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to disappear or stop being present or existing, especially in a sudden, surprising way （尤指突然）消失，灭绝
• The child vanished while on her way home from school. 那个小女孩在放学回家的路上不见了。
• We rushed out of the shop in hot pursuit, but the thief had vanished into thin air (= had completely disappeared). 我们冲出商店，拼命追赶，但小偷已经消失得无影无踪。
• Cheap rural housing is vanishing in the south of the country. 廉价的乡间住房在该国南部行将绝迹。
fade, evaporate, disappear, vanish
这组词都有“消失”的意思，其区别是：
fade: 侧重逐渐消失。
evaporate: 指像水蒸发时那样悄然逝去，也指某人悄悄地、突然退出或离去。
disappear: 普通用词，强调从视线或脑海中消失。这消失可能是暂时的、突然的或永久的，视上下文而定。
vanish: 语气强，指完全、往往是神秘而突然的消失，不留任何蛛丝马迹。
die away, fade, disappear, vanish
die away: 听不见了，侧重于变弱，逐渐止息
fade: 退色，凋谢
disappear: a. 看不见了 b.消失，一般用语
vanish: 侧重于突然不见或消失
vi. [数] 消失；突然不见；成为零
 - disappear, blank
vt. 使不见， [数] 使消失
 - unmake

Word: automatically
Front: automatically
[ˌɔ:tə'mætɪklɪ] (四 3946/2815 -K)
Vocabulary: automatically
(once / 1080 pages)
adv
Something that happens automatically happens in a mechanical way without a person having to do anything extra. If you walk through a door that swings open by itself, it opened automatically.
When something is done automatically, it does it on its own, like a spellchecker that corrects your spelling automatically. In a crash, a car's airbag automatically fills with air. Many computers automatically go into rest mode (to save energy) if you don't touch them for a few seconds. Automatically can also refer to how you do something without thinking about it, like if you automatically walk into your old apartment and startle the new tenants.
WORD FAMILY
automatic: automatically, automatics, automatise, automatize, non-automatic, semiautomatic+/automatise: automatised, semi-automatise/automatize: automatized, semi-automatize/semiautomatic: semiautomatically, semiautomatics
USAGE EXAMPLES
Otherwise, the airline systems will automatically book the passenger on the next available flight on the original route.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When we neglect to decentralize it, it will be automatically centered.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Despite these cases, there is a move in some industries for compensation to be paid automatically more often.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 自动地; 无意识地; 不自觉地; 机械地
分布：机械地(58%)，自动地(42%)
US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] adverb
MACHINE 机器
■If a machine or device does something automatically, it does it independently, without human control 自动地
• The camera adjusts the lens aperture and shutter speed automatically. 这部相机可自动调节镜头光圈和快门速度。
UK [ˌɔ:.tə'mæt.ɪ.kli] US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] adverb
NOT CONSCIOUS 无意识的
■If you do something automatically, you do it without thinking about it 不由自主地，不假思索地
• I automatically put my hand out to catch it. 我不由自主地伸手去抓它。
UK [ˌɔ:.tə'mæt.ɪ.kli] US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] adverb
CERTAIN 必然的
■If something happens automatically, it happens as part of the normal process or system 必然地；当然地；自然地
• Employees who steal are dismissed automatically. 盗窃公司财物的雇员理所当然会被开除。
adv. 自动地；机械地；无意识地
 - voluntarily, mechanically

Word: chin
Front: chin
[tʃɪn] (研四六雅 3947/4221 -K2)
Vocabulary: chin
(once / 498 pages)
nv
Your chin is the somewhat pointy part of your jaw at the bottom of your face, below your mouth. When a man has a bushy beard, it usually covers his cheeks and his chin.
Humans are unique in having a chin — it's thought to have evolved in part from our habit of using speech. When chin is a verb, it means to do a pull up on an exercise bar, lifting your full weight until your chin touches the bar. In the late 16th century, to chin meant to affectionately rub chins with someone else, and in 1880s American slang, it also meant "to gossip."
WORD FAMILY
chin: chinless, chinned, chinning, chins
USAGE EXAMPLES
This famously tall and ungainly president sits scrunched up in a chair, legs crossed, hand to chin, thinking hard.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“We’ve only met her once, for five minutes,” says Bob, aggressively tucking gussets under his chin and folding pants.
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
Kimbo lowers his guard and taunts his opponent, Big D, who strikes Kimbo’s heedlessly exposed chin with no visible effect.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. （尤指人的）颏，下巴; 聊天; 引体向上动作
v. 用下巴夹住; 聊天; 作引体向上动作
时态：chinned, chinning, chins
分布：下巴(84%)，颏(11%)，聊天(4%)，作引体向上(1%)
→来自genu, 下巴，词源同knee, genuflect, 基本义为弯，转。
n.下巴,颏In the building, the wild child hurt his mild chin on the china.在大楼里,那个粗野的孩子在瓷器上弄伤了温柔的下巴.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the part of a person's face below their mouth 下巴，颏
• To keep the helmet in position, fasten the strap beneath the chin. 将带子在下巴下系紧以固定好头盔。
• She sat behind the table, her chin resting in her hands. 她坐在桌子后面，双手托着下巴。
[tʃɪn] noun countable
Chin up! informal
■something you say to someone in a difficult situation in order to encourage them to be brave and try not to be sad 振作起来！别气馁！别灰心！
• Chin up! It'll soon be the weekend. 别泄气！马上就到周末了。
[tʃɪn] noun countable
take it on the chin informal
■to accept unpleasant events bravely and without complaining （无怨无悔地）承受，接受
n. 下巴；聊天；引体向上动作
 - chat, jaw
vi. 闲谈；作引体向上动作
 - visit, dish

Word: trail
Front: trail
[treɪl] (研四六托雅 1646/4331 -3)
Vocabulary: trail
(once / 104 pages)
nv
A trail is an unpaved path, like the narrow trail you follow through the woods on your hike. A trail can also be a series of clues that are left behind, also forming a kind of path.
You can walk along a trail, and you can also follow a trail: "My little brother left a trail of cracker crumbs behind him, so I found him right away." When you trail, you move slowly behind something or someone, or you drag something on the ground: "She sadly trails her deflated balloon behind her." You also might trail someone you're chasing: "My dog likes to trail squirrels around the yard."
WORD FAMILY
trail: trailed, trailer, trailing, trails+/semitrailer: semitrailers/ trailer: semitrailer, trailers/trailing: trailings
USAGE EXAMPLES
USC trailed 49-35 with nine minutes to play, but persevered to win one of the greatest Rose Bowls of all time.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Penn State trailed by as many as 13 points, hampered by interceptions on McSorley’s first two passes of the game.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Iowa Natural Resources Department says the man fell about 60 feet from an overlook off Lost Lake Trail around 11:15 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 跟踪，追踪; 拖曳：让…拖或飘扬在后面; 拖沓而行; 跟在…后面
vi. （在比赛等中）输; （尤指跟在他人后面）疲惫地走; （在比赛或其他竞赛中）落后; 蔓生
n. 足迹; 臭迹; 小径; 一缕
时态：trailed, trailing, trails
分布：小径(32%)，踪迹(20%)，追踪(17%)，拖(11%)，尾(8%)，落后于(6%)，尾随(3%)，一系列(2%)，拖拽(1%)
→来自古法语 trailler,拖，拉，跟踪，来自通俗拉丁语 tragulare,拉，来自拉丁语 trahere,拖，拉， 使移动，词源同 drag,tract.拼写比较 rule,regulate.引申诸相关词义。
n.踪迹,痕迹;小路v.追踪,跟踪;拖,拖曳;The sailor was nailed on the rail for he failed to trail the mail.水手被钉在横木上,因为他未能跟踪邮件.
noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a path through the countryside, often made or used for a particular purpose 乡间小道（常用于某一特定用途）
• a forest/mountain trail 林间／山间小道
 ADVANCED countable
■the smell or series of marks left by a person, animal or thing as it moves along 臭迹；踪迹；痕迹
• The dogs are specially trained to follow the trail left by the fox. 这些狗经过特别训练，能够追踪狐狸留下的气味。
• He left a trail of muddy footprints behind him. 他身后留下了一串泥泞的脚印。
only singular
■various pieces of information which together show where someone you are searching for has gone 蛛丝马迹，线索
• The police admit that the thieves have left no trail for them to follow up. 警方承认小偷没有留下可供他们追踪的线索。
be on the trail of sb/sth
■to be searching for someone or something by examining information you find about where they went （循线索）追踪
• The three men went to the Bahamas, on the trail of a sunken 17th-century galleon full of treasure. 这三个人去了巴哈马，为的是寻找一艘满载金银财宝的17世纪西班牙沉船。
[treɪl] verb
MOVE SLOWLY 缓慢地移动
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (allow something to) move slowly along the ground or through the air or water, after someone or something 拖，拉
• Katherine, your skirt's trailing in the mud! 凯瑟琳，你的裙子拖在泥里了！
• As the boat moved along, he trailed his hand in the water. 他把手放在水里，手随船破水而行。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move slowly and without energy or enthusiasm 行动拖沓；疲惫地走；没精打采地行走
• The delegates trailed back into the conference room for the afternoon session. 代表们没精打采地回到会议室，准备开下午的会。
• After a mile or two the youngest children were trailing behind. 走了一两英里后，年龄最小的孩子们无精打采地跟在后面。
[treɪl] verb
IN A COMPETITION/GAME 比赛中
be trailing
■to be losing to your competitor in a competition （比赛中）落后，失败
• The Swiss team are trailing by 6 points. 瑞士队落后了六分。
• The Nationalist Party is trailing (behind) the Liberals in the opinion polls. 在民意调查中，国民党落后于自由党。
[treɪl] verb
FOLLOW 跟随
transitive
■to follow the trail of someone or something 追踪
[treɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  trail away/off
■When a person's voice or a similar sound trails away/off, it becomes quieter and less confident and then stops completely （说话声或类似声响）逐渐减弱到停止，逐渐消失
• His voice trailed off as he saw the look on her face. 当他看到她脸上的表情时，他的说话声越来越小，最后听不见了。
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
vt. 追踪；拖；蔓延；落后于
 - trace, pull
n. 小径；痕迹；尾部；踪迹
 - mark, track, tail
vi. 飘出； [植] 蔓生；垂下； [古生] 拖曳
 - hang, drag

Word: necessity
Front: necessity
[nəˈsesəti] (研四六托 3951/3374 -2)
Vocabulary: necessity
(once / 86 pages)
n
A good camping knife is a necessity if you’re going to be hiking in a heavily forested region. A necessity is something that you must have in order to complete a task.
When used in the plural, necessities are items required for a situation but nothing extra. You probably only bring the bare necessities to a sleepover — pajamas and a toothbrush. Sometimes a necessity is a thing you must know how to do. Knowing how to balance your checkbook is a financial necessity. In some cases, necessity simply means "need." Do you do your homework out of necessity or because you want to?
WORD FAMILY
necessity: necessitarian, necessitate, necessities, necessitous+/necessitarian: necessitarians/ necessitate: necessitated, necessitates, necessitating/necessitous: necessitously
USAGE EXAMPLES
In theory, progressives recognise the necessity of fundamental social change.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But he added that finding new ways to talk about China was also a business necessity.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The song from 1988 reminds me of the necessity of positivity as a force in this relentless epoch of fear.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 必要（性）; （迫切）需要; 必需品; 自然规律
分布：需要(52%)，必然(25%)，必需品(23%)
→来自necessary,必要的，必需的。
n.必要性,需要;必然性;(pl.)必需品In case of necessity, necessary session can be held on the vessel.必要时,必需的开庭可在船舶上进行.
US [-ə.tˌi] noun
uncountable
■the need for something 必要，需要
• You can come early if you want to, but there's no necessity for it. 如果你愿意，可以早点儿来，但不是非早来不可。
• [+ to infinitive] Is there any necessity to reply to her letter? 有必要给她回信吗?
• The report stresses the necessity of eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables. 这份报告强调大量食用新鲜水果及蔬菜的必要性。
• With a personal fortune of six million pounds, she certainly doesn't work out of necessity (= because she needs to). 她有600万英镑的身家，当然不是为了生计而工作。
• We'll employ extra staff to help out as and when the necessity arises (= when we need to). 需要的时候我们会另聘雇员工帮忙。
countable
■something that you need, especially in order to live 必需的东西；（尤指）生活必需品
• We brought only the bare necessities with us. 我们只带了基本的必需品。
• He regarded music as one of life's necessities. 他把音乐视作生活中不可缺少的东西之一。
UK [nə'ses.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun
Necessity is the mother of invention. saying
■an expression which means that if you really need to do something, you will think of a way of doing it 需要乃发明之母。
n. 需要； [数] 必然性； [经] 必需品
 - need, want, demand, requirement for

Word: confess
Front: confess
[kənˈfes] (研四六托雅宝 3950/4102 -2)
Vocabulary: confess
(once / 66 pages)
v
When you confess, you admit to doing something wrong. You might feel guilty about eating the entire platter of chocolate chip cookies and confess to your mom before she notices. If she presses charges, you would confess to the cookie crime.
Confess can be used to describe admitting to committing a crime. If you watch crime shows on TV, you've likely seen detectives trying to get a suspect to confess. Confess can also be used in a religious context. Catholics confess their sins to a priest on a regular basis. Don't confuse the word confess with apology. An apology involves expressing regret about something. When you confess, you're merely owning up to doing it — you might not be sorry.
WORD FAMILY
confess: confessed, confessedly, confesses, confessing, confession, confessor+/confessed: self-confessed, unconfessed/ confession: confessional, confessions/confessional: confessionals/confessor: confessors/unconfessed: unconfessedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jurors would later see a video of Roof confessing to the crime — “Well, I killed them, I guess,” he said — and offering a racist rationale.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Zhang told the activist he would need to pen “a self-criticism” in which he confessed to a series of crimes.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In an interview with the Guardian last year, Fisher confessed that her next meeting with Ford would cost her a blush or two.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: v. 供认; 坦白; 承认; 悔过
时态：confessed, confessing, confesses
分布：承认(88%)，供认(10%)，告解(1%)，听取忏悔(1%)
→con-, 强调。-fess, 说，交谈，词源同phone, profess.
承认,坦白(con全部+fess→全部说出→坦白)[fess=speak,表示"说"]
v.供认,承认,坦白,忏悔The chess professor confessed his professional blessing in the confession.象棋教授在供状中承认了其职业福气.
【记】con全部，fess说－全部说出－供认
【参】profess（v 声称，讲授）；professor（n 教授）
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to admit that you have done something wrong or something that you feel guilty or bad about 坦白；供认，招认；承认（错误或罪行）
• [+ that] She confessed to her husband that she had sold her wedding ring. 她向丈夫坦白她卖掉了结婚戒指。
• He confessed to sleeping /having slept through most of the film. 他承认看这出电影时，大部分时间都在睡觉。
• He has confessed to the murder. 他供认了谋杀罪行。
• [+ (that)] I have to confess (that) when I first met Ian I didn't think he was very bright. 我要承认，我第一次见到你丈夫的时候，觉得他不是很聪明。
• I found it all very confusing, I must confess. 我要承认，我觉得这一切太令人费解了。
• [R] The director confessed him self (to be)puzzled by the company's losses. 主管坦言自己对公司的亏损感到困惑。
■in the Christian religion, especially the Roman Catholic Church, to tell God or a priest what you have done wrong so that you can be forgiven （基督教、尤指天主教中向上帝或神父）忏悔
• to confess your sins 忏悔你的罪过
acknowledge, assigned, allocate, allot, admit, confess
acknowledge: 表承认某事可以承担责任
assigned: 用途明确，但“指定”意味强，常常暗示分配人的武断性
allocate: 正式用词，尤指政府部门拨出定额款项的行为
allot: 指完整或定量的东西分为若干份来分配，不强调公平性和数量上的平均
admit: 表被迫承认做过某事
confess: 承认一些不好的事情，常有“忏悔”之意
acknowledge, admit, confess, recognize, concede
这些动词均含“承认”之意。
acknowledge: 通常指公开承认某事的真实情况或自己的过错。
admit: 强调因外力或良心驱使或经判断而明确承认，多含不情愿或被迫意味。
confess: 语气较强，着重承认自己意识到的错误或罪行，含坦白忏悔的意味。
recognize: 作“承认”解时，系书面用词，主要指合法的或外交上的承认，也指公认。
concede: 指在事实与证据面前勉强或不得不承认。
vt. 承认；坦白；忏悔； [法] 供认
 - accept, recognize, agree, acknowledge, grant
vi. 承认；坦白；忏悔； [法] 供认
 - accept, recognize

Word: racism
Front: racism
[ˈreɪsɪzəm] (3948/5469 -2)
Vocabulary: racism
(once / 1890 pages)
n
Racism is the practice of discriminating against people based on their race, national or ethnic background. Although old prejudices often live on, most people will agree that racism is unacceptable.
Someone who practices racism is called a racist. Racism comes from the idea that the different races are intrinsically different. It’s racism when a white person discriminates against a black person, just as it’s racism if a Japanese person discriminates against a German person. Many worldwide political movements have fought to end racism.
WORD FAMILY
racism: racist +/interracial: interracially/ race: raced, racer, races, racial, racing, racism, racy/racer: racers/ racial: biracial, interracial, multiracial, nonracial, racialism, racially/racialism: racialist/racialist: racialists/racing: racings/ racist: nonracist, racists/racy: racier, raciest, racily, raciness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Everyone should read “Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America,” which shows how racism adapts to every anti-racist victory.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Actually, though, Adams was a gentle and sensitive man, a rare opponent of the anti-Asian racism dominating the Australian labour movement.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But sometimes he felt he was the one who was actually the victim of racism.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 种族主义; 种族偏见; 种族歧视[隔离，迫害]; 人种偏见
分布：民族的差别主义(100%)
→来自 race,人种，种族，-ism,主义。 racist 种族主义者
['reɪ.sɪ.zəm/ (UK old-fashioned racialism) disapproving
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the belief that people's qualities are influenced by their race and that the members of other races are not as good as the members of your own, or the resulting unfair treatment of members of other races 种族主义；种族歧视，种族迫害
• The authorities are taking steps to combat/fight/tackle racism in schools. 当局将采取措施反对／打击／应对各学校中的种族歧视。
• The report made it plain that institutional racism (= racism in all parts of an organization) is deep-rooted in this country. 报告明确指出，该国各组织机构中都存在着根深蒂固的种族偏见。
n. 种族主义，种族歧视；人种偏见
 - racial discrimination, the colour bar

Word: starter
Front: starter
[ˈstɑ:tə(r)] (雅 3952/6961 -2)
Back: n. （发动机的）启动装置; 参赛人; （主菜之前的）开胃小吃; （赛跑等的）发令员
分布：起动机(55%)，开胃菜(19%)，开端(10%)，发起者(8%)，发射架(4%)，调度员(4%)
US ['stɑ:r.tˌɚ] noun countable
■a person, animal or organization that is involved at the beginning of an activity, especially a race （尤指赛跑的）起始参加者
• Of the ten starters (= horses which started in the race) , two fell at the first fence. 参赛的十匹赛马中，有两匹在第一个障碍处摔倒。
countable mainly UK
■a small dish served as the first part of a meal （一餐的）开胃菜，前菜，第一道菜
• We had soup/pâté/pasta as a starter. 我们的开胃菜是汤／肉酱／义大利面。
UK ['stɑ:.tər] US ['stɑ:r.tˌɚ] noun countable
for starters informal
■used to say that something is the first in a list of things 首先，第一
• Try this exercise for starters. 首先，试一下这个练习。
• "Why did you decide not to go to the concert?" "Well, for starters, the tickets were ridiculously expensive." “你为甚么决定不去听音乐会了?”“嗯，首先，票贵得太离谱了。”
UK ['stɑ:.tər] US ['stɑ:r.tˌɚ] noun countable
under starter's orders
■ready for the signal to start a race 等待比赛开始的信号
n. 起动机；发令员；第一道菜；发射装置；发起者
 - first course, starting motor

Word: banking
Front: banking
[ˈbæŋkɪŋ] (雅 3953/3447 -3)
Back: n. 银行业务; 银行家的职业; 筑堤
v. 堆积( bank的现在分词); 筑（堤）; 将（钱）存入银行; （转弯时）倾斜飞行
分布：银行业(78%)，银行业务(22%)
银行业(bank银行)[-ing 1.表名词"状态"2.表名词"行业"3.表形容词"正…的","令人…的"]
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the business of operating a bank 银行业
• international banking. 国际银行业

Word: casual
Front: casual
[ˈkæʒuəl] (高研四六托雅宝 3955/3781 -2)
Vocabulary: casual
(once / 374 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4adj
"Oh, no, are you kidding me? He's not my boyfriend, we're just in a casual relationship," means that our relationship lacks serious intent or commitment.
A synonym for casual is "everyday", meaning nothing special, unusual, serious, or eventful. If you're going to your friend's house for a dinner of burgers and beer, they might say, "It's just a casual night at home." Or, "Dress casual, we're just going to be serving ourselves." Don't run out to buy a special outfit, because what you're already wearing is probably just fine. It's what you wear every day, all the time; it's casual. If you treat a person or a subject in a casual way, you're not paying close attention or treating them as special. That's not always a bad thing, by the way.
WORD FAMILY
casual: casually, casualness
USAGE EXAMPLES
If a casual viewer finds a tinge of rerun in this semifinal doubleheader of No. 1 Alabama vs.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens was a juggernaut that satisfied both diehard fans and casual observers of the saga.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Alliance is more cool city kid: The space, in a former warehouse, is casual, clamorous and crowded.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 偶然的; 临时的; 随便的; 非正式的
n. 临时工人; [军]待命士兵; 没有固定工作的劳动者; 不定期领取救济金的人
分布：偶然的(27%)，临时的(14%)，便装(14%)，临时工(13%)，非正式的(12%)，漫不经心的(11%)，休闲的(9%)
→来自词根cad, 掉落，词源同case, accident.
偶然的(cas+ual→落下的→不是安排好的→偶然的)[cad,cas,cid=fall,表示"落下,降临"]
a.偶然的,碰巧的;临时的,非正式的Televisions and telescopes give the visitors visual ability to see the casual casualty.电视和望远镜赋予参观者们看见偶然伤亡事故的视觉能力.
【反】inveterate（adj 积习的）；scrutiny（n 细察）－casual glance（偶然一瞥）
adjective
INFORMAL 非正式的
 ADVANCED
■describes clothes that are not formal or not suitable for special occasions （衣服）休闲的；便装的
• casual clothes 便装
['kæʒ.ju.əl] adjective
NOT INTERESTED 不感兴趣的
■not taking or not seeming to take much interest; not finding something important 不在意的；不放在心上的；漫不经心的
• The psychologist's attitude seemed far too casual, even brutal. 那个心理学家的态度似乎太过冷淡了，甚至有些冷酷。
• Security around the conference hotel seemed almost casual. 举行会议的饭店周围的安全措施似乎不太严格。
• Although close to tears, she tried to make her voice sound casual. 尽管都快掉眼泪了，可她还是尽力使自己的声音听起来满不在乎。
['kæʒ.ju.əl] adjective
TEMPORARY 暂时的
[before noun]
■not regular or fixed; temporary 不固定的；不定期的；临时的
• casual labour/labourers/workers 零工／临时工
• casual sex 随便的性关系
['kæʒ.ju.əl] adjective
CHANCE 偶然性
[before noun]
■not serious or considered; (done) by chance 不经意的，随意的；碰巧的
• It was just a casual comment , I didn't mean it to be taken so seriously. 我只是随便说说而已，不是当真的。
• To a casual observer , everything might appear normal. 对于一个漫不经心的人来说，也许看上去一切正常。
casual, informal, irregular
这组词都有“非正式的、非正规的”的意思，其区别是：
casual: 指不太注意场合，仪表等，随意性强。
informal: 指语言、穿着等随便，也指不举行任何形式或仪式的活动。
irregular: 指不按常规、固定模式或计划做事；或指不隶属于任何机构或组织。
casual, radom
这组词都有“随便的，任意的”的意思，其区别是：
casual: 指非正式的，轻松随便的，强调随和性。
radom: 指无明确的方向或目的、方法与系统，暗示没有指挥或控制。
random, casual
这两个形容词均含“随便的，任意的”之意。
radom: 指无明确的方向或目的、方法与系统，暗示没有指挥或控制。
casual: 指非正式的，轻松随便的，强调随和性。
adj. 随便的；非正式的；临时的；偶然的
 - extraordinary, temporary, informal, odd
n. 便装；临时工人；待命士兵
 - leisure suit, slack suit

Word: gravity
Front: gravity
[ˈgrævəti] (高研四六托雅宝 3956/4956 -2)
Vocabulary: gravity
(once / 287 pages)
1n 2n
In physics, gravity is the natural force that causes things to fall toward the earth. The noun gravity can also mean seriousness or solemnity.
Someone who conducts themselves with an air of gravity is someone who takes what they are doing seriously. You might be amused to see a three year old serving her dolls tea with an air of gravity appropriate to the Queen of England. Gravity was borrowed through French from Latin gravitās, from gravis "heavy."
WORD FAMILY
gravity: gravitate, gravities+/ grave: graved, gravely, graveness, gravest, graving, gravity / gravitate: gravitated, gravitates, gravitating, gravitation, gravitative/gravitation: gravitational, gravitations/gravitational: gravitationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Adding to the potential for tension is the fact that Trump’s White House is being set up with rival centers of gravity.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Here too, the laws of gravity imply that the outer stars should move relatively slowly compared to those nearer the central mass.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
So astronomers proposed that invisible dark matter must be providing the extra gravity needed to hold galaxies together.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 重力; 万有引力，地心引力; 重要性，严重性; 严肃，庄重
分布：重力(83%)，严重(9%)，严肃(5%)，庄重(3%)
→来自词根grav, 重，词源同barometer, guru, gravity. 用于科学术语。
庄重;地心吸力(grav+ity)[grav,griev=heavy,表示"重"]
n.重力,引力;严肃,庄重Gravity is a form of magnetism.重力是磁力的一种表现形式.
【记】grav重
【参】aggravate（vt 使恶化, 加重）
【反】levity（n 轻率；轻浮；不稳定）
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
FORCE 力量
■the force which attracts objects towards one another, especially the force that makes things fall to the ground （尤指地球的）重力，引力，地心引力
• the laws of gravity 万有引力定律
UK ['græv.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
SERIOUS 严重
■seriousness 严重性
• I don't think you understand the gravity of the situation. 我认为你没有明白到局势的严重性。
n. [力] 重力，地心引力；严重性；庄严
 - weight, seriousness

Word: enroll
Front: enroll
[ɪn'rəʊl] (研四六托雅 3994/-)
Vocabulary: enroll
(once / 825 pages)
v
If you like clowning around but you're not quite ready for the circus, you could enroll in clown college to perfect your skills. When you enroll, that means you formally add your name to the list — or roll — of students.
You can enroll in things other than schools or classes, and you can also enroll someone else. You might enroll your Chihuahua in a research project investigating whether dogs like to wear hats, or you could enroll your rude nephew in charm school. The "roll" of enroll goes back to the rolls of parchment that were used in medieval times for writing official documents.
WORD FAMILY
enroll: enrolled, enrollee, enrolling, enrollment, enrolls+/enrollee: enrollees/enrollment: enrollments
USAGE EXAMPLES
He enrolled in the fourth grade this past fall at a school in the Boston suburbs.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
When a student enrolls in district, Pegg said, the district issues a student residency questionnaire.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
She moved there in the summer of 2010 and enrolled in community college.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: v. 注册; 登记; 加入; 招收
时态：enrolled, enrolling, enrols
分布：招收(57%)，登记(40%)，入伍(3%)
注册,记入名册(en+roll名单)[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
v.(enrol)招收;登记;入学;参军;成为会员The enrolled jolly stroller polled on the trolley.被招收的快乐的散步者在无轨电车上投票.
vt. 登记；使加入；把...记入名册；使入伍
 - register, book in
vi. 参加；登记；注册；记入名册
 - participate in, take part in, go through

Word: diminish
Front: diminish
[dɪˈmɪnɪʃ] (研六托雅 3958/4526 -2)
Vocabulary: diminish
(once / 256 pages)
v
Diminish means to make smaller or lesser. If you cover a lightbulb with a dark lamp shade, the light from the lamp will diminish.
It can also mean become less important. Once the light has been dimmed, its role in lighting the room is diminished. If you look at diminish, you see 'minis' which comes from the Latin word minus, as in subtraction. Other words that share this root are miniature and minuscule, all of which mean something that is small, or at least smallish.
WORD FAMILY
diminish: diminished, diminishes, diminishing +/ diminished: undiminished / diminishing: diminishingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Indeed, a mainstream strategy in cognitive behavioral therapy involves purposefully articulating thoughts to oneself in order to diminish pernicious habits of mind.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Despite leading an offense diminished by so many injuries, Dalton finished the season throwing for 4,206 yards - his second-best total - with only eight interceptions.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Unlike shows in previous years, this one lacks any discernible theme, and some of the largest tech companies are expecting a diminished role.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. （使）减少，缩小; 减弱…的权势; [乐]减半音
vi. 变小或减少; 逐渐变细
时态：diminished, diminishing, diminishes
分布：减少(80%)，贬低(11%)，变少(5%)，逐渐变细(3%)，减损(1%)
→di-, 表加强。-min, 小，词源同minus,minute. 即缩小，缩减。
减少;消失(di+mini小+ish→变小,减少)[di-①表示"两个,双"②表示"使…变成,分开,离开"]
减少;缩小(di向下+min+ish→小下去→缩小)[mini,min=small,表示"小"]
缩小(di使+min小+ish)[-ish 1.表形容词"像…一样,有的..."通常放在一具体名词后2.表动词"造成…"3.表示"国家的或语言"]
v.缩小,减少,递减The administrator diminished the feminine miniature to minimal size.管理员将女性缩样缩减到最小尺寸.
【记】mini迷你－减小
【反】increase（vt 增加；加大）；escalate（vi 逐步升高）
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to reduce or be reduced in size or importance 减少，减小，降低
• I don't want to diminish her achievements, but she did have a lot of help. 我不想贬低她的成就，但她确实得到了很多帮助。
• These memories will not be diminished by time. 这些记忆不会随着时间的流逝而淡漠。
• What he did has seriously diminished him in many people's eyes. 他的所作所为严重损害了他在许多人眼里的形象。
• We've seen our house diminish greatly/sharply/substantially in value over the last six months. 在最近六个月里，我们这座房屋的价格暴跌。
diminish, dwindle, lessen, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，变少”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: 侧重大小数量和重要性的不断减小，强调减小的部分。
dwindle: 与decrease同义，指逐渐减小，但强调变得越来越少终至全无。
lessen: 普通用词，与decrease近义。指数目、程度、价值、实力等的减少。
decrease: 指逐渐地、不断地减少。
reduce: 普通用词，含义广。指数量、程度的降低或减少。
diminish, decline, alleviate, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，减轻”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: v.指因为不断消耗，在数量方面缓慢减少，也指在素质或者价值的下降。
 • The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.   由于战争石油的供应减少了。
decline: v. (数目、价格、比率)下降；谢绝，婉言推辞；衰退，衰落。
 • Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.   去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。
 • He declined our invitation to dinner.   他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。
alleviate: v.在痛苦方面的减轻，缓和
 • The painkiller alleviated the pain.   止疼药减缓了疼痛。
decrease: v.指数量上的减少；力量或者强度的减弱。
 • The population decreased a lot last year.   去年人口数量急剧下降。
reduce: v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。
 • He reduced the amount of money they could spend.   他缩减了他们的开销。
vt. 使减少；使变小
 - micrify, minify
vi. 减少，缩小；变小
 - to cut down, fall off

Word: prevention
Front: prevention
[prɪˈvenʃn] (六雅 3960/4423)
Vocabulary: prevention
(once / 1243 pages)
n
When an action stops something from happening, like assigning extra teachers to watch a playground during recess to prevent bullying, it's called prevention.
The noun prevention comes up most often when people are trying to keep something bad in check, like crime, disease, or forest fires. Educating kids about nutrition is one form of obesity prevention, for example, and lowering speed limits can help with accident prevention. The word prevent is at the root of prevention, and it comes from the Latin praeventus, "anticipate or hinder."
WORD FAMILY
prevention: preventions+/ prevent: preventable, preventative, prevented, preventing, prevention, preventive, prevents/ preventable: unpreventable/ preventative: preventatives/ preventive: preventively, preventives
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pneumonia and flu together are on the top 10 list of causes of death, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Previously the Western Colorado Suicide Prevention Foundation offered up to eight sessions for youth with no insurance through its Bridges Program.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Like others, it focuses on prevention, enforcement and treatment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 预防，预防法; 阻止，制止，妨碍，阻碍物; [谚]治病不如防病
分布：预防(90%)，阻止(6%)，妨碍(4%)
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when you stop something from happening or stop someone from doing something 阻止，妨碍；预防
• crime prevention 预防犯罪
• The organization is committed to AIDS prevention and education. 该组织致力于爱滋病的防治和教育。
[prɪ'vent.ʃən] noun uncountable
Prevention is better than cure. UK (US An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.) saying
■It is better to stop something bad from happening than it is to deal with it after it has happened. 惩创于已然，不如防患于未然；预防优于补救
n. 预防；阻止；妨碍
 - intervention, violation, check

Word: value
Front: value
[ˈvælju:] (中高研四六雅 499/367 -K5)
Vocabulary: value
(once / 32 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
When you value something, you consider it important and worthwhile. For example, if you value someone’s opinion, you will ask that person's advice before making a big decision.
Value has to do with how much something is worth, either in terms of cash or importance. As a verb, it means "holding something in high regard," (like "I value our friendship") but it can also mean "determine how much something is worth," like a prize valued at $200. The noun value also relates to worth, like a used car that is a good value, the value of good health, or the ideals we have, like "My values include honesty and fairness."
WORD FAMILY
value: devalue, overvalue, revalue, undervalue, valuable, valuate, valued, valueless, valuer, values, valuing+/devaluate: devaluated, devaluates, devaluating/devaluation: devaluations/ devalue: devaluate, devaluation, devalued, devalues, devaluing/ invaluable: invaluableness, invaluably/overvalue: overvaluation, overvalued, overvalueing, overvalues, overvaluing/revaluation: revaluations/revalue: revaluation, revalued, revalues, revaluing/undervaluation: undervaluations/undervalue: undervaluation, undervalued, undervalues, undervaluing/ valuable: invaluable, valuableness, valuables, valuably/valuate: valuating, valuation, valuator/valuation: valuations/valuator: valuators/valued: multi-valued, unvalued/valueless: valuelessness/valuer: valuers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“That report offered no technical value for defenders,” Lee said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We’ve got to create more value in health care,” Mr. Murphy said in an interview after Mr. Trump’s election.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said the conservancy's ultimate plan is to acquire the property — whose market value is a matter of dispute — and manage it for public use.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 价值，价格; 意义，涵义; 重要性; （邮票的）面值
vt. 评价; 重视，看重; 估价，给…定价
时态：valued, valuing, values
分布：价值(73%)，重视(10%)，评价(5%)，数值(4%)，价格(4%)，估价(2%)，重要性(2%)
→来自wal,强健的，勇敢的，引申词义有价值的，词源同valor,valiant,wield.
n.价格;价值;实用性v.评价,估价;尊重My intimate mate's ultimate estimate approximates the appropriate value.我亲密伙伴的最终估计接近恰当的值.
noun
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the amount of money which can be received for something 价值；价格
• She had already sold everything of value that she possessed. 她已经把自己所有值钱的东西都卖了。
• What is the value of the prize? 那个奖项有多少奖金？
• The value of the pound fell against other European currencies yesterday. 昨天英镑对其他欧洲货币的比价下挫。
• Property values have fallen since the plans for the airport were published. 建造机场的计划公布以来，房地产价格已经下跌。
• I thought the offer was good value (for money) / US alsoa good value (= a lot was offered for the amount of money paid). 我认为这个报价很合算。
['væl.ju:] noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■the importance or worth of something for someone 意义；价值
• For them, the house's main value lay in its quiet country location. 对他们来说，这座房子的主要优点是地处乡村，环境僻静。
• They are known to place/put/set a high value on good presentation. 众所周知，他们非常重视包装的精美。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■how useful or important something is 有用性；重要性
• The photos are of immense historical value. 这些照片极具历史价值。
• His contribution was of little or no practical value. 他的投稿没有多少或者说毫无实用价值。
• The necklace had great sentimental value. 这条项链很有纪念价值。
• It has novelty value because I've never done anything like it before. 我之前从未做过那样的事情，所以感觉很新鲜。
values [plural]
 ADVANCED
■the beliefs people have about what is right and wrong and what is most important in life, which control their behaviour 价值观
• family/moral/traditional values 家庭观念／道德观念／传统的价值观
['væl.ju:] verb transitive
MONEY 钱
 IMPROVER UK (US appraise)
■to give a judgment about how much money something might be sold for 给…估价
• He valued the painting at $2000. 他给那幅画估价2000美元。
• The insurance company said I should have my jewellery valued. 保险公司说我应当把我的首饰进行估价。
['væl.ju:] verb transitive
IMPORTANCE 重要性
 ADVANCED
■to consider something important 珍视，重视
• I've always valued her advice. 我对她的建议一向很重视。
evaluate, rate, value, assess, estimate, appraise
这组词都有“估价，估计”的意思，其区别是：
evaluate: 与appraise相似，指使判断绝对准确，但多用于对人物的某方面的评价，很少用于评价某物的市场价值。
rate: 专指评定价值等级的高低。
value: 侧重指一般人对某物的价值或价格所作的估计。
assess: 原义指对为确定交多少税而估计，引申指通过估价以便更好利用。
estimate: 通常指由个人作出的主观估价。
appraise: 指以专家身份作了最终精确的估价。
value, worth
这组词都有“价值”的意思，其区别是：
value: 侧重指使用价值，着重人、物或事所具有的重要性、用途或优秀品质等。
worth: 与value近义，但前者强调事物本身的价值。
n. [数] 值； [经] 价值；价格；重要性；确切涵义
 - importance, significance, price, stress, weight
vt. 评价；重视；估价
 - score, rate, prize

Word: minimize
Front: minimize
[ˈmɪnɪmaɪz] (研六托宝 3941/8977 -2)
Vocabulary: minimize
(once / 2553 pages)
v
The verb minimize describes making something smaller or less serious. It typically refers to something negative that is being reduced, like when you eat at home instead of in restaurants to minimize expenses.
To correctly pronounce minimize, accent the first syllable, which gets the short i sound: "MIH-nuh-mize." Minimize looks like minimum, which has the same spelling and meaning in English and Latin: smallest. To minimize something is to reduce it to its smallest amount — in size or importance. Other related words include minimal, miniscule, minute, and mini.
WORD FAMILY
minimize: minimization, minimized, minimizes, minimizing+/minimise: minimisation, minimised, minimises, minimising/ minimum: minima, minimise, minimize, minimums
USAGE EXAMPLES
McEachin said the previous map “egregiously minimized the impact of certain voters,” and he applauded the change as a good start.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
To minimize erosion, terrain, soil structure and rainfall are also considered.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Critics say proponents deliberately minimize the dangers, starting with their use of sanitizing nomenclature like “ECT.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 把…减至最低数量[程度]; 对（某事物）作最低估计，极力贬低（某事物）的价值[重要性]; 极度轻视
时态：minimized, minimizing, minimizes
分布：贬低(78%)，将 ... 减到最少(22%)
→来自拉丁语minimus,最小的，-ize,使。minimize 最小化
使缩小到最少(minim+ize→使缩小)[mini,min=small,表示"小"]
v.(minimize)使减少到最少,使降到最低The polar explorers took every precaution to minimize the dangers of their trip.极地探险者十分小心,使旅途的危险性减到最小.
【记】min表示小
【反】exaggerate（v 夸大；夸张）；overestimate（v 评价过高）；inflate（v 使膨胀）
(UK usually minimise) ['mɪn.ɪ.maɪz] verb transitive
■to reduce something to the least possible level or amount 使降到最低限度；使减到最少
• We must minimize the risk of infection. 我们必须将感染的风险降到最低。
• Environmentalists are doing everything within their power to minimize the impact of the oil spill. 环保人士正竭尽全力把石油外溢造成的影响减到最少。
Opposite maximize to make something seem less important or smaller than it really is 对…轻描淡写，有意淡化
• She accused the government of minimizing the suffering of thousands of people. 她指责政府对成千上万的人所受的疾苦轻描淡写。
• It's important to focus on your strengths and to minimize your weaknesses. 扬长避短是很重要的。
degrade, underestimate, alleviate, minimize
degrade: 使降级，降低价值，降解，堕落
underestimate: 低估，看低
alleviate: 减少，主要指将（痛苦等）减轻；
minimize: 最小化，将……减到最小

Word: chop
Front: chop
[tʃɒp] (研四六托雅 3964/5669 -K3)
Vocabulary: chop
(once / 338 pages)
1vn 2v 3n 4n
To chop is to cut something by hacking at it. In many places, there are farms where you can chop down your own Christmas tree.
When you chop wood, you usually hit it with an axe, splitting each length into narrow pieces. A chef uses a knife to chop, hacking an onion into tiny bits, for example. When it's a piece of meat that's cut so it's attached to a bone, such as part of a rib, it can be described as a chop — like a lamb chop. And if someone claps his hands at you and says, "Chop-chop!" he means "Hurry up!"
WORD FAMILY
chop: chopped, chopper, chopping, choppy, chops+/chopper: choppers/ choppy: choppier, choppiest, choppily, choppiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The entrée was a Chinese-style dish of pasta with chopped vegetables.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Instead, she opened a small advertising business while raising her daughter, Sydney, who inherited Mom’s musical chops.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Chopping everything to a similar size will help it to cook evenly.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: v. 切碎，砍; 向下猛击; 降低; 终止
n. 砍，剁; 排骨; 掌劈; 嘴周围的地方
时态：chopped, chopping, chops
分布：砍(62%)，劈(16%)，剁(15%)，排骨(7%)
→可能来自拟声词，模仿切东西的声音。
v.砍,劈,斩n.排骨,肉块The chop shopkeeper let the blood drip to the crops.排骨店老板让血滴到庄稼上.
US [tʃɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
 ADVANCED
■to cut something into pieces with an axe , knife or other sharp instrument 劈；砍；剁碎，切碎
• He was chopping wood in the yard. 他在院子里劈木头。
• Add some fresh parsley, finely chopped. 加一些剁碎的新鲜香芹。
• Chop (up) the onions and carrots roughly. 把洋葱和胡萝卜切成大块。
• informal Laura had her hair chopped (= cut) yesterday. 萝拉昨天去剪了发。
■If something is chopped in finance or business, it is stopped or reduced 减少，削减（资金或生意）；终止（生意）
• Because of lack of funding many long-term research projects are being chopped. 因为缺乏资金，许多长期的研究专案被砍掉了。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
chop and change UK
■to keep changing your ideas, opinions, activities or job （主意、观点、活动或工作）不断改变，变来变去，变化无常
• After six months of chopping and changing, we've decided to go back to our old system. 经过六个月的反覆变更，最后我们还是决定沿用原来的系统。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chop sth down
■to cut through something to make it fall down 砍倒；伐倒
• Most of the diseased trees were chopped down last year. 大多数病树去年被伐掉了。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chop sth off
■to cut off part of something with a sharp tool 砍掉；削掉；劈下
• Two of his fingers were chopped off in the accident. 他的两根手指在意外中被削掉了。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] noun countable
MEAT 肉
■a small piece of meat with a bone still in it 带骨的肉块；排骨
• a lamb/pork chop 羊／猪排
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] noun countable
CUT 切
■an act of cutting something with an axe , knife or other sharp instrument 剁；砍；劈；切
the chop mainly UK (US usually the axe)
■when your job is taken away from you, either because you have done something wrong or as a way of saving money 解雇；裁员
• If you're late for work again, you'll be for the chop. 你上班再迟到就要被解雇。
• Anyone stepping out of line is liable to get the chop. 凡是不守规矩的人都有可能被解雇。
• Hundreds of workers at the factory have already been given the chop. 工厂的几百个工人已经被裁掉。
■the ending of a factory, school, etc. or plan （工厂、学校等的）结束，终止
• When the reorganization occurs, the smaller shipyards will be the first for the chop. 进行重组时，较小的造船厂将会首先被砍掉。
• Many of these special schools are facing the chop. 许多这样的特殊学校面临被裁减的命运。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] noun countable
MOUTH 嘴
chops
[plural] informal
■the area of the face surrounding the mouth of a person or an animal （人或动物）嘴周围的地方
• a dog licking its chops 舔嘴的狗
• I'll give him a smack in the chops if he doesn't shut up. 要是他不闭嘴，我就一拳打向他的嘴。
[plural] US slang
■the way you hold your mouth when playing a wind instrument such as a saxophone , or more generally, your ability to play a musical instrument 吹奏管乐器（如萨克斯风）时运用嘴巴的方式；演奏乐器的能力
• She's got great chops for a 14-year-old. 以14岁的年纪来说，她演奏得相当出色。
hack, cut, chop
这组词都有“切、砍”的意思，其区别是：
hack: 指粗暴地乱剪、乱砍、乱劈。
cut: 普通用词，使用广泛。指用带刃工具的切、割、砍等的行动。
chop: 指用刀斧连续猛力砍某物，以便砍断、切碎。
n. 砍；排骨；削球；商标
 - brand, label, logo, cut
vt. 砍；剁碎
 - hew
vi. 砍；突然转向
 - hew