Title: COCA-2K-4K (part 2)

Word: clock
Front: clock
[klɒk] (中高研四雅 2635/2543 -K3)
Vocabulary: clock
(once / 212 pages)
nv
A clock is a device that keeps time, displaying hours, minutes, and often seconds. If there's a clock in your calculus classroom, it can sometimes be hard to keep from watching the minutes tick by.
You might have an antique grandfather clock in your hall or an alarm clock beside your bed. Clocks are either analog, with hands that move around a numbered circular face, or digital, showing the time in digits, like 4:27. If you clock your friend as she runs a mile, it means you keep track of how long it takes her. Originally, the word was clokke, "clock with bells," from the Medieval Latin clocca, "bell."
WORD FAMILY
clock: clocked, clocking, clocks+/clocking: clockings
USAGE EXAMPLES
She put teaching on the back burner and helped her husband run his clock business.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Lee hillside to monitor the sign and surrounding areas, and a police officer sits in a guard house around the clock, Baumgart said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The clock starts Tuesday for the Minnesota Legislature.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 钟，时钟; 计时器; 秒表; 仪表
vt. 记录（时间或速度）; 测…的速度
vi. 打卡; 记下时间
时态：clocked, clocking, clocks
分布：时钟(89%)，计时(6%)，打卡(5%)
→拟声词，模仿钟表滴答的声音，比较click.
n.钟vt.记录(时间,速度等),为...计时At 8 o'clock the clerk locked the flock of cocks in the room.八点钟时办事员将那群公鸡锁在房间里.
US [klɑ:k] noun
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a device for measuring and showing time, which is usually found in or on a building and is not worn by a person 钟表，时钟
• We have an antique clock on our mantelpiece. 我们家的壁炉架上有一个古老的钟。
• The town-hall clock says (= shows that the time is) 9 o'clock. 市政厅的大钟显示时间为九点。
• I think the kitchen clock is fast/slow (= is showing a later/earlier time than it should). 我觉得厨房的钟快／慢了。
• The clock began to strike twelve. 时钟敲响12点。
• She set her clock (= put it to the right time) by the time signal on the radio. 她根据收音机上的报时讯号把时钟校准。
put / turn the clocks back UK (US set/turn the clocks back)
■to change the time on your clocks to an hour earlier, at an officially chosen time of year （按照官方时间）把时钟拨慢一小时
• Don't forget to turn the clocks back tonight. 今晚别忘了把钟拨慢一小时。
put / turn the clocks forward (US also set the clocks ahead)
■to change the time on your clocks to an hour later, at an officially chosen time of year （按照官方时间）把时钟拨快一小时
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] noun
SPEED 速度
the clock only singular
■a speedometer (= a device that measures speed) 速度计
• I was only doing 30 mph on the clock. 速度表上显示我的车速只有每小时30英里。
■a mileometer (= a device for recording distance travelled) 里程表，计程器
• My car's only got 10 000 miles on the clock. 根据里程表，我的车才跑了一万英里。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] noun
against the clock
■If you do something against the clock, you do it as fast as possible and try to finish it before a certain time. 抢时间，争分夺秒
■When people do something against the clock, the time they take to do it is recorded, in order to find which person or attempt is the fastest. 计时（决名次）
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] noun
be watching the clock (also have/keep your eye on the clock)
■to be looking to see what the time is, usually because you are bored or eager to leave （通常因厌烦或急于离开而）老是看表
• I had a train to catch, so I was watching the clock all through the meeting. 我要赶火车，所以开会的时候我一直在不停地看时间。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] noun
put / turn the clock back
■to make things the same as they were at an earlier time 倒退；倒行逆施；复古
• The court's decision on this case will turn the clock back fifty years. 法庭对这个案子的判决简直是将历史巨轮倒退了50年。
• If I could turn the clock back and do things differently, I would. 要是我能让时光倒流，换个方式做事情的话，我倒是很愿意。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] noun
round/around the clock
■all day and all night 昼夜地，日以继夜，日夜不停地
• Doctors and nurses worked round the clock to help those injured in the train crash. 医生和护士日以继夜地工作，救治那些火车相撞意外的伤者。
• She needed round-the-clock nursing. 她需要24小时看护。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] noun
turn back the clock
■to remember or imagine times in the past 回顾，回想，追溯
• Now we're going to turn back the clock with some rock 'n' roll from the 1950s. 现在我们来听一些20世纪50年代的摇滚乐，回味一下那段岁月。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] verb transitive
TIME 时间
■to take a particular time exactly to do or complete something 需时；达到（某一时间）
• He clocked 10 seconds in the 100 metres (= He ran it in 10 seconds). 他100米跑了10秒。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] verb transitive
SPEED 速度
■to show or reach a particular speed or distance on a measuring device 显示，达到（某一速度或里程）
• [+ -ing verb] The police clocked him doing 80 mph in a 50 mph area. 员警测出他在限速每小时50英里的地区开到了时速80英里。
• Jim's car has clocked (up)(= travelled) 40 000 miles in less than two years. 吉姆的车不到两年就跑了四万英里。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] verb transitive
HIT 打 UK informal
■to hit someone, especially on the head or face 打，揍，击（尤指头部或脸部）
• Then the other guy turned round and clocked him one (= hit him). 这时，另一个家伙转过身来揍了他一顿。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  clock in (UK also clock on) informal
■to record the time you arrive at work on a special machine （在专门的机器上）纪录上班时间，上班打卡
• What time did you clock in this morning? 今天早上你几点打卡了？
• Clocking-in time is 9.00 a.m. 打卡时间是上午九点。
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  clock out (UK also clock off) informal
■to leave work, especially by recording the time you leave on a special machine （尤指在专门的机器上）纪录下班时间，打卡下班
UK [klɒk] US [klɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clock sth up mainly UK informal
■to win or achieve a large number of similar things 赢得，获得（大量的某物）
• The Australians have clocked up three gold medals and two silvers in the swimming events. 在游泳项目上，澳大利亚队获得三枚金牌和两枚银牌。
n. 时钟； [仪] 计时器
 - timer, calculagraph
vt. 记录；记时
 - register, to record

Word: chocolate
Front: chocolate
[ˈtʃɒklət] (中高研四雅 2636/3142 -K3)
Vocabulary: chocolate
(once / 607 pages)
1n 2n
Chocolate needs little introduction or definition — it is world famous as a candy, dessert ingredient, hot drink, holiday gift, flavor, and common craving.
Roasted cacao beans make chocolate. If you say, "I want chocolate," this usually means a candy bar or piece of chocolate, though chocolate cake, chocolate ice cream, and chocolate shakes all have chocolate as an ingredient. If someone tells you, "My living room is chocolate," don't get too excited — it means the walls are painted the same rich brown as the delicious treat.
WORD FAMILY
chocolate: chocolate-colored, chocolates
USAGE EXAMPLES
If one needs to change 15 things, does one eat 15 pieces of chocolate?
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
“Just smell the page; they got that color by dunking it in chocolate, something like that.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“It’s chocolate, it’s mint, it’s all the delicious together,” he says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 巧克力; 巧克力糖; 巧克力色
adj. （含有）巧克力的; 巧克力色的
分布：巧克力(89%)，巧克力的(5%)，巧克力糖(3%)，巧克力色(2%)，巧克力色的(1%)
→来自南美土著语，词源有争议。一说来自cacahuatl, caca即cacao(可可豆)，atl, 水。另一说来自xocolatl, 苦水，xococ, 苦的，atl, 水。
n.巧克力(糖),赭色The chocolates on the plate stimulated my son to calculate.盘子里的巧克力鼓励了儿子进行计算.
US ['tʃɑ:k-] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a sweet, usually brown, food made from cacao seeds, that is usually sold in a block, or a small sweet made from this 巧克力；巧克力糖
• a bar of chocolate 一条巧克力
• chocolate biscuits/mousse 巧克力饼干／慕斯
• milk/dark/white chocolate 牛奶／黑／白巧克力
• I took her a box of chocolates. 我给她带了一盒巧克力糖。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable UK also for * hot chocolate
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a dark brown colour 巧克力色，深褐色

Word: Italian
Front: Italian
[ɪ'tæljən] (高四六 2637/2201)
Back: n. 意大利人；意大利语
adj. 意大利的；意大利文化的；意大利语的
分布：意大利语(40%)，意大利人(35%)，意大利的(19%)，意大利语的(6%)
noun
countable
■a person from Italy 义大利人
• We met three Italians. 我们遇到了三个义大利人。
uncountable
■the language of Italy 义大利语
• I'm learning Italian. 我在学义大利语。
[ɪ'tæl.jən] [-i.ən] adjective
■from, belonging to or relating to Italy 义大利的
• Italian food/art/wine 义大利食品／艺术／酒
n. 意大利人；意大利语
 - ginzo, dino

Word: Canadian
Front: Canadian
[kə'neɪdiən] (高雅 2638/4556)
Back: n. 加拿大人
adj. 加拿大（人）的
分布：加拿大的(58%)，加拿大人(39%)，加拿大人的(3%)
加拿大的[-ian 1.表名词"某种人"2.表形容词"…国家的"]
noun countable adjective
■Canadian 加拿大人／加拿大的

Word: ceiling
Front: ceiling
[ˈsi:lɪŋ] (中高研四六托 2641/2874 -K2)
Vocabulary: ceiling
(once / 358 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
A ceiling is the upper surface of a room. If you’re lying on the floor, you’re staring up at the ceiling. If you’re lying on the ceiling, you’ll be lying on the floor again soon.
You may have heard the sky’s the limit — but in truth, the limit is the ceiling, both physically and metaphorically. The top of a room, but still under the roof, a ceiling is the point at which you can go no farther. You’ll find both helium balloons and hot tempers hitting it. In the workplace, if you aren't getting that promotion and can't understand why, you might have hit a "glass ceiling."
WORD FAMILY
ceiling: ceilings
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is a sumptuous mosaic ceiling, with marble columns and copper clay friezes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The 25-year-old victim fell through the corrugated plastic ceiling of a kitchen annexe in a basement flat on Charles Road on New Year's Day.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Is there anything better than the Met’s Viennese chandeliers gliding to the ceiling as the lights dim?
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 天花板; 最高限度; 云幕高度; 隔板，舱室垫板
分布：天花板(84%)，上限(16%)
→来自kel, 隐藏，遮盖，词源同cell, cellar, hole.
天花板(ceil+cel)[cel=heaven(天空)]
n.天花板;(规定价格,工资等的)最高限额I perceived that the veil clung on the ceiling of the clinic was deceit.我觉察到粘附在诊所天花板上的幔子是个骗局.
noun
TOP OF A ROOM 天花板
 IMPROVER countable
■the inside surface of a room which you can see when you look above you 天花板，顶棚
['si:.lɪŋ] noun
LIMIT 限制
countable usually singular
■an upper limit, usually relating to money （通常指款项的）上限
• They have imposed/set a ceiling on pay rises. 他们给工资的增加幅度订定了上限。
⇒ See also glass ceiling
n. [建] 天花板；上限
 - overhead, high limit

Word: sweep
Front: sweep
[swi:p] (中高研四六托雅 2639/2636 -K3)
Back: vt. 打扫，清理; 扫除; 彻底搜索; 掠过
vi. 打扫; 扫过; 蜿蜒; 大范围伸展
n. 打扫; 延伸; 挥动; 全胜
时态：swept, sweeping, sweeps
分布：打扫(39%)，清扫(14%)，席卷(11%)，清除(10%)，全胜(8%)，掠过(6%)，范围(5%)，扫视(5%)，搜寻(1%)，赌金(1%)
→来自古英语 swapan,清扫，打扫，来自 Proto-Germanic*swaipana,清扫，打扫，来自 swei, 弯，转，摇摆，词源同 swoop,swing.引申诸相关词义。
v.扫,打扫;席卷,冲光;扫过,掠过After a deep sleep, the weeping sweeper keeps on peeping the sheep on the steep.酣睡之后,哭泣的清扫者继续窥视峭壁上的羊.
verb (swept, swept)
CLEAN 清扫
 ADVANCED transitive
■to clean especially a floor by using a brush to collect the dirt into one place from which it can be removed 打扫，清扫，扫除
• sweep the floor 扫地
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
MOVE 移动
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to move, especially quickly and powerfully （尤指快速有力地）移动，冲
• Everyone looked up as she swept into the room. 她冲进房间时，每个人都抬头看她。
• The fire swept (= spread quickly) through the house. 火势迅速在房子里蔓延开来。
• The National Party swept into power (= easily won the election) with a majority of almost 200. 民族党以近200票的领先优势顺利当选。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to quickly spread through and influence an area 风行，风靡，迅速蔓延，迅速传播
• A 1970s fashion revival is sweeping Europe. 20世纪70年代的时尚复古潮流正风靡整个欧洲。
transitive
■to travel across all of an area, especially when looking for something （尤指为寻找某物而）横扫，掠过
• American minesweepers are sweeping the Arabian sea. 美国的扫雷艇正在阿拉伯海扫雷。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If a road, river, range of mountains, set of steps, etc. sweeps in a particular direction, they follow a particular curved path 延伸，蜿蜒
• The road sweeps down to the coast. 这条路一直延伸到海岸边。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
REMOVE 移走
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to remove and/or take in a particular direction, especially in a fast and powerful way （尤指迅猛地）带走，卷走
• A large wave swept away half the sandcastle. 一道巨浪卷走了一半的沙堡。
• She swept the pile of papers and books into her bag. 她把一堆报纸和书胡乱塞进袋子里。
• The boat was swept out to sea (= away from land) by the tide. 那艘船被潮水卷到海里。
• Government troops swept aside the rebel forces (= caused them to move away from the area in which they were). 政府军队迅速肃清了叛军。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
WIN 获胜
transitive US informal
■to win all the parts of a competition, or to win very easily 大获全胜，一举获胜，轻易获胜
• The Yankees swept a four-game series from the Blue Jays. 洋基队在四连战中大胜蓝鸟队。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
sweep sb off their feet
■to make someone become suddenly and completely in love with you 使（某人）为之倾倒，使（某人）彻底爱上
• The first time he met her, he was completely swept off his feet. 他对她一见倾心。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
sweep sth under the carpet UK (US sweep sth under the rug)
■to hide a problem or try to keep it secret instead of dealing with it 隐瞒，掩饰
• The committee is being accused of sweeping financial problems under the carpet to avoid embarrassment. 这个委员会被控隐瞒财务问题，企图掩人耳目。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
sweep the board
■to win everything that is available 囊括全部奖项，大获全胜
• Australia swept the board in the swimming, with gold medals in every race. 澳大利亚大获全胜，囊括游泳项目的所有金牌。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] sweep sb along
■If a feeling or someone's behaviour sweeps you along, it makes you feel very enthusiastic about an activity and very involved in it 令（某人）着迷，令（某人）倾倒，深深吸引（某人）
• We were swept along by her eloquence. 她的能言善辩令我们为之倾倒。
[swi:p] verb (swept, swept)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sweep sth aside
■to refuse to consider something or to treat it as important 对…置之不理，无视，对…不予考虑
• They swept his doubts and objections aside. 他们对他的疑虑和反对置之不理。
[swi:p] noun
CLEAN 清扫
countable usually singular
■the act of sweeping something to clean it 打扫，清扫，扫除
• I've given the kitchen floor a sweep (= I have swept it). 我已经扫了厨房的地板。
countable old-fashioned for * chimney sweep
[swi:p] noun
MOVEMENT 动作
countable
■a movement, especially a quick, powerful one or one to search an area 掠过；扫过
• With a sweep (= horizontal movement) of its tail, the alligator knocked her under the water. 鳄鱼尾巴一扫，将她打到水中。
countable
■a long, often curved, area of land, sea, river, etc. or the area covered by something such as a book 一片长的、常常是曲线形的土地、海、河流等区域；或被某物如书本覆盖的区域
• A broad sweep of flat countryside stretched to the horizon in all directions. 平坦宽阔的乡村向四面延伸，一望无际。
sweeps [plural] US
■a period of time when measurements of the number of people watching different television stations are made so that the cost of advertising on each station can be set 调查收视率的时段
[swi:p] noun
WIN 获胜
a clean sweep
■when a player, team, etc. wins everything that is available 全胜，囊括所有奖项
• Romania made a clean sweep of the medals. 罗马尼亚囊括了所有奖牌。
scrub, clear, clean, dust, wipe, mop, sweep
这组词都有“使干净”的意思，其区别是：
scrub: 指用硬刷、肥皂或水用力地擦洗某物。
clear: 指清除不要的东西。
clean: 是这些动词中最常用的词，指将某物或某处的污物等清除掉，弄干净。
dust: 指将积落在物体表面的尘土抹去、掸掉或擦去以保干净。
wipe: 多指用布、纸等物把东西擦净，也指擦掉某物。
mop: 侧重指用拖把擦洗地板，有时也指擦干净或擦去。
sweep: 指用扫帚等进行清扫，也用作比喻。
vt. 扫除；猛拉；掸去
 - clean off, broom
vi. 扫，打扫；席卷；扫视；袭击
 - clean, do out
n. 打扫，扫除；范围；全胜
 - extent, boundary, region, spectrum, territory, area

Word: advertising
Front: advertising
[ˈædvətaɪzɪŋ] (雅 2640/2180 -K)
Vocabulary: advertising
(once / 250 pages)
n
Advertising is the act of drawing the public’s attention to something, usually to sell it. Whatever is written on the sandwich board you're wearing is what you're advertising.
Advertising is getting the word out — whether it’s on a billboard, in a magazine ad, on a commercial, on the side of a blimp, or by singing it from the highest mountaintop. If you want to let people know about a product, service, or candidate, you run an advertising campaign. The word advertising may also be used for the advertisements themselves or the business of creating advertisements.
WORD FAMILY
advertising: advertisings+/ advertise: advertised, advertisement, advertiser, advertises, advertising /advertised: advertisedly/ advertisement: advertisements/advertiser: advertisers
USAGE EXAMPLES
After graduating from Stanford, in 1950, Joyce won a contest to work in the advertising department at Mademoiselle magazine, in New York.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said that distinguishes the brand from standard wine advertising, which involves bottles “in the kitchen with cheese.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Kellogg’s stopped advertising on Breitbart after being spotlighted by Sleeping Giants, a social-media campaign that is pushing brands to cut their ties to the site.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 广告; 做广告，登广告; 广告业
adj. 广告的; 广告业的
v. 公告; 为…做广告(advertise的ing形式)
分布：广告(95%)，广告业(5%)
广告业(advertise做广告)[-ing 1.表名词"状态"2.表名词"行业"3.表形容词"正…的","令人…的"]
US [-vɚ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the business of trying to persuade people to buy products or services 广告（业）
• Fiona works in advertising. 菲奥纳从事广告业。
• the advertising industry 广告界
n. [经] 广告；广告业；登广告
 - bill, publicity

Word: universal
Front: universal
[ˌju:nɪˈvɜ:sl] (高研四六托雅 2642/2968 -2)
Vocabulary: universal
(once / 107 pages)
1adjn 2n
Universal describes something for everything or everyone. Universal design is architectural design that accommodates every person. A universal remote can change the stations on all your home entertainment systems, but hopefully not at once.
The uni in universal means "one" so this word is all about "one for all and all for one." If it's universal, it applies to all cases. Like the universe itself, a universal emotion is one that every human can understand or relate to. The desire for your children to be safe and happy is universal. If you are to make a universal change in a document it means that every time the specified word appears, it should be fixed.
WORD FAMILY
universal: universalise, universalism, universality, universalize, universally, universals+/universalise: universalised, universalises, universalising/universalism: universalisms, universalist, universalistic/universality: universalities/universalize: universalized, universalizes, universalizing/ universe: universal, universes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Obama campaigned on a platform of “universal” health insurance in hopes of passing a single-payer option, like other programs in Europe.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The worldwide total for “Sing” through the weekend is expected to hit $285 million, Universal officials estimated.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Sing,” the latest collaboration between Illumination and Universal, racked up $41.4 million during its second weekend in theaters.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 普遍的，一般的; 通用的，万能的; 全世界的; 宇宙的
n. [逻辑学]全称命题; [哲学]一般概念; 一般性
分布：普遍的(48%)，通用的(18%)，宇宙的(16%)，全世界的(11%)，全体的(7%)
→来自拉丁语universum, 所有，全人类，全世界，uni-, 一，-verse, 转。即转为一体的，引申义通用的。
a.普遍的,全体的,通用的;宇宙的,世界的His speech met with universal applause.他的讲话得到全场的热烈掌声.
US [-'vɝ:-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■existing everywhere or involving everyone 普遍的；全体的；共同的
• a universal truth 普遍真理
• Food, like sex, is a subject of almost universal interest. 像性一样，食物几乎也是人们普遍感兴趣的话题。
• The new reforms have not met with universal approval within the government. 新的改革措施在政府内部还没有得到一致赞同。
usual, common, universal, general, average
这组词都有“普通”的意思，其区别是：
usual: a.通常的，惯常的，强调"习惯性的，符合规章制度的"，是个一般用语。
common: a.常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为"平凡的"，强调事物的共同性。另外，它还有"公共的，共同的"之意。
 • Car accidents are a common occurrence.   交通事故是很普通的事件。
universal: a.普遍的，比general语气更强，有"全然没有例外"的意思。
 • Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.   贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。
general: a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。
 • In general, the economy is doing well now.   总的来说，现在的经济形式还不错。
average: a.普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准；通常在有数字出现的情况下，表示"平均的"。
 • The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.   跑步者15分钟内平均跑两英里。
usual, ordinary, common, popular, normal, universal, general
usual: 平常的，惯常的
ordinary: 平凡的，词义与common接近，指符合一般或常规事物标准或相同的规格，因而只具有普通的特性
common: 普通的，共有的，指从质量或品德上无特殊或显眼之处，属于大多数人或事物所具有的，常见的；
popular: 大众的，受欢迎的，指属于或代表大众的某事物，强调常见的，大众化的特征
normal: 正常的，正规的，指符合某种标准的
universal: 普遍的，有完全没有例外之意；
general: 一般的，普通的，含有例外情况较少之意或暗示包括全部同一范畴的事物；
universal, fundamental, institution
universal: 大众的
fundamental: 基础的，根本的
institution: 制度上的
usual, ordinary, common, popular, universal, commonplace, general
这组词都有“普通的，普遍的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 指常见常闻和常做的事或举动，强调惯常性。
ordinary: 用于物，指每天发生，十分平淡无奇；用于人，指无特别之处，很一般。
common: 多用于指物，侧重很常见，不稀奇。
popular: 指适应大众爱好、需要，为大家所公认或接受。
universal: 与general同义，但语气较强，侧重对每个人或事物都适用，根本没有例外。
commonplace: 强调缺少新意。
general: 语气强于common，侧重大多如此，很少有例外情况。
institutional, instrumental, universal, fundamental
institutional: 制度上的，公共机构的
instrumental: 起作用的，有助于
universal: 全体的，普及的，大众的
fundamental: 基础的，根本的，必要的
adj. 普遍的；通用的； [天] 宇宙的；全世界的；全体的
 - widespread, entire, corporate, worldwide, current
n. 一般概念；普通性
 - general concept

Word: spin
Front: spin
[spɪn] (高研四六托雅宝 2644/3841 -K3)
Vocabulary: spin
(once / 251 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4v 5n 6v
When you spin, you whirl around in a circle. Many kids love to spin on a merry-go-round.
You can spin in a happy circle, and you can describe this movement as a spin. Another way to use the word spin is for a deliberate twisting of information, especially when it's done by politicians. A candidate might spin a news report to make herself look more appealing, for example, or spin bad news to make it appear good. This meaning of spin is relatively new, not being used much until the mid-1980's.
WORD FAMILY
spin: spined, spinnable, spinner, spinning, spins, spun+/spinnable: spinnability/spinner: spinners/spinning: spinnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was hit hard at 1, spun and lunged toward the goal line.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are many other examples including those of second rate scientists or non-scientists finding high-profile media venues to spin their fantasies.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
While there, he spun to the hoop and tore up his knee.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 纺纱; 吐（丝），作（茧），结网; 快速旋转; 眩晕
vt. 纺（线）; 吐丝，将…抽成丝; 讲述，尤指通过想象地; 使延长，使延伸
n. 旋转的行为; 快速的旋运动; 眩晕; 疾驰
时态：spun, spinning, spins
分布：旋转(82%)，疾驰(5%)，眩晕(5%)，纺织(5%)，结网(3%)
→来自古英语 spinnan,纺纱，织线，来自 Proto-Germanic*spenwan,弯，转，纺织，来自 spen, 弯，转，纺织，词源同 spider,spinner.引申诸相关词义。
v.旋转;纺纱;织网,吐丝n.旋转;自转Mother used to spin her own yarn.母亲过去一直是自己纺纱的.
verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
TURN 旋转
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) turn around and around, especially fast （使）（尤指快速）旋转
• The Earth spins on its axis. 地球绕地轴旋转。
• The roulette players silently watched the wheel spin around/round. 玩转盘游戏的玩家们默不作声地注视着轮盘旋转。
• He was killed when his car hit a tree and spun off the road. 他的车撞到树上后甩出路面，他因此而丧生。
• Spin the ball (= Make it turn around and around as you throw it) and it will change direction when it hits the ground. 把球旋转起来再抛出去，球触地时就会改变方向。
head/room spins
■If your head or the room spins you feel as if it is turning around and around, and you cannot balance 天旋地转；眩晕
• The room started spinning and I felt faint. 我开始感觉天旋地转，头昏眼花。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
MAKE THREAD 纺线
intransitive or transitive
■to make thread by twisting fibres , or to produce something using thread 纺线；纺纱；纺织
• The final stage of the production of cotton is when it is spun into thread. 棉线生产的最后一个阶段是把它纺成线。
• Spiders spin webs. 蜘蛛结网。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
spin (sb) a story/tale/yarn
■to tell a story, either to deceive someone or for entertainment （为骗人或逗乐）杜撰故事，编造故事
• He spun some tale about needing to take time off work because his mother was ill. 他编了个瞎谎，说他妈妈病了，他需要请假。
• [+ two objects] They spun us a story about being in desperate need of money. 他们编了个瞎谎，说他们急需用钱。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
DRIVE 驾驶
intransitive + adverb or preposition informal
■(of a vehicle) to move quickly, or to move quickly in a vehicle （车辆）疾驰；驾车飞驰
• We were spinning along , when suddenly one of our tyres burst. 我们车开得飞快，突然一个轮胎爆了。
• Chris spun past in a flashy new car. 克里斯开着一辆眩目的新车疾驰而过。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
spin a coin
■to make a coin turn around and around on its edge so that someone can guess which side will land facing upwards 旋转硬币（以猜测哪面朝上）
• Let's spin a coin to decide who'll have the first turn. 我们转个硬币来决定谁先来。
Compare a toss of a coin at toss
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
spin out of control
■If activities or events spin out of control, they change very quickly and in an uncontrolled way （活动或事件）迅速失控
• The country's economy seemed to be spinning out of control. 这个国家的经济似乎来到失控边缘了。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
spin your wheels US informal
■to waste time doing things that achieve nothing 浪费时间；原地踏步
• If we're just spinning our wheels, let us know and we'll quit. 如果你只是浪费时间，请告诉我们，我们会放弃。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] spin sth off
PRODUCT
■to produce a useful and unexpected result in addition to the intended result 派生出，衍生出
• The American space program has spun off new commercial technologies. 美国的太空计划衍生出了新的商业技术。
• Every new job that is created spins off three or four more in related fields. 每份新创的工作都能带动相关领域产生三四份新工作。
COMPANY mainly US
■to form a separate company from part of an existing company 将…分离出来（组建新公司）
• The company is trying to spin off part of its business. 这家公司正试图将一部分业务分离出来。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] spin sth out
■to make something such as an activity or story last longer than usual or necessary, or as long as possible 把…延长；尽可能拖长
• Can we spin our holiday out for a few more days? 我们能把假期延长几天吗？
• Somehow, she managed to spin her story out so that it took her the whole train journey to tell it. 她想办法把故事拉长，这样她在火车上的时间都花在讲故事上了。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
  Phrasal Verbs  spin (sb) round UK (US spin (sb) around)
■to quickly turn your own or someone else's body to face the opposite direction （使某人）迅速转身，猛转回头
• She spun round to see what had happened. 她猛地转过身去，看看发生了甚么事。
[spɪn] noun
TURN 旋转
countable or uncountable
■the movement of something turning round very quickly 旋转；转动
• I hit something on the road, which sent the car into a spin. 我撞到了路面上某个东西，整个车一直打转。
• Suddenly, the plane went into a spin. 突然，飞机开始不停地旋转。
• These clothes need another spin (= to be turned round very fast in a machine to get water out of them) - they're still very wet. 这些衣服需要再甩一遍——它们还很湿呢。
• She put a lot of spin on the ball (= threw or hit it in a way that made it spin). 她打出的球高速旋转。
[spɪn] noun
CHANGE IDEAS 改变主意
[S or U] informal
■when an idea or situation is expressed or described in a clever way that makes it seem better than it really is, especially in politics （尤指政治上的）倾向描述，导向陈述
• They have tried to put a positive spin on the situation. 他们尝试过将这个局面描述成具有正面意义。
• This report puts a different spin on the issue. 这篇报导对这个问题作出了全然不同的倾向描述。
[spɪn] noun
DRIVE 驾驶
countable usually singular old-fashioned informal
■a short journey in a car for pleasure （乘车）兜风
• Rupert took me for a spin in his new car. 鲁珀特用他的新车载着我去兜了一圈。
[spɪn] noun
in a spin informal
■worried and confused 急得团团转；晕头转向
• She's in a spin over the arrangements for the party. 她为了筹备派对忙得晕头转向。
• News of the director's resignation sent / threw the management into a spin. 主管辞职的消息使管理部陷入一片混乱。
whirl, turn, roll, rotate, revolve, spin, circle
这组词都有“转动、旋转”的意思，其区别是：
whirl: 指旋转或作圆周运动，侧重急速或力量。
turn: 普通用词，中性，含义不确切，可指作一个圆周运动或连续地作圆周运动，也可指仅是沿圆的弧形转动。
roll: 指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。
rotate: 侧重指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。
revolve: 强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。
spin: 指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。
circle: 指作圆周运动。
vi. [物] 旋转；纺纱；吐丝；晕眩
 - wheel, circle
vt. [物] 使旋转；纺纱；编造；结网
 - turn, swing
n. [物] 旋转；疾驰
 - revolution, rotation, rolling, turning

Word: house
Front: house
[haʊs] (中高托雅 257/148 -K5)
Vocabulary: house
(once / 9 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n 7v
A house is a building where you might live alone or it could be a multi-family house that you share with other families. If you live in an apartment building, that's "home," but it's not a house.
You can also use house to refer to groups of people. The House of Tudor is an English royal family. Governing bodies can be houses: the Houses of Parliament, in Britain, or the House of Representatives, in the US. In a theater, the house is the audience. When house is a verb, meaning to provide a house for, as in “where are you going to house all your guests?” — it’s pronounced with a -z-, rather than an -s-.
WORD FAMILY
house: housed, houseful, houses, housing, rehouse+/houseful: housefuls/housing: housings/rehouse: rehoused, rehousing
USAGE EXAMPLES
His group is suing the state over the unwieldy shape of six state Senate and five state House of Delegates districts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
I believe it dawned when the moon was in the seventh house and Jupiter aligned with Mars.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
At the time of this weekend’s riot, the Anisio Jobim prison housed three times as many inmates as it was designed to hold, officials said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 房屋; 全家人; （从事某种生意的）公司; （英国）下议院
v. 给…提供住房; 收藏; 安置
时态：housed, housing, houses
分布：房屋(37%)，议院(23%)，容纳(19%)，机构(9%)，黄道十二宫之一(3%)，给…房子住(3%)，观众(3%)，藏有(1%)，听众(1%)，住一屋的人(1%)
→来自古英语hus,居住地，庇护所，屋子，来自skeu,遮盖，隐藏，词源同hose,hide.引申词义房屋，屋子。
n.房屋;商业机构;[H-]议院v.给...房子住My house is ten minutes' walk from here.我家离这里有十分钟的路程.
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
HOME 家
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a building which people, usually one family, live in 房屋，住宅
• a detached/semi-detached house 独立式／半独立式住宅
• to buy/rent a house 买／租房子
• house prices 房价
• She lives in a little house UKin / USon Cross Street. 她住在十字街上的一间小房子里。
⇒ See also farmhouse;roadhouse
countable usually singular
■all the people living in a house 住在一间房子里的人；全家人
• Try not to wake the whole house when you come in! 你进来的时候不要把全家人都吵醒！
countable
■a building where animals are kept 动物的笼舍
• the monkey/lion house at the zoo 动物园里猴子／狮子的笼舍
• a hen house 鸡舍
countable
■a building or part of a building which is used for a special purpose （有特定用途的）大楼，大厦
• the Sydney Opera House 雪梨歌剧院
• Broadcasting House 广播电台大楼
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
BUSINESS 公司
■a business or organization of the stated type, especially one that produces books or designs clothes （尤指出版图书或设计服装的）公司，机构，商行
• a publishing house 出版社
• a fashion house 时装屋
• UK a curry house (= South Asian restaurant) 咖喱屋（或餐厅）
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable (also house music)
■popular dance music with a fast regular beat, usually produced on electronic equipment 电子音乐（电子乐器演奏的一种快节奏的流行音乐）
• House music first appeared in the late 1980s. 电子音乐最早出现于20世纪80年代晚期。
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
SCHOOL GROUP 学校里的小组
countable UK
■any of a small number of groups which the children in a school are put in for sports and other competitions （学校里为进行比赛而分成的）组
• an inter-house football match 校内小组之间的足球赛
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
FAMILY 家庭
countable
■an important family, especially a royal one 家族；（尤指）皇室
• The British Royal Family belong to the House of Windsor. 英国王室属于温莎家族。
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
POLITICS 政治
countable
■an organization which makes laws, or its meeting place 议会；议院
the House
■the members of the organization which makes laws 议员
• The House began sitting at 3 p.m./rose at 2 a.m. 议员们于下午三点开始了会议／凌晨两点结束会议。
only singular
■the group of people who suggest a subject for a debate 辩论的发起方
• The motion for tonight's debate is, "This house believes that capital punishment should be abolished." 今晚的辩题是｢正方认为应该废除死刑。｣
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
THEATRE 剧院
countable
■the people watching a performance, especially in a theatre 观众，（尤指）剧院观众
• The opera played to a full/packed house. 该歌剧演出时观众爆满。
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
get on like a house on fire informal
■If two people get on like a house on fire, they like each other very much and become friends very quickly 一见如故，情投意合
• I was worried that they wouldn't like each other but in fact they're getting on like a house on fire. 我之前还担心他们会合不来，实际上他们却一见如故。
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
get/put your own house in order
■to solve your own problems 解决自己的问题
• You should put your own house in order before you start telling me what to do! 你最好先管好自己的事，然后再教我如何去做！
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
go (all) round the houses UK
■to waste time doing or asking something in a very complicated way 绕圈子；拐弯抹角地问
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
house of cards
■a complicated organization or plan that is very weak and can easily be destroyed or easily go wrong 脆弱的组织；极易出问题的计划
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
on the house
■If you have something on the house, it is given to you free by a business 由商家免费提供的
• All the drinks were on the house. 所有饮料都是免费的。
verb transitive /haʊz/
■to give a person or animal a place to live, or to provide space for something 为…提供住处，收容；为…提供空间
• It will be difficult to house all the refugees. 收容所有难民将是件很困难的事。
• The museum houses the biggest collection of antique toys in Europe. 这家博物馆所收藏的古董玩具是全欧洲最多的。
home, building, residence, shelter, dwelling, habitation, house
这组词都有“居住处”的意思，其区别是：
home: 指永久住家时，带有家庭所特有的温暖、情感等气息。
building: 泛指一切建筑物，不限于居住的房子。
residence: 指大而堂皇的寓所或公馆，也指法律上的居住点。
shelter: 可指长期或临时的住处，也指简陋或临时搭建的躲避风雨的场所。
dwelling: 正式用词，仅指人们居住的任何建筑物。
habitation: 指长久或固定的住所或居住地。
house: 中性词，泛指一切供居住的建筑物，尤指适合一家一户居住的房屋。
home, dwelling, shelter, household, family, house, lodging
home: 家，带有感情色彩
dwelling: 住所，公寓
shelter: 庇护处（收容所，庇护所）
household: 抽象的家庭，并含有家事，家务之意
family: 家庭，指组成家庭的成员
house: 房屋，住宅
lodging: 寄宿处
n. [建] 住宅；家庭；机构；议会；某种用途的建筑物
 - residence, organization, machinery, family, home
vt. 覆盖；给…房子住；把…储藏在房内
 - invest, sheet, roof, cap

Word: button
Front: button
[ˈbʌtn] (高研四六 2645/2977 -K3)
Vocabulary: button
(once / 252 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A button is a small, flat, round object often found on clothing. It can also describe the round disc you press to turn on an electronic device, like the button you push to turn on your computer.
The noun button also can refer to the little round billboards people pin to their clothes to display their favorite political candidate, band, organization, or saying. Button can also be a verb, which describes the act of fastening buttons, like when you button your shirt. Or if you work at an electronics factory, your job might be to button, or attach buttons to, a cell phone.
WORD FAMILY
button: buttoned, buttoning, buttonlike, buttons, buttony, unbutton+/unbutton: unbuttoned, unbuttoning, unbuttons
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was like some demon had crawled into my friend’s soul and pushed a crazy, angry button,” Robertson writes.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
And living up to his nickname “Silent Cal,” Coolidge “refused to speak, but he did agree to push the button,” Feiker said.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
On the next screen, click the Change My Name button.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 按钮，电钮; 纽扣，扣子; 扣状物; [植]芽
vt. 用纽扣扣紧; 用纽扣装饰，钉钮扣于; 在…上装钮扣
vi. 扣住; 装有钮扣; 扣上钮扣
时态：buttoned, buttoning, buttons
分布：按钮(93%)，纽扣(5%)，扣上纽扣(1%)，用纽扣装饰(1%)
→butt, 撞，同beat. -on, 小词后缀。
n.纽扣,按钮(开关)v.扣紧;扣上纽扣The button utters in mutter, "The butterfly likes the buttered earthnut/peanut."按钮咕哝着发出声音说:"蝴蝶喜欢涂了奶油的花生."
US ['bʌtˌ-] noun countable
ON CLOTHING 衣服上
 IMPROVER
■a small, usually circular object used to fasten something, for example a shirt or coat 钮扣，扣子
• I did up/undid (= fastened/unfastened) the buttons on my blouse. 我扣上／解开衬衫上的钮扣。
UK ['bʌt.ən] US ['bʌtˌ-] noun countable
ON MACHINE 机器上
 IMPROVER
■a small, sometimes circular object which you press to operate a device or a machine, or an area on a computer screen which looks and acts like one of these 按钮
• He inserted the cassette and pressed the 'play' button. 他插入卡式带，按下“播放”按钮。
UK ['bʌt.ən] US ['bʌtˌ-] noun countable
at the push of a button
■very easily 轻易地
• You can't expect to get everything you need at the push of a button. 你不能指望轻易地得到自己需要的一切。
UK ['bʌt.ən] US ['bʌtˌ-] noun countable
right on the button
■exactly correct 非常正确
• She was right on the button when she said I'd regret moving out. 她说得太对了，我的确后悔搬了出去。
UK ['bʌt.ən] US ['bʌtˌ-] verb intransitive or transitive
■to fasten something, usually a piece of clothing, using buttons 扣上（…的）钮扣
• Button (up) your coat, it's cold out. 把大衣扣上，外面很冷。
UK ['bʌt.ən] US ['bʌtˌ-] verb intransitive or transitive
button it informal
■a rude way of telling someone to stop talking 住口，闭嘴
• Button it, OK! I'm trying to think. 住口，好嘛！我在想办法了。
n. [电] 按钮；钮扣
 - pushbutton, press-button
vt. 扣住；扣紧；在…上装钮扣
 - infibulate, buckle
vi. 扣住；装有钮扣；扣上钮扣
 - buckle

Word: bell
Front: bell
[bel] (中高 2646/2829 -K3)
Vocabulary: bell
(once / 207 pages)
1nv 2n
A bell is a hollow object, usually made of metal, that makes a deep ringing sound when it's hit or shaken. In the old days, the sound of a dinner bell meant that it was time to eat.
A belly dancer might have tiny bells on her costume that ring as she moves, and the church in your neighborhood might have a huge bell that's rung every hour. Other kinds of bells include a door bell, a bicycle bell, or a school bell, all of which make a sound to signal something. The Old English root is belle, from a Proto-Indo-European source, bhel-, "to sound" or "to roar."
WORD FAMILY
bell: belled, belling, bells
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sorry, I can’t hear you, the ushers are ringing the bell.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And she’s not opposed to using technology in museum exhibits, as long as interactive screens and other bells and whistles enhance the interpretation for visitors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Please do NOT revert to old bell times!!!” one high school parent wrote.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 钟，铃; 钟声，铃声; 钟状物; [建]圆屋顶
vt. 敲钟; 系铃于，给…装上铃; 使成铃状; 把…放在钟形罩内
vi. 使象钟状地张开; 鸣钟
时态：belled, belling, bells
分布：铃(51%)，钟(27%)，钟声(10%)，门铃(7%)，敲钟(2%)，钟状物(1%)，使象钟状地张开(1%)，使呈钟状(1%)
→来自PIE *bhel-(3), 发声，怒吼，拟声词。
n.钟,铃The cell seller seldom sees the bell belt melt.小单间的卖主很少见到铃铛带子融化.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a hollow metal object shaped like a cup which makes a ringing sound when hit by something hard, especially a clapper 钟，铃
• The church bells rang out to welcome in the New Year. 教堂的钟声响起，迎接新年的到来。
• I stood at the front door and rang the bell several times. 我在前门按了好几次门铃。
[bel] noun countable
bells and whistles
■extra features which make something more attractive, useful, etc. 附加特色，点缀品
• That software has all the usual functions plus the latest bells and whistles. 除了常用的功能，这软体还具备一些新颖的附加功能。
[bel] noun countable
give sb a bell UK informal
■to telephone someone 给（某人）打电话
• Give me a bell sometime next week, won't you? 下星期给我电话好吗？
[bel] noun countable
warning / alarm bells start to ring / sound
■used to describe an occasion when you realize that something is wrong 敲响警钟
• When Frank suggested coming to stay for a couple of days, alarm bells started to ring in my head. 法兰克说要过来住上几天时，我的脑海里响起了警钟。
[bel] noun countable
with bells on US informal
■To do something or go somewhere with bells on is to do it or go there eagerly 热切地
• "Are you coming to Paul's tonight." "Sure, I'll be there - with bells on." “你今晚会去保罗家吗？”“我当然会去——我都迫不急待了。”
n. 铃，钟；钟声，铃声；钟状物
 - ring, gong
vi. 鸣钟；成钟状鼓起
 - toll

Word: rank
Front: rank
[ræŋk] (高研四六托雅 2647/2464 -K3)
Vocabulary: rank
(once / 66 pages)
1nv 2adj 3adj
The word rank often deals with an order of some kind. If you are a high-ranking officer in the military, you can boss around soldiers of lower rank.
Linguists see the Old English ranc as having roots prior to the 11th Century, possibly from the Old Norse rakkr, meaning "straight." The order of ranks from lowest to highest proceeds in a straight line, as does a rank of marching soldiers. You can also use rank to describe an especially foul smell. No matter what rank you are, you must not enjoy walking into the mess hall and realizing that the rank smell in the air is today's lunch.
WORD FAMILY
rank: ranked, ranker, rankest, ranking, rankly, rankness, ranks+/ranked: unranked/ranker: rankers/ ranking: rankings/rankness: ranknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is truly enormous; from the tall observation tower, the ranks of black panels stretch almost to the horizon.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
For example, the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute does health rankings of counties in every state.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Though he averaged more than 300 yards off the tee, Walker ranked 183rd in driving accuracy, hitting 48 percent of his fairways.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 阶层，等级; 军衔; 次序，顺序; 行列
vt. & vi. 排列，使成横排; 把…分类
vt. 排列; 超过，高于; 把…分等级
vi. 位于; 使成横排; 抱怨; 吹毛求疵，揭疮疤
adj. 讨厌的; 极端的; 繁茂的; 恶臭的
时态：ranked, ranking, ranks
分布：排(48%)，列(25%)，等级(13%)，排列(6%)，列为(3%)，阶层(2%)，繁茂的(1%)，讨厌的(1%)，分等级(1%)
→来自古法语 ranc,排，行，来自 Proto-Germanic*hringaz,圈，环，来自 sker,弯，转，词源 同 ring,curve.词义由环行排列过渡至水平排列。引申词义排列，等级。
n.军衔,社会阶层;排v.分等级,把...分类The frank man put the first-rank blank blanket into the tan tank.直率的男子将一流空白毛毯放进黝黑的大容器
noun
POSITION 地位
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a position in an organization, such as the army, showing the importance of the person having it 职位；官阶；军衔
• senior/high/junior/low rank 高／低级职位
• He has just been promoted to the rank of captain. 他刚被提升为上尉。
• Ministers of Cabinet rank receive a higher salary than other ministers. 进入内阁的部长比其他部长的薪金高。
• Having a large income is one of the advantages of rank (= high position). 职位级别高的好处之一就是收入高。
countable or uncountable
■a particular position, higher or lower than others 等级；级别
• He's in the front/first rank of (= one of the best) international tennis players. 他是世界一流的网球运动员。
• Consumer preferences were placed in rank order from 1 to 5. 顾客对产品的喜好程度从一到五划分级别。
ranks [plural]
■the membership of a group or organization （团体或组织的）成员
• Party ranks have swelled by nearly 300 000. 党员人数已经增加了将近30万人。
• Marty has joined the ranks of the (= become) unemployed. 马蒂也成了失业大军中的一员。
• The party leadership seems to be losing support in the ranks. 该党的领导层好像在失去广大党员的支持。
rise from/through the ranks
■to be moved up from a low level position in an organization to a higher one （从很低的职位）擢升，步步高升
• He rose through the ranks to become a General. 他从普通士兵成长为一名将军。
• He joined the company in 1998 and has been rising through the ranks ever since. 他于1998年进入公司，从那以后步步高升。
[ræŋk] noun
ROW 排
countable
■a row, especially of people or things standing side by side （尤指并排站立的）行，列，排
• The front rank of the riot squad raised their shields. 前排的防暴队员举起了盾牌。
• literary We could see nothing for miles but serried ranks (= many close rows) of fir trees. 数英里范围内，映入眼帘的只有一排排密密丛丛的冷杉树。
countable
■a place where taxis wait for passengers 计程车候车站
• There were no taxis at the taxi/cab rank. 计程车候车站上没有计程车。
[ræŋk] adjective
EXTREME 极端的
[before noun]
■(especially of something bad) complete or extreme （尤指坏事）完全的，十足的，极端的
• It was rank stupidity to drive so fast on an icy road. 在结冰的路面上把车开得这样快简直是愚蠢透顶。
• The horse that won the race was a rank outsider. 赢得比赛的那匹马原来看上去根本没希望获胜。
[ræŋk] adjective
GROWN 长满的
■describes plants that grow too fast or too thickly, or an area covered by these （植物）疯长的，芜生蔓长的；（地方）长满（杂草）的
• The abandoned garden was rank with weeds. 荒废的花园里杂草丛生。
[ræŋk] adjective
SMELL 气味
■smelling strong and unpleasant 难闻的；恶臭的；腥臭的
• His clothes were rank with sweat. 他的衣服一股汗臭味。
[ræŋk] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
 IMPROVER
■to have a position higher or lower than others, or to be considered to have such a position 具有…的地位（或等级）；把…分等级；确定…的地位（或等级）
• A captain ranks (= has a position) above a lieutenant. 上尉的军阶比中尉高。
• My entry was ranked third in the flower show. 在花展中，我送去参赛的花获得了第三名。
• She ranked the bottles in order of size along the shelf. 她把瓶子按大小顺序摆放在架子上。
• In my opinion, he ranks among the theatre's greatest actors. 我认为他是该剧团最优秀的演员之一。
• She said that 1989 must rank as (= be) the most remarkable year for change in Europe since 1848. 她说从1848年以来，1989年一定可以算得上是欧洲发生变化最大的一年。
queue, rank, line, row
这组词都有“列、队、排”的意思，其区别是：
queue: 指人们为做某事而有顺序排成的队，在等的过程中不断向前移动。
rank: 和file常为军事用语，前者指肩并肩排列整齐的士兵横排，后者指纵队。
line: 指人或物排成的行列。
row: 指单独的一列，也可指平行的数行中的一行，而不论是横或纵。
rank, degree, grade, class
这组词都有“级，等级”的意思，其区别是：
rank: 指人在社会中的地位或等级，尤指军队中的军衔。
degree: 指程度、范围不同，社会地位的高低。也可指形容词或副词的级。
grade: 指按地位或优劣划分的等级，既可指人又可指物。
class: 含义广泛，指人或物按优劣划分的等级，也指学校中的年级或班级。
n. 排；等级； [军] 军衔；队列
 - degree, classification, row, range, grade
adj. 讨厌的；恶臭的；繁茂的
 - evil, unpleasant, poisonous
vt. 排列；把…分等
 - arrange, form
vi. 列为；列队
 - form up

Word: darkness
Front: darkness
[ˈdɑ:knəs] (高 2649/2508)
Back: n. 黑暗; 阴郁; 模糊; 无知
分布：黑暗(100%)
黑暗(dark黑暗的)[-ness表名词"性质,状态,"通常加在形容词后面]
ADJ-GRADED
黑暗的;昏暗的;天黑的
When it is dark, there is not enough light to see properly, for example because it is night.
例：When she awoke it was evening and already dark...她醒来时已是晚上，天已经黑了。
例：It was too dark inside to see much...里面太暗，看不太清。
N-SING
黑暗;昏暗;暗处
The dark is the lack of light in a place.
例：Her mother was sitting in the dark by the stove in her rocking chair...她母亲坐在炉边暗处的摇椅里。
例：I've always been afraid of the dark.我一直很怕黑。
ADJ-GRADED
黑色的;深色的;暗色的
If you describe something as dark, you mean that it is black in colour, or a shade that is close to black.
例：He wore a dark suit and carried a black attaché case...他身穿暗色西服，手提黑色公文包。
例：The heavy dark table is inlaid with lighter wood.笨重的深色桌子上嵌有颜色较浅的木头。
COMB in COLOUR
(颜色)深的，暗的
When you use dark to describe a colour, you are referring to a shade of that colour which is close to black, or seems to have some black in it.
例：She was wearing a dark blue dress.她穿着一件深蓝色的礼服。
ADJ-GRADED
(头发、眼睛或肤色)棕色的，黑色的
If someone has dark hair, eyes, or skin, they have brown or black hair, eyes, or skin.
例：He had dark, curly hair...他有一头卷曲的黑发。
例：Leo went on, his dark eyes wide with pity and concern.利奥接着说下去，他的黑眼睛瞪得大大的，充满怜悯和关切。
ADJ-GRADED
(白人）有着棕色（或黑色）头发（且皮肤略带棕色）的，肤色深的
If you describe a white person as dark, you mean that they have brown or black hair, and often a brownish skin.
例：Carol is a tall, dark, Latin type of woman...卡萝尔身材高大，黑发棕肤，是个有着拉丁风情的女子。
例：The driver was very dark. Maltese, maybe.司机一头乌发、肤色黝黑，可能是个马耳他人。
ADJ-GRADED
(时期）黑暗的，恐怖的，悲惨的
A dark period of time is unpleasant or frightening.
例：Once again there's talk of very dark days ahead...又有传言说以后的日子会非常艰难。
例：This was the darkest period of the war.这是那次战争中最黑暗的时期。
ADJ-GRADED
(地方)神秘的，隐秘的
A dark place or area is mysterious and not fully known about.
例：The spacecraft is set to throw new light on to a dark corner of the solar system.这艘宇宙飞船可能会让人们对太阳系中的一个神秘角落有更新的认识。
例：...the dark recesses of the mind.隐秘的思想深处
ADJ-GRADED
(想法）忧郁的，悲观的
Dark thoughts are sad, and show that you are expecting something unpleasant to happen.
例：Troy's chatter kept me from thinking dark thoughts.特洛伊的喋喋不休让我暂时收起了阴郁思绪。
ADJ-GRADED
(眼神或话语）阴险的，邪恶的，不祥的
Dark looks or remarks make you think that the person giving them wants to harm you or that something horrible is going to happen.
例：Garin shot him a dark glance, as if in warning.加林恶狠狠地瞪了他一眼，似乎是在警告。
例：...dark threats.恶毒的威胁
ADJ-GRADED
（指与严肃或令人不快的事物相关的)黑色的
If you describe something as dark, you mean that it is related to things that are serious or unpleasant, rather than light-hearted.
例：Their dark humor never failed to astound him...他们的黑色幽默总能让他咋舌。
例：Nina took a kind of dark pleasure in being the focus of the tension between her father and her brother.对成了父亲和哥哥紧张关系的焦点，尼娜有点幸灾乐祸。
PHRASE
天黑后
If you do something after dark, you do it when the sun has set and night has begun.
例：They avoid going out alone after dark.他们避免在天黑以后独自外出。
PHRASE
天黑前
If you do something before dark, you do it before the sun sets and night begins.
例：They'll be back well before dark.他们会在天黑前早早返回。
PHRASE
（对…）一无所知，毫不知情
If you are in the dark about something, you do not know anything about it.
例：The investigators admit that they are completely in the dark about the killing...调查人员承认他们对这起谋杀一无所知。
例：I managed to keep my parents in the dark about this...我设法对父母瞒下了此事。
PHRASE
瞎猜;盲干
If you describe something someone says or does as a shot in the dark or a stab in the dark, you mean they are guessing that what they say is correct or that what they do will be successful.
例：Every single one of those inspired guesses had been shots in the dark.所有那些凭直觉的猜测都是无根据的瞎猜。
n. 黑暗；模糊；无知；阴郁
 - night, ignorance

Word: ahead
Front: ahead
[əˈhed] (高 1025/1504 -K4)
Vocabulary: ahead
(once / 81 pages)
advadj
When you're ahead, you're further along or further forward. If you're ahead of all the other runners in a race, you're winning.
The team at the very front of a three-legged race is ahead, and the path that stretches in front of you as you walk through the woods is ahead of you. As well as signifying being physically first or in front, ahead can be used to talk about time: "She had her whole life ahead of her." The word was first used by sailors, to mean "in a forward direction."
WORD FAMILY
ahead
USAGE EXAMPLES
A fully nude man is in line ahead of us for coat check.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Red Raiders flummoxed the Cyclones on their home floor, a rare sight at Hilton Coliseum, and jumped ahead by as many as 14.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I am pretty giddy,” said Mr. Cole as he looked ahead.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 在（某人或某事物的）前面; 向前; 预先; 在将来，为未来
分布：向前(28%)，预先(20%)，提前(20%)，领先(20%)，在前(12%)
在前地(a+head头)[a-①加在单词或词根前面,表示"不,无,非"②加在单词前,表示"在…,...的"]
ad.在前面(头);向(朝)前;提前The bead is put on the forehead of the dead shepherd ahead of the herd.珠子被戴在牧群前面的死牧羊人的前额上.
adverb
IN FRONT 在前面
 ESSENTIAL
■in front 在前面，在前方
• The road ahead is very busy. 前面路上很拥挤。
• Turn left at the traffic lights, and you'll see the hospital straight ahead. 在红绿灯那里左转，正前方就是医院，你一眼就能看见。
• Rick walked on ahead of us. 里克走在我们前面。
• You go on ahead of (= before) me, and I'll meet you there. 你先走，我们在那里会合。
 ESSENTIAL
■having more points than someone else in a competition or competitive situation （在比赛或竞争中）领先，占优势
• Apparently, the latest opinion polls put the Democrats 15% ahead of the Republicans. 据最近的一次民意调查显示，民主党领先了共和党15个百分点。
• Barcelona was ahead after ten minutes. 十分钟后巴塞隆纳队领先。
 ESSENTIAL
■making more progress than someone else 先进；超过，胜过
• Sophie is way (= far) ahead of the other children in her class. 索菲的成绩远远超过班上其他孩子。
[ə'hed] adverb
IN THE FUTURE 将来
 IMPROVER
■in or into the future; before 将来，未来，今后；在前面
• She has a difficult time ahead of her. 以后她会面临一段艰难的日子。
• He couldn't bear to think of the lonely year ahead. 今后一年要一个人孤零零地度过，他一想到这里就受不了。
adv. 领先；向前；预先
 - forth, in advance, previously, to, along
adj. 领先的；向前的
 - forward, antrorse

Word: clothing
Front: clothing
[ˈkləʊðɪŋ] (高研四托雅 2650/3372 -K3)
Vocabulary: clothing
(once / 222 pages)
n
Clothing is what your wear, like sweaters, shirts, pants, dresses, and so on. Your favorite piece of clothing might be your purple polka dotted tights.
Clothing is made of fabric and covers our bodies, keeps them warm or protects them from the sun, insects, sharp rocks and thorns, and other hazards. In some situations, clothing keeps people safe, as when medical workers wear scrubs, gloves, and masks to protect themselves and patients from infection. Often clothing reflects your personal values or religion, like a Muslim woman's hijab that covers her hair. The Old English root is claþ, "cloth or woven material."
WORD FAMILY
clothing: clothings, underclothing+/ clothe: clothed, clothes, clothing, overclothe, unclothe, underclothed, underclothes/ clothes: clothesless/overclothe: overclothed, overclothes, overclothing/unclothe: unclothed, unclothes, unclothing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ms. Kerr and Ms. Power also started the Who What Wear clothing and accessories line sold at Target.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The “whatnots” are dispersed throughout the shop and include silverware, ceramics, clothing, books and trinkets.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
But until his early 30s, Varathan mixed chemicals in a conventional clothing factory in the same region of southern India.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 衣服; 服装; [航]帆装
v. 覆盖(clothe的现在分词); 给…提供衣服
分布：覆盖物(100%)
→cloth,衣物，-ing,集合名词后缀，词源同bedding,cabling,flooring.
衣服(cloth布)[-ing 1.表名词"状态"2.表名词"行业"3.表形容词"正…的","令人…的"]
n.服装,被褥She likes nothing but things of clothing and cloth.除了衣物和布料之类的东西外,她什么也不喜欢.
US ['kloʊ-] formal
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■clothes, especially of a type made to protect the wearer against heat, water or machinery 衣服；（尤指某种用途的）服装
• Protective clothing must be worn. 必须穿上防护服。
• You can only take three articles/items of clothing into the changing room. 你只能带三件衣服进试衣间。
uniform, clothing, clothes, dress, garment, suit, costume, gown, robe, coat
这组词都有“衣服、服装”的意思，其区别是：
uniform: 指某团体或组织统一做的制服，如军服、校服等。
clothing: 常用词，集合名词，是衣服的总称。
clothes: 普通用词，多指包括上衣、内衣或裤子等具体的一件件衣服。
dress: 多指正式场合或为某些特定用途而穿的服装，也指童装或女性穿的连衣裙。
garment: 语气庄重，正式用词，复数形式可与clothes换用，指身上全部穿着。单数形式指单件衣服，尤指长袍、外套等外面的衣服。
suit: 指一套服装，一般有几件配成一套的套装。
costume: 指流行某一地区或某一时代的服装，也指演员的戏装。
gown: 指女人穿的长服，尤指教士、法官、教授等的礼服或妇女的睡衣等，也指长袍。
robe: 指长袍，也指浴衣、晨衣。
coat: 指上衣、外衣、大衣、外套及女式上装。
cloth, clothing, clothes
cloth: 指布,为不可数名词
clothing: 服装的总称,指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of
clothes: 统指各种衣服,谓语动词永远是复数,
n. （总称） [服装] 服装；帆装
 - wear, garment, apparel
v. 覆盖（clothe的ing形式）；给…穿衣
 - covering, dressing

Word: super
Front: super
[ˈsu:pə(r)] (高研四六 2651/4154 -3)
Vocabulary: super
(once / 657 pages)
nadjadv
When something is extraordinary, it’s super, like a movie that couldn't possibly be better or the super grade you got on your test: A+.
The adjective super is an abbreviated use of the prefix super-, which comes from the Latin super-, meaning “above,” “over,” or “beyond.” Super is another way to say "the best" — you are above the rest. Super can also describe something that's really big: the supermarket came along after little neighborhood shops; supermarkets are huge in comparison.
WORD FAMILY
super: superest, supers
USAGE EXAMPLES
OVERREACTION: The Packers are ready to duplicate 2010, win three playoff games and the Super Bowl.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
There’s only been one rematch in Super Bowl history.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Kubiak’s farewell: No one should be particularly surprised by Kubiak’s decision to leave the Broncos, even after last season’s Super Bowl title.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 超级的，极度的，过分的，超等的，极好的; 面积的，平方的
n. 特级品，特大号商品
adv. 非常，过分地
v. 用上浆纱布装（书脊）; 担任跑龙套角色
分布：极好的(72%)，超级的(28%)
→来自拉丁语 super,在上面，上方。引申诸相关词义。
a.极好的,超级的It's a super truck.这是辆特大号的卡车.
US [-pɚ] adjective slightly old-fashioned informal
■excellent; extremely good 出色的，极好的
• The Natural History Museum is a super place for kids. 自然历史博物馆是孩子们的超级好去处。
• "Did you enjoy the film?" "Yes, I thought it was super." “你喜欢这部电影吗？”“喜欢，我觉得它棒极了。”
UK ['su:.pər] US [-pɚ] noun countable UK informal for
■ superintendent
adj. 特级的；极好的
 - wonderful, excellent, famous, great, class
n. 特级品，特大号；临时雇员
 - temporary, speciality product

Word: yield
Front: yield
[ji:ld] (研四六托雅 2652/3333 -3)
Vocabulary: yield
(once / 85 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
Yield has two meanings that seem quite different: "an amount" or "to give way." The yield of the recipe was twelve brownies. To avoid being tripped, Mary was forced to yield to the children on her way to the brownie plate.
While these meanings seem quite different, they both essentially mean "to give." The recipe gives twelve brownies to those who follow it, and Mary is giving up her right to go first. Yield can also mean the rate of return on an investment. A bond yields an interest rate of 2%, or gives an investor $2.00 for every $100 invested.
WORD FAMILY
yield: yielded, yielder, yielding, yields+/ unyielding: unyieldingly, unyieldingness/yielder: yielders/yielding: unyielding, yieldingly, yieldings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two nights after yielding a season-worst 69 points in the first half to James Harden and Houston, the Knicks surrendered 67 to the Magic.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But, as is often the case, this sort of “discovery” science is yielding extraordinary benefits.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
As European stocks climbed, a rally in risk appetite also pushed down the yields on lower-rated government bonds in the euro zone to multi-week lows.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 屈服，投降; 生产; 获利; 不再反对
vi. 放弃，屈服; 生利; 退让，退位
n. 产量，产额; 投资的收益; 屈服，击穿; 产品
时态：yielded, yielding, yields
分布：屈服(58%)，生产(30%)，生产量(4%)，获利(4%)，投资收益(3%)，弯下去(1%)
→来自gheldh,支付，付款，引申词义屈服，词源同guild.其原义为加入行业公会，获取行业保护，引申词义出产，收获。
v.出产,生长;(to)屈服,服从n.产量,收获The land yields well.这块地收成好.
【反】outmaneuver（v 以策略制胜）；prevail（v 流行；成功）
verb
PRODUCE 产生
transitive
■to supply or produce something positive such as a profit, an amount of food or information 产生；出产；得出
• an attempt to yield increased profits 提高利润的努力
• The investigation yielded some unexpected results. 调查得出了一些出乎意料的结果。
• Favourable weather yielded a good crop. 好天气带来了好收成。
[ji:ld] verb
GIVE UP 放弃
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to give up the control of or responsibility for something, often because you have been forced to （常指被迫）放弃，让出
• They were forced to yield (up) their land to the occupying forces. 他们被迫将领土割让给占领军。
• Despite renewed pressure to give up the occupied territory, they will not yield. 尽管有新的压力要求放弃被占领的土地，他们就是不愿屈服。
[ji:ld] verb
BEND/BREAK 弯曲／断裂
intransitive slightly formal
■to bend or break under pressure （受压）弯曲，折断，垮掉
• His legs began to yield under the sheer weight of his body. 他的双腿连自己的体重也承受不住，开始弯曲。
[ji:ld] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  yield to sth
AGREE
■to agree to do something that you do not want to do or should not do 服从，顺从，屈服于
• It's very easy to yield to temptation and spend too much money. 很容易会抵制不住诱惑而挥金如土。
• "We will not yield to pressure," said the president. “我们不会向压力屈服，”总统说道。
STOP US (UK give way)
■to stop in order to allow other vehicles to go past before you drive onto a bigger road 给（其他车辆）让道
[ji:ld] noun countable usually plural
 ADVANCED
■an amount of something positive, such as food or profit, that is produced or supplied 产生；出产；得出
• Crop yields have risen steadily. 农作物产量稳步增长。
• Yields on gas and electricity shares are consistently high. 天然气与电力股票的收益一直很高
submit, yield, surrender
这组词都有“让步，屈服”的意思，其区别是：
submit: 表示“甘心忍受”，作及物动词时，宾语为反身代词，但一般为不及物动词，后接介词to 。
yield: “投降”，与surrender 大致同义，但是指“温和的让步”。
surrender: “投降”，强调“被迫投降，压力很大”，是不及物动词，后接介词to；用作及物动词时，表因战败或被迫“交出”，“放弃”某些事物。
manufacture, yield, contribute, create, produce
manufacture: （强调机器成批）生产
yield: 生出、产生或提供（自然产物、结果或利润等）
contribute: 贡献出
create: 引起，造成（感觉或印象）
produce: 制造，引起，导致，带来
yield, harvest, crop
这组词都有“收成”的意思，其区别是：
yield: 指生产物，农作物的总产量。
harvest: 主要指农作物或水果的收获量，有时也指收割的行为。
crop: 普通用词，侧重指农作物一次收割或一季的收成。
vt. [力] 屈服；出产；放弃
 - desert, quit
vi. [力] 屈服，投降
 - succumb, to surrender
n. [经] 产量；收益
 - crop, output, harvest, proceeds

Word: fence
Front: fence
[fens] (高研四六 2653/3306 -K3)
Vocabulary: fence
(once / 190 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v
A fence is a usually wooden or metal structure that encloses a yard, pasture, or other area. Many people with back yard swimming pools put fences around them to make sure small children don't fall in.
The difference between a fence and a wall is that you can almost always see through a fence, at least to some degree, while a wall is solid. You can use fence as a verb too: "I think I'll fence my yard in, because my chickens keep wandering off." If someone calls you a fence, though, they mean you're selling stolen goods, and if you fence professionally, you participate in the sword fighting sport of fencing.
WORD FAMILY
fence: fenced, fencelike, fencer, fences, fencing +/fenced: unfenced/ fencer: fencers/ fencing: fencings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fifty Moroccan and five Spanish border guards were injured when 1,100 migrants tried to get over the fence on Sunday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In past years, he used to fence competitively and win championships.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
At one point, Harriott was walking alongside the stadium fence when a Booker T. player jogged over and taunted him: “You’re next.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 栅栏，篱笆; 围墙; 防护物; 剑术
vt. 用篱笆围住; 防护; 练习剑术
vi. 练习击剑; 搪塞; 围以栅栏; 跳过栅栏
时态：fenced, fencing, fences
分布：栅栏(64%)，围墙(22%)，击剑(6%)，买卖赃物的人(3%)，用篱笆围住(3%)，回避(1%)，束缚(1%)
→缩写自defence或defense, 挡开。引申义击剑，篱笆等。
n.篱笆;围栏;剑术v.用篱笆瓦围住;击剑The offensive offender defended himself with the fence.那个讨厌的触犯者用篱笆自卫.
noun countable
STRUCTURE 结构
 IMPROVER
■a structure which divides two areas of land, similar to a wall but made of wood or wire and supported with posts 栅栏；篱笆；围栏
[fents] noun countable
CRIMINAL 罪犯 old-fashioned slang
■a person who buys and sells stolen goods 买卖赃物的人
[fents] verb intransitive
■to fight as a sport with a long thin sword 击剑
[fents] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fence sth in
■to build a fence around an area 用栅栏（或篱笆）围住
• She would need to fence in the field if she was to keep a horse there. 如果她打算在那里养一匹马，就必须用栅栏把那块地围起来。
[fents] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] fence sb in informal
■to limit someone's activity in an annoying or discouraging way 限制（某人）的自由，束缚
• I feel a bit fenced in at work because my boss won't let me apply for promotion. 我觉得工作上有点受压制，因为老板不准我申请升职。
[fents] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fence sth off
■to separate an area with a fence in order to stop people or animals from entering it 用栅栏（或篱笆）隔开
• The hill had been fenced off to stop animals grazing on it. 已经用栅栏把那座山隔开，以防止动物吃那里的草。
fence, hedge
这组词都有“篱笆”的意思，其区别是：
fence: 指为阻止人或牲畜等进入田地或院子等而用树木、铁丝网、栅栏等筑成篱笆样的东西。
hedge: 主要指利用灌木丛构成的篱笆。
enclose, fence, encircle, surround, envelop
这组词都有“包围”的意思，其区别是：
enclose: 指把某物四周围住或封闭起来，使之与外界隔绝。
fence: 通常指用栅栏栏开或围起来。
encircle: 侧重在某事物周围围成圈状。
surround: 普通用词，既可指环绕、围绕，也可指军事上的包围。
envelop: 着重指把某个物体完全包起来或整个封起来。
n. 栅栏；围墙；剑术
 - bounding wall, perimeter wall
vt. 防护；用篱笆围住；练习剑术
 - defend, forefend
vi. 击剑；搪塞；围以栅栏；跳过栅栏
 - prevaricate, tergiversate

Word: portrait
Front: portrait
[ˈpɔ:treɪt] (研四六托 2655/3054 -3)
Vocabulary: portrait
(once / 151 pages)
n
A portrait is a portrayal of a person, usually showing the person's face (but not always). A portrait can be a painting, a photograph, an ink drawing, a sculpture — or even a description in words or in a film.
Portrait is a term often used when talking about artwork. Go to an art museum, especially one that has a historic collection, and you'll likely see many portraits hanging on the walls. Formal portraits were commissioned by wealthy people throughout history. A portrait can also be a written description of someone's appearance or character. If you describe your Mom in such detail that everyone can imagine what she's like, you've created a portrait of her.
WORD FAMILY
portrait: portraits, self-portrait
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sun’s portrait still hangs in schools and government offices, and looks serenely down on the frequent fisticuffs in Taiwan’s parliament.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The broadcaster commissioned British photographer Martin Parr to "capture an evolving portrait of modern Britain in all its diversity" for 2017.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The vessel's sails will feature floral portraits of organ donors.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 肖像，肖像画; 模型，标本; 半身雕塑像; 人物描写
分布：肖像(56%)，画像(39%)，描写(5%)
→来自中古法语portrait,肖像，描绘，来自古法语portraire,描绘，描画，-t,过去分词格，词源同portray.
n.肖像,画像On the porter's passport a portion of the portrait isn't proportional.在搬运工的护照上,部分肖像不成比例.
【记】por向前，trait拖拉：用笔拖拉出来的画像－肖像画
【参】portray（v 描绘）
US ['pɔ:r.trɪt] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a painting, photograph, drawing, etc. of a person or, less commonly, of a group of people 肖像，画像；人像照片
• She's commissioned an artist to paint her portrait/paint a portrait of her. 她委托一位画家为她画一幅肖像。
• a portrait gallery 肖像画廊
• a portrait painter 肖像画家
■A film or book which is a portrait of something is a detailed description or representation of it 电影或书中的描写，描述；表现
• Her latest novel paints a very vivid portrait of the aristocracy in the 1920s. 她最新的一部小说生动地描绘了20世纪20年代的贵族生活。
UK ['pɔ:.trət/ UK [-treɪt] US ['pɔ:r.trɪt] adjective
■describes a computer document which is to be printed with the shorter side of the paper at the top and bottom 纵向（描述电脑档列印的一种方式，即纸的短边置于顶部和底部） Compare landscape
picture, sketch, cartoon, illustration, diagram, painting, portrait, drawing
这组词都有“画，图”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 指广义的“图画”，现多用来指相片、画像。
sketch: 通常指只画出物体主要特征的图画。
cartoon: 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。
illustration: 指插入书页之间帮助说明的任何插图或图解。
diagram: 多指科技书籍或文献中具有概括解说作用的图表、图样或略图。
painting: 指着色的画。
portrait: 指肖像，只用于指人。
drawing: 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。
n. 肖像；描写；半身雕塑像
 - description, image, icon

Word: paint
Front: paint
[peɪnt] (中高研四 1555/2040 -K4)
Vocabulary: paint
(once / 44 pages)
1nv 2n
Paint is a liquid, colored substance you can use to decorate or protect a surface. If you want your bedroom walls to be bright purple, you need to buy some purple paint.
Artists use paint to create landscapes, portraits, and other styles of paintings, and house painters use paint to coat and protect the wood siding on houses. When you paint, you make a painting, or cover something with paint: "First I'm going to paint your portrait, and after you paint that wall in your kitchen, we can hang it there." When someone "paints the town red," they don't literally paint anything — they just go on a celebratory spree.
WORD FAMILY
paint: paintable, painted, painter, painting, paints, repaint+/paintable: unpaintable/ painted: unpainted/painter: painterly, painters/ painting: paintings/repaint: repainted, repainting, repaints
USAGE EXAMPLES
His mask - which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator - features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His mask — which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator — features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Maryland entered the game averaging 49.5 points in the paint, 26 more than its opponents.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 颜料，涂料; 绘画作品; 胭脂等化妆品; 色彩，装饰
vt. 涂色于; 绘画; （用语言，文字等）描写; 擦脂粉等
vi. 描绘; 绘画; 化妆
时态：painted, painting, paints
分布：油漆(71%)，颜料(15%)，绘画(12%)，绘画作品(2%)
→来自古法语peintier,涂抹，绘画，来自拉丁语pingere,涂抹，绘画，来自peig,刻，切，词源同picture,pigment,file.词义由刻，雕刻，引申为装饰，涂抹，绘画，绘制。拼写比较point,pungent.
n.油漆,颜料v.油漆;涂,涂漆;画;描绘,描述I hint that the faint saint painted the printer with a pint of paint.我暗示说虚弱的圣徒用了一品脱油漆涂印刷机.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a coloured liquid that is put on a surface such as a wall to decorate it 油漆，涂料
• a UKtin/ UScan of paint 一罐油漆
• This wall needs another coat of paint. 这面墙需要再刷一层漆。
• Caution! Wet paint. 小心，油漆未干！
• gloss/ UKmatt/ USmatte paint 清漆／亚光漆
• There were so many paints (= types of paint) to choose from that I couldn't decide which to buy. 有这么多种油漆可供选择，我很难决定买哪一种。
paints [plural]
■tubes of paint or blocks of dried paint used for making pictures 绘画颜料
• oil paints 油画颜料
[peɪnt] verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to cover a surface with paint 油漆（表面），（在…上）刷油漆
• [+ obj + adj] We've painted the bedroom blue. 我们把卧室漆成了蓝色。
• I've been painting all morning. 我整个早上都在刷油漆。
• I'll need to paint over (= cover with another layer of paint) these dirty marks on the wall. 我要用油漆遮盖一下墙上这些污迹。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make a picture using paints （用颜料）画，绘
• All these pictures were painted by local artists. 这些画全都是当地画家画的。
transitive
■If someone paints their nails or face, they put make-up on that part of their body 涂（指甲）；在（脸上）涂脂粉
• She painted her nails bright red. 她把指甲涂成鲜红色。
colour, dye, paint, stain
这组词都有“着色，染”的意思，其区别是：
colour: 普通用词，含义笼统。可指人工的着色，也可指天然的着色。
dye: 多指使用染料改变物体的颜色，如染织品或头发等。
paint: 指为装饰等目的而把油漆或涂料等物涂于物体表面。
stain: 多指用化学或其它方法使物体着色。
vt. [涂料] 油漆；绘画；装饰；描绘
 - represent, hang, trace, figure
n. [涂料] 油漆；颜料；绘画作品
 - color, pek

Word: survival
Front: survival
[səˈvaɪvl] (高研四六托雅 2656/2584)
Vocabulary: survival
(once / 702 pages)
n
As a wise man once said, “The history of the world, my sweet, is who gets eaten and who gets to eat.” That’s survival in a nutshell. It’s the act of continuing to live, usually when others fail.
As the Bee Gees put it in disco’s heyday — survival means “staying alive.” If you look closely, you’ll spot viv in the middle of survival. That’s part of the Latin verb vivere, meaning “to live.” You might recognize it from words like vivid "lively" and vivacious "full of life." Combine it with sur- (over) and you’ll grasp the essence of survival: to keep existing despite hardship or after others die. Charles Darwin’s term survival of the fittest means that only the best equipped live will reproduce and survive.
WORD FAMILY
survival: survivalist, survivals+/survivalist: survivalists/ survive: survival, survived, survives, surviving, survivor / survivor: survivors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Survival for Venezuelans such as Diaz is becoming a matter of flight.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Francis once wrote that he wanted to fight for “the survival of whites as a people and a civilization.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Wildlife trafficking threatens the sustainability and survival of hundreds of species worldwide.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 幸存，生存; 幸存者; 遗物; 遗风
分布：生存(88%)，幸存(8%)，幸存者(4%)
幸存,生存(sur+viv活＋al→经过事故活着→幸存)[sur-表示"超过,在上面"]
存活下来[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
生存,幸存(sur后+viv活+al→事故后活下来→幸存)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
n.幸存,生存;幸存者,残存物We need food and water for survival.我们为了生存需要食物和水.
US [sɚ-] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when a person, organization, etc. continues to live or exist 继续生存，存活，幸存
• The doctors told my wife I had a 50/50 chance of survival. 医生告诉我妻子，我有50%生存机会。
• His main concern is to ensure his own political survival. 他主要关心的还是保住自己的政治前途。
• England are fighting for survival (= trying not to be defeated) in the match. 这场比赛中，英格兰队为继续存活而战。
countable
■something that has continued to exist from a previous time 遗留物，幸存物，残存物
• Most of these traditions are survivals from earlier times. 这些传统大多都是以前流传下来的。
UK [sə'vaɪ.vəl] US [sɚ-] adjective
■continuing to exist or wanting to continue to exist 继续生存，存活，幸存
• We all have a strong survival instinct. 我们都有强烈的求生本能。
• The survival rate for people who have this form of cancer is now more than 90%. 这种癌症患者的存活率现在已经超过90％。
life, creature, maintenance, survival, existence
life: 生命，生活
creature: 生物，动物，人
maintenance: 保持，保养，维修，一般不指人；
survival: 在困难中的生存、幸存；
existence: 艰难或无聊的生活方式
n. 幸存，残存；幸存者，残存物
 - remanet, leavings

Word: roughly
Front: roughly
[ˈrʌfli] (研四六托 2657/3181 -K)
Back: adv. 粗略地; 大体上; 大致上; 粗暴地
分布：粗略地(29%)，粗暴地(22%)，大约(18%)，粗鲁地(18%)，粗糙地(13%)
→rough,粗糙的，-ly,副词后缀。引申词义粗略，大致。
adverb
NOT EXACTLY 不精确的
 IMPROVER
■approximately 大致地，近似地，粗略地
• There has been an increase of roughly 2.25 million. 大概增长了225万。
• Roughly speaking , it's 2.25 million. 大致来说，有225万。
• We have roughly similar tastes/roughly the same tastes. 我们的口味大致相同。
['rʌf.li] adverb
NOT EVENLY 粗糙地
■without taking a lot of care to make something perfect 粗糙地；不精细地；简单地
• Roughly chop the tomatoes and add to the onions. 把番茄简单切成几大块，加到洋葱里。
['rʌf.li] adverb
VIOLENTLY 粗暴地
■in a violent or angry way 粗暴地
• He pushed the children roughly to one side. 他粗暴地将孩子们推到一边。
• "And what's going on here?" he said roughly. “这里怎么回事？”他粗鲁地问道。
almost, approximately, about, nearly, roughly, around
这组词都有“大约，差不多”的意思，其区别是：
almost: 指在程度上相差很小，差不多。
approximately: 多用于书面语，指精确度接近某个标准以致误差可忽略不计。
about: 常可分almost和nearly换用，但about用于表示时间、数量的“大约”时，实际数量可能多也可能少。
nearly: 与almost含义基本相同，侧重指数量、时间或空间上的接近。
roughly: 指按精略估计，常代替about。
around: 多用于非正式场合，常见于美国英语。
adv. 粗糙地；概略地
 - coarsely, crudely

Word: lawsuit
Front: lawsuit
[ˈlɔ:su:t] (六托 2660/15306 -2)
Back: n. 诉讼; 诉讼案件
分布：诉讼(99%)，控诉(1%)
→law,法律，suit,诉讼。
US ['lɑ:.su:t] (also suit)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a problem taken to a court of law, by an ordinary person or an organization rather than the police, for a legal decision 诉讼
• Two of the directors have brought/ mainly USfiled a lawsuit against their former employer. 其中的两位董事已经对其前雇主提出诉讼。
n. 诉讼（尤指非刑事案件）；诉讼案件
 - litigation, suit, law

Word: bottom
Front: bottom
[ˈbɒtəm] (中高研四 1511/1555 -K4)
Vocabulary: bottom
(once / 81 pages)
1nadjv 2n 3n 4n 5v
The bottom of something is its underside, or lowest point. You might practice swimming by diving to the bottom of a swimming pool to retrieve pennies.
When you're hungry, you'll eat to the bottom of your ice cream bowl, and if you're looking for your car keys, you may need to dig to the very bottom of your tote bag. A thing's underside is also its bottom, so you might check out the bottom of your foot if you think you have a splinter. Informally, your bottom is also your buttocks, or your backside. It comes from the Old English botm, "ground" or "foundation."
WORD FAMILY
bottom: bottomed, bottoming, bottomless, bottomly, bottommost, bottoms+/bottomless: bottomlessly, bottomlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The plot follows the travails of Jack as he rises and falls in the real estate industry, finding rock bottom as a warehouse slumlord.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The Chiefs have been criticized all season for their offensive production, which ranks in the bottom third of the NFL in most major categories.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
In an effort to find the hard drive,  FBI agents scoured the bottom of Seccombe Lake, in the heart of San Bernardino.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 底部; 末端; 臀部; 尽头
adj. 底部的
vt. 装底; 测量深浅; 查明真相
vi. 到达底部; 建立基础
时态：bottomed, bottoming, bottoms
分布：底部(66%)，触底(15%)，底部的(15%)，底端(4%)
→来自PIE *bhud, 底部。同fundamental, 基础的。
n.底(部);基础,根基;海底,湖底,河床The bottle is hidden in the bottom of a ton of cotton the cottage.瓶子被藏在农舍里一吨棉花的底部.
US [ˌbɑː.ţəm]
  Phrasal Verbs  bottom out
■to have reached the lowest point in a continuously changing situation and to be about to improve 到达最低点；不再恶化
• The government claims that the recession is bottoming out. 政府宣称经济衰退即将走出低谷。
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
LOWEST PART 底部
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■the lowest part of something 底，底部；底层
• He stood at the bottom of the stairs and called up to me. 他站在楼梯的最下面抬头叫我。
• Extra information will be found at the bottom of the page. 补充资料见这一页的最底部。
• The ship had sunk to the bottom of the sea/the sea bottom. 船已经沉到了海底。
• UK They live at the bottom of our street (= the other end of the street from us). 他们住在我们这条街的另一端。
• UK The apple tree at the bottom (= end) of the garden is beginning to blossom. 花园尽头的那棵苹果树开始开花了。
• At school, Einstein was (at the) bottom of (= the least successful student in) his class. 上学时，爱因斯坦是班上最后一名。
• The manager of the hotel started at the bottom (= in one of the least important jobs) 30 years ago, as a porter. 饭店的经理是30年前从最底层的搬运工开始做起的。
• The rich usually get richer, while the people at the bottom (= at the lowest position in society) stay there. 通常情况是富人越来越富，社会底层的人却原地不动。
bottoms [plural]
■the lower part of a piece of clothing that consists of two parts （两件一套的衣服）下半身
• I've found my bikini bottoms but not my top. 我找到了我的比基尼泳裤，但找不到上半身。
• Have you seen my pyjama/tracksuit bottoms anywhere? 你看见我的睡裤／田径服裤子了吗？
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
BODY PART 身体部位
 ADVANCED countable
■the part of your body that you sit on 臀部，屁股
• She slipped and fell on her bottom. 她摔了一跤，一屁股坐到了地上。
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
at bottom UK formal
■in a basic way 事实上；本质上
• Jealousy is, at bottom, a lack of self-confidence. 嫉妒本质上是缺乏自信。
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
be at the bottom of sth
■to be the real reason for or the cause of something 是…的根源，是…的本质
• The desire for money is at the bottom of much of the world's violence. 对金钱的欲望是世界上许多暴力的根源。
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
bottoms up! informal humorous
■sometimes said by people in a friendly way just before drinking an alcoholic drink together 干杯！
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
from the bottom of your heart
■very sincerely 从内心深处；真诚地
• When I said I loved you, I meant it from the bottom of my heart. 当我说爱你时，我是发自内心深处的。
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
get to the bottom of sth
■to discover the truth about a situation 对…寻根究底；找到…的真相
• I'm not sure what is causing the problem, but I'm determined to get to the bottom of it. 我现在不能确定导致这个问题的原因是甚么，不过我一定要弄个明白。
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
the bottom drops / falls out of the market
■If the bottom drops out of the market of a product, people stop buying it （产品）卖不出去；滞销
• The bottom has fallen out of the fur coat market. 毛皮大衣已经卖不出去了。
n. 底部；末端；臀部；尽头
 - basis, terminal, base, extreme

Word: testimony
Front: testimony
[ˈtestɪməni] (研六托雅宝 2661/6413 -2)
Vocabulary: testimony
(once / 190 pages)
n
When you give testimony you are telling what you saw or what you know. Your testimony that your hand was not in the cookie jar goes against the testimony of several eyewitnesses.
The Latin root for testimony is testis, meaning “ witness.” “Eye witness testimony” is a phrase you will hear often in legal discussions. An object can also give testimony, without speaking of course: "The statue they built of you outside the bowling alley offers testimony to your greatness."
WORD FAMILY
testimony: testimonial, testimonies+/testifier: testifiers/ testify: testified, testifier, testifies, testifying, testimony / testimonial: testimonials
USAGE EXAMPLES
The judge heard about seven hours of testimony in the hearing, which was closed to the public and the media.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
His broken-down teeth seemed to bear testimony to years of neglect.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Testimony in the case opened and closed with two of the massacre’s survivors.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （法庭上证人的）证词; 证明，证据; 表示，表明; 声明，宣言
分布：证明(51%)，证据(49%)
→test-,见证，证明，-mony,名词后缀，词源同 alimony.
证据;证词(testi+mony表状态或物品)[test=test,tuitness,表示"测试,证据"]
n.证据,证词;表明,说明The wrestler's testimony manifests that he has large estates.角力者的证言表明他有大量房地产.
【记】testi＝testify（v 证明；作证），mony－证言
【参】testimonial（n 证明书）
US [-moʊ.ni] formal
noun countable or uncountable
■(an example of) spoken or written statements that something is true, especially those given in a court of law （尤指法庭上的）证词，证言
• Some doubts have been expressed about his testimony. 有人对他的证词提出了一些质疑。
be (a) testimony to sth
■to be clear proof of something 清楚地证明
• The reports are testimony to the many hours of research completed by this committee. 这些报告充分表明该委员会花了很多时间进行研究。
testimony, evidence, proof, witness
这组词都有“证据、见证”的意思，其区别是：
testimony: 指证据、证词，多系法律用语。
evidence: 普通用词，在法律上指能起证明作用的，如证明、公证书以及所有的实物东西等。在生活中指任何一样可证明某一件事的真实性的东西。
proof: 指足以直接证明某事为某事实的依据，侧重作为充分证据所导致的结果。
witness: 指证据或证人，尤指后者，且有亲眼见到之意。
n. [法] 证词，证言；证据
 - proof, witness

Word: bunch
Front: bunch
[bʌntʃ] (高研四六托雅 2658/4503 -K3)
Vocabulary: bunch
(once / 294 pages)
nv
A group or cluster of something is a bunch. It could be a bunch of people or a bunch of grapes. If you pick a bunch of bananas, you might end up being followed by a bunch of monkeys.
When you use the word bunch, you're generally talking about an approximate number of similar items, like a bunch of flowers or a bunch of cats or a bunch of your friends meeting for dinner. The verb bunch means "gather together," or "form into a bunch," the way you might bunch daisies together in a vase, or your socks might bunch down inside your boots.
WORD FAMILY
bunch: bunched, bunches, bunching, bunchy+/bunchy: bunchiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
When he hit the ground, he heard “a whole bunch of pops.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
They end up with a bunch of names and pick one or two.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The newest of the bunch is the trendy Off Paris Seine, which opened last summer.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 束，串，捆; 一串，一群; 一帮，一伙; [非正式用语]大量
vt. 聚成一串，形成一串; 聚成一组; 使起褶：使（织物）起褶
vi. 形成一串，形成一组; 打褶; 膨胀，凸出
时态：bunched, bunching, bunches
分布：束(36%)，一群(29%)，串(21%)，捆(8%)，隆起(4%)，突出物(1%)，成束成群(1%)
→词源不详。一说来自bun, 块状。一说来自band 变体，band, 绑。
n.(一)簇,束,捆,串I bundled a bunch of branches and anchored it on the punching bench.我捆起一簇树枝,将它栓在冲压工作台上.
noun
GROUP 组
 IMPROVER countable
■a number of things of the same type fastened together or in a close group 串，束，扎
• a bunch of flowers/grapes/bananas/keys 一束花／一串葡萄／一串香蕉／一串锁匙
• mainly US informal The reorganization will give us a whole bunch (= a lot) of problems. 重组将会给我们带来许多问题。
only singular
■a group of people 一帮人
• They're a bunch of hooligans. 他们是一帮流氓。
• Your friends are a nice bunch. 你的一帮朋友都很好。
the best/pick of the bunch
■the best person or thing from a group of similar people or things 出类拔萃的人（或物）；精英；精品
• Send in your poems and we'll publish the pick of the bunch. 把你的诗歌寄过来，我们将择优出版。
[bʌntʃ] noun
HAIRSTYLE 发型
bunches UK
[plural]
■If a girl has her hair in bunches, it is tied together in two parts with one at each side of her head. （扎在头两侧的）小辫
• As a little girl she wore her hair in bunches. 小时候她把头发梳成两个小辫。
[bʌntʃ] noun
a bunch of fives old-fashioned slang
■If you give someone a bunch of fives, you hit them hard with your hand closed. 一拳痛击
[bʌntʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bunch (sth) up/together
■to move close together to form a tight group （使）聚拢；（使）挤成一团；（把…）聚成一堆
• The monkeys bunched together in their cage. 猴子在笼中挤成一团。
• We were all bunched up at the back of the room. 我们都挤在房间的后面。
[bʌntʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bunch (sth) up
■If material bunches up, or if someone bunches it up, it moves into tight folds （把…）团成一团；（使）打褶
• Your shirt's all bunched up at the back. 你的衬衣后面都是褶。
parcel, package, bundle, bunch, packet, pack
这组词都有“捆，包”的意思，其区别是：
parcel: 着重指邮包，也指将东西扎成小包或不太大的包。
package: 指包装整齐严密的包裹或一包、一捆、一盒东西。
bundle: 指多件东西被捆扎在一起。
bunch: 指有规则地把同类东西固定在一起。
packet: 一般指小件行李、邮包、还可指更小一些的包。
pack: 指专为背负而包扎的包裹，也指驮物等。
n. 群；串；突出物
 - cluster, gang, qun
vi. 隆起；打褶；形成一串
 - fix pleats

Word: beat
Front: beat
[bi:t] (中高托雅宝 1036/1207 -K5)
Vocabulary: beat
(once / 43 pages)
1vn 2v 3vadj 4v 5n 6n 7vn
Beat can mean “hit repeatedly,” “stir vigorously,” or “defeat.” A beat can also be a rhythmic pulse, a physical blow, or a funky poet. In terms of number of definitions, it’s hard to beat this little word.
Along with its many definitions, beat is featured in a wide variety of idioms. If someone tells you to "beat it," he wants you to go away. If you "beat around the bush," you're not getting to the point. If you "beat the clock," you finish something just in time. One thing beat is not, however, is a nutritious, red root. That's a beet.
WORD FAMILY
beat: beatable, beaten, beater, beating, beats+/beatable: unbeatable/beaten: beatenest, unbeaten/beater: beaters/beating: beatings/unbeatable: unbeatably
USAGE EXAMPLES
They beat the Tar Heels by 31 last season, which was their most lopsided win in series history.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
S.A.R. wound up beating Frisch, solidifying its status as one of the league’s top teams.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If you want to be No. 1, beat No. 1.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. （心脏等）跳动; 搜索; （风、雨等）吹打; （鼓）咚咚地响
vt. & vi. 接连地击打
vt. 打败; 敲打; 控制; 避免
n. 节拍; （鼓的）一击; 管区
adj. [美国口语]大吃一惊的; [常作 B-]“反传统一代”成员的; 摇滚音乐的; [口语]（体力或情绪上）疲劳不堪的
时态：beat, beaten, beating, beats
分布：打(62%)，跳动(10%)，拍子(9%)，打败(9%)，战胜(5%)，敲打(4%)，精疲力尽的(1%)
→来自PIE *bhau, bhat, 击，打。同bat, batter, butt.
n.敲打;(心脏等)跳动v.打败;(心脏等)跳动With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb.我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动.
【参】beater（n 搅拌器）
verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
DEFEAT 打败
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to defeat or do better than 打败，战胜
• Simon always beats me at tennis. 西蒙在打网球时总是赢我。
• Holland beat Belgium (by)3-1. 荷兰队以3比1战胜比利时队。
• Our team was comfortably/easily/soundly beaten in the first round of the competition. 在第一轮比赛中，我们队被对手轻易地／毫不费力地／彻底打败了。
• The nationalists were narrowly beaten in the local election. 民族主义者在地方选举中以些微差距落败。
• He beat me fair and square (= without cheating). 他光明磊落地击败了我。
• They were beaten hands down (= completely) by their opponents. 他们被对手彻底打败了。
• She has beaten her own record of three minutes ten seconds. 她打破了自己创下的3分10秒纪录。
• US He beat out all the top competitors in his sport. 他击败了该项目中所有的顶尖运动员。
■informalto be more enjoyable than another activity or experience （非正式）指比另一活动或经历更加有乐趣
• [+ -ing verb] Taking the bus sure beats walking. 坐公车当然比走路好。
• slang Taking the bus beats the hell out of (= is much better than) walking all the way there. 坐公车比一路走到那里要好得多。
• You can't beat (= there is nothing more enjoyable than) a cold beer on a hot afternoon. 在炎热的下午，没有甚么比喝上一杯冰镇啤酒更舒爽的了。
transitive
■To beat something that is going to happen is to take action before the thing happens 对…采取预防措施，避免
• Let's try to beat the traffic problems by leaving early in the morning. 我们在早上尽量早点出门，以避开交通挤塞。
• I always do my shopping early to beat the rush. 我总是很早就去购物，以避开交通繁忙的时段。
beat sb to it
■to do something before someone else does it 比（某人）先下手，比（某人）抢先做
• I was just going to tidy up the kitchen, but you've beaten me to it. 我刚准备打扫厨房，你已经抢先做完了。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
HIT 打
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to hit repeatedly （接连地）打，击
• They saw him beating his dog with a stick. 他们看见他用棍子打他的狗。
• The child had been brutally/savagely beaten. 孩子遭到毒打。
• She was beaten to death. 她被活活打死了。
• [+ obj + adj] He was beaten senseless. 他被打昏了。
• Beat the drum. 打起鼓来。
• The rain was beating down incessantly on the tin roof. 雨点不断地打在铁皮屋顶上。
beat a path through sth
■to form a path in an area where long grass or bushes grow closely together, by hitting the plants with your hands or an object, or by stepping on them 在…中开出一条路；在…中开辟道路
• We beat a path through the undergrowth. 我们在矮树丛中开辟出一条路来。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
MIX 混和
■to mix something repeatedly using a utensil such as a spoon or whisk 搅打，不断搅拌（用如调羹或搅拌器等器具）
• To make an omelette you must first beat the eggs. 要做英式煎蛋，必须先把鸡蛋打匀。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
MOVEMENT 移动
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) make a regular movement or sound （使）跳动；使拍打；敲打
• The doctor could feel no pulse beating. 医生感觉不到脉搏的跳动。
• The hummingbird beats its wings at great speed. 蜂鸟高速振动翅膀。
beat time
■to make a regular sound or movement to music 打拍子
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat sb at their own game
■to use to your own advantage the methods by which someone else has tried to defeat you 以其人之道还治其人之身
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat sb hollow UK Australian
■to defeat someone easily and by a large amount 轻易击败某人，取得压倒性胜利
• We played my brother's school at football and beat them hollow. 在足球比赛中我们大败了我兄弟的学校。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat sb's brains out informal
■to hit someone repeatedly with great force 反复重击（某人）
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat your breast/chest
■to show how sad or guilty you feel in an obvious or public way 捶胸顿足
• There's no point in beating your breast about losing the money - you won't get it back. 丢了钱捶胸顿足也于事无补——无法把钱找回来的。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat a path to sb's door
■to be eager to buy or get something from someone 急切地想从（某人）处购买（或得到）
• I tried to sell my old bike by advertising it in the local paper, but I didn't have a lot of people beating a path to my door. 我想在当地报章上登广告，卖掉我的旧脚踏车，可是没有多少人联络我。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat a retreat (also beat your retreat)
■to run away from a dangerous or unpleasant situation 仓皇撤退，匆匆离开
• When we saw the police arriving we beat a hasty retreat. 我们看见员警来了，就急忙溜走。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat around the bush (UK also beat about the bush)
■to avoid talking about what is important （说话）转弯抹角，兜圈子
• Don't beat around the bush - get to the point! 别在兜圈子——直接说出重点吧！
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
Beat it! slang
■Go away! 走开！
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat the rap US
■to escape or avoid blame or punishment 逃脱责任；逃避惩罚
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
If you can't beat 'em, join 'em. saying
■said when you accept that you cannot be as successful as someone else without doing what they do although you do not approve or agree with it 跟着大队走吧。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
it beats me (also what beats me) slang
■said when you do not understand a situation or someone's behaviour 我不理解，我不明白
• It beats me how she got the job. 我不明白她是怎样得到这份工作的。
• What beats me is why she stays with him. 我不理解她为甚么跟他在一起。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
take some beating
■If something will take some beating, it is so good that it is hard to improve on it 难以超越
• Green's new world record will take some beating. 格林新创下的世界纪录将很难打破。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
that beats everything (US also that beats all) slang
■expression showing great surprise （表示非常惊讶）真是从未发生过的怪事
• You mean she just left her job without telling anyone she was going? Well, that beats everything! 你是说她刚刚离职，却没有告诉任何人她要走了？哦，这可真是一件怪事！
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beat sth/sb back
■If you beat back someone or something dangerous, you use force to move them away from you 击退，逐回
• Riot police beat back the crowds of demonstrators. 防暴员警把示威人群逐退了。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  beat down
■If the sun beats down, it shines very strongly and makes the air very hot 曝晒
• The tropical sun beat down on them mercilessly. 热带阳光猛烈地照射在他们身上。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beat sb down informal
■to persuade someone to accept a lower amount of money for something 说服（某人）减价；杀价
• He wanted £50 for the bike, but I managed to beat him down to £35. 这架脚踏车他出价50英镑，但我设法让他减价（至35英镑）。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beat sb off
■to manage to defeat someone who is attacking you 击退，打退，击败（某人）
• She beat off her attacker by hitting him with her handbag. 她挥舞着手提包，把那个袭击者打退了。
■2. figurative The company managed to beat off the competition and secure the contract. beat 1 公司设法打败了竞争者，取得了合同。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  beat off US offensive
■to masturbate 手淫
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beat sth out
MUSIC
■to make sounds that have a particular rhythm by hitting something such as a drum 打拍子；用鼓拍打出节拍；用敲打伴奏
• The drummer beat out a steady rhythm while we marched. 我们随着鼓手打出的稳健节拍大步前进。
FIRE
■to make a fire go out by hitting it repeatedly with an object, such as a large piece of cloth （用毯子等）扑灭（火）
• She beat the flames out with her bare hands. 她赤手空拳，把大火扑灭。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beat sb out mainly US
■to defeat someone or do better than them in a competition, sport or business 战胜，打败（某人）
• They beat out several other rivals for the contract. 他们打败几个对手后，取得了合约。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  beat sth out of sb
■to make someone say things they do not want to by hitting them 拷打（某人）逼供
• The men claimed that the police had beaten the confession out of them. 这些人声称，他们的供词是警方刑讯期间逼供出来的。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beat sb up informal
■to hurt someone badly by hitting or kicking them again and again 殴打，虐待（某人）
• He claims he was beaten up by the police. 他声称遭警方殴打。
[bi:t] adjective [after verb] informal
■extremely tired 疲乏的
• I'm beat - I'm going to bed. 我很累，要去睡觉了。
• UK You've been working too hard, you look dead beat. 你最近工作太辛苦了，看起来非常疲惫。
⇒ See also deadbeat
[bi:t] noun
MOVEMENT 移动
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a regular movement or sound, especially that made by your heart （尤指心脏）连续的跳动（声）
• I put my head on his chest but I could feel no heart beat. 我把头贴近他的胸口，但感觉不到他的心跳。
• My heart missed a beat (= I felt very excited) when she said, "Yes, I'll marry you". 当她说出“是的，我愿意嫁给你”时，我激动得心跳停了一下。
[bi:t] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■in music, a regular emphasis, or a place in the music where such an emphasis is expected （音乐的）节拍，拍子
• The guitar comes in on the third beat. 吉他在第三拍加入。
• Make sure you play on the beat (= on the beats). 表演时一定要跟上节拍。
• He tapped his foot to the beat (= rhythm) of the music. 他的脚随着音乐的节拍，轻轻地打着拍子。
[bi:t] noun
AREA 区域
countable usually singular
■an area for which someone, such as a police officer, has responsibility as part of their job （巡警的）巡逻区域；工作区域
• Bob has worked as an officer on this particular beat for 20 years. 鲍勃当上警官，在这个区域里已经巡逻了20年。
be on/walking the beat
■A police officer who is on/walking the beat is on duty, walking around rather than driving in a police car. （巡警）在步行巡逻
strike, beat, hit, thrash, whip
这组词都有“打”的意思，其区别是：
strike: 普通用词，多指急速或突然一次猛击。
beat: 普通用词，含义广泛，指连续打击。游戏、竞赛或战争中作打败解。
hit: 普通用词，常与strike换用，侧重有目标的猛击，强调用力击中。
thrash: 侧重指用棍子或鞭子等痛打。
whip: 多指用鞭子抽打。
knock, beat, strike, hit
knock: 敲门；
beat: 打鼓;连续打；
strike: 敲锣，钟敲几点，猛的一击；
hit: 击中，打一下
defeat, beat, overcome, conquer, subdue, overthrow
这组词都有“征服，战胜”的意思，其区别是：
defeat: 普通用词，多指在战争、比赛、竞选或辩论中战胜对手，侧重胜利的暂时性。
beat: 口笔语均可用，可与defeat换用。
overcome: 多指战胜或克服非物质的东西，如困难和不良习惯等。语气较弱也可指在斗争或竞争中战胜或压倒对方。
conquer: 侧重战胜和控制。书面用词。
subdue: 正式用词，与conquer同义，但强调失败后的臣服状态；也可用作借喻，表克制、压抑感情、欲望等。
overthrow: 指彻底击败对手，使其丧失力量和地位。
beat, win
beat: 后接sb. beat them
win: 后接sth.,反义词为lose, win the game,
vt. 打；打败
 - strike, tank, best
vi. 打；打败；拍打；有节奏地舒张与收缩
 - strike, hit
n. 拍子；敲击；有规律的一连串敲打
 - tempo
adj. 筋疲力尽的；疲惫不堪的
 - knackered, outspent

Word: wind
Front: wind
[wɪnd] (中高雅 1092/1179 -K4)
Vocabulary: wind
(once / 32 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5vn
When wind rhymes with "grinned," it refers to moving air, as in a breeze, or what fills the sails of a boat. When wind rhymes with "kind," it meals to turn, as in winding one's watch.
There are all kinds of ways to wind: You can wind a ball of yard, wind up to take a swing, or wind your way home. There are all types of wind, too, from a light breeze (top wind speed of 7 mph) to a hurricane-force wind (wind speed greater than 73 mph). A wind instrument is one where the music is made by blowing into or over a mouthpiece.
WORD FAMILY
wind: unwind, winded, winder, winding, windless, winds, windy+/ unwind: unwinded, unwinding, unwinds, unwound/winded: windedest, windedly/winder: winders/ winding: self-winding, windingly, windings/windless: windlessly, windlessness/windy: windier, windiest, windily, windiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The air temperature topped out at 55 degrees, but the wind, rain and sea spray from the vessel’s wake chilled to the bone.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
GE wants to build a similar, “virtual twin” of every category of physical asset it sells, from locomotives to wind farms.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Aviation experts say fuel consumption can be influenced by several factors, including winds aloft and the weight the aircraft is carrying.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 风; 气流; 吞下的气; 管乐器
vt. 蜿蜒; 缠绕; 上发条; 使喘不过气来
adj. 管乐的
时态：wound, winding, winds
分布：风(89%)，上发条(3%)，缠绕(2%)，呼吸(1%)，弯曲(1%)，转动(1%)，气息(1%)，给…上发条(1%)，管乐器(1%)
→来自we,吹，词源同ventilate,wing.wind 蜿蜒
n.风;气息v.转动;缠绕;上发条,;蜿蜒而行At the windy window, the widow finds a blind snake winding.在当风的窗口,寡妇发现有条瞎眼蛇在游动.
noun
CURRENT OF AIR 气流
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a current of air moving approximately horizontally, especially one strong enough to be felt 风；气流
• There isn't enough wind to fly a kite. 风不够大，风筝飞不起来。
• The weather forecast warned of winds of up to 60-miles-an-hour today. 天气预报警告说，今天有时速高达60英里的强风。
• There was a light wind blowing. 微风轻拂。
• Strong/High winds made the crossing very unpleasant. 强风使横度变得非常不舒服。
• The sails flapped in the wind. 风帆在风中啪啪地拍打着。
• literary There wasn't a breath of (= even a slight amount of) wind. 没有一丝风。
• A gust of wind suddenly caught her skirt. 突然一阵风吹动了她的裙子。
• The wind is beginning to pick up (= get stronger). 风开始越刮越猛。
• She ran like the wind (= very fast) to catch up. 她像一阵风似的赶了上去。
[wɪnd] noun
BREATH 呼吸
uncountable mainly UK
■breath or the ability to breathe 呼吸；呼吸能力
• I had to stop halfway up the hill to get my wind (= allow my breathing to return to normal). 我不得不在半山腰停下来喘喘气。
uncountable informal disapproving
■words that do not mean anything and false statements 空谈，废话
• I rarely bother to listen to politicians' speeches - it's all just wind. 几乎从不费神去听政治家的演讲——都是废话。
[wɪnd] noun
BOWELS 肠子
uncountable UK (US gas)
■gas in the bowels or in a baby's stomach, especially that which makes you feel uncomfortable or makes noises 肠气，胃气，肠胃气胀
• I like garlic but it gives me terrible wind. 我爱吃大蒜，但吃了肚子胀气很厉害。
[wɪnd] noun
get wind of sth
■to hear a piece of information that someone else was trying to keep secret 听到…的风声；得知…秘密消息
• I don't want my colleagues to get wind of the fact that I'm leaving. 我不想让我的同事知道我要离开的消息。
[wɪnd] noun
put/get the wind up sb UK
■to make someone feel worried about their situation 使（某人）变得紧张（或害怕）
• Tell them your father's a policeman - that'll put the wind up them! 告诉他们，你爸爸是员警——那会令他们害怕！
[wɪnd] noun
take the wind out of sb's sails
■to make someone feel less confident or less determined to do something, usually by saying or doing something that they are not expecting 使（某人）泄气；使（某人）不坚定
• I was all ready to tell him that the relationship was over when he greeted me with a big bunch of flowers - it rather took the wind out of my sails. 我已经准备好告诉他，我们的关系已经结束了，可他捧着一大束花向我迎来——这令我的心又软了下来。
[wɪnd] verb (winded, winded)
BREATH 呼吸
transitive
■to make it difficult or temporarily impossible for someone to breathe, usually by hitting them in the stomach （通常透过击打腹部而）使气急，使呼吸困难
[wɪnd] verb (winded, winded)
BOWELS 肠子
transitive UK (US burp)
■to rub or very gently hit a baby on the back to allow air to come up from the stomach （用抚拍的方法）使（婴儿）打嗝通气
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
TURN 转
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to turn or cause something to turn 绕；使卷绕
• She wound the handle but nothing happened. 她转动把手，但是没起甚么作用。
• Once she'd got into the car, she wound the window down/up (= caused it to open/close by turning a handle). 她一进到车里，就把车窗玻璃摇了下来／上去。
• UK Does this camera wind on (= does the film in it move forward) automatically? 这部照相机是自动进片的吗？
• That noise you can hear is the tape winding back. 你能听到的那种噪声是倒磁带的声音。
⇒ See also rewind
transitive (also wind up)
■If you wind (up) a clock or watch, you cause it to work by turning a key, handle or other device. 给（钟表）上弦，给…上发条
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If a road, path or river winds, it follows a route which turns repeatedly in different directions （道路或河流等）曲折前进，蜿蜒
• The river winds through the valley. 河流弯弯曲曲地穿过山谷。
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
WRAP AROUND 缠绕
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to wrap something around an object several times or twist it repeatedly around itself 包，裹；使缠绕成团
• She wound a scarf around her neck. 她在脖子上围了一条围巾。
• He wound the string into a ball. 他将绳子缠成一团。
• He wound a small bandage round her finger. 他在她的手指上缠了一小条绷带。
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wind (sth) down
■to end gradually or in stages, or to cause something to do this （使）逐渐结束
• The government intends to wind the scheme down in early spring. 政府有意在早春时节将这个计划逐渐收尾。
• Unfortunately, the party was just winding down as we got there. 不幸的是，我们赶到时聚会已接近尾声了。
■If a business or organization winds down, or if someone winds it down, the amount of work it does is gradually reduced until it closes completely （使）（企业或机构）逐渐关闭，（使）慢慢倒闭
• They're winding down their operations abroad because they're losing money. 因为亏损，他们正在逐步缩减海外业务。
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
  Phrasal Verbs  wind down
■to gradually relax after doing something that has made you tired or worried （劳累或担心之后）放松下来
• When he goes on holiday, it takes him the first couple of days just to wind down. 他去渡假时，开始几天只是放松放松。
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wind sth up
■to close a business or organization 关闭（企业或机构）；使停业
• Lawyers were called in to wind up the company. 律师被请来对这家公司进行停业清理。
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
  Phrasal Verbs  wind up informal
■to find yourself in an unexpected and usually unpleasant situation, especially as a result of what you do （使自己）陷入，卷入，落得
• If he carries on like this he's going to wind up in prison! 如果他这么做下去，最终会进监狱的！
• You don't want to wind up homeless, do you? 你不想最后落得无家可归，对不对？
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wind (sth) up
■to end, or to make an activity end （使）结束
• I think it's about time we wound this meeting up. 我看我们该结束这次会议了。
• We need to wind up now, we've only got five minutes. 我们现在得结束了，只剩五分钟的时间。
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
  Phrasal Verbs  wind sb up UK informal
ANNOY
[M]
■to annoy or upset someone 惹恼（某人）；使（某人）心烦
• It really winds me up when he goes on about teachers having an easy life. 他不停地说教师的日子过得很轻松，真能把我气坏。
• She just knows how to wind me up. 她就知道如何惹恼我。
⇒ See also wound up
DECEIVE
■to tell someone something that is not true in order to make a joke （为开玩笑而）欺骗，哄骗，戏弄
• Are you serious or are you just trying to wind me up? 你是认真的还是只想骗骗我？
wind-up /ˈwaɪnd.ʌp] noun countable usually singular UK informal 2. You can't be serious - is this a wind-up? 你不可能是认真的——你是不是在骗我？
wind, breeze
这组词都有“风”的意思，其区别是：
wind: 普通用词，指空气的流动现象。
breeze: 系微风的总称。
vt. 缠绕；上发条；使弯曲；吹号角；绕住或缠住某人
 - curve, enwind
vi. 缠绕；上发条；吹响号角
 - wrap
n. [气象] 风；呼吸；气味；卷绕
 - breath, smell

Word: found
Front: found
[faʊnd] (高研四六 2664/2608 -K4)
Vocabulary: found
(once / 8 pages)
nadjv
To found something is like laying a "foundation" for a building — note the similarity? But instead of a building, you might found a business or a charity, where you establish the groundwork upon which it can grow.
The verb found goes back to the Latin word fundus, meaning "bottom," which in turn led to fundāre, meaning "to lay the bottom of something." If you were to found a library, they might build a statue of you near the entrance. If you're having trouble finding the library, look for a statue with a familiar face.
WORD FAMILY
found: foundation, founded, foundedly, founder, founding, founds+/ find: finder, finding, finds, found /finder: finders/ finding: findings/ foundation: foundations/founded: unfounded / founder: foundered, foundering, founders/foundering: founderings/ founding: foundings/ unfounded: unfoundedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
D.C. police are investigating an abandoned U-Haul truck that was found Monday in Southeast Washington with “multiple” ATMs inside, a police spokesman said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Knauerhaze says the bodies of Holtrey and her friend were found Monday near the Pavilions shopping center in Newport Beach.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Tigers found the range after the break, improving field goal percentage from 31 percent to 48 percent.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 创办，成立，建立
v. 发现（ find的过去式）; 找到; 到达; 发觉
时态：founded, founding, founds
分布：建立(34%)，创办(31%)，创立(22%)，熔铸(13%)
→来自bhudh, 底部，基础，词源bottom. 进一步可追溯自bhedh, 挖，词源同bed, fossil.found 熔铸
vt.建立;创立;创办;使有根据;铸造;熔制Marriage should be founded on love.婚姻应该建立在爱情的基础上
verb
FIND 找到 past simple and past participle of
■ find
[faʊnd] verb
BEGIN 开始
 IMPROVER transitive
■to bring something into existence 创建；创立；创办
• York was founded by the Romans in the year 71 AD. 约克是西元71年由古罗马人兴建的。
• She left a large sum of money in her will to found a wildlife sanctuary. 她在遗嘱里留下了一大笔钱用来创建野生动物保护区。
• We are planning a dinner to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the company. 我们正筹划一个晚宴，庆祝公司成立50周年。
[faʊnd] verb
BUILD 建立
 ADVANCED transitive usually + adverb or preposition specialized
■to build a support in the ground for a large structure such as a building or road 为（建筑物或公路）打地基
 ADVANCED transitive + adverb or preposition
■to base a belief, claim , idea, etc. on something 把…基于，把…建立在
• Her lawyer accused the prosecution of founding its case on insufficient evidence. 她的律师谴责控方所控证据不足。
• I'd like to see the research that these recommendations are founded on. 我想看看这些建议所依据的研究基础。
• a society founded on egalitarian principles 建立在人人平等原则基础之上的社会
put up, set up, build, found
put up: 临时搭建, put up a tent,
set up: 建成(内部的设施基本齐全), set up a school
build: 一般用语,建成,
found: 国家或组织的建成
erect, establish, set up, construct, build, found
这组词都有“建设，建立，建造”的意思，其区别是：
erect: 侧重指对高而垂直物的建造。使用不如build广泛。
establish: 着重稳固地建成，可具体指国家、政府、学校或商店等的建立，也可指信仰、信用、名誉、法律、制度、规则等的建立。
set up: 作“建立”用时，侧重于“开始”。可指具体或抽象的建立。
construct: 较正式用词，强调根据一定计划进行的规模较大，结构较复杂，要求较高技术的建造。
build: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指一切具体或抽象的建造或建立。
found: 侧重打下基础或创办，具体或抽象事物均可用。
vt. 创立，建立；创办
 - establish, build, construct, institute, father

Word: burden
Front: burden
[ˈbɜ:dn] (高研四六托 2665/2696 -3)
Vocabulary: burden
(once / 129 pages)
1nv 2n
Getting hired as the assistant to a pastry chef seemed like a dream come true. But one week and 100 cupcakes later, it’s become a hard-to-bear burden accompanied by a permanent stomachache.
Burden is one of those words that doubles as a noun and a verb. Defined as something you carry or withstand with much difficulty when used as a noun, and as the act of weighing down, overloading, or oppressing when used as a verb, it’s a word with a negative charge. Now that you know what it means, you’re equipped to make sure you don’t take on unnecessary burdens (getting pressured into always carrying your neighbor’s groceries upstairs), or become one yourself!
WORD FAMILY
burden: burdened, burdening, burdenless, burdens, burdensome, disburden, overburden, unburden+/ burdensome: burdensomely, burdensomeness/disburden: disburdened, disburdening, disburdens/overburden: overburdened, overburdening, overburdens/unburden: unburdened, unburdening, unburdens
USAGE EXAMPLES
But she said allowing such communities to fall below the citywide climate targets simply shifts the burden.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
And while poverty creates burdens for all kinds of schools, when it occurs in densely concentrated neighborhoods, it’s harder to overcome, Funk said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When the burdens of modern life weigh people down, a huge life change is tempting.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 负担，包袱; 责任，义务; 载货量; （诗歌，发言等的）重点
vt. 使烦恼，劳累; 向（车，船等）上装货
时态：burdened, burdening, burdens
分布：负担(77%)，责任(15%)，烦扰(3%)，装载(2%)，使负重(1%)，主题(1%)，装载量(1%)
→来自bear, 承担，承载。
n.担子,重担,负担vt.给予负担或麻烦Banned murders in the suburb bring turbulent disturbance and burden to the urban turbine works.在郊区被禁止的谋杀给都市透平工厂带来汹涌骚乱和重负.
US ['bɝ:-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a heavy load that you carry 负荷，重负
• The little donkey struggled under its heavy burden. 小毛驴驮着重物艰难前行。
■something difficult or unpleasant that you have to deal with or worry about 负担，重担
• the burden of responsibility 责任的重担
• My elderly mother worries that she's a burden to me. 我年迈的母亲担心她成为我的拖累。
• Buying a house often places a large financial burden on young couples. 买房子往往会让年轻夫妇背上沉重的经济负担。
UK ['bɜ:.dən] US ['bɝ:-] noun countable
the burden of proof legal
■the responsibility for proving something 举证责任
UK ['bɜ:.dən] US ['bɝ:-] verb transitive
■to trouble someone with something difficult or unpleasant 负担，重担
• I don't want to burden you with my problems. 我不想拿我的困难烦扰你。
burden, load, cargo
这组词都有“负担，负荷”的意思，其区别是：
burden: 指沉重、令人不快的负担；指精神负担时常有不堪忍受的意味。
load: 普通用词，含义广泛，指人、畜、车、船等负载的东西，指精神负担时，可与burden换用，但无感情色彩。
cargo: 指用轮船、车辆或飞机长距离运载的货物。
n. 负担；责任；船的载货量
 - liability, duty, weight, strain, trust
vt. 使负担；烦扰；装货于
 - eat, bother

Word: react
Front: react
[riˈækt] (高研四六托 2666/2923 -K3)
Vocabulary: react
(once / 182 pages)
v
When you react to something, you respond to it. If someone pokes you in class, you might react by sticking out your tongue at them. The teacher might then react by giving you both detention.
If someone says to you, "act, don't react," they are telling you not to automatically respond to something that someone does. Instead, you should think about it first and then decide what you want to do. In science, the word react is used to describe what happens when two substances combine and cause a chemical change in each other. When you add baking soda to vinegar, the chemicals in each react and create a foamy lava like substance.
WORD FAMILY
react: overreact, reactant, reacted, reacting, reaction, reactive, reacts+/ overreact: overreacted, overreacting, overreaction, overreacts/overreaction: overreactions/ reaction: reactionary, reactionism, reactions/ reactionary: reactionaries, reactionarily/reactionism: reactionist/ reactive: reactively, reactivity, unreactive
USAGE EXAMPLES
China will react as China always does to perceived – or real – slights.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“I don’t like the variety of the way it reacts with some people and how it’s minimal with others,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The goal is to be able to listen without reacting.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 反应，作出反应; 影响; 起反作用
vt. 使发生相互作用; 使起化学反应; 反抗; 再演，重演
时态：reacted, reacting, reacts
分布：反应(99%)，反攻(1%)
→re-,相反，act,行动，表现。引申词义反应，反抗。
反应;反抗(re反＋act→反动;反应)[act=to do,to drive表示"行动,做"]
v.反应,起作用;(against)反对,起反作用In the reaction, the fraction acts as an agent.在反应中,这些碎片起一种媒剂的作用.
verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to act in a particular way as a direct result of something else 反应；作出回应；（对药物等）有不良反应；产生（化学）反应
• She slapped him and called him names, but he didn't react. 她打他并辱骂他，但他不予回应。
• The judge reacted angrily to the suggestion that it hadn't been a fair trial. 有人说审判不公正，法官对此很愤怒。
• Many people react (badly) to (= are made ill by) penicillin. 有些人对青霉素（严重）过敏。
• specialized Potassium reacts (= changes when mixed) with water. 钾和水会发生化学反应。
[ri'ækt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  react against sth
■to intentionally do the opposite of what someone wants you to do because you do not like their rules or ideas 抗拒；反抗；反对
• He reacted against everything he had been taught. 教他甚么他都会唱对台戏。
vi. 反应；影响；反抗；起反作用
 - impact of, impact on, work on

Word: chamber
Front: chamber
[ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)] (研四六托雅 2667/2381 -K3)
Vocabulary: chamber
(once / 112 pages)
1nv 2n
A chamber is an enclosed space, often where a specific event usually takes place — such as a sleeping chamber or a torture chamber.
The history of the word chamber is an interesting one. The Latin word for room was camera. The original word for camera was camera obscura, or "dark chamber," since it was a big black box. Now, the word chamber can refer to any enclosed space — such as the chamber of a gun or the four chambers of your heart.
WORD FAMILY
chamber: antechamber, chambered, chambering+/ antechamber: antechambers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The gas tax effort failed, earning the ire of the state chamber.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The budget hearings will be held in the House chamber at the state Capitol.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But don’t convene a town hall meeting or get your dandruff up in the echo chamber over them.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 室，卧室，会客室; 内庭; [多用于英国]律师的办公室; 议事厅
vt. 限制，幽禁，封闭或限制; 使备有房间
时态：chambered, chambering, chambers
分布：室(84%)，房间(11%)，会议厅(5%)
→来自sker, 转，拱。词源同camera, comrade, curve. 原指拱形的室，现已无限制。
n.房间,室;会议室;议院;(动物体内)腔室The little boy was chambered in a narrow cave.小男孩被关在一个狭窄的洞里.
US [-bɚ] noun
ROOM 房间
countable formal
■a room used for a special or official purpose, or a group of people who form (part of) a parliament （用于特定用途或官方用途的）房间，室，厅；议院
• Meetings of the council are held in the council chamber. 委员会的会议在会议厅举行。
• a torture chamber 刑讯室
• There are two chambers in the British parliament - the House of Commons is the lower chamber, and the House of Lords is the upper chamber. 英国议会有两院——众议院是下议院，贵族院是上议院。
[plural]
■a judge's private office. A judge may have legal discussions with lawyers in private in his or her chambers. （法官的）议事室
in chambers formal UK legal
■If a trial is in chambers, it happens in a court room without the public, newspaper reporters , etc. being there. 进行（无公众和记者参加的）不公开审理的
UK ['tʃeɪm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
BEDROOM 卧室
countable old use
■a room in a house, especially a bedroom 房间；（尤指）卧室
UK ['tʃeɪm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
SPACE 空间
countable specialized
■a closed space in a machine, plant or animal （机器、植物或动物的）腔，膛，室
• The human heart has four chambers. 人的心脏有四个心室。
n. （身体或器官内的）室，膛；房间；会所
 - apartment, room
adj. 室内的；私人的，秘密的
 - indoor, private, secret, underground, inside
vt. 把…关在室内；装填（弹药等）
 - load

Word: furniture
Front: furniture
[ˈfɜ:nɪtʃə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 2669/2428 -K3)
Vocabulary: furniture
(once / 220 pages)
n
The chairs, tables, sofas, and beds in your house are furniture. Your furniture gives you somewhere to sit, store your books, and a comfortable place to sleep at night.
Furniture can be defined as the things in your house that you can move around — you can rearrange the furniture in your living room to make room for a piano, for example. Humans have been building and using some form of furniture for thousands of years. Furniture comes from the Middle French fourniture, "a supply," or "an act of furnishing."
WORD FAMILY
furniture: furnitures
USAGE EXAMPLES
A few hours in, Mills chatted with Lindsey Jacobs, his on-set dresser—the person who wrangled the furniture and the props.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Whether you’re looking for a single statement piece or to redesign your home, 14th Street NW is a haven for furniture seekers.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
“When they got a new vending machine, it felt like new furniture in my house,” Harriet said.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: n. 家具; 设备; 附属品
分布：家具(99%)，必要的附属品(1%)
→来自furnish, 供应，提供。后词义用于家具设施等。
n.家具The animals unanimously vanished from the mammal's room furnished with Spanish furniture.动物一齐从配备有西班牙家具的哺乳动物的房间消失.
US ['fɝ:.nɪ.tʃɚ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■things such as chairs, tables, beds, cupboards, etc. which are put into a house or other building to make it suitable and comfortable for living or working in 家俱
• They have a lot of antique furniture. 他们有很多古董家具。
• The only piece/item of furniture he has in his bedroom is a bed. 他卧室里唯一的家俱就是一张床。
• We've just bought some new garden furniture (= tables, chairs, etc. for use in the garden). 我们刚刚买了些花园里用的新家俱。
UK ['fɜ:.nɪ.tʃər] US ['fɝ:.nɪ.tʃɚ] noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  furnitureFurniture does not have a plural form. Do not say 'furnitures'. Only say furniture.
✗ The furnitures in the canteen are not very comfortable. The furniture in the canteen is not very comfortable.
n. [家具] 家具；设备；储藏物
 - equipment, facility, plant, suite, fixture

Word: cooperation
Front: cooperation
[kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃn] (托雅 2668/5122)
Vocabulary: cooperation
(once / 731 pages)
n
Working together is cooperation. Thanks to the cooperation of the parents, teachers, and students, the end of year school dance rocked the house without rocking the boat.
If you break apart cooperation you see co which means together and operation which is a project or job. When you practice cooperation you are working together on a job or project. Cooperation can sometimes be hard to come by, which is why when someone does a lot of it, it's nice to say thank you.
WORD FAMILY
cooperation: cooperations+/ cooperate: cooperated, cooperates, cooperating, cooperation, cooperative, cooperator/ cooperative: cooperatively, cooperativeness, cooperatives, uncooperative/cooperator: cooperators/uncooperative: uncooperatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Montana Gov. Steve Bullock is opening his second term with an appeal to Republican leaders for bipartisan cooperation in the state’s interests.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Whether they get the necessary cooperation from their federal partners is something that Congress needs to ensure by conducting its own oversight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The tax overhaul and an infrastructure bill may be two opportunities for bipartisan cooperation — the Senate Finance Committee is already moving in that direction.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 合作; 协作; 协助; 配合
分布：合作(93%)，协作(5%)，协同作用(1%)，合作社(1%)
合作(co+operation操作→共同操作→合作)[co-表示"共同",通常放在元音词根前]
合作(cooperate+ion)[Oper=work,表示"工作"]
【记】co共同，operation（n 操作）
US [koʊˌɑ:.pə'reɪ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when you work together with someone or do what they ask you 合作，协作；配合
• This documentary was made with the cooperation of British Rail. 该纪录片系与英国铁路局合作拍摄。
• There's very little cooperation between the two countries. 两国间少有合作。
• The company produces computers in cooperation with a German firm. 该公司与德国一家公司合作生产电脑。
n. [劳经] 合作， [经] 协作；协力
 - collaboration, synergism

Word: string
Front: string
[strɪŋ] (高研四六托雅 2671/2170 -K3)
Back: n. 绳子，带子; 线丝，植物纤维; 串; [计算机科学]字符串
vt. 上弦，调弦; 使排成一行或一系列; 绑，系或用线挂起; 延伸或扩展
时态：strung, stringing, strings
分布：线(28%)，弦(20%)，一串(11%)，字串(10%)，系(8%)，扎(7%)，串起(7%)，连成一串(3%)，使紧张(2%)，使兴奋(2%)，抽去筋(2%)
→来自古英语 streng,线，绳，弦，肌腱，韧带，来自 Proto-Germanic*strangiz,线，绳子，来自
n.弦,线,细绳;(一串),(一行)v.缚,捆The ring on the spring string rings during springtime.弹簧弦上的环在春天鸣响.
noun
ROPE 绳
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(a piece of) strong thin rope which is made by twisting very thin threads together and which is used for fastening and tying things 细绳；线；带
• a parcel tied with string 用细绳捆扎的包裹
• a ball/piece of string 线团／一根细绳
• When you pull the strings, the puppet's arms and legs move. 你扯动细绳，木偶的手脚就会动。
countable
■a set of objects joined together in a row on a single rope or thread 一串
• a string of beads/pearls 一串珠子／珍珠
• A string of onions hung from a beam in the kitchen. 厨房的横梁挂着一串洋葱。
[strɪŋ] noun
SERIES 系列
 ADVANCED countable
■a series of related things or events 一系列；一连串
• What do you think of the recent string of political scandals? 你怎么看最近一连串的政治丑闻？
• He had a string of top-twenty hits during the eighties. 在20世纪80年代，他创作了一系列打入排行榜前20名的热门作品。
[strɪŋ] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable
■a thin wire which is stretched across a musical instrument and is used to produce a range of notes which depend on its thickness, length and tightness （乐器的）弦
• A violin has four strings. 小提琴有四根弦。
• Guitar strings nowadays are made from steel or nylon. 现在的吉他弦是由钢丝或尼龙制成。
• You can pluck the strings on a guitar with your fingers or a plectrum. 你可以用手指或拨子拨动吉他琴弦。
• a twelve-string guitar 十二弦吉他
the strings [plural]
■the group of instruments which have strings which you pull or hit with your fingers or rub with a bow to produce sound, or the players in a musical group who play these instruments 弦乐器；弦乐组
• I prefer his compositions for the strings. 我更喜欢他为弦乐器组谱写的乐曲。
• He played the cello and joined the strings in the school orchestra. 他演奏大提琴，还加入了学校管弦乐团的弦乐组。
[strɪŋ] noun
SPORT 运动
countable
■one of the thin plastic strings which are stretched between the sides of the frame of a racket used in sport （球拍的）弦
[strɪŋ] noun
COMPUTING 电脑操作
countable specialized
■a usually short piece of text consisting of letters, numbers or symbols which is used in computer processes such as searching through large amounts of information 字串
• If you type in the search string 'ing', the computer will find all the words containing 'ing'. 如果你输入搜索字串 ing，电脑会把所有包含ing的单词找出来。
[strɪŋ] noun
have another /more than one string to your bow
■to have another interest or skill which you can use if your main one cannot be used 还有一手；第二个对策；第二种办法
• I enjoy my work, but I'd like to have another string to my bow in case I lose my job. 我喜欢我的工作，但我想做好第二个对策，以防万一失业。
[strɪŋ] noun
strings attached
■If something such as an agreement has strings attached, it involves special demands or limits （协议等的）附加条件，限制条款
• Most of these so-called special offers come with strings attached. 这些所谓的特价品大都带有附加条件。
• The bank's agreed to lend me £1000, no strings attached. 银行已同意无条件贷给我1000英镑。
[strɪŋ] adjective
■consisting of or relating to the strings 由弦乐器组成的；弦乐器的
• the string section 弦乐部
• a string quartet 弦乐四重奏
⇒ See also stringed instrument
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
MUSIC 音乐
■to put strings on a musical instrument （乐器的）弦
• First you need to learn how to string and tune your guitar. 首先你需要学会如何给吉他装弦并调音。
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
SPORT 运动
■to put new strings onto a racket used in sport （球拍的）弦
• You ought to have your racket re-strung before the competition. 比赛之前你应该重装一下球拍的弦。
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
SET 一组
■to put a string through a number of objects 用细绳（或线等）串，把…串在一起
• Would you help me string these beads? 你能帮我把这些珠子串起来吗？
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] string sb along
■to deceive someone for a long time about what you are really intending to do 长期哄骗（某人）；敷衍（某人）
• She's been promising to pay back the money for six months, but I reckon she's just stringing me along. 她六个月来一直答应说要还钱，但我猜她只不过是在敷衍我而已。
• He strung her along for years, saying he'd marry her and divorce his wife. 他哄了她有好几年，说他会和妻子离婚然后娶她。
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
  Phrasal Verbs  string sth out
GROUP
■If a group of similar things or people are strung out, they are in a long line with spaces between each of them 使分开成一列
• Most of Canada's population is strung out along its 5525-mile border with the United States. 加拿大的大部分人口分布在与美国交界的5525英哩长的边境上。
• The geese were strung out along the river bank. 那些鹅沿着河岸排成一列。
ACTIVITY [M]
■to make an activity last longer than necessary 拖延…的时间
• I think the lawyer's just stringing out the case so that he'll earn more money. 我认为那个律师只不过是为了多赚钱而故意拖长案件的受理时间。
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] string sth together
■If you string words or sentences together, you manage to say something that other people can understand 组织（语言 ） ；把…连成句子；把…说清楚
• People tend to be very impressed if you can string together a couple of sentences in Japanese. 如果你能说上几句日语，人们往往就会觉得你很了不起。
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
  Phrasal Verbs  string sb up
[M] informal
■to kill someone by hanging them by the neck from a rope, usually as a punishment for a crime 吊死（某人），绞死（某人）
• He reckons they're too soft on mass murderers and says they ought to be strung up. 他认为他们对杀人狂过于仁慈手软，主张这些杀人狂应该被绞死。
■informal
■to punish someone severely 严厉惩罚（某人）
• He ought to be strung up for what he said about his mother. 他那样说他母亲真该被严惩。
[strɪŋ] verb transitive (strung, strung)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] string sth up
■to tie or fix the ends of a long thin object to two points that are high up, allowing the rest of it to hang freely 系，挂；吊起
• Let's string up a banner in the garden to welcome him home. 让我们在花园里挂上横幅欢迎他回家吧。
rope, wire, thread, string, line, cord
这组词都有“线”的意思，其区别是：
rope: 指用于捆绑大物件的粗壮而坚固的绳子，一般用绵、毛、麻、金属或其它材料制成。
wire: 专指用金属制成的线。
thread: 普通用词，指用棉、毛、丝或纤维等纹成的很细的线，通常用于缝纫、纺织等。
string: 普通用词，指捆绑小件物品的细绳或细带子。
line: 普通用词，含义广泛，指任何一种线，常作引申用。
cord: 指比string粗，比rope细，较牢固，通常用于捆扎较小物品的线或绳。用作引申当约束讲。
n. 线，细绳；一串，一行
 - thread, linea
vt. 扎，缚；使排成一列，串起；伸展，拉直
 - spread, pink

Word: ceremony
Front: ceremony
[ˈserəməni] (高研四六托雅宝 2670/3313 -K3)
Vocabulary: ceremony
(once / 115 pages)
n
A ceremony is a formal event held on special occasions such as weddings and graduations. Even if an occasion isn’t traditionally honored with a ceremony, you can hold one anyway; we know your cat’s third birthday is important.
Ceremony can also refer to proper, formal behavior; someone who insists on behaving properly can be said to “stand on ceremony.” If you insist on standing up and shaking hands every time you’re introduced to someone, you're a person who stands on ceremony. If you prefer to sit back and offer a casual “Hey,” you're a person who acts “without ceremony.”
WORD FAMILY
ceremony: ceremonial, ceremonies, ceremonious +/ ceremonial: ceremonially, ceremonials, unceremonial/ ceremonious: ceremoniously, ceremoniousness, unceremonious/unceremonial: unceremonially/unceremonious: unceremoniously, unceremoniousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The public swearing-in and inauguration ceremony are scheduled for 11 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Below are 10 other songs that Trump might want to consider for his inauguration ceremony.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
That year, her first Oscars season, Ms. Bening playfully deflected personal questions about her budding romance and attended the ceremony with her parents.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 典礼，仪式; 礼仪，礼节; 虚礼，客气
分布：仪式(52%)，典礼(43%)，礼节(5%)
→来自kwer, 做，履行，词源同Sanskrit(梵语), karma(业，因果报应). 俗词源认为来自地名Caere，罗马地名，因最早进行相关的宗教仪式而得名。
n.典礼,仪式;礼节,礼仪The alarm harmed the charming harmony of the ceremony.警报声损害了典礼迷人的和谐.
【参】hegemony（n 霸权，领导权）；ceremonious（adj 讲究仪式的，隆重的）
noun
FORMAL ACTS 仪式
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable (formal ceremonial)
■(a set of) formal acts, often fixed and traditional, performed on important social or religious occasions 典礼；仪式
• a wedding/graduation ceremony 结婚／毕业典礼
['ser.ɪ.mə.ni] noun
FORMAL BEHAVIOUR 礼节
uncountable
■very formal and polite behaviour 礼节；礼仪；客套
• She arrived at the airport without the pomp and ceremony that usually accompanies important politicians. 她抵达了机场，没有通常与重要政界人士相伴的盛况和礼仪。
• I handed her my letter of resignation without ceremony (= in an informal way). 我毫不客气地向她递交了辞职信。
n. 典礼，仪式；礼节，礼仪；客套，虚礼
 - service, protocol, exercise

Word: communicate
Front: communicate
[kəˈmju:nɪkeɪt] (中高研四六托宝 2672/3006 -K3)
Vocabulary: communicate
(once / 72 pages)
v
To communicate is to exchange words, feelings, or information with others. They did communicate through texting and picture sharing, but the hug he gave his mom when he came home from college communicated more love than any instant message.
There are countless ways to communicate! Using an exclamation point in the first sentence is a way to communicate excitement at the many ways to use communicate. A facial expression can communicate joy or anger, and something written can communicate ideas and instructions. Cave men learned to communicate by drawing on cave walls, and people in modern times communicate electronically. Up close or far away, humans and animals — and some would say extraterrestrials, too — are born to communicate.
WORD FAMILY
communicate: communicable, communicated, communicates, communicating, communication, communicative, communicator, communicatory, intercommunicate+/ communicable: communicably, noncommunicable/ communication: communicational, communications / communicative: communicatively, communicativeness, incommunicative, uncommunicative /communicator: communicators/intercommunicate: intercommunicating, intercommunication/intercommunication: intercommunications/ uncommunicative: uncommunicatively, uncommunicativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The scientists, he explained, didn’t do a good job of communicating the nuances of their forecasts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“He was communicating and everything - looked positive before he left the field,” coach Mike McCarthy said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“He was communicating and everything — looked positive before he left the field,” coach Mike McCarthy said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 传达，表达; 显示：清晰地揭示; 表明; 传染：扩散
vi. 通讯; 交际; 相连; 相通
时态：communicated, communicating, communicates
→com-, 强调。-mun, 改变，交换，公共，词源同mutable, common.
交流;通知(commune交流+ic+ate→[大家]交谈→交流)[muni,mun=public,表示"公共的"]
v.传达,传送;交流;通讯,通话The communist communicated communism to this municipal community.那个共产党员把共产主义传入该市立社区.
【记】commun＝common（adj 共有的）－大家共有－交流
verb
SHARE INFORMATION 交流资讯
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to share information with others by speaking, writing, moving your body or using other signals 交流，沟通（资讯）
• We can now communicate instantly with people on the other side of the world. 我们现在可以与生活在地球另一端的人进行即时交流。
• Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with (= using) his hands. 那种语言他一窍不通，只好用手势来沟通。
• Has the news been communicated to the staff yet? 消息传达给员工了吗？
• As an actor he could communicate a whole range of emotions. 作为一名演员，他能表达各种情感。
intransitive
■to talk about your thoughts and feelings, and help other people to understand them 传达，表达，传递，沟通（思想或感情）
• I find I just can't communicate with her. 我发现我和她就是无法沟通。
[kə'mju:.nɪ.keɪt] verb
DISEASE 疾病
transitive specialized
■to pass a disease from one person or animal to another 传染，传播（疾病）
[kə'mju:.nɪ.keɪt] verb
ROOMS 房间
intransitive formal
■If one room communicates with another, it connects with it through a door （房间）互通，相连
• The bedroom communicates with both toilet and hall. 卧室与厕所和门厅都是相通的。
• communicating rooms 相通的房间
vi. 通讯，传达；相通；感染
 - contract, intercommunicate
vt. 传达；感染；显露
 - affect, catch, contract, convey

Word: cheek
Front: cheek
[tʃi:k] (高研四六 2674/2456 -K2)
Vocabulary: cheek
(once / 88 pages)
1n 2n 3vn
Your cheek is the part of your face under your eye and between your ear and nose. Your cheeks might turn bright red in embarrassment when you have to speak in public.
When you cry, your cheeks get wet, and when you greet your grandmother, she might give you a kiss on the cheek or even pinch your cheek. Informally, your cheeks are also your buttocks or bottom — and when you're a little rude or sassy, your attitude itself can be called cheek. It comes from the Old English word ceace, "jaw," which probably stems from ceowan, "chew."
WORD FAMILY
cheek: cheeked, cheeking, cheeks, cheeky +/ cheeky: cheekier, cheekiest, cheekily, cheekiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
A cute kiss on the cheek at the end of the night – but not before exchanging numbers.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
“Israel is a country with a national pride,” said Netanyahu, “and we do not turn the other cheek.”
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
“He was my first kiss on the cheek,” she said.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 脸颊，脸蛋; 无礼而放肆的行为，厚颜; 半边屁股; 两侧相对的物体
vt. 对…无礼地说话
时态：cheeked, cheeking, cheeks
分布：面颊(87%)，脸蛋(13%)
→词源同chew.
n.面颊,脸The Greek checked his cheeks on the weekend.希腊人在周末检查了他的面颊.
noun
FACE 脸颊
 IMPROVER countable
■the soft part of your face which is below your eye and between your mouth and ear 脸颊，面颊，脸蛋
• The tears ran down her cheeks. 泪水顺着她的脸颊滑下。
• rosy cheeks 红润的脸蛋
• He embraced her, kissing her on both cheeks. 他拥抱她，亲吻她的双颊。
[tʃi:k] noun
BEHAVIOUR 行为
[S or U] UK
■behaviour or talk that is rude and shows no respect 厚脸皮，厚颜无耻；放肆
• He told me off for being late when he arrived half an hour after me. What a cheek! 他比我晚到半小时居然还责备我迟到。真是厚颜无耻！
• [+ to infinitive] She's got some cheek to take your car without asking. 她问也不问就开你的车，真有点太放肆了。
• He had the cheek to ask me to pay for her! 他竟厚着脸皮要我替她付帐！
• She's always getting into trouble for giving her teachers cheek (= being rude to them). 她总是因为对老师无礼而惹麻烦。
[tʃi:k] noun
BOTTOM 屁股
countable informal
■either of the two halves of your bottom 半边屁股
[tʃi:k] noun
cheek by jowl
■very close together 紧靠在一起，紧挨着
• The poor lived cheek by jowl in industrial mining towns in Victorian England. 在维多利亚时代的英格兰，穷人密密匝匝地挤住在工业矿镇上。
[tʃi:k] verb transitive UK informal
■to be rude to someone 对…无礼，对…不懂规矩
• He's always getting into trouble for cheeking his teachers. 他总是因为对老师不礼貌而惹麻烦。
n. 面颊，脸颊；臀部
 - bottom, vizard

Word: lost
Front: lost
[lɒst] (2675/3000 -K3)
Vocabulary: lost
(once / 25 pages)
1adjn 2adj
The adjective lost describes anything that can't be found, like your favorite pair of sunglasses that you left on a table at the library and never saw again.
Beloved hand-knit scarves can be lost, and so can wandering pet goats. A person can get lost in the unfamiliar, winding streets of a strange city. You can also describe someone as lost if they're confused or desperately in need of some kind of help. The origins of the word lost come from the Proto-Indo-European leu, "to loosen, untie, or separate". The meaning "to be defeated," like when you've lost a game or lost a battle, came later, around 1530.
WORD FAMILY
lost: loster, lostest, losts+/ lose: loser, loses, losing, lost / loser: losers/losing: losings
USAGE EXAMPLES
During the 30 weeks of the show, the contestants lost an average of over 125 pounds per person.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The Indians held a lead for all but the last minute of regulation, according to Walker, and lost their edge in the overtime period.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Barkley lost seven yards on a third-down run, his worst of the game.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 失去的; 迷路的; 不知所措的
v. 遗失，失去（ lose的过去式和过去分词）; （使）失去（所需要的东西，尤指钱）; （因事故、年老、死亡等）损失; 浪费
分布：丢失的(33%)，迷路的(23%)，失败的(12%)，不知所措的(12%)，错过的(10%)，被杀死的(2%)，忘我的(2%)，不能理解的(2%)，摧毁的(2%)，动词lose的过去式和过去分词形式(2%)
→来自lose的过去分词形式。
US [lɑ:st] adjective
PLACE UNKNOWN 不明地方
 ESSENTIAL
■not knowing where you are and how to get to a place 迷路的，走失的
• I got lost in the London Underground. 我在伦敦地铁里迷路了。
• You look lost - can I help you? 你好像迷路了——我能帮你吗？
 ESSENTIAL
■If something is lost, no one knows where it is 丢失的，失踪的
• Things tend to get lost when you move house. 搬家时东西常常会不知去向。
• Lost: black cat with white paws. 寻物启事：黑猫，白爪。
• Mikey turned up with the lost book. 米基带着丢失的那本书来了。
  Common Learner Errors  lost or loss? Warning: do not confuse the adjective lost with the noun loss :
✗ I am still upset about the lost of my diary. I am still upset about the loss of my diary.
UK [lɒst] US [lɑ:st] adjective
CONFUSED 迷惘的
■not knowing what to do in a new situation 不知所措的，迷惘的
• It was his first day in the office and he seemed a bit lost. 他那天是第一次来办公室上班，看上去有点不知所措。
UK [lɒst] US [lɑ:st] adjective
ATTENTION 注意
■giving so much attention to what you are doing that you are not conscious of anything else that is happening around you 投入的，沉迷的
• Ann was completely lost in her book. 安完全沉浸在她的书里了。
UK [lɒst] US [lɑ:st] adjective
be lost for words
■to be so shocked, surprised, full of admiration etc that you cannot speak （因感到震惊、惊讶、震撼等）说不出话来
• Mary was lost for words when she was awarded the prize. 玛丽被授予该奖项的时候激动得说不出话来。
UK [lɒst] US [lɑ:st] adjective
be lost on sb
■If a joke or remark is lost on someone, they do not understand it. （笑话或评价）对（某人）没有产生效果，未被（某人）理解
UK [lɒst] US [lɑ:st] adjective
be lost without sb/sth
■to be unable to live or work without someone or something 离不开…，离开…将无法生活（或工作 ）
• I'm lost without my computer. 我离了电脑甚么都做不成。
• I'd be lost without you. 没有你我就没法子工作了。
UK [lɒst] US [lɑ:st] adjective
Get lost! informal
■used to tell someone forcefully and quite rudely to go away 滚开！
• Tell him to get lost! 叫他滚开！
UK [lɒst] US [lɑ:st] adjective
lost in the shuffle US Australian
■If something or someone gets lost in the shuffle, they do not get the attention they deserve 未得到应有的重视；被忽视
• Refugee children in the big camps just get lost in the shuffle and are sometimes left without food. 难民营里的儿童没有得到应有的重视，有时甚至连吃的都没有。
adj. 失去的；丧失的；迷惑的
 - deceptive, delusory
v. 遗失（lose的过去分词）；失败
 - cracked

Word: profile
Front: profile
[ˈprəʊfaɪl] (研六托雅宝 2676/2812 -3)
Vocabulary: profile
(once / 482 pages)
1nv 2nv
If a magazine editor asks you to write a profile of an up-and-coming novelist, she's asking you to write a biographical sketch, to give the readers a sense of the novelist as a person.
Profile comes from the Italian profilo, the thin colored border of cloth that outlines a garment. It came to mean any kind of sketch or outline, especially of faces. If someone compliments your profile means you look nice from the side (try outlining from other angles). If you have a criminal profile, your criminal record creates a picture of an active life of crime. A profile is also a drawing of the earth in cross-section, showing layers of crust.
WORD FAMILY
profile: profiled, profiles, profiling
USAGE EXAMPLES
It posted photos of its adventures to its Twitter, Facebook and Instagram profiles, and it appeared to be well received.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
She landed on the Facebook profile for the most vile of her harassers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
China’s eagerness to act, analysts say, also reflected a desire by the government to raise its profile on environmental issues.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 侧面，半面; 外形，轮廓; [航]翼型; 人物简介
vt. 描…的轮廓; 给…画侧面图; 为（某人）写传略; [机]铣出…的轮廓
时态：profiled, profiling, profiles
分布：轮廓(43%)，侧面(23%)，简介(20%)，形象(10%)，评论人物(3%)，描绘 ... 轮廓(1%)
→pro-,向前，-fil,线，线条，词源同file,filament.即画出线条轮廓，引申诸相当词义。
侧面像;轮廓(pro+file纱线→前面的线条)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
外形,轮廊(pro在前面+file→在前面的线条→轮廊)[fil,fili=thread表示"线条"]
外形,轮廓(pro前面+file线条...前面的线条...轮廓)[-ile 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"物体"]
n.侧面(像);轮廓,外形;人物简介Having piled miles of files, the compiler smiled a while at the profile.堆了几英里长的文件之后,编辑对着侧面笑了一会.
【记】pro前，file＝fili线条－前部的线条－外形，轮廓pro前，file文件：文件的前面是一篇文章的轮廓。
US ['proʊ-] noun countable
SHORT DESCRIPTION 简短的描述
 ADVANCED
■a short description of someone's life, work, character, etc. 传略；人物简介
UK ['prəʊ.faɪl] US ['proʊ-] noun countable
ATTENTION 注意
 ADVANCED
■the amount of public attention and notice that something receives 大众的注意
• We need to increase our company's profile in Asia. 我们需要扩大公司在亚洲的影响力。
• There is a growing number of women in high- profile positions (= positions where they are noticed) in the government. 在备受注目的政府职位上，女性的数量在逐渐增长。
UK ['prəʊ.faɪl] US ['proʊ-] noun countable
SIDE VIEW 侧面视角
■a side view of a person's face （面部的）侧面（像）
• Drawing profiles is somehow easier than drawing the full face. 不知为甚么画侧面像要比画整张脸容易。
• a strong profile 轮廓分明的侧影
• The actor is photographed in profile, smoking a cigarette. 这个演员被人从侧面拍了一张抽烟的照片。
UK ['prəʊ.faɪl] US ['proʊ-] noun countable
keep a low profile
■to avoid attracting attention to yourself 不张扬；低调处理
• He's been in a bit of trouble recently so he's trying to keep a low profile. 他最近惹了些麻烦，所以尽量不抛头露面。
n. 侧面；轮廓；外形； [建] [地质] 剖面
 - configuration, side, shell, outline

Word: mechanism
Front: mechanism
[ˈmekənɪzəm] (研六托雅宝 2677/1869 -3)
Vocabulary: mechanism
(once / 597 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Use the word mechanism to describe a process that has been set up to accomplish a particular goal. If you’ve set up a method for dealing with your sister when she annoys you, then you have a mechanism in place for establishing peace with your sister.
The word mechanism came into the English language in the seventeenth century by way of the Latin word mechanismus, which traces back to the Greek word mekhane, meaning “device" or "means.” Mechanism still carries with it the meaning of “device” and can be used to describe a machine, but nowadays you are more likely to hear it used to describe a process for getting something done, such as "a mechanism for generating revenue" or "a crisis-resolution mechanism."
WORD FAMILY
mechanism: mechanisms, mechanist, mechanistic+/ mechanic: mechanics, mechanism / mechanical: mechanically, mechanise, mechanize, nonmechanical, unmechanical/ mechanics: mechanical /mechanisation: mechanisations/mechanise: mechanisation, mechanised/mechanised: unmechanised/mechanist: mechanists/mechanistic: mechanistically, nonmechanistic/mechanization: mechanizations/mechanize: mechanization, mechanized, mechanizes, mechanizing/mechanized: unmechanized
USAGE EXAMPLES
But such mechanisms are designed for limited amounts of information in a slow-moving world.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
“Splitting itself into separate parts is one of the most powerful of the mind’s defense mechanisms,” he writes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
There are mechanisms in place, however, for people to challenge what they believe to be mistakes on their rap sheet.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [生]机制，机能，[乐]机理; （机械）结构，机械装置[作用]，（故事的）结构; [艺]手法，技巧，途径; 机械作用
分布：机制(70%)，机构(14%)，机械装置(7%)，结构(6%)，原理(3%)
→来自mechanic,机械的，-ism,主义，思想。
n.机械装置,机构;机制The mechanical mechanic knows the technique and technology of the echo mechanism.呆板的机修工知道共鸣装置的技术和工艺.
noun countable
MACHINE PART 机器零件
■a part of a machine, or a set of parts that work together 机械零件；机械装置
• These automatic cameras have a special focusing mechanism. 这些自动相机有特殊的对焦装置。
['mek.ə.nɪ.zəm] noun countable
SYSTEM
■a way of doing something which is planned or part of a system 体制，结构方式
• The mechanism for collecting taxes needs revising. 税收制度需要检讨。
['mek.ə.nɪ.zəm] noun countable
BEHAVIOUR 行为
■a part of your behaviour which helps you to deal with a difficult situation （处理棘手情况的）机制
• She's actually rather insecure, and her rudeness is just a defence mechanism. 她其实很缺乏安全感，她的粗鲁不过是出于防卫心理。
machinery, engine, motor, apparatus, mechanism, machine
这组词都有“机器，装置”的意思，其区别是：
machinery: 指机器的总称。
engine: 既可泛指或大或小、简单或复杂的机械、机器，又可指产生动力的发动机或引擎。
motor: 通常指小型或轻型马达、发动机。
apparatus: 指具有特殊用途的装置。
mechanism: 指运行系统，简单的机械装置。
machine: 普通用词，泛指一切机器。
n. 机制；原理，途径；进程；机械装置；技巧
 - theory, element, technique, skill, machinery

Word: disagree
Front: disagree
[ˌdɪsəˈgri:] (高四六 2679/4677 -K2)
Vocabulary: disagree
(once / 557 pages)
v
When two people disagree, they have completely different opinions about something. You might disagree with your sister about whether chocolate or vanilla ice cream is the most delicious.
Use the verb disagree to talk about what happens when you have a conflict or a difference of thought about something with another person. People disagree about politics, food, sports, and movies — there is no subject that won't cause most people to find a way to disagree. The word comes from combining the Old French agreer, "to receive with favor or take pleasure in" with the Latin prefix dis, which here means "do the opposite of."
WORD FAMILY
disagree: disagreed, disagreeing, disagreement, disagrees+/ agree: agreeable, agreed, agreeed, agreeing, agreement, agrees, disagree /agreeability: agreeabilities/ agreeable: agreeability, agreeableness, agreeabler, agreeablest, agreeably, disagreeable/agreeableness: agreeablenesses/ agreement: agreements/disagreeable: disagreeableness, disagreeabler, disagreeablest, disagreeably/disagreeableness: disagreeablenesses/ disagreement: disagreements
USAGE EXAMPLES
NJ.com reports township officials say they “vehemently” disagree with the decision and will decide how to proceed after the township’s attorneys study it.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He repeated that he disagrees with the administration’s move last week to abstain from a vote in the U.N.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Other major figures in mixed martial arts disagree.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 不同意; 不一致; 不适合; 不符
时态：disagreed, disagreeing, disagrees
分布：不同意(76%)，不一致(13%)，有分歧(7%)，不适宜(3%)，不适应(1%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。agree,同意。
不一致,争执(dis不+agree同意)[grat,gree=pleasing,表示"感激,高兴"]
verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to not have the same opinion, idea, etc.; to not agree 不同意，持异议，反对
• I'm afraid I have to disagree with you (on that issue). （关于那个问题）恐怕我不能同意你的看法。
• [+ that] Few people would disagree that something should be done to reduce the level of crime in the area. 很少有人会不同意应采取行动减少该地区的犯罪。
• I profoundly/strongly disagree with (= do not accept) the decision that has been taken. 我强烈反对那个决定。
■If two or more statements, ideas, sets of numbers, etc. disagree, they are not the same. 有不同，有差别，不一致
[ˌdɪs.ə'gri:] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  disagree with sb
■If a type of food disagrees with you, it makes you feel slightly ill or uncomfortable （食物）使（某人）感到不适
• Spicy food disagrees with me. 辛辣食物我吃了不舒服。
differ, disagree, object
这组词都有“不同意，反对”的意思，其区别是：
differ: 可替换disagree，但语气较温和，是disagree的委婉说法。
disagree: 指彼此间意见或看法不同，任何言行上的不合。
object: 语气强烈，侧重对某一具体计划、行为或作法等表示反对。常跟前置词to连用。
vi. 不同意；不一致；争执；不适宜
 - conflict, to disapprove of

Word: like
Front: like
[laɪk] (中高 74/88 -K5)
Vocabulary: like
(once / 4 pages)
1adjn 2vn
If you like your new shoes, you are glad you bought them. If you are like your mother, you are similar to her in more ways than you probably want to admit.
The meaning of like has to do with being similar: maybe you sound just like your sister when you answer the phone. Or, in giving an example, like is the go-to word to introduce it: "We enjoy sports like hockey." Like also can mean "enjoy" or "favor." We can see this in the word's origin, the Old English lician, meaning “be pleasing.” The speech pattern of saying "like" incessantly doesn't, like, mean anything.
WORD FAMILY
like: dislike, likable, likeable, liked, likely, likeness, likes, likest, liking, unlike+/ dislike: dislikable, disliked, dislikes, disliking/ likable: likably/likeable: likeably/ likelihood: likelihoods, unlikelihood/ likely: likelihood, likeliness, likelys, unlikely/ likeness: likenesses/liking: likings/unlike: unlikable, unlikeable, unlikeness/unlikelihood: unlikelihoods/unlikeliness: unlikelinesses/unlikely: unlikeliness/unlikeness: unlikenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Being without all our scholarships, being undermanned for so many years, then to finish like this, it’s very special.’
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Like driverless cars, the delivery robots use cameras, GPS devices and radar to navigate the urban environment.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 喜欢; （与 would 或 should 连用表示客气）想; 想要; 喜欢做
prep. （表示属性）像; （表示方式）如同; （询问意见）…怎么样; （表示列举）比如
adj. 相似的; 相同的
n. 相类似的人[事物]; 喜好; 爱好; （尤指被视为没有某人或某物那么好的）种类，类型
conj. 像…一样; 如同; 好像; 仿佛
adv. （非正式口语，代替 as）和…一样; 如; （非正式口语，思考说下句话、解释或举例时用）大概; 可能
时态：liked, liking, likes
分布：像(45%)，喜欢(28%)，想(18%)，愿意(4%)，如同(2%)，相似的(2%)，同样的(1%)
→缩写自古英语gelic,同样，相似，ge-,一起，-lic,身体，形体，并衍生后缀-ly.引申词义同类，相似，喜欢。
v.喜欢prep.象;比如a.相象的n.象...一样He is more like his mother than his father.他更象他的母亲而不象他的父亲.
verb
ENJOY 喜欢
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to enjoy or approve of something or someone 喜欢，喜爱
• I like your new haircut. 我喜欢你的新发型。
• Do you like fish? 你爱吃鱼吗？
• I like it when a book is so good that you can't put it down. 我喜欢那种碰上好书时手不释卷的感觉。
• I quite like wine but I could live without it. 我很喜欢喝酒，但没有酒我还是可以忍受的。
• He's very well- liked (= popular) at work. 他在单位里人缘相当好。
• [+ -ing verb] I don't like upsetting people. 我不喜欢搞得别人心烦意乱。
• [+ to infinitive] He likes to spend his evenings in front of the television. 他喜欢晚上看电视消磨时间。
• [+ past participle] He likes his steak well-done. 他喜欢吃熟透的牛排。
transitive
■to be annoyed by something 对…反感，讨厌
• I like the way he just assumes we'll listen to him when he doesn't take in a word anyone else says! 他谁的话都听不进去，却以为我们大家都会听他的，对此我非常反感。
[laɪk] verb
WANT 想要
would like
 ESSENTIAL
■or formalshould like ... used to say that you want or wish something 想，想要，希望
• I think I'd like the soup for my starter. 我想我还是先喝汤吧。
• I'd like to go to Moscow. 我想去莫斯科。
• I would like to say a big thankyou to everyone who's helped to make our wedding such a special occasion! 我想对参与筹备我们婚礼的每一个人表示由衷的感谢，正是你们让这个婚礼如此与众不同！
 ESSENTIAL [+ to infinitive]
■used in requests （用于请求）想要，希望得到
• I'd like one of the round loaves, please. 请给我拿一个圆面包。
• [+ to infinitive] I'd like to book a seat for tonight's performance. 我想预订一个今晚演出的座位。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I'd like you to send this for me first class, please. 请按一类邮件把这个寄出。
• [+ past participle] I would like the whole lot finish ed by the weekend. 我希望这些工作能在周末前做完。
  Common Learner Errors  would like When would like is followed by a verb, that verb cannot be in the infinitive without 'to'. Do not say 'would like do something', say would like to do something.
✗ I would like recommend a restaurant for our meeting. I would like to recommend a restaurant for our meeting.
[laɪk] verb
How do you like ... ? ADVANCED
■used when asking someone how they like their drinks made 你想喝甚么样的…？
• "How do you like your tea?" "Milk and one sugar, please." “你的茶要加甚么吗？”“请加些牛奶和一粒糖。”
■used when asking someone for an opinion 你觉得…怎么样？
• How do you like my new shoes? 你觉得我的新鞋怎么样？
[laɪk] verb
How would you like ... ? informal
■said to suggest that someone would not like to be in a situation experienced by someone else 你会愿意…吗？
• I'm not surprised he shouted at you! How would you like to be pushed into a wall? 他向你嚷我一点都不奇怪！你愿意被人推到墙上吗？
[laɪk] verb
I'd like to see ... informal
■said to mean that you do not believe someone can do something （表示不相信）我倒想看看…
• He said women have an easier life than men, did he? - I'd like to see him bring up children and go to work at the same time. “他说女人比男人活得更轻松，是不是？－－我倒想看看他怎样一边抚养孩子一边工作。”
[laɪk] verb
if you like
■used for asking if someone agrees with a suggestion 如果你愿意
• We can leave now if you like. 如果你愿意，我们可以现在就走。
• I'm not sure if I have the confidence, the nerve if you like (= if this phrase is suitable) , to apply for the job. 我不知道自己是否有信心，或者说是否有胆量去申请这个职位。
[laɪk] verb
like it or lump it informal
■If you tell someone to like it or lump it, you mean they must accept a situation they do not like, because they cannot change it 必须接受某个现状，因为情况没法改变
• Like it or lump it, romantic fiction is read regularly by thousands. 还是接受现实吧，数以千计的人都有读言情小说的习惯。
[laɪk] verb
we like cheap/tall/young, etc. humorous
■used to say that you like or approve of something 我们就喜欢便宜／高个／年轻等的
• Cheap is good - we like cheap. 便宜好——我们就喜欢便宜的。
• "He's blond and he's very tall." "We like tall." “他一头金发，个子很高。”“我们喜欢高个子。”
[laɪk] verb
Would you like ... ? ESSENTIAL
■used when offering something or inviting someone 你想（做）…吗？你是否愿意…？
• Would you like a drink? 你想喝点甚么吗？
• Would you like to join us for dinner tonight? 你愿意今晚和我们一起共进晚餐吗？
• Would you like me to take you in the car? 我开车送你好吗？
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
SIMILAR TO 像
 ESSENTIAL
■similar to; in the same way or manner as 像；与…相似，与…近似
• He looks like his brother. 他长得像他哥哥。
• She's very much like her mother (= She is similar in appearance or character). 她和她母亲非常像。
• Is Japanese food like Chinese? 日本料理和中菜相似吗？
• I've got a sweater just like that. 我有一件和那件一模一样的毛衣。
• Her hair was so soft it was like silk. 她的头发如丝绸般柔顺。
• You're acting like a complete idiot! 你的举动像个十足的白痴！
• She sings like an angel! 她的歌声如天使一般！
• Like I said (= As I have already said) , I don't wear perfume. 我说过了，我不用香水。
• Like most people (= As most people would) , I'd prefer to have enough money not to work 和大多数人一样，我喜欢能有足够的钱而不必去工作。
• It feels/seems like (= It seems to me) ages since we last spoke. 我们好像很久没有说过话了。
• There's nothing like a good cup of coffee (= it's better than anything) ! 任何东西都比不了一杯好咖啡！
  Common Learner Errors  likeWarning: choose the correct pronoun! Don't say 'how is sb/sth like?' or 'how sb/sth is like', say what is sb/sth like? or what sb/sth is like :
✗ How is life like in England? What is life like in England? I want to find out what life is like in England.
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
AS IF 好像
 IMPROVER
■in a way that suggests 好像，仿佛，似乎
• It looks like I'm going to be in the office until late tonight. 看起来我得到深夜才能离开办公室了。
• It looks like rain (= I think it is going to rain). 我看天要下雨了。
• It sounds to me like you ought to change jobs. 听起来你似乎应该换个工作。
• You look like you've just got out of bed! 你看起来好像刚刚起床！
• not standard She acts like she's stupid! 她似乎总干傻事！
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
like two peas in a pod
■very similar, especially in appearance （尤指外观）非常相像
• The twins are like two peas in a pod. 那对双胞胎长得极像。
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
What are you like? (also What is she/he like?) UK informal
■used when someone has said or done something silly （用于表示某人的言行很愚蠢）…怎么这个样子？
• "Of course Emma's only worry was whether her lipstick had smudged." "Emma! What is she like?" “当然了，爱玛关心的只是她的口红是否弄花了。”“爱玛，她怎么这个样子？”
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
What is sb/sth like?
■something you say to ask someone to describe someone or something …怎么样？
• You've met Ben's new girlfriend, haven't you? What's she like? 你见过本的新女友了，对吧？她长得甚么样？
• I've never been to Bruges - what's it like? 我从未去过布鲁日——那里怎么样？
• So what's it like, then, not having to work? 不用去工作了，感觉怎么样？
[laɪk] preposition
TYPICAL OF 典型的
 ESSENTIAL
■typical or characteristic of 为…所特有的，符合…特点的
• That's just like Maisie to turn up half an hour late to her own party! 梅茜就是这样的人：为她办派对时她都要拖后半小时才露面！
• It's not like you to be so quiet - are you all right, my love? 你平时没这么安静呀——亲爱的，你没事吧？
[laɪk] preposition
SUCH AS 例如
 ESSENTIAL
■such as 例如，诸如
• She looks best in bright, vibrant colours, like red and pink. 她穿鲜亮颜色的衣服最漂亮，如红色和粉色。
[laɪk] adverb informal
FEELINGS/SPEECH 感觉／言语
■used before you describe how you were feeling or what you said when something happened to you （用于引出自己对已发生事件的）感觉或想法
• Then I saw how late it was and I'm like, so upset. 然后我才明白已经很晚了，因此感觉特别沮丧。
• He started shouting at me and I'm like, "What's your problem? I'm on your side!" 他开始朝我大喊大叫起来，于是我就问他：“你怎么回事？我是站在你这边的！”
[laɪk] adverb informal
PAUSE 停顿
■used in conversation as a pause or to emphasize an adjective （用于对话中表示停顿或强调）形容词
• He's, like, really friendly - someone you can talk to. 他呀，真的非常友善——就是那种可以倾心交谈的人。
• If there's nothing you can do to change the situation, it's like - why bother? 如果你无法改变这种局面，那么干吗去费这个神呢？
[laɪk] noun
the like of sb/sth ; sb's/sth's like
■a person, thing or group similar in character or quality to the one mentioned …之类
• He was a very great actor - we won't see his like again. 他是个非常了不起的演员——没有人能达到他那样的水准。
• He described a superlative meal, the like of which he'd never eaten. 他说那顿饭特别美味——他从未吃过如此好吃的饭。
and such like (also and the like) informal like 1 * and similar things
等等，之类
• There's a big sports hall for tennis and badminton and such like. 那里有一个可供网球、羽毛球等比赛用的大型体育馆。
likes [plural]
■the things that someone enjoys 喜好，爱好，最爱
• The pop-star lists his likes as 'my new Porsche, my girlfriend and staying up all night'. 流行歌星说他的最爱是“我的保时捷新车、女友和彻夜狂欢”。
• They can't expect me to accommodate all their silly little likes and dislikes. 他们别指望我能容忍他们所有那些愚蠢可笑、无足轻重的个人好恶。
not for the likes of sb (also like) informal
■not for the type of people mentioned 不是为某某之类的人准备的
• First-class travel is for posh people - it's not for the likes of us. 头等舱是供上层人士使用的——不是给我们这样的人准备的。
[laɪk] adjective
be like to do sth old use
■to be likely to do something 可能会做，可能会干
[laɪk] adjective
be of like mind formal
■When people are of like mind, they agree. 意见一致，看法相同
love, fancy, enjoy, prefer, like, adore
这组词都有“喜欢、喜爱”的意思，其区别是：
love: 不但表示强烈的喜欢，而且含依恋之情，因此多用于能激起深厚情感的人或物。
fancy: 指喜爱投合自己心意、嗜好或欲望等的人或物。
enjoy: 指对能提供感观或智力上满足或快乐的东西表示欣赏或喜爱。
prefer: 指有选择性或偏向性的喜欢。
like: 最常用词，往往只表不太强烈的兴趣或关注，不带强烈的感情，除非另加修饰语。
adore: 非正式用词，口语体。指非常喜爱，带强烈的感情色彩。
as, like
这两个词均有“像”之意。
as: 从属连词，引出方式从句。
like: 是前置词，后面跟的是宾语。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。
vt. 喜欢；想；愿意
 - love, think
vi. 喜欢；希望
 - prefer, affect
prep. 像；如同
 - as per
adj. 同样的；相似的
 - similar, alike
n. 爱好；同样的人或物
 - interest, bent, fond of
adv. 可能
 - perhaps, maybe, supposedly, on the cards, forse

Word: penalty
Front: penalty
[ˈpenəlti] (研六托雅宝 2680/2298 -3)
Vocabulary: penalty
(once / 229 pages)
n
A penalty is a punishment or consequence for doing something wrong, such as having to pay a fee for not bringing your library book back when it was due.
In hockey, players who break the rules have to sit in "the penalty box." Just like the penalty box punishes hockey players, all penalties are punishments for doing something wrong. Going to prison is the penalty for serious crimes. Detention is the penalty for misbehaving in school. Often, penalty applies to payments people have to make for breaking a financial contract of some kind.
WORD FAMILY
penalty: penalise, penalize, penalties+/penalise: penalisation, penalised, penalises, penalising/ penalize: penalization, penalized, penalizes, penalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The start of the penalty phase, originally set for Tuesday, was pushed back a day.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For instance, that bill eliminated the tax penalties, tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies central to the ACA’s individual mandate to purchase health insurance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Any suspect who steps forward would face a misdemeanor trespassing charge —  a penalty equivalent to “a slap on the hand,” Ramirez said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 惩罚; 刑罚; 害处; 足球点球
分布：惩罚(47%)，处罚(34%)，罚球(17%)，不利(2%)
→来自penal,处罚的，处罚的。后用于指体育运动罚球，罚点球等。
惩罚(penal+ty)[pen,pun=penalty,表示"处罚"]
n.处罚,刑罚,惩罚,罚金He repents having compensated the dispensable pension for fear of penalty.他后悔因害怕处罚而补偿了不必要的养老金.
【记】penal（adj 刑事的）；penance（n 忏悔；自罚；v 使…以苦行赎罪）
US [-tˌi] noun countable
PUNISHMENT 惩罚
 IMPROVER
■a punishment, or the usual punishment, for doing something that is against a law 刑罚，惩罚，处罚
• The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. 该法律允许判处长达三年的监禁。
• They asked for the maximum penalty for hoax calls to be increased to one year. 他们要求把对恶作剧电话的最高惩罚增至一年监禁。
• The protesters were told to clear the area around the building, on penalty of (= the punishment would be) arrest if they did not. 抗议人士被告知离开大楼周围的地区，否则将被捕。
 IMPROVER
■a type of punishment, often involving paying money, that is given to you if you break an agreement or do not follow rules 罚金，罚款
• Currently, ticket holders pay a penalty equal to 25% of the ticket price when they change their flight plans. 目前，持票人若改变航班，须支付相当于票价25%的罚金。
• There was a penalty clause which said you had to pay half the cost if you cancelled your booking. 有一则惩罚条款规定，若取消预订则必须支付一半费用。
 IMPROVER
■an advantage given in some sports to a team or player when the opposing team or player breaks a rule （体育运动中对犯规者的）判罚，处罚
• The referee awarded (= gave) a penalty kick. 裁判给了一个罚球机会。
• Hysen handled the ball and conceded the penalty that gave Manchester United the lead. 海森控球犯规，给了曼联队一次罚球机会，使他们取得了领先。
UK ['pen.əl.ti] US [-tˌi] noun countable
DISADVANTAGE 不利
■a disadvantage brought about as a result of a situation or action （某情况或行动带来的）不利，劣势
• Loss of privacy is one of the penalties of success. 失去个人隐私乃是功成名就的代价之一。
• She has paid a heavy penalty for speaking the truth. 她因说实话而付出了沉重的代价。
punishment, penalty
这组词都有“惩罚、处罚”的意思，其区别是：
punishment: 泛指各种惩罚，诸如法律、父母、老师以及神的惩罚等。
penalty: 一般指法律上的惩罚或体育运动比赛中的处罚。
n. [经] 罚款，罚金； [法] 处罚
 - fine, amercement

Word: match
Front: match
[mætʃ] (中高托雅 1972/1097 -K5)
Vocabulary: match
(once / 81 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v 4n
A match is a competition or game, like a soccer match. Another type of match places people together instead of opposing one another. Perhaps you'll find your perfect match on an online dating web site.
You might cheer at a boxing match or challenge your friend to a tennis match. Another kind of match is a pair of things that go together or are equal: "His zombie costume was a perfect match with his best friend's." There's also the match you strike to start a fire: "She lit the candle with a match." This match has a Greek root meaning "lamp wick," while other matches come from the Proto-Germanic gamakon, "fitting together."
WORD FAMILY
match: matched, matcher, matches, matching, matchless, mismatch, rematch, unmatchable+/matched: unmatched/matcher: matchers/matchless: matchlessly/ mismatch: mismatched, mismatches, mismatching/rematch: rematches/unmatchable: unmatchably
USAGE EXAMPLES
This timely novel captures every character in the worst light, and the grudge matches among Brooklyn’s liberal parentocracy are nastier than any playground brawl.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly half of those genes were strong matches on both of the systems the lab uses to sequence patients’ DNA.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Only two main draw matches were completed on the rain-interrupted first day.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 比赛; 对手; 相配的人（或物）; 火柴
vt. 相同; 适应; 使较量; 使等同于
vt. & vi. 使相配，使相称
时态：matched, matching, matches
分布：比赛(68%)，火柴(12%)，相配(12%)，对手(6%)，较量(1%)，般配的人(1%)
→来自中古英语macche,灯芯或烛芯，来自希腊语myxa,鼻涕，灯芯，来自meug,黏的，滑的，词源同mucus,mucous.比喻用法，把悬荡的灯芯比喻成小孩的鼻涕。后引申词义用于点火的浸油小木条，最后指火柴。拼写比较bake,batch.match 匹配，配对，比赛
n.火柴;比赛,竞赛;对手,配偶v.匹配,相称I scratched a match and saw my watch catching a patch.我划了一根火柴发现我的手表钩着了一块补丁.
noun
COMPETITION 比赛
 ESSENTIAL countable mainly UK (US usually game)
■a sports competition or event in which two people or teams compete against each other 比赛，竞赛
• a football/cricket/tennis match 足球／板球／网球比赛
• We won/lost the match. 我们赢／输掉了比赛。
• Liverpool have a match with (= against) Blackburn next week. 利物浦队下周将与布莱克本队对赛。
the man/woman of the match mainly UK
■the person who has scored the most points or played the best in a match 比赛中得分最多的人；比赛中表现最出色的人
[mætʃ] noun
STICK 棍
 ADVANCED countable
■a short thin stick made of wood or cardboard and covered with a special chemical at one end which burns when rubbed firmly against a rough surface （一根）火柴
• a box of matches 一盒火柴
• You should always strike a match away from you. 擦火柴时应该离身体远一些。
put a match to sth UK
■to make something burn 点燃
[mætʃ] noun
EQUAL 同等
only singular
■a person or thing which is equal to another person or thing in strength, speed or quality 旗鼓相当的人（或物）；敌手
be no match for sth/sb
■to be less powerful or effective than someone or something else 远比不上；根本敌不过
• Gibson ran well but was no match for the young Italian. 吉布森跑得不错，但远远比不上那个年轻的义大利人。
[mætʃ] noun
SUITABLE 合适的
 ADVANCED only singular
■something which is similar to or combines well with something else 相似物；相配的物品
• The curtains look great - they're a perfect match for the sofa. 窗帘看起来棒极了——正好和沙发相配。
only singular old-fashioned
■If two people who are having a relationship are a good match, they are very suitable for each other 般配的一对；相配的两个人
• Theirs is a match made in heaven (= a very good relationship). 他们是天造地设的一对。
[mætʃ] verb
EQUAL 同等
transitive
■to be as good as someone or something else 比得上；敌得过
• It would be difficult to match the service this airline gives its customers. 很难赶得上这家航空公司的乘客服务水准。
[mætʃ] verb
LOOK SIMILAR 相似
intransitive or transitive
■If two colours, designs or objects match, they are similar or look attractive together （和…）相似；（和…）相配
• Do you think these two colours match? 你认为这两种颜色相配吗？
• Does this shirt match these trousers? 这件衬衫和这条裤子相配吗？
• a sofa with curtains to match 一张沙发和相配的窗帘
[mætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  match sb against sb
■If one team or player is matched against another team or player, they are made to compete against each other. 使（某人）与（某人）较量；使（某人）与（某人）比赛
• Germany has been matched against Holland in the semi-final. 德国队要在准决赛中与荷兰队对决。
[mætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  match up
SAME
■If two pieces of information match up, they are the same 一致，相同
• Their accounts of what happened that evening don't match up. 他们对那晚所发生的事情说法不一致。
SIMILAR
■If two things match up, they are similar and are designed to connect or to work together 相称，相配
• If the teeth on the cogs don't match up properly (= If they are not in the correct place) , the mechanism will jam. 如果齿轮上的轮齿不能啮合到位，机件就会卡住。
EQUALLY GOOD UK
■to be as good as another thing, person or experience 相称；配得上，媲美
• There was so much hype beforehand that it would have been difficult for the film to match up to/with our expectations of it. 这部电影事先有太多的夸大宣传，所以很难达到我们的期望。
[mætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] match sth up
■If you match up a design or material, you look for something that would look good with it and be similar to it 与…相配，和…相似
• I'm trying to match up this wallpaper with some suitable curtain material. 我在找一种合适的窗帘布料来配衬这种壁纸。
[mætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] match sth/sb up
■to find a similarity or connection between two things or people 把…归类；搭配
• Can you match up these songs with the bands who sang them? 你能把这些歌曲和其演唱乐队都配对起来吗？
rival, equal, match
这组词都有“相称，比得上，与……相比”的意思，其区别是：
rival: 指某人或某物在和对手竞争中，在能力、质量等方面都能与之相匹敌，都能比得上。
equal: 指在数量、价值或程度等方面已完全相等。
match: 指对手之间力量、强度、性能或利益等的较量或竞争。
match, game
这组词都有“比赛”的意思，其区别是：
match: 多指重要的，参加队数较多的大型比赛。
game: 指决定胜负的比赛，多以个人对抗或集体对抗形式根据一定的规则进行。
contest, match, competition
这组词都有“比赛，竞争”的意思，其区别是：
contest: 多指在音乐、书法、演讲等方面所进行的比赛或竞争。其结果，由评判委员会裁决。
match: 通常指体育运动项目的比赛，隐含势均力敌意味。
competition: 多指体育运动中的各项比赛、角逐，也指知识、技巧等方面的竞赛。
vt. 使比赛；使相配；敌得过，比得上；相配；与…竞争
 - equal, rival
vi. 比赛；匹配；相配，相称；相比
 - suit, balance
n. 比赛，竞赛；匹配；对手；火柴
 - competition, game, tournament, play, contest

Word: ie
Front: ie
[ˈi:eɪ] (2682/1499)
Back: abbr. Ireland 爱尔兰共和国
分布：名词(100%)

Word: resort
Front: resort
[rɪˈzɔ:t] (研四六托雅宝 2684/3200 -K3)
Vocabulary: resort
(once / 216 pages)
1vn 2nv
The noun resort means "turning to something or someone else for assistance." You tried everything to figure out your math homework on your own, so asking your dad for help was your last resort.
Resort, pronounced "re-ZORT," is also a verb that means "to adopt a course of action to improve your situation." It's when you use that last resort: if you can't convince your mom to let you go rock-climbing, you will resort to begging. Resort also means a fancy hotel, usually in a very scenic location, or a place you go often — when your friends didn't know where you were, they checked your resorts: the gym and the park.
WORD FAMILY
resort: resorted, resorting, resorts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Certain airports resorted to manual processing while the CBP’s system was being fixed.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
Karen objects to fruit juice in grade-school lunches; however, like most of us, she resorts to sugary bribes when necessary.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Loud, inappropriate and unruly behavior is not tolerated in our luxury resorts.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 求助于或诉诸某事物，采取某手段或方法应急或作为对策
n. 求助，凭借，诉诸; 热闹场所，娱乐场，度假胜地; 采用的办法; 常去，人多，人群
时态：resorted, resorting, resorts
分布：诉诸(43%)，手段(28%)，常去(17%)，凭借(12%)
→来自古法语 resort,资源，求助，援助，来自 re-,往回，再，sortir,出去，起来，来自（缩写自） 拉丁语 surrectus,起来的，来自 sur-,向上，-rect,竖直，拉直，词源同 erect,correct,surge.引申 词义度假区，度假胜地。比较 refreshment.
v.凭借,求助,诉诸n.度假胜地,常去之处,手段The escort resorted to the orthodox paradox to retort his distortion.陪护者借助正统悖论反驳他的歪曲.
【记】re再，sort＝out－反复去的地方－度假圣地
US [-'zɔ:rt] noun
PLACE 地方
 ADVANCED countable
■a place where many people go for rest, sport or another stated purpose 渡假胜地；旅游胜地
• a tourist resort 旅游胜地
• a UKholiday / USvacation resort 渡假胜地
• a seaside/beach resort 海滨／海滩渡假胜地
• a ski resort 滑雪胜地
UK [rɪ'zɔ:t] US [-'zɔ:rt] noun
ACTION 行动
uncountable
■when you have to do something because there is no other way of achieving something 诉诸；凭借；采用
• He got hold of the money legally, without resort to violence. 他没有采取暴力手段，而是透过合法途径拿到了这笔钱。
UK [rɪ'zɔ:t] US [-'zɔ:rt] noun
be your last resort
■to be the only person or thing that might be able to help you, when every other person or possibility has failed 是最后的求助对象；是最后的出路；是最后的办法
• You have to help me - you're my last resort. 你一定要帮我——你是我最后的希望了。
UK [rɪ'zɔ:t] US [-'zɔ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  resort to sth
■to do something that you do not want to do because you cannot find any other way of achieving something （别无办法的情况下）诉诸，依靠，采用
• I had to resort to violence/threats to get my money. 为了拿到我的钱，我被迫诉诸暴力／采取威胁的手段。
• [+ -ing verb] When she didn't answer the telephone, I resorted to standing outside her window and calling up to her. 她不接我的电话，我没有办法，只好站在她窗外大声喊。
n. 凭借，手段；度假胜地；常去之地
 - instrument, shift, road, tool, implement
vi. 求助，诉诸；常去；采取某手段或方法
 - appeal, ask for help

Word: destruction
Front: destruction
[dɪˈstrʌkʃn] (研四六托 2685/3111 -K)
Vocabulary: destruction
(once / 149 pages)
n
Destruction is damage so bad, things must be replaced, not fixed. Tornadoes often leave a trail of destruction, damaging neighborhoods and knocking down houses.
The Latin word destructionem, "a pulling down," is the root of destruction. When destruction strikes, things do get pulled down — from houses in the case of natural disasters or a big display of canned soups in the case of a careless shopper. Sometimes, destruction refers to death, as when critics of war talk about the resulting destruction of human life.
WORD FAMILY
destruction: destructions, self-destruction+/ destroy: destroyable, destroyed, destroyer, destroying, destroys, destructible, destruction, destructive, self-destroy/destroyable: undestroyable/destroyed: destroyedest/destroyer: destroyers/destructible: destructibility, indestructible / destructive: destructively, destructiveness, self-destructive/ indestructible: indestructibility, indestructibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
So the effect of this version of job destruction will be harsh, and require redistribution.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
And don’t put your money into the businesses and banks that profit off the oppression of others or the destruction of the environment.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Trump pointed to the CIA’s incorrect assessment in 2003 that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 破坏，毁灭，消灭，灭亡，扑灭，驱除; 摧毁; 毁灭的原因，破坏手段; 杀害
分布：破坏(60%)，毁灭(40%)
→de-, 夺去，损毁。-struct, 建造，词源同structure,destroy.
破坏(de+struct结构;建造＋ion→弄坏结构→破坏)[de-①表示"去掉,变坏,离开,变慢,向下"等②表示"使…成为,加强"等]
n.毁坏,毁灭(的原因)The instructor struggled to say, "The structure of the construction led to the destruction."教师挣扎着说:"建筑物的构造导致这场毁灭."
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when something is destroyed 毁灭，消灭，破坏
• Many people are very concerned about the destruction of the rainforests. 许多人都非常关注雨林遭破坏的问题。
• Unusually high winds left a trail of destruction over southern Britain. 罕见的大风在英国南部造成了一连串的破坏。
• weapons of mass destruction (= those which kill or hurt large numbers of people) 大规模杀伤性武器
n. 破坏，毁灭；摧毁
 - breaking, death, blasting, disruption, demolition

Word: bear
Front: bear
[beə(r)] (高托雅 1619/1065 -K1)
Vocabulary: bear
(once / 23 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v 6n 7n
To bear is to carry or endure, whether by physical or mental force. If you can bear to read on, you'll find out all the different ways to use the word bear.
Obviously you know the big hairy mountain-roaming animal, but you might not have heard about a bear on Wall Street — an investor who is pessimistic about the market. In its verb form, bear is rooted in the Old English beran, meaning “to bring forth, sustain, endure” and more. So you can bear (or carry) a grudge. You can bear (or give birth to) children. Or you can bear (or stand) to listen to your great aunt tell the same story for the umpteenth time if you have a kind soul.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
bare / bear
Bare means naked, but to bear is to carry something. A bear is also a brown furry animal, but most people keep that one straight.
To bare is to uncover, either by removing clothes or revealing something. It's getting down to the bare bones. Bare-knuckled or barehanded means the gloves are off. Don't walk on glass in bare feet, and don't bare your soul to a con artist. Let's reveal a few good examples of bare:
In our textbooks, there are photos of physicians a century ago performing autopsies with their bare hands. (Salon)
At a bare minimum the crisis cost nearly $20,000 for each American. (New York Times)
If you can't bear to be naked, you can't stand it. Bear is to put up with or carry something, like a burden or a baby. Or both. It's spelled just like the animal. Grin and bear it means to smile during a storm, not to smile and disrobe. The Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution mentions the right to bear arms, and it has nothing to do with tank tops. If a tree bears fruit, you're in luck. Here are some non-furry bears caught in the wild:
But he could not bear to live in their dream without the one who was to share it. (Time)
Your son will still be your son, and your grandchildren your grands, no matter what name they bear. (New York Times)
If you can't bear to remember it all, just imagine a lumbering grizzly carrying a heavy load, and you'll bear this knowledge with glee! If a bear bares his teeth, though, run!
WORD FAMILY
bear: bearable, bearer, bearing, bearish, bears, borne, forebear, overbear+/ bearable: bearably, unbearable / bearer: bearers/ bearing: bearings, nonbearing/bearish: bearishly/ forebear: forebears/overbear: overbearing, overbears, overbore, overborne/ overbearing: overbearingly, overbearingness/ unbearable: unbearably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms is planning on using public pressure,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 1974, he was travelling from Beirut to Jerusalem in a car bearing Vatican diplomatic plates when it was stopped by Israeli security forces.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Police haven’t released details of her role in the incident Sunday afternoon during the Vikings’ season finale against the Chicago Bears.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 熊; （在证券市场等）卖空的人; 蛮横的人
vt. 忍受; 承担; 支撑; 生育
vi. 生（孩子）; 结（果实）; 与…有关
adj. 跌价的; 股票行情下跌的; 卖空者的
时态：bore, born, bearing, bears
分布：熊(82%)，忍受(14%)，结果(3%)，负荷(1%)
→1.承受，来自PIE *bher(1), 承受，带来，生育，同bring.
n.熊v.忍受,容忍;负担;结果实,生子女Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear.明年,长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽.
US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
ACCEPT 接受
 IMPROVER transitive
■to accept, tolerate or endure especially something unpleasant 忍受；容忍；经受；承担
• The strain must have been enormous but she bore it well. 当时压力一定很大，但她承受得了。
• Tell me now! I can't bear the suspense ! 现在告诉我吧！ 我等不及了！
• It's your decision - you must bear the responsibility if things go wrong. 是你作出的决定——如果出了差错，你必须承担责任。
• [+ to infinitive] He couldn't bear to see the dog in pain. 他不忍看见狗那么痛苦。
• [+ -ing verb] I can't bear being bored. 我受不了闲极无聊的日子。
not bear thinking about
■to be too unpleasant or frightening to think about （糟糕或可怕得）不敢想像
• "What if she'd been travelling any faster?" "It doesn't bear thinking about." “假如她驾车再快一点，那会怎么样？”“简直不敢想像。”
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
KEEP 保留
 ADVANCED transitive
■to have or continue to have something 具有，带有
• Their baby bears a strong resemblance/an uncanny likeness to its grandfather. 他们的宝宝长得非常／不可思议地像他的爷爷。
• The stone plaque bearing his name was smashed to pieces. 上面刻有他名字的石匾被砸得粉碎。
• On display were boxing gloves which bore Rocky Marciano's signature. 展品中有洛奇‧马西亚诺签名的拳击手套。
• [+ two objects] I don't bear them any ill feeling (= I do not continue to be angry with or dislike them). 我并不怨恨他们。
• Thank you for your advice, I'll bear it in mind (= will remember and consider it). 谢谢你的忠告，我会谨记在心的。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
SUPPORT 支撑
transitive
■to hold or support something 负载，负担，负荷
• The chair, too fragile to bear her weight , collapsed. 椅子太不结实了，她一坐上去就垮了。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
PRODUCE 产生
transitive formal
■to give birth to young, or (of a tree or plant) to give or produce especially fruit or flowers 生（孩子）；结（果实）；开（花）
• She had borne six children by the time she was thirty. 她到30岁时已经生了六个孩子。
• [+ two objects] When his wife bore him a child he could not hide his delight. 他的妻子生了个小孩时，他掩饰不住内心的喜悦。
• Most animals bear their young in the spring. 大多数动物都在春天繁殖后代。
• The pear tree they planted has never borne fruit. 他们种的梨树从来没有结过梨。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
BRING 携带
transitive slightly formal
■to carry and move something to a place 携带；运送
• At Christmas the family descend on the house bearing gifts. 圣诞节时，全家人带着礼物来到那幢房子。
• Countless waiters bore trays of drinks into the room. 很多侍者端着一盘盘的饮品进入房间。
• The sound of the ice-cream van was borne into the office on the wind. 雪糕车的叮当声随风飘进了办公室。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
CHANGE DIRECTION 改变方向
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to change direction slightly so that you are going in a particular direction 转向
• The path followed the coastline for several miles, then bore inland. 这条小路沿着海岸线延伸了几英里，然后转向内陆。
• After you go past the church keep bearing left/right. 经过教堂后，继续向左／右。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
SAY 说明
bear testimony/witness formal
■to say you know from your own experience that something happened or is true 见证，作证
• She bore witness to his patience and diligence. 她亲眼见证了他的耐心和勤奋。
■If something bears testimony to a fact, it proves that it is true 证明
• The iron bridge bears testimony to the skills developed in that era. 这座铁桥证明了那个时代的技术发展水准。
bear false witness old use
■to lie 撒谎
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
bear fruit formal
■If something someone does bears fruit, it produces successful results 有成果，获得成功
• Eventually her efforts bore fruit and she got the job she wanted. 她的努力终于有成果，得到了想要的工作。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
bear the scars
■to still suffer emotional pain from something unpleasant that happened in the past 伤痛未平
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
  Phrasal Verbs  bear down on sb/sth
■to move in a threatening way towards someone or something 冲向…，向…逼近
• I looked up to see the car bearing down on me 我一抬头，看见那车辆正向我冲过来。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
  Phrasal Verbs  bear in on/upon UK formal
■If something is borne in on/upon someone, they are made to understand it 认清，某事被认识到，某人不得不明白
• Suddenly it was borne in on him that he was becoming too old to start a new career. 他突然意识到自己已经太老了，不适合开创新的事业。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
  Phrasal Verbs  bear on sth slightly formal
■to be connected or related to; to influence 与…有关系；对…有影响
• I don't see how that information bears on this case. 我不明白那些资料跟这宗案件有甚么关系。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bear sb/sth out
■to support the truth of something 为…作证，证明，证实
• His version of events just isn't borne out by the facts. 他对事件的说法并未得到证实。
• If you tell them what happened I will bear you out (on it). 如果你告诉他们所发生的事，我会为你作证的。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
  Phrasal Verbs  bear up
■to deal with a very sad or difficult situation in a brave and determined way 勇敢地支撑下去，咬紧牙关坚持
• "How has she been since the funeral?" "Oh, she's bearing up." “葬礼后她怎样了？”“哦，她一直在挺着。”
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
  Phrasal Verbs  bear with sb
■to be patient and wait while someone does something 耐心等候（某人）；容忍（某人）
• If you'll just bear with me for a moment , I'll find you a copy of the drawings. 请你等我一下，我去替你找一份这些图案的副本。
UK [beər] US [ber] noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED
■a large, strong wild mammal with a thick fur coat that lives especially in colder parts of Europe, Asia and North America 熊
• a brown/black bear 棕熊／黑熊
• a bear cub (= young bear) 幼熊
⇒ See also grizzly bear;polar bear;teddy
UK [beər] US [ber] noun countable
FINANCE 金融 specialized
■a person who sells shares when prices are expected to fall, in order to make a profit by buying them back again at a lower price （股市中）做空头者，预期股市行情看跌的人 Compare bull
UK [beər] US [ber] noun countable
be like a bear with a sore head (US also like a (real) bear) informal
■to be in a bad mood which causes you to treat other people badly and complain a lot 脾气暴躁；情绪不好
• You're like a bear with a sore head this morning. What's wrong with you? 你怎么了？ 今天早上脾气很暴躁。
UK [beər] US [ber] noun countable
Do bears shit in the woods ? saying humorous or offensive
■used to say that the answer to a question you have just been asked is obviously 'yes' 这还用问吗？（当然是啦！）
withstand, bear, tolerate, stand, endure
这些词都表忍受，忍耐。
withstand: 经受，承受，指顶住外来的压力和攻势。如：They have withstood all test.(他们经受了一切考验。)
bear: 忍受，容忍，指忍受使人悲痛、烦恼或痛苦的事情。如：It is hard to bear to be laughed at.(被人取笑是难以忍受的。)
tolerate: 容忍，容许，指自我克制的态度，对于令人反感的事没有任何抗议。如：I can’t tolerate him if he goes on like that. (他如果继续这样下去的话，我决不会容忍他。)
stand: 忍受，与bear同义，但较口语化。如：She can’t stand having nothing to do.(没事干，她受不了。)
endure: 忍耐，书面语，指长时间经受痛苦而不屈服。如：It takes patience to endure hardships. 忍受苦难需要耐力。)
vi. 承受；结果实
 - fruit
vt. 忍受；具有；支撑
 - support, stomach, go, stand, abide
n. [脊椎] 熊
 - Bruin

Word: unlikely
Front: unlikely
[ʌnˈlaɪkli] (研四六托雅 2687/1636 -K4)
Back: adj. 未必的，不一定有把握的; 不太可能的; 不可能发生的; 不像是真的
级别：unlikelier, unlikeliest
分布：不太可能的(100%)
a.不太可能的Are you going to the party? I think it's unlikely.你去参加聚会吗?我想这是不大可能的.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■not likely 不大可能的；未必的
• [+ (that)] It 's pretty unlikely (that) they'll turn up now - it's nearly ten o'clock. 他们现在不大可能来了——都快十点了。
• He seems an unlikely-looking policeman (= He is not what I expect a policeman to look like). 他看上去不太像个员警。
opposite, contrary, otherwise, unlikely
opposite: adj 相反的，相对的，对面的；
contrary: adj 相反的，矛盾的，对抗的；
otherwise: 可做adv，意为“不同的，不那样的”；
unlikely: adj 不大可能的
adv. 未必
 - not necessarily

Word: tissue
Front: tissue
[ˈtɪʃu:] (高研四六托雅宝 2688/2784 -3)
Vocabulary: tissue
(once / 499 pages)
1n 2nv
Tissue is part of the body of a living thing that is made of similar cells, like the cardiac tissue of your heart. A tissue is also a soft, thin piece of paper used for wiping noses and tear drops.
The noun tissue comes from the Old French word tissu, meaning “a ribbon, or belt of woven material.” In fact, as a verb, tissue means "weave fabric strands." Today, we think of tissues as the disposable paper for blowing our noses or packing presents. A different kind of tissue is found in the body — the groups of cells that have the same job, like scar tissue that protects a wound as it heals.
WORD FAMILY
tissue: tissued, tissues
USAGE EXAMPLES
When you lose weight, your RMR should fall a small amount, as you are losing some muscle tissue.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
These drugs are trained to target fast-growing cells in the body because cancer cells typically divide much more quickly than healthy tissue.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Wrap fragile ornaments in leftover tissue paper or newspaper, or invest in storage containers like archival ornament boxes from the Container Store.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 薄纸，棉纸; [生]组织; 一套
时态：tissued, tissuing, tissues
分布：纸巾(81%)，薄绢(11%)，织物(8%)
→来自拉丁语 texere,编织，纺织，词源同 texture,textile,-ss,过去分词格。引申词义织物，纺织 品，后用于指纸巾，手巾纸及科技术语细胞组织等。
n.织物,薄绢,纸巾;(动,植物的)组织It was true that the rescued cruel man let fuel oil issue from the tissue.获救的无情男子真的任凭燃油从薄纱中流出.
noun
CELLS 细胞
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a group of connected cells in an animal or plant that are similar to each other, have the same purpose and form the stated part of the animal or plant 组织
• human tissue 人体组织
• plant tissue 植物组织
• brain/lung/muscle/fat tissue 脑／肺／肌肉／脂肪组织
• His face is covered with scar tissue where he was badly burned. 他脸上严重烧伤的地方满是疤痕。
['tɪʃ.u:] /'tɪs.ju:] noun
PAPER 纸
countable or uncountable
■soft paper which is used for cleaning, especially your nose, and is thrown away after use, or a small rectangular piece of this （尤指擦鼻子用的）纸巾，手巾纸，面纸
• She handed me a tissue just as I sneezed. 我打喷嚏时，她递给我一张面纸。
• I always keep a box of tissues in the car. 我总是在车里放一盒面纸。
• He used a piece of tissue to clean his sunglasses. 他用一张面纸擦太阳镜。
Compare handkerchief
uncountable (also tissue paper)
■thin light paper used especially for wrapping delicate things （尤用于包裹易碎物品的）薄纸
• The shop assistant wrapped the vase carefully in tissue paper. 店员用薄纸将花瓶仔细地包好。
n. 纸巾； [纺] 薄纱；一套
 - set, gauze

Word: constitutional
Front: constitutional
[ˌkɒnstɪˈtju:ʃənl] (托宝 2689/2677)
Vocabulary: constitutional
(once / 224 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj
Constitutional means having to do with the document that is the foundation of a government — in the US, a constitutional right is one provided to you by the US Constitution.
If you break down constitutional, you’ll find the root word constitute, meaning "to make up or form." Constitution can refer to the document that forms (or organizes) the government. It can also refer to the structure of a thing, such as a species, or a person. If you go for a "constitutional walk" — in that sense, the word means having to do with your constitution or your health.
WORD FAMILY
constitutional: constitutionalise, constitutionalist, constitutionally, constitutionals, unconstitutional +/ constituency: constituencies/ constituent: constituency, constituents/ constitute: constituent, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutive, reconstitute/constituted: self-constituted/ constitution: constitutional, constitutionalize, constitutions/constitutionalise: constitutionalising/constitutionalize: constitutionalized, constitutionalizing/ constitutive: constitutively/reconstitute: reconstituted, reconstitutes, reconstituting/ unconstitutional: unconstitutionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
As governor, he created the Alabama Constitutional Revision Commission, which worked on revising the constitution until Wallace put a stop to the effort.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Park was impeached by parliament early last year, a decision that must be upheld or rejected by the Constitutional Court.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Heller case upholding the constitutional right to bear arms.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 宪法的，符合宪法的; 本质的; 体质上的; 保健的
n. 保健运动; 保健散步
分布：宪法的(82%)，合乎宪法的(9%)，体质的(3%)，组成的(3%)，散步保健(3%)
US [ˌkɑ:nt.stɪ'tu:-] adjective
LAWS 法律
 IMPROVER
■allowed by or contained in a constitution 宪法（或章程）允许的，符合宪法（或章程）的
• Such a policy would not be constitutional. 这样的政策是不符合宪法的。
• Freedom of speech should be a constitutional right. 言论自由是一项宪法规定的权利。
Opposite unconstitutional
UK [ˌkɒnt.stɪ'tju:.ʃən.əl] US [ˌkɑ:nt.stɪ'tu:-] adjective
HEALTH 健康
■relating to someone's general state of health 体质的，体格的
• constitutional weakness 体质的虚弱
UK [ˌkɒnt.stɪ'tju:.ʃən.əl] US [ˌkɑ:nt.stɪ'tu:-] noun countable old-fashioned humorous
■a walk that you often do to keep yourself healthy 健身散步
• She's nearly 86 and still takes a constitutional every morning. 她将近86岁了，每天早上仍然散步锻炼。
adj. [法] 宪法的；本质的；体质上的；保健的
 - essential, intrinsic, interior

Word: pant
Front: pant
[pænt] (研四六雅 2690/10453 -1)
Vocabulary: pant
(once / 299 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
When you breathe hard and fast, you pant. It's perfectly normal to pant after you finish running a marathon — or even after chasing your runaway dog through the neighborhood.
You might pause at the top of a hill to pant and catch your breath before you continue on your hike. That loud, gasping breath itself is also a pant — but when this noun is plural, it means trousers, slacks, or jeans. Be careful, though — in parts of the UK, pants are primarily women's undergarments. Any pants you wear on you body come from pantaloons, which in the 1600s meant tights.
WORD FAMILY
pant: panted, panting, pants +/panting: pantings/ pants: underpants
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe it’s the illustrations, simple black-and-white line drawings of slightly pudgy people in baggy T-shirts and pants doing really simple maneuvers.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Sort clothes by type, grouping pants together, then shirts or blouses, jackets or dresses.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Choice period detail: A story about the boom in skiing attributes the sport’s popularity to innovations in “metal skis and stretch pants.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 喘气，喘息; 气喘; 喷气声
vi. 喘气，喘息; 喘着气说，气喘吁吁地讲; 热望，渴望，想; （机车等）喷气
vt. 气喘
时态：panted, panting, pants
分布：喘息(42%)，渴望(33%)，悸动(15%)，气喘吁吁地说(10%)
→可能来自拟声词。
n.喘气v.喘,气喘吁吁地说The merciful merchant wants to grant some merchandise to the panting immigrants.仁慈的商人要给喘气的移民们一些商品.
verb intransitive
■to breathe quickly and loudly through your mouth, usually because you have been doing something very energetic 气喘，喘息
• Matteo arrived at the top of the hill, panting and covered in sweat. 马泰奥到达山顶时气喘吁吁，大汗淋漓。
• [+ speech] "Hurry! They're almost here, " she panted (= said while panting). “快点！他们就要赶上来了，”她气喘吁吁地说。
[pænt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  pant for/after sb/sth UK
■to want someone or something very much 渴望得到，迫切想要
• The newspapers are panting for details of the scandal. 各家报纸都急于了解该丑闻的详情。
vi. 喘息；渴望；气喘吁吁地说出某事
 - rare, aspire
n. 气喘；喘息；喷气声
 - asthma, wheeziness

Word: stranger
Front: stranger
[ˈstreɪndʒə(r)] (中高研四六 2691/3225 -K2)
Vocabulary: stranger
(once / 66 pages)
n
A stranger is someone you don't know or who doesn't belong in a specific place.
Parents tell their kids, "Don't talk to strangers." That's because strangers are people they don't know, who could be dangerous. Just like strange things are odd or weird, a stranger is unknown and therefore potentially scary. Also, anyone out of place can be considered a stranger. A fireman in a police station is a stranger, and a mascot in a scientific lab is a stranger. Either type of stranger is likely to make someone say, "Who's that?"
WORD FAMILY
stranger: strangers
USAGE EXAMPLES
These are the questions that strangers often ask people with physical disabilities.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
We learn almost nothing about Holden before the coma, so when we meet him again 12 years later he’s basically a stranger.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
To the layperson, this is one of Big Data’s stranger qualities—that the portrait of an individual emerges from the crunched crowd.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 陌生人，不认识的人; 外地人; 局外人; 门外汉
adj. 不熟悉的，陌生的(strange)的比较级
分布：陌生人(95%)，外地人(4%)，新手(1%)
→strange,外来的，陌生的，-er,人。
n.陌生人,生客;外地人,外国人He saw a stranger standing at the doorstep.他看到一个陌生人站在门口.
US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone you do not know 陌生人
• My mother always warned me not to talk to strangers. 我母亲总是告诫我不要和陌生人讲话。
• I'd never met anyone at the party before - they were complete strangers. 我以前从未见过聚会上的人——他们全是陌生人。
■A stranger in a particular place is someone who has never been there before 外地人，外来者
• Do you know the way to St Peter's church or are you a stranger here too? 你知道怎么去圣彼得教堂吗？你也是外地人吗？
UK ['streɪn.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
be no stranger to sth formal
■to be familiar with a particular experience or activity 熟悉，对…毫不陌生
• He is no stranger to hard work. 棘手的工作他见识多了。
UK ['streɪn.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
hello stranger humorous
■said to a person that you know but have not seen for a long time （用于称呼很久没见的熟人）你好，稀客
• Hello stranger, I haven't seen you for weeks! 你好，稀客啊，有几个星期没见了！
stranger, foreigner, alien, immigrant
这些名词均有“陌生人，外人”之意。
stranger: 指对当地的生活习惯、语言等不熟悉，或为某团体不熟的人，也指不认识的人。
foreigner: 指在异国作短期访问或长期居住的外国人。
alien: 指没有成为侨居国正式公民的移民。
immigrant: 指在别国定居并取得所在国国籍的外国人。
n. 陌生人；外地人；局外人
 - provincial, foreigner

Word: infection
Front: infection
[ɪnˈfekʃn] (研托雅宝 2692/2510 -K3)
Vocabulary: infection
(once / 489 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Infections are what happens when germs invade your body and cause a disease. Some, like meningitis, an infection of the tissues covering the brain and spinal cord, can be deadly. Others, like the common cold, are relatively mild.
If you've ever scraped your knee and ended up with a swollen, achy scab, you know that you can develop an infection if you don't tend to your cuts and wounds and keep them clean. Though the word was traditionally used in the medical sense to refer to the pathogens, or germs, that cause illness, infection is now sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to people or things that act like pathogens. If rival gangs turn a neighborhood into a battleground, you could refer to this as an infection of gang activity.
WORD FAMILY
infection: infections, infectious, superinfection+/ disinfect: disinfectant, disinfected, disinfecting, disinfection, disinfects/disinfectant: disinfectants/ infect: disinfect, infected, infecting, infection, infective, infects, superinfect/ infected: uninfected/ infectious: infectiously, noninfectious
USAGE EXAMPLES
One reason is that the detritus from an infection of the lung is hard to clear.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He developed a fungal infection in his mouth — a fallout of an immune system compromised by chemotherapy and radiation treatment.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Which he is ready to do at Kapalua, despite battling a sinus infection the last 10 days.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. <医>传染，感染; 传染病，染毒物; 影响
分布：传染(54%)，传染病(33%)，影响(13%)
→来自infect,传染，感染。
传染;感化(infect+ion)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
【反】septic（adj 腐败的；败血病的）－free of infection（未受感染的）
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a disease in a part of your body that is caused by bacteria or a virus （由细菌或病毒造成的身体部位的）感染
• a serious infection 严重的感染
• a throat infection 咽喉感染
• Bandage the wound to reduce the risk of infection. 包扎伤口以减少感染的危险。
n. [医] 感染； [内科] 传染；影响；传染病
 - impression, affection, effect, influence, incidence

Word: cabinet
Front: cabinet
[ˈkæbɪnət] (研四六托雅宝 2693/1378 -K4)
Vocabulary: cabinet
(once / 165 pages)
1n 2n
A cabinet is a piece of furniture that has doors and drawers and is often used for storage, like a kitchen cabinet that holds your drinking glasses and plates.
Cabinets store things, like a bathroom cabinet that holds items like toothbrushes and soap. Another kind of cabinet is a group of official advisers of executive departments of governments. President Andrew Jackson had a group of informal advisers whom his opponents mockingly called his "kitchen cabinet," a term which has since lost its negative meaning and describes any President's closest confidantes.
WORD FAMILY
cabinet: cabinets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ahead of a cabinet meeting on Sunday, Netanyahu responded, saying: "I suggest the opposition calm down."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
But the big story continues to be the Trump Cabinet.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In the short term, Democrats are focused more on Trump’s Cabinet picks and the looming Supreme Court nomination.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 内阁; 柜橱; （有特殊用途的）小房间; 展览艺术品的小陈列室
adj. 内阁的; 秘密的; 通常陈列于柜橱内的，可保存的; 细木工制作的
分布：内阁(75%)，橱柜(14%)，内阁的(8%)，秘密的(3%)
→cabin, 小屋。-et, 小词后缀。引申义在小屋子里开会，内阁。
n.内阁,内阁会议;(带玻璃门存物品的)橱柜If you carry the cabinet of cabbage garbage to the garage, you'll get an average wage.如果你把这橱柜包菜垃圾扛进了汽车库,你将获得一份平均工资.
【记】象cab（出租车）一样有门，里边有net（网格）－储藏柜
noun
GOVERNMENT 政府
 ADVANCED (ALSO usually Cabinet) countable usually singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■a small group of the most important people elected to government, who make the main decisions about what should happen 内阁
• The Cabinet meet/meets every Thursday. 内阁成员每周四开会。
• a cabinet minister. 内阁大臣
• The Prime Minister has announced a cabinet reshuffle (= changes in the Cabinet). 首相已宣布内阁改组。
['kæb.ɪ.nət] noun
FURNITURE 家俱
countable
■a piece of furniture with shelves, cupboards, or drawers, which is used for storing or showing things 贮藏柜；陈列柜；橱柜
• Valuable pieces of china were on display in a glass-fronted cabinet. 贵重瓷器陈列在正面是玻璃的柜子里。
• a bathroom/filing cabinet 浴室／文件柜
n. 内阁； [家具] 橱柜；展览艺术品的小陈列室
 - ambry, council of ministers
adj. 内阁的；私下的，秘密的
 - private, secret, underground, chamber, inside

Word: broken
Front: broken
[ˈbrəʊkən] (高四 2694/2747 -K1)
Back: adj. 破碎的，打碎的; （腿，臂等）已骨折的; （线条）虚线的，断续的; 被打断的
v. 打破，折断(break的过去分词); 打破（纪录）; 损坏
分布：破碎的(86%)，动词break的过去分词.(7%)，弄坏的(7%)
US ['broʊ-] verb past participle of
■break 打碎
UK ['brəʊ.kən] US ['broʊ-] adjective
DAMAGED 损坏的
 ESSENTIAL
■damaged, no longer able to work 损坏的，破损的；出了毛病的
• He attacked the man with a broken bottle. 他用一个破酒瓶袭击了那人。
• My watch is broken. 我的表坏了。
• Careful - there's broken glass on the floor. 小心，地板上有碎玻璃。
[before noun]
■suffering emotional pain so great that it changes the way you live, usually as a result of an unpleasant event 颓废的，心灰意冷的
• He was a broken man after his wife died. 妻子死后他成了个颓废的人。
UK ['brəʊ.kən] US ['broʊ-] adjective
INTERRUPTED 被打断的
■interrupted or not continuous 被打断的，不完整的
• He tried to explain what had happened in broken (= not spoken easily and stopping a lot) English. 他英语讲得结结巴巴，拼命想解释清楚发生了甚么。
UK ['brəʊ.kən] US ['broʊ-] adjective
ENDED 结束的
■destroyed or ended 破坏了的；结束了的
• a broken engagement 解除了的婚约
• She comes from a broken home (= one where the parents have separated). 她来自一个破碎家庭。
UK ['brəʊ.kən] US ['broʊ-] adjective
NOT KEPT 违背的
■(of a law, rule or promise) not obeyed or not kept （法律、规章或承诺）违背的，未遵守的
• a broken promise 背弃的诺言
broken, cracked, chipped
broken: 破碎的
cracked: 裂纹的；
chipped: 有缺口的；
adj. 破碎的；坏掉的
 - shattered, smashed
v. 折断；打碎；损坏（break的过去分词）
 - loused

Word: apple
Front: apple
[ˈæpl] (中高 2695/2446 -K3)
Vocabulary: apple
(once / 147 pages)
n
An apple is a round fruit with red or green skin and a whitish inside. One variety of apple might be sweet, another sour.
The apple isn't just a fruit. It's a symbol — from the apples eaten by Adam and Eve in the Biblical creation story, which symbolize the loss of innocent to the expression "American as apple pie" to mean something that is wholesome. The "apple of your eye" is the person who delights you — maybe you are the apple of your grandfather's eye. He might tell you, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away," meaning the fruit is good for your health.
WORD FAMILY
apple: apples
USAGE EXAMPLES
Apple, Facebook, Google and other tech giants try to keep users in their own “walled gardens”.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
And like all Apple employees, he was discouraged from talking about his job with co-workers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Apple did not immediately respond to an email seeking comment.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 苹果; 苹果树; 苹果公司
分布：苹果(98%)，珍宝(1%)，家伙(1%)
→来自PIE *abel, 水果，后特指苹果。
n.苹果,苹果树I'm liable to give reliable reply to the application for supply of apples.我有责任对申请供应苹果给予可靠答复.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a round fruit with firm white flesh and a green, red or yellow skin 苹果
• to peel an apple 削个苹果
• apple pie/sauce 苹果派／酱
• an apple tree 苹果树
['æp.l] noun countable or uncountable
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. saying
■This means that eating an apple each day can help to keep you healthy. 一天一苹果，不用上诊所／一日一苹果，医生远离我。
['æp.l] noun countable or uncountable
the apple of sb's eye old-fashioned
■the person who someone loves most and is very proud of （某人的）心肝宝贝，掌上明珠
• His youngest daughter was the apple of his eye. 他的小女儿是他的心肝宝贝。
['æp.l] noun countable or uncountable
be in apple-pie order UK old-fashioned
■to be perfectly arranged and tidy 井然有序；整齐；井井有条
• Their house is always in apple-pie order. 他们家总是收拾得井井有条。
n. [园艺] 苹果；家伙
 - customer, fellow, egg, guy, bird

Word: electric
Front: electric
[ɪˈlektrɪk] (中高研四六 2696/2469 -K3)
Vocabulary: electric
(once / 103 pages)
1adjn 2adj
Things that are electric are either powered by electricity — like a battery-operated flashlight — or produce or transmit electricity — like an electric generator.
The word electric, indicating something charged with electricity, was used long before electricity was fully understood or harnessed as a form of power in the nineteenth century. In the seventeenth century, for example, materials like wool that produced sparks of static electricity when rubbed were termed electric by scientists, and the figurative meaning of the word was also used. Figuratively, electric can describe something exciting or brightly colored, as in "electric atmosphere" or "electric green."
WORD FAMILY
electric: electrical, electrically, electrician, electricity, electrics+/ electrician: electricians/ electricity: electricities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Elliott, pound for pound, is a more electric football player than Prescott.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
All kinds of companies, including century-old industrial stalwarts like General Motors and General Electric, are among the corporate giants acquiring tech start-ups of late.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The turntable, the Technics SL-1200, may not enjoy the name recognition of, say, Fender electric guitars or Steinway pianos.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 电的，带电的; 发电的，导电的; 令人激动的; 电动的
n. 电动车辆; 带电体
分布：电的(51%)，电动的(27%)，带电的(10%)，电动产品(8%)，刺激的(4%)
→来自拉丁文electrum, 琥珀。因古人发现琥珀经摩擦后可以吸附其它物体，因此就借用该拉丁词表示电。
a.电的,导电的,电动的If you touch an electric wire, you ll get a shock.如果你去碰一根带电的电线,你就会受电击.
adjective
POWER 电力
 ESSENTIAL
■using electricity for power 用电的；电动的
• an electric blanket/car/kettle/light 电热毡／电动汽车／电水壶／电灯
[ɪ'lek.trɪk] adjective
EXCITING 激动
■very exciting and producing strong feelings 令人激动的，令人兴奋的；高度刺激的
• an electric performance 扣人心弦的演出
electrical, electric, electronic
这三词都与电有关
electrical: 多指本身不产生电，但是与电有关的。如：electrical engineering(电机工程)；an electrical transcription(广播唱片)
electric: 着重于发电的，电动的或导电的。如：electric generator(发电机)；electric light(电灯)
electronic: 电子的，电子操作的。如：electronic engineering(电子工程学)
adj. [电] 电的；电动的；发电的；导电的；令人震惊的
 - dynamoelectric, motor-driven
n. 电；电气车辆；带电体
 - electrified body

Word: proceed
Front: proceed
[prəˈsi:d] (研四六托雅 2697/2089 -K3)
Vocabulary: proceed
(once / 34 pages)
v
To proceed means to go or continue forward. But somehow "ready, set, proceed!" doesn't quite have the same ring to it.
From the Latin procedere, meaning “go forward, advance,” proceed is a verb that simply means to keep going, particularly after there’s been an interruption. Synonyms include progress and advance. People who constantly interrupt make it really difficult for the conversation to proceed smoothly. And proceed with caution when crossing a busy street, but if the light turns red, you better move it fast!
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
precede / proceed
Choose the correct word:
Deadly Skills Days Precede/Proceed the Deadly Days Festival
CO2 regulation to precede/proceed in U.S. without climate bill
These two words have similar sounds. They also have similar definitions, encompassing an idea of forward movement. This leads to some confusion. Precede is to go before. Proceed means to move ahead, to continue.
Our first sentence, then, calls for precede, because the skills day will come before the festival. In the second sentence, proceed is the right choice; CO2 regulation will happen even though there's no overarching climate bill.
This is one of those cases when knowing your prefixes can help you choose the right word. The two words share a root, cede, which comes from the Latin cedere, which originally meant to go. With precede, the prefix pre- means before.So precede is to go before. In proceed, the prefix pro- means forward, and therefore proceed is to go forward.
Sometimes writers will also confuse the terms by misspelling precede as preceed:
The event will preceed the men's soccer exhibition match against UNC Chapel Hill.
Preceed your website development with a proper graphics design.
Here, it's just a matter of memorizing the spellings: precede and proceed.
WORD FAMILY
proceed: procedure, proceeded, proceeding, proceedings, proceeds, procession +/ procedural: procedurally/ procedure: procedural, procedures/ procession: processional, processions/processional: processionally, processionals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even as the research proceeds, thousands of people are using CBD as medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
If he proceeds with the test, the U.S. should shoot it down.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
"This is an incredibly sensitive moment in this proceeding," Gergel said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 进行; 前进; （沿特定路线）行进; （尤指打断后）继续说
n. 收入，获利
时态：proceeded, proceeding, proceeds
分布：继续进行(54%)，开始(33%)，着手(13%)
→pro-,向前，-ceed,走，词源同accede,concede.引申诸相关词义。
继续进行,前进(pro向前＋ceed→向前走→前进)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
v.进行,继续下去;发生After stopping to rest, they proceeded up the hill.停下来休息以后,他们又继续上山.
US [proʊ-] verb intransitive
 IMPROVER slightly formal
■to continue as planned 继续进行，继续做
• His lawyers have decided not to proceed with the case. 他的律师已经决定不再继续打那场官司了。
• Preparations for the festival are now proceeding smoothly. 艺术节的准备活动正在顺利进行中。
proceed to do sth
■to do something after you have done something else （做完某事后）接着做
• She sat down and proceeded to tell me about her skiing holiday. 她坐了下来，接着告诉我有关她滑雪度假的事情。
• humorous He told me he was on a diet and then proceeded to eat a plateful of chips! 他告诉我他在节食，接着就吃了满满的一盘炸薯条！
■formal
■to move forward or travel in a particular direction （朝特定方向）前进
• Passengers for Madrid should proceed to gate 26 for boarding. 前往马德里的乘客应到26号登机门准备登机。
UK [prəʊ'si:d] US [proʊ-] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  proceed against sb legal
■to start to take legal action against someone 起诉（某人），对（某人）提起诉讼
• Lack of evidence meant that the Council could not proceed against Mr Naylor. 证据不足意味着市议会不能起诉内勒先生。
peogress, proceed, advance
这组词都有“前进”的意思，其区别是：
peogress: 多表自然过程，指生长，发展等稳定地或循环往复地前进。如：The year is progressing, it will soon be summer. (光阴似箭，很快又是夏天了。)
proceed: 强调从一处向另一处的运动，常表停顿后继续前进。如：They proceeded from London to Paris. (他们从伦敦往巴黎前进。)
advance: 表向一个特定的目的地，在一定的时间或空间内稳定地向前运动。如：Napoleon’s army advanced on Moscow. (拿破仑的军队向莫斯科挺进。)
advance, progress, proceed, move on, go
这些动词均含“前进，行进，进展”之意。
advance: 主要用于具体的人或物，也可指科学技术和运动等。
progress: 指按某一既定目标前进，取得发展，目的性很明确，强调经常和稳定地前进。
proceed: 侧重指继续前进。
move on: 非正式用语，侧重从某一停止点向某地前进，但不表示前进的目的地。
go: 最常用词，含义宽泛而不确切，依上文确定其具体意思。
vi. 开始；继续进行；发生；行进
 - occur, happen, travel, pursue

Word: track
Front: track
[træk] (高研四六托雅宝 1143/1268 -K4)
Vocabulary: track
(once / 88 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4vn
If you document your study time and record all your exam scores, then you track your progress in school. In this case the verb track shows that you're following the path of something. The noun track can refer to a path of a more literal kind.
The noun track can describe a variety of paths, such as the rails that trains chug along, a course that racehorses run, or the big oval course in an ice rink. If you're competing in a five-lap race and you have the fastest speed after the first four laps, you're on track to win the race. In this case the term "on track" is describing a figurative path, one that indicates you're in a good position to achieve what you want.
WORD FAMILY
track: trackable, tracked, tracker, tracking, trackless, tracks+/tracked: untracked/tracker: trackers/tracking: trackings/trackless: tracklessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Wisconsin Legislature’s website, https://legis.wisconsin.gov/, allows visitors to track bills’ progress.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Singapore's TeleRadio Engineering uses RF signals in its SkyDroner device to track and control drones and a video feed to confirm targets visually.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“With the legislation currently in place, it’s incredibly difficult for law enforcement to track down guns that emerge from the secondary market.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 小路，小道; 痕迹，踪迹; 轨道，音轨; 方针，路线
vt. 跟踪; 监看，监测; 追踪
vi. 沿着轨道前进; 沿着一条路走，旅行; 位于一队列中
时态：tracked, tracking, tracks
分布：跟踪(50%)，追踪(20%)，轨道(17%)，跑道(7%)，小路(3%)，踪迹(2%)，乐曲(1%)
→来自古法语 trac,轨迹，车道，可能来自荷兰语 trek,踩出的，引导的，词源同 trek,trigger.最终 来自 dhragh,拉，拉出，词源同 draw,tract.引申诸相关词义。
n.跑道,小路;轨迹,轮迹v.跟踪,追踪The attacker cracked the racks and stacked them on the track.攻击者打裂搁板并把它们堆在跑道上.
noun
PATH 道路
 IMPROVER countable
■a path or rough road which is made of soil rather than having a surface covered with stone or other material 小道，小径
• The house is at the end of a dirt/an unmade track. 房子在一条泥土路／尚未铺好的小路的尽头。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the pair of long metal bars fixed on the ground at an equal distance from each other, along which trains travel （铁路的）轨道
• a 10-mile stretch of track 十英里长的铁轨
• Passengers are requested not to walk across the tracks. 乘客不得穿越铁轨。
[træk] noun
SPORT 体育
 IMPROVER countable
■a type of path or road, often in the shape of a ring, which has been specially designed and built for sports events, especially racing 赛道；跑道
• an all-weather track 全天候赛道
• a dog/horse track 赛狗／马的跑道
• The runners are now on their final lap of the track. 赛跑选手正在跑最后一圈。
⇒ See also racetrack
 IMPROVER uncountable US
■a sport in which people compete with each other by running a race on a specially prepared circular path 径赛运动
• a track event 径赛
uncountable (also track and field) US for
■ athletics 径赛，田径运动
[træk] noun
MARKS 记号
 ADVANCED countable usually plural
■a mark or line of marks left on the ground or on another surface by an animal, person or vehicle which has moved over it, showing the direction they moved in 踪迹；足迹；车辙
• Police found tyre tracks in the mud. 警方在泥地里发现了轮胎印。
• The hunters followed the tracks of the deer for hours. 猎人循着鹿的脚印追了几个小时。
• The burglars were careful not to leave any tracks behind them. 盗贼小心翼翼地不留下任何踪迹。
be on the track of sb/sth
■to be examining marks or pieces of information which show where a person or animal has gone, in order to catch them 追踪
• The police are on the track of the killer. 警方正在追踪该杀人犯。
[træk] noun
DIRECTION 方向
 ADVANCED countable
■the direction which something has taken or will take through the air （在空中运行的）轨迹，路线
• People living in the track of the hurricane have been advised to leave their homes until it has passed. 已经建议居住在飓风经过之处的人撤离住所，直到飓风过后再回去。
[træk] noun
DEVELOPMENT 发展
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the direction in which someone's job or education develops （工作或受教育的）方向
• She was a lawyer, but then she changed track completely and became a doctor. 她当过律师，但后来彻底转行成了医生。
countable usually singular
■the way in which a thought or idea has developed or might develop 思维方式；思路
• I found it difficult to follow the track of his argument. 我觉得难以跟上他论证的思路。
get off the track
■to start talking about something that is not part of what you should be talking about （讲话）离题
• I think we're getting off the track here - we're supposed to be discussing our advertising campaign. 我觉得我们离题了——我们应该讨论的是广告宣传活动。
[træk] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 ADVANCED countable
■one of several songs or pieces of music on a CD or other musical recording （光盘、录音磁带等上的）一首歌，一支乐曲
• The album includes four previously unreleased tracks. 这张专辑收录了四首以前未曾面世的歌曲。
⇒ See also soundtrack
countable
■a part of a magnetic strip onto which sound can be recorded, with several tracks on one magnetic strip 音轨，声道
• When a piece of music is recorded, each instrument is recorded separately on a 24- or 48-track tape. 录制音乐时，每一种乐器分别被录制在一张24或48声道的磁带上。
[træk] noun
in your tracks
■in the exact place where you are standing 就地，当场
• He fell dead in his tracks. 他当即倒地身亡。
• A sudden loud scream stopped me (dead) in my tracks (= caused me suddenly to stop what I was doing). 突如其来的一声大叫惊得我停下手中的工作。
[træk] noun
keep track
■to make certain that you know what is happening or has happened to someone or something 确保了解；确保知道
• My sister has had so many different jobs, I find it hard to keep track (of what she's doing). 我姐姐从事过如此多的工作，我觉得都难以说清。
[træk] noun
lose track
■to no longer know what is happening, or not to remember something 忘记；跟不上最新的情况
• What he was saying was so complicated that I lost track after the first couple of sentences. 他说的话内容太复杂了，我听了开头的几个句子以后就开始感到没头没脑。
• I've lost track of the number of times he's asked me to lend him money. 我记不起他有多少次问我借钱了。
[træk] noun
make tracks informal
■to leave somewhere to go home 回家
• It's getting late, Jim - I think we should make tracks. 吉姆，天越来越晚——我觉得我们该回家了。
[træk] noun
on track
■making progress and likely to succeed 有望成功；在正轨上
• They're on track to make record profits. 他们有望获得创纪录的利润。
[træk] verb
FOLLOW 跟随
 ADVANCED transitive
■to follow a person or animal by looking for proof that they have been somewhere, or by using electronic equipment 跟踪，追踪
• It's difficult to track an animal over stony ground. 很难在多石的地面上追踪动物。
• The military use radar satellites to track targets through clouds and at night. 军队用雷达卫星透过云雾和夜幕追踪目标。
• The terrorists were tracked to (= found in) Amsterdam. 恐怖分子在阿姆斯特丹被追踪到。
⇒ See also backtrack;sidetrack
 ADVANCED transitive
■to record the progress or development of something over a period 追踪，记录…的进展
• The study tracked the careers of 1226 doctors who trained at the University of Michigan Medical School. 该研究对1226名曾在密歇根大学医学院接受过培训的医生的事业发展情况进行跟踪调查。
[træk] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive
■If a television or film camera tracks in a particular direction, it moves along while it is filming （摄影机）跟踪拍摄，移动摄影
• The film ends with a long tracking shot around the deserted house. 影片的结尾场景是一个围绕这幢废弃房子拍摄的跟踪长镜头。
intransitive specialized
■If a moving part of a recording machine tracks, it gets into the correct position for operating （录制设备的移动部件）运作正常
• Our VCR tracks automatically. 我们的录像机能自动摄录。
[træk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] track sth/sb down
■to find something or someone after looking for them in a lot of different places 追踪到；追查到
• He finally managed to track down the book he wanted. 他终于找到他要的书。
explore, track, hunt, seek
这组词都有“搜索、寻找”的意思，其区别是：
explore: 一般指对未知事物或新生事物的探索、观察与研究。
track: 侧重按一定线索追查出结果。
hunt: 一般指寻找所需的物件，或对罪犯的搜寻，特指追猎。
seek: 语义庄重，语气强，使用广。多暗示做出很大努力去寻求某人或物。
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
n. [铁路] 轨道； [古生] 足迹，踪迹；小道
 - path, railway, tail, trajectory, orbit
vt. 追踪；通过；循路而行；用纤拉
 - clear, trail
vi. 追踪；走；留下足迹
 - go, walk, step

Word: bet
Front: bet
[bet] (研四雅 2699/3246 -K3)
Vocabulary: bet
(once / 204 pages)
vn
To bet is to gamble or risk something valuable against an unknown outcome. Poker players bet on each hand, hoping the cards they hold will beat those of the other players.
Sometimes you bet money on a sporting event, wagering on the team you think will win and collecting even more money if it does. It's even more common to bet in a figurative way, saying something like, "I'd be willing to bet that the bus will be late again." The money you risk when you bet is also called a bet. The word probably comes from the now-obsolete noun abet, or "abetment."
WORD FAMILY
bet: bets, betted, betting, bettor+/betting: bettinger/bettor: bettors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wealthier Americans might ponder the future of football, Irvin said, but poor and middle-class kids were betting their future on football.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s too late to hedge that bet now.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But now, it’s Kansas City as division champion and Oakland as a road team with no sure bet on who its quarterback will be.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 打赌，赌博，赌注; 被下赌注的对象; 可能性
vi. 当然，的确; 打赌(on,against,with)
vt. 赌博; 与…打赌; 下赌注; 确信
时态：bet, betting, bets
分布：打赌(62%)，赌注(32%)，确信(5%)，确信无疑(1%)
→来自bait，诱饵。诱使，打赌。
v.赌,打赌n.打赌,赌注Spell smell! Very well, the well-being for human being will swell.拼写气味(一词)!很好,人类的福利将会膨胀.
verb (betting, bet, bet)
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to risk money on the result of an event or a competition, such as a horse race, in the hope of winning more money 打赌；赌博
• He regularly goes to the races and bets heavily. 他常去赌马，而且都下重注。
• She bet £500 000 on the horse which came in second. 她在那匹跑了第二名的马身上，下了50万英镑的赌注。
• [+ two objects] [+ (that)] I bet you $25 that I'll get there before you. 我和你赌25美元，我一定比你早到。
 ADVANCED transitive informal
■If you say you bet (someone) that something is true or will happen, you mean you are certain that it is true or will happen 敢肯定
• [+ (that)] I bet you (that) she's missed the bus. 我敢肯定她追不上公车。
• I bet (that) he won't come. 我敢肯定他不会来。
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
(how much) do you want to bet? informal
■said in answer to something that someone has said, meaning that you are certain that they are wrong （表示确定对方错了）你敢打赌吗？你想赌多少？
• "Surely she won't be late this time." "How much do you want to bet?" “她这次肯定不会迟到。”“那你敢跟我赌多少？”
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
don't bet on it (also I wouldn't bet on it) informal
■used to tell someone that you think something is unlikely to be true or to happen 不大可能
• "Do you think they'll give me back the money they owe me?" "I wouldn't bet on it." “你认为他们会把欠我的钱还给我吗？”“我看不会的了。”
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
I bet (also I'll bet) informal
■said to show that you understand why someone has a particular opinion or feels a particular way （表示理解）有同感，我相信
• "I'm so annoyed with her." "I'll bet." “她令我感到厌烦。”“我相信是。”
• "I was so relieved I didn't have to clean up after the party." "I bet you were." “派对结束后，我不必留下来收拾打扫，这让我大大松了口气。”“我知道你会这样。”
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
what do you bet?
■See what's the betting? at betting
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
you bet informal
■used to emphasize a statement or to mean 'certainly' （表示强调）当然
• "Are you coming to the party?" "You bet!" “你会参加派对吗？”“当然了。”
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
you can bet your life (also you can bet your bottom dollar)
■used to say that you are completely certain that something is true or will happen 肯定
• You can bet your bottom dollar that he'll be the next president. 他肯定会选下一任总统。
[bet] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an amount of money which you risk on the result of an event or a competition, such as a horse race 赌注
• He placed/put a bet on the grey horse. 他在那匹灰色马身上下了注。
■informal
■a guess or opinion 猜想；想法
• [+ (that)] My bet is (that) their baby will be a girl. 我猜他们会生个女儿。
[bet] noun countable
be a fair bet UK
■to be something which is likely to happen 很可能的事
• It's a fair bet (that) the government will increase taxes in the coming term. 政府很可能在即将展开的下届执政期内增税。
[bet] noun countable
be a good bet
■to be something that would be useful, clever or enjoyable to do 明智的事
• Putting your savings in a high-interest account is a good bet. 把你的积蓄存进高利率储蓄帐户是明智之举。
[bet] noun countable
be a safe bet
■to be something that you are certain will happen 肯定会发生的事
• It's a safe bet (that) Martin will be the last to arrive. 马丁肯定是最后一个到。
[bet] noun countable
be your best bet
■to be the best decision or choice 明智的决定（或选择）
• Your best bet would be to take a bus to the airport. 你最好坐公车到机场。
[bet] noun countable
do sth for a bet (US usually do sth on a bet)
■to do something dangerous or risky because someone says that they do not think you will 赌气做
• She jumped in the fountain for a bet. 她赌气跳进了喷水池。
gamble, bet
这组词都有“打赌，赌博”的意思，其区别是：
gamble: 多指投机，为获得某物或牟利而冒大险，含孤注一掷意味。
bet: 指竞赛中的打赌，也指双方对有疑惑之事争执不下的打赌。在口语中，bet作“确信，敢说”解。
n. 打赌，赌注；被打赌的事物
 - stake
vt. 打赌；敢断定，确信
 - make sure, be sure of
vi. 打赌
 - lay, stake

Word: literary
Front: literary
[ˈlɪtərəri] (高研四六托 2700/2512 -3)
Vocabulary: literary
(once / 58 pages)
adj
Use literary when you want to indicate writing with high artistic qualities. Something doesn't have to be "literature" to be literary, but they are related.
Literary comes from the Latin litterarius, meaning "letters," as in letters of the alphabet. Think of literary writing as writing that explores the richness of language or even contributes to it, especially in a high cultural way. The clever rhymes you invented about your grade school principal's bathing habits made your classmates laugh, but that doesn't make them great literary achievements.
WORD FAMILY
literary: literarily, literature, nonliterary, subliterary, unliterary+/ literature: literatures
USAGE EXAMPLES
All around her there are silences, empty places, held breaths—an extraordinary act of literary finesse.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The Seattle literary scene is emerging from its December deep freeze.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Why does actor Benedict Cumberbatch cut such a dash as British literary detective Sherlock Holmes?
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 文学（上）的; 精通文学的; 爱好文学的; 从事文学研究（或写作）的
分布：文学的(100%)
→来自拉丁语litera,书写，字母，词源同letter.引申词义文学的。
文学的(liter+ary)[liter=letter,表示"文字,字母"]
a.文学上的,文学的;精通文学的,从事写作的Latin was the literary language of Italy.拉丁语是意大利的文学语言.
US ['lɪtˌ.ə.rer-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■connected with literature 文学的，与文学相关的
• a literary critic 文学评论家
• literary prizes 文学奖
• a literary style 文学风格
literary, literal
literary: 有文化的(反义词是illiterate),如：people applying for the job should be computer literate.(申请这份工作的人应会使用电脑。)
literal: 文字上的，字面的。如：a literal interpretation of a passage(对一段文章的字面解释)
adj. 文学的；书面的；精通文学的
 - written

Word: virus
Front: virus
[ˈvaɪrəs] (高研四六托雅宝 2701/3589 -K3)
Vocabulary: virus
(once / 872 pages)
n
Whether in the human body or on a computer, a virus is a disease-causing agent. If you come down with a nasty stomach virus, be sure to drink lots of water, get lots of rest, and stay near the toilet.
Virus comes from a Latin word that was spelled the same way. It specifically referred to the poisonous sap of certain plants, which explains why it sounds similar to viscous, a word meaning "sticky." Nowadays, it’s used to describe something that causes infectious diseases, specifically a tiny, self-replicating agent made up of genetic material and protein.
WORD FAMILY
virus: viruses, virusoid
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was exhausting because I walked,” recalled the mother, from Lesotho, where almost 23% of the population live with the virus.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He needed intravenous fluids to combat a virus early in the week.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Fourth on the list are 43 percent who described the spread of the Zika virus as important.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 病毒; 病毒性疾病; 毒素，毒害; [计算机科学]计算机病毒
分布：病毒(99%)，病原体(1%)
→来自拉丁语virus,毒液，毒汁，来自weis,融化，流出，恶臭液体，词源同weasel,bison。该词最早用于病毒义来自1728年，用于指传染性病，天花，梅毒等。也用于指计算机病毒。
n.病毒;(精神,道德方面的)有害影响The degraded undergraduate upgraded the underlying virus program.被降职的大学生升级基础的病毒计划.
US ['vaɪ-] noun countable
DISEASE 病毒
 IMPROVER
■an extremely small organism which causes disease in humans, animals and plants 病毒
• a chicken pox/flu/herpes/mumps virus 水痘／流行性感冒／疱疹／流行性腮腺炎病毒
• Evidence suggested that the AIDS virus was spreading very quickly among the heterosexual community. 有证据表明爱滋病病毒正在异性恋群体中迅速传播。
 IMPROVER
■a disease caused by a virus 病毒病，病毒性疾病；病毒感染
• I don't know exactly what's wrong with her - I think it's some sort of virus. 我不知道她到底得了甚么病——我觉得可能是某种病毒感染。
UK ['vaɪə.rəs] US ['vaɪ-] noun countable
COMPUTER PROBLEM 电脑问题
 ADVANCED
■a computer program or part of a computer program which can make copies of itself and is intended to prevent the computer from working normally 电脑病毒
bacteria, germ, virus, bug, microbe
这组词都有“致病的微生物”的意思，其区别是：
bacteria: (系bacterium的复数形式)，泛指任何在动植物体中广泛传播的微生物细菌，其中有的对生命体无害，有的能导致传染病或严重疾病，如天花、霍乱等。
germ: 微生物的俗称，专指引起人体生命的病菌。
virus: 技术用语，特指病毒或过滤性病原体。
bug: 非正式用词，指细菌或由病毒所引起的传染病。
microbe: 本义指在显微镜下才能见到的微生物，现在多指引起疾病的细菌。
n. [病毒] 病毒；恶毒；毒害
 - vindictiveness, Vyrus

Word: stupid
Front: stupid
[ˈstju:pɪd] (中高研四六 2704/2558 -K3)
Vocabulary: stupid
(once / 193 pages)
adjn
A stupid person doesn’t have much intelligence or imagination, and they go through life making decisions that seem to lack all common sense. If you’ve got a brain but you don’t use it, you might be a bit stupid.
The word comes from a Latin adjective that means “amazed or stunned,” and stupid people are stunned by everything because their minds are numb. You can make a stupid mistake when you’re not thinking, and you can call someone stupid if you’re feeling cruel, like “Hey, Stupid.” Zombies are stupid because their brains are dead. If that makes sense to you, then you’re not stupid, and you’re also not a zombie. Well done!
WORD FAMILY
stupid: stupider, stupidest, stupidity, stupidly, stupids+/ stupidity: stupidities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jolly called South Bend’s ban “stupid” but said he will follow it.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
How stupid is this — no way for people to use public transport on new years in Auckland.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
In an email, he summed up that agenda: “It’s the varroa, stupid.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 愚蠢的; 迟钝的; 乏味的; 晕眩的，昏迷不醒的
n. <口>傻子，笨蛋
分布：愚蠢的(77%)，傻瓜(10%)，乏味的(6%)，无聊的(5%)，笨拙的(2%)
→来自拉丁语 stupere,震惊，困惑，迷惑，发晕，来自 stupe,击，打，扩展自 steu,击，打， 词源同 steep,stoop,type.引申词义愚蠢的，糊涂的。
笨的(stup笨,麻木+id)[-id表形容词"如…的"]
a.愚蠢的,迟钝的The stupid student rapidly studied the accident in the studio.愚蠢的学生在画室里快速研究了事故.
US ['stu:-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■silly or unwise; showing poor judgment or little intelligence 愚蠢的；糊涂的；欠考虑的
• She was really stupid to quit her job like that. 她就那样辞掉了工作，简直是愚蠢透顶。
• Whose stupid idea was it to travel at night? 晚上赶路是谁的馊主意？
• He now thinks that retiring early was a stupid thing to do. 他现在认为提早退休是件愚蠢的事。
• How could you be so stupid? 你怎么会这么傻？
 ESSENTIAL informal
■annoying, or causing a problem 讨厌的；恼人的；惹麻烦的
• Have your stupid book back if it's so important to you. 要是这本该死的破书对你那么重要的话，把它拿回去吧。
• I hate doing this stupid exercise, I just can't get it right. 我讨厌做这种烦人的练习，我就是做不对。
silly, dull, simple, stupid, foolish
这组词都有“愚蠢的，笨的，傻的”的意思，其区别是：
silly: 口语用词，可和foolish互换，但语气稍强。侧重指人的言行不合常规或不理智，强调单纯、低能和糊涂。
dull: 指对问题理解迟钝，缺乏灵敏机智头脑，可能是先下智力低下，也可能因疲倦或健康不佳所致。
simple: 强调头脑简单或缺少智慧。
stupid: 多指人或行为的愚蠢，尤指先天智能低下，或因某种原因失去正常的反应或感觉。有时也可与silly和foolish换用，但语气强，常含贬义。
foolish: 一般指人的无头脑、愚蠢，或缺乏常识与判断力，或指行动的愚蠢可笑。
adj. 愚蠢的；麻木的；乏味的
 - foolish, silly, asleep, mad
n. 傻瓜，笨蛋
 - simple, turkey, put, fool, idiot

Word: dispute
Front: dispute
[dɪˈspju:t] (研四六托雅宝 2705/2066 -4)
Vocabulary: dispute
(once / 113 pages)
nv
If kids can't settle their own argument, they may need someone to mediate their dispute, or conflict. You can often tell this is the case if you hear the loud cry, "Mom!"
The noun dispute means any conflict or disagreement. The countries were in the middle of a border dispute; both sides claimed the toxic waste dump belonged to the other. As a verb, dispute can mean to quarrel or argue, but it can also mean to take exception to something. If your boasting friend crows because you lost the trivia game to her by 150 points, you may want to dispute the facts. It was only 145 points.
WORD FAMILY
dispute: disputable, disputant, disputation, disputatious, disputative, disputed, disputes, disputing+/disputable: disputably, indisputable, undisputable/disputant: disputants/disputation: disputations/ disputatious: disputatiously/disputative: disputatively/disputed: undisputed/ indisputable: indisputability, indisputably/undisputable: undisputably/undisputed: undisputedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
If Mr. Roof is sentenced to death, the dispute about his mental health is likely to be central to any appeals.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said the conservancy's ultimate plan is to acquire the property — whose market value is a matter of dispute — and manage it for public use.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Later that year, then-President George Bush signed legislation aimed at settling the dispute over the mineral rights.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 辩论，争论
vt. 就…进行争论，辩论; 对…的真实或有效进行争论，怀疑; 争夺，竞争; 抵抗，抵制
n. 辩论; 争端; （劳资）纠纷; 罢工
vi. 激烈争辩; 争执; 争吵; 吵架
时态：disputed, disputing, disputes
分布：争论(32%)，争端(27%)，争议(26%)，质疑(7%)，争吵(6%)，辩驳(2%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-put, 思考，词源同compute, putative. 即不同的思考，引申词义争论。
反驳(dis反+pute→过来思考→反驳)[put=think,表示"认为,思考"]
n.争论,争执v.争论,辩论;反驳;怀疑;阻止The contribution distributor thinks the microcomputer pollution is absolutely beyond dispute.捐款分配者认为微机污染是绝对不容置疑的.
【反】accept（v 接受；同意）
noun countable or uncountable /dɪˈspjuːt/ /ˈdɪs.pjuːt]
 IMPROVER
■an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border （尤指劳资双方或相邻两国之间的）争执，争端，纠纷
• a bitter/long-running dispute 激烈／长期的争执
• a border dispute 边界争端
• a pay/legal/trade dispute 工资／法律／贸易纠纷
• They have been unable to settle/resolve the dispute over working conditions. 他们无法解决工作条件方面的争端。
• The unions are in dispute with management over pay. 工会与管理层在工资问题上存在分歧。
beyond (all) dispute
■certainly 毫无争议地，无可争辩地，不容置疑地
• He is beyond all dispute the finest actor in Hollywood today. 无可置疑，他是当今荷里活最好的演员。
in dispute
■being doubted 正在受到怀疑的
• I don't think her ability is in dispute, what I question is her attitude. 我相信她的能力没有问题，但我怀疑她的态度。
open to dispute
■not certain 不确定的，不肯定的
• He says it's the best musical equipment you can buy, but I think that's open to dispute. 他说那是能买到的最好的音乐设备，但我认为这种说法不一定对。
verb intransitive or transitive /dɪˈspjuːt/
 ADVANCED
■to disagree with something that someone says （对…）有异议；不同意，否认；争论
• Few would dispute his status as the finest artist of the period. 他是那个时期最好的艺术家，很少有人对此存有异议。
• The circumstances of her death have been hotly disputed. 她的死引起了激烈的争论。
• [+ (that)] I don't dispute (that) Lucas' films are entertaining, but they haven't got much depth. 我并不否认卢卡斯的电影具有娱乐价值，但这些电影都没有甚么深度。
argue, reason, discuss, dispute, debate, quarrel
这组词都有“辩论，争论，说理”的意思，其区别是：
argue: 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。
reason: 指据理力争以说服对方或求得对问题作更深入的研究。
discuss: 最常用词，指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等，以便统一认识，解决问题。
dispute: 侧重对分歧进行激烈或热烈的争论或争辩，带一定感情色彩，常隐含“各持已见”或“争论不休”意味。
debate: 侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩。
quarrel: 指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好的、吵吵嚷嚷地大声争论某事，尤指“吵嘴、吵架”。
argument, controversy, dispute, debate, conflict, strife, quarrel
这组词都有“争执、不和”的意思，其区别是：
argument: 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。
controversy: 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。
dispute: 普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。
debate: 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。
conflict: 指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。
strife: 指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。
quarrel: 普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。
vt. 辩论；怀疑；阻止；抗拒
 - discuss, debate, argue, stem, block
vi. 争论
 - debate, argue with
n. 辩论；争吵
 - argument, debate, brush, controversy

Word: fortune
Front: fortune
[ˈfɔ:tʃu:n] (高研四六托 2703/2626 -K3)
Vocabulary: fortune
(once / 26 pages)
n
A fortune can be a large amount of money, and fortune is a form of fate. So you want to have the good fortune to make a fortune during your career.
Fortuna was the Roman goddess of fate and luck. She was sometimes depicted with a wheel, and the random spinning of her "wheel of fortune" became a symbol for the unpredictability of fate (and, much later, the title of a popular game show). A fortune teller can look into her crystal ball or tarot cards and predict your future. But her predictions are probably about as accurate as the "prophecy" that comes inside your fortune cookie.
WORD FAMILY
fortune: fortunate, fortunes, misfortune +/ fortunate: fortunately, fortunatest, misfortunate, unfortunate /misfortunate: misfortunately/ misfortune: misfortunes/ unfortunate: unfortunately, unfortunates
USAGE EXAMPLES
My point isn’t that we spend hours or a fortune in the kitchen, just that we adopt an old-fashioned approach where we avoid processed food.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the pillars of Mr. Trump’s campaign was his intention to revive the fortunes of the coal industry through support of so-called clean coal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Worst spark: Would Foster’s timely deflection be the play that turned Washington’s fortunes around?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （某人的）命运; 富有; 幸运; [常作复数]（人生事件中的）时运
vt. 给予财富
vi. 偶然发生
分布：财产(48%)，命运(26%)，运气(26%)
→来自拉丁语fortuna, 运气，机会，来自bher, 带来，词源同bring, infer. 引申词义财富。
运气,财富(fort+une)[furt=luck,表示"运气"]
n.运气;命运;财产;财富He received a large fortune when his uncle died.他在叔父去世时得到了一大笔财产.
US ['fɔ:r-] noun
WEALTH 财富
 IMPROVER countable
■a large amount of money, goods, property, etc 一大笔钱；大量财产
• She inherited a fortune from her grandmother. 她从祖母那里继承了一大笔财产。
• He lost a fortune gambling. 他赌博输了一大笔钱。
• You can make a fortune out of junk if you call it 'antiques'. 把破烂叫做“古董”，就可以从中发一笔财。
• This dress cost a (small) fortune. 这条连衣裙花了很多钱。
• Any painting by Van Gogh is worth a fortune. 梵高的任何一幅作品都值一大笔钱。
UK ['fɔ:.tʃu:n] US ['fɔ:r-] noun
CHANCE 机会
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■chance and the way it affects your life （影响人生的）机会，际遇，运气
• He had the (good) fortune to train with some of the world's top athletes. 他有幸与一些世界顶级的运动员一起训练。
• The family's fortunes changed overnight. 那个家庭的命运一夜之间改变了。
tell sb's fortune
■to discover what will happen to someone in the future, for example by looking at the lines on their hands or using a special set of cards 为（某人）算命
UK ['fɔ:.tʃu:n] US ['fɔ:r-] noun
fortune smiles on sb
■If fortune smiles on you, you are lucky and good things happen to you. 命运向（某人）微笑，（某人）交好运
luck, lot, destiny, fortune, doom, fate
这组词都有“命运”的意思，其区别是：
luck: 普通日常用词，指好的或坏的运气，尤多指好运气，有时也指成功或愉快的结局。
lot: 多指偶然的运气或终身遭受的不幸命运。
destiny: 普通用词，侧重预先注定的命运，对未来命运的美好憧憬。
fortune: 普通用词，指由机会或运气来决定的一种命运，如暗示一种比fate好的运气或一种愉快的未来。
doom: 指最终的，常常是灾难性或毁灭性的命运，隐含不可避免的意味。
fate: 较庄严用词，多指不幸的命运，暗示不可避免，令人畏惧和人的意志无法改变，宿命论色彩较浓。
n. 财富；命运；运气
 - wealth, treasure, money, fate, luck
vi. 偶然发生
 - chance to, happen to

Word: strategic
Front: strategic
[strəˈti:dʒɪk] (四六雅 2702/2723 -3)
Vocabulary: strategic
(once / 526 pages)
adj
Desperate to trap Road Runner, Wile E. Coyote comes up with a strategic plan, meaning a plan designed to achieve a specific goal.
Strategic is a military word, relating to the careful plotting and planning necessary to win battles. But you don't need to be a general to think strategically. If you recruit your friends to talk you up to the girl you have a crush on, you're taking a strategic approach to romance.
WORD FAMILY
strategic: strategically+/ strategist: strategists/ strategy: strategic, strategical, strategies, strategist
USAGE EXAMPLES
It wasn’t luck or even a strategic adjustment that turned things around.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We urge you to preserve this critical U.S. strategic asset,” the letter read.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Preserving the flexibility to pick and choose facts carries obvious strategic benefits.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 战略（上）的; 战略性的; 有战略意义的; 至关重要的
分布：战略的(63%)，重要的(34%)，基本的(3%)
→来自 strategy,战略，策略，-ic,形容词后缀。
adjective
 ADVANCED
■helping to achieve a plan, for example in business or politics 有助于计划成功的；战略（性）的
• strategic planning 战略规划
• a strategic withdrawal/advance 战略性撤退／推进
• Their bombs are always placed in strategic positions to cause as much chaos as possible. 他们总是把炸弹安放在战略要地，务求最大程度地制造混乱。
■Strategic weapons, war or places provide military forces with an advantage （武器、战争或地方）战略性的，有战略优势的：
• There are plans to modernize the US strategic forces. 美国制订了战略力量现代化的计划。
• strategic arms reduction talks 削减战略核武器会谈

Word: assistant
Front: assistant
[əˈsɪstənt] (高研四六托雅 2706/2875 -K3)
Vocabulary: assistant
(once / 193 pages)
nadj
An assistant is someone that is there to help. If you work 80 hours a week, you might want to think about hiring a personal assistant to pick up your dry cleaning.
The word assistant typically refers to someone who offers assistance. However, in certain professional situations, assistant can mean on a level below, as in "the Assistant District Attorney reports to the District Attorney." Not surprisingly, an assistant provides assistance. However, unlike a slave or an indentured servant, an assistant is paid for his work.
WORD FAMILY
assistant: assistants+/ assist: assistance, assistant, assisted, assisting, assistive, assists/ assistance: assistances/assisted: unassisted
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It is in the national interest of the U.S. to maintain an open investment policy,” said Aimen Mir, Treasury’s deputy assistant secretary for investment security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Joseph is in his 12th year as an NFL assistant.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said Shanahan or any other assistant would be available “at the end of the week” to speak with another team.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 助手，助理; [化学]（染色的）助剂; 辅助物; 店员，伙计
adj. 助理的; 辅助的; 有帮助的; 副的
分布：辅助的(72%)，副的(28%)
助手,助理(assist+ant→帮助之人)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
助手(assist帮助)[-ant 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"…人"3.表名词"…剂"]
a.帮助的,辅助的n.助手,助教;辅助物On the Christmas the Christian's assistant fisted Pistol Piston and twisted his wrist.在圣诞节,基督徒的助手拳击了"手枪活塞"并扭了他的手腕.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who helps someone else to do a job 助手；帮手；助理
• an administrative/office assistant 行政／办公室助理
• an assistant editor/manager 助理编辑／经理
 IMPROVER UK
■someone who works in a shop, selling goods to customers and giving advice about the goods sold in the shop 店员；营业员；售货员
• a sales/shop assistant 售货员／店员
n. 助手， [管理] 助理，助教
 - friend, aid, mate, helper
adj. [纺] 辅助的， [管理] 助理的；有帮助的
 - helpful, useful, subsidiary, auxiliary, aided

Word: overcome
Front: overcome
[ˌəʊvəˈkʌm] (高研四六托雅 2707/2462 -K3)
Vocabulary: overcome
(once / 166 pages)
v
Use the verb overcome when you talk about someone who has triumphed over adversity. It's great to see a friend who's always struggled in school overcome his learning disabilities and make the honor roll.
You can also be overcome with emotions, or overwhelmed by your feelings. Many people feel so overcome with sadness at a movie — or happiness at a wedding — that they regret not bringing a pile of tissues with them. The verb overcome also means to win or surpass. If you are going to win the marathon, you are going to have to overcome the five runners still ahead of you.
WORD FAMILY
overcome: overcame, overcomer, overcomes, overcoming+/overcomer: overcomers
USAGE EXAMPLES
That won’t be enough for them to overcome their quarterback issues later in the playoffs.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“I’m interested in military topics, masculine hobbies, hard, tough, extreme things, things that require you to overcome physical discomfort,” he said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
To overcome those challenges, the new community plan focuses on the trolley line, particularly the Beyer Boulevard Station one stop north of the border.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 战胜，克服; 压倒，制服，…不堪
vt. 被（烟、感情等）熏[压]倒，使受不了
vi. 受到…的极大影响
时态：overcame, overcome, overcoming, overcomes
分布：克服(85%)，战胜(11%)，获胜(2%)，使受不了(1%)，赢(1%)
→over-,在上，超过，come,来到。原义为赶上，超过，引申词义克服，战胜。
战胜,克服(over+come来→来到上面→战胜)[over-①表示"过度,过分"②表示"在……之上"③表示"翻转"]
v.战胜,克服The firm fireman first overcame thirst desire.坚定的消防员首先克服口渴欲望.
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] (overcame, overcome)
verb
DEAL WITH 对付
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with something 克服；战胜；攻克；解决
• Juventus overcame Ajax in a thrilling match. 尤文图斯队在这场扣人心弦的比赛中，战胜了阿贾克斯队。
• to overcome difficulties/obstacles/problems/resistance 克服困难／障碍／难题／阻力
• Eventually she managed to overcome her shyness in class. 她终于克服了上课时的羞怯。
• Twenty thousand demonstrators sang "We shall overcome" as they marched through Washington today. 今天，两万名示威者高唱著「我们会胜利”在华盛顿街头游行。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'kʌm] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] (overcame, overcome)
verb
UNABLE TO ACT 不能行动
   transitive usually passive
■to prevent someone from being able to act or think in the usual way 使受不了；使无法行动（或思考）
• They were overcome by fumes from the fire and had to be carried out of their houses. 他们被大火的浓烟熏倒，不得不被抬出家门。
• Overcome with/by emotion, she found herself unable to speak for a few minutes. 她激动得难以自持，有好几分钟说不出话来。
undergo, overcome, overthrow, withhold
undergo: 经受、经历、遭受
overcome: 克服、战胜；
overthrow: 推翻、颠覆；
withhold: 压住、制住、抑制；
defeat, beat, overcome, conquer, subdue, overthrow
这组词都有“征服，战胜”的意思，其区别是：
defeat: 普通用词，多指在战争、比赛、竞选或辩论中战胜对手，侧重胜利的暂时性。
beat: 口笔语均可用，可与defeat换用。
overcome: 多指战胜或克服非物质的东西，如困难和不良习惯等。语气较弱也可指在斗争或竞争中战胜或压倒对方。
conquer: 侧重战胜和控制。书面用词。
subdue: 正式用词，与conquer同义，但强调失败后的臣服状态；也可用作借喻，表克制、压抑感情、欲望等。
overthrow: 指彻底击败对手，使其丧失力量和地位。
vt. 克服；胜过
 - exceed, cap, surmount
vi. 克服；得胜
 - rise above, get over sth

Word: remarkable
Front: remarkable
[rɪˈmɑ:kəbl] (研四六托雅 2708/2423 -K3)
Vocabulary: remarkable
(once / 83 pages)
adj
Something remarkable is unusual, exceptional, interesting, or excellent. Remarkable things get your attention.
If you take this word literally, you can figure out the meaning: remarkable things make you want to make a remark about them. They get you talking because they're so unusual or good. Getting a B on a test isn't remarkable, unless you usually get D’s. Getting to meet the president would be pretty remarkable. Save this word for things that are really and truly exceptional.
WORD FAMILY
remarkable: remarkablest, remarkably, unremarkable+/ remark: remarkable, remarked, remarking, remarks/remarked: unremarked/unremarkable: unremarkably
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the evidence of the movie, Saroo’s remarkable quest was not.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A splintered internet would hamper its role as a remarkable innovation engine.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
While barn switches are common, it is remarkable for an owner to cease operations with the most accomplished trainer of his era.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 异常的，引人注目的，; 卓越的; 显著的; 非凡的，非常（好）的
分布：非凡的(40%)，显著的(27%)，卓越的(14%)，值得注意的(13%)，异常的(6%)
→来自 remark,评论，谈论。比喻用法。
不平常的;值得注意的(re再+mark+able→再做记号→值得注意的)[mark=sign,表示"记号,符号"]
a.值得注意的;显著的,异常的,非凡的The shark's remark on the marble mark in the market is remarkable.骗子关于市场上大理石标记的评论值得关注.
【记】re再，mark记号，able－再做记号－值得注意的
US [-'mɑ:r-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■unusual or special and therefore surprising and worth mentioning 非凡的；奇异的；引人注目的
• Nelson Mandela is a truly remarkable man. 纳尔逊．曼德拉确实是个了不起的人。
• Meeting you here in Rome is a remarkable coincidence. 能在罗马这地方遇到你可真是惊人的巧合。
• The 20th century was remarkable for its inventions. 20世纪因层出不穷的重大发明而引人瞩目。
striking, remarkable, noticeable, outstanding, conspicuous
这组词都有“显著的，引人注意的”的意思，其区别是：
striking: 侧重能给观察者产生强烈而深刻印象。
remarkable: 通常指因有与众不同的特点或优越性而引起人们注意或称道。
noticeable: 指所描绘的事物引人注意。
outstanding: 通常指与同行或同类的人相比显得优秀或杰出，或具有他人或别的事物所没有的特征。
conspicuous: 通常指因成绩卓著，而引人注意，或指因外观奇特、花哨或言行举止不合常规而令人注意。
striking, remarkable, unusual, prominent, outstanding, extraordinary
striking: 引人注意的，饶有兴趣的；（因相貌好）吸引人的，惹人注目的
remarkable: 值得注意的，不寻常的；独特的
unusual: 罕见的，异乎寻常的；独特的，与众不同的
prominent: 凸出的,显著的，惹人注目的,杰出的，重要的
outstanding: 杰出的，优秀的；地位显著的，为人瞩目的，（报酬、工作、问题等）未偿付的，未完成的，未解决的
extraordinary: 不平常的，不普通的，非常的，格外的，；（安排、会议等）特别的，（官员）特命的，特派的
adj. 卓越的；非凡的；值得注意的
 - excellent, prominent, extraordinary, significant, wonder

Word: occupy
Front: occupy
[ˈɒkjupaɪ] (研四六托雅 2710/1991 -K4)
Vocabulary: occupy
(once / 41 pages)
1v 2v
When you spend a lot of your free time reading tea leaves, you occupy yourself with that pastime, meaning it takes up your time and keeps you busy.
An army can invade another country and occupy its territory, and this use of the word reflects its original Latin meaning, which was "to seize." There are also less aggressive forms of occupation, as with the family of chipmunks who occupy your garden. If you are the mayor of your town, you occupy an important office. And if you're a fan of Andy Warhol, a series of Campbell's soup can paintings may occupy a prominent place on your walls.
WORD FAMILY
occupy: occupancy, occupant, occupation, occupied, occupier, occupies, occupying, preoccupy +/ occupancy: occupancies/ occupant: occupants/ occupation: occupational, occupations/ occupational: occupationally/ occupied: occupiedly, unoccupied/ occupier: occupiers/ preoccupation: preoccupations/ preoccupied: preoccupancy, preoccupiedly/ preoccupy: preoccupation, preoccupied, preoccupies, preoccupying
USAGE EXAMPLES
SHILOH, West Bank — Through eight years of escalating criticism from the world’s most powerful leader, Israeli construction in these sacred, militarily occupied hills never stopped.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s main ally, for allowing the United Nations to censure his government over its controversial plans to build new settlements in the occupied West Bank.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Security Council resolution that the U.S. allowed to pass on Friday says that all of east Jerusalem is now occupied territory.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 占领; 使用，住在…; 使从事，使忙碌; 任职
时态：occupied, occupying, occupies
分布：占领(66%)，占用(24%)，使忙碌(6%)，专心(2%)，从事(2%)
→oc-,向前，朝向，-cup,抓，握，持有，词源同capable,participate.即抓住的，占有的，引申词义占用，占据。
占领;使用(oc再次＋cupy抓→抓住地盘→占领)[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
v.占,占用;占据,占领;使忙碌,使从事The cube in the tubular cup occupies one cubic meter.筒状杯中的立方体占有一个立方米(的体积).
US ['ɑ:.kjʊ-] verb transitive
FILL 填充
 IMPROVER
■to fill, exist in, or use a place or period of time 占有，占用，占据（空间或时间）
• The bathroom's occupied - I think John's in there. 浴室有人——我想是约翰在里面。
• The rest of the time was occupied with writing a report. 剩下的时间用来写了份报告。
• The house hasn't been occupied (= lived in) by anyone for a few months. 这幢房子已经有几个月没人住了。
• formal A large picture of the battle of Waterloo occupied the space above the fireplace. 一幅描绘滑铁卢战役的巨幅画作占据了壁炉上方的空间。
 IMPROVER
■to keep someone busy or interested 使（某人）忙于；使（某人）感兴趣
• [R] On long car journeys I occupy my self with solving maths puzzles. 在乘坐汽车长途旅行中，我解数学难题来打发时间。
• All the new toys kept the kids occupied for hours. 这些新玩具让孩子们兴致勃勃地玩了好几个小时。
UK ['ɒk.jʊ.paɪ] US ['ɑ:.kjʊ-] verb transitive
TAKE CONTROL 控制
■(of an army or group of people) to move into and take control and/or possession of a place （军队或一伙人）占领，占据
• Troops quickly occupied the city. 军队很快占领了城市。
• Protesting students occupied the university office for two weeks. 抗议的学生占领大学办公楼达两个星期。
• the occupying forces 占领军
vt. 占据，占领；居住；使忙碌
 - bag, exercise

Word: statistics
Front: statistics
[stə'tɪstɪks] (高研四六托雅 2709/2602)
Vocabulary: statistics
(once / 387 pages)
n
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that allows you to draw conclusions about a large group of people based on information collected from a smaller group. It's also a tough college math course.
Say an Australian study reports that 45% of fifteen-year-old Australians like grape soda. The people who conducted that study didn't interview 45% of Australian fifteen-year-olds; they interviewed perhaps a fraction of the Australian fifteen-year-old population and based their conclusions about the entire population on that. This is the essence of statistics, and the uncertainty surrounding such studies is one reason why people who practice statistics have to take tough college courses.
WORD FAMILY
statistics: statistic, statistical, statistician +/ statistical: statistically/ statistician: statisticians
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bharambe, for his part, argues that Mumbai’s collision statistics look worse than other Indian cities because the Mumbai police are better at recording accidents.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Kay said the statistics used by Leapfrog are reported on a daily basis.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
For those of us who pay attention to economic statistics, Mr. Obama walked into the worst economic crisis in recent history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 统计，统计学，统计法，统计资料; 统计数字; “statistic”的复数
分布：统计(80%)，统计数字(14%)，统计学(6%)
统计学(stat+istics学科→站着去计算数据的学科→统计学)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
N-COUNT
统计数字(或资料)
Statistics are facts which are obtained from analysing information expressed in numbers, for example information about the number of times that something happens.
例：Official statistics show real wages declining by 24%...官方统计数字表明实际工资下降了 24%。
例：There are no reliable statistics for the number of deaths in the battle.关于阵亡人数没有可靠的统计数字。
N-UNCOUNT
统计学
Statistics is a branch of mathematics concerned with the study of information that is expressed in numbers.
例：...a professor of Mathematical Statistics.数学统计学教授
n. [统计] 统计；统计学；统计资料
 - correlations, numerical statement

Word: shopping
Front: shopping
[ˈʃɒpɪŋ] (高四六雅 2713/2763 -K3)
Back: n. 购物，买东西; 工作室，制作室; 车间; 家庭作坊
vi. 选购：为寻找商品或便宜货而逛商店; 到处寻找：为得到某物而寻找它
vt. 逛（某一个商店）或（在某一个商店）买东西
分布：购物(77%)，买东西(22%)，动词shop的现在分词形式.(1%)
US ['ʃɑ:.pɪŋ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the activity of buying things from shops 购物，买东西
• The store is open for late night shopping on Wednesdays. 每个星期三，该百货商店晚间都营业到很晚。
• I'm going shopping this afternoon. 我今天下午要去购物。
• My granddaughter does my weekly shopping for me. 我孙女替我买每周要用的东西。
• Christmas shopping 圣诞节购物
 ESSENTIAL
■goods which you have bought from shops, especially food 所购物品（尤指食品）
• She had so many bags of shopping that she could hardly carry them. 她买这么多袋东西，几乎拿不了了。
• I forgot my shopping list. 我忘记带购物清单了。
n. [贸易] 购物，买东西
 - trading

Word: cousin
Front: cousin
[ˈkʌzn] (中高研四六 2714/3010 -K4)
Vocabulary: cousin
(once / 94 pages)
n
If Aunt Sally has a kid, that kid is your cousin, and if Aunt Sally's kid has a kid, and you have a kid too, then your kid and Sally's kid's kid are second cousins.
A cousin is a relative that's farther from you than an immediate relation like your brother or sister, usually the child of your aunt or uncle. Depending on how many children are born into your family, you might have tons of cousins you've never even met, like your distant cousin Johnny who went wild up in Alaska. We also use cousin to describe a kind of family resemblance between things, like the way barbecue sauce is the cousin of ketchup.
WORD FAMILY
cousin: cousinly, cousins+/cousinly: uncousinly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s Cousins’ next-to-last pass — a defeat-clinching interception — that will be remembered and used as evidence against his case for a long-term contract.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But he’s not certain that will be the case and isn’t sure about Cousins’ desire to be back.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Cousins played last season under the franchise tag.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 堂[表]兄弟姊妹; 远亲，同辈
分布：名词(100%)
→来自拉丁词consobrinus, 表亲，来自sobr-, 姐妹，词源同sister, sorority. 即母亲的姐妹的子女。
n.堂(或表)兄弟,堂(或表)姐妹He is a cousin of Mike's.他是麦克的堂兄弟.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL (also first cousin)
■a child of a person's aunt or uncle, or, more generally, a distant (= not close) relation 堂（或表）兄弟；堂（或表）姐妹；远房亲戚
• My brother's wife and I both had babies around the same time, so the cousins are very close in age. 我嫂子和我差不多同时生了孩子，因此这对表兄妹年纪相若。
• Many of our distant cousins, whom we hadn't seen for years, came to my sister's wedding. 我们家许多多年未见的远房亲戚赶来参加姐姐的婚礼。
■a member of a group of people with similar origins （具有相似渊源的）兄弟民族（或国家）的人
• We Americans owe a great deal to our European cousins. 我们美国人得到欧洲兄弟的许多帮助。

Word: encounter
Front: encounter
[ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2712/2892 -K3)
Vocabulary: encounter
(once / 151 pages)
1vn 2vn
If you run into that cute guy (or girl) from the local deli when you’re at the grocery store and you stop to chat, you’ve just had an encounter, which is a casual meeting, often resulting by chance.
When you encounter the word encounter, context will tell you if it’s acting as a verb or a noun. The sentence “When Spencer and Susanna encounter a bear on the trail, they stand very still” illustrates the verb form. “The encounter in the subway left her wishing she had stayed at home” shows the noun form. Whether acting as a verb or a noun, the word carries the connotation of “chance meeting." You don’t plan an encounter; it just happens.
WORD FAMILY
encounter: encountered, encountering, encounters+/ count: countable, counted, counter, counting, countless, counts, miscount, recount /counted: uncounted/ counter: countered, countering, counters, encounter /counting: countings/ countless: countlessly, countlessness/miscount: miscounted, miscounting, miscounts/ recount: recounted, recounting, recounts/recounting: recountings
USAGE EXAMPLES
While in India, she first encountered the healing power of Tibetan bowl and gong energy work.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
While strolling the streets of “the real Bedford Falls,” I encountered a man with the same Seahawks beanie I was wearing.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most of us will find encounters with death all too easily.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 不期而遇; 遭遇; 对抗
n. 相遇，碰见; 遭遇战; 对决，冲突
vi. 碰见，尤指不期而遇
时态：encountered, encountering, encounters
分布：遇到(61%)，遭遇(32%)，邂逅(6%)，偶然碰到(1%)
→en-, 进入，使。前缀countra-, 相对。即进入相对状态的，面对面遭遇的。
n./v.遇到,遭遇The county councilor encountered the accountant at the counter of a countryside shop.县委委员在一乡村商店的柜台边碰到了会计师.
【反】circumlocution（n 婉转曲折的陈述）
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■a meeting, especially one that happens by chance 偶然相遇，邂逅，不期而遇
• I had a rather alarming encounter with a wild pig. 我曾经意外地碰到过一头野猪，真是惊险。
• This meeting will be the first encounter between the party leaders since the election. 这是自大选以来两党领导人首次狭路相逢。
■an occasion when people have sex, usually with someone they have not met before 性经历（对象通常为陌生人）
■an occasion when two teams play against each other （体育）比赛，交锋
• In their last encounter with Italy, England won 3-2. 在上次和义大利队的对垒中，英格兰队三比二获胜。
UK [ɪn'kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb transitive
MEET 遇到
 ADVANCED formal
■to meet someone unexpectedly 邂逅，不期而遇，偶然碰到
• On their way home they encountered a woman selling flowers. 在回家的路上他们碰到一位卖花的女子。
UK [ɪn'kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb transitive
EXPERIENCE 经历
■to experience, especially something unpleasant 遭遇，遇到（尤指不愉快的事情）
• When did you first encounter these difficulties? 你甚么时候开始遇到这些困难的？
• The army is reported to be encountering considerable resistance. 据报道，部队正遭遇到顽强的抵抗。
face, encounter, meet, contact, confront
这组词都有“遇见，会见，碰见”的意思，其区别是：
face: 侧重双方静止地面对面，或指指充满勇气、信心和决心正视人或事。
encounter: 通常指遇到困难或挫折，也指偶然或意外地相遇。
meet: 普通用词，本义指双方或多方从不同方向或相反方向作向对运动，最终相碰(遇)。
contact: 多指通过书信、电话或直接会面和别人联系。口语用词。
confront: 不可避免的，面对面的相遇。也指敢于正视困难或问题的决心和信心。
withstand, undergo, experience, encounter
withstand: 经受，忍受
undergo: 经历（考验、苦难）
experience: 亲身体验
encounter: 遭遇，遇到遭遇或碰上棘手的事
vt. 遭遇，邂逅；遇到
 - confront, bring up against
n. 遭遇，偶然碰见
 - fell in with, lit on
vi. 遭遇；偶然相遇
 - bring up against, run into

Word: wipe
Front: wipe
[waɪp] (高研四六 2711/3112 -3)
Back: vt. 擦，拭; 擦去，消除; 涂上; 刷卡
n. 擦，拭; 抹布，毛巾; 用力打
vi. 擦，抹; 打，揍
时态：wiped, wiping, wipes
分布：擦(64%)，抹(14%)，擦拭(8%)，抹布(5%)，消除(4%)，揩(3%)，拭去(1%)，用力打(1%)
→来自weip,弯，转，摇晃，词源同vibrate,whip。引申词义前后移动，清洗，擦拭。
v./n.擦,揩,抹I use the ripe recipe to wipe the pipeline.我用成熟的配方来擦拭管道.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to slide something, especially a piece of cloth, over the surface of something else, in order to remove dirt, food or liquid 擦，拭，抹
• Have you got a cloth that I can wipe the floor with? 你有没有找到我可以用来擦地板的布？
• I'll just get a sponge and wipe the crumbs off the table. 我这随便找块海绵把桌子上的碎屑擦掉。
• Don't wipe your nose on your sleeve! 别用袖子擦鼻子！
• Someone has wiped their dirty hands on my nice clean towel! 有人在我干净漂亮的毛巾上擦过脏手！
[waɪp] verb transitive
wipe sth off the map (also wipe sth off the face of the Earth/globe)
■to destroy completely 完全摧毁
• There are bombs so powerful that whole nations could be wiped off the map by them. 有一种炸弹威力十分巨大，能将所有国家都彻底摧毁。
[waɪp] verb transitive
wipe the floor with sb informal
■to defeat someone very easily 轻松击败
• "I hear Italy beat France in the semi-finals last night." "Beat them? They wiped the floor with them!" “我听说义大利队昨晚在半决赛中击败了法国队。”“击败？简直就是横扫！”
[waɪp] verb transitive
wipe the slate clean
■to start a new and better way of behaving, forgetting about any bad experiences in the past 重新开始，将以前的糟糕经历一笔勾销
• A new relationship presents you with the opportunity to wipe the slate clean. 一段新的感情使你有机会忘掉以前的不愉快，开始新生活。
[waɪp] verb transitive
wipe the smile off sb's face
■to make someone feel less happy or confident, especially someone who is annoying you because they think they are very clever 令（某人）不再得意（或高兴）
• Tell him you saw Helena at the cinema with another guy - that should wipe the smile off his face! 告诉他，你在电影院里看见海伦娜和另外一个家伙在一起——这样他就不会再那么洋洋得意了！
[waɪp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wipe sth down
■to clean the surface of something, such as a table, with a cloth （用抹布）擦拭，擦干净
• Every night we wipe the tables down before we shut the restaurant. 每天晚上在饭馆关门之前，我们都要把桌子擦干净。
[waɪp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wipe sth off sth
■to remove something from something 从…中除去（或抹去）
• All their customer information was wiped off the computer by a virus. 病毒将他们全部的客户资讯都从电脑上删掉了。
• $8 billion has been wiped off share prices worldwide. 全世界的股价总共下跌了80亿美元。
[waɪp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wipe sth out
■to destroy something completely 完全摧毁
• Whole villages were wiped out in the fighting. 所有村子都在战斗中被彻底摧毁了。
• One bad harvest could wipe out all of a grower's profits for the previous two years. 一次失收可能会将种植者前两年的收益全部抵销掉。
[waɪp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  wipe out US informal
■to lose control, especially in a vehicle, and have an accident （尤指车辆）失控，出事故
• I was going too fast and I wiped out on the bend. 我开得太快了，在拐弯处失去控制。
[waɪp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wipe sth up
■to remove a substance, usually liquid, with a cloth or something similar （用抹布等）擦掉（液体）
• I was just wiping up the soup that you spilt in the kitchen. 我刚在厨房把你洒出来的汤擦干净。
• Have you got something I could wipe up this mess with ? 你有没有甚么东西我可以用来把这摊脏东西擦干净？
[waɪp] noun countable
countable
■an act of wiping 擦，拭，抹
• I'd better give the floor a quick wipe before someone slips on it. 我最好赶快擦一下地板，免得有人滑倒。
■a piece of soft, wet cloth or paper that you use for wiping （湿）抹布；（湿）纸巾；（湿）手巾
• baby wipes 婴儿纸巾
scrub, clear, clean, dust, wipe, mop, sweep
这组词都有“使干净”的意思，其区别是：
scrub: 指用硬刷、肥皂或水用力地擦洗某物。
clear: 指清除不要的东西。
clean: 是这些动词中最常用的词，指将某物或某处的污物等清除掉，弄干净。
dust: 指将积落在物体表面的尘土抹去、掸掉或擦去以保干净。
wipe: 多指用布、纸等物把东西擦净，也指擦掉某物。
mop: 侧重指用拖把擦洗地板，有时也指擦干净或擦去。
sweep: 指用扫帚等进行清扫，也用作比喻。
vt. 擦；消除；涂上
 - eliminate, avoid
vi. 擦；打
 - strike, hit
n. 擦拭；用力打
 - towelling

Word: initially
Front: initially
[ɪˈnɪʃəli] (六托 2715/2289 -K3)
Vocabulary: initially
(once / 1065 pages)
adv
The word initially can be used to describe an action that happened first. You might initially want fish for dinner, but then end up getting the pasta special that looks so good.
The adverb initially can describe something that happened at the beginning. Initially you might have thought the apartment was too small, but then you decided to take it because of the rooftop garden. You initially wanted to go to college far from home, but decided to stay closer to be near your family. The bride-to-be initially wanted an outdoor wedding, but decided against it because of the area's unpredictable weather.
WORD FAMILY
initial: initialed, initialing, initialise, initialize, initialled, initialling, initially, initials+/initialise: initialisation/initialize: initialization, initialized, initializes, initializing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The technology was not initially designed for health clubs.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But their actions starting Tuesday to end Obamacare will be far less sweeping, at least initially, than a full-blown repeal of the law.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Experienced birders often initially identify a species by its sound.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 开始; 最初
分布：最初(100%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■at the beginning 起初，最初，初时
• Initially, most people approved of the new scheme. 起初，大部分人都同意这个新方案。
• The damage was far more serious than initially believed. 损失比开始认为的要严重得多。
initially, afterward, subsequently, ultimately, lately, previously, eventually, shortly, presently
initially: 最初，开头
afterward: 以后，后来
subsequently: 随后，后来
ultimately: 最后，终于
lately: 最近，不久前
previously: 以前，先前
eventually: 终于，后来
shortly: 立刻，马上
presently: 马上，一会儿，很快
initially, firstly, originally
initially: 最初，开头
firstly: 首先，第一，用于列举事项
originally: 独创地， 独特地，本来
adv. 最初，首先；开头
 - originally, firstly, primarily

Word: blind
Front: blind
[blaɪnd] (中高研四六雅 2716/2926 -K3)
Vocabulary: blind
(once / 81 pages)
1adjvn 2adj 3n
Someone who's blind can't see. People who are blind can often get around easily with the aid of a cane and sometimes a service dog.
You might get hit by a baseball and end up blind in one eye, or be temporarily blind after a trip to the eye doctor. The word also means "without looking," as in a blind taste test of three different brands of chocolate milk. A figurative way to be blind is to refuse or be unable to see the truth: "He was blind to the reality of the situation." This tendency can be called a person's "blind side."
WORD FAMILY
blind: blinded, blinder, blindest, blinding, blindingly, blindly, blindness, blinds+/blinder: blinders/ blinding: blindingest/blindness: blindnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
"They should be starting with the outcome that they want and working backwards. Right now they are literally just kind of flying blind."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
It’s been building up for years, and now the contrasts in America are so glaring as to be blinding.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“New Year’s morning in Beijing, I thought I was blind,” said another, attaching a photo of a window completely darkened with grey haze.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 失明的; 盲目的，轻率的; 供盲人用的; 隐蔽的
vt. 弄瞎，使失明; 蒙蔽，欺瞒; 使变暗; 使昏聩
n. 掩饰; 借口; 百叶窗
adv. 盲目地; 看不见地
时态：blinded, blinding, blinds
分布：盲目的(39%)，百叶窗(18%)，瞎的(13%)，盲目地(11%)，隐藏(10%)，使失明(7%)，未察觉的(1%)，幌子(1%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 照耀，闪光。指闪光，炫目，使看不见的。瞎是词义发展的结果。词源同blend.
a.盲的,瞎的;盲目的vt.使失明n.百叶窗At the windy window, the widow finds a blind snake winding.在当风的窗口,寡妇发现有条瞎眼蛇在游动.
adjective
SIGHT 视力
 ESSENTIAL
■unable to see 瞎的，盲的，失明的
• She's been blind since birth. 她天生失明。
• He started to go (= become) blind in his sixties. 他在60多岁时失明了。
[blaɪnd] adjective
NOT CONSCIOUS 盲目
■describes an extreme feeling that happens without thought or reason 盲目的
• blind anger/faith/prejudice 无名怒火／盲目信任／盲目的偏见
• He was blind with fury (= so angry that he could not behave reasonably). 他暴跳如雷，丧失了理智。
be blind to sth
■to not be conscious of something or to refuse to notice something that is obvious to others 没有注意到…；对…视而不见
• She seems blind to his faults. 她似乎对他的缺点视而不见。
[blaɪnd] adjective
(as) blind as a bat informal humorous
■unable to see well 视力不佳
• I'm as blind as a bat without my glasses. 不戴眼镜我就看不清。
[blaɪnd] adjective
not take a blind bit of notice UK informal
■not to pay any attention 一点儿也不注意
• He didn't take a blind bit of notice of what I said. 他对我说的话毫不在意。
[blaɪnd] verb transitive
DAMAGE SIGHT 失明
■to make someone unable to see, permanently or for a short time 使变瞎；使失明
• She was blinded in an accident at an early age. 她早年在一次事故中失明了。
• Turning the corner the sun blinded me, so I didn't see the other car. 转弯时阳光太刺眼，所以我没有看见另外那辆车。
[blaɪnd] verb transitive
NOT CONSCIOUS 盲目
■to make someone unable to notice or understand something 蒙蔽；使无辨别力
• We mustn't let our prejudices blind us to the facts of the situation. 我们一定不能让偏见蒙蔽自己而看不清实际形势。
[blaɪnd] verb transitive
blind sb with science UK
■to confuse someone by using difficult or technical words to describe something 用专业术语唬（某人）
[blaɪnd] noun
WINDOW 窗户
countable (US shade)
■a cover for a window made of a single piece or strips of cloth, paper or plastic that is pulled up or down by a string 百叶窗；窗帘
• a roller blind 卷帘
• a Venetian blind 软百叶窗
[blaɪnd] noun
SIGHT 视力
the blind
[plural]
■people who are unable to see 盲人
• She trains guide dogs for the blind. 她为盲人训练导盲犬。
[blaɪnd] noun
the blind leading the blind
■used to describe a situation where a person who knows nothing is getting advice and help from another person who knows almost nothing 盲人教瞎子；外行指导外行
[blaɪnd] noun
In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king. UK saying
■said about a difficult situation in which someone with only a few skills is in a better position than those people who have none 在困难的环境里，身怀一技之人的处境比一无所长的人好
adj. [生物] 盲目的；瞎的
 - eyeless, visionless
adv. 盲目地；看不见地
 - invisibly
n. 掩饰，借口； [建] 百叶窗
 - excuse, mask

Word: white
Front: white
[waɪt] (中高 301/475 -K5)
Back: adj. 白色的，纯洁的; 无色的，透明的; 白衣的; 白种人的
n. 白色; 白种人; 空白; 白色颜料
vt. （书写，印刷等）留出空白处; 使变白色，刷白; 漂白
时态：whited, whiting, whites
分布：白色(70%)，白色的(25%)，白种人(2%)，纯洁的(2%)，白种的(1%)
→来自kweit,白色，照耀，词源同wheat.
a.白色的;苍白的;白种的n.白色;白种人The writer writes the white book quite quietly in quilt.作家在被子里十分平静地写白皮书.
adjective
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL
■of a colour like that of snow, milk or bone 白色的；雪白的；乳白的
• a white T-shirt 白色的T恤衫
• white walls 白墙
• a black and white dog 黑白相间的狗
• He's white-haired now. 他现在头发都已经白了。
• "How do you like your coffee?" "White (= With milk or cream) and no sugar, please." “你想要甚么样的咖啡？”“请加奶但不要加糖。”
 ADVANCED
■used in the names of various food and drink products, many of which are not pure white but slightly cream, yellow, grey or transparent （用于食品名称中）白…
• white bread 白面包
• white chocolate 白巧克力
• white flour 白面粉
• white sugar 白糖
• white wine 白葡萄酒
[waɪt] adjective
PEOPLE 人
 ESSENTIAL
■of a person who has skin that is pale in colour 白人（的）；白种人（的）
• He had a black mother and a white father. 他的母亲是黑人，父亲是白人。
• a predominantly white neighbourhood 以白人为主的社区
[waɪt] adjective
(as) white as a sheet
■If someone is (as) white as a sheet, their face is very pale, usually because of illness, shock or fear. （指某人的脸色）苍白的，面无血色的
[waɪt] adjective
whiter than white
■never doing anything wrong 从没做错事的，清白的
• I was never convinced by the image of the whiter than white princess depicted in the press. 我从不相信报刊杂志上描写的清纯公主的形象。
[waɪt] noun
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a colour like that of snow, milk or bone 白色；雪白；乳白
• In some countries it is traditional for a bride to wear white. 在某些国家的传统中，新娘要穿白色礼服。
whites [plural]
■white clothes, either worn for sports or put together to be washed at the same time 白色衣服
• There was a group of men in cricket whites in the pub. 酒吧里有一群穿著白色板球运动服的男人。
white of the eye
■the part of the eye that is white 眼白，白眼珠
• Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes (= until the people are very close to you). 直到他们离你很近才开枪。
egg white/white of an egg
■the transparent part of an egg which surrounds the yolk and becomes white when cooked 蛋清，蛋白
• Whisk four egg whites into stiff peaks. 搅打四个蛋清，直到打得稠稠地耸起来为止。
[waɪt] noun
PERSON 人
countable
■a person who has skin that is pale in colour 白人
• The neighbourhood is populated mainly by whites. 这个社区里住的主要是白人。
adj. 白色的；白种的；纯洁的
 - stainless, pure
n. 白色；洁白；白种人
 - leuko, chalkiness

Word: port
Front: port
[pɔ:t] (高研四六雅 2717/2165 -K3)
Vocabulary: port
(once / 82 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nadjv 4nv 5v
A port is a place where boats come and go. If you think that docks and harbors are romantic, I suggest you move to a port city like Baltimore.
Just as seaports and airports link countries together by enabling trade and travel, a device that links computers together is also called a port. Port comes from the Latin word portus, meaning "haven" or "harbor." You can hear this sense of a port as a place of safe arrival in the proverb "any port in a storm." On a ship, the port side is the left side. Port is also a verb, meaning "to carry."
WORD FAMILY
port: portage, ported, porter, porting, ports+/ portage: portages/ porter: porterage, portered, portering, porters
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was the sixth such incident recorded of this dangerous pest in the last six weeks at Port of Savannah.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Navy denies there’s been any delays in port access.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Salemi began in three ports on the Persian Gulf, where he shot a series of pictures in black and white.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 港口; （事情的）意义; （计算机与其他设备的）接口; （船、飞机等的）左舷
vt. 举枪; 持枪; 左转舵
vi. 转向左舷
adj. 左舷的，左侧的
vt. & vi. 转舵（向左），把（舵）转向左边
adv. 向左舷，向左
时态：ported, porting, ports
分布：港口(100%)
→来自拉丁语portus,港口，来自per,向前，通过，词源同ford,forth.用于航海术语左舷，即从后面掌舵位往前看朝向港口的位置，比较starboard,右舷，掌舵位。并引申计算机端口等词义。
n.港口On the porter's passport a portion of the portrait isn't proportional.在搬运工的护照上,部分肖像不成比例.
US [pɔ:rt] noun
TOWN 城镇
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a town by the sea or by a river which has a harbour , or the harbour itself 港市；港
• a naval/fishing/container port 军港／渔港／货柜港
• We had a good view of all the ships coming into/leaving port. 所有进／出港的轮船我们都看得很清楚。
UK [pɔ:t] US [pɔ:rt] noun
CONNECTION 连接
countable specialized
■a part of a computer where wires from other pieces of equipment, such as a printer, can be connected 端口
UK [pɔ:t] US [pɔ:rt] noun
LEFT 左边
uncountable specialized
■the left side of a ship or aircraft （船或飞机的）左舷 Opposite starboard
UK [pɔ:t] US [pɔ:rt] noun
WINE 葡萄酒
uncountable
■a strong sweet wine made in Portugal 波尔多葡萄酒（葡萄牙产）
UK [pɔ:t] US [pɔ:rt] noun
BAG 袋子
countable Australian
■a case or bag 箱子；袋子
port, harbor, dock
port: 重心在陆地，包括其所在的城市，port city
harbor: 重心在水，指停泊船只、装卸货物的天然或人工港口，为避风港湾
dock: 码头
port, seaport, harbour, pier, wharf
这组词都有“港，港口，码头”的意思，其区别是：
port: 多指人工港口，还可指有港口的市。
seaport: 指港埠。
harbour: 一般用词，指停泊船只、装卸货物的天然或人工港口。
pier: 专指与海岸成直角形而突出的码头，可供旅客，货物上下船或供人散步用。
wharf: 指船只停泊装卸货物的码头。
n. [水运] 港口，口岸；（计算机的） [电子] [计] 端口； [航] [船] 左舷；舱门
 - haven, bunder

Word: electricity
Front: electricity
[ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti] (高研四六雅 2719/2296 -K3)
Vocabulary: electricity
(once / 299 pages)
n
Electricity is the energy that powers your lights and appliances. Electricity is the stuff that Benjamin Franklin harnessed from lightning using a key and a kite. Don't try that on your own.
The word electricity comes from the Greek electron, which doesn’t mean what you might expect. It means "amber," that yellow or reddish brown stone used for jewelry. The ancients noticed that when you rub amber, it gets an electrostatic charge and will pick up light things like feathers and straw. You can also describe other kinds of energy as electricity — when you're really crazy about someone, you can say there's electricity between the two of you.
WORD FAMILY
electricity: electricities+/ electric: electrical, electrically, electrician, electricity, electrics/ electrician: electricians
USAGE EXAMPLES
They are small electricity generation and distribution systems that operate independently of larger grids.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He showered a handful of businesses with favors such as tax benefits, cheap electricity, a buy-Korea policy and the suppression of organized labor.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the only bill that follows is, hopefully, a cheaper electricity bill.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 电力; 电流，静电; 高涨的情绪; 紧张
分布：电(92%)，电流(6%)，电学(1%)，热情(1%)
→来自词根electro, 电。
n.电,电流;电学Do you use electricity for cooking?你用电做饭吗?
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a form of energy, produced in several ways, which provides power to devices that create light, heat, etc 电；电能
• The electricity has been turned off. 电已被断掉了。
• an electricity generating company 发电公司
• powered/heated by electricity 电动／电热供暖
• an electricity bill 电费
n. 电力；电流；强烈的紧张情绪
 - electric power, electric force

Word: genetic
Front: genetic
[dʒəˈnetɪk] (研四托雅宝 2721/3898)
Vocabulary: genetic
(once / 991 pages)
adj
Anything genetic has to do with your genes and DNA. You inherited your mom's eye color because it's genetic.
Genetic traits run in families: biological families, anyway. Anything genetic is related to your DNA, the material you inherited from your biological parents. Hair color, eye color, and other physical traits are genetic, and so are some diseases. Scientists do genetic research to see how knowing what’s in your genes could help keep you well. If you're healthy, one reason is good genetics.
WORD FAMILY
genetic: genetically, geneticism, genetics +/ gene: genes, genetic, genetical, genic, transgene/geneticist: geneticists/ genetics: geneticist/transgene: transgenes
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new research project is using zebrafish to identify genetic and environmental factors that in combination may lead to the development of childhood leukemia.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The family hoped genetic testing would provide an answer.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Genetics are a key factor in the heritability of mental illness and susceptibility to addiction.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 遗传的; 基因的; 起源的，起因的; 演变的
分布：基因的(44%)，遗传的(35%)，起源的(21%)
→来自gene, 基因。
基因的,遗传学的(gen+etic→来自gene基因)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
遗传的(gene基因+etic)[-etic表形容词"属于…的"]
a.遗传(学)的n.[-s]遗传学
US [-'netˌ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■belonging or relating to genes (= parts of the DNA in cells) received by each animal or plant from its parents 基因的；遗传讯息的
• a genetic defect/disease 基因缺陷／遗传疾病
adj. 遗传的；基因的；起源的
 - inherited, hereditary

Word: adviser
Front: adviser
[ədˈvaɪzə(r)] (2720/2553 -3)
Vocabulary: adviser
(once / 311 pages)
n
If you're an expert who gives advice or offers professional consultations, you can call yourself an adviser.
You can have an adviser in many areas — he or she may also be called a consultant. A person who helps you decide what classes to take is called an academic adviser. You may also have a tax adviser to help during an audit or a career adviser to help plan your next steps after college. Whoever you take advice from, be advised that this word is sometimes spelled advisor.
WORD FAMILY
adviser: advisers+/ advisable: advisability, advisabler, advisablest, advisably, inadvisable, unadvisable/ advise: advisable, advised, advisee, advisement, adviser, advises, advising, advisor, advisory, misadvise/advised: advisedly, ill-advised, unadvised/advisee: advisees/advisement: advisements/ advisor: advisors/ advisory: advisories/ inadvisable: inadvisability, inadvisably/misadvise: misadvised, misadvising/unadvisable: unadvisably/unadvised: unadvisedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But that’s not the way the world works anymore, the adviser explained.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The writer is a senior adviser at the Atlantic Council.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The Kalianovs heard about the problem because Chase’s wife is their financial adviser.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 顾问，劝告者; （美大学）指导教授，导师
分布：顾问(96%)，劝告者(2%)，指导教授(2%)
US [-zɚ] (also advisor)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone whose job is to give advice about a subject 顾问
• She is the party's main economic adviser. 她是该党主要的经济顾问。
• a financial advisor 财政顾问
n. 顾问；劝告者；指导教师（等于advisor）
 - don, consultant, counselor

Word: pay
Front: pay
[peɪ] (中高雅 286/227 -K5)
Vocabulary: pay
(once / 24 pages)
1vn 2v
When you pay, you give money in return for something. It’s not always money, though. If your brother says, “You’ll pay for this!” after you snooped in his room, he’s not talking about money. He means you’re going to get it!
Your neighbor might pay you to shovel his driveway — and you can take the money you earn and pay for movie tickets for you and your best friend. Whenever there's an exchange of money and goods (or services), someone pays someone else. It can also be used for ideas. If your teacher warns your class that "crime doesn't pay," she means you might get money but it's not worth it. Education does pay, though, because it makes you smarter.
WORD FAMILY
pay: overpay, payable, payee, payer, paying, payment, pays, prepay, repay, underpay+/nonpayment: nonpayments/overpay: overpaid, overpaying, overpayment, overpays/overpayment: overpayments/payable: payables/ payee: payees/payer: payers/paying: non-paying, payingest/ payment: nonpayment, payments/prepay: prepaying, prepayment, prepays/prepayment: prepayments/ repay: repaid, repayable, repaying, repayment, repays/repayment: repayments/underpay: underpaid, underpaying, underpayment, underpays/underpayment: underpayments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The state pays for roads with the transportation fund, which is built on gas tax revenue and vehicle registration fees.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Should they use the franchise tag again, paying him $24 million for one year?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“The instructors still pay attention to you, even when there are more people at the beginning of the year.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 付款; 偿还; 补偿; （对…）有利
vt. 给予; 支付
n. 工资; 薪水; 报答
adj. 收费的; 需付费的
时态：paid, paying, pays
分布：支付(71%)，付出代价(10%)，薪资(9%)，雇用(3%)，受益(3%)，有良好信用的人(1%)，具有开采价值的(1%)，赢利(1%)，要钱的(1%)
→来自古法语paier,支付，来自拉丁语pacare,平息，安抚，使满意，来自pacis,和平，平静，词源同peace,pacify.
v.付款,付出代价,给予注意n.工资,薪金Yes, yesterday was the my pay-day; I pay you the payment today.是的,昨天是我的发薪日,我今天付给你报酬.
verb (paid, paid)
BUY 购买
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to give money to someone for something you want to buy or for services provided 付费；付酬
• How much did you pay for the tickets? 你买那些票花了多少钱？
• I pay my taxes. 我缴付税款。
• Will you pay these cheques into (US usuallydeposit these checks in)my account for me? 替我把这些支票存进帐户里好吗？
• [+ two objects] I'll pay you the fiver back tomorrow. 我明天还你那五英镑。
• I paid the driver (in/with) cash. 我给司机付现金。
• Would you prefer to pay with/by cash, cheque or credit card? 你喜欢用现金、支票还是信用卡付款？
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I think we'll need to pay a builder to take this wall down. 我想我们要雇个建筑工人来拆掉这面墙。
• Did Linda pay you for looking after her cats while she was away? 琳达出门时请你替她照顾她的猫，有没有付钱给你？
• I paid (out) a lot of money to get the washing machine fixed and it still doesn't work! 我花了一大笔钱修洗衣机，结果还是不能用！
pay for itself
■If something pays for itself, it works so well that it saves the same amount of money that it cost 使损益相当；回本
• The advertising should pay for itself. 这则广告所带来的收益应该能回本。
  Common Learner Errors  pay When the direct object of pay is the thing that you buy, pay is always followed by 'for':
✗ You have to pay the tickets in advance. You have to pay for the tickets in advance. In all other cases, pay is followed by the direct or indirect object only: You have to pay the bill in advance. You have to pay £20 in advance. You have to pay the driver in advance.
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
WORK 工作
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to give money to someone for work which they have done 付钱（给…），支付（…）报酬
• The company pays £220 a week for people to act as couriers. 该公司向那些担任信差的人支付每周220英镑的工资。
• Accountancy may be boring but at least it pays well. 当会计可能很乏味，但至少收入可观。
• Most of these women are very poorly paid and work in terrible conditions. 这些妇女大多工资微薄，且工作条件恶劣。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
PROFIT 益处
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to give a profit or advantage to someone or something 有收益，有利可图，有好处
• It never pays to take risks where human safety is concerned. 凡是涉及人身安全时，冒险绝不会有甚么好处。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
GIVE 给予
 ADVANCED transitive
■to give or do something 给予，致以；进行
• Please pay attention , I've got something important to say. 请注意，我有件重要的事要说。
• The commander paid tribute to the courage of his troops. 指挥官极力赞扬部队官兵的勇敢无畏。
• It's always nice to be paid a compliment. 获得赞扬总是件好事。
• A crowd of mourners gathered to pay their respects to the dead man. 一群哀悼者聚集在一起向死者告别。
pay (sb) a call
■to visit someone 拜访（某人）
• I'll pay you a call when I'm in the area. 我到这一带附近时会去拜访你的。
• If you leave your address, I'll pay a call on you when I'm in the area. 如果你留下地址，我到这一带附近时会去拜访你的。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
He who pays the piper calls the tune. saying
■said to emphasize that the person who is paying someone to do something can decide how it should be done 谁是老板谁说了算。／财大者气粗。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay your dues
■to do something that you do not enjoy in order to have something that you want, or because you feel it is your duty （为得到自己想要的而）做自己不喜欢的事；尽职
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay your way
■to pay for yourself rather than allowing someone else to pay 自己支付费用，自食其力
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay dividends
■If something you do pays dividends, it causes good results at a time in the future （将来）有好处，得到好结果
• All that extra training is paying dividends. 那些额外训练全都会使人得到回报的。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay the price ADVANCED
■to experience the bad result of something you have done 吃苦头，付出代价
• If you abuse your body now, you'll pay the price when you're older. 如果你现在糟蹋自己的身体，年纪大了会吃苦头的。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay the ultimate price
■to die because of something you have done, especially something you do for moral reasons （尤指出于道义）献出生命
• If our soldiers have to pay the ultimate price for defending their country, then so be it. 如果我们的士兵需要为保卫祖国而牺牲生命，那也在所不惜。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay through the nose informal
■to pay too much money for something 付费过高；花钱过多
• We paid through the nose to get the car fixed and it still doesn't go properly. 我们修这辆车花费不菲，结果还是不能正常行驶。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay top dollar US
■to pay a lot of money for something 所费不赀
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
put paid to sth UK
■to finish or destroy something 结束，了结；毁掉
• A knee injury has put paid to her chances of getting into the final. 一次膝盖受伤断送了她进入决赛的机会。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
You pays your money and you takes your choice/chance. informal saying
■You are responsible for your decisions and cannot blame anyone else when what you have chosen is not successful. 自己选择自己承担后果。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pay sb/sth back
 ADVANCED
■to pay someone the money that you owe them 偿还（钱）；还（某人）钱
• Can you lend me a fiver? I'll pay you/it back tomorrow. 能借我五英镑吗？我明天还你。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  pay sb back
■to do something unpleasant to someone because they have done something unpleasant to you 使（某人）付出代价，向（某人）报复
• He swore he'd pay her back for all she'd done to him. 他发誓要使她为对自己所做的一切付出代价。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  pay for sth
■to be punished for doing something bad to someone else, or to suffer because of a mistake that you made 为…付出代价，因…得到报应
• We all pay for our mistakes in some way at some time. 我们都会在某个时候以某种方式为我们所犯的错误付出代价。
• He tricked me and I'm going to make him pay for it! 他欺骗了我，我会让他得到报应的！
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pay sth in (US usually deposit)
■to put money into a bank account 把（钱）存入银行帐户
• If you go to the bank, will you pay these cheques in for me? 你去银行的话能帮我把这些支票存进去吗？
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  pay off
■If something you have done pays off, it is successful 取得成功，得到好结果
• All her hard work paid off in the end, and she finally passed the exam. 她的所有努力最终有了收获——她终于通过了考试。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pay sth off
■to pay back money that you owe 还清（欠款）
• We should be able to pay off the debt within two years. 我们应该能在两年内还清债务。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pay sb off
■If your employer pays you off, they pay you for the last time and then end your job, because they do not need you or could not pay you in the future. 付清工资后遣散（某人）
■informal
■to give someone money so that they will not do or say something, or so that they will go away 用钱封住（某人）的嘴，收买（某人）
• There were rumours that key witnesses had been paid off to keep quiet. 谣传说关键证人都被收买了，不肯出面作证。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pay (sth) out
■to spend a lot of money on something, or to pay a lot of money to someone （为…）付出大笔钱，（向…）支付大笔资金
• I've just paid out £500 on getting the car fixed. 我刚刚花了500英镑的高价修理那辆车。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pay sth out
■to release a piece of rope or cable in a controlled way 小心地放出（绳索）
§/peɪ] pay 1 verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  pay up informal
■to give someone the money that you owe them, especially when you do not want to （尤指不情愿地）付清欠款，偿还欠款
• Eventually they paid up, but only after receiving several reminders. 最终他们还清了欠款，但那是在他们再三收到提示信以后的事。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Common Learner Errors  payWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using pay in the past tense. In the past simple and past participle, don't write 'paied' or 'payed', write paid. The -ing form is paying.
[peɪ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the money you receive for doing a job 工资，薪金
• UK Any pay rise (US usuallyraise)must be in line with inflation. 工资的增长必须与通货膨胀同步。
• It's a nice job but the pay is appalling. 这份工作不错，但工资低得不像话。
be in the pay of sb
■to work for someone, especially secretly （尤指秘密地）受雇于（某人）
[peɪ] noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  pay, wage, salary, or income? Pay is a general word which means the money that you receive for working. Doctors usually get more pay than teachers. A wage is an amount of money you receive each day or week. It is often paid in cash (= notes and coins). His weekly wage is $400. A salary is the money you receive each month. A person's salary is often expressed as the total amount in a year. His salary is £20, 000. Your income is the total amount of money that you get by working or other sources. She has a monthly income of £1, 400.
take, pay, cost, spend
take: 物做主语,花时间;
pay: 人做主语,花钱,pay for;
cost: 物做主语,花钱
spend: 人做主语,花钱,花时间; spend…on sth./in doing sth;
fee, earnings, wage, allowance, income, pay, salary
这组词都有“工资、收入”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指提供某种服务收取的固定费用。
earnings: 多指通过劳动或投资等手段所得到的收入。
wage: 多用复数形式，指按小时、日或星期的报酬，通常指体力劳动者的工资。
allowance: 指收入中的补贴部分。
income: 与earnings含义很相近，但前者强调总收入。
pay: 是个通用词，可取代salary与wage.
salary: 指按年定下，按月或星期平均给予的报酬，指脑力劳动者的薪水。
vt. 支付，付；偿还，补偿
 - replace, foot, tender
vi. [会计] 付款；偿还
 - shell out, repay
n. [劳经] 工资，薪水； [会计] 付款
 - payment, salary, wage

Word: spokesman
Front: spokesman
[ˈspəʊksmən] (研六雅 2723/2144 -4)
Vocabulary: spokesman
(once / 282 pages)
n
A spokesman is a representative, someone who speaks for a group. The spokesman of your French club, for example, might announce the date of your bake sale during your school's morning announcements.
You can use the noun spokesman whenever you're talking about an official speaker, a person who communicates information about a company, organization, or other group. It's most common to refer to a man in this position as a spokesman — a more inclusive term for males or females is spokesperson. Spokesman has been around since the 1500's, but spokesperson wasn't first used until the 1970's.
WORD FAMILY
spokesman: spokesmen
USAGE EXAMPLES
At Miami International Airport, thousands of passengers from more than 30 international flights were delayed from entering the country, a spokesman said.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
D.C. police are investigating an abandoned U-Haul truck that was found Monday in Southeast Washington with “multiple” ATMs inside, a police spokesman said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Asked for a comment about the demands and what the university would do in response, a university spokesman sent this response:
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 发言人，代言人
分布：发言人(100%)
n.发言人He is the spokesman for the conference.他是会议的发言人.
US ['spoʊks-] (also spokesperson)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who is chosen by a group or organization to speak officially to the public for them 发言人
• a government spokesperson 政府发言人
n. 发言人；代言人
 - prolocutor, public speaker

Word: retain
Front: retain
[rɪˈteɪn] (研四六托雅宝 2724/1460 -K3)
Vocabulary: retain
(once / 114 pages)
v
Retain means to hold on to or keep. People who can retain a lot of information are often mistaken for geniuses, but really they just have very good memories.
To retain is to keep or maintain, whether in mind, possession or a certain condition. If you have a great personal assistant, you'll probably want to retain him for as long as you can. If your body is retaining water you might look a little plump. The verbs restrain and detain sound similar, but they mean to keep something by force.
WORD FAMILY
retain: retained, retainer, retaining, retains, retention, retentive +/ retainer: retainers/ retention: retentions/ retentive: retentively, retentiveness, retentivity, unretentive
USAGE EXAMPLES
Irsay surprised many within the league by retaining both after last season.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He provided more goofy celebrations and retained composure every time his slightest mistake became a local crisis.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
"Simultaneously it needs to retain people who backed Remain, and regain those who voted Leave," it said.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 保持; 留在心中，记住; 雇用; 付定金保留
时态：retained, retaining, retains
分布：保留(57%)，保持(34%)，记住(8%)，聘请(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-tain,保持，词源同 contain,tenure.
维持,保留(re回+tain→拿回来→保留)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
v.保持,保留Having attained the entertaining center, the retained man was detained and sustained pain.到达娱乐中心后,聘请的男子遭到拘留并经受到痛苦.
【记】re反复，tain拿－反复拿住－保留
【参】retention（n 保持力）；retentive（adj 保持的；有记忆力的）
【反】discard（v 放弃）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER slightly formal
■to keep or continue to have something 保持；保留；保有
• She has lost her battle to retain control of the company. 她被打败了，失去了继续掌管公司的权力。
• He managed to retain his dignity throughout the performance. 在整个表演过程中，他设法保持了自己的尊严。
• She succeeded in retaining her lead in the second half of the race. 在比赛的后半程中，她成功地保住了领先地位。
• I have a good memory and am able to retain (= remember) facts easily. 我记忆力很好，记东西不费劲。
■slightly formal
■If a substance retains something, such as heat or water, it continues to hold or contain it 保存；留住；容纳
• The sea retains the sun's warmth longer than the land. 海水储存太阳的热量的时间比陆地要长。
⇒ See also retention legal
■to get the services of a lawyer by paying them before you need them 付定金聘请（律师）
conserve, reserve, retain, withhold, preserve, keep
这组词都有“保持，保存”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 一般指保存自然资源，保全人的精力、力量等。
reserve: 正式用词，指为了将来的用途或其他用途而保存、保留。
retain: 指继续保持。
withhold: 指扣住不放，暗示有阻碍。
preserve: 主要指为防止损害、变质等而保存。
keep: 最常用词，指长时间牢固地保持或保存。
vt. 保持；雇；记住
 - keep up, to keep

Word: latter
Front: latter
[ˈlætə(r)] (高研四六托 2725/1251 -K3)
Vocabulary: latter
(once / 47 pages)
nadj
When you are comparing two things, the first one is known as the former and the second as the latter. For example, George Bush and George W. Bush were both U. S. presidents. The latter was the son of the former.
The word latter is really a form of later meaning "more recent" or "that which came after." The latter recording of a band refers to the one made more recently. It also can refer to a later time, near the end. If someone is in the latter stages of a disease, the disease has just about run its course and the person is about to die.
WORD FAMILY
latter: latterly, latters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The former is prescribed for the painful muscle spasms that occur in multiple sclerosis, while the latter is aimed at childhood seizures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The reality is closer to the latter: The Baltimore artist depicts discarded plants, left to wither.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The latter poll, which suggested Clinton was ahead by six points — outside the margin of error — also surmised a seven-point Democratic registration advantage.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 后者的; 末了的; 较后的
分布：后者的(71%)，后面的(29%)
→来自late的比较级形式。
a.后者的;后一半的,接近终了的n.后者One of my relatives, a late translator, translated a book relating to public relations.我的一位亲戚,一个已故翻译,翻译了一本有关公共关系的书.
US ['lætˌ.ɚ] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■near or towards the end of something 后半程的，靠后的，末尾的
• Building of the new library should begin in the latter part of next year. 新图书馆的建设应该在明年下半年开工。
• In the latter stages of the fight he began to tire. 到那场拳击赛的后半段他开始支援不住了。
UK ['læt.ər] US ['lætˌ.ɚ] noun only singular
the latter
■the second of two people, things or groups previously mentioned （提及的两者中的）后者
• She offered me more money or a car and I chose the latter. 她提出给我更多的钱或者一辆汽车，我选择了后者。
Compare the former not standard
■the last of more than two people, things or groups previously mentioned （已提及的两个以上的人、事物或群体中的）最后一个
adj. 后者的；近来的；后面的；较后的
 - back, rear

Word: incentive
Front: incentive
[ɪnˈsentɪv] (研六托雅宝 2726/3252 -2)
Vocabulary: incentive
(once / 748 pages)
n
If your mom wants you to mow the lawn but you don't feel like it, she might offer to treat you to ice cream after as an incentive. An incentive is something that stimulates you to take action or work harder.
This noun dates back to Middle English, from Late Latin incentivum, from incentivus "stimulating." In Latin, incentivus meant "setting the tune," from incinere "to sing." The related English verb is incentivize. The less common verb incent was first used in the early 1980s, and has been criticized as business jargon.
WORD FAMILY
incentive: disincentive, incentives+/ disincentive: disincentives
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pick a goal and set up an incentive program.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Agency spokeswoman Abby Gras says it is being more selective in which companies receive incentive offers because of improved employment levels in the state.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
U.S. operations, earlier this month said the boost in incentive spending by rival car companies concerns him.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 动机; 刺激; 诱因; 鼓励
adj. 刺激性的; 鼓励性质的
分布：动机(41%)，刺激(30%)，鼓励(24%)，刺激的(3%)，鼓励的(2%)
→in-,进入，使，-cent,唱，吟唱，词源同chant,cantor.其原义为定调，唱的节拍，引申词义鼓励，刺激，刺激因素。
激励(in+cent唱歌+ive→把精神唱进去→激励)[im-,in-①表示"不,无,非"②表示"向内,进入"]
激励;刺激力量(in进入＋cent唱＋ive→把(力量)唱进去→激励)[cant,cent=sing,song,表示"唱,歌"]
n.刺激;动力;鼓励;诱因;动机He hasn't much incentive to work hard.他没有努力工作的动机.
【记】in进入，cent＝cant唱，发声，ive－说服人做事－刺激
【参】cant（n 黑话；隐语）读：砍他
【反】deterrent（n 威慑；威慑物）
US [-tˌɪv] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■something which encourages a person to do something 激励；刺激；鼓励
• Tax incentives have been very effective in encouraging people to save and invest more of their income. 税收措施在鼓励人们将收入多储蓄和多投资方面很有效。
• [+ to infinitive] There is little incentive for people to leave their cars at home when public transport remains so expensive. 公共交通的费用居高不下，无法激励人们停开私家车。
• Bonus payments provide an incentive to work harder. 支付奖金能鼓励人们更努力工作。
n. 动机；刺激
 - motivation, stimulus, reason, excitement, needle
adj. 激励的；刺激的
 - stimulative, hortatory

Word: slave
Front: slave
[sleɪv] (高研四六托 2727/3948 -2)
Vocabulary: slave
(once / 43 pages)
nv
Someone who is the property of another person is called a slave. To own a slave is morally and legally wrong; people should be free.
Throughout history there have been slaves, and in some parts of the world some people still force others into slavery. Often the word is used more loosely. You might buy a lot of clothes because you're a slave to the latest fashion trends. You could spend all day in the kitchen, preparing 12 casseroles, working like a slave. That kind of exaggeration is common, but don't kid yourself: nothing is really similar to — or as horrible as — being a slave.
WORD FAMILY
slave: enslave, non-slave, slaved, slaveless, slavelike, slaver, slavery, slaves, slaving, slavish+/ enslave: enslaved, enslavement, enslaves, enslaving/enslavement: enslavements/slaver: slavered, slavering, slavers/ slavery: slaveries/slavish: slavishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A second likely track of infection was the slave trade.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
About 150 slaves worked the land, growing tobacco and grains.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
“I wake up every morning in a house that was built by slaves,” Obama told the crowd.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 奴隶; 完全受控制的人; 从动装置
v. 苦干; 辛勤地工作
时态：slaved, slaving, slaves
分布：奴隶(96%)，做苦工(2%)，做奴隶(1%)，拼命干(1%)
→来自拉丁语 Sclavus,奴隶，原义为斯拉夫人。因在中世纪时斯拉夫人大量沦为奴隶而引申该 词义。
n.奴隶,苦工v.做苦工,拼命地干The slave safely saved the sharp shavers in a cave nearby the cafeteria.奴隶将锋利的剃刀安全地保存在自助餐厅附近的洞穴里.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who is legally owned by someone else and has to work for them 奴隶
• Black slaves used to work on the cotton plantations of the southern United States. 黑奴以前通常在美国南部的棉花种植园工作。
• I'm tired of being treated like a slave! 我讨厌被当作奴隶对待！
[sleɪv] noun countable
be a slave to sth disapproving
■to be very influenced by something 受…控制；耽迷于；深受…影响
• She's a slave to fashion. 她是个拼命赶时髦的人。
[sleɪv] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition informal
■to work very hard at something 拼命工作，苦干
• We slaved away all week at the report. 我们整整一周都在忙那份报告。
• humorous I've been slaving over a hot stove (= cooking) all morning. 我一上午都在炉子边忙个不停。
⇒ See also enslave
n. 奴隶；从动装置
 - bondman, mameluke
vi. 苦干；拼命工作
 - labor, work like a dog

Word: translate
Front: translate
[trænsˈleɪt] (中高研四六 2729/3281 -K2)
Vocabulary: translate
(once / 96 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
To translate is to put into a different language or interpret. If your brother says, "Gee, Mom, all of my friends have really cool pets, like snakes and stuff," you can translate that statement to mean "I want a snake."
Translate comes from the Latin translates, which means "carry across." The word isn't limited to talking about language. You can translate sales into dollars, or a play into a movie. When used that way, translate means changing something from one form to another.
WORD FAMILY
translate: mistranslate, retranslate, translatable, translated, translates, translating, translation, translator +/ mistranslate: mistranslated, mistranslates, mistranslating, mistranslation/mistranslation: mistranslations/retranslate: retranslated, retranslates, retranslating/translatable: untranslatable/ translation: translational, translations/translational: nontranslational/ translator: translators/untranslatable: untranslatably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Achilles’ defining attribute—it’s the first word of the Iliad—is mēnin, usually translated as “wrath” or “rage.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But when he turned it into a potential job, it was overlooked because it didn’t translate to the employer.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
More education translates into higher incomes, more tax revenue and a lower likelihood of reliance on government welfare or other payments.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 翻译; 解释; 转化; 被翻译
时态：translated, translating, translates
分布：翻译(89%)，解释(7%)，转移(2%)，调动(2%)
→来自拉丁语 translatus,转变的，转移的，来自 trans-,转移，转变，latus,携带的，承担的，来 自*tlatus,来自 tel,支撑，承载，词源同 relate,extol,tolerate.该拉丁词 latus 用作另一个拉丁 词 ferre 的过去分词形式，因而词根-lat 为-fer 过去分词形式。引申词义翻译，转变等。
翻译;转化(trans交换+late→交换拿出→翻译)[lat=bring,out,表示"拿出,带出"]
v.翻译,解释;转化,One of my relatives, a late translator, translated a book relating to public relations.我的一位亲戚,一个已故翻译,翻译了一本有关公共关系的书.
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to change words into a different language 译，翻译
• We were asked to translate a list of sentences. 我们被要求翻译一组句子。
• She works for the EU, translating from English into French. 她在欧盟工作，担任英译法翻译。
Compare interpret to change something into a new form, especially to turn a plan into reality 转化（尤指将计划变为现实）
• So how does this theory translate into practical policy? 那么如何将这个理论应用于制定现实可行的政策呢？
• The ways of working that he had learnt at college did not translate well (= were not suitable) to the world of business. 他在大学里学到的工作方式并不适合商业世界。
translate sth as sth
■to decide that words, behaviour or actions mean a particular thing 认为…意味着…
• He mumbled something which I translated as agreement. 他嘴里咕哝了句甚么，我想是表示同意。
transmit, transfer, transcend, transport, translate
transmit: 发射，播送；传播，传染；留传，遗传；
transfer: 转移，迁移；
transcend: 超过，翻越；
transport: 运输，运送，输送；
translate: 翻译；说明，使变成
vt. 翻译；转化；解释；转变为；调动
 - remove, expound
vi. 翻译
 - interpret

Word: accurate
Front: accurate
[ˈækjərət] (研四六托雅宝 2728/2738 -K3)
Vocabulary: accurate
(once / 135 pages)
adj
Something that is accurate is exact and true. It's important to be accurate in the kitchen with your measurements and in the courtroom with your testimony.
The adjective accurate comes from the Latin roots ad curare, meaning "to take care," and that is precisely what you do when you make sure something is accurate. You take care to make sure it is perfectly correct: an accurate answer, an accurate headcount, an accurate assessment of the problem. By adding the Latin root in, meaning not, you can make the antonym inaccurate (not accurate).
WORD FAMILY
accurate: accuracy, accurately, accuratest, inaccurate +/ accuracy: accuracies, inaccuracy / inaccuracy: inaccuracies/ inaccurate: inaccurately
USAGE EXAMPLES
Problem: A lack of accurate information about how to achieve certain hairstyles and where to find a high quality stylist.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Because the survey relied on the memories of the participants, the researchers wrote, the more recent gun acquisition data might be more accurate.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
These predictions for 2017 are found to be extraordinarily accurate.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 精确的，准确的; 正确无误的
分布：准确的(61%)，精确的(39%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. cure, 关心，照料。指用心使精确。
准确的,精确的(ac+cur+ate→一再关心,弄精确为止)[cur=care,表示"关心"]
a.正确无误的;准确的,精确的At any rate, the separation ratio is accurate.无论如何,这个分离比是精确的.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■correct, exact and without any mistakes 准确的；精确的；正确的
• an accurate machine 精密的机器
• an accurate description 准确的描述
• The figures they have used are just not accurate. 他们引用的数字太不准确。
• Her novel is an accurate reflection of life in post-war Spain. 她的小说是战后西班牙生活的真实写照。
• We hope to become more accurate in predicting earthquakes. 我们希望能更准确地预测地震。
Opposite inaccurate
correct, accurate, exact, true, right, precise
这组词都有“准确的，正确的”的意思，其区别是：
correct: 最常用词，主要指按一定标准或规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或无缺点错误。
accurate: 指通过谨慎的努力达到符合事实或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性，与事实无出入。
exact: 着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比accurate强。
true: 暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件丝毫不差。
right: 使用广泛，可与这些词中的correct换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动等方面的正确。
precise: 侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确无误。
adj. 精确的
 - precise, mathematical, strict, rigid, refined

Word: whereas
Front: whereas
[ˌweərˈæz] (研四六托雅 2731/1524 -K3)
Back: conj. 鉴于; 然而; 反之
n. “鉴于…”：正式文件的介绍性陈述，开场白; 条件性陈述
分布：然而(65%)，鉴于(35%)
conj.而,却,反之Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.有些人喜欢肥肉,相反有些人讨厌肥肉.
US [wer'æz] conjunction
 IMPROVER
■compared with the fact that; but 尽管；但是；却
• He must be about sixty, whereas his wife looks about thirty. 他肯定有60岁上下了，可他妻子看起来只有30岁。
• You eat a massive plate of food for lunch, whereas I have just a sandwich. 你午饭吃了一大盘东西，可我只吃了个三明治。
whereas, nevertheless, but, however, still, while, yet
这组词都有“但是，可是，然而，而”的意思，其区别是：
whereas: 表对比，一般可与while互换。
nevertheless: 指尽管作出完全让步，也不会发生任何影响。
but: 口语常用词，语气较强，泛指与前述情况相反。
however: 表转折关系，语气稍弱于but，连接性也弱一些，因而常作插入语。
still: 语气强，多用于肯定句或疑问句。指尽管作出让步，采取措施或表示反对，但情况仍然如故，无所改变。
while: 表对比，一般可与whereas换用，但程度弱一些。
yet: 常用于否定句，语气比still稍强。指不管作出多大努力或让步，仍达不到预期的结果。
conj. 然而；鉴于；反之
 - however, while, nevertheless, but, yet

Word: terror
Front: terror
[ˈterə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2732/4120 -2)
Vocabulary: terror
(once / 65 pages)
n
Terror is the feeling of extreme fear. If you unexpectedly find someone dressed up as a vampire in your closet in the middle of a dark night, you might well experience feelings of terror.
If you feel terror, you are frozen to the spot in fear. This is the goal of terrorists who use terror as a weapon — they create a climate of fear and mistrust so that people are afraid to go about their normal lives. You will recognize this use in the phrase “the war on terror.” You can also call a difficult or scary person, often a child who causes havoc, a terror or a holy terror.
WORD FAMILY
terror: counterterror, terrify, terrorise, terrorism, terrorize, terrors+/ terrified: terrifiedly/ terrify: terrified, terrifies, terrifying/terrifying: terrifyingly/terrorise: terrorisation, terrorised, terrorises, terrorising/ terrorism: terrorist / terrorist: terrorists/ terrorize: terrorization, terrorized, terrorizes, terrorizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
To this day the limited case documentation provided to the family doesn’t specify which “terror” organization the pastor supposedly joined.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Police raids to disrupt suspected holiday terror plots led to several shootouts in which five militants were killed and 20 arrested.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
“We do not want to live with the acceptance of terror and the state should teach a lesson to the terrorist organisations.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 恐怖; 恐怖的缘由; 恐怖行为; 令人讨厌的人
分布：恐怖(95%)，惊骇(5%)
→来自拉丁语 terrere,使恐惧，充满恐惧，来自 tres,颤抖，来自 ter,旋转，摇晃，词源 同 turn,tremble.
n.恐怖;可怕的人(事)It's a treason terror of the seasonal oversea seafood is reasonable.认为季节性的海外海鲜的价格是合理的就是背叛.
【记】读：太弱，你太弱了，恐怖片都不敢看。
US [-ɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■(violent action which causes) extreme fear （暴行引起的）恐惧，惊骇
• They fled from the city in terror. 他们惊恐万分地逃离该市。
• There was sheer/abject terror in her eyes when he came back into the room. 当他回到屋里时，她双眼充满了恐惧。
• Lots of people have a terror of spiders. 许多人害怕蜘蛛。
• What he said struck terror in my heart (= made me very frightened). 他的话使我胆战心惊。
• The separatists started a campaign of terror (= violent action causing fear) to get independence. 为获得独立，分离主义者发动了一系列的恐怖活动。
• Heights have/hold no terrors for me (= do not frighten me). 我不畏高。
countable informal
■someone, especially a child, who behaves badly and is difficult to control 讨厌鬼（尤指小孩）
• My brother is a little terror. 我弟弟是个小讨厌鬼。
UK ['ter.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
in terror of your life
■frightened that you will be killed 为自己的性命提心吊胆
alarm, fear, fright, horror, panic, terror, dread
这些名词均含“恐惧、惧怕、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 强调突然意识到有危险而产生的恐惧心理。
fear: 普通用词，侧重指面临危险或灾祸时内心所引起的恐惧心情。
fright: 通常指一阵突然的、令人震惊的短暂恐惧，有时含夸张意味。
horror: 侧重指因看到令人讨厌或危险的东西或情景而引起的厌恶情绪、极度恐惧心情或战栗的动作。
panic: 常指因突如其来的外界威胁使人群出现惊慌、恐惧或混乱。
terror: 指极大的恐惧和惊骇，语气最强。
dread: 可与fear换用，着重害怕的心理，但dread常指胆怯和丧失勇气。
n. 恐怖；恐怖行动；恐怖时期；可怕的人
 - phobia, ghastfulness

Word: though
Front: though
[ðəʊ] (中高 245/377 -K5)
Vocabulary: though
(once / 10 pages)
adv
Though is fine conjunction. It's no "but" or "however", though it is a useful word, when you want let a reader know that two ideas are opposing one another.
There are two basic kinds of the so-called coordinating conjunctions: those that connect similar thoughts — for example, "and" — and those that disconnect similar thoughts — for instance, "but" and "however." Though fits into the second category. For example "Though Prince is considered 'older' by rock-star standards, his concerts put those of most kids half his age to shame." The "though" in that sentence gets its power from the comma at the midpoint, because that's where the two opposing ideas meet. The word Though at the beginning tells us to look for that comma.
WORD FAMILY
though: thoughs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Iranian local media did not report on the protest, though opposition websites abroad featured it.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Over the weekend, a report showed that China’s manufacturing sector continued to expand in December, though at a slightly slower pace than the month before.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Though rivers along the Gulf Coast were rising rapidly Monday, only minor flooding was predicted.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: conj. 虽然，尽管; 即使; 纵然
adv. 可是，但是; 不过; 然而; 话虽这样说
prep. 但
分布：虽然(43%)，尽管(38%)，然而(12%)，可是(7%)
→来自古英语 theah,尽管，然而，来自 Proto-Germanic*thaukh,尽管，来自 to,指示代词， 词源同 the,this,that.
ad.可是,然而,不过conj.尽管,虽然It was a hard job, he took it though.这是份苦差事,可他还是接受了.
US [ðoʊ] conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■despite the fact that 虽然，尽管
• She hasn't phoned, even though she said she would. 虽然她说过要打电话，可还没打。
 ESSENTIAL
■but 可是，不过
• They're coming next week, though I don't know which day. 他们下周要来，但我不知道是哪天。
as though
 ESSENTIAL
■as if 好像，似乎
• You look as though you've had a bad time! 你看上去好像过得很不好！
UK [ðəʊ] US [ðoʊ] adverb
■despite this 尽管
• We were at school together. I haven't seen her for years though. 我们是校友，但我已多年没见过她了。
though, although, as
这些连词均可表示“虽然，尽管”之意。
though: 和although在意义上几乎毫无区别，但文体上后者是较正式用词，语气比though强。此外，在习惯用法上这两个词仍有以下一些差异：1.though可引出倒装语序的让步状语从句，although 则不能。2.though可与even连用，although则不能；在as though结构中，只用though，不能用although。3.though可以置于从句末，而although则不能。4.引出省略句时，通常用though。
as: 引出让步状语从句只用于倒装语序结构中，语气强于上述两个连词。
adv. 可是，虽然；不过；然而
 - nevertheless, not but that
conj. 虽然；尽管
 - although, while, as, albeit

Word: expansion
Front: expansion
[ɪkˈspænʃn] (研四六托雅 2734/2360)
Vocabulary: expansion
(once / 434 pages)
1n 2n
Expansion is what happens when something becomes bigger or more extensive. If you enjoy good pastry, you will be excited by the expansion of the bakery, but be careful or you will also see the expansion of your waistline.
The noun expansion is from the Latin word expansionem, which means a spreading out. Another definition for expansion is an elaboration or expanding upon something. If you're a teacher, you might be asked to give an expansion of the short talk you give students, "Homework Stinks: But Why We Need It Anyway" to parents at the school open house.
WORD FAMILY
expansion: expansionism, expansions+/ expand: expandable, expanded, expanding, expands, expansible, expansion, expansive / expansionism: expansionist/ expansive: expansively, expansiveness, expansivity, unexpansive
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are now in the longest economic expansion and monthly job creation in history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The main threat to a two-state solution, they say, is the expansion of settlements.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say “major” program expansions are unlikely due to lower-than-projected state revenues.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 扩大; 扩张; 扩张物; 膨胀物
分布：膨胀(56%)，扩展(35%)，扩充(9%)
扩张(expanse扩大,ex出+panse扩展)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
n.扩张,膨胀;张开,伸展There are plans for the expansion of our school building.有扩大我们学校建筑的计划.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when something increases in size, number or importance （尺寸、数量或重要性的）扩大，增加，扩展
• the rapid expansion of the software industry 软体业的迅速发展
• Expansion into new areas of research is possible. 拓展新的研究领域是可能的。
• an expansion of industry 工业的发展
n. 膨胀；阐述；扩张物
 - inflation, exposition

Word: elite
Front: elite
[eɪˈli:t] (研六托雅宝 2735/4216 -2)
Vocabulary: elite
(once / 1044 pages)
nadj
The elite are the group thought to be the best and having the highest status. In the middle ages, only elite men were taught to read and write.
There are elite schools, elite teams, and elite players, some really the best and some just calling themselves the best. Who can join the basketball elite besides LeBron James and Michael Jordan? That's a matter of opinion. Elite is used with a singular or plural verb, depending on whether these special people are considered together as a group or as individual members of a group.
WORD FAMILY
elite: elitely, elites, elitism +/ elitism: elitist / elitist: elitists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The venue, called Reina, is perched on the Bosporus and is popular with Istanbul’s elite, including musicians and soccer players.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
To them, undomesticated crassness meant that he wasn’t one of the intelligentsia or the political elite.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Williams said Pickens’ comments about the fired employees “not fitting in” reinforces a long history of African-Americans not being allowed into elite, private-club settings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. <法>精华; 精锐，精英; 上层集团; （统称）掌权人物
分布：精英(89%)，精英的(8%)，优秀的(3%)
→来自法语。e-, 向外。-lit, 选出，字母c脱落，词源同eligible, elect.
精英人物(e出+lite[=lig选]→选出的[人物]→精英人物)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
社会精英(el[=elect选择]+ite...选出的人物)[-ite 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或物"3.表动词"促成"]
n.[集合名词]精华;精锐;中坚分子The lateral elite is literally illiterate.边上的杰出人物简直是文盲.
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 ADVANCED
■the richest, most powerful, best educated or best trained group in a society （社会）上层集团；掌权人物；出类拔萃的人，精英
• the country's educated elite 这个国家受过良好教育的精英
• a member of the elite 上层集团的一员
• disapproving A powerful and corrupt elite has bled this country dry. 该国专权腐败的权贵阶层榨干了人民的血汗。
[ɪ'li:t] adjective [before noun]
• Elite (= A group of excellent) troops were airlifted to the trouble zone. 精锐部队被空运到骚乱地区。
n. 精英；精华；中坚分子
 - essence, flower, regular, prime, distillation

Word: Olympic
Front: Olympic
[ə'lɪmpɪk] (高雅 2736/4877)
Back: adj. 奥林匹斯山的，奥林匹亚的；奥林匹克的
分布：奥林匹克的(100%)
→来自希腊语Olympos,奥林匹斯山，古希腊众神所在之所。后为致敬奥林匹斯众神，在公元前776年在雅典举行四年一次的运动会。
US [oʊ-] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■of or relating to the Olympics 奥林匹克运动会的，和奥运会有关的
• the International Olympic Committee 国际奥委会
• an Olympic gold medallist 奥运金牌获得者

Word: dirt
Front: dirt
[dɜ:t] (高研四 2737/5597 -K2)
Vocabulary: dirt
(once / 153 pages)
nadj
Dirt is earth or soil — it's the substance that makes up the dry surfaces of our planet. Gardeners spend a lot of time digging in the dirt, planting seeds and pulling up weeds.
Dirt is the fine rock that makes up soil, but it also means anything unclean: "Do something about the dust and dirt in this room before our guests arrive!" When you know something embarrassing about another person, especially juicy gossip, you can call that information dirt as well — this meaning was coined by Ernest Hemingway in 1926. The word comes from the Old English drytt, "mud, dirt, or dung."
WORD FAMILY
dirt: dirts, dirty +/ dirty: dirtied, dirtier, dirties, dirtiest, dirtily, dirtiness, dirtying
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the front lines shift, the fighters leave mines in their wake, burying them in the shallow dirt and hiding them in empty buildings.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
Off a dirt road, in a small village north of Tirana, there's a half-built, tumble-down, brick house.
BBC(Nov 30, 2016)
“They sit outside and collect dirt,” said Grey.
Los Angeles Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 泥土; 污垢，污泥; 下流想法; 恶意中伤的话
分布：污垢(44%)，泥土(31%)，灰尘(25%)
→来自古英语drit, 粪便，来自dhreyd, 腹泄。引申义污物，烂泥。其日耳曼同源词词义集中在粪便，鸟粪，屎等。
n.污物,污垢There is some dirt on your nose.你的鼻子上有灰尘.
US [dɝ:t] noun uncountable
NOT CLEAN 肮脏
 IMPROVER
■dust, soil or any substance that makes a surface not clean 尘土，泥土，灰尘
• His coat was covered with dirt. 他的外套上满是泥土。
 IMPROVER mainly US
■loose soil on the ground 松土，浮土
• After I'd finished gardening, there was dirt from the flower beds all over the path. 我做完园艺工作后，小路上撒满了花坛里的浮土。
■informal
■solid waste 固体废弃物
• I got some dog dirt on my shoes. 我的鞋沾上了一些狗屎。
UK [dɜ:t] US [dɝ:t] noun uncountable
GOSSIP 流言蜚语 informal
■unpleasant or bad details about someone's private life, which are repeated or published to stop other people admiring them （私生活的）丑闻
• Journalists are always digging for (= trying to discover) dirt. 记者总想挖到丑闻。
clay, mud, dust, ground, land, earth, dirt, soil
这组词都有“土地，土，泥”的意思，其区别是：
clay: 特指潮湿时发粘，而火烤后变坚硬的泥土。
mud: 指湿土，尤指雨后稀泥、污泥。
dust: 特指土壤干燥后，飞扬于空中的细微泥土。
ground: 通常指大地的表面，也可指土壤、泥土或场地。
land: 含义笼统。指与河流、海洋相对的陆地，也指可耕种的土地。
earth: 多指地表带有水分的泥土，较具体。
dirt: 指地表的干松泥土。
soil: 特指适宜栽种农作物或生长各种植物的泥土。
n. 污垢，泥土；灰尘，尘土；下流话
 - earth, dust, clay, powder

Word: odd
Front: odd
[ɒd] (研四六托雅 2738/2002 -K4)
Vocabulary: odd
(once / 148 pages)
1adj 2adj
The numbers 1, 3, 5, and 35 are all odd numbers — they can't be divided by two. They are not even. Also, things that are weird or strange are called odd.
This word covers things that are slightly off-kilter, like odd numbers. You can use odd for a single thing that belongs in a pair, like an odd sock or odd mitten. If someone wants you to do odd jobs, that could mean almost anything: odd jobs are random and unpredictable jobs that could come up. When you describe a person as odd, or that they’re exhibiting odd behavior, it means they're peculiar and out of the ordinary.
WORD FAMILY
odd: odder, oddest, oddingly, oddish, oddity, oddly, oddness+/ oddity: oddities/oddness: oddnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
I found it odd in the heart of Buffalo Bills country to encounter another Seahawks fan.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I always think it’s odd if anybody equates the depiction of a city via an artistic lens with the actual city,” Brownstein said.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
True, the letters no longer arrive, but to all intents and purposes, life remains a sort of odd status quo.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 古怪的; 奇数的; 剩余的; 临时的
n. 奇特的事物; 怪人; [高尔夫球]多于对方的一次击球
分布：古怪的(63%)，奇数的(16%)，零散的(12%)，剩余的(9%)
→来自古诺斯语oddi,第三或多出的，来自Proto-Germanic*uzdaz,向上刺的点，顶角，来自uzdho,刺，刺点。后引申词义奇数的，怪异的，偶然发生的等。
a.奇数的;奇怪的;单只的;临时的;带零头的The odd man added an additional riddle to the middle of the saddle.那个怪人把一个额外的谜语添加到鞍座中间.
US [ɑ:d] adjective
STRANGE 奇怪的
 IMPROVER
■strange or unexpected 奇怪的，古怪的；异常的；出人意料的
• Her father was an odd man. 她父亲是个古怪的人。
• What an odd thing to say. 说起来多古怪的一件事啊。
• The skirt and jacket looked a bit odd together. 这裙子和夹克搭配看上去有点怪。
• That's odd (= surprising) - I'm sure I put my keys in this drawer and yet they're not here. 真奇怪——我肯定把锁匙放进这个抽屉了，可是却不见了。
• It 's odd that no-one's seen him. 奇怪的是没人见过他。
• It must be odd to live on the 43rd floor. 住在43层一定很怪异。
UK [ɒd] US [ɑ:d] adjective
NOT OFTEN 不经常
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■not happening often 不常发生的；不经常的
• She does the odd teaching job but nothing permanent. 她有时教教课，但并不固定。
• You get the odd person who's rude to you but they're generally quite helpful. 你不巧遇到了一个对你粗鲁的人，不过他们这样的人一般是相当乐于助人的。
UK [ɒd] US [ɑ:d] adjective
NUMBERS 数字
■(of numbers) not able to be divided exactly by two 奇数的，单数的
• 3, 5, 7 are all odd numbers. 3， 5， 7都是奇数。
• The houses on this side of the street have all got odd numbers. 街道这边的房子都是单号的。
Opposite even
UK [ɒd] US [ɑ:d] adjective
SEPARATED 分开的
[before noun]
■(of something that should be in a pair or set) separated from its pair or set （指一对或一组事物中）单个的，单只的，不成对的
• He's got a whole drawer full of odd socks. 他有一抽屉的单只袜子。
• I'd got a few odd (= I had various) balls of wool left over. 我有几个花色不同的、织毛衣剩下的毛线团。
UK [ɒd] US [ɑ:d] adjective
the odd one out (also the odd man out)
■a person or thing that is different from or kept apart from others that form a group or set 与众不同的人（或物）；异类；不合群的人
• Guess which number of the following sequence is the odd one out. 猜猜看，以下一系列数字中哪个与其他的不一样。
• She was always the odd one out at school - she didn't have many friends. 她在学校里总是形单影只——她没有多少朋友。
eccentric, peculiar, strange, queer, curious, crazy, funny, odd, singular, quaint
这组词都有“奇怪的，奇异的，新奇的”的意思，其区别是：
eccentric: 指偏离常规的怪异或怪癖。
peculiar: 侧重令人奇怪的或独一无二的特性，也指性格特征方面显著的与众不同之处。
strange: 普通常用词，含义广泛，指陌生新奇、奇怪、奇怪或不自然的人或物。
queer: 指一种无法解释的怪诞，强调事物的奇特和不可思议。
curious: 通常指非常特别或能引起注意、研究或探索的奇特。
crazy: 多指与众不同的行为、外表或人与物本身，含荒唐可笑或神经不正常的意味。
funny: 较通俗用词，指奇怪得滑稽可笑或反常。
odd: 通常指不规律、偶尔出现的人或事物，往往令人困惑或奇怪。
singular: 通常指异常或奇特，暗含不同于一般。
quaint: 指古色古香，会人感到既奇怪又有趣。
adj. [数] 奇数的；古怪的；剩余的；临时的；零散的
 - remaining, extraordinary, temporary, surplus, residual
n. [数] 奇数；怪人；奇特的事物
 - put, wack

Word: rice
Front: rice
[raɪs] (中高雅 2740/4143 -K3)
Vocabulary: rice
(once / 647 pages)
nv
Rice is a kind of plant, as well as the grain that comes from it. At some Chinese restaurants, you get a choice between white rice and brown rice.
White rice is processed or "polished," so the outer germ is removed — it's a staple of Chinese and Indian cuisine, among others. There are many varieties of rice, defined by the color and length of the individual grain. When rice is a verb, it means "force through a sieve," or in other words, to take something like a potato and make it look like rice. We can trace the origin of rice back to the Sanskrit vrihi-s.
WORD FAMILY
rice: riced, ricer, rices, ricing+/ricer: ricers
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Tokyo, this preparation is typically served over rice with a light dusting of the powdered Japanese pepper called sansho.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Their diet mainly consists of bread, rice and tea.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly every business in town — from the beauty salon to the local tourism agency — decorates its storefront with big bags of rice and sugar.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 稻; 稻米， 大米
vt. 筛选
时态：riced, ricing, rices
分布：米(51%)，稻(33%)，米饭(16%)
→来自古法语 ris,来自意大利语 riso,来自拉丁语 oriza,来自希腊语 oryza,最终来自梵语 vrihi-s, 米饭，大米，词源同 risotto.
n.稻,米A nice price of the iced rice is offered to the officer.军官得到了冰冻米的好价钱.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the small seeds of a particular type of grass, which are cooked and eaten as food 大米，米；米饭
• boiled/steamed/fried rice 煮米饭／蒸米饭／炒米饭
• long-grain rice 长粒米
• Do you prefer brown rice or white rice? 你喜欢吃糙米还是精米？
■a grass which produces these seeds and grows in warm wet places 稻子；水稻
n. [作物] 稻；米饭
 - nasi

Word: bullet
Front: bullet
[ˈbʊlɪt] (研四 2739/4735 -K2)
Vocabulary: bullet
(once / 214 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A bullet is the metal object that is fired out of a gun when its trigger is pulled. Without bullets, a gun is harmless.
If someone talks about ammunition for a gun, they're talking about bullets. A bullet doesn't usually contain explosives but does its damage by penetrating whatever — or whomever — it hits. The Middle French source of bullet is boulette, "cannonball" or "small ball," from boule, "a ball," with its Latin root bulla, "round thing." To "bite the bullet" means to withstand an unpleasant but necessary situation, from the (possibly fictitious) practice of patients biting bullets during painful operations.
WORD FAMILY
bullet: bullets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Witnesses described diving under tables as he walked around spraying bullets from an automatic rifle.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The gunman who killed 39 people at an Istanbul nightclub fired up to 180 bullets, Turkish media report.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A wreath adorns the balcony outside the room, where he was felled by a bullet.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 子弹，弹药; 弹丸; [印]着重号
分布：子弹(98%)，弹丸(2%)
→bull, 词源同ball. -et, 小词后缀。
枪弹(bull=ball球＋et→小球→子弹)[ball,bol=throw,dance,ball,表示"抛,舞,球"]
n.子弹,枪弹Bullet-proof glass stops bullets from passing through.防弹玻璃子弹射不透.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a small, metal object that is shot from a gun 子弹
• A bullet had lodged in the boy's leg. 一颗子弹嵌进了男孩的腿里。
■* a bullet point
shell, bullet
这两个名词均与枪弹有关。
shell: 指发射后会爆炸的炮弹。
bullet: 含义广泛，指各种枪用的子弹。
n. [军] 子弹；只选某党全部候选人的投票；豆子
 - pill
vi. 射出；迅速行进
 - jet, shoot out

Word: tight
Front: tight
[taɪt] (高研四六托 2741/2805 -K3)
Back: adj. 紧的，牢固的; 绷紧的; 不漏的; 密集的，紧凑的
adv. 紧紧地; 牢固地
级别：tighter, tightest
分布：紧的(47%)，紧紧地(23%)，紧身的(12%)，牢固地(9%)，密集的(5%)，迅速地(3%)，拮据的(1%)
→来自中古英语 thight,拉紧的，来自 Proto-Germanic*thinhtaz,拉紧的，来自 tenkt,紧的，厚 的，来自 ten,伸长，拉紧，词源同 tenure,tense.-ght,过去分词格，词源同 bright,caught. 引申诸相关词义。
a.紧的;紧身的,装紧的;密封的ad.紧紧地Money will be tight overnight after tonight's midnight.银根将在今晚午夜之后一下紧缩.
adjective adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■(held or kept together) firmly or closely 紧的；密封的（地）；牢固的（地）
• I can't untie the knot - it's too tight. 我解不开这个结——太紧了。
• This lid is on very tight. 这盖子盖得很紧。
• The people stood talking in tight groups. 大家一群群地紧挨着站在那里说话。
• Hold on tight when we go round this corner. 我们转弯时大家都要抓牢扶好。
• Check that windows and doors are shut tight (= completely closed) before you leave. 走之前检查一下窗户和门是否关严了。
• The plastic cover was stretched tight (= stretched as much as it could be) across the tank. 水箱上的塑胶罩子绷得很紧。
⇒ See also airtight;watertight
[taɪt] adjective
UNCOMFORTABLE 不舒适的
■Clothes or shoes that are tight fit the body too closely and are uncomfortable （衣服或鞋子）紧的，小的
• That jacket's too tight - you want a bigger size. 那件夹克太紧身——你需要大号一点的。
■If you have a tight feeling in your chest you have an uncomfortable feeling of pressure, caused by illness, fear, etc. （由于疾病、恐惧等）憋闷的，不适的
[taɪt] adjective
LIMITING 限制
■Controls or rules that are tight are ones which severely limit what can happen （管制措施或规则）严格的
• tight security 严密的安全措施
[taɪt] adjective
NOT MUCH 不多
■If time or money is tight, there is only just enough of it （时间、金钱）紧的，拮据的
• I'm sorry I can't stop, time's really tight. 对不起我不能停，时间真的很紧。
• They're raising three kids on one small salary so money is very tight. 他们靠一份微薄薪水抚养三个孩子，所以手头很紧。
[taɪt] adjective
NOT GENEROUS 吝啬的
■informal disapprovingtight-fisted （不表赞同的不正式用法）吝啬的；小气的
[taɪt] adjective
DRUNK 醉的 old-fashioned informal
■having had too much alcohol; drunk 饮酒过多的；醉的
• Jim, you're tight! 吉姆，你醉了！
[taɪt] adjective
RELATIONSHIP 关系 informal
■If you are tight with someone, you know them very well and like them a lot 亲密的；个人关系密切的（如果你和某人个人关系密切，则你非常了解他且很喜欢他）
• We're tight - we've been best friends since we were at school. 我们的关系很密切－－自同窗时就是最要好的朋友。
[taɪt] adjective
be in a tight corner/spot
■to be in a difficult situation 被逼到角落里；身处困境
adj. [服装] [贸易] 紧的； [机] 密封的；绷紧的；麻烦的；严厉的；没空的；吝啬的
 - severe, hard, fast, sealed, rigorous
adv. 紧紧地；彻底地
 - thoroughly, entirely, completely, fully, fast

Word: Bible

Word: chart
Front: chart
[tʃɑ:t] (高研四六托雅 2743/2961 -K3)
Vocabulary: chart
(once / 183 pages)
nv
Whether it's a kind of graph, a map, or even a piece of music, a chart is a visual display of information. As a verb, chart means to make that kind of display.
Some words' meanings grow narrower over the centuries. But in the case of chart, which comes from the French charte and Latin charta, "map," the meanings have grown a lot since the 1500s. Now, chart is a noun meaning any visual index of information, as in "that song is shooting up the charts." It's also still a map, as in "harbor chart." And it's a verb, as in "to chart your progress, make a chart."
WORD FAMILY
chart: charted, charter, charting, chartist, chartless, charts+/charted: uncharted / charter: chartered, chartering, charters/ chartered: unchartered/chartist: chartists
USAGE EXAMPLES
This fall, he sees a greater sense of leadership among the upperclassman and more talent down the depth chart.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In the top panel of the piece, the artist’s astrology chart overlays an X-ray of his skeleton.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Join us as we chart the new year being welcomed in across the globe.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 图表; 航海图; 排行榜
vt. 绘制地图; 记录; 记述; 跟踪（进展或发展）
时态：charted, charting, charts
分布：图表(88%)，排行榜(4%)，规划(4%)，绘制地图(3%)，制成图表(1%)
→来自拉丁词charta, 卡片，纸，词源同card,cartel。
图表[card,chart=paper表示"纸片"]
n.图表;航海图;航行图vt.绘图表,制图表The smart star starts to make cart chart for the commencement.精明的明星开始制作授学位典礼用的马车图表.
US [tʃɑ:rt] noun countable
DRAWING 图表
 IMPROVER
■a drawing which shows information in a simple way, often using lines and curves to show amounts 图表；示意图；曲线图
• There is a chart on the classroom wall showing the relative heights of all the children. 教室墙上有一张图表，显示出所有孩子的相对身高。
• The sales chart shows a distinct decline in the past few months. 销售图显示在过去几个月里销售量明显下降。
• the TV weather chart 电视气象图
 IMPROVER
■a detailed map of an area of water 海图；航图
• a naval chart 海军航图
UK [tʃɑ:t] US [tʃɑ:rt] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐
the charts
[plural]
■the lists produced each week of the records with the highest sales （每周唱片销量）排行榜
• the dance charts 舞曲排行榜
• It's been number one in the charts for six weeks. 它占据排行榜之首已达六周之久。
UK [tʃɑ:t] US [tʃɑ:rt] noun countable
off the charts informal
■at a very high level 处于极高水平的
• His blood pressure was off the charts 他的血压高得吓人。
mainly US extremely popular or successful 非常受欢迎的，极成功的
• The new restaurant is totally off the charts. 这家新开的餐厅口碑载道。
UK [tʃɑ:t] US [tʃɑ:rt] verb
SHOW/FOLLOW 表示
transitive
■to show something on a chart 用图表表示；标示
• We need some sort of graph on which we can chart our progress. 我们需要那种可以在上面标出我们进展的图表。
• The map charts the course of the river where it splits into two. 地图在这条河分成两条支流处标出了水流流向。
transitive
■to watch something with careful attention or to record something in detail 仔细观察；详细纪录
• A global study has just been started to chart the effects of climate change. 一项观察纪录气候变化后果的全球性研究才刚刚起步。
transitive mainly US
■to arrange a plan of action 制定（行动计划）
• The local branch of the party is meeting to chart their election campaign. 该政党的地方分部正开会制定他们的选举活动计划。
UK [tʃɑ:t] US [tʃɑ:rt] verb
MUSIC 音乐
intransitive informal
■to enter the music charts 进榜，上榜
• Their first record didn't even chart. 他们的首张唱片连排行榜都没有进。
rgeister, schedule, roll, form, catalog(ue), chart, list, table
这组词都有“名单、目录、表格”的意思，其区别是：
rgeister: 多指官方对人或事作出的正式书面记录或详细清单。
schedule: 既可指时间或计划的安排表，又可指详细列出的所有分类项的清单或细表。
roll: 多指人员的姓名名单，尤指属于团体或军事单位的全体人员名单。
form: 指上面印有横线或格让人填写规定内容的表格。
catalog(ue): 指列出有全部队名、物名或项目等的目录，有时附有简要说明的分类名单或一览表。
chart: 指把资料制成表格等形式供人看的图表。
list: 最普通用词，含义广。指按字母顺序、时间先后或类别等排列的姓名或项目等的单子。
table: 普通用词，一般指易于迅速查阅使用，具有特定编排方法的目录或表格。
graph, map, chart
这组词都有“地图、图”的意思，其区别是：
graph: 多指用纵横坐标之间关系的曲线表示两个量之间的图表。
map: 指标有国家大小、城市、铁路、河流、山脉、海洋等的地图。
chart: 指航海地图，也指图表。
n. 图表；海图；图纸
 - graph, diagram

Word: solar
Front: solar
[ˈsəʊlə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2744/4774 -2)
Vocabulary: solar
(once / 562 pages)
adj
Does it come from the sun? Is it related to the sunshine? Does it depend on sunny rays of light to function? Then it's probably safe to call it solar.
The ancient Egyptians worshiped the sun god Ra, shaping their lives around the sun's golden rays and even following a solar calendar. Today sun worship is experiencing a renaissance, as more and more people become interested in harnessing the big star's power for "solar energy." Whatever way you decide to partake in solar enjoyment, just remember to wear sunblock.
WORD FAMILY
solar: solarise, solarize+/solarise: solarisation, solarised/solarize: solarization, solarized
USAGE EXAMPLES
For large-scale projects, the cost of new solar power in India is now cheaper than coal.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Getting people in rural areas onto the national grid is proving too difficult and traditional solar panels generate meagre amounts of energy.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Solar sail technology will also allow us to study our solar system in far greater time.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 太阳的，日光的; 利用太阳能的; 根据太阳决定或测定的
n. 日光浴室
分布：太阳能的(53%)，太阳的(47%)
→来自拉丁语 sol,太阳，-ar,形容词后缀。
太阳的[Sol=sun,表示"太阳"]
a.太阳的,日光的They have a solar water heater.他们有个太阳能热水器.
US ['soʊ.lɚ] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■of or from the sun, or using the energy from the sun to produce electric power 太阳的；来自太阳的；使用太阳能的
• solar radiation 太阳辐射
• solar flares 太阳耀斑
• a solar cell/panel 太阳能电池／电板
• solar heating 太阳能供暖
adj. 太阳的；日光的；利用太阳光的；与太阳相关的
 - heliacal
n. 日光浴室
 - sunroom, sun porch

Word: conservative
Vocabulary: conservative
(once / 319 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj
If you are conservative, you aren’t necessarily a card-carrying member of the Republican party (though you might be); it means you resist change.
Conservative has the word conserve in it, which means to hold on to, or save. In a drought, you want to be conservative in your water use. If you don’t get paid that much and don’t want to use credit cards, you’d better be conservative with your money. When we talk about environmental conservation, we mean the protection of natural resources.
WORD FAMILY
conservative: conservatively, conservatives, conservativism, neoconservative+/neoconservative: neoconservatives
USAGE EXAMPLES
The headline-grabbing arch conservative from Spartanburg County faced a trio of opponents in his primary battle to win a third term in the Senate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Netanyahu, the leader of the conservative Likud Party, is serving his third consecutive term in office, and his fourth overall.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We recently watched the excellent documentary “Minimalism,” which is either the obverse of Hallmark’s conservative messaging or runs parallel to it.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: process
Front: process
[ˈprəʊses] (高研四六托雅 391/343 -K5)
Vocabulary: process
(once / 64 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4v
A process is a procedure, something you do in order to achieve a certain result. Some people try to carefully follow all the steps in a process. Other people just wing it.
You hear this word being used a lot to describe work. "I am in the process of drafting a memo, even if I kill myself with late nights in the process." The related word procession describes people or vehicles moving forward in an orderly way — a wedding opens with the bridal procession.
WORD FAMILY
process: processed, processes, processing, processor, reprocess+/microprocessor: microprocessors/ processed: semi-processed, unprocessed/ processing: multiprocessing/processor: microprocessor, multiprocessor, processors/reprocess: reprocessed, reprocesses, reprocessing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Expect delays in passenger processing until the system is restored.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
The inventors of the new process are two young chemists at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
But there was no way to quantify that process, other than by weight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 过程; 工序; 做事方法; 工艺流程
vt. 加工; 处理; 审阅; 审核
vi. 列队行进
adj. 经过特殊加工（或处理）的
时态：processed, processing, processes
分布：过程(58%)，处理(33%)，加工(7%)，工序(1%)，列队前进(1%)
→来自proceed,行进，进行，-ss,过去分词格。词性由形容词转名词及动词，引申诸相关比喻义。
过程;进行[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
n.过程,进程;工序,制作法;工艺v.加工,处理During the procession, the microprocessor finished the processing procedure.在队伍行进时,微处理器完成了加工过程.
US [ˈprɑː-]
 ESSENTIAL
■a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result 过程；步骤
• the peace process 和平进程
• Increasing the number of women in top management jobs will be a slow process. 增加高级管理职位女性的人数将是一个缓慢的过程。
• This decision may delay the process of European unification. 这一决策可能会延后欧洲一体化的进程。
• The party has begun the painful (= difficult) process of rethinking its policies and strategy. 该党开始了重新审视其政策和战略的艰难历程。
• Going to court to obtain compensation is a long process. 起诉要求赔偿是一个漫长的过程。
• She arrived at the correct answer by a process of elimination (= by deciding against each answer that was unlikely to be correct until only one was left). 她使用排除法找到了正确答案。
 ESSENTIAL
■a series of changes that happen naturally 变化过程；进程
• the digestive process 消化过程
• the ageing process 衰老的过程
• It's all part of the learning process. 这完全是学习过程的一部分。
 ADVANCED
■a method of producing goods in a factory by treating raw materials 制作方法，加工方法
• They have developed a new process for extracting aluminium from bauxite. 他们创造出一种从铁矾土中提炼铝的新方法。
noun countable UK [ˈprəʊ.ses] US [ˈprɑː-]
be in the process of doing sth ADVANCED
■to have started doing something 在…的进程中
• We're still in the process of decorating the house. 我们还在装修房子。
noun countable UK [ˈprəʊ.ses] US [ˈprɑː-]
in the process
■If you are doing something, and you do something else in the process, the second thing happens as a result of doing the first thing 同时，在…的过程中
• I stood up to say hello and spilt my drink in the process. 我站起来打招呼时把饮料弄翻了。
verb
DEAL WITH 处理
 ADVANCED UK ['prəʊ.ses] US ['prɑ:-] transitive
■to deal with documents in an official way 处理；办理
• Visa applications take 28 days to process. 办理签证申请需要28天的时间。
 ADVANCED UK ['prəʊ.ses] US ['prɑ:-] transitive
■If a computer processes information, it performs a particular series of operations on the information, such as a set of calculations. （电脑）处理（资料）
 ADVANCED UK ['prəʊ.ses] US ['prɑ:-] transitive
■to prepare, change or treat food or raw materials as a part of an industrial operation 加工（食品或原料）
• a waste processing plant 废物处理厂
■UK ['prəʊ.ses] US ['prɑ:-] transitive
■to make pictures from photographic film 冲洗加工（底片）；印
• I need to get those films processed. 我得把那些底片洗出来。
verb
WALK 走 /prə'ses] intransitive + adverb or preposition formal
■to walk slowly 缓慢地走
• We watched them process down the aisle. 我们看着他们沿着走廊慢慢走了过去。
vt. 处理；加工
 - manufacture, cope with
n. 过程，进行；方法，步骤；作用；程序；推移
 - going on, course, system, method, approach

Word: square
Front: square
[skweə(r)] (中高研四六托雅宝 2747/1802 -K4)
Vocabulary: square
(once / 69 pages)
1nadjadvv 2n 3nv 4adjadv 5nadj 6adjv 7adj 8v
A square is a figure with four equal sides and four right angles. It's a popular shape for windows and record albums, among many other things.
Square has many different metaphorical uses. Old towns had square open areas for meetings, so now "town square" means meeting place, even if it's not shaped exactly like a square. If you settle your debts, you square them, and if someone calls you a square, they mean you're boring, rule-abiding, and lame. In math, a square is the product of something multiplied by itself. If you square your plans with someone, you line them up.
WORD FAMILY
square: squared, squarely, squareness, squarer, squares, squarest, squaring, squarish+/squareness: squarenesses/squarish: squarishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The video broadcast on Turkish television Tuesday shows the alleged gunman filming himself at Taksim square.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The work also included adding nearly 13,000 square feet of interior space and remodeling about 20,000 square feet of the existing terminal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Raiders and Texans square off Saturday in a playoff game that might be called The Quarterback Bowl.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 正方形; 广场; 平方; 方格
adj. 成直角的; 平方的; （尤指在生意上）公平的; 正方形的
adv. 四四方方地; 成直角地; 正直地; 坚定地
vt. 使成正方形; 使成直角; 检测…的角度; 调整，改正
vi. 一致; 成方形
时态：squared, squaring, squares
分布：平方(43%)，广场(36%)，正方形(11%)，正方形的(3%)，一致(2%)，结清(1%)，调整(1%)，成直角(1%)，使成平方(1%)，直角尺(1%)
n.正方形;广场a.正方形的v.使成方形I'm rarely aware that the square area is bare.我很少觉察到那个正方形区域是光秃秃的.
US [skwer] noun countable
SHAPE 形状
 ESSENTIAL
■a flat shape with four sides of equal length and four angles of 90° 正方形，四方形
• First draw a square. 首先画一个正方形。
• It's a square-shaped room. 这是个正方形的房间。
 ESSENTIAL
■any square-shaped object 正方形物，四方形物
• When cooled, cut the chocolate brownies into squares. 冷却之后，将巧克力蛋糕切成四方块。
 IMPROVER
■an area of approximately square-shaped land in a city or a town, often including the buildings that surround it （城镇中的）广场（常包括周围的建筑）
• Are they still living at 6 Eaton Square? 他们还住在伊顿广场六号吗？
• A band were playing in the town square. 一个乐队当时正在镇广场上演出。
■a particular space on a board used for playing games （游戏中棋盘的）格
• She moved her castle forward three squares. 她把自己的车向前走了三格。
■US
■a tool for drawing or testing a right angle 直角尺，丁字尺
UK [skweər] US [skwer] noun countable
BORING PERSON 乏味的人 old-fashioned informal
■a boring person who does not like new and exciting ideas 古板的人；老古板
• He's a bit of a square. 他有点古板。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] noun countable
MULTIPLY 乘
■the result of multiplying a number by itself 使成平方；使成二次幂
• The square of 7 is 49. 7的平方是49。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] noun countable
go / be back to square one informal ADVANCED
■to be forced to think of a new course of action because your first course of action failed 被迫从头做起；回到起点
• The deal with the house fell through so I'm afraid we're back to square one. 这栋房子的交易失败了，恐怕我们得从头再来。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] adjective
SHAPE 形状
 ESSENTIAL
■having the shape of a square 正方形的，四方形的
• The recipe recommends that you use a square cake tin. 食谱建议使用方形蛋糕烤盘。
• He's got that square-jawed masculinity that a lot of women seem to find attractive. 他有个刚毅的方下巴，这在许多女人眼中似乎很有吸引力。
■(written abbreviation sq) (specialized 2)
■used with units of measurement of length to express the total size of an area （与长度单位连用）平方的
• The floor is 3 metres wide by 5 metres long so its total area is 15 sq metres. 房间的地面是3米宽5米长，总面积是15平方米。
• The city itself covers thirteen square miles. 该城市占地13平方哩。
• specialized Ensure that the exposed area is less than 2cm 2. 要确保暴露在外的面积小于二平方厘米。
■Square is used immediately after measurements of length when expressing the length of the four sides of a square-shaped area （紧接长度单位后）…见方
• So you want carpet for a room that's eight metres square (= 8 metres long and 8 metres wide). 因此你需要八米见方的室内地毯。
the Square Mile UK * the City
UK [skweər] US [skwer] adjective
EQUAL 相等的 informal
■equal or level 正的；相等的；水准的
• Could you stand back from these shelves and tell me if they're square (= level) ? 你能不能往后站一点，告诉我这些架子摆得正不正？
(all) square informal
■If two people are all square, one of them has paid off a debt to the other and neither now owes or is owed any money. 两清的，互不欠账的
■If two teams or players are (all) square, they have an equal number of goals or points 平局的（如果两队或两运动员呈平局，他们的进球数或分数相等）
• They're all square at thirty points each. 他们打成平局，每个都是30分。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] adjective
STRAIGHT 直的
■in a straight line 直线的，笔直的
UK [skweər] US [skwer] adjective
BORING PERSON 乏味的人 old-fashioned informal
■describes a person who is boring and does not like new and exciting things 乏味的；古板守旧的（描述某人是令人厌烦的，不喜欢新的、刺激性的事物）
• Do you think my new haircut makes me look a bit square? 你觉得我的新发型是不是让我看起来有点古板？
UK [skweər] US [skwer] adjective
square peg (in a round hole) informal
■a person whose character makes them unsuitable for the job or other position they are in 不适其所者；方枘圆凿； 不适合的人选
• He never quite fitted in when he was working here - he was always a bit of a square peg. 他在这里工作时一直都没完全适应——总有点格格不入的。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
MULTIPLY 乘
transitive
■to multiply a number by itself 使成平方；使成二次幂
• 10 squared equals a hundred. 10的平方是100。
• 4 2 means four squared, and equals 16. 4的二次方就是4的平方，等于16。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
SHAPE 形状
square your shoulders
■to pull your shoulders up and back because you feel determined to do something （表示决心已定）挺起胸膛，挺直身子
• He squared his shoulders and took a deep breath before diving into the pool. 他挺直肩膀，做了个深呼吸，然后潜入了游泳池。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
square the accounts/books
■to make certain that you have paid and received all the money that you owed or that others owed you 结清账目
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
square the circle
■If you try to square the circle, you try to do something which is very difficult or impossible. 试图做非常困难（或不可能）的事
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  square off US
■to prepare to fight, compete or argue with someone 摆好架势（准备迎战）
• The two giants in the fast-food industry are squaring off this month with the most aggressive advertising campaigns yet. 本月速食业两大龙头展开了异常激烈的广告攻势，拉开阵势准备一决高下。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  square up
FIGHT UK to prepare to fight, compete or argue with someone 摆好架势（准备迎战）
• The players squared up to each other and started shouting. 双方选手摆开阵势，开始大喊大叫。
PAY informal
■to pay someone the money that you owe them 结帐；付清欠款
• If you pay for both tickets now, I'll square up with you later. 你现在把两张票的钱都付了，我过会儿再跟你把钱结清。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  square up to sb/sth UK (US face up to sb/sth)
■to deal with a problem or difficult person bravely and with determination 勇敢面对；毅然应对
• I thought she squared up to the situation admirably. 我认为她勇敢面对这种情况，令人钦佩。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  square (sth) with sth
■to match or agree with something, or to think that one thing is acceptable together with another thing （使）与…相符，（使）与…一致；符合
• Her story doesn't quite square with the evidence. 她的说法与证据不太吻合。
• I don't think I could spend that much money on a jacket - I couldn't square it with my conscience (= I would feel too guilty). 我觉得我不可能花那么多钱买一件夹克——我会感到良心不安的。
adj. 平方的； [数] 正方形的；直角的；正直的
 - straight, just, orthogonal
vt. 使成方形；与…一致
 - accord with, jibe with
vi. 一致； [数] 成方形
 - cotton, identify, coincide
n. 平方；广场； [数] 正方形
 - plaza, concourse

Word: stick
Front: stick
[stɪk] (中高研四六托雅 1209/1545 -K3)
Back: vt. & vi. 粘贴; 张贴; 插入; 刺入
vt. 容忍; 产生作用; （尤指迅速或随手）放置; 阻延或推迟
n. 棍棒，棍枝; 枝条; 操纵杆; 球棍
时态：stuck, sticking, sticks
分布：粘贴(35%)，刺入(20%)，手杖(17%)，钉住(13%)，杆(6%)，枝(3%)，竖起(3%)，插于(3%)
→来自古英语 sticca,杆，棍，来自 Proto-Germanic*stikkon,刺，戳，来自 steig,*steg,刺，戳， 词源同 sting,stack,stack.引申诸相关词义。
n.棍,棒,手杖v.刺,戳,扎;粘贴The thin sick chicken picks the thick sticky stick quickly.瘦病鸡快速地啄粘乎乎的粗棍.
noun
THIN PIECE 细条
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a thin piece of wood 枝条；木条，木棍
• The old man was carrying a load of sticks. 那个老人抱着一捆树枝。
• Police said that the child had been beaten with a stick. 警方说那个孩子被人用木棍打了。
• Find some dry sticks and we'll make a campfire. 找些干树枝，我们来生营火。
• A lollipop is a sweet on a stick (= a short thin piece of wood, plastic or paper). 棒棒糖是一团裹在小棍上的糖。
 IMPROVER countable mainly UK
■a long, thin wooden pole that especially old or injured people use to help them walk （尤指长者或伤者用的）手杖，拐杖
• a walking stick 拐杖
• At 84 he's still quite active, although he walks with the aid of a stick. 他84岁了，虽然走路需要拄着拐杖，可仍旧非常硬朗。
countable
■a long thin piece of wood with a curved end used in playing hockey , or a long thin piece of wood with a triangular shaped net at one end used for playing lacrosse , or a long thin piece of wood with a solid tube-shaped piece fixed horizontally to one end of it used for playing polo （曲棍球或长曲棍球）球棍；（马球）球杆
• a hockey/lacrosse/polo stick 曲棍球球棍／长曲棍球球棍／马球球杆
countable
■a long thin piece of something 条状物；棍状物
• carrot/bread sticks 胡萝卜条／面包棍
• a stick of celery/rhubarb/chewing gum/chalk/dynamite 一根芹菜／一棵大黄／一片口香糖／一根粉笔／一根炸药
countable informal
■a piece of furniture 一件家俱
• When they got married, they didn't have a stick of furniture. 他们结婚时，一件家俱都没有。
take a stick to sb/sth
■to hit someone or something with a long thin piece of wood 用木棍打，对…棍棒相向
• He said that when he was a boy, his father used to take a stick to him to punish him. 他说他小时候，他爸爸经常用棍子惩罚他。
[stɪk] noun
CRITICISM 批评
uncountable UK informal
■severe criticism 指责，苛责；批评
• I really got/took stick from my boss about being late for work again. 我因为上班又迟到了，被老板狠狠数落一顿。
• We gave him some stick for wearing that silly hat. 他戴着那顶愚蠢透顶的帽子，被我们批评了一顿。
[stɪk] noun
COUNTRYSIDE 乡村
the sticks [plural] informal disapproving
■an area in the countryside which is far from a town or city 偏僻乡村，偏远地区
• I'm fed up with living in the sticks. 我受够了穷乡僻壤的生活。
• They live out in the sticks somewhere. 他们住在某个偏远的地方。
[stɪk] noun
a stick to beat sb with UK
■something that you can use to criticize, influence or cause difficulty for someone or something you dislike or disapprove of （某人）的把柄，（某人）的痛处
• The party has a number of sticks with which to beat the prime minister into submission. 该政党手里握有首相的几个把柄，可以迫使他屈服。
[stɪk] noun
Sticks and stones may break my bones , (but words can never hurt me). child's expression
■said in order to show that people cannot be hurt by unpleasant things that are said to them 棍棒和石头可能会打断我的骨头（但言语伤害不了我）。
[stɪk] noun
up sticks UK (US pull up stakes) informal
■to take all the things that you own and go and live in a different place 迁居别处，搬家
• This is the fourth time in five years that we've had to up sticks. 这已经是五年中我们第四次不得不搬家了。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
FIX 固定
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to cause something to become fixed, for example with glue or another similar substance 黏住，黏贴；固定住
• I tried to stick the pieces together with some glue/tape. 我想用胶水／胶带把这些物件黏在一起。
• He stuck up a notice on the board with pins. 他用大头针把告示钉在布告栏上。
• This glue won't stick. 这种胶水黏不牢。
• My car's stuck in the mud. 我的车陷在泥里。
• Stir the sauce so that it doesn't stick to the pan. 不断搅拌酱汁，以免黏锅。
• My book got wet and all the pages have stuck together. 我的书湿了，书页都黏在一起。
Compare non-stick ; stuck
intransitive
■If a name sticks, it continues to be used （名字）继续使用的，保持不变的
• Although her name is Clare, her little sister called her Lali, and somehow the name stuck. 虽然她的名字是克莱尔，她的妹妹却叫她拉莉，不知怎么的，这个名字就叫开了。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
PUT 放
 ADVANCED transitive usually + adverb or preposition informal
■to put something, especially in a not very careful way （尤指随意）放置，放
• "Where shall I put these books?" "Oh, just stick them on the table for now." “我该把这些书放在哪里？” “噢，就先放在桌子上吧。”
• She stuck her fingers in her ears so that she couldn't hear the noise. 她用手指塞住耳朵，这样就听不到那些噪音了。
• I'll pay for lunch - I can stick it on my expenses. 午餐我来请客——我可以把它算入报账费用。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition offensive
■If you tell someone to stick something or where they can stick something, it means that you do not want to keep that thing 不想接受
• "I've had enough of working here, " she said, "You can stick your job!" “我这里要做的事已经够多了，”她说，“你的工作自己留着吧！”
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
PUSH INTO 推入
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to push a pointed object into or through something, or (of a pointed object) to be pushed into or through something and stay there （把）（尖物）刺进，插进；戳
• She stuck the needle into my arm. 她把针头扎进我的手臂。
• We decided where to go for our holiday by closing our eyes and sticking a pin in the map. 我们闭上眼睛，用大头针往地图上插，这样决定了我们去哪里度假。
• A thorn stuck in her finger. 她的手指扎了一根刺。
• The metal springs were sticking through the mattress. 金属弹簧穿透垫子，露了出来。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
NOT CONTINUE 不继续
intransitive
■In some card games, if you stick, you say that you do not want to be given any more cards. （牌戏中）不再要牌
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
ACCEPT 忍受
transitive UK informal
■to bear or accept something or someone unpleasant 容忍，忍受
• I don't think I can stick this job a day longer. 我认为这份工作我一天也忍受不下去了。
• [+ -ing verb] I don't know how you can stick living in this place. 我不知道你住在这样的地方，怎么能受得了。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
make sth stick informal
■to show something bad that has been said about someone is true 证明（陈述）真实；证明（指控）成立
• They've arrested him for fraud but they'll never make the charges stick. 他们以诈骗罪逮捕了他，但将无法证明这些指控成立。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
stick in your mind/head/memory informal
■to remember something 铭刻在（某人）的脑海里
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
stick in your throat/craw
■to make you angry 令（某人）气愤
• It really sticks in my throat that I did all the work, and she's getting all the credit. 所有工作都是我做的，但功劳全都归她，这令我很恼火。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
stick to sb like glue informal
■to stay very close to someone 黏着某人
• Ellie stuck to her mother like glue. 艾莉像胶水一样黏着妈妈。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
stick to sb's ribs
■If you describe food as sticking to your ribs, you mean that it makes you feel like you have eaten a lot. （食物）撑饱，吃后感觉很饱
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick around informal
■to stay somewhere for a period of time 逗留，停留
• You go - I'll stick around here a bit longer. 你走吧——我在这里再留一会儿。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick at sth (also stick to/with sth) UK
 ADVANCED
■to continue trying hard to do something difficult 继续努力做，坚持做
• You'll never learn to play the piano if you're not prepared to stick at it. 如果你不打算持之以恒的话，你永远也学不会弹钢琴。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick by sth/sb
■to continue to support something or someone, especially in a difficult situation （尤指困境中）继续支持（某人），对（某人）不离不弃
• We must stick by our decision. 我们必须坚持我们的决定。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick out
 ADVANCED
■to go past the surface or edge of something 探出，露出，凸出
• Paul's ears stick out a bit, don't they. 保罗的耳朵有点招风耳，是吧？
• There was a handkerchief sticking out of his jacket pocket. 他的外套口袋露出了手帕的一角。
■informal
■to be very easy to notice 显眼，突出
• She certainly sticks out in a crowd. 她在人群中很显眼。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stick (sth) out
 ADVANCED
■to come forward from the rest of your body, or to make part of your body do this （使）探出，（使）伸出，（使）凸出 stick 1 1. Mum, Lewis stuck out his tongue at me!
妈妈，路易士向我吐舌头。
• He stuck his arm out of the window and waved at us. 他从窗口伸出手臂，朝我们挥手。
• I wish my stomach didn't stick out so much. 我真希望我的肚腩没这么明显。
stick your neck out
■to take a risk 冒险
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick it out informal
■to continue to the end of a difficult or unpleasant situation 坚持到底；忍受下去，挺住
• I know things are difficult at the moment, but if we just stick it out, I'm sure everything will be OK in the end. 我知道现在情况很艰难，但只要我们能坚持下去，我敢保证最后一切都会顺利的。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick out for sth UK
■to continue to demand or try to get something 坚持要求；坚决要得到
• The unions have said that they are going to stick out for a 10% rise. 工会声称会坚持要求10%的加薪。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick to sth
 ADVANCED
■to limit yourself to doing or using one particular thing and not change to anything else 坚持，固守；忠于
• Could you stick to the point, please? 请不要离题，好吗？
• We'd better stick to the main road, because the other roads are blocked with snow. 我们最好沿着干道走，因为其他的路都被雪封住了。
■If you stick to a law, rule or promise, you obey it or do what it states 遵守（法律或规则）；信守（承诺）
• If you make a promise, you should stick to it. 如果你作出了承诺，就必须遵守。
■US for
■stick at sth
stick to your guns
■to continue to have your beliefs or continue with a plan of action, even if other people disagree with you 坚持信念；坚持既定的行动
• Despite harsh criticism, she's sticking to her guns on this issue. 尽管倍受诟病，她在这件事上仍旧坚持自己的立场。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick together
 ADVANCED informal
■If people stick together, they support and help each other 互相扶持，团结一致
• The country's Foreign Minister said that it was important for small nations to stick together. 该国外交部长称，小国之间互相扶持是至关重要的事。
■If people stick together, they stay close to each other 在一起
• The two brothers always stick together at school. 他们兄弟俩在学校里总是形影不离。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick up
■to point up above the surface of something and not lie flat 竖起；向上伸出
• When I get up in the morning, my hair is always sticking up. 我早上起床的时候，头发总是翘着。
• There were some large rocks sticking up out of the water. 有一些大石头突出水面。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stick sth/sb up mainly US informal
■to steal from a place or person, using a gun as a threat 持枪抢劫
• Did you hear that someone stuck up the post office last night? 你听说昨晚有人持枪抢劫邮局吗？
⇒ See also stick-up
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick up for sth/sb informal
■to support or defend someone or something, especially when they are being criticized 支持，捍卫，维护（尤指受到批评的人或物）
• I can stick up for myself. 我能维护自己。
• It's sweet the way he sticks up for his little brother. 他维护他幼弟的样子真讨人喜欢。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick with sth/sb informal
 ADVANCED
■to continue doing something or using someone to do work for you, and not stopping or changing to something or someone else 坚持做；继续任用（某人）
• He said that he was going to stick with the traditions established by his grandfather. 他说他会继续坚持他爷爷立下的传统。
• He's a good car mechanic - I think we should stick with him. 他是个不错的汽车技师——我认为我们应该继续用他。
stick with it
■to continue doing something although it is difficult 坚持下去
• Things are hard at the moment, but if we stick with it, they are bound to get better. 目前情况困难，但如果我们坚持下去，肯定会有所好转。
staff, stick, cane
这组词都有“手杖”的意思，其区别是：
staff: 多指走路爬山时用作支持或防卫使用的长木棒。
stick: 普通用词，指木制的细长手杖。
cane: 多指用藤或竹制成的细长的手杖。
stick, glue, adhere, cling, cohere
这些动词均有“粘着、附着”之意。
stick: 常指用胶水或浆糊粘贴，词义引申指坚持。
glue: 与stick的本义相同，指用胶水把东西粘合在一起，没有“坚持”的含义。
adhere: 正式用词，语气较严肃刻板，既可指物体粘在一起，也可指坚持信仰或忠于事业等。
cling: 着重靠缠绕、紧抱、紧抓等方式而形成密切关系。也可作引申用。
cohere: 指物质微粒粘合在一起，成为不可分离的整体，强调所形成新物体的不可分割性。可引申指逻辑上的前后一致。
vt. 刺，戳；伸出；粘贴
 - extend, finger, pink
vi. 坚持；伸出；粘住
 - stay, hold out
n. 棍；手杖；呆头呆脑的人
 - canne, bastinade

Word: concentration
Front: concentration
[ˌkɒnsnˈtreɪʃn] (研四六 2752/1564 -K3)
Vocabulary: concentration
(once / 671 pages)
1n 2n
If you have great powers of concentration, that means you're able to focus all your attention on the matter at hand. Concentration can also refer to something that's clustered together or to the density or strength of a solution.
A concentration of people means that there are many of them in one area. Your city may have a concentration of artists living in the warehouses by the river. A high concentration of a substance in a solution means that there's a lot of it relative to the volume: the Great Salt Lake has very few fish because of the high concentration of salt. To say that you have good concentration skills means that you pay attention well.
WORD FAMILY
concentration: concentrations+/ concentrate: concentrated, concentrates, concentrating, concentration, deconcentrate/ concentrated: concentratedly/deconcentrate: deconcentrated, deconcentrating
USAGE EXAMPLES
An effort is underway in the state to lower the legal blood-alcohol concentration for driving to .05 — a first in the nation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The unusually warm conditions fit into a long-term trend fueled by ever-increasing greenhouse gas concentrations resulting from human activities.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Dr. Veach said a hangover occurs when the concentration of alcohol in one’s system is decreasing.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 集中; 专心; 关注; 浓度
分布：浓度(61%)，集中(32%)，专心(7%)
集中;浓缩[centr=center,表示"中心"]
n.专心,专注;集中,集结;浓度This test will need all your concentration.这个测试需要全神贯注才能读懂.
US [ˌkɑ:nt-] noun
ATTENTION 专心
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the ability to think carefully about something you are doing and nothing else 专注，专心
• The noise outside made concentration difficult. 外面吵得我难以集中注意力。
• There was a look of intense concentration on her face. 她脸上带着全神贯注的表情。
• I find that yoga improves my powers of concentration. 我发现练瑜伽提高了我的注意力。
• I found it hard to follow what the teacher was saying, and eventually I lost concentration. 我发现自己难以理解老师在讲甚么，最后就出神了。
• The government's concentration on tax reduction has won them a lot of support. 政府集中推行减税政策，从而赢得了广泛的支持。
UK [ˌkɒnt.sən'treɪ.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:nt-] noun
AMOUNT 数量
countable or uncountable
■a large number or amount of something in the same place 集中；聚集；汇集
• There is a heavy concentration of troops in the area. 该地区有重兵驻扎。
countable or uncountable specialized
■the exact amount of one particular substance that is found in another substance 浓度
• a concentration of one part per million 百万分之一的浓度
• High concentrations of toxic elements were found in the polluted areas. 在受污染地区发现了高浓度的有毒元素。
n. [物] [化学] 浓度；集中；浓缩；专心；集合
 - thickness, compression, assembly, convergence, set

Word: complicated
Front: complicated
[ˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd] (研四六托雅 2750/2736 -K3)
Vocabulary: complicated
(once / 382 pages)
adj
When things get complicated, they are no longer simple and straightforward. If you are asked a question that would require a long, detailed answer, you might just say, "It's complicated."
The word complicated came about in the 1640's to mean "tangled" or "difficult to unravel." This makes sense, considering it came from the Latin verb complicāre, meaning "to fold together." Consider that something with many folds is more complicated than something flat. Novelist Robert Ludlum said, "Life is extremely complicated," but Confucius long ago suggested that "Life is really simple, but we insist on making it complicated." Just having those two opposing viewpoints indicates how complicated life can be.
WORD FAMILY
complicated: complicatedly, complicatedness, uncomplicated+/ complicate: complicated, complicates, complicating, complication/complicatedness: complicatednesses/complication: complications/uncomplicated: uncomplicatedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, quarterback is a more complicated, urgent and tone-setting position.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
For nearly all of us, government finance and budgeting are complicated.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"Once he's in office, Pruitt will find it's a lot more complicated than they thought," she said.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 结构复杂的; 混乱的，麻烦的
v. 使复杂化( complicate的过去式)
分布：结构复杂的(70%)，动词complicate的过去式和过去分词.(15%)，复杂难懂的(15%)
a.错综复杂的,麻烦的,难解的The complicated indicator is dedicated to the delicate delicious machine.这个复杂的指示器被奉献给精密而美妙的机器.
US ['kɑ:m.plɪ.keɪ.tˌɪd] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■involving a lot of different parts, in a way that is difficult to understand 复杂的；麻烦的；费解的
• complicated instructions 复杂的指令
• I had to fill in this really complicated form. 我必须填写这张非常复杂的表格。
• The rules are rather complicated to follow. 这些规定遵守起来挺复杂的。
• The relationship is a bit complicated. He's my mother's cousin's daughter's child. 关系有点复杂，他是我母亲的表姐的女儿的孩子。
complex, complicated, sophisticated, intricate
这组词都有“复杂的”的意思，其区别是：
complex: 侧重内在关系的复杂，需通过仔细研究与了解才能掌握和运用。
complicated: 与complex的含义接近，但语气更强，着重极其复杂，很难分析、分辨或解释。
sophisticated: 侧重指事物发展到或达到高级的程度所体现出的复杂。
intricate: 着重指错综复杂，令人迷惑理解。
adj. 难懂的，复杂的
 - involved, detailed, sophisticated, elusive

Word: gently
Front: gently
[ˈdʒentli] (研四六 2751/2220 -K)
Back: adv. 温柔地; 轻轻地; 有礼貌地; 文雅地
分布：轻轻地(70%)，和缓地(15%)，高贵地(15%)
ad.文雅地,有礼貌地;轻轻地Hold it gently.小心地拿住它.
adverb
 IMPROVER
■calmly, kindly or softly 文静地；和蔼地；温柔地
• He lifted the baby gently out of its cot. 他轻轻地把宝宝从婴儿床里抱出来。
• to smile/laugh/blow gently 温柔地微笑／轻声笑／轻轻地吹
■without force or strength 轻柔地
• The door closed gently. 门轻轻地关上了。
■slightly or gradually 渐渐地；平缓地
• gently rolling hills 和缓起伏的丘陵
['dʒent.li] adverb
Gently does it! UK (US Easy does it!)
■said when telling someone to be slow and careful 小心行事！不要着急！慢点！
adv. 轻轻地；温柔地，温和地
 - lightly, friendly, soft

Word: champion
Front: champion
[ˈtʃæmpiən] (高研四六托雅宝 2758/1938 -4)
Vocabulary: champion
(once / 106 pages)
1nadj 2nv
A champion is a winner, or someone who's really good at something. If you are a champion chess player, you are a superstar! When crowds sing Queen's "We Are the Champions" at football games, they are celebrating the fact that their team won.
Champion comes from the Latin word campionem for "gladiator, fighter." Rarr! No need to grab your sword, but a champion is also a person who fights for a cause. If you are the champion of fundraising, you keep pushing to raise money. As a verb, to champion means to protect or fight for something. You champion your little brother by defending him against meanies — no matter what, you are always on his side.
WORD FAMILY
champion: championed, championing, champions, championship +/ championship: championships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pearson missed the front end of the one-and-one, Robert Champion grabbed the defensive rebound and Benzan drove for the winner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The early signs were far from positive for the defending champion, who looked very rusty as world No63 won the opening four games.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s all about avoiding a relegation dogfight for struggling champion Leicester, which is six points from danger.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 冠军; 捍卫者，拥护者; 战士
vt. 为…而斗争，捍卫，声援
adj. 优胜的; 第一流的
时态：championed, championing, champions
分布：冠军(90%)，拥护(4%)，拥护者(3%)，优胜者(2%)，勇士(1%)
→来自camp, 平原，平地，战场。原指战场上的胜利者。
n.冠军,得胜者;拥护者,斗士On the camp of the campus the campaign champion put the camera on the camel.在校园的营地上运动冠军将摄影机放在骆驼上.
【参】championship（n 锦标赛）
【反】impugn（v 打击）；disparage（vt 蔑视，使失去信誉）
noun countable
WINNER 获胜者
 ESSENTIAL (informal champ)
■someone or something, especially a person or animal, that has beaten all other competitors in a competition （尤指人或动物）冠军，获胜者
• an Olympic champion 奥运会冠军
• She is the world champion for the third year in succession. 她第三次蝉联世界冠军。
• The defending champion will play his first match of the tournament tomorrow. 卫冕冠军将在明天参加锦标赛的第一场比赛。
• Who are the reigning European football champions? 谁是目前的欧洲足球冠军？
['tʃæm.pi.ən] noun countable
SUPPORTER 拥护者
■a person who enthusiastically supports, defends or fights for a person, belief, right or principle 拥护者；卫士，捍卫者；斗士
• She has long been a champion of prisoners' rights/the disabled/free speech. 长期以来，她一直是囚犯权益／残疾人士利益／言论自由的捍卫者。
['tʃæm.pi.ən] verb transitive
■to support, defend or fight for a person, belief, right or principle enthusiastically 支持，声援，捍卫（人、信仰、权利或原则），为…斗争
• He has championed constitutional reform for many years. 他支持宪法改革好多年了。
['tʃæm.pi.ən] adjective exclamation mainly Northern informal
■excellent 优秀的，第一流的，很好的
n. 冠军；拥护者；战士
 - title, first
vt. 支持；拥护
 - encourage, second, back, carry, hand
adj. 优胜的；第一流的
 - classical, royal

Word: scenario
Front: scenario
[səˈnɑ:riəʊ] (宝 2756/5562 -2)
Vocabulary: scenario
(once / 1473 pages)
n
A scenario is a specific possibility. To plan on playing with a bunch of bear cubs is a scenario — a dumb one, but still a scenario.
When people are wondering what to do, they think of different scenarios. Moving to a big city is one scenario — moving to a tiny town is another. A football team has to plan for many scenarios, like the starting quarterback being injured. The government plans for hundreds of scenarios, such as natural disasters and attacks by terrorists. In literature, a scenario can mean a summing up of what's going on — what the situation is. A scenario is pretty similar to a situation, but a scenario hasn't happened yet and might not happen at all.
WORD FAMILY
scenario: scenarios, scenarist+/scenarist: scenarists
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the first screen of the recovery page, choose the scenario that applies to you, which in this case would be “I forgot my password.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Yet we possess this ever-prevalent drive to call some people or situations or scenarios normal—and others not.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Ameer Riley, the defensive coördinator, said that, starting in the off-season, he hoped to incorporate the robots in more “realistic” practice scenarios.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （行动的）方案; 剧情概要; 分镜头剧本
分布：剧本(67%)，情节梗概(33%)
→来自意大利语 scenario,情节，来自拉丁语 scenarius,舞台情节，场景，来自 scena,舞台布景， 场景，词源同 scene.引申词义设想，方案。
【记】scen＝scene（n 布景；场景），ari，o结尾与艺术有关－剧情梗概
【参】scenery（n 风景；景色）
US [sə'ner.i.oʊ] (plural scenarios)
noun countable
POSSIBLE EVENT 可能的事件
 ADVANCED
■a description of possible actions or events in the future 可能发生的事态；设想； 场景
• There are several possible scenarios. 有几种可能出现的局面。
• a horrific/nightmare scenario such as a Third World War 可怕的／梦魇般的场景，如第三次世界大战
⇒ See also worst case scenario
UK [sɪ'nɑ:.ri.əʊ] US [sə'ner.i.oʊ] (plural scenarios)
noun countable
PLAN 计划
■a written plan of the characters and events in a play or film 剧本提纲；剧情梗概；电影脚本
n. 方案；情节；剧本
 - drama, action, plot

Word: telescope
Front: telescope
[ˈtelɪskəʊp] (高研四六托雅 2759/8217 -2)
Vocabulary: telescope
(once / 630 pages)
1n 2v
A telescope is an instrument that is used to view distant objects. If you want to look at the planets, you can use a telescope. The higher the magnification on the telescope, the better your view will be.
Galileo is often credited with the invention of the telescope, but this is incorrect. Although he did not invent it, he did improve it — a lot. He didn't name the telescope either. That honor went to Greek mathematician Giovanni Demisiani, who gave the instrument its name when Galileo presented the instrument at the Accademia dei Lincei, a science society in Italy, in 1611. Telescope is from the Greek roots tele (meaning "far") and skopos (meaning "seeing"); so the word literally describes what the instrument does.
WORD FAMILY
telescope: telescoped, telescopes, telescopic, telescoping+/telescopic: nontelescopic, telescopically/telescoping: nontelescoping
USAGE EXAMPLES
Today, however, scientists keep track of it by aiming a network of radio telescopes at a distant quasar.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Enjoy the wintry night sky full of stars through telescopes afterward, weather permitting.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Earlier this month, the court dismissed an appeal by opponents of the telescope project who argued the hearings process is flawed.
Washington Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 望远镜
vt. & vi. （使某物）变短（叠缩在一起）; （使某物）叠缩，嵌入
vt. 压缩某物使其少占空间或时间
时态：telescoped, telescoping, telescopes
分布：望远镜(97%)，缩短(1%)，套叠(1%)，压缩(1%)
→tele-,远的，-scope,看，镜子，词源同 scope,microscope.
望远镜(tele+scope看→看远方→望远镜)[tele=fur表示"远",引申为"电",电从远方来]
n.望远镜v.缩短,压缩Televisions and telescopes give the visitors visual ability to see the casual casualty.电视和望远镜赋予参观者们看见偶然伤亡事故的视觉能力.
When the trains crashed into each other, the cars were telescoped.那两辆火车相撞时, 车厢挤在一起了。
US [-ə.skoʊp] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a cylindrical device for making objects that are far away look nearer and larger, using a combination of lenses , or lenses and curved mirrors 望远镜
UK ['tel.ɪ.skəʊp] US [-ə.skoʊp] verb intransitive or transitive
■to make or become shorter by reducing the length of the parts 缩短；变短
• We had to telescope five visits into two days. 我们只得把五个拜访压缩在两天之内完成。
vt. 压缩；使套叠
 - to compress, constrict
vi. 套叠；变短
 - shorten
n. [光] 望远镜；缩叠式旅行袋
 - spotting scope

Word: reflection
Front: reflection
[rɪˈflekʃn] (研四六托 2757/3018 -2)
Vocabulary: reflection
(once / 162 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Your reflection is what you see in the mirror. Other things that bounce back at you are also reflections — light waves, sound waves, even your thoughts.
Reflection comes from the Latin reflectere, made up of the prefix re-, "back," and flectere, "to bend." So it's bending something back: your reflection in the mirror is the light waves that bounce your image back at you. When you pause for reflection — serious thinking, that is — your thoughts are bending inward. Reflection can also be a consequence of something: the way your dog mopes around when you're away is a reflection of how much he misses you.
WORD FAMILY
reflection: reflections+/ reflect: reflected, reflecting, reflection, reflective, reflector, reflects/reflected: unreflected/reflecting: nonreflecting, reflectingly/ reflective: nonreflective, reflectively, reflectiveness, reflectivity, unreflective/reflector: reflectorise, reflectorize, reflectors/unreflective: unreflectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Achilles, Lowell seemed to find a heroic reflection of his own mental volatility.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He saw the shimmering reflection of the Gulf of California and wondered about the world beyond.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“There will be time for reflection and all of that stuff next week, but right now it’s time to focus on what we’re doing.”
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 反映; （关于某课题的）思考; （声、光、热等的）反射; 映像
分布：反射(56%)，反映(28%)，倒影(8%)，沉思(5%)，考虑(3%)
→来自 reflect,反映，反射，沉思。
反射;思考(reflect+ion)[flect,flex=bend,表示"弯曲"]
n.(reflexion)映像,倒影;反省,沉思In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
noun
RETURN 返回
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the image of something in a mirror or on any reflective surface 映射；映照出的影像；反射
• In Greek mythology, Narcissus fell in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. 希腊神话中的那喀索斯爱上了自己在水池中的倒影。
• He put silver foil around the fire to increase heat reflection. 他用银箔围住火炉来增加热的反射。
[rɪ'flek.ʃən] noun
SIGN 显示
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■a sign or result of something 显示；反映；表达
• The fact that soldiers are on the streets is a reflection of how terrified the government is. 街头部署了士兵，这一情况显示出政府是多么惊恐。
[rɪ'flek.ʃən] noun
THOUGHT 思考
countable or uncountable formal
■serious and careful thought 沉思；深思；审慎的思考
• On reflection (= After considering it) , I decided I had been wrong. 经过审慎的思考，我认定以前是我错了。
• After thirty years as a judge, her reflections on/about justice were well worth listening to. 她当了30年法官，所以她对司法制度的意见很值得一听。
[rɪ'flek.ʃən] noun
a reflection on sb/sth
■something that makes other people have a particular opinion about someone or something, especially a bad opinion 给…带来（尤指不好的）影响的事情；招致对…非议的事情
• Low test scores are a sad reflection on our school system. 学生考分低，这使我们学校的体制遭受非议。
n. [热] [光] [物] 反射；沉思；映象
 - meditation, contemplation

Word: revolution
Front: revolution
[ˌrevəˈlu:ʃn] (高研四六托 2753/1858 -K3)
Vocabulary: revolution
(once / 80 pages)
1n 2n
When a new development in an industry changes everything drastically, call it a revolution. The Internet has certainly caused a revolution in the way people lead their lives.
Stemming from the Latin revolvere "to turn, roll back," revolution originally referred to the circuit of the stars through the sky. Today, it still means circuit when talking about the RPM, or revolutions per minute, in an engine. A revolution is also a drastic change in a field such as the fashion industry or technology, or similarly, a sudden, often violent uprising from the people to change the political system.
WORD FAMILY
revolution: counterrevolution, revolutionary, revolutionise, revolutionism, revolutionize, revolutions+/counterrevolution: counterrevolutionary, counterrevolutionist, counterrevolutions/counterrevolutionary: counterrevolutionaries/ revolt: revolted, revolting, revolts, revolution / revolting: revoltingly/ revolutionary: revolutionaries, revolutionarily/revolutionise: revolutionised, revolutionises, revolutionising/revolutionism: revolutionisms, revolutionist / revolutionist: revolutionists/ revolutionize: revolutionized, revolutionizes, revolutionizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some environmentalists are not too worried: they think economics may drive India's clean energy revolution.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
But the medical profession increasingly understands that painful as it is, the revolution is necessary and unstoppable.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dr. Appleby was part of a generation of historians who examined the ideologies and beliefs that animated the American Revolution.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 革命; 彻底改变; 旋转; 运行，公转
分布：革命(90%)，变革(5%)，旋转(4%)，重大改变(1%)
→来自 revolve,旋转，-ute,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。引申词义革命，大变革。
革命,变革(re翻+olut+ion→翻转→革命)[vol,volv,volt=roll,turn,表示"卷,转"]
n.革命;旋转,转数The revolution caused a radical reformation of the society.革命引起了社会的彻底改革.
noun
POLITICS 政治
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a change in the way a country is governed, usually to a different political system and often using violence or war （通常指改变政治体制的）革命
• The French Revolution changed France from a monarchy to a republic. 法国大革命使法国由君主政体变成共和政体。
• The country seems to be heading towards revolution. 这个国家似乎正在走向革命。
[ˌrev.ə'lu:.ʃən] noun
CHANGE 变化
 ADVANCED countable
■a very important change in the way that people do things 革命性剧变；大变革
• a technological revolution 技术革命
• Penicillin produced a revolution in medicine. 青霉素的发现引起了医学上的一次革命。
[ˌrev.ə'lu:.ʃən] noun
CIRCULAR MOVEMENT 回圈运动
only singular
■a circular movement 旋转；绕转；回圈运动
• The revolution of the Earth around the sun was proposed by Copernicus. 地球围绕太阳旋转这一观点是哥白尼提出的。
countable
■one complete circular movement of something, for example a wheel 一转
• Engine speed can be measured in revolutions per minute (abbreviationrpm). 引擎的速度可以每分钟转数来测量。
n. 革命； [物] 旋转；运行；循环
 - circulation, rotation, rolling, turning, cycle

Word: strip
Front: strip
[strɪp] (研四六托雅宝 2754/3090 -K3)
Vocabulary: strip
(once / 161 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4n 5n 6n
The verb strip has many shades of meaning, but most of them involve removing something. Someone may strip you of your power or you may strip off your clothes. Whatever it is that you strip, it’s gone.
When you strip something, you leave it bare. Strip can refer to removing a covering — like your clothes or like when you strip your sheets from your bed. Robbers may strip your car of all valuable items. And you might need to strip off a coat of paint before you start painting the front door. When used as a noun, strip could be something in a long, narrow shape — like an airstrip or a strip of material.
WORD FAMILY
strip: striper, stripped, stripper, stripping, strips+/striper: stripers/stripper: strippers/stripping: strippings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The plants they planted with Baha along a narrow strip.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
By 1918, the Justice Department was able to strip “disloyal” naturalized Germans of their citizenship.
The New Yorker(Dec 01, 2016)
Democrats said the state should not strip local communities of decision-making.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vi. 剥光; 表演脱衣舞; 剥除
vt. 除去，剥去; 剥夺; 删除; 清除，拆除
n. 长条，条板; 带状地带（或森林、湖面等）; （足球队员的）运动服
时态：stripped, stripping, strips
分布：脱衣(24%)，脱衣舞(20%)，剥夺(18%)，剥去(12%)，长条(11%)，除去(8%)，条状(7%)
→来自古英语 striepan,抢劫，掠夺，来自 Proto-Germanic*straupijan,抢劫，掠夺，词源可能同德 语 Strafe,剥夺，罚金，惩罚。引申诸相关词义。
v.剥,剥去n.窄条,条纹I gripped the striped strip that tripped me over on the ship.我握着那条在船上将我绊倒的带条纹的带子.
【记】在trip（n 旅行）时一定要看strip。
【参】stripling（n 年轻小伙子）脱衣干活的男人；striped（adj 有斑纹的；有条纹的）
【反】bedeck（v 用华服装饰；使美丽）
verb (-pp-)
REMOVE COVER 去除表皮
transitive
■to remove, pull or tear the covering or outer layer from something 除去，剥除，撕掉（外皮或表层）
• Because of the pollution, the trees are almost completely stripped of bark. 由于受到污染，树木的表皮几乎完全剥落。
• The paintwork was so bad that we decided to strip off all the paint and start again. 漆面太糟，我们决定铲去所有油漆，重漆一遍。
• [+ adj] During the summer months, the sheep strip the mountains bare. 夏天的几个月里，羊群把山上啃得光秃秃的。
[strɪp] verb (-pp-)
REMOVE CLOTHING 脱掉衣服
intransitive or transitive (UK also strip off)
■to remove your clothing, or to remove all the clothing of someone else 脱衣服；脱光…的衣服
• UK Suddenly he stripped off and ran into the sea. 他突然脱掉衣服冲进大海。
• It was so hot that we stripped off our shirts. 天气太热，我们脱掉了衬衫。
• [+ adj] He was interrogated, stripped naked and then beaten. 他受到审问，并被脱光衣服毒打。
[strɪp] verb (-pp-)
REMOVE PARTS 移去零件
transitive
■to remove parts of a machine, vehicle or engine in order to clean or repair it 拆卸，拆开（机器、车辆或引擎 ）
• I've decided to strip down my motorbike and rebuild it. 我已经决定把摩托车拆开重新组装。
transitive mainly US
■to remove the parts of a car, etc. in order to sell them 拆散（汽车等）卖零件
[strɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] strip sth away
■to gradually reduce something important or something that has existed for a long time 逐渐削减；慢慢剥夺
• Stripping away all the waffle, he said that no Conservative government would let Britain be drawn into a European superstate. 他没说半句废话，称保守党政府决不会允许英国加入欧洲的超级国家集团。
[strɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  strip (down) to sth
■to remove everything except for a particular piece of clothing or above a particular part of the body 脱得只剩下…；把衣服脱到（身体某部位）
• I had to strip down to my underwear for my medical examination. 体检时，我得把衣服脱掉，只剩内衣。
• He was stripped to the waist. 他被脱光上衣。
[strɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  strip sb of sth
■to take something important, such as a title, away from someone as a punishment 剥夺（某人）的（头衔等）
• He was stripped of his knighthood after he was convicted of stealing from the company. 他被判定偷窃公司财物后就被剥夺了骑士头衔。
[strɪp] noun
PIECE 片
countable
■a long flat narrow piece 条，带，细长片
• a narrow strip of land 狭长地带
• He didn't have a bandage, so he ripped up his shirt into thin strips. 他没有绷带，就把衬衫撕成细条。
• Protect the magnetic strip on your credit card from scratches, heat, damp or other damage. 注意保护信用卡的磁条，防止划伤、受热、受潮以及其他损伤。
[strɪp] noun
CLOTHING 衣服
countable usually singular UK
■the clothing worn by a football team which has the team's colours on it （足球队的）队服
• The team will be wearing its new strip at next Saturday's match. 球队在下周六的比赛中将穿新队服亮相。
[strɪp] noun
REMOVE CLOTHING 脱掉衣服
only singular
■an entertainment in which the performer removes all his or her clothing 脱衣舞
• He jumped up on the table and started to do a strip. 他跳上桌子，开始跳起脱衣舞来。
vt. 剥夺；剥去；脱去衣服
 - shear, destitute of
n. 带；条状；脱衣舞
 - belt, band

Word: interpret
Front: interpret
[ɪnˈtɜ:prɪt] (研四六托雅 2755/2094 -K2)
Vocabulary: interpret
(once / 129 pages)
v
When you interpret something, you make sense of it. You could interpret a graph, a foreign language, or even Mona Lisa's odd smile.
If you're ordering food in a foreign land, you may need someone to interpret the menu for you. When you get tripped up or struggle to understand a subject even in your own language — like calculus, for example — sometimes you can find meaning, or interpret it for yourself. Or sometimes you'll need a teacher to work on the problem with you, showing how to interpret the mathematical language.
WORD FAMILY
interpret: interpretable, interpretation, interpretative, interpreted, interpreter, interpreting, interpretive, interprets, misinterpret, reinterpret +/ interpretation: interpretations/ interpretative: interpretatively/ interpreter: interpreters/interpreting: interpretings/ misinterpret: misinterpretation, misinterpreted, misinterpreting, misinterprets/ misinterpretation: misinterpretations/ reinterpret: reinterpretation, reinterpreted, reinterpreting, reinterprets/ reinterpretation: reinterpretations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some rightwing outlets interpreted the row as evidence of liberal overreach.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Like Scalia, both are originalists, which the late justice defined as interpreting the constitution as it was meant when adopted, not according to contemporary mores.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The effect size of the study written about was very small, and the overall interpreted findings are based on extrapolation and generalization.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 解释; 理解; 诠释，体现; 口译
vi. 作解释; 作口译
时态：interpreted, interpreting, interprets
分布：解释(76%)，翻译(10%)，口译(8%)，诠释(6%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-pret,词义不确定，可能来自买卖，价值交换，词源同price,prize.引申词义中介，协商者，谈判者，后词义通用化为解释，理解，领会，及口译等。
vt.解释,说明;口译How do you interpret this sentence?你如何解释这一句?
【反】misread（v 误解，曲解）－interpret correctly（正确地解释）
US [-'tɝ:-] verb
FIND MEANING 弄清含义
 ADVANCED transitive
■to decide what the intended meaning of something is 理解，解释，阐释
• It's difficult to interpret these statistics without knowing how they were obtained. 不了解这些统计数字是怎样得来的就难以理解它们。
• A jury should not interpret the silence of a defendant as a sign of guilt. 陪审团不应该将被告的沉默看作是有罪的表示。
UK [ɪn'tɜ:.prɪt] US [-'tɝ:-] verb
EXPRESS 表达
transitive
■to express your own ideas about the intended meaning of a play or a piece of music when performing it （表演者根据本人对作品的理解）表演，演绎
• If Shakespeare's plays are to reach a large audience they need to be interpreted in a modern style. 要使莎士比亚的戏剧得到广大观众的接受，就需要用现代的风格去演绎。
UK [ɪn'tɜ:.prɪt] US [-'tɝ:-] verb
BETWEEN LANGUAGES 不同语言之间
intransitive or transitive
■to change what someone is saying into another language 传译，口译
• We had to ask our guide to interpret for us. 我们不得不请导游为我们翻译。
Compare translate
clarify, interpret, account, explain, illustrate
这组词都有“说明”的意思，其区别是：
clarify: 指把已发生的事件。情况和现状说清楚。
interpret: 着重以特殊的知识、经验来解释难理解的事情。
account: 说明某事物如何符合自然法则或逻辑。
explain: 含义广，最普通用词，指把某事向原来不了解、不清楚的人解释明白、说清楚等。
illustrate: 多指用实例或插图、图表加以说明。
vt. 说明；口译
 - say, bring sb to do sth
vi. 解释；翻译
 - account, translate

Word: friendly
Front: friendly
[ˈfrendli] (中高 2760/2241 -K3)
Vocabulary: friendly
(once / 104 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj
Friendly, describes people who are kind, caring, and make you feel comfortable. You might be new to town, but the people are so friendly that you'll soon feel right at home.
The noun friend is at the root of the adjective friendly. When you're friendly, you treat everyone like a friend — with warmth and respect. A friendly game of badminton is by definition not too serious or competitive, and a vegetarian-friendly menu makes non meat-eaters feel welcome, just as user-friendly instructions make it easy for non-professionals to follow the directions.
WORD FAMILY
friendly: friendlier, friendlies, friendliest, friendlily, friendliness, unfriendly+/ friend: friendless, friendly, friends, friendship /friendless: friendlessly, friendlessness/friendliness: friendlinesses/ friendship: friendships/unfriendly: unfriendlier, unfriendliest, unfriendliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The former Colombia goalkeeper wowed the crowd at the old Wembley with his clearance in a friendly against England in 1995.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
We hope the new board will simplify this and conduct its discussions on key issues in a more public friendly manner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Why be such a grouch when people are just trying to be friendly?
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adj. 友好的，亲密的; 有帮助的; 互助的
n. 友谊赛
级别：friendlier, friendliest
分布：友好的(74%)，友善的(16%)，友好地(10%)
友好的(friend朋友)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
a.友好的,友谊的The talk was conducted in a friendly atmosphere.会谈是在热情友好的气氛中进行的.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■behaving in a pleasant, kind way towards someone 友好的，友善的
• a friendly face/smile 友好的面容／微笑
• Our neighbours have always been very friendly to/towards us. 我们的邻居们一直对我们很友好。
• I'm on quite friendly terms with my daughter's teacher. 我和我女儿的老师关系处得很不错。
• Are you friendly with (= a friend of) Graham? 你跟格雷厄姆是朋友吗？
Opposite unfriendly describes a place that is pleasant and that makes you feel happy and comfortable （某处）舒适的，令人愉快的
• It's a friendly little restaurant. 那是一家让人感觉很舒适的小餐馆。
■A friendly game or argument is one which you play or have for pleasure and in order to practise your skills, rather than playing or arguing seriously with the aim of winning （比赛或辩论）友谊的，非对抗的
• We were having a friendly argument about Green politics. 我们就关注环保的政治主张进行了一番友好的辩论。
• The teams are playing a friendly match on Sunday. 两队将在周日进行一场友谊赛。
■Friendly countries and friendly soldiers are ones who are not your enemies and who are working or fighting with you. （国家）友好的；（士兵）友军的
['frend.li] noun countable
■a game which is played for enjoyment and in order to practise, not with the aim of winning points as part of a serious competition 友谊赛
• The rugby club has a friendly next week against the Giants. 该橄榄球俱乐部下星期要和巨人队打一场友谊赛。
friendly, cordial, kind
这组词都有“友好的，亲切的”的意思，其区别是：
friendly: 指举止像朋友一样，往往怀着满腔热情，乐意助人。
cordial: 较正式用词，指亲切热诚，情意真挚。
kind: 指考虑周到，体谅他人，乐于助人。
adj. 友好的；亲切的；支持的；融洽的，和睦的
 - harmonious, united, sweet, supporting, benign
adv. 友善地；温和地
 - gently, soft

Word: tournament
Front: tournament
[ˈtʊənəmənt] (高研托雅宝 2761/3482 -3)
Vocabulary: tournament
(once / 330 pages)
n
A tournament refers to a gathering of competitors playing a series of games. There are chess tournaments, golf tournaments, tennis tournaments, and a number of tournaments titled “Tournament of Champions.”
In medieval times, large groups of knights would gather and compete in a tournament. These tournaments were composed of a number of fighting events. In the melee event, the knights were divided into two teams which would ride at each other with lances, trying to unhorse the opposing knights. There is evidence that weapons were not blunted for these tournaments. Ouch.
WORD FAMILY
tournament: tournaments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Tournament of Roses Rose Parade Facebook page posted this photo of Palmer in the wake of his death in September.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Open in September and hasn’t advanced past the second round at her home tournament in Queensland state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Basketball coaches are still bristling about the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association’s new state tournament format.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 锦标赛，联赛; 中世纪的骑士比武; 锦标赛
分布：比赛(61%)，锦标赛(38%)，比武(1%)
→来自古法语 tornement,一群骑士在马背上打斗，来自 tornoier,打斗，骑马长矛比武，字面意
锦标赛(tourn转+a+ment→转着轮流比赛,锦标赛)[tour,torn,tourn=turn,表示"转,环绕"]
【记】tour，nament：比赛象旅游一样一轮一轮的－锦标赛。
US ['tɝ:-/ (US also tourney)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a competition for teams or single players in which a series of games is played, and the winners of each game play against each other until only one winner is left 锦标赛
• a tennis/chess/golf tournament 网球／国际象棋／高尔夫球锦标赛
• They were defeated in the first round of the tournament. 他们在锦标赛的第一轮就被打败了。
n. 锦标赛，联赛；比赛
 - competition, championship, game, match, play

Word: fiction
Front: fiction
[ˈfɪkʃn] (高研四六托 2762/3431 -2)
Vocabulary: fiction
(once / 227 pages)
n
A fiction is a deliberately fabricated account of something. It can also be a literary work based on imagination rather than on fact, like a novel or short story.
The Latin word fictus means “to form,” which seems like a good source for the English word fiction, since fiction is formed in the imagination. Like its literary cousins fable, legend, and myth, however, fiction has a slightly darker additional meaning: a deliberate lie or untruth. When we talk about "the line between fact and fiction," we're talking about the difference between truth and lies.
WORD FAMILY
fiction: fictional, fictionalise, fictionalize, fictions, fictitious, nonfiction +/ fictional: fictionally/fictionalise: fictionalisation, fictionalised/fictionalization: fictionalizations/fictionalize: fictionalization, fictionalized, fictionalizes, fictionalizing/ fictitious: fictitiously/ nonfiction: nonfictional
USAGE EXAMPLES
The distinction between fact and fiction was erased, creating a sprawling universe of competing claims.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Do you approach fiction and nonfiction in the same way?
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Fernyhough is not only a psychologist; he also writes fiction, and in describing this work he emphasizes the role of hearing voices.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 小说，虚构的文学作品; 虚构的或想像出的事，并非完全真实的事; 编造，虚构
分布：小说(85%)，虚构(13%)，杜撰(2%)
→来自dheigh, 捏造，制造，形成，词源同dough, figure. 用来指小说。
虚构;小说(fict+ion→做出的故事→小说)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.虚构,编造;小说In the fiction, the victim of the conflict pictured the picnic after victory.在小说中,冲突中的受害者描绘了胜利后的野餐.
【记】用fiction描述faction（n 派别；派系斗争；小派系；内讧）
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the type of book or story which is written about imaginary characters and events and not based on real people and facts 小说
• The book is a work of fiction and not intended as a historical account. 这本书是一部小说作品而并非史实陈述。
• a writer of children's fiction 儿童小说作家
countable or uncountable
■a false report or statement which you pretend is true 虚构的事；谎言
• [+ that] At work she kept up the fiction that she had a university degree. 工作时，她一直谎称自己有大学学历。
• When he's telling you something, you never know what's fact and what's fiction. 他向你叙事时，你永远都不知道哪些是事实，哪些是杜撰的。
story, tale, fiction, fable, romance, novel
这组词都有“小说，故事”的意思，其区别是：
story: 指篇幅较短，常包含一系列情节或事件，口述或书写成文的故事。
tale: 常可与story换用，指以事实为中心作叙述的故事，也指古代流传下来的传说故事或神话故事。
fiction: 指部分或全部虚构的短篇、中篇、长篇小说，也指传奇故事，是小说的总称。
fable: 指短小而寓有教育意义的虚构故事。故事的主人公多为拟人化的动物或非动物之类。也作传说解。
romance: 系novel早期的代用词，泛指具有强烈神话和传奇色彩的故事，现指爱情故事。
novel: 指任何有情节、人物、对白，虚构的长篇散文体故事。
n. 小说；虚构，编造；谎言
 - invention, novel

Word: detect
Front: detect
[dɪˈtekt] (研四六托雅 2763/2502 -2)
Vocabulary: detect
(once / 123 pages)
v
The verb detect means to discover or observe the existence of something. If you walk into your house and detect the odor of burnt food, you can deduce from the evidence that you will be going out to dinner tonight!
The verb detect comes from the Latin word detegere, which literally means "to uncover" — or more figuratively, to discover. You may detect the presence of a new dog in your house if you note a water bowl, chew toys, and grooming tools. Of course, the large woofing beast that greeted you at the door with a wagging tail might be a big clue as well.
WORD FAMILY
detect: detectable, detected, detecting, detection, detective, detector, detects+/ detectable: detectably, undetectable/detected: undetected/ detection: detections/ detective: detectives/ detector: detectors/undetectable: undetectably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We detected the malware in a single Burlington Electric Department laptop not connected to our organization’s grid systems,” Kanarick said in a statement.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The Burlington Electric Department said Friday it detected the malware in a laptop not connected to its grid systems.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Others detected a more nefarious strategy at work in Putin’s gambit.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 查明，发现; 洞察; 侦察，侦查; [电子学]检波
时态：detected, detecting, detects
分布：探测(58%)，察觉(34%)，发觉(8%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-tect, 覆盖，词源同deck, tile. 即揭开覆盖，查明。
发觉;看破(de打开+tect...把盖上的打开...发觉)[tect=cover,表示"盖上"]
v.察觉,发觉,侦察,探测The detective detected that the arch was under the marching Arctic architects' protection.侦察察觉拱门受到行进的北极建筑师们的保护.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to notice something that is partly hidden or not clear, or to discover something, especially using a special method （尤指用特殊方法）发现，察觉，看出
• Some sounds cannot be detected by the human ear. 有些声音是人的耳朵无法察觉到的。
• Financial experts have detected signs that the economy is beginning to improve. 金融专家已经注意到经济开始有好转的迹象。
 ADVANCED
■to discover something, usually using special equipment （通常指用特别设备）探测，检测，测出
• High levels of lead were detected in the atmosphere. 经检测发现大气中铅的含量很高。
• Radar equipment is used to detect (= find the position of) enemy aircraft. 雷达装置用于探测敌机的位置。
detect, discover, ascertain, find
这组词都有“发现”的意思，其区别是：
detect: 正式用词，强调经过周密观察或研究而有所获得和发现，尤指发现有意隐藏之物。
discover: 普通用词，指发现本来存在，但示被认识的事物、真理或情况。
ascertain: 较正式用词，指有意搜寻与发现。
find: 普通用词，可指偶然发现，也可指经过寻找后得到或重新获得已失去的东西。强调动作的结果。
vt. 察觉；发现；探测
 - explore, perceive

Word: balance
Front: balance
[ˈbæləns] (高研四托雅 1631/1176 -K4)
Vocabulary: balance
(once / 146 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Balance is having the right amount — not too much or too little — of any quality, which leads to harmony or evenness. You might admire the balance someone has achieved between working hard and having fun.
The noun form of balance can also describe finances: If you're making monthly payments on a loan, the total amount you still owe is the balance. Balance is also the physical steadiness that keeps you on your feet. You balance your weight between both sides of your body. Balance has a verb form that has several shades of meaning, typically involving one thing correctly weighed against another, like when you balance your budget.
WORD FAMILY
balance: balanced, balancer, balances, balancing, counterbalance, imbalance, microbalance, overbalance, unbalance+/ balanced: balancedly/balancer: balancers/balancing: balancings, self-balancing/counterbalance: counterbalanced, counterbalances, counterbalancing/ imbalance: imbalanced, imbalances/overbalance: overbalanced, overbalances, overbalancing/unbalance: unbalanced, unbalances, unbalancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s just so many checks and balances, it just doesn’t surprise me that he got caught before this plane was able to leave the gate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, he’ll be home, watching Aria continue to work on her balance.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Symptoms include fever, nasal secretions, poor balance, anorexia and aborted pregnancies.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 平衡; 天平; 平衡力; （酿酒配料的）均衡
vt. & vi. （使）平衡; （使）均衡; （使）相抵; 权衡
vt. 结平（账目）; 使（在某物上）保持平衡; 使（各部分）协调; 用天平称
vi. 微微摇摆; 倾斜后又复平衡; 动摇; 被补偿
时态：balanced, balancing, balances
分布：平衡(82%)，天平(5%)，权衡(3%)，均衡(3%)，差额(2%)，使平衡(2%)，抵消(1%)，结余(1%)，平静(1%)
→来自拉丁短语libra bilanx. Libra, 秤，天秤座。bi, 二。lanx, 盘子。原义指秤，称量，后指平衡。
v.称,(使)平衡n.天平;平衡,均衡;差额,余款I glimpsed the dancer balancing herself on the ambulance by chance.我碰巧瞥见舞蹈者在救护车上使自己保持平衡.
noun
EQUAL 相等
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■a state where things are of equal weight or force; equilibrium 平衡
• The toddler wobbled and lost his balance (= started to fall sideways). 那个刚学走路的小孩摇摇晃晃的，走了几步就失去平衡。
• She had to hold onto the railings to keep her balance (= to stop herself from falling). 她必须扶着围栏才能保持平衡。
• New tax measures are designed to redress the balance (= make the situation more equal) between rich and poor. 新的税收措施旨在透过重新分配，使贫富差距趋于合理。
• We must strike a balance between reckless spending and penny-pinching (= try to have something between these two things). 我们必须有限度地花费，既不能肆意挥霍，也不要一毛不拔。
uncountable
■The balance on a piece of electronic equipment for playing music is the particular mixture of different sounds, or the device which controls this. （乐音的）平衡，安排与调整；（乐器）平衡器
on balance
■after thinking about all the different facts or opinions 总的说来；大体说来
• I would say that, on balance, it hasn't been a bad year. 大体说来，我认为今年还不错。
['bæl.ənts] noun
WEIGHING DEVICE 衡器
countable
■a device used for weighing things. It consists of two dishes hanging on a bar which shows when the contents of both dishes weigh the same. 天平，秤
['bæl.ənts] noun
AMOUNT/MONEY 数量／钱
countable usually singular
■the amount of money you have in a bank account, or the amount of something that you have left after you have spent or used up the rest 结存，结余
• Once we know how much money we'll need, let's spend the balance (= the amount left). 我们一旦知道了将会需要多少钱，就把剩下的钱花掉吧。
• The company's success is reflected in its healthy bank balance. 该公司良好的银行结存情况反映出它经营成功。
['bæl.ənts] noun
in the balance
■If a situation is in the balance it has reached a stage where it will soon be decided one way or another 悬而不决；结果未定
• The game hung in the balance until the last minute when an exciting point decided it. 比赛结果僵持不下，直到最后一分钟一个精彩的得分才一分胜负。
['bæl.ənts] verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to be in a position where you will stand without falling to either side, or to put something in this position （使）平衡
• The flamingoes balanced gracefully on one leg. 火烈鸟单脚独立，优雅地保持着平衡。
• She balanced a huge pot effortlessly on her head and walked down to the river. 她稳稳顶着一个大陶罐，轻松地走向河边。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to give several things equal amounts of importance, time or money so that a situation is successful 权衡，斟酌
• I struggle to balance work and family commitments. 我努力地在工作和家庭责任之间寻求平衡。
transitive
■to arrange a system that relates to money so that the amount of money spent is not more than the amount received （账目）使收支平衡
• Stringent measures were introduced so that the government could balance its budget/ the economy. 政府采取了紧缩银根的政策，以期能平衡预算／使经济保持平衡。
balance the books
■to make certain that the amount of money spent is not more than the amount of money received 达到收支平衡
• If the business loses any more money, we won't be able to balance the books this year. 如果企业继续亏损，我们今年将难以达到收支平衡。
['bæl.ənts] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  balance sth against sth
■to compare the advantages and disadvantages of something 权衡，比较
• The ecological effects of the factory need to be balanced against the employment it generates. 需要在工厂对生态所造成的影响与其带来的就业机会间权衡比较。
['bæl.ənts] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] balance (sth) out/up
■to be equal in amount or value, or to make things equal in amount or value 抵销，使…平衡
• We'd better ask a few men to the party to balance up the numbers. 我们最好叫几个男的去参加派对，平衡一下男女比例。
• I spend a lot one month and not so much the next and in the end it balances out. 我某个月花费很多，但接下来的一个月就没那么多，所以最后也就收支平衡了。
balance, remainder, remains, rest, surplus
这组词都有“剩余部分”的意思，其区别是：
balance: 指支取存款的余额或减去各种开支后的尾数。
remainder: 含义较广，可指数学运算中的余数，也指从整体取走或用掉部分后的所余部分，或一群人走掉一部分剩下的人。
remains: 常指人或动物死后的遗体或遗骨，也指古代文明的遗迹或去世作家尚未发表的遗稿。
rest: 最普通用词与定冠词连用，指任何指定数量的人或物等。
surplus: 指超过需要数量之外的剩余。
n. 平衡； [会计] 余额；匀称
 - regularity, equilibriums
vt. 使平衡；结算；使相称
 - equilibrize, close an account
vi. 保持平衡；相称；抵销
 - suit, be commensurate to

Word: likely
Front: likely
[ˈlaɪkli] (高研四六 624/422 -K5)
Vocabulary: likely
(once / 45 pages)
adjadv
If something's probably true, it's likely. When you walk in the rain, it's likely that your shoes will get wet.
Likely is an adjective that's perfect for describing things you can imagine happening, such as the likely destination of next summer's vacation. Any time that something is in the cards, or bound to happen, you can explain that it's likely to happen. Though it's rarely used this way today in American English, one meaning of likely since the 15th century has been "good looking or attractive."
WORD FAMILY
likely: likelihood, likeliness, likelys, unlikely+/ likelihood: likelihoods, unlikelihood/unlikelihood: unlikelihoods/unlikeliness: unlikelinesses/unlikely: unlikeliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Leaving him with a mouthful of condemned teeth that would likely deteriorate merely stacked the odds against him.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
They are likely to be too much for the Dolphins to handle.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Cousins likely won’t sign a long-term deal unless he receives top dollar.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 可能的; 适合的; 有希望的
adv. 可能; 或许; 大概; 多半
级别：likelier, likeliest
分布：很可能(77%)，可能的(22%)，可信的(1%)
→like,相似，-ly,形容词后缀，来自like.
a.很可能的,有希望的ad.大概,多半Unlike my uncle, I likely like that bike (bicycle).我不象叔叔,我很可能喜欢那辆自行车.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something that will probably happen or is expected 很可能的，可能要发生的
• Do remind me because I'm likely to forget. 一定要提醒我，因为我可能会忘记。
• What's the likely outcome of this whole business? 整宗事件可能会出现甚么结果？
• I suppose that might happen but it's not very likely. 我认为那样的事也许会发生，但可能性不大。
• [+ that] It's quite likely that we'll be in Spain this time next year. 明年的这个时候我们很可能会在西班牙。
• informal "Do you want to join me on a ten-mile run?" " Not likely (= certainly not) !" “你想和我一起参加一个十英里赛跑吗？”“不可能！”
Opposite unlikely
as likely/like as not
■probably 很可能
• As likely as not, she'll end up in court over this problem. 关于这个问题她最终很可能会诉诸法律。
['laɪ.kli] adjective
(That's) a likely story! informal
■said when you do not believe something 听起来像真的一样！真会编故事！
• "He said he bought them all very cheaply from some bloke he knows." "That's a likely story!" “他说那些都是他从一个熟人那里低价买来的。”“说得像真的似的！”
possible, probable, likely
possible: 强调客观上可能性，但常带有“实际可能性很小”的暗示。如：It’s possible, though not probable, that he will accept these terms. (他有可能接受这些条件，但希望很小。)
probable: 很可能的，大概的，语气较possible强。如：It is probable that the cost will be greater than we think.(花费很可能比我们料想的要多。)
likely: 暗示从表面迹象来判断“有可能的”。如：It is likely that he will come.(他多半会来。)
apt, subject, liable, likely, prone
这组词都有“倾向于……的；易于……的”的意思，其区别是：
apt: 口语中常用，指自然的或习惯的倾向，无特殊的褒贬意味，常指在一般情况下发生的事。
subject: 指确实可以察觉的倾向，也就是总结出来的规律。
liable: 指易于产生某种不利的结果，侧重偶然性，常表示警告或提醒。
likely: 侧重可能性，用于指将来，预言希望或所不希望的结果。
prone: 多用于人，着重其本性，或倾向于某种错误、弱点或不良行为等。
adj. 很可能的；合适的；有希望的
 - applicable, becoming, shaped, possible, promising
adv. 很可能；或许
 - probably, belike

Word: tremendous
Front: tremendous
[trəˈmendəs] (研四六托雅宝 2768/3501 -3)
Vocabulary: tremendous
(once / 218 pages)
adj
Tremendous means extraordinarily large in size, extent, amount, power, or degree. It can also mean really marvelous and fantastic — or really awful and terrible.
We often use tremendous if something is super wonderful. If someone comes into your office and tells you you just won a big contract and are getting a huge bonus, you might exclaim, “Tremendous!” Tremendous comes from the Latin for "trembling," and is connected with fear. Something tremendous can be big in a terrifying way, like the tremendous noise of an approaching hurricane, or a tremendous tidal wave about to crash on the shore.
WORD FAMILY
tremendous: tremendousest, tremendously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“China became quite aware that even in their ‘legal market’ there was tremendous laundering through an illegal system,” Ms. Lieberman said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s a tremendous amount of nervousness in the meteorology and climatology community,” Mass said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said they are grateful for the tremendous community support, from people who donated change to those who helped with substantial contributions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 极大的，巨大的; 可怕的，惊人的; 极好的
分布：巨大的(83%)，惊人的(17%)
→来自拉丁语 tremere,颤抖，恐惧，词源同 tremble.-end,动名词格，-ous,形容词后缀。引申词 义巨大的，极大的。
惊人的,可怕的(trem+end+ous→[让人]颤抖的→可怕的)[trem=quiver,表示"颤抖"]
a.巨大的,极大的The tenderer surrendered her tremendously slender tender fingers.投标者交出了她异常纤细娇嫩的手指.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■very great in amount or level, or extremely good 巨大的；极好的
• They were making the most tremendous amount of noise last night. 昨晚他们弄出的噪声震天响。
• She's been a tremendous (= very great) help to me over the last few months. 过去几个月里，她给我的帮助极大。
• You won? That's tremendous! 你赢了？太棒了！
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的，庞大的”的意思，其区别是：
tremendous: 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。
colossal: 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge: 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic: 指面积或体积的巨大，但多用于引申意义。
massive: 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
vast: 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
enormous: 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense: 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant: 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
adj. 极大的，巨大的；惊人的
 - huge, enormous, massive, macro, vast

Word: lifetime
Front: lifetime
[ˈlaɪftaɪm] (高研四六 2767/3623 -2)
Vocabulary: lifetime
(once / 487 pages)
n
A lifetime is the entire length of time a person or other living thing is alive. After a famous actor dies, she may be fondly remembered for a lifetime of great movie roles.
Things that take up most of the duration of a person's life are often described using the word lifetime, like a terrible driver's lifetime ban on holding a driver's license, or a lifetime achievement award for all of your accomplishments. You can also talk about the lifetime of an object, or the length of time it's useful, and use lifetime figuratively, to mean "a very long time."
WORD FAMILY
lifetime: lifetimes
USAGE EXAMPLES
A wealth ratio is a measure of how effectively you’ve converted your lifetime income into wealth.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I left your own emotional fallout, from a lifetime of association with your father, for last because I hope you’ll tend to it first.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
That means the president would be trading a lifetime of Judge Garland for less than a year of Justice Garland.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 一生，寿命; 有生之年; 存在期，有效期
na. 终生; 终身保障; [核]寿命
分布：一生(63%)，终身(20%)，寿命(16%)，使用期限(1%)
n.一生,终生Did you know her in her lifetime?你在她的生前认识她吗?
noun countable usually singular
 ADVANCED
■the period of time during which someone lives or something exists 有生之年，终生，一辈子
• We'll see a tremendous lot of technological changes during/in our lifetime. 我们在有生之年会看到无数的技术变革。
• Winners of the competition will receive the holiday of a lifetime (= the best holiday they will ever have). 比赛获胜者将获得千载难逢的假期奖励。
• I've only been working here two days, but it seems like a lifetime. 我才在这里工作了两天，却觉得好像已经做了一辈子似的。
• A watch of this quality should last a lifetime. 品质如此之好的手表可以陪伴终生。
• Enter our competition and this once-in-a -lifetime experience could be yours! 来参加我们的比赛吧，这将是你终生难得的经历！
• Marriage is no longer always seen as a lifetime commitment. 婚姻已不再被看作是终生的承诺。
• You could win a lifetime's supply of toothpaste. 你可能会赢得终身免费使用牙膏的奖品。
n. 一生；寿命；终生；使用期
 - whole life, all one's life

Word: recommendation
Front: recommendation
[ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃn] (四六托雅 2765/2208)
Vocabulary: recommendation
(once / 441 pages)
n
If you give someone a recommendation, you're saying, "try this, it's good" or "this is the best way to proceed," or "this person will do a great job."
The noun recommendation stems from the Middle Latin word recommend, meaning "praise" or "present as worthy." Policy makers have made a strong recommendation to implement renewable energy initiatives to alleviate our dependence on fossil fuels. It used to be that you carried a letter of recommendation from a prominent person and used it as an introduction to polite society in an unfamiliar place, but nowadays, such a letter simply explains why someone is qualified for a particular job or school.
WORD FAMILY
recommendation: recommendations+/ commend: commendable, commendation, commended, commending, commends, recommend / commendable: commendably/ commendation: commendations/ recommend: recommendation, recommended, recommending, recommends
USAGE EXAMPLES
“After exchange w Trump transition team, changed my recommendation: stay away,” he tweeted on the morning of Nov. 15.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The plan was created by coalition that Gov. Terry Branstad tasked with developing recommendations to prevent and reduce impaired driving.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Trump, who campaigned on building a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border and endorsed mass deportations, effectively rejected the recommendation — and won anyway.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 推荐; 推荐信; 建议; 可取之处
分布：推荐(56%)，建议(44%)
→来自 recommend,推荐，举荐。
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a suggestion that something is good or suitable for a particular purpose or job 推荐，介绍
• I bought this computer on John's recommendation (= because John told me that it was good). 我买的这台电脑是约翰推荐的。
• I got the job on Sam's recommendation (= because she told her employers that I was suitable for the job). 我是透过森姆的推荐得到这份工作的。
 IMPROVER countable
■advice telling someone what the best thing to do is 提议，建议；意见
• [+ that] The report makes the recommendation that no more prisons should be built. 该报告建议不要再建新的监狱。
advice, opinion, progposal, suggestion, recommendation, view
这些名词均含“意见、建议”之意。
advice: 普通用词，侧重依据个人经验、学识和正确判断而提出的忠言。
opinion: 日常用词，泛指对某事物的想法和意见。
progposal: 指正式提出来供研究、采纳或实行的建议。
suggestion: 普通用词，语气比advice婉转客气，也不如proposal正式。着重为改进工作、解决困难等提出的建议，有时含所提建议不一定正确，仅供参考的意味。
recommendation: 指在自己经历的基础上而提出的有益建议、意见或忠告。
view: 侧重指对重大的或引起公众关注的问题所持的看法和态度。
n. 推荐；建议；推荐信
 - suggestion, advice, proposal, instance

Word: flow
Front: flow
[fləʊ] (高研四 1984/1759 -K4)
Vocabulary: flow
(once / 74 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn
The word flow has many shades of meaning but most involve the steady movement of something. Water can flow in a river, electricity can flow through a wire, and talk might also flow as you sit and chat with friends.
The verb flow often describes the movement of fluids, such as water or even blood, but it can also describe other things that move in a constant stream. When you get that high-paying job, money might flow into your bank account. Until then, offers for help might flow in when you need to pay your credit card bill. Flow has a noun form as well. You might watch the flow of traffic on the street.
WORD FAMILY
flow: flowage, flowed, flowing, flows, inflow, overflow +/flowing: flowingly, flowings, inflowing/inflow: inflows/ overflow: overflowed, overflowing, overflown, overflows/overflowing: overflowingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
After so many years of sales growth, the ebb and flow of the market cycle suggests the industry is due for some contraction.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He maintains that even the small flow of American ships that visited Subic over the past year pumped roughly $500 million into the local economy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They also send messages to state government road-maintenance vehicles about traffic flows and road conditions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 流; 垂; 流出; （谈话、文体等）流畅
n. 流动; 滔滔不绝; 涨潮; 连贯
vt. 使泛滥; 淹没; 排出
时态：flowed, flowing, flows
分布：流(70%)，流动(15%)，流量(8%)，涨潮(2%)，流畅(2%)，涌出(1%)，淹没(1%)，飘动(1%)
→来自pleu, 浮动，流动，词源同float, fleet, pluvial.
v.流,流动n.流量,流速I lowered flowing flowers below the table.我把飘垂的花降低到桌子之下.
US [floʊ] verb intransitive
MOVE 移动
 IMPROVER
■(especially of liquids, gases or electricity) to move in one direction, especially continuously and easily （尤指液体、气体或电）流动
• Lava from the volcano was flowing down the hillside. 火山岩浆顺着山坡往下流。
• Many short rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean. 许多小河汇入太平洋。
• The river flows through three counties before flowing into the sea just south of here. 这条河流在汇入此处正南边的大海之前流经了三个郡县。
• With fewer cars on the roads, traffic is flowing (= moving forward) more smoothly than usual. 路上的车少了，交通比平时更通畅了。
UK [fləʊ] US [floʊ] verb intransitive
CONTINUE 继续
■to continue to arrive or be produced 持续抵达；持续供应（或生产）
• Please keep the money flowing in ! 请继续投钱进来！
• Offers of help are flowing into the disaster area from all over the country. 援助源源不断地从全国各地到达灾区。
• My thoughts flow more easily if I work on a word processor. 如果在文字处理机上工作，我的想法会更流畅一些。
• By eleven o'clock, the wine was starting to flow. 到11点时，葡萄酒开始大量供应。
• After they'd all had a drink or two, the conversation began to flow. 他们都喝了一两杯之后，谈话开始无拘无束起来。
UK [fləʊ] US [floʊ] verb intransitive
HANG DOWN 垂下
■to hang down loosely and often attractively 飘垂；飘拂
• Her long red hair flowed down over her shoulders. 她红色的长发飘垂在肩头。
UK [fləʊ] US [floʊ] noun
MOVEMENT 动作
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■the movement of something in one direction 流动，向某方向的移动
• the flow of a river 河水的流动
• the flow of traffic 车流
• the flow of blood 血液的流动
UK [fləʊ] US [floʊ] noun
CONTINUOUS NUMBER 持续的数目
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a regular and quite large number of something 大量
• There's been a steady flow of visitors. 参观者络绎不绝。
only singular
■when something is produced or moved continuously 不断的供应；流，流动
• the flow of ideas/information 思想的流畅／资讯的流动
UK [fləʊ] US [floʊ] noun
go against the flow
■to do or say the opposite of what most people are doing or saying 逆流而动，与主流背道而驰
• With this new book, she is going against the flow. 她的这本新书是反社会主流的。
UK [fləʊ] US [floʊ] noun
go with the flow informal
■to do what other people are doing or to agree with other people because it is the easiest thing to do 随大溜，随波逐流
• Just relax and go with the flow! 干脆放松下来随波逐流吧！
stream, pour, flow, run
这组词都有“流动，涌出”的意思，其区别是：
stream: 指水或其它液体从源头流出，不断地朝某一方向流动，可用作引申。
pour: 通常指从高向低或从上向下的急剧流动。也可作引申用。
flow: 侧重水继续不断地往前流，不关心其流量的大小和速度的快慢。
run: 指液体向任何方向流动，暗示比flow快而有力。
vi. [流] 流动，涌流；川流不息；飘扬
 - stream, dance
vt. 淹没，溢过
 - flood, drown out
n. [流] 流动；流量；涨潮，泛滥
 - stream, flux, fresh, flood, quantity of

Word: senator
Front: senator
[ˈsenətə(r)] (研六托 2769/6231 -K3)
Vocabulary: senator
(once / 110 pages)
n
A senator is a person who works in the government. In the United States, senators are elected by voters to represent them in a state or federal senate.
Each state in the US elects two senators who serve six-year terms in Washington, DC, where they pass laws and vote on policies. Other countries have senators as well, either elected or appointed. The word senator has been used in English since around 1200, from the Latin word, senex, or "old man." This is especially appropriate when you know that men have far outnumbered women in the US senate and that the first female senator wasn't elected until 1932.
WORD FAMILY
senator: senatorial, senators, senatorship+/ senatorial: senatorially/senatorship: senatorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The other woman to also serve as governor and U.S. senator is a fellow Granite Stater, Democratic U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A little later, he wrote that Nixon wanted Senator Everett Dirksen, a Republican from Illinois, to call the president and denounce the planned bombing pause.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Vice President Joe Biden, in one of his final official acts, will administer the oath to 27 returning senators and seven new ones.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 参议员
分布：参议员(100%)
→来自 senate,参议院，-or,人。
参议员(sen+ator→老资格的人→参议员)[Sen=old,表示"老"]
n.参议员The senseless senator's pretense of consensus caused a sensation.愚蠢参议员的舆论借口引起了轰动.
US [-tˌɚ] (written abbreviation Sen.)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a politician who has been elected to a Senate 参议员
• Only two senators voted against the bill. 只有两名参议员反对这一个法案。
• [as form of address] It's a pleasure to meet you, Senator. 很高兴见到你，参议员。
n. 参议员；（古罗马的）元老院议员；评议员，理事
 - commissioner, councilor

Word: market
Front: market
[ˈmɑ:kɪt] (中高雅 402/253 -K5)
Vocabulary: market
(once / 42 pages)
nv
Market is both a noun and a verb that have to do with selling. Companies that successfully market potato chips make people buy a big bag at the market.
Are you in the market for a new pair of jeans? That means you are looking to buy. You might be the market, or likely customers, for a certain brand. The cost of those jeans will be whatever the market can bear, meaning the most profit that can be made, either by selling fewer pairs at high cost or lots of pairs at a lower cost. But if you buy them on the so-called black market, you might get a bargain price — only to find your new jeans aren't authentic — knock-offs of the real thing.
WORD FAMILY
market: hypermarket, marketable, marketed, marketer, marketing, markets, supermarket+/hypermarket: hypermarkets/ marketable: marketably, unmarketable/marketer: marketers/ marketing: marketings/supermarket: supermarketeer, supermarketer, supermarkets/supermarketeer: supermarketeers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump signaled more protective U.S. trade policies, raising concerns about the impact on developing markets.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
After so many years of sales growth, the ebb and flow of the market cycle suggests the industry is due for some contraction.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But it became increasingly clear to Chinese officials that smugglers were bringing ivory into the country illegally and marketing it as a legal product.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 交易; 市集; 需求; 交易情况，行情
vt. 在市场上出售某物; 推销
vi. <美>去市场买东西
时态：marketed, marketing, markets
分布：市场(93%)，销售(4%)，推销(1%)，集市(1%)，买卖(1%)
→来自拉丁语mercari,交易，买卖，词源同mercantile,commercial.可能来自意大利特鲁斯坎语。引申词义市场，销售，营销等。
n.集市,市场;销路,需求(量)v.销售The shark's remark on the marble mark in the market is remarkable.骗子关于市场上大理石标记的评论值得关注.
US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
BUYING AND SELLING 买和卖
 ESSENTIAL
■the people who might want to buy something, or a part of the world where something is sold 买方；市场
• Are you sure there's a market for the product? 你肯定这种产品有市场吗？
• We estimate the potential market for the new phones to be around one million people in this country alone. 我们估计，仅在这个国家新型电话的潜在市场就有100万人左右。
• The domestic market is still depressed, but demand abroad is picking up. 国内市场仍然低迷，但国外需求正逐步上升。
• They've increased their share of the market by 10% over the past year. 过去一年他们的市场占有率增加了10%。
 ESSENTIAL
■the business or trade in a particular product, including financial products （金融等特定产品的）买卖，市场
• the coffee market 咖啡市场
• the economic market 经济市场
• the commodities market 商品市场
• the stock market 股票市场
• the job market 就业市场
• the housing market 房地产市场
in the market for sth
■interested in buying something 想购买
• Thanks for the offer, but I'm not in the market for another car at the moment. 谢谢你提供的优惠，但目前我无意再买一辆汽车。
on the market
■available for sale 有供应，在出售，上市
• We put our house on the market as soon as house prices started to rise. 房价一涨，我们就卖房子。
• This is one of the best televisions on the market. 这是市场上最好的电视机之一。
• The pictures would sell for half a million on the open market (= if offered for sale without a fixed price). 这些画在公开市场上可卖到50万。
UK ['mɑ:.kɪt] US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
PLACE 地方
 IMPROVER
■a place or event at which people meet in order to buy and sell things 集市，市集；市场
• Fruit and vegetables are much cheaper from/ in/on the market than in the supermarket. 市场上的水果和蔬菜比超市便宜得多。
• She runs a stall in/on the market. 她在市场上有一个货摊。
• The indoor flower market is a big tourist attraction. 室内花市对旅客有很大的吸引力。
• a craft market 工艺品市场
• The town's always busy on market day. 镇子在赶集那天总是很热闹。
⇒ See also marketplace
UK ['mɑ:.kɪt] US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
SHOP 商店 US a shop that sells mainly food 食品店
⇒ See also hypermarket;supermarket
UK ['mɑ:.kɪt] US ['mɑ:r-] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make goods available to buyers in a planned way which encourages people to buy more of them, for example by advertising 促销；推销；行销
• Their products are very cleverly marketed. 他们产品的行销方式很巧妙。
market, fair
这组词都有“集市，市场”的意思，其区别是：
market: 指人们购买货品的地方，经常出售商品的市场。
fair: 一般指在乡村小镇定期举行的买卖牛羊或农产品等的集市。现引申指国际性的博览会、交易会等。
n. 市场；行情；股票市场；市面； [贸易] 集市；销路；商店
 - exchanges, store, shop, outlet, plaza

Word: hunting
Front: hunting
[ˈhʌntɪŋ] (雅 2772/3847 -K2)
Back: n. 打猎; 搜索，追寻; [电]（同步电动机的）速度偏差
v. 打猎(hunt的现在分词)
分布：打猎(92%)，搜寻(8%)
US [-tˌɪŋ] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■chasing and killing an animal or bird for food, sport or profit 狩猎；打猎
• deer hunting 猎鹿
• a hunting dog/rifle 猎犬／猎枪
■in Britain, the chasing and killing of animals, especially foxes , for sport, using dogs and riding horses （英国带着猎狗进行的）骑马打猎；（尤指）骑马猎狐
n. 打猎；追逐； [电子] 搜索
 - shooting, scanning, searching, pursuing
adj. 打猎的；振荡的
 - cynegetic, oscillating
v. [林] 狩猎；寻找（hunt的ing形式）；追捕
 - seeking

Word: salad
Front: salad
[ˈsæləd] (中高研四六雅 2773/4643 -K2)
Back: n. 色拉
分布：色拉(96%)，杂烩(2%)，凉拌生菜(2%)
→来自古法语 salade,沙拉，色拉，来自通俗拉丁语*salata,缩写自 herba salata,盐水腌渍的蔬菜， 来自 sal,盐，词源同 salt.
色拉(用盐拌的食品)[sal=salt表示"盐"]
n.色拉,凉拌菜The lady is glad to give the salad to the sad lad on the ladder.女士乐意把色拉送给梯子上的那位悲哀的小伙子.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a mixture of uncooked vegetables, usually including lettuce , eaten either as a separate dish or with other food （通常用生菜等做成的）蔬菜沙拉
• Toss (= Mix) the salad with a vinaigrette dressing. 用油醋酱调味料拌沙拉。
• Serve the risotto with a mixed salad. 用什锦沙拉配义大利炖饭。
• a salad bowl 沙拉碗
cheese/egg, etc. salad
 IMPROVER
■cheese, egg, etc. with salad 起司／鸡蛋等沙拉
 ADVANCED
■cooked or uncooked vegetables cut into very small pieces and often mixed with mayonnaise （将生的或熟的蔬菜切成小块，常用蛋黄酱拌的）
• potato salad 马铃薯沙拉
• rice/pasta salad 米饭／义大利面食沙拉
['sæl.əd] noun countable or uncountable
in your salad days old-fashioned
■when you were a young person and had little experience 在少不更事的岁月，涉世未深时
• I met her in my salad days. 我遇到她时正值青涩年华。

Word: guarantee
Front: guarantee
[ˌgærənˈti:] (高研四六托雅宝 2774/2525 -K4)
Vocabulary: guarantee
(once / 277 pages)
nv
To guarantee is to promise or to a make binding agreement. If a baseball player guarantees his team will win the World Series, he better not lead the league in strikeouts.
Guarantee is a word that is both a noun and a verb: the noun means "a binding agreement" and the verb is the act of making that agreement. This word seems to have come from garante, the Spanish word for "protect" and it's related to the Old French word warrant, which means "to authorize." Today, we often come across guarantee in advertisements, and you might wonder how they might guarantee to make your social life better if your teeth are whiter!
WORD FAMILY
guarantee: guaranteed, guaranteeing, guarantees
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some proponents see guaranteed incomes as a way to prepare for an economy that produces fewer jobs.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here’s what we guarantee will happen in 2017, unless something else happens instead:
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Next season’s portion of the contract is guaranteed if Taylor is unable to pass his physical.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 保证，担保; 保证人，保证书; 抵押品
vt. 保证，担保
时态：guaranteed, guaranteeing, guarantees
→词源同warranty.
n.保证,保证书v.保证,担保The guard guards the guarantee in the garden regardless of the hazard.卫兵不顾危险看守着花园里的抵押品.
【反】vouch（vt 担保）
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a promise that something will be done or will happen, especially a written promise by a company to repair or change a product that develops a fault within a particular period of time 保证，担保；（尤指公司保证对产品保修或包退的）保修单，包换单
• The system costs £99.95 including postage, packing and a 12-month guarantee. 包括邮资、包装费用，该系统价格共计99.95英镑，保用12个月。
• The video recorder comes with/has a two-year guarantee. 这台录像机保修期为两年。
• a money-back guarantee 退款保证
• [+ that] The United Nations has demanded a guarantee from the army that food convoys will not be attacked. 联合国要求这支军队保证不攻击护送粮食的车队。
• [+ (that)] There is no guarantee (that) the discussions will lead to a deal. 商谈不一定能达成任何协议。
• A product as good as that is a guarantee of commercial success (= It is certain to be successful). 那样好的产品质量就是成功获利的保证。
• The shop said they would replace the television as it was still under guarantee. 商店说会给我们退换那台电视机，因为它还没有过包退期。
countable
■a formal agreement to take responsibility for something, such as the payment of someone else's debt 担保
countable specialized
■something valuable which you give to someone temporarily while you do what you promised to do for them, and which they will keep if you fail to do it 担保物；抵押品
[ˌgær.ən'ti:] verb transitive
PROMISE 保证
 IMPROVER
■If a product is guaranteed, the company that made it promises to repair or change it if a fault develops within a particular period of time 保修；包换
• The fridge is guaranteed for three years. 这个冰箱保修期是三年。
 IMPROVER
■to promise that something will happen or exist 保证；担保；保障
• [+ two objects] European Airlines guarantees its customers top-quality service. 欧洲航空公司保证为乘客提供最好的服务。
• The label on this bread says it is guaranteed free of/from preservatives (= it contains no preservatives). 这种面包的标签上写着保证不含防腐剂。
■If you guarantee someone's debt, you formally promise to accept the responsibility for that debt if the person fails to pay it. 为…作保；担保；承诺对…负法律责任
[ˌgær.ən'ti:] verb transitive
MAKE CERTAIN 确保
■If something guarantees something else, it makes certain that it will happen 确保，使必然发生
• [+ (that)] The £50 deposit guarantees (that) people return the boats after their hour has finished. 50英镑的押金会确保人们在划完船后将船归还。
■If something is guaranteed to happen or have a particular result, it is certain that it will happen or have that result 肯定…必然发生；肯定会有某种结果
• [+ to infinitive] Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick. 哪怕是看一眼大海的图片，我都会有晕船的感觉。
insure, promise, pledge, guarantee, assure, ensure
这组词都有“保证”的意思，其区别是：
insure: 常与ensure换用，但前者多指经济方面的保证、保险。
promise: 侧重表自己的主观意向，设法用语言使人感到稳当可靠。
pledge: 正式用词，指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。
guarantee: 指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。
assure: 侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感，但不如ensure普通。
ensure: 侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果。
assurance, guarantee, pledge
这组词都有“保证，担保”的意思，其区别是：
assurance: 指用语言保证以消除人们思想上的怀疑与担心。
guarantee: 一般指以口头的、协定或合同的形式作为保证、担保，强调口头承诺，含违背许诺，则予以补偿之意。
pledge: 普通用词，指严肃地承诺、信守原则，常以个人名誉作为承诺的保证。
n. [金融] 保证； [法] 担保；保证人；保证书； [经] 抵押品
 - assurance, certification, commitment, warranty, pledge
vt. [金融] 保证； [法] 担保
 - assure, undertake, swear for

Word: innocent
Front: innocent
[ˈɪnəsnt] (高研四六托雅 2775/3421 -K3)
Vocabulary: innocent
(once / 92 pages)
adjn
You may think your fluffy white cat is just an innocent, or harmless, little kitty, but she shows no mercy when attacking that toy mouse.
Innocent is an adjective that describes someone or something that is not harmful or at least doesn’t cause harm on purpose. It can also be used when talking about a person who did not commit a crime. “Innocent until proven guilty” is a phrase that means people who have been accused of a crime should be considered innocent, or free of blame, unless a judge or jury decides that they are officially guilty.
WORD FAMILY
innocent: innocence, innocency, innocently, innocents+/ innocence: innocences/innocency: innocencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Few South Koreans believe the chaebol are innocent victims in the unfolding case.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
US President Barack Obama, who is on holiday in Hawaii, offered condolences "for the innocent lives lost" and offered "appropriate assistance".
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
National Security Council spokesman Ned Price said the attack on “innocent revelers” celebrating New Year’s shows the attackers’ savagery.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 无辜的，无罪的; 清白的; 天真无邪的; 无知的
n. 无辜者; 头脑简单的人; 天真无邪的人
分布：无辜的(68%)，清白的(20%)，无害的(6%)，无知的(5%)，天真纯洁的(1%)
→in-,不，非，-noc,伤害，词源同noxious,nuisance.即没有伤害的，引申词义无辜的，天真的。
无害的;天真的(in无+noc+ent→无害的)[noc,nox=hurt,poison,表示"伤害,毒"]
a.(of)清白的,无罪的;无害的;单纯的,无知的Those innocent adolescents ascending the hill are the tribe's descendants of decent descent.这些爬山的天真青少年是这个部落具有正派血统的后代.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■(of a person) not guilty of a particular crime, or having no knowledge of the unpleasant and evil things in life, or (of a thing) not intended to harm anyone （人）无罪的，天真的，无辜的；（事物）无恶意的
• He firmly believes that she is innocent of the crime. 他坚信她是清白的。
• She has such an innocent face that I find it hard to believe anything bad of her. 她一脸天真无邪，我很难把她往坏的方面想。
• It was an innocent remark, I didn't mean to hurt his feelings. 那句话没有恶意，我并不想伤害他的感情。
Compare guilty
 ADVANCED
■An innocent person is someone who is not involved with any military group or war 无辜（受害）的
• Several innocent bystanders were injured in the explosion. 几个无辜的旁观者在爆炸中受了伤。
['ɪn.ə.sənt] noun countable
■a person who has very little experience and does not know about the bad things that happen in life 幼稚的人；不谙世事者
adj. [法] 无辜的；无罪的；无知的
 - dark, empty, clear
n. 天真的人；笨蛋
 - simple, turkey, put

Word: boundary
Front: boundary
[ˈbaʊndri] (高研四六托雅 2776/2050 -2)
Vocabulary: boundary
(once / 276 pages)
n
If you play a sport you are familiar with the term "in bounds," which refers to the boundary, or limits of the playing field that the players must stay within. It is also the outer limits of any space.
A boundary is a border and it can be physical, such as a fence between two properties, or abstract, such as a moral boundary that society decides it is wrong to cross. If you have no sense of boundaries, you probably annoy people sometimes by getting too close to them or talking about inappropriate topics. Gustave Flaubert once said, “Earth has its boundaries, but human stupidity is limitless.” A boundary is basically what limits us.
WORD FAMILY
boundary: boundaries+/ bound: boundary, bounded, bounder, bounding, boundingly, boundless, bounds, inbound, rebound, unbound/bounded: boundedness, unbounded/bounder: bounderish, bounders/ boundless: boundlessly, boundlessness/ rebound: rebounded, rebounding, rebounds/unbound: unboundedly/unbounded: unboundedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“What Vladimir Putin needs is a sense of new boundaries,” Sen. Tom Cotton, Arkansas Republican, told “Fox News Sunday.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“What Vladimir Putin needs is a sense of new boundaries,” the senator said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Setting clear boundaries and expectations with family and friends, and clearly communicating these is an essential part of the change process,” he says.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 分界线; 范围; （球场）边线
分布：边界(93%)，分界线(7%)
n.分界线,边界The boundary around the round ground separates us from the surroundings.围绕着圆形场地的边界将我们同四周隔开.
【反】unrestraint（n 无拘束；放纵）
US [-dɚ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a real or imagined line that marks the edge or limit of something 分界线；边界
• The Ural mountains mark the boundary between Europe and Asia. 乌拉尔山脉是欧洲和亚洲的分界线。
• Residents are opposed to the prison being built within the city boundary. 居民们反对把监狱建在市区。
■the limit of a subject or principle 界限
• Electronic publishing is blurring the boundaries between dictionaries and encyclopedias. 电子出版使得字典与百科全书的界限变模糊了。
frontier, verge, border, boundary, rim
这组词都有“边界”的意思，其区别是：
frontier: n.边界，边境，边疆，指靠近边界(boundary)的区域；也可引申为"未开发的领域"，"(学术的)前沿"等。
 • The American West was still a frontier a century ago.   一个世纪以前美国西部还是一片边疆。
 • She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.   她是从事生物学前沿研究的生化学家。
verge: n. (道路、花坛等长着草的)边缘，引申为"某事即将发生之际"。
 • on the verge of war   战争爆发之际
border: n.较宽的边缘，边界，多指两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区、边界地带；也可以指物体的边缘等。
 • We crossed the Mexican bordersintosthe USA.   我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。
boundary: n.边界；界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。
 • The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.   这道栅栏是我的地和她的地的分界线。
rim: n.边，边缘，尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。
limitation, boundary
limitation: 局限，限制
boundary: 边界，分界线
limit, frontier, bounds, border, boundary
这组词都有“边界，边境”的意思，其区别是：
limit: 含义广泛，常用作复数。指任何界限、范围、分界线外面的部分，可指有形或无形的东西。
frontier: 指两国接壤的前沿地区，属于各国的国境和边疆，多指设防的边界。
bounds: 常与boundary换用，指土地边界，但意思不如boundary明确，主要用于抽象事物和文学作品中。
border: 多指国与国之间或两地区的分界处，即分界线附近的边缘部分。
boundary: 侧重地图上正式标定的、双方遵守的边界，也可指较小行政单位间的界线。
n. [地质] 边界；范围；分界线
 - region, extent, spectrum, territory, area

Word: pause
Front: pause
[pɔ:z] (高研四六 2777/2566 -K3)
Vocabulary: pause
(once / 69 pages)
vn
The noun pause means "a short break," like the pauses in television shows that allow for commercials to be shown.
Pause can also be a verb that means "to stop for a short time." Teachers, for example, often pause after making an important point to check that students understand and to give them time to ask questions. Pause which rhymes with laws and cause, comes from the Greek word pausis, "stopping, ceasing," which comes from pauein "to stop, to cause to cease." Why don't you pause and think about that for a moment.
WORD FAMILY
pause: paused, pauses, pausing
USAGE EXAMPLES
A little later, he wrote that Nixon wanted Senator Everett Dirksen, a Republican from Illinois, to call the president and denounce the planned bombing pause.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s unclear whether the new Trump administration will continue the trend, slow down or even hit pause.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Onward, to Twins African Fashion, where Comfort Adesigbin reluctantly pauses from prattling into a cellphone to discuss the mall’s multicultural clientele.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 暂时的停顿; 犹豫; （诗中）节奏的停顿; [乐]延长号
vi. 暂停，中止; 逗留，停滞; （按暂停键）暂停放音; 犹豫
时态：paused, pausing, pauses
分布：暂停(50%)，停顿(42%)，中止(7%)，犹豫不决(1%)
→来自拉丁语pausa,暂停，停顿，来自希腊语pauein,停止，停息，来自paus,停止，停息，词源同pose,compose.
v./n.中止,暂停He made a short pause and then went on reading.他略顿了一下然后继续念下去.
US [pɑ:z] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a short period in which something such as a sound or an activity is stopped before starting again 暂停
• There will be a brief pause in the proceedings while the piano is moved into place. 在将钢琴搬过去放好之前，活动将暂停一会儿。
• After a long, awkward pause someone asked a question. 在长得令人尴尬的停顿过后，有人问了个问题。
• She spoke for three quarters of an hour without so much as a pause. 她一连说了45分钟，连停都没停一下。
• There followed a pregnant (= filled with meaning) pause in which neither of them knew what to say. 接下来是意味深长的停顿，两人谁也不知道说甚么好。
UK [pɔ:z] US [pɑ:z] noun countable
give sb pause formal
■to cause someone to stop and think about what they were doing or intending to do 使（某人）停下来仔细考虑
UK [pɔ:z] US [pɑ:z] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to stop doing something for a short time 暂停，停顿
• He paused and thought for a moment. 他停下来想了一会儿。
• She paused to get her breath back and then carried on jogging. 她停下来喘了口气，接着继续慢跑。
pause, stop, break, interval, cease, recess, rest
这组词都有“中止，停止，休息”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指短暂的中断或停止，含再进行下去的意味。
stop: 普通用词，指迅速或突然中止某行为、活动或状态。
break: 非正式用词，指突然的或短时间的中止，如工作或活动期间接短暂休息。
interval: 指一出戏在幕与幕之间，音乐会上下串场之间或演出中预先安排的休息；也可泛指事件之间的一段时间。
cease: 正式用词，侧重逐渐结呸某活动或状态，含永远结束的意味。
recess: 正式用词，指业务活动或工作中短暂的或长时间的休息。
rest: 指统称的休息。
pause, stop, cease, halt, quit
这组词都有“停止”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指暂时的、瞬间的停顿，隐含有再进行之意。
stop: 指动作、运行、进展等被停下来，含突然、断然的意味。
cease: 指逐渐、徐徐中止某种状态的存在。书面用词。
halt: 侧重突然地、决定性地终止、停止某一活动。
quit: 指最终彻底停止某事，有时暗示遭到失败或面临挫折。
n. 暂停；间歇
 - hang, moratorium
vi. 暂停，停顿，中止；踌躇
 - stop, time out

Word: remote
Front: remote
[rɪˈməʊt] (高研四六托 2778/2684 -K3)
Vocabulary: remote
(once / 181 pages)
adjn
Remote describes something far, far away, like a campsite way out in the woods, a distant planet, or the chance you'll win the lottery.
The Australian outback is remote, since it's hard to get to and there aren't many people there. It's also remote in the sense that it's far away from civilization. Someone with a faraway look in her eye, not answering your questions is also remote. Remote can describe something unlikely, like that lottery win. You might win, but your chances are so remote you shouldn't count on it.
WORD FAMILY
remote: remotely, remoteness, remoter, remotes, remotest+/remoteness: remotenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Especially in remote areas, it is unlikely to happen.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The group were found during an army operation in a remote northern region, in which at least 12 rebel fighters were captured.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Police say Bennion often jogs on remote trails in Southern Utah, and was last seen wearing black running pants and a white T-shirt.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. （时间上）遥远的; 远离的; 远程的; 微小的
n. 远程操作; 遥控器
vt. 使…向远方延伸，把…延展到远处
级别：remoter, remotest
分布：偏僻的(43%)，遥远的(40%)，远程的(11%)，远程操作(6%)
→re-,向后，往回，-mot,移动，词源同 motion,remove.比喻用法。
遥远的(re回+mote→动回去→退回去→遥远的)[mot=move,表示"动"]
a.远的,遥远的,疏远的,偏僻的,细微的The promoter promptly made a quotation for the remote control motors.发起人立刻制了一份遥控马达的报价单.
US [-'moʊt] adjective
DISTANT 遥远的
 IMPROVER
■far away in distance, time or relation 远的；遥远的；久远的；关系疏远的
• remote galaxies 遥远的星系
• It happened in the remote past , so no one worries about it any more. 这件事发生在很久很久以前了，所以没有人再为此担心了。
• They take little interest in a conflict far from their homes and remote from their everyday problems. 这是一场远在他们家乡千里之外的冲突，和他们每天遇到的问题也毫不沾边，他们对其不怎么感兴趣。
 IMPROVER
■describes an area, house or village that is a long way from any towns or cities 边远的；偏僻的；僻静的
• a remote mountain village 偏远的山村
UK [rɪ'məʊt] US [-'moʊt] adjective
SLIGHT 绝少的
 ADVANCED
■slight 绝少的；微小的；微乎其微的
• a remote possibility 微乎其微的可能性
• The chances of a visit by Martians to the Earth are remote. 火星人访问地球的可能性微乎其微。
UK [rɪ'məʊt] US [-'moʊt] adjective
NOT FRIENDLY 不友好的
■not very friendly or showing little interest in other people 不友好的；冷漠的；孤高的
• Her manner was remote and cool. 她的举止孤高冷漠。
UK [rɪ'məʊt] US [-'moʊt] adjective
not have the remotest idea
■to not know at all 毫不知情；一无所知
• "Who's that?" "I haven't the remotest idea." “那人是谁？”“我压根不认识他。”
UK [rɪ'məʊt] US [-'moʊt] noun countable
■a remote control
distant, far, remote
这组词都有“远的”的意思，其区别是：
distant: 语意最强，强调距离。
far: 除特殊情况外，侧重长距离。也可用作引申意义。
remote: 侧重指离中心地有利的地方很远。
adj. 遥远的；偏僻的；疏远的
 - distant, lonely

Word: satisfaction
Front: satisfaction
[ˌsætɪsˈfækʃn] (高研四六托雅 2779/2683 -K2)
Vocabulary: satisfaction
(once / 118 pages)
n
Satisfaction is the act of fulfilling a need, desire, or appetite, or the feeling gained from such fulfillment.
Satisfaction means you’ve had enough — in a good way. When a product says "Satisfaction guaranteed" it means you’ll like it or they'll give you your money back. A good meal provides satisfaction of your hunger. When you graduate from school or get a good job, you have a feeling of satisfaction. This term once meant an act of atonement assigned by a priest to make up for a sin. When something is explained well, it was explained to your satisfaction.
WORD FAMILY
satisfaction: satisfactions, self-satisfaction+/ dissatisfaction: dissatisfactions/dissatisfactory: dissatisfactorily/ dissatisfied: dissatisfiedly/ dissatisfy: dissatisfaction, dissatisfactory, dissatisfied, dissatisfies, dissatisfying/ satisfactory: satisfactorily, satisfactoriness, unsatisfactory/satisfiable: unsatisfiable/ satisfied: satisfiedest, satisfiedly, self-satisfied, unsatisfied/satisfier: satisfiers/ satisfy: dissatisfy, satisfaction, satisfactory, satisfiable, satisfied, satisfier, satisfies, satisfying/satisfying: satisfyingly, unsatisfying/unsatisfactory: unsatisfactorily, unsatisfactoriness/unsatisfiable: unsatisfiably/unsatisfying: unsatisfyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
She befriended her fellow thespians and always looked beyond herself for meaning and satisfaction.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s very hard for us ever to get the satisfaction of MacArthur and the emperor meeting, and a war being officially over,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Rich Little said it’s all worth it when customers close their eyes and emit little sounds of satisfaction when savoring their treats.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 满足，满意，舒服; 妥善处理; （债务的）清偿; （伤害的）赔偿
分布：满意(92%)，赔偿(4%)，乐事(2%)，妥善处理(1%)，确信(1%)
满足(satisfy的名词)[sati,satis,satur=enough,fulloffood,表示"足够,饱足"]
满足(satisfy满足)[-faction表名词"达到的状态",由-fy转化而来]
n.满足,满意;乐事,愉快He smiled in satisfaction when he won the race.他赢得赛跑后满意地笑了.
US [ˌsætˌ-] noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a pleasant feeling which you get when you receive something you wanted, or when you have done something you wanted to do 满足，满意
• She looked at the finished painting with satisfaction. 她满意地看着完成的画作。
• She derived/obtained great satisfaction from/out of helping other people. 她帮助别人，从中获得无比的满足。
• For me, job satisfaction is more important than the money. 对我来说，从工作中得到的满足比钱更重要。
• She had the satisfaction of knowing that she'd done everything she could. 知道自己已经尽力了，她就没甚么遗憾了。
 ADVANCED uncountable formal
■when your complaint or problem is dealt with in a way you consider acceptable （对投诉或问题的）妥善处理；赔偿，补偿
• You've sold me a faulty product and I demand satisfaction (= you must return my money or give me a new product). 你卖给我的是劣质产品，我要求得到理赔。
uncountable
■ fulfilment (= achievement) of a need or wish （对需求或欲望的）满足
• the satisfaction of one's sexual desires 性欲的满足
to sb's satisfaction
■in a way that a particular person can believe or accept 使（某人）确信；使（某人）接受
• The boy explained to the satisfaction of the court why he had lied. 法庭听信了男孩关于为何撒谎的解释。
■in a way that a particular person feels pleased or satisfied with 令（某人）满意；使（某人）满足
• He won't get paid until he completes the job to my satisfaction. 直到工作成果令我满意，他才能得到报酬。
n. 满意，满足；赔偿；乐事；赎罪
 - content, fill, satisfied with, Lays

Word: journal
Front: journal
[ˈdʒɜ:nl] (研四六托雅 2780/2500 -4)
Vocabulary: journal
(once / 118 pages)
1n 2n
If you keep a daily––or at least somewhat regular––written account of your life, you are keeping a diary or journal. A journal is also a periodical, such as a scientific journal or a scholarly journal.
Journal comes from an Old French word which meant daily (jour being the French word for day, as in soup du jour, or “soup of the day”). You can keep a journal in an old notebook, on the computer, or on scraps of paper, but if you keep it in a book made especially for that purpose, then that physical book (whether you've written in it or not) is called a journal.
WORD FAMILY
journal: journals
USAGE EXAMPLES
In a comment added to the study, the journal’s editor described the number of gastrointestinal complaints as “alarming.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Roof also documented his hate in his journal, found in his car when he was arrested.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now, these contrarian scientists only appear in blogs, op-eds in newspapers, sometimes in pay-for-play journals – but rarely in competitively reviewed scientific venues.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 日报，日志，日记; 定期刊物，期刊，杂志; [会计]分类账
分布：日记(43%)，期刊(41%)，日志(16%)
→来自古法语jornel,天，一天时间，一天的工作，来自拉丁语diurnalis,一天的，词源同daily.部分学者认为其拼写变化由字母d到字母j可能是来自后拉丁语时期，字母i变成字母j后导致首字母d脱落造成的。词义由一天的工作引申日志，日报，期刊，一天的新闻等。
日期,杂志[journ=day,表示"日期"]
n.定期刊物,杂志,日报;日志,日记The doctor is reading the Journal of Medical Science.医生在阅读《医学科学》杂志.
US ['dʒɝ:-] noun countable
MAGAZINE 杂志
 IMPROVER
■a serious magazine or newspaper which is published regularly, usually about a specialist subject 杂志，期刊；报纸
• a medical/trade journal 医学／商业杂志
UK ['dʒɜ:.nəl] US ['dʒɝ:-] noun countable
RECORD 纪录
■a written record of what you have done each day; a diary 日志；日记
• She kept a travel journal during her trip to South America. 她在南美旅行期间持续记录旅行日志。
journal, magazine, press, periodical, review, newspaper, publication
这组词都有“出版物或定期刊物”的意思，其区别是：
journal: 本义为“日报”，现在可指定期发生的周刊、月刊、季刊等或指学术团体出版的刊物、杂志或学报。
magazine: 指刊登各种文章、小说、诗歌、评议的杂志。
press: 系报刊总称，也指报界或报业。
periodical: 通常指除日报以外的定期出版刊物。
review: 多指登载评论性文章或讨论重大事件的文章的刊物。
newspaper: 一般指每日出版的报纸。
publication: 指出版物，发行物。
n. 日报， [图情] 杂志；日记；分类账
 - magazine, diary

Word: bench
Front: bench
[bentʃ] (高研四六宝 2782/2942 -2)
Vocabulary: bench
(once / 363 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv
A bench is a long, flat seat that can usually accommodate several people. A city park bench is a nice place to sit and eat a sandwich.
A picnic table often has benches, and a bench is where baseball players wait for their turn to take a swing at the ball. You might have a work bench in your garage for gluing model planes together. A judge's symbolic office is known as "the bench," and to bench an athlete is to make her take a break from the court or field — if she has to do this often, she'll be known as a "bench warmer."
WORD FAMILY
bench: benched, benches, benching
USAGE EXAMPLES
When he saw the gunman, Raak dove under a bench and played dead.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
East title despite inexplicable benching of Tom Brady since October.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He and a coach carried Grimes to the bench.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （木制）长凳，工作台; 法官，法官席; （英国议会的）议员席; 场边的运动员休息区
vt. 给…以席位; 为…设置条凳
时态：benched, benching, benches
分布：长凳(60%)，法官(22%)，工作台(18%)
→词源同bank, 凳子，银行，堤岸。
n.长凳,条凳;(工作)台,座I bundled a bunch of branches and anchored it on the punching bench.我捆起一簇树枝,将它栓在冲压工作台上.
【记】读：奔驰。一种宽体轿车，所以用的是长凳。法官特牛，一般都是做奔驰上班。
noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a long, usually hard, seat for two or more people, often found in public places, or a long table for working on 长凳；工作枱
• a park bench (= a seat in a public garden) 公园中的长凳
• a work bench (= a table for working at) 工作枱
the bench
■a seat or area of seats where players sit during a game when they are not playing 运动员休息区；后备队员席
• He was injured, and spent the last few weeks of the season on the bench. 他受了伤，只能在该赛季最后数星期的比赛中在场外观战。
■the judge or magistrate , or the place where they sit, in a court of law 法官；法官席
• Kindly address your remarks to the bench, Mr Smith. 史密斯先生，请你对法官说话温和一点。
serve/sit/be on the bench
■to work as a judge or magistrate 担任法官
take the bench US
■to become a judge or magistrate 当法官
■If a judge takes the bench, they begin a formal meeting of a law court. （法官）宣布开庭
the benches
■in the British parliament building, the seats used by the members （英国议会的）议员席
• There was jeering from the Labour benches. 工党的议员席上有人发出嘲笑声。
armchair, chair, bench, stool
这组词都有“椅子”的意思，其区别是：
armchair: 指有扶手的椅子。
chair: 通常指带有靠背的椅子，有时也指有靠背有扶手的椅子。
bench: 指可供两人或更多人坐的长凳或石凳，多置于公园或划艇中。
stool: 多指方的或圆的无靠背无扶手一人坐的凳子。

Word: lover
Front: lover
[ˈlʌvə(r)] (研四 2781/2765 -K3)
Back: n. 爱好者，嗜好者; 情人; 情妇，情夫; 情侣
分布：情人(82%)，爱好者(18%)
n.爱好者;(pl.)情侣He is her lover.他是她的情夫.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the person you are having a sexual relationship with, but are not married to 情人，恋人
• They were friends before they became lovers. 他们最初是朋友，后来成了情人。
• She had a string of lovers before her marriage finally broke up. 她离婚前有很多情人。
 ADVANCED
■someone with a strong liking for something 爱好者，喜好者
• an opera lover 歌剧爱好者
• nature lovers 热爱大自然的人
n. 爱人，恋人；爱好者
 - fan, hon

Word: raw
Front: raw
[rɔ:] (高研四六托雅 2783/2999 -K3)
Vocabulary: raw
(once / 299 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj
Something that's raw is uncooked. A ripe raw tomato tastes very different from one that's slowly roasted with olive oil.
Raw food isn't heated, and while raw fruits and vegetables are usually delicious, raw eggs and meat can be dangerous. When you use the word raw to describe things that aren't edible, it generally means "in a natural, untreated state," like raw silk or raw wood. You might also have raw feelings or raw emotions — these are basic and out in the open. The Old English root is hreaw, "uncooked," from a Germanic source.
WORD FAMILY
raw: rawer, rawest, rawly, rawness, raws
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is already a global market for CO2 as a chemical raw material.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
On the contrary, it’s to suggest a strategy – or at least the raw beginnings of one – to combat it.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The newspaper reports raw turkey packed in the semitrailer was pressed against the front of the train, scattering the meat across the area.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 生的，未加工的; 无经验的; 新近完成的; 发炎的，疼痛的
vt. 擦伤; 使赤身露体
n. （身体的）擦伤部位; 红肿部位; 半成品; 原料
级别：rawer, rawest
分布：生的(51%)，原始的(17%)，未加工的(15%)，湿冷的(14%)，触到某人的痛处(3%)
→来自古英语 hreaw,未煮的，生的，来自 Proto-Germanic*khrawaz,生的，来自 kreue,带血 的肉，生肉，词源同 crude,cruel,pancreas.引申诸多相关词义。
a.未煮过的,生的;未加工过的,未经训练的The drawer put the strawberries and raw paws into a drawer in the saw-mill.绘图者把草莓和生熊掌放进锯板厂的抽屉里.
US [rɑ:] adjective
NOT COOKED 未烹调的
 ESSENTIAL
■(of food) not cooked （食物）生的，未经烹调的，没煮的
• raw fish. 生鱼
UK [rɔ:] US [rɑ:] adjective
NOT PROCESSED 未经加工的
 ADVANCED
■(of materials) not processed; in a natural state 原料未经加工的，自然状态的
• Oil is an important raw material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics. 石油是一种重要的原料，可以加工成包括塑胶在内的许多种产品。
• They claimed that raw sewage was being pumped into the sea. 他们断言，下水道的污水未经处理就被直接排入了大海。
■describes information which has been collected but has not yet been studied in detail （资讯）没有经过处理的，未经分析的，原始的
• raw data /evidence/figures 原始资料／第一手证据／初始数位
■describes a person who is not trained or is without experience （人）无经验的，未经训练的，生疏无知的
• I would prefer not to leave this job to John while he's still a raw recruit /beginner. 约翰刚被招进来／刚开始工作，还是个生手，我不想把这项工作留给他来做。
■Feelings or qualities that are raw are those which are natural and which you do not or cannot control （感情、品质）等处于自然状态的，强烈的，粗犷的
• We were struck by the raw energy/power of the dancers' performances. 舞蹈演员们那粗狂奔放、富有激情的表演给我们留下了很深的印象。
• Her emotions are still a bit raw after her painful divorce. 经历过那段痛苦的离婚后，她的情绪仍然无法平静下来。
■A piece of writing that is raw is one which does not try to hide anything about its subject （文字）不加掩饰的，如实坦陈的，反映真实情况的
• His new play is a raw drama about family life. 他的新剧本是家庭生活的真实写照。
UK [rɔ:] US [rɑ:] adjective
PAINFUL 痛苦的
■sore or painful because of being rubbed or damaged （肌肉）擦掉表皮而外露的；（伤口）露肉而刺痛的；创痛的
• The shoe had rubbed a raw place on her heel. 鞋把她的一个脚后跟磨破了。
■describes weather that is very cold （天气）严寒的；寒冷的；刺骨的
• a raw morning 一个寒冷的早晨
• a raw wind 刺骨的寒风
• The evening was cold and raw. 那个晚上寒冷刺骨。
UK [rɔ:] US [rɑ:] adjective
come the raw prawn Australian
■to try to deceive someone, especially by pretending that you have no knowledge of something （尤指佯作不知而）欺骗，瞒骗；装糊涂
• Don't come the raw prawn with me - you know very well what I'm talking about. 别跟我装蒜——你很明白我在说甚么。
UK [rɔ:] US [rɑ:] adjective
a raw deal
■bad or unfair treatment 虐待；不公正的待遇
• He said that many children in the city's schools were getting/being given a raw deal by being taught in classes that were too large. 他说，城里许多小学生在教育方面没有得到公正的待遇，因为班级人数太多了。
UK [rɔ:] US [rɑ:] noun
in the raw informal
■naked 一丝不挂；赤身裸体
• They sunbathed in the raw. 他们裸体晒日光浴。
■in a plain and honest way, with nothing hidden 赤裸裸地；不加掩饰地；坦诚直率地
• The film really showed you prison life in the raw. 这出电影真实地展现了狱中的生活。
raw, original, primitive
raw: 原始的
original: 最初的，独特的
primitive: 原始的
adj. [食品] 生的；未加工的；阴冷的；刺痛的；擦掉皮的；无经验的；（在艺术等方面）不成熟的
 - crude, fresh, unripe
vt. 擦伤
 - brush burn, abrase

Word: awareness
Front: awareness
[əˈweənəs] (托雅 2784/2404)
Vocabulary: awareness
(once / 1817 pages)
1n 2n
Awareness is the state of knowing something, such as the awareness that the sun comes up every morning.
The adjective aware gets turned into a noun when the suffix -ness is added, so awareness is the state of being aware, or having knowledge of something. Its roots are Germanic, and come from the Old English wær meaning "wary, cautious." Awareness can be something you notice, want to tell others about, or already know. You could "raise awareness" of a cause, like fighting breast cancer. Yet, your awareness of the baby sleeping next door might prevent you from having band practice in the garage. Smart move.
WORD FAMILY
awareness: awarenesses, self-awareness+/ aware: awarely, awareness, self-aware, unaware, unawares/ unaware: unawareness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When we win, there is shared pride and a communal awareness that we are part of a unique fellowship.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If there’s a silver lining, it’s in the growing awareness that costly government regulations stunt the ag economy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think it shows Taiwan’s lack of awareness about other countries and other parts of the world.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 察觉，觉悟，意识
分布：意识(77%)，认识(20%)，觉察(3%)
意识,知觉(aware+ness)[ware=watch,表示"注视"]
US [-'wer-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■knowledge that something exists, or understanding of a situation or subject at the present time based on information or experience 意识
• Public awareness of the problem will make politicians take it seriously. 一旦公众意识到这个问题，政客们就会严肃对待它了。
• Environmental awareness has increased dramatically over the past decade. 在过去的十年间，环保意识明显增强。
n. 意识，认识；明白，知道
 - consciousness, knowledge, cognition

Word: surprising
Front: surprising
[səˈpraɪzɪŋ] (四六 2785/2416 -K)
Back: adj. 使人惊讶的，出人意料的，惊人的; 惊人的，意外的; 奇怪的，不可思议的
v. 使惊奇，使诧异( surprise的现在分词); 意外发现[撞见]，出其不意获得
分布：动词surprise的现在分词.(100%)
→surprise,吃惊，意外，-ing,形容词后缀。
US [sɚ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■unexpected 令人意外的，让人吃惊的，出人意料的
• He gave a rather surprising answer. 他的回答非常出人意料。
• It 's hardly/scarcely/not surprising (that) you're putting on weight, considering how much you're eating. 想想你吃多少东西，你发胖也就不足为奇了。
• I must say that it 's surprising to find you agreeing with me for once. 你也有和我意见一致的时候，我得说这很让我意外。
adj. 令人惊讶的；意外的
 - sudden, unexpected

Word: withdraw
Front: withdraw
[wɪðˈdrɔ:] (高研四六托雅宝 2786/1920 -K4)
Vocabulary: withdraw
(once / 130 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To withdraw is to take something back or remove yourself from a situation. You might withdraw money from the bank or withdraw yourself from an argument if it gets out of hand.
The word withdraw comes from Middle English and still means to draw or take back, like if you withdraw your hand when you’re done holding hands with someone. A newer definition of withdraw is to stay away from others or stop participating in something. You might withdraw from society by holing up in your house, or withdraw from school by dropping out. Another way to withdraw is to promise to do something but then change your mind.
WORD FAMILY
withdraw: withdrawal, withdrawer, withdrawing, withdraws, withdrew+/ withdrawal: withdrawals/withdrawer: withdrawers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he withdrew from Iraq in 2011, the same year he scheduled for the Afghan escalation to end.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Open last September, withdrawing from all tennis to deal with a persistent shoulder injury.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The wrist injury last year forced Nadal to withdraw from the French Open before the third round and skip Wimbledon.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 撤走; 拿走; 撤退; （从银行） 取 （钱）
vi. 撤退; （从活动或组织中） 退出
时态：withdrew, withdrawn, withdrawing, withdraws
分布：撤回(40%)，撤退(29%)，提款(12%)，取回(8%)，退缩(8%)，走开(3%)
→with-,相反，draw,拉。引申词义撤退，取款。
撤消,撤退(with[with-表示"向后,相反"]+draw拉→向相反拉→撤退)
撤回,缩回(with向后+draw→向后拉→撤回)[draw=pull,表示"拉"]
v.收回,撤消;缩回,退出;提取(钱)The witty witness withdraws his words within minutes without any reason.诙谐的证人在几分钟之内无故地收回了他说的话.
【记】with回，draw拉－拉回－撤销
US [-'drɑ:] (withdrew, withdrawn)
verb
REMOVE 撤回
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to take or move out or back, or to remove 抽回；取回；提取；撤回；撤离；退出；移回
• This credit card allows you to withdraw up to £200 a day from cash dispensers. 这张信用卡允许你每天从自动提款机中提取200英镑。
• The UN has withdrawn its troops from the country. 联合国已从该国撤军。
• Eleven million bottles of water had to be withdrawn from sale due to a health scare. 因为害怕危害健康，有1100万瓶水不得不停止销售。
• Once in court, he withdrew the statement he'd made to the police (= he claimed it was false). 一上法庭，他便推翻了自己对警方的供词。
• All charges against them were withdrawn after the prosecution's case collapsed. 原告诉讼被驳回，所以对他们的指控都撤销了。
• formal After lunch, we withdrew into her office to finish our discussion in private. 午饭后，我们回到她的办公室私下完成讨论。
• mainly UK The team captain was forced to withdraw from the match due to injury. 队长因伤只好退出了比赛。
• Following his nervous breakdown, he withdrew from public life and refused to give any interviews. 神经失常后，他退出公众生活并拒绝接受任何采访。
UK [wɪð'drɔ:] US [-'drɑ:] (withdrew, withdrawn)
verb
STOP CONTACT 不与人交流
   intransitive
■to stop talking to other people and start thinking thoughts that are not related to what is happening around you 不再说话；沉默；不与人交流
• As a child, she frequently withdrew into her own fantasy world. 童年时候，她经常沉浸在自己的幻想世界。
• After the accident, he withdrew into himself and refused to talk to family or friends. 那场事故后，他变得沉默寡言，并拒绝和家人或朋友说话。
retreat, withdraw, retire
这组词都有“退下、退却”的意思，其区别是：
retreat: 含消极意味，多指被迫采取退下或退却的行动。
withdraw: 侧重因某种原因而有意离开，常含礼貌、谦恭等理由。也指军队的撤退。
retire: 指从公开或公共场合退下到私下场所，也指被免除职务或自动辞职、退役等。
vt. 撤退；收回；撤消；拉开
 - beat a retreat, bug out
vi. 撤退；离开
 - leave, split

Word: deck
Front: deck
[dek] (研四六托雅 2788/3922 -3)
Vocabulary: deck
(once / 103 pages)
1nv 2n 3v
A deck is a platform or a section of floor on a ship. If you're on a cruise with your family, you might tell your brother to meet you on the upper deck after lunch to play shuffleboard.
Most decks are open, without a roof, and positioned high on a ship . Typically, the bridge deck houses the ship's helm and navigational tools. The deck behind your house isn't much different from a ship's deck — it's a flat platform too. Other kinds of decks are a pack of cards, the board part of a skateboard, and the floor: "Hit the deck!" To deck a person is to hit them, but to deck your house is to decorate it.
WORD FAMILY
deck: decked, decker, decking, decks, foredeck+/decker: deckers/foredeck: foredecks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Weekend parties have Beatrice Inn alumni on the decks.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
His final time playing Bay Hill, he hit driver off the deck to the front of the 18th green and made par.
Washington Times(Nov 29, 2016)
On the lower deck people sit huddled in golden emergency blankets.
Economist(Oct 20, 2016)
Back: n. 甲板，舱板; [建]平屋顶，桥面; [铁路]客车车顶; 〈俚〉地面
vt. 装饰; 给…铺上甲板; 打扮
时态：decked, decking, decks
分布：甲板(88%)，装饰(5%)，层面(4%)，一副牌(3%)
→来自steg, 覆盖，词源同thatch, detective. 引申义甲板。
n.甲板At the neck of the wrecked deck, the reckoner checked the opaque cheque.在遭破坏的甲板的颈部,计算者检查了这张不透明支票.
noun countable
FLOOR 层
 ADVANCED
■a flat area for walking on, especially one built across the space between the sides of a boat or a bus; a type of floor 甲板，舱面；（公车的）地板；（船或公车的）一层，层面
• We sat on deck until it was dark. 我们在甲板上一直坐到天黑。
• The upper/top deck of the bus was always full of people smoking. 公车上层总是挤满了抽烟的人。
⇒ See also quarterdeck;sundeckUS a raised area without a roof, which is connected to a house, similar to a balcony （房屋的）露天平台，凉台
below decks
■on a level of a ship below the main deck 在主甲板下面
• Our cabin was below decks. 我们的舱位在主甲板之下。
[dek] noun countable
CARDS 牌 (also pack) mainly US
■a set of cards used for playing card games 一副牌
• a new deck of cards 一副新牌
[dek] verb transitive
DECORATE 装饰
■to decorate or add something to something to make an effect 装饰；装扮；打扮
• The room was decked with flowers. 房间里有花朵装饰。
• The wedding guests were decked out in their finery (= wearing their best clothes). 参加婚礼的宾客都穿着自己最好的礼服。
⇒ See also bedeck
[dek] verb transitive
HIT 打击 slang
■to hit someone, especially to hit someone and knock them down 打击；（尤指）击倒，把…打趴下
• Do that again and I'll deck you. 你再这样做，我非把你打趴下来不可。
n. [船] 甲板；行李仓；露天平台
 - board, storage room
vt. 装饰； [船] 装甲板；打扮
 - paint, hang, dress oneself, array

Word: similarly
Front: similarly
[ˈsɪmələli] (四六 2792/2024 -K2)
Vocabulary: similarly
(once / 533 pages)
adv
When you do something similarly, you do it nearly the same way as someone else. At a school bake sale, you might decide to price your brownies similarly to your friend's Rice Krispie treats.
Use the adverb similarly to describe something that's done in a way that mirrors or almost duplicates something else. If one little boy dresses up in a red cape at preschool, his best friend might costume himself similarly, in a red scarf and crown. When your neighbor tells you about her vacation in Hawaii, you might be inspired to travel similarly. The word comes from the adjective similar, which means "resembling," and has a Latin root, similis, "like."
WORD FAMILY
similar: similarity, similarly +/ similarity: similarities, unsimilarity
USAGE EXAMPLES
Melilla - Spain's other North African enclave - is similarly targeted by migrants.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Kelly seemed similarly resigned to his fate before when he spoke to the media before the decision was announced.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Gun rights advocates say they are similarly optimistic about their chances following Trump’s election.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 相似地; 类似地; 同样; 也
分布：类似地(50%)，相似地(50%)
US [-ə.lɚ-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a similar way
• The children were similarly dressed. 孩子们的打扮很相似。
• Cars must stop at red traffic lights: similarly, bicycles should stop too. 汽车遇到红灯时必须停下来，同样，脚踏车也应该停下来。
adv. 同样地；类似于
 - equally, same, as, likewise

Word: newly
Front: newly
[ˈnju:li] (四六 2791/2869 -K3)
Vocabulary: newly
(once / 327 pages)
adv
When you describe something as newly happening, it just occurred. A newly hatched chick is barely out of it shell, and a newly arrived classmate just joined your class recently.
If you just bought your enormous TV yesterday, you can call it newly acquired, and if your favorite movie finally came out on DVD this weekend, it's newly released. Doing something over again — or as if for the first time — can also be described this way, like when your newly single uncle goes on a blind date. Newly comes from new, with its Old English root neowe, "new, fresh, or recent."
WORD FAMILY
new: newer, newest, newly, newness, renew +/newness: newnesses/ renew: renewable, renewal, renewed, renewing, renews/ renewable: nonrenewable, renewably, unrenewable/renewal: renewals, self-renewal/renewed: renewedly, unrenewed/renewing: self-renewing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The newly drawn district consolidates the power of voters in Richmond, who were previously split between Forbes and Scott.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But in this newly ordered world they are potential allies – of the worst sort.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
This time, he says, concerning the newly discovered emails on Anthony Weiner’s laptop: never mind.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 新近，最近; 重新，又，再度; 以新的方式; 乍
分布：新近地(50%)，重新地(50%)
US ['nu:.li] adverb
 IMPROVER
■recently 最近，新近
• the newly formed residents' association 新成立的居民委员会
• Newly-discovered documents cast doubt on the guilt of the two men. 新近发现的档使人们对这两名男子是否有罪产生了疑问。
adv. 最近；重新；以新的方式
 - recently, of late, last

Word: pole
Vocabulary: pole
(once / 270 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A pole is a rounded stick or rod, usually made of wood, plastic, or metal. You need a pole for hanging a flag, catching fish, or setting up a tent.
There are many kinds of poles, from the poles skiers use to balance and push themselves forward to the long, flexible pole a pole vaulter uses to help her jump over a high bar. When someone mentions the North or South Pole, they mean the points on either side of the Earth that mark the ends of its axis of rotation. This kind of pole comes from the Latin polus, "end of an axis" or "the heavens."
WORD FAMILY
pole: polar, poled, poles, poling+/depolarise: depolarised, depolarising/depolarization: depolarizations/depolarize: depolarization, depolarized, depolarizes, depolarizing/ polar: bipolar, circumpolar, nonpolar, polarise, polarity, polarize, polarly, transpolar/polarisation: depolarisation/polarise: depolarise, polarisation, polarised, polarises, polarising/ polarity: polarities/ polarization: polarizations/ polarize: depolarize, polarization, polarized, polarizes, polarizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
She leaned against a pole, feeding a piece of bread to the baby.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The railroad pole that holds critical signal lights was also damaged.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
These opposite poles of life are dressed in identical trappings, and we’re invited to react to them with a single, limited set of coded responses.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)

Word: testify
Front: testify
[ˈtestɪfaɪ] (研六托宝 2790/7617 -2)
Vocabulary: testify
(once / 122 pages)
v
To testify is to make a statement or provide evidence, usually in court. Witnesses testify for the prosecution or defense.
If you've ever seen a TV show about lawyers, you've probably seen someone testifying: putting their hand on the Bible, sitting in the witness seat, and telling what they know about a case. Testifying is serious business, but it doesn't always happen in court: If someone knows you're good at math, they can testify to your math skills. Or if you've been to a restaurant, you can testify to your friends that it has awesome desserts.
WORD FAMILY
testify: testified, testifier, testifies, testifying, testimony +/testifier: testifiers/ testimonial: testimonials/ testimony: testimonial, testimonies
USAGE EXAMPLES
With Park refusing to appear on Tuesday, the nine-justice court asked her to testify on Thursday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But by law, those who testify now are prohibited from telling the jury what penalty they think he should receive.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Arizona senator John McCain scheduled a hearing on foreign cyber threats for 5 January, and called senior intelligence officials to testify.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 作证; 声明; 证明; 证实
vt. 作证; 证明，为…提供证明; 公开宣称，宣布
时态：testified, testifying, testifies
分布：作证(64%)，证明(35%)，声明(1%)
→test-,见证，证明，-fy,使。
表明;证实(test+ify→用证据证明)[test=test,tuitness,表示"测试,证据"]
v.作证,证明;(to)表明,说明The young man testified that he had not seen her there.那年轻人作证说他没有看到她在那儿.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to speak seriously about something, especially in a court of law; to give or provide proof 证明，证实；作证
• [+ that] He testified that he had seen the man leaving the building around the time of the murder. 他作证说自己看到那人在谋杀案案发前后离开了大楼。
certify, testify, verify, rectify
这是一组形近易混词。
certify: v.证明，声称是真的。
 • He certified it was his wife's handwriting.   他证明那是他妻子的手迹。
testify: v. (在法庭上)宣誓作证；表明。
 • He is the only person who can testify in this case, because the other witnesses were killed mysteriously.   由于其他的证人已经被神秘地杀害，他成为这件案例中唯一可以作证的人。
verify: v. (用事实)证实或核实。
 • I verified the store's address by calling to check it.   我打电话询问，以核实商店的地址。
rectify: v.改正，纠正；整顿。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错。
allege, testify, affirm, maintain, assert, claim
这组词都有“断言，声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: 多指无真凭实据，不提供证据的断言或宣称。
testify: 多指在法庭作证，庄严地宣称自己所说属实。
affirm: 侧重在作出断言时表现出的坚定与不可动摇的态度。
maintain: 与assert近义，但前者指坚决维护某种主张或观点。
assert: 主观意味强，指自认为某事就是如此，而不管事实如何。
claim: 可与assert换用，但语气弱一些，侧重指行为自己的权利提出要求他人承认。
certify, demonstrate, prove, testify, establish
这组词都有“证明、证实”的意思，其区别是：
certify: 较正式用词，多指有签字盖章的、合符法律程序的书面证明。
demonstrate: 指通过推理、辩论、实验或以实例来证明事物的正确与否。常用于理论、学说、定律等的证明上。
prove: 普通用词，指通过某种手段或方式提供证据以证实或证明某事物真实与否，某结论正确与否等情况。
testify: 较正式用词，既指出庭作证，提供证据，又指为某人或某事的是否真实提供证据或证明。
establish: 指证实事实或理论的真实性与正确性，使其能长期存在或为人们所接受。
vt. 证明，证实；作证
 - demonstrate, prove, favor, make sure, argue
vi. 作证；证明
 - seal of, give evidence of

Word: mode
Front: mode
[məʊd] (研四六托雅宝 2793/2219 -2)
Vocabulary: mode
(once / 161 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
You can describe the specific style of doing something as your mode. If you're in vacation mode, for example, it might mean you say everything in a super-relaxed voice and spend all of your classes daydreaming.
From the Latin modus or "manner," it has been popular since the 1400s. Since the 1600s, people have been using it as another word for "fashionable." The French term "a la mode" literally means "in the fashion," or "fashionable," but is more commonly used to describe as specific way of serving dessert (ice cream on the side).
WORD FAMILY
mode: modal, modes+/ modal: bimodal, modality, modally, modals/ modality: modalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
An hour after the game, after the trophy ceremony, the senior was still in defensive-back mode.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With money markets in full deleveraging mode now after the U.S.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“People are in crisis mode,” acknowledged one executive.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 方式; 状况; 时尚，风尚; 调式
分布：模式(68%)，方式(29%)，风格(2%)，样式(1%)
→来自拉丁语modus,标准，尺度，容量，节奏，限度，节制，方式，来自med,测量，考虑，手段，方法，词源同measure,medical,meter.
n.方式,式样The modest man moderately modified the model in this mode.谦虚者适度地用这种方式修改了模型.
US [moʊd] noun
WAY 方式
 ADVANCED countable slightly formal
■a way of operating, living or behaving 方法；做法；方式
• Each department in the company has its own mode of operation and none of them are compatible. 这家公司的每一个部门都有自己的运作方式，互不相容。
• Railways are the most important mode of transport for the economy. 铁路对经济而言是最重要的运输方式。
UK [məʊd] US [moʊd] noun
MATHS 数学
countable specialized
■the number or value which appears most often in a particular set 众数（指某一组数字资料中出现次数最多的值）
UK [məʊd] US [moʊd] noun
FASHION 时尚
be the mode slightly formal
■(especially of clothes) to be fashionable at a particular time （尤指服装）风行，流行
• Miniskirts were very much the mode in the 60s. 迷你裙在20世纪60年代风靡一时。
⇒ See also á la mode
fashion, means, approach, way, method, manner, mode
这组词都有“方法、方式”的意思，其区别是：
fashion: 着重独特的程序或方式，尤指个人的偏爱或习惯。
means: 指为达到某种目的或目标而采用的方法、手段或途径。
approach: 指从事某事的特别方法、途径。
way: 普通用词，可指一般的方法，有时也指个人的方法或方式，也可指特殊的方式或方法。
method: 指有系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法。
manner: 多指行动的特殊方式或独特的方法。
mode: 书面用词，常指因个人爱好或传统习俗等因素而遵循的方法。
n. 模式；方式；风格；时尚
 - way of, manner, pattern, fashion, style

Word: dialogue
Front: dialogue
['daɪəlɒɡ] (中高托雅 2794/3654 -3)
Vocabulary: dialogue
(once / 448 pages)
n
If you land a role in a local play, you will probably have to memorize several lines of dialogue. If you disagree with how that play is being produced, you may want to open up a dialogue with the director.
Dialogue can refer to spoken lines in a dramatic performance such as a play, a film, or a television show. It is also any conversation between two or more people. On the written page, dialogue between characters is usually enclosed by quotation marks. When persons representing different political parties or different nations are said to engage in a dialogue, it means they are probably negotiating something of importance.
WORD FAMILY
dialogue: dialogues
USAGE EXAMPLES
Being prompted to enter into an inner dialogue in an fMRI machine is not the same as spontaneously debating with oneself at the kitchen table.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
At the time he was unpopular, criticised for too much compromise and too much dialogue.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“The music would add something — add some dialogue, add a level of understanding or suggestion or provocativeness — rather than amplify what was already there.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 对话; （文学、戏剧、电影等中的）对话; 对白; 意见分歧者之间的意见交换
vt. 用对话表达
vi. 对话; 进行非正式的意见交换
分布：对话(100%)
→dia-, 穿过，相互。-log, 说，词源同lecture, travelogue. 即人与人之间的对话，交流。
对话(dia+logue话→对着说话)[dia-表示"穿过,二者之间"]
对话(dia对着+logue→对着说)[log,logu=speak,表示"说话"]
US [-lɑ:g] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■(a) conversation which is written for a book, play or film 对话，对白
• The play contained some very snappy/witty dialogue. 这出戏里有一些非常俏皮／风趣的对白。
• Act Two begins with a short dialogue between father and son. 第二幕以父子间的简短对白开场。
■formal talks between opposing countries, political groups, etc. （敌对国家、政治团体间的）对话
• The rebel leaders stated that they are willing to enter into dialogue with the government. 叛军首领发表声明说他们愿意与政府进行对话。
• The two sides have at last begun to engage in a constructive dialogue. 双方终于开始进行建设性对话。
dialogue, conversation, chat, talk
这组词都有“交谈”的意思，其区别是：
dialogue: 指“对话”。
conversation: 一般用词，指两个或更多人互相交换意见的交谈。
chat: 指熟人之间非常随便的交谈，强调谈话的亲密和非正式性。
talk: 普通用词，可与conversation换用，指正式交谈。
n. 对话；意见交换
 - sesion, interlocution

Word: imply
Front: imply
[ɪmˈplaɪ] (研四六托 2796/1675 -K3)
Vocabulary: imply
(once / 177 pages)
v
Imply means to express, suggest, or show something without stating it directly: A friend’s gruff manner would imply that she’s in a foul mood.
The verb imply comes from a Latin word meaning “enfold or entangle” but has come to mean “to hint at.” You might imply something that you don’t want to outright say if you’re feeling coy. If you don’t call someone back after she leaves eight messages, you imply that you don’t want to chat. When you make a subtle suggestion, you imply.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
imply / infer
Imply and infer are opposites, like a throw and a catch. To imply is to hint at something, but to infer is to make an educated guess. The speaker does the implying, and the listener does the inferring.
To imply is to suggest something indirectly. If you hand your friend a stack of napkins during dinner, you imply that she needs them. Things can imply, too, like a chimney that implies a fireplace. Check out these examples:
By their very definition, flea markets imply cheap prices for used and unwanted items, as is still the case in most other places. (New York Times)
Stern also implied the entire season might be at risk. (Seattle Times)
It isn't fair to imply that cardiovascular disease is going away. (Nature)
Infer is on the receiving end of imply, yet infer is often used to mean imply. To infer is to gather, deduce, or figure out.Writers tend to know how to use infer correctly:
He talks about having led in the private sector but voters have to infer too much about what that means. (Slate)
They were also better at inferring feelings from images of just the eyes. (Scientific American)
Yet it must not be inferred that farming women are without mental ability or common sense. (Sidney Lewis Gulick)
Like baseball? Theodore Bernstein, in his classic The Careful Writer, gives us a way to keep imply and infer straight: "The implier is the pitcher; the inferrer is the catcher."
WORD FAMILY
imply: implication, implicative, implied, implies, implying+/ implication: implicational, implications
USAGE EXAMPLES
He still sometimes implies he might let Syrian migrants flood Europe again to gain diplomatic leverage, as if the threat doesn’t also hurt Turkey’s security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
The first statute even implied driving one-handed was the root issue.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Here too, the laws of gravity imply that the outer stars should move relatively slowly compared to those nearer the central mass.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 暗示; 意味; 隐含; 说明，表明
时态：implied, implying, implies
分布：暗示(94%)，意指(5%)，含有 ... 的意义(1%)
→im-,进入，使，-ply,编织，卷入，词源同apply,implicate.
暗示,意味(im进入+ply→重叠表达→暗示[表面一层意思,后面一层意思])[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
v.意指,含...意思,暗示Silence often implies consent.沉默往往表示默许.
【记】implicate（vt 暗示；牵连）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly 暗指，暗示
• [+ (that)] Are you implying (that) I'm fat? 你是在暗示我长得胖吗？
• I'm not implying anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight? 我并不是暗示你做的饭不好吃，只是想提议我们今晚去外面吃，好吗？
• I detected an implied criticism of the way he was treated. 我察觉到他在含蓄地批评别人待他不好。
■formal
■to involve something or make it necessary 必然包含；使成为必需
• Socialism implies equality. 社会主义必然包含平等。
denote, indicate, imply, mean, suggest, signify, represent
这组词都有“表示……的意思”的意思，其区别是：
denote: 指某一词字面或狭义的意思，或指某些符号或迹象的特指含义。
indicate: 指明显的表示。
imply: 侧重用文字或符号表示的联想，暗示。
mean: 最普通用词。指文字或符号等所表示的各种明确的或含蓄的意义。
suggest: 通常指暗含地、隐晦地表达意思。
signify: 指用文字、说话或表情等表示单纯的意思。
represent: 指体现或代表。
imply, hint, suggest
这组词都有“暗示”的意思，其区别是：
imply: 侧重指话语、行为或情景中的一种暗示，听者或读者必须加以逻辑推断才能领会。
hint: 指通过时间接而有提示性的话语或表情来暗示某事。
suggest: 指有意或无意的，直接或间接暗示，强调事物的表征等使人引起联想。
infer, imply
infer: v. (根据已知事实)推断，推理。
 • I infer from your smile that you are happy.   从你的笑容可以看出你很高兴。
imply: v. (从言语或态度中)暗示，暗指(某种事情)。
 • The Secretary of the Treasury implied that interest rates would go down.   财政大臣暗示利率将下降。
vt. 意味；暗示；隐含
 - mean, hint at

Word: naturally
Front: naturally
[ˈnætʃrəli] (四六 2795/2088 -K3)
Back: adv. 自然地，表现自然地，顺理成章地; 合理地，当然，不用说; 生来，天然地; 自自然然，不做作地
分布：自然地(69%)，天生地(31%)
→来自nature,自然。
US [-ɚ-] adverb
LIFE
 IMPROVER
■happening or existing as part of nature and not made or done by people 自然地
• A healthy body will be able to fight off the illness naturally without the use of medicine. 健康的身体无需药物，自身便能抵御疾病。
 IMPROVER
■having an ability or characteristic from birth 生来，天生地
• He's naturally funny - he doesn't even have to try. 他天生就很风趣——根本用不着刻意表现。
come naturally (to sb)
■If a particular skill comes naturally (to you), you are able to do it easily, with little effort or learning （某人）似乎天生就会，轻而易举地做
• Dancing seemed to come naturally to her. 她似乎生来就会跳舞。
UK ['nætʃ.ər.əl.i] US [-ɚ-] adverb
EXPECTED 当然
■as you would expect 当然；自然
• Naturally we want to see as few job losses in the industry as possible. 我们当然希望这一行业的失业人数越少越好。
• "You will try to be tactful when you explain to her why she hasn't been invited, won't you?" "Naturally (= Yes, obviously)." “你向她解释为甚么没有邀请她时，会尽量婉转，对吗？｣ “那当然。｣
surely, naturally, certainly, of course
这组词都有“肯定地，当然”的意思，其区别是：
surely: 表一种必然的可能性，也可表示信心或不轻信。强调主观判断。
naturally: 指自然而然，毫无造作或天生如此。
certainly: 强调有把握，深信不疑。
of course: 指毫无疑问，自然如此。可与certainly和naturally换用。
adv. 自然地
 - spontaneously, unaffectedly

Word: mutual
Front: mutual
[ˈmju:tʃuəl] (研四六托雅 2799/3301 -3)
Vocabulary: mutual
(once / 204 pages)
adj
If the feeling is mutual, both of you feel the same the way, like a mutual admiration society. Mutual means shared. In finance it is used to describe trusts or funds that pool the money of many investors to buy securities.
Mutual is a word to describe something two people or groups share. Nations will engage in a policy of mutual support; co-workers make a mutual effort; two businesses reach a mutual understanding. It's a good thing, being mutual. Mutual consent means you and your partner agree to do something together, be it composting your refuse in the backyard or dressing in furry mascot costumes for kicks. If something is mutual, it's okay with everyone involved.
WORD FAMILY
mutual: mutualism, mutuality, mutually, mutualness+/ mutualism: mutualist/mutuality: mutualities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Farmers Mutual of Nebraska was launched in 1891 and for the first 107 years, it wrote policies only in the state.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A 10th company, Mutual Pharmaceutical, couldn’t be reached for comment.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
The weekend after that text exchange, I got a call from our mutual friend Anna.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 共有的; 共同的; 相互的; 彼此的
分布：相互的(56%)，共同的(44%)
→来自阿拉伯语muttus,交换的，相互的，来自mei,改变，交换，词源同mutable,common.
相互的(mut+ual→你变我也变→相互的)[mut=change,表示"改变"]
a.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的The mutual spirits inspired us to reach the annual aim.相互的精神鼓舞了我们达到年度目标.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■(of two or more people or groups) feeling the same emotion, or doing the same thing to or for each other 相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的
• Theirs was a partnership based on mutual respect, trust and understanding. 他们的合作是建立在互相尊重、信任和理解的基础之上的。
• Both countries are acting to their mutual advantage. 两国的做法对彼此都有好处。
• The agreement was terminated by mutual consent. 经双方同意，这项协议被终止了。
reciprocal, joint, mutual, common
这组词都有“共同的，相互的”的意思，其区别是：
reciprocal: 着重互惠，有来有往。
joint: 强调至少两人或两方共同占用，侧重指一个统一体。
mutual: 着重彼此共有或共享，局限于双方的关系。
common: 侧重两人或多人共有共同，但不暗示彼此间存在的等价关系。
adj. 共同的；相互的，彼此的
 - corporate, common, collective, joint

Word: founder
Front: founder
[ˈfaʊndə(r)] (托宝 2800/4206 -1)
Vocabulary: founder
(once / 276 pages)
1n 2v 3n 4n
The person who creates an organization or a company is known as the founder. Founder is also a verb meaning "fail miserably," which is something a company's founder hopes the company will never do.
As a noun, founder means "the beginner or originator of something." You might talk about the founder of a nation, the founder of club, or the founder of a website. As a verb, founder can mean “stumble,” like when you trip and fall, but more generally it means "collapse or fall apart." A sports team might founder by slumping on a ten-game losing streak; a ship that sinks in a bad storm can be said to have foundered at sea.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
flounder / founder
To flounder is to struggle, but to founder is to sink like a stone and fail. Both are fun as nouns, not so fun as verbs.
A flounder is a fish, but as a verb, it means to blunder about, to be in serious trouble. In the following examples, something is struggling but hasn't completely failed:
He set out for it, limping, while the sharp gravel rolled under his bleeding feet as he floundered up the climbing trail. (Harold Bindloss)
It is a war that has floundered for nine years without a rational strategy and may endure for another decade. (Sydney Morning Herald)
Just as he turned around that floundering business, he suggests, so too could he reverse the country's sagging fortunes as its chief executive. (Washington Post)
A founder is someone who starts something, but as a verb, founder literally means "to sink." Figuratively, it's "to collapse or fail completely." Here are some examples of sinking and failing:
Pratt resisted the impulse of most Mormons to head back to the foundering ship. (Salt Lake Tribune)
Xinhua, in an English-language commentary, said China could not stand by while its largest trading partner foundered. (Reuters)
Yet negotiations over new gas contracts have foundered. (Economist)
Flounder and founder are happy little nouns that don't get mixed up. But it all falls apart when they're verbs — if you're floundering, you're struggling. If you're foundering, you're failing completely. You're sunk! You can't even hold onto the letter l.
WORD FAMILY
founder: foundered, foundering, founders+/ find: finder, finding, finds, found /finder: finders/ finding: findings/ found: foundation, founded, foundedly, founder, founding, founds/ foundation: foundations/founded: unfounded /foundering: founderings/ founding: foundings/ unfounded: unfoundedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Expect the unexpected,” said Sabine Kaiser, founder of SKadvisory, which advises family offices on venture capital and private equity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the founders of the lab was born and trained in China before immigrating to the United States.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Han, Teforia’s founder, acknowledges that the whole process and price tag might seem like overkill to the average tea drinker.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 失败; 倒塌; 沉没：沉到水下; 摔倒：跌倒
vt. 破坏; 使摔倒; 使沉没
n. 创始人; 建立者; 翻砂工; 蹄叶炎
时态：foundered, foundering, founders
分布：创立者(38%)，失败(27%)，沉没(21%)，弄跛(7%)，摔倒(7%)
→来自found, 奠基，创建。
奠基者(found+er人)[found,fund=base,表示"基础"]
【区】flounder（vi 在水中挣扎n 比目鱼）flow underfounder来自词根found底部
【反】stay[keep] aloft（在高处）；succeed（v 成功）
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who establishes an organization 创立者；创建者；创办者
• She is the founder and managing director of the company. 她是公司的创办者兼总经理。
UK ['faʊn.dər] US [-dɚ] verb intransitive
■(especially of a boat) to fill with water and sink （尤指船）沉没
• The ferry foundered in a heavy storm, taking many of the passengers and crew with it. 这艘渡船在一次强风暴中沉没，很多乘客和船员遇难。
■to be unsuccessful 失败；破产
• Teaching computers to read and write has always foundered on the unpredictable human element in language. 教电脑读写的尝试总是因为语言中不可预测的人为因素而宣告失败。
vi. 失败；沉没；倒塌；变跛
 - collapse, come to naught
vt. 破坏；使摔倒；垮掉
 - destroy, undermine
n. 创始人；建立者；翻沙工
 - author, builder

Word: top
Front: top
[tɒp] (中高研四六雅 678/776 -K5)
Back: n. 顶，顶部; （箱子）盖，（书页等的）上栏; 首席; 陀螺
adj. 最高的; 顶上的; 头等的; 最大的
vt. 形成顶部; 达到…的顶端; 处于…的最前头; 领导
vi. 总结; 超越; 高耸; 结束
时态：topped, topping, tops
分布：顶(67%)，上面(13%)，顶部(13%)，最高的(3%)，顶端的(2%)，陀螺(1%)，极点(1%)
→来自古英语 top,顶部，顶端，来自 Proto-Germanic*tuppaz,顶部，顶端，词源同 tip.引申诸相 关词义。
n.顶,顶端;首位;顶点a.最高的;顶上的The troop's stoop on the loop became the top topic at the bus stop.部队在环行道上的屈服在公共汽车站成了头等话题.
US [tɑ:p] noun
HIGHEST PART 顶部
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the highest place or part 顶；顶端；顶部
• She waited for me at the top of the stairs. 她在楼梯梯顶位置等我。
• There were flags on the tops of many of the buildings. 许多大楼的楼顶都有旗子。
• There was a pile of books on top of (= on) the table. 桌上有一堆书。
⇒ See also clifftop;hilltop;mountaintop;rooftop;the treetops Compare bottom ; summit
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the flat upper surface of something 上表面
• The top of the table/desk was badly scratched. 桌面／课桌面划得很厉害。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
CLOTHES 衣服
 IMPROVER countable
■any piece of light clothing worn on the part of the body above the waist 上装，上衣
• a skimpy top 暴露的上装
• a pyjama top 睡衣上装
• I need a top to go with these trousers. 我需要一件上衣配这条裤子。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
LID 盖
 ADVANCED countable
■the cover or lid used to close a container or pen 盖，顶盖
• a screw-on top 螺旋盖
• a bottle top 瓶盖
• a pen top 笔帽
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
MOST IMPORTANT 最重要
the top
only singular
■the most important position in a group or organization 最重要的职位；最高的地位
• At forty, he was at the top of his profession. 40岁时，他处于职场生涯的顶峰。
• Life at the top is stressful. 身居高位压力很大。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
TOY 玩具
countable
■a spinning top
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
LEAVES 叶子
tops [plural]
■the leaves of a vegetable plant grown mainly for its roots 根菜植物的叶子，上部，盖子（主要为利用其根部而种植的植物的叶子）
• We fed the rabbit some beetroot tops. 我们拿一些甜菜叶子喂这只兔子。
• If you put carrot tops in water they start to grow. 胡萝卜叶子放在水中就会生长。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
EXCELLENT 极好的
the tops only singular old-fashioned
■the best 最好的人（或物）
• You're the tops, Linda! 琳达，你是最棒的！
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
at the top of your voice
■extremely loudly 扯破喉咙地，特别大声地
• She shouted his name at the top of her voice. 她大声呼喊他的名字。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
be on top of sth informal
■to be able to control a situation or deal with it 能控制；能应对
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
from top to bottom
■If you search, paint, etc. a building from top to bottom, you search, paint, etc. all parts of it 彻底
• They cleaned the house from top to bottom. 他们彻底打扫了房子。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
from top to toe (also from head to foot)
■(of the clothes a person is wearing, etc.) all in the same style, colour, etc （衣着等的样式、颜色等）从头到脚都一样
• A woman came into the room dressed in red from top to toe. 一名女子走进屋子，从头到脚穿了一身红。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
get on top of you
■If a difficult situation gets on top of you, it makes you feel so upset that you cannot deal with it 占主动，占你的上风；难以应付／招架（如果某一困难情况占你的上风，则你会感到极其烦恼，以致不能应付或难以招架）
• She's had a few financial problems and I think things have just been getting on top of her. 她有几个财政问题，我认为事情越来越令她难以招架。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
off the top of your head
■from the knowledge you have in your memory 凭既有知识；不假思索地
• "What's the capital of Mauritania?" "I couldn't tell you off the top of my head, but I could go and look it up." “毛里塔尼亚的首都是哪里？”“我不能马上告诉你，但我可以去查一查。”
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
on top of sth
■in addition to something, especially something unpleasant 除（尤指令人不快之事）之外（还）
• We missed the train, and on top of that we had to wait for two hours for the next one. 我们没赶上火车，而且下趟车还得再等两个小时。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
on top of the world
■extremely happy 极度幸福
• She was feeling on top of the world. 她感到自己是世界上最幸福的人。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
over the top (abbreviation OTT) UK informal
■too extreme and not suitable, or demanding too much attention or effort, especially in an uncontrolled way 太过头；太过分
• I thought the decorations were way (= very) over the top. 我觉得这些装饰太过头了。
• The speech was a bit OTT. 这发言有点过分。
• I think he realised he'd gone over the top with the seating arrangements. 我觉得他意识到自己在座位安排上做得太过分了。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] adjective [before noun]
HIGHEST PART 顶部
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■at the highest part of something 顶端的；顶部的
• There's a dirty mark on the top left-hand corner of the photo. 照片的左上角有一处污迹。
• The offices are on the top floor of the building. 办公室在大楼的顶层。
• He was standing on the top rung of a ladder. 他站在梯子的最高一级。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] adjective [before noun]
UPPER PART 上部
 ESSENTIAL
■in the part nearest to the highest part; in the upper part 上面的；顶上的
• The top few steps were damaged and broken. 上面几级梯级受损断了。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] adjective adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■(in the position of being) most important or successful; best 最重要的（地）；最成功的（地）；最好的（地）
• So what would be your top choice for a holiday? 那么你渡假的首选地是哪里？
• As a chess player he's among the top 10% in the country. 他的国际象棋水准居该国前10%之列。
 ESSENTIAL
■Top people, organizations or activities are the most important or successful ones （人、机构、活动）最重要的，最成功的
• top athletes/executives 头号选手／顶级经理人
• top jobs 高级职位
• top universities 一流大学
at top speed
■as fast as possible 全速
• The train thundered through the station at top speed. 火车全速隆隆地驶过车站。
be/come top
■to be the student with the best results 考第一名，成绩最好
• She came top of the class in English. 她在班里英语成绩最好。
• Sam was top at/in Science. 萨姆自科学课考了第一。
on top form UK (US in top form)
■feeling or doing things as well as possible 处于最佳状态
• Paul's back on top form after his illness. 保罗病愈后又恢复到了最佳状态。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] adjective exclamation UK informal
■excellent 极好的
• "How was your party?" "Top, mate." “你的派对怎么样？”“好得很，老兄。”
• "You coming, then? " "Yeah, top!" “这么说，你要来？”“是的，太好了！”
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
HIGHEST PART 顶部
 IMPROVER transitive (also top off)
■to be on the upper surface of something, especially as a decoration （尤指作为装饰）存在于…的上表面
• The dessert was topped off with cream and pieces of fruit. 这份甜点上涂了鲜奶油，放了几块水果。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
MOST IMPORTANT 最重要
 IMPROVER transitive
■to be the most important, most successful, etc 为…之首
• The record topped the charts (= sold the largest number of recordings) for five weeks. 这张唱片五周以来一直位居销售排行榜之首。
• She topped the bill (= was the most important act in the show). 她是主演。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
BEST 最好的
transitive
■to do, pay, etc. more or better than anyone else 超过；高过；胜过
• "They've offered me £1000." "I'm afraid we can't top that." “他们给我开价1000英镑。”“恐怕我们不能再高过这个价了。”
• She topped my suggestion with an even better one of her own. 她自己提出了一个建议，甚至比我的还好。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
KILL 杀死
top yourself
[R] UK slang
■to kill yourself 自杀
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
top and tail
■to cut off the hard parts at each end of a fruit or vegetable when you prepare it for cooking 除去（水果或蔬菜）的两头
• Top and tail the beans. 摘去豆荚的两尖。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
to top it all (US Australian to top it all off)
■If you have been describing bad things which happened, and then say that to top it all something else happened, you mean that the final thing was even worse 更糟的是（如果你在谈及一些坏事后，用“更糟的是”来引出另一坏事，那表示你认为这个最终的事情更糟糕）
• The washing machine flooded, my car broke down, then to top it all I locked myself out of the house. 洗衣机淹水了，我的车出故障了，更糟的是我出门时把钥匙留在屋里了，现在进不了门。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] top sth off
■to finish something in an enjoyable or successful way 顺利完成；圆满完成
• She topped off her performance with a dazzling encore. 她加演了一个令人陶醉的节目，给自己的表演画上圆满的句号。
§UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p/ top 1 verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] top sth up
LIQUID UK (US top sth off)
■to add liquid in order to fill to the top a container which is already partly full 注满，加满（未满的容器）
• Shall I top up your drink? 要给你的杯子加满吗？
• Mix together some lemon juice and sugar, then top it up with water. 把一些柠檬汁和糖混合起来，然后加满水。
MONEY
■to add more of something, especially money, to an existing amount to create the total you need 补足（尤指钱）
• Students are able to take out loans to top up their grants. 学生能够贷款以弥补助学金的不足。
• This is the easiest way to top up your mobile phone card. 这是给手机预付卡充值的最简便办法。
• top-up fees/payments 附加学费／支付款项
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] top sb up informal
■to put more drink into someone's glass or cup 向（某人）的杯子里添加饮料
• Your glass is nearly empty. Let me top you up. 你的杯子快空了，我给你倒满吧。
peak, sumit, climax, top
这组词都有“顶点”的意思，其区别是：
peak: 指山峰的全部或上部。
sumit: 书面用词，指山的最顶峰部分，也指通过努力可以达到的最高水平，还指最重要的，国家间的首脑最高级会谈。
climax: 指戏剧等的高潮，也指事物发展中的极点，因此多含其后由盛而衰的意味。
top: 普通用词，可指包括人或物或其它任何的最高点或顶点。
n. 顶部，顶端；上部；首席；陀螺
 - roof, coping
vi. 高出，超越；结束；达到顶点
 - tower over, move beyond
vt. 超越，超过；给…加盖；达到…的顶端
 - better than, move beyond
adj. 最高的，顶上的；头等的
 - highest, supreme, maximum, peak, tallest

Word: advanced
Front: advanced
[ədˈvɑ:nst] (研四托雅 2797/2557 -K3)
Vocabulary: advanced
(once / 101 pages)
adj
Use the adjective advanced to describe something that's ahead, especially in terms of growth or development. Your plans to build the world's best tree house are at an advanced stage if you're nearly ready to add a roof and invite your friends to visit.
Things are advanced when they happen early or are ahead of the curve or above average. Your advanced reading ability in elementary school might have had your teachers scrambling to keep you interested, and if a scientist's cancer vaccine is at an advanced stage, it's nearly ready to be tested on people. Advanced comes from the verb advance, which comes from the Old French avancier, "move forward," from a Late Latin root word, abante, "from before."
WORD FAMILY
advance: advanced, advancement, advancer, advances, advancing+/ advancement: advancements/advancer: advancers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Open in September and hasn’t advanced past the second round at her home tournament in Queensland state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He tweets prolifically but says he rarely uses any other communications technology more advanced than the telephone.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The team advanced to the championship game, and Kivon sacked the rival quarterback twice as St. Thomas won, 45–10, securing its ninth state title.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 先进的; 高等的，高深的; 年老的; 晚期的
v. 前进(advance的过去式和过去分词); 增加; 上涨
分布：先进的(80%)，高级的(20%)
a.超前的,先进的;高级的;开明的;前进的The advanced van has disadvantages as well as advantages.这辆先进的篷车有优点也有缺点.
US [-'væntst] adjective
 IMPROVER
■modern and well developed 先进的
• This is the most advanced type of engine available. 这是现有的最先进的引擎。
 IMPROVER
■at a higher, more difficult level 高等的；高级的
• an advanced English course 高级英语课程
advanced class/course US
■a school class which is doing work of a higher standard than is usual for students at that stage in their education 高级班／课程
adj. 先进的；高级的；晚期的；年老的
 - senior, aged, high, old, ancient
v. 前进；增加；上涨（advance的过去式和过去分词形式）
 - rose, improved

Word: pride
Front: pride
[praɪd] (中高研四六托 2801/2878 -K3)
Vocabulary: pride
(once / 82 pages)
1nv 2n
The noun pride describes a feeling of happiness that comes from achieving something. When you do a good job or finish a difficult task, you feel pride. Pride can also have a negative meaning and refer to exceedingly high self-regard.
If you know someone with the negative kind of pride, you might notice that his pride makes it hard for people to like him. Pride can also refer to the standards you have for yourself — your dignity. For example, you might have too much pride to ask for help when you need it. Pride also acts as a verb meaning "be proud of." You might pride yourself on being punctual, or pride yourself on always having a daring, trendsetting haircut.
WORD FAMILY
pride: prided, prideful, prides, priding, self-pride+/ prideful: pridefully, pridefulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When we win, there is shared pride and a communal awareness that we are part of a unique fellowship.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s no secret that our culture today prides itself on the amount of work we put into our jobs.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Déon prided himself, he once said, on preserving “a certain anarchism of the right and a pessimism that strives for lucidity.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 自尊; 骄傲; 自满; （狮）群
vt. 以…而自豪， 得意于…
vi. 自豪，骄傲，得意
时态：prided, priding, prides
分布：骄傲(46%)，自豪(38%)，自尊心(15%)，以 ... 自豪(1%)
→来自proud的名词形式。比较同源词prude.
n.自豪;自满;引以自豪的东西v.使自豪He prides himself on his tailoring.他对自己的裁缝手艺而感到得意.
noun
SATISFACTION 满意
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction that you get because you or people connected with you have done or got something good 自豪，得意
• She felt a great sense of pride as she watched him accept the award. 看着他接过那个奖她感到非常自豪。
• He felt such pride walking his little daughter down the street. 他陪着小女儿在街上走，感到非常自豪。
⇒ See also proud
take pride in sth/sb
■to feel very pleased about something or someone you are closely connected with 为…自豪，为…骄傲
• If you don't take professional pride in your work, you're probably in the wrong job. 如果你对自己的工作没有职业自豪感，那可能是入错了行。
[praɪd] noun
RESPECT FOR YOURSELF 自尊
 IMPROVER uncountable
■your feelings of your own worth and respect for yourself 自尊（心）
• She has too much pride to accept any help. 她自尊心太强，不肯接受任何帮助。
• The country's national pride has been dented (= damaged) by its sporting failures. 体育运动方面的失利使这个国家的民族自尊心受到了伤害。
[praɪd] noun
FEELING OF IMPORTANCE 感觉重要
uncountable disapproving
■the belief that you are better or more important than other people 自负，骄傲
• Pride was his downfall. 骄傲是他失败的原因。
⇒ See also proud
[praɪd] noun
LIONS 狮子
countable
■a group of lions 狮群
[praɪd] noun
be your pride and joy
■to be something or someone that is very important to you and that gives you a lot of pleasure 是（某人）的快乐和骄傲
• He spends hours cleaning that motorcycle - it's his pride and joy. 他会花上好几个小时擦洗那辆摩托车——那是他的快乐和骄傲。
[praɪd] noun
be the pride of somewhere/sth
■to be something or someone that a particular place or group of people is very proud of 是…的骄傲
• This village is the pride of East Sussex. 这个村庄是东苏塞克斯的骄傲。
[praɪd] noun
have / take pride of place
■to have the most important position in a group of things 占据最重要的地位
• A portrait of the earl takes pride of place in the entrance hall. 一幅伯爵的肖像挂在门厅最突出的位置上。
[praɪd] noun
Pride comes / goes before a fall. saying
■said to emphasize that if you are too confident about your abilities, something bad will happen which shows that you are not as good as you think 骄兵必败。
[praɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] pride yourself on sth
■to value a skill or good quality that you have 为…而自豪；对…引以为荣
• He prides himself on his loyalty to his friends. 他以自己对朋友的忠诚而自豪。
pride, boast, brag, crow
这组词都有“自夸，吹嘘”的意思，其区别是：
pride: 与boast的意义较接近，指炫耀、夸口，自鸣得意，常与反身代词连用。
boast: 普通用词，指对自己所做的事，自己的长处、财富以及家庭等的夸耀，常含言过其实的意味。
brag: 非正式用词，其夸耀和吹嘘意味强于boast，到了过分夸大，有时令人讨厌的地步。
crow: 多指大声吵嚷地吹嘘，夸耀自己做某事比他人做得好。
n. 自豪；骄傲；自尊心
 - selfrespect, pretension
vt. 使得意，以…自豪
 - exalt
vi. 自豪
 - glory, be proud of

Word: dismiss
Front: dismiss
[dɪsˈmɪs] (中高研四六托雅 2802/2100 -K4)
Vocabulary: dismiss
(once / 172 pages)
v
At the end of a lesson period, your teacher says, "class dismissed." This means that you and the rest of the students are free to go.
Dismiss means to let go. If a judge dismisses a case, it means he's saying it has no merit, and is throwing it out of court. If you are dismissed from your job, it means you've been fired. And if you've been ignoring your friends' warnings that your boyfriend is cheating, you've been dismissing their concerns. "Don't dismiss me!" is something you say when the person you're talking to is not taking you and your comments seriously.
WORD FAMILY
dismiss: dismissal, dismissed, dismisses, dismissible, dismissing, dismission, dismissive +/ dismissal: dismissals/dismission: dismissions/ dismissive: dismissively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Burmese authorities will no doubt dismiss this as a misdemeanour.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Wexler dismisses the argument used by leagues that since sports gambling is inevitable, they might as well push to regulate it.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
One case with Okarche-area landowners was dismissed for procedural reasons.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 解雇，把…免职; 遣散，解散（队伍等）; 驳回，拒绝受理; 搁置
vi. 解散
时态：dismissed, dismissing, dismisses
分布：开除(50%)，解散(47%)，屏除(3%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。miss,送出。即送走，引申词义摈弃。
解散;开除(dis+miss送→送出→解散)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
解散;罢免(dis分开＋miss→分开送→解散)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
v.免职,解雇,开除,解散The dismissed Swiss miss kissed the once missing missile and scissors.被解雇的瑞士小妞吻了一度失踪的导弹和剪刀.
【记】dis分开，miss送－解雇
【反】summon（v 召集）
verb
FORGET 忘记
 IMPROVER transitive
■to decide that something or someone is not important and not worth considering 对…不予理会，摒弃，（从头脑中）去除
• I think he'd dismissed me as an idiot within five minutes of meeting me. 我认为他和我见面五分钟后就把我归入了傻瓜之列。
• Let's not just dismiss the idea before we've even thought about it. 我们还是别不假思索就把这种想法排除在外。
• Just dismiss those thoughts from your mind - they're crazy and not worth thinking about. 别去管那些想法了——那些想法太离谱，不值得考虑。
[dɪ'smɪs] verb
END JOB 终止工作
transitive often passive
■to remove someone from their job, especially because they have done something wrong （尤指因做错事）使免职，将…解职，解雇
• He has been dismissed from his job for incompetence. 他因无法胜任工作而被解职。
[dɪ'smɪs] verb
SEND AWAY 打发走
transitive
■to formally ask or order someone to leave 遣散；解散
• The teacher dismissed the class early because she had a meeting. 老师因要去开会而提前下课。
transitive
■When a judge dismisses a court case, he or she formally stops the trial, often because there is not enough proof that someone is guilty （常指法官因证据不足而）驳回，不受理
• The defending lawyer asked that the charge against his client be dismissed. 辩护律师请求驳回对其委托人的指控。
discharge, fire, dismiss
这组词都有“解雇，开除”的意思，其区别是：
discharge: 语气较重，指有理由的解雇，含几乎不再复用的意味。
fire: 口语用词，多指被断然地突然解雇，其行动犹如开枪一样干净利落。
dismiss: 正式用词，是这组词中语气最轻的一个词，一般只有从上文才能看解雇的原因或理由。
preclude, discard, abandon, eliminate, abolish, dismiss
preclude: 排除
discard: 丢弃，抛弃（可指人也可指物）
abandon: 放弃（某物）
eliminate: 消除，淘汰
abolish: （依法）废除
dismiss: 解雇
remove, expel, eliminate, dismiss
这组词都有“开除，驱出，去掉”的意思，其区别是：
remove: 普通用词，不带任何感情色彩。
expel: 多指强行解除公职或驱出住地。
eliminate: 通常指例行的、有步骤地去掉某物或某人。
dismiss: 既可指突然地迅速地排除，也可指解雇或开除。
vt. 解散；解雇；开除；让...离开
 - remove, fire out
vi. 解散
 - disband, break up

Word: aircraft
Front: aircraft
[ˈeəkrɑ:ft] (高研四托 2803/1538 -K4)
Vocabulary: aircraft
(once / 555 pages)
n
A machine that can fly, held aloft in the air, is called an aircraft. Airplanes and helicopters are two types of aircraft.
Some kinds of aircraft, primarily helicopters, use rotors or spinning blades to fly, while the lift of other aircraft comes from jet engines or the shape of the aircraft's wing. Still other aircraft, including hot air balloons, use buoyancy — generally a gas that's lighter than air — for lift and flight. Balloons were actually the first vehicles referred to as aircraft, along with airships. The word was adapted from nautical terminology.
WORD FAMILY
aircraft: aircrafts, antiaircraft
USAGE EXAMPLES
The aircraft was operated by Sunwing Airlines, a low-cost carrier based in Toronto.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The aircraft was part of the Rossiya airline's special flight detachment group - the carrier for the president of Russia and other government officials.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
A drop in aircraft orders accounts for November’s expected decline.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 飞机，航空器，
分布：飞机(100%)
n.飞机,飞船,飞行器The draft for aircraft is sent to the airline by airmail.订购航空器的汇票用航空邮件寄给了航空公司.
US ['er.kræft] (plural aircraft)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■any vehicle, with or without an engine, which can fly, such as a plane or helicopter 飞机；飞行器，航空器
• military aircraft 军用飞机
UK ['eə.krɑ:ft] US ['er.kræft] (plural aircraft)
noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  aircraftWarning: Irregular plural! If you want to form the plural of aircraft , don't write 'aircrafts', write aircraft.
aeroplane, airplane, aircraft, plane, jet, helicopter
这些名词均有“飞机”之意。
aeroplane: 和airplane专指普通飞机，不包括helicopter(直升飞机)。aeroplane为英国英语的拼法。
airplane: 为美国英语的用词。
aircraft: 常用作集体名词，也可指一架飞机，其含义包括直升飞机和飞艇等。
plane: 本义为“平面”，在航空专业里通常用aeroplane。plane较通俗用词。
jet: 指喷气式飞机，也用jet plane。
helicopter: 指直升飞机。
n. [航] 飞机，航空器
 - plane, airplane, aeroplane

Word: delivery
Front: delivery
[dɪˈlɪvəri] (研四六雅 2804/2169 -K3)
Vocabulary: delivery
(once / 362 pages)
1n 2n
When you make a delivery, you bring something somewhere. A delivery can be in the form of something physical, as when you receive a delivery in the mail, or verbal, as in the delivery of a speech or address.
Delivery once could only mean "the action of handing something to another," but it has a long history of being applied in other ways. The idea of childbirth as being a delivery came about in the 1570's, while the term was applied to a punch in the 1580's, and to throwing a ball in 1702. A verbal delivery is the manner in which a speech is presented. As a comedian, you know the importance of a good delivery — timing the punchline just right.
WORD FAMILY
delivery: deliveries+/ deliver: deliverable, deliverance, delivered, deliverer, delivering, delivers, delivery /deliverable: deliverables/ deliverance: deliverances/deliverer: deliverers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Pemex spokesman said relatively few gasoline stations were affected, although protesters temporarily blocked storage terminals, delaying the delivery of gasoline to retail points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Schuette said education “is in many respects on a delivery system from the 1900s.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Paul Plummer is the chief executive of the Rail Delivery Group which represents train operators and Network Rail.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 传送，投递; [法]（正式）交付; 分娩; 讲演
分布：交付(37%)，传递(24%)，分娩(17%)，递送(13%)，转让(5%)，投球(3%)，演讲姿态(1%)
→来自deliver, 交付，递交。
n.递送;交付;分娩;交货;引渡There is no delivery of letters on Sundays.星期日不送信.
US [-ɚ-] noun
LETTERS, ETC. 信件等
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when goods, letters, parcels, etc. are taken to people's houses or places of work 运送；递送，投递
• We get two deliveries of mail (= it is delivered twice) a day. 我们每天收到两次邮件。
• You can pay for the carpet on delivery (= when it is delivered). 地毯可以贷到付款。
• We expect to take delivery of (= receive) our new car next week. 我们预计下周能拿到新车。
• a delivery van 小货车
UK [dɪ'lɪv.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun
GIVING 给予
only singular
■the way in which someone speaks in public 演讲风格，演说方式
• the actor's delivery 演员的演讲风格
countable or uncountable
■in some sports, such as cricket or baseball, the act of throwing the ball towards the person with the bat , in order for that person to try to hit the ball （板球、棒球等运动中的）投球
• That was a good delivery from Thompson. 那是汤姆森投出的一个好球。
• The pitcher is famous for the speed of his delivery. 那个投手以投球速度快而闻名。
UK [dɪ'lɪv.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun
BIRTH 出生
countable
■a birth 分娩
n. [贸易] 交付； [妇产] 分娩；递送
 - labour, handing over

Word: mainly
Front: mainly
[ˈmeɪnli] (四六 2805/1343 -K4)
Back: adv. 大部分地; 主要地; 基本上
分布：主要地(60%)，大部分地(40%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■usually or to a large degree 通常地；主要地；大部分地
• I mainly go to bed around midnight. 我通常在午夜前后去睡觉。
• The group is made up of mainly young people. 该团体主要由年轻人组成。
• They argued that the tax will mainly benefit the rich. 他们争辩说这项税收将主要让富人受益。
principally, mainly, generally, largely, chiefly, primarily, mostly, greatly
这组词都有“主要地，大量地”的意思，其区别是：
principally: 侧重居首要地位。
mainly: 指主要部分，突出在一系列事物中的相对重要性。
generally: 通常强调普遍性。
largely: 着重范围或分量大大超过别的成分。
chiefly: 侧重某人或某物在众多的人或物中占主要和显著地位。
primarily: 侧重基本地，首要地。
mostly: 强调数量占多半，近乎全部。
greatly: 通常强调程度的高。
adv. 主要地，大体上
 - basically, mostly, largely, primarily, chief

Word: bake
Front: bake
[beɪk] (高研四雅 2810/6122 -K3)
Vocabulary: bake
(once / 147 pages)
v
To bake something is to cook it in a hot oven. When you bake a batch of blueberry muffins, your whole house smells delicious.
Whether you bake some cookies for dessert, a casserole to take to a potluck supper, or bake a clay pot in a kiln, you cook with a relatively slow, dry heat. You can also use the word bake figuratively: "Are you going to move into the shade, or are you just going to bake in the sun all day?" The Old English word was bacan, from a Germanic root.
WORD FAMILY
bake: baked, baker, bakery, bakes, baking+/ baker: bakers/ bakery: bakeries/baking: bakings
USAGE EXAMPLES
I ain’t spending 1 January dealing with baking sheet detritus.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Place the skillet in the oven and bake until the yolks are just set, about 8 minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
And, beyond Bake Off, a key TV theme of the year was the free movement of programmes and talent.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 烤，烘焙; （将某物）烤硬; （变得）灼热，炎热
vi. 烤，烘; 烘干
n. 烤，烘焙; 烘烤食品; <美>烧烤会餐
时态：baked, baking, bakes
分布：烤(80%)，烘焙(16%)，烘干(4%)
→来自bhe, 暖，热，同bath.
v.烤,烘,焙;烧硬,焙干The wakened cake baker awakes to that he has to brake by the lake.被唤醒的蛋糕师傅醒悟到他必须在湖边刹车.
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to cook inside a cooker, without using added liquid or fat 烘，烤
• I made the icing while the cake was baking. 趁烤面包的时候我做好了糖霜。
• a baked potato 焗薯
• freshly baked bread 刚烘好的面包
• Bake at 180°C for about 20 minutes. 以摄氏180度烘烤20分钟。
• Bake for 5-7 minutes in a preheated oven. 在预热过的烤箱中烤五至七分钟。
• a baking dish/tin/tray 烤盘
intransitive or transitive
■to make something such as earth or clay hard by heating it, usually in order to make bricks 窑烧
intransitive informal
■to be or become very hot 感到很热
• It's baking outside. 外面热得跟蒸笼似的。
• You'll bake in that fleece jacket! 穿那件羊毛夹克会很热的！
bake, toast, roast
这组词都有“烘，烤”的意思，其区别是：
bake: 指在烤炉里，烘烤，不与火直接接触，用持续的干热，缓慢地烘烤任何食物。
toast: 侧重通过烘烤使烘烤之物变成褐色，尤指烘面包、熏肉等。
roast: 一般指在火上烤大块的肉或整只牲畜或家禽。
vt. 烤，烘焙
 - to roast, torrefy
n. 烤；烘烤食品
 - spitchcock

Word: freeze
Front: freeze
[fri:z] (中高研四六 2807/3516 -K3)
Vocabulary: freeze
(once / 167 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
When liquids freeze, they become so cold that they turn solid. The little squares of water in an ice tray freeze and become ice cubes when you put them in your freezer long enough.
Orange juice and grape drink freeze into popsicles, and puddles freeze overnight if the temperature drops enough. You can freeze things, too, as when you freeze leftovers to be reheated in a few days. People often tend to use this verb in an exaggerating way when they're feeling cold: "If you don't wear your gloves, your fingers will freeze!" The Old English root of freeze is freosan, "turn to ice."
WORD FAMILY
freeze: antifreeze, freezer, freezes, freezing, froze, frozen, unfreeze+/ antifreeze: antifreezes/ freezer: freezers/freezing: freezings/ frozen: frozenly, unfrozen/unfreeze: unfreezes, unfreezing, unfroze
USAGE EXAMPLES
Klopp, meanwhile, simply looked frozen through as he shivered on the touchline.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s not only wages that are stuck, frozen, immobile.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
There is also likely to be a struggle over what to do about tuition, with the university pushing for an increase after a four-year freeze.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使结冰，使冻僵; 冷藏; 吓呆; 冻结（存款，工资等）
vi. 凝固，结冰; 冻伤，冻死
n. 冻结; 严寒时期
时态：froze, frozen, freezing, freezes
分布：冻结(72%)，冷冻(22%)，凝固(3%)，严寒(2%)，僵硬(1%)
→来自preus, 冷，冰冻，发烧，词源同frost, prurient. 这种看似矛盾的词义比较calm，或感冒发烧，长冻疮等的病症。
v.使结冰,使凝固In the freezing breeze, the breeder greedily squeezed oil from the seeds.在冰冷的微风中,饲养员贪婪地从种子中榨油.
verb (froze, frozen)
COLD 冷
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■If you freeze something, you lower its temperature below 0°C, causing it to become cold and often hard, and if something freezes, its temperature goes below 0°C （使）冻结，（使）结冰
• Water freezes to ice at a temperature of 0°C. 水在摄氏零度结冰。
• The ground had frozen hard/solid. 地面已经冻得硬邦邦的了。
• When the lake freezes (over) (= turns into ice on the surface) , we can go skating on it. 湖面结冰后，我们可以在上面滑冰。
• Our pipes froze (up) (= the water in them turned to ice) several times last winter. 去年冬天我们的水管冻了好几次。
• The weather forecast says that it is going to freeze tonight (= that the temperature will be at or below 0°C). 天气预报说今晚温度会至冰点或更低。
• Without a sleeping bag, you would freeze to death (= become so cold that you die) out there on the mountainside. 在山坡那里，没有睡袋你会被冻死。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to preserve food by storing it at a very low temperature so that it becomes hard 冷冻保存（食物）
• I'll freeze any food that's left over. 我会把剩下的食物都冷冻起来。
• Most soups freeze (= can be preserved by being stored at a very low temperature) well. 大多数汤都可以冷冻保存。
[fri:z] verb (froze, frozen)
STOP WORKING 停止工作
intransitive US (also freeze up)
■If an engine or lock freezes, it stops working because its parts have become stuck and can no longer move （引擎或锁）卡住，堵塞
• My old bicycle was so rusty that the gears had frozen. 我的旧自行车锈得太厉害，齿轮都卡住不动了。
• If the lock has frozen up, try lubricating it with oil. 如果锁卡住了，上点油润滑一下试试。
[fri:z] verb (froze, frozen)
STOP MOVING 停止移动
intransitive
■If a person or animal that is moving freezes, it stops suddenly and becomes completely still, especially because of fear （尤指出于恐惧）僵住，呆住
• She saw someone outside the window and froze. 她看见窗外有人，一下就呆住了。
• "Freeze (= Don't move) or I'll shoot", screamed the gunman. “不许动，否则我就开枪了！”那个持枪者大喊道。
[fri:z] verb (froze, frozen)
MONEY/PROPERTY 资金／财产
transitive
■To freeze something such as pay or prices is to fix them at a particular level and not allow any increases 使（工资、物价等）固定不变，阻止…增长
• The Government has frozen pensions until the end of next year. 政府已决定在明年年底之前维持养老金水准不变。
transitive
■to officially and legally prevent money or property from being used or moved 冻结（资金或财产）
• When it was obvious the company was going bankrupt, the government ordered all their assets to be frozen. 当该公司很明显要破产倒闭时，政府下令冻结其全部资产。
[fri:z] verb (froze, frozen)
be cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey humorous
■to be very cold 冷得要命
[fri:z] verb (froze, frozen)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] freeze sb out
■to make someone feel that they are not part of a group by being unfriendly towards them, or to stop someone from being included in an arrangement or activity 排挤，排斥（某人）
• I felt I was being frozen out of/from the discussions. 我感觉他们在排挤我，不让我参加讨论。
• He believed that organizations like theirs were being frozen out. 他认为他们那一类的组织被排除在外了。
[fri:z] noun
COLD WEATHER 寒冷天气
only singular
■a period of extremely cold weather 严寒期，冰冻期
[fri:z] noun
STOP 停止
countable
■a temporary stopping of something （暂时的）冻结，停滞
• The Government has imposed a wage freeze/a freeze on wage increases. 政府暂时冻结了工资增长。
vi. [物] 冻结；冷冻；僵硬
 - rigidize
n. [物] 冻结；凝固
 - solidification, coagulation

Word: platform
Front: platform
[ˈplætfɔ:m] (高研四六托雅 2806/2491 -K3)
Vocabulary: platform
(once / 189 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
A platform is any raised surface you can stand on, like the platform beside subway tracks where you wait for the train to arrive.
When you're standing on something that's higher than the surrounding area, you can call it a platform, like a train platform or a viewing platform at a historic site. A platform is also the official stance of a politician or a political group, like a platform of improving public education. Also, there is the footwear known as a platform shoe, which has a very thick sole which makes the wearer appear taller, like standing on a platform.
WORD FAMILY
platform: platforms
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Happy New Year!” shouts an older man swigging from a plastic bottle of vodka on the subway platform.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The company is also marketing a package that executives say is the only off-the-shelf hardware and software platform for builders of self-driving cars available today.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It provides my daughter a platform to learn how to volunteer, serve and help.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 台; 站台; 平台; 纲领
v. 把…放在台上; 为…设（平）台; （在台上）演讲
分布：平台(66%)，月台(13%)，站台(12%)，讲台(9%)
→来自古法语plat,平的，form,形成。引申词义平台，月台。
月台;讲台(plat+form形状→形状平的地方→平台,月台)[plat=flat,表示"平坦"]
n.平台,台;站台,月台;政纲,党纲On the flat platform the bat will pat whatever hat it likes.在平坦的站台上,蝙蝠会拍打它喜欢的任何帽子.
US [-fɔ:rm] noun
STRUCTURE 结构
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a flat raised area or structure 平台
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a long flat raised structure at a railway station, where people get on and off trains 月台
• The train for Cambridge will depart from platform 9. 往剑桥的火车将从9号月台开出。
 ADVANCED countable
■the raised part of the floor in a large room, from which you make a speech or give a musical performance 讲台；舞台
• Speaker after speaker mounted/took the platform to denounce the policy. 演讲者一个接一个走上讲台谴责这项政策。
• This brilliant young violinist has appeared on concert platforms all round the world. 这名才华横溢的年轻小提琴手曾在世界各地的音乐会舞台上演出。
the platform UK
■the people who are up on a platform in order to speak to an audience 讲台上的人
• An elderly lady stood up and said she had a question for the platform. 一个年老的女士站起来说，有一个问题要问讲台上的人。
• The platform party (= the group on the platform) applauded loudly. 讲台上的人热烈鼓掌。
UK ['plæt.fɔ:m] US [-fɔ:rm] noun
IDEAS 想法
countable usually singular
■an opportunity to make your ideas or beliefs known publicly （公开表达看法或信仰的）机会，论坛
• By refusing to give us a grant to make this programme, they are denying us a platform. 他们藉由拒绝提供我们筹备这项活动的资金，剥夺了我们的发言权。
only singular
■all the things that a political party promises to do if they are elected 纲领，政纲，宣言
• We campaigned on a platform of low taxation. 我们竞选的纲领是降低税率。
UK ['plæt.fɔ:m] US [-fɔ:rm] noun
COMPUTING 电脑操作
countable
■the type of computer system you are using, in connection with the type of software (= computer programs) you can use on it 平台（指使用的电脑系统和软体）
• This new personal banking software can be used with any Windows platform. 这款新的个人银行软体可与任何版本的视窗操作平台相容。
UK ['plæt.fɔ:m] US [-fɔ:rm] noun
share a platform
■to give speeches or to perform at the same public event 同台演讲（或表演）
• It was the first time a Green politician and a Labour minister had shared a platform. 这是绿党政治家和工党部长第一次同台演讲。
n. [计] [矿业] 平台；月台， [铁路] 站台；坛； [家具] 讲台
 - flatform, hathpace

Word: finance
Front: finance
[ˈfaɪnæns] (高研四六托雅 2808/1515 -K4)
Vocabulary: finance
(once / 56 pages)
nv
To finance something is to pay for it, like using the money you earn at your part-time job to finance your cell phone bill.
As a verb, it carries two very different meanings: "to pay for" or "obtain on credit." So, if you can finance your trip, it means you have the money to pay for it. Anyone who works in finance, meaning the banking and investment industry, will tell you plenty of people get in trouble by letting credit cards finance things like vacations.
WORD FAMILY
finance: financed, finances, financial, financier, financing, refinance +/ financial: financially, nonfinancial/ financier: financiering, financiers/ financing: financings/ refinance: refinanced, refinances, refinancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
A spokeswoman for Switzerland’s Federal Department of Finance defended the high ceiling for a single cash payment.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
For nearly all of us, government finance and budgeting are complicated.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
How on earth does this affect ones finances, for instance, moving forward through life, as the article suggests?
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: n. 财政; 金融; 财源; 资金
vt. 为…供给资金， 从事金融活动; 赊货给…; 掌握财政
时态：financed, financing, finances
分布：金融(55%)，财政(31%)，资金(12%)，负担经费(1%)，给 ... 提供资金(1%)
→来自拉丁语finis, 终结，词源同fine, finish. 指终结债务，解决争端等，引申词义金钱，资金，金融等。比较fund.
资金,财政(fin+ance→最后起作用的东西→资金)[fin=end,boundary,表示"结束,范围"]
n.财政,金融v.为...提供资金People work in banks know something about finance.在银行工作的人懂金融.
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■(the management of) a supply of money 资金；财务管理；财政；金融
• corporate/personal/public finance 企业财务／个人理财／公共财政
• the minister of finance/the finance minister 财政部长
• You need to speak to someone in the finance department. 你需要和财务部的人谈一谈。
• The finance committee controls the school's budget. 财务委员会掌管着学校的预算。
finances [plural]
 ADVANCED
■the money which a person or company has （个人或公司的）财源，财力
• We keep a tight control on the organization's finances. 我们严格控制该组织的资金。
• UK informal My finances won't run to (= I do not have enough money to buy) a new car this year. 今年我要买一辆新车钱还不够。
['faɪ.nænts] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to provide the money needed for something to happen 向…提供资金
• The local authority has refused to finance the scheme. 地方政府拒绝为这项计划提供资金。
n. [财政] 财政，财政学； [金融] 金融
 - policy of tightening control over expenditure and credit, cameralistics
vi. 筹措资金
 - fund raising

Word: sink
Front: sink
[sɪŋk] (高研四六托雅 2809/2585 -K3)
Vocabulary: sink
(once / 77 pages)
1v 2n
When things sink, they settle or drop to a lower level. If your kayak has a leak, it might fill with water and sink to the bottom of the lake.
Things can sink, like a toy octopus descending to the bottom of the bathtub or the sun appearing to sink below the horizon. You can also deliberately sink something, as when you capsize your friend's remote controlled speedboat on purpose. When sink is a noun, it's the water basin in your kitchen or bathroom. The Old English root of both kinds of sink is sincan, "become submerged or go under," from a Germanic source.
WORD FAMILY
sink: sank, sinkable, sinked, sinker, sinking, sinks, sunken+/sinkable: unsinkable/sinker: sinkers/sinking: sinkings/unsinkable: unsinkably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Alonso hit 8 of 14 from the field and sank all seven of his free throws.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At last, we are allowed to sit, and we sink into a velvet, purplish sofa.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
But Anderson sank a 3, Cooper followed with a layup and Green Bay led by double figures the rest of the way.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 淹没; 下落; 退去; 渐渐进入
vt. 使下沉; 使下垂; 砸入地面; 使败落
n. 水池; 洗涤槽; 污水坑
时态：sank, sunk, sinking, sinks
分布：水槽(42%)，下沉(30%)，沉没(16%)，散热器(4%)，渗透(3%)，低落(2%)，衰弱(1%)，沟渠(1%)，变低(1%)
→来自古英语 sincan,下沉，下陷，来自 Proto-Germanic*senkwan,下沉，下陷，来自 sengw, 下沉，下陷，词源同 sag,saggy.
v.(使)下沉,下落n.水槽,水池While sinking into thinking, the shrinking linkman drank the pink ink sprinkled on the wrinkly paper.陷入沉思时,退缩的联络员喝掉了洒在皱纹纸上的粉红色墨水.
verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
GO DOWN BELOW 沉没
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something or someone to) go down below the surface or to the bottom of a liquid or soft substance （使）沉没；（使）陷入
• The Titanic was a passenger ship which sank (to the bottom of the ocean) in 1912. 铁达尼号是1912年沉没（海底）的一艘客轮。
• The legs of the garden chair sank into the soft ground. 休闲椅的脚陷入松软的土中。
• Enemy aircraft sank two battleships. 敌机击沉了两艘军舰。
• The dog sank her teeth into (= bit) the ball and ran off with it. 狗叼着球跑走了。
⇒ See also sunken
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
FALL 下落
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to (cause something or someone to) fall or move to a lower level 落下，沉下；降低
• The sun glowed red as it sank slowly below the horizon. 太阳缓缓沉到地平线下，发出红色的余晖。
• Student numbers have sunk considerably this year. 今年的学生人数大幅减少。
• informal We sank (= drank) a bottle of wine each last night. 昨天晚上，我们每人喝了一瓶葡萄酒。
• The wounded soldier sank (= fell) to the ground. 受伤的士兵跌倒在地。
• He sank into deep despair (= became very unhappy) when he lost his job. 失去工作后，他极其绝望。
transitive
■to hit a ball into a hole or pocket, especially in golf or snooker （尤指在高尔夫球或撞球运动中）击（球）进洞
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
DIG 挖
transitive
■to dig a hole in the ground, or to put something into a hole dug into the ground 挖，掘（洞）；把…插入，把…埋入（洞里）
• Sinking more wells is the best way of supplying the population with clean drinking water. 要为人们提供清洁的饮用水，最好的方法是挖更多的井。
• The first stage of building the fence is sinking the posts into the ground. 筑栅栏的第一步是把柱子插进地里。
⇒ See also sunken
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
FAILURE 失败
transitive
■to cause something to fail or be in trouble 使失败；使陷入麻烦
• This rain could sink our plans for the garden party. 这场雨会让我们举行露天派对的计划泡汤。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink your differences UK
■to forget your disagreements 搁置分歧；忘却不和
• Paul and Mark agreed to sink their differences and be friends. 保罗和马克同意放下成见，成为朋友。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink like a stone (also sink like a lead balloon)
■to attract no support, attention or interest 石沉大海，无人关注
• My suggestion that we all play tennis sank like a stone. 我所提出大家都去打网球的建议犹如石沉大海，无人回应。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink or swim
■If someone leaves you to sink or swim, they give you no help so that you succeed or fail completely by your own efforts 自己去闯，成败全凭自己
• My employer gave me no help when I started my new job - I was just left to sink or swim. 开始做新工作时，我的老板没有为我提供任何帮助——全凭我自己打拼。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink to a whisper
■to speak very quietly 非常小声地说话，如耳语般说话
• The child's voice sank to a whisper as she admitted that she had broken the window. 那个女孩承认自己打破窗户玻璃时，声音低得如同耳语。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink to such a level/such depths (also sink so low)
■to do something so bad 堕落到如此地步
• I can't believe you would sink so low as to snitch on your best friends. 我无法相信你堕落到如此地步，竟然会告发你最要好的朋友。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink without (a) trace informal
■to be forgotten about completely, or to not attract any attention or interest 彻底被人遗忘，销声匿迹
• Since his last book five years ago, he seems to have sunk without trace. 自从五年前出了最后一本书之后，他好像就销声匿迹，音讯全无。
• Her second symphony sank without a trace. 她的第二部交响乐无人问津。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sinking fast
■(of a person's health) getting much worse quickly so that death is likely （病情）迅速恶化
• Mrs Jones is sinking fast, and the doctor doesn't think she'll live much longer. 琼斯太太的病情迅速恶化，医生认为她活不了多久了。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sinking feeling
■a feeling that something bad is going to happen 不祥的预感
• When I woke up this morning, I had a sinking feeling that it was going to be a difficult day. 今天早晨醒来时，我有种不祥的预感——这将是艰难的一天。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sinking ship
■a company or other organization that is failing 正在沉没的船（暗示某个公司或组织正要垮掉）
• He'd seen the accounts, realized he was on a sinking ship, and decided to get off. 他看到了账目，意识到犹如站在沉船上一般的危险处境，因此决定离开。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sunk in thought UK
■thinking deeply 沉思；深思
• Rodin's sculpture 'The Thinker' is of a man sitting with his head in his hand, sunk in thought. 罗丹的雕塑《沉思者》刻画的是一名坐着的男子，他手托着下巴，陷入沉思。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  sink in informal
■If an unpleasant or surprising fact or idea sinks in, you gradually start to believe it, understand it, or realize the effect it will have on you （事实或想法）逐渐被完全理解，被充分意识到
• How many times do I have to tell you something before it sinks in? 要我对你说多少遍，你才能明白?
• His voice trailed off as the seriousness of his position sank in. 他渐渐明白了自己处境的险峻，语调慢慢低了下来。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  sink in/sink into sth
■If a liquid or soft substance sinks into something solid, it gradually passes into it through its surface 逐渐渗入
• You'd better wipe up that coffee you spilled on the carpet before it sinks in. 趁洒在地毯上的咖啡没有渗进去之前，你最好把它擦干净。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  sink into sth
■to slowly move your body into a sitting or lying position, in a relaxed or tired way （放松地）坐下，躺下
• I was so tired when I got home that all I wanted to do was sink into bed/an armchair/a hot bath. 我回家后太累了，只想躺在床上／坐进扶手椅里／洗个热水澡。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  sink sth into sth
■to spend a large amount of money on a business or other piece of work 把大量（资金）投入（生意或工作）
• We sank all our money into my brother's business. 我们把自己所有的钱都投注在我哥哥的生意上。
[sɪŋk] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a bowl that is fixed to the wall in a kitchen or bathroom in which you wash dishes or your hands, etc. （厨房的）水槽，洗碗槽；（浴室的）洗脸盆
• a bathroom/kitchen sink 浴室／厨房水槽
drop, fall, sink, descend
这组词都有“落下，下降”的意思，其区别是：
drop: 指物体从一定高度落下。
fall: 与drop同义，指突然或猛烈地降落，但fall也可指任何下落，同高度或形式无关。
sink: 指在空气或水中垂直下降、下沉。
descend: 通常指沿斜线或斜坡下降。
vi. 下沉；消沉；渗透
 - dip
vt. 使下沉；挖掘；使低落
 - to dig, tap into
n. [化工] 水槽；洗涤槽；污水坑
 - trough, washing tank

Word: attractive
Front: attractive
[əˈtræktɪv] (高研四托雅 2811/1781 -K3)
Vocabulary: attractive
(once / 236 pages)
adj
Anybody or anything that's attractive is visually pleasing or draws you in.
Being attractive has to do with attracting others, one way or another. If you're talking about a magnet, that's a literal, physical kind of attraction. For people, being attractive usually means you're beautiful or handsome enough to pull in the attention of others. But having a great personality or a good job are attractive traits, too. If someone offered to give you something valuable for a good price, you could also say, "That's an attractive offer" — meaning it's tempting.
WORD FAMILY
attractive: attractively, attractiveness, unattractive+/ attract: attractable, attracted, attracter, attracting, attraction, attractive, attractor, attracts/attracter: attracters/ attraction: attractions, counterattraction/attractor: attractors/unattractive: unattractively, unattractiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s this age thing about me being so young, and I think there was something about Layla being so attractive,” he told Sports Illustrated.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Washington in the earlier, less attractive programming slot on Saturday.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
I soon found myself in Ponsonby Central, an attractive indoor/outdoor market that features restaurants, cafes and shops.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 有魅力的; 引人注目的; 迷人的; 招人喜爱的
分布：有吸引力的(65%)，有魅力的(35%)
有吸引力的(attract+ive)[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
a.吸引人的,引人注意的;漂亮的,迷人的To make the contract attractive, the contractor subtracted a tractor from it.为了使合同有吸引力,承包商从中减去了一台拖拉机.
【记】at一再，tract拉－一再拉你的注意力－吸引人的
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■very pleasing in appearance or sound, or causing interest or pleasure 漂亮的；悦耳的；有魅力的；诱人的
• a very attractive young woman 妩媚动人的年轻女子
• I find him very attractive (= He attracts me sexually). 他让我心醉神迷。
• attractive countryside 景色迷人的乡村
• an attractive colour scheme 悦目的色彩布局
• Spending 12 hours on a plane isn't a very attractive (= pleasant) prospect. 连坐12个小时的飞机，可不是甚么令人向往的事。
• an attractive offer (= an offer with benefits for me) 令人心动的提议
• We need to make the club attractive to a wider range of people. 我们要让这个俱乐部吸引更广的人群。
adj. 吸引人的；有魅力的；引人注目的
 - dramatic, absorbing

Word: respect
Front: respect
[rɪˈspekt] (高研四六托 1554/1476 -K4)
Vocabulary: respect
(once / 30 pages)
1vn 2n
Respect is a way of treating or thinking about something or someone. If you respect your teacher, you admire her and treat her well.
People respect others who are impressive for any reason, such as being in authority — like a teacher or cop — or being older — like a grandparent. You show respect by being polite and kind. For a lot of people, taking your hat off is a show of respect. When people are insulted or treated badly, they feel they haven't been treated with respect. You can respect things as well as people. Saying the Pledge of Allegiance shows respect to your country.
WORD FAMILY
respect: disrespect, respectable, respected, respecter, respectful, respecting, respects, self-respect+/ disrespect: disrespected, disrespecting, disrespects/ disrespectful: disrespectfully/respectability: respectabilities/ respectable: respectability, respectabler, respectablest, respectably, unrespectable/respecter: respecters/ respectful: disrespectful, respectfully, respectfulness, self-respectful/respecting: self-respecting/unrespectable: unrespectability
USAGE EXAMPLES
They might be overprotective, but they are the parents and you should respect their role.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
In 2015 he called Mr. Putin “a man so highly respected within his own country and beyond.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“It is so smooth that in some respects it doesn’t even look dictatorial,” he said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 尊重; 尊敬; 关心; 遵守
n. 尊重，恭敬; 敬意; 某方面
时态：respected, respecting, respects
分布：尊重(56%)，尊敬(23%)，方面(11%)，遵守(3%)，敬重(3%)，关于(1%)，问候(1%)，关系(1%)，涉及(1%)
→re-,再，-spect,看，词源同 specter,retrospect.即再看，反复看，引申词义尊敬，尊重。
尊敬(re再+spect→再看[一眼]→尊敬)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
n./v.尊敬,尊重n.敬意,问候,关系,方面The respectful spectator gave the prospective president a retrospect of the spectacular spectrum.恭敬的旁观者对未来的总统回顾了壮观的光谱(景象).
【记】re反复，spect看：反复看你，是因为你受到了尊敬
【区】respective（adj 分别的；各自的）
【反】deride（v 嘲弄；嘲笑）
noun
ADMIRATION 钦佩
 IMPROVER uncountable
■admiration felt or shown for someone or something that you believe has good ideas or qualities 敬重；尊重；注重；重视
• I have great/the greatest respect for his ideas, although I don't agree with them. 我非常尊重他的想法，不过我并不赞同这些想法。
• She is a formidable figure who commands a great deal of respect (= who is greatly admired by others). 她是个令人敬畏的人，赢得了大家的无限敬重。
• New teachers have to earn/gain the respect of their students. 新教师必须要赢得学生的尊重。
⇒ See also self-respect
[rɪ'spekt] noun
HONOUR 敬意
 IMPROVER uncountable
■politeness, honour and care shown towards someone or something that is considered important 尊敬；敬意；敬重
• You really should treat your parents with more respect. 你待你父母真应该多几分尊重。
• She has no respect for other people's property (= She does not treat it carefully). 她对别人的财物一点都不爱惜。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you accept that something which is established or formally agreed is right or important and do not attempt to change it or harm it 考虑；顾及；重视
• In their senseless killing of innocent people, the terrorists have shown their lack of respect for human life. 恐怖分子无谓滥杀无辜，暴露出他们草菅人命的本质。
• She grumbled that young people today have/show no respect for the law. 她抱怨说现在的年轻人漠视法律。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you accept that different customs or cultures are different from your own and behave towards them in a way which would not cause offence （对不同风俗和文化的）尊重，开明
• She teaches the students to have respect for different races and appreciate the diversity of other cultures. 她教育学生要尊重不同种族的人，要认识到其他文化的多样性。
sb's respects formal
■polite formal greetings （某人的）敬意，问候
• Please convey/give my respects to your parents. 请代我向你父母致以敬意／转达问候。
[rɪ'spekt] noun
FEATURE 特点
 ADVANCED countable
■a particular feature or detail 方面；细节
• This proposal differs from the last one in many important respects/one important respect. 本提案在很多重要的方面／在一个重要的方面与上一提案不同。
• In most respects, the new film is better than the original. 在大多数方面，这部新翻拍的电影要比老版本好。
[rɪ'spekt] noun
in respect of sth (also with respect to sth) formal
■in connection with something 关于；至于；就…而言
• I am writing with respect to your letter of 15 June. 兹覆阁下6月15日来函。
[rɪ'spekt] noun
pay your respects formal
■to visit someone in order to welcome them or talk to them 拜访
• We went to pay our respects to our new neighbours. 我们去拜访了我们的新邻居。
(also pay your last respects)
■to honour someone after their death, usually by going to their funeral （通常指参加葬礼）（向死者）表示敬意，告别
• Friends and relatives came to pay their last respects to Mr Clarke. 亲友们前来向克拉克先生告别。
[rɪ'spekt] noun
with (all due) respect (also with (the greatest) respect)
■used to express polite disagreement in a formal situation （用于正式场合礼貌地表示异议）恕我直言
• With all due respect, Minister, I cannot agree with your last statement. 恕我直言，部长先生，我不能同意您最后的那部分阐述。
[rɪ'spekt] verb transitive
ADMIRE 尊重
 IMPROVER
■to feel or show admiration for someone or something that you believe has good ideas or qualities 敬重；尊重；注重；重视
• I deeply respect David for what he has achieved. 大卫的成就令我非常敬佩。
respect yourself
■to have pride in your own qualities or achievements 自尊；自重
[rɪ'spekt] verb transitive
HONOUR 敬意
 IMPROVER
■to treat something or someone with kindness and care 尊重；善待；精心对待
• to respect someone's feelings 尊重别人的感情
• We should respect the environment and not pollute it. 我们应当善待环境，不去污染它。
 ADVANCED
■to accept the importance of someone's rights or customs and to do nothing that would harm them or cause them offence （对别人的权利或风俗）尊重，重视，礼待
• The agreement will respect the rights of both nations. 这项协定将会尊重两国各自的权利。
• I would appreciate it if you would respect my privacy. 如果您能尊重我的隐私我会非常感谢。
■to accept that something which is established or formally agreed is right or important and not to attempt to change it or harm it 信守；维持；不损害
• The president pledged to respect the existing frontiers between the two countries. 总统承诺维持两国间疆界现状。
■to think that it is important to obey a law or rule 遵守；遵奉；不违背
• I was always taught to respect the law. 我一直被教导要遵纪守法。
respect sb's wishes
■to do what someone has asked to have done 尊重（某人）的意愿；按（某人）的要求去做
• His children respected his last wishes and held a simple funeral for him. 他的子女尊重他的遗愿，为他举行了简单的葬礼。
admiration, honour, esteem, regard, respect
这组词都有“尊敬、尊重、敬意”的意思，其区别是：
admiration: 指除表示尊敬外，还常伴随有一种真挚的倾慕之情。
honour: 指对长辈或有地位、有名望、有功劳的人公开表示极大敬意或软佩。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此可而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，与respect和honour近义。
respect: 指对年长、地位较高的人的尊敬，对他人成就、行为或见解等经过仔细评估后而表示尊重，暗示在上述人面前表现谦恭和有礼貌。
honour, esteem, regard, admire, respect
这组词都有“尊重、钦佩”的意思，其区别是：
honour: 侧重指对某人或某物表示极大的敬意。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，含义不很明确，一般需用修饰语加强或明确其意。
admire: 侧重指对某人或某物的仰慕、钦佩，并含欣赏爱慕之情。
respect: 指对人的行为、品德、才华或成就等的仰慕尊重。尤指对年长或地位高的人的尊敬。
n. 尊敬，尊重；方面；敬意
 - estimation, aspect, regard, side, worship
vt. 尊敬，尊重；遵守
 - honor, esteem, worship

Word: diverse
Front: diverse
[daɪˈvɜ:s] (高研四六托雅宝 2813/4813 -2)
Vocabulary: diverse
(once / 441 pages)
adj
A diverse group is made up of people or things that are very different from each other. If your class mixes kids from all over the world, you could call it diverse.
The adjective diversified has the same meaning, and a near synonym is varied. An earlier spelling of the English adjective was divers, and the final –e was probably added by association with words such as traverse and converse. The word divers is still in use in the sense "more than one, several, various:" divers methods and styles.
WORD FAMILY
diverse: diversely, diverseness, diverser, diversity +/ diversity: diversities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Few athletes might be as prepared for a life after basketball than Kobe, a man of diverse interests and immense worldwide popularity.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Last year's victor was Jack Garratt, who praised the "very diverse" range of acts on the 2017 list, and encouraged fans to embrace new talent.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But the Puget Sound economy is much more diverse today and firing on all cylinders.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 不同的，多种多样的; 变化多的; 形形色色的
分布：不同的(83%)，多种多样的(17%)
→di-, 分开，散开，来自dis-变体。-verse, 转，词源同converse, versus. 即转开，多样的。
不同的(di分开+vers+e→转开了→不同的)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
a.多种多样的,(from)不同的I averted my eyes from the diverse advertisements for the invert converter.我把目光从花样繁多的倒置转换器广告上移开.
US [dɪ'vɝ:s] adjective
 ADVANCED
■varied or different 各种的；不同的
• Students from countries as diverse as Colombia and Lithuania use Cambridge textbooks. 来自哥伦比亚、立陶宛等不同国家的学生都在使用剑桥的课本。
• New York is a very culturally/ethnically diverse city. 纽约是一个在文化／种族方面十分多元化的城市。
different, diverse, various
这组词都有“不同的”的意思，其区别是：
different: 普通用词，强调事物间的区别或本质的不同。有时侧重对比，不着重差别。
diverse: 语气较强，指性质完全不同，着重显著的区别。
various: 通常强调种类的数目。
diverse, vivid, alive, mobile
diverse: 多种多样的，不同的
vivid: （记忆，描述）清晰的， 逼真的，（光，颜色）鲜艳的，耀眼的
alive: 活着的，有活力的，继续存在的
mobile: 易于快速移动的，易变的，流动的
diverse, differential
diverse: 多种多样的
differential: 差异的，区别的
adj. 不同的；多种多样的；变化多的
 - different, unlike, varying, another, dissimilar

Word: relevant
Front: relevant
[ˈreləvənt] (高研四六托雅 2814/1241 -K3)
Vocabulary: relevant
(once / 398 pages)
adj
Something is relevant if it's appropriate or connected to the matter at hand. Relevant things are helpful and on point.
Relevant things are appropriate and make sense at that particular time. In the middle of history class, your teacher loves to get relevant questions: questions that have to do with the material. The teacher won't be thrilled to get a question about math: that's not relevant. You can also say a song or movie is relevant if it's connected to current events or issues people are talking about. When something is relevant, it just fits what is happening.
WORD FAMILY
relevant: irrelevant, relevance, relevancy, relevantly+/ irrelevance: irrelevances/irrelevancy: irrelevancies/ irrelevant: irrelevance, irrelevancy, irrelevantly/relevancy: relevancies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The final part of the season is about positioning and staying relevant, but the Knicks must not falter before then.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Such efforts, said Mr. Murphy, the system’s chief executive, will remain “highly relevant” even if the Affordable Care Act is repealed.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This is where the repatriation plan passed by Bush — which reduced the top corporate tax rate to 5 percent instead of 10 percent — becomes relevant.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有关的，中肯的; 相关联的; 确切的; 有重大意义[作用]的，实质性的
分布：相关的(85%)，中肯的(8%)，切题的(7%)
→来自拉丁语 relevare,减轻，来自 re-,表强调，levare,举起，词源同 lever,lighten,relieve.即减轻 的，起作用的，引申诸相关词义。
中肯的;有关的(re再→lev+ant→再举起→有关的)[lev,live=raise,lighten,表示"提高,举起,变轻"]
a.有关的,中肯的,相应的,实质性的Elevate the eleventh level to relevant height.提高第11步到相关的高度.
【反】immaterial（adj 非实质的）；extraneous（adj 无关系的）
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■connected with what is happening or being discussed 有关的；相关联的；切题的
• Education should be relevant to the child's needs. 教育应和孩子的需要挂钩。
• For further information, please refer to the relevant leaflet. 欲知详情，请参阅有关广告单张。
• The point is highly relevant to this discussion. 这一点和这次讨论的议题密切相关。
• I'm sorry but your personal wishes are not relevant (= important) in this case. 我很遗憾，你的个人愿望与本案无关。
Opposite irrelevant
 ESSENTIAL
■correct or suitable for a particular purpose 正确的；适宜的
• plans to make schooling more relevant to life beyond school 使学校教育更有利于学生毕业后走向社会的计划
['rel.ə.vənt] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  relevantWarning: choose the correct adjective! To say that something has great effect or influence, don't say 'relevant', say important :
✗ Childhood is the most relevant period in a person's life. Childhood is the most important period in a person's life.
adj. 有关的；中肯的；有重大作用的
 - concerned, involved

Word: ideal
Front: ideal
[aɪˈdi:əl] (研四六托雅 2815/1917 -K4)
Vocabulary: ideal
(once / 109 pages)
nadj
An ideal is a model of something perfect or without equal. As an adjective, ideal describes this ultimate standard for excellence, or something that exists only as an idea.
When we talk about what's ideal, we often refer to a best-case scenario (it would be ideal if you were well-rested before your exam); what we're striving for (it would be ideal for all children to receive an education); or some idea of perfection (the ideal date would be dinner with your favorite movie star). If you have high ideals, you have very strong beliefs about what is good and right, and maybe even how best to save the world.
WORD FAMILY
ideal: idealise, idealism, ideality, idealize, ideally, ideals+/ idea: ideal, ideas, ideate/idealisation: idealisations/idealise: idealisation, idealised, idealises, idealising/ idealism: idealisms, idealist, idealistic / idealist: idealists/ idealistic: idealistically/ideality: idealities/idealization: idealizations/ idealize: idealization, idealized, idealizes, idealizing/ideate: ideated, ideating, ideation / ideation: ideational, ideations/ideational: ideationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
These awkward exchanges usually stem from ignorance rather than anti-Semitism or neo-Nazi ideals, academic experts and others say.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The report mentions the church as an ideal spot for weddings and other gatherings, as well as small to mid-size musical performances.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Purchase vacations now — do not wait until 2017. This is an ideal time to book an upgraded experience at a better price.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 理想的，完美的; 被认为是最好的; 完全或相当令人满意的; 想象的，假设的
n. 理想; 典范，典型; 目标，高尚的、有价值的原则或目标
分布：理想(67%)，理想的(28%)，目标(2%)，完美的(1%)，典范(1%)，观念的(1%)
→来自idea,想象，想法。引申词义想象中的，理想的，完美的。
理想(idea+al)[idea,ideo=idea,表示"思想,观点"]
a.理想的;空想的;理想主义的;唯心的n.理想The zealous dealer has an ideal idea of dealing with the meal.热心的商人有一个处理膳食的理想主意.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■without fault; perfect, or the best possible 完美的；理想的
• the ideal employer 无可挑剔的老板
• She's the ideal person (= exactly the right type of person) for the job. 她是这项工作的理想人选。
• The television also comes in a compact 36 cm screen size, ideal for bedroom or kitchen use. 这款电视机也有萤幕大小为36厘米的袖珍型，非常适合在睡房和厨房使用。
• It's the ideal opportunity to meet people. 这是结识朋友的绝好机会。
• In an ideal world no one would go hungry. 理想的世界里没有人忍饥挨饿。
[aɪ'dɪəl] noun
PRINCIPLE 原则
countable
■a principle or a way of behaving that is of a very high standard 理想；标准极高的原则（或行为准则）
• democratic ideals 民主理想
• We are committed to the ideal of equality. 我们奉行平等原则。
• They share the same high ideals. 他们有着同样高标准的行为准则。
[aɪ'dɪəl] noun
PERFECT 完美的
only singular
■a perfect thing or situation 理想的事物（或情形）
• The ideal would be to have a place in the town and one in the country. 理想的情形应该是在城里和乡下都有住处。
ideal, perfect
这组词都有“完美的，极好的”的意思，其区别是：
ideal: 语气较强，指完美到使人称心如意的地步。
perfect: 用于褒义指某人或某物等达到理想中的完美无缺；用于贬义，则相反，指十足的坏。
adj. [数] 理想的；完美的；想象的；不切实际的
 - perfect, full, unreasonable, dream
n. [数] 理想；典范
 - pink, quintessence

Word: joy
Front: joy
[dʒɔɪ] (中高研四 2816/2881 -K3)
Vocabulary: joy
(once / 22 pages)
nv
Joy is the emotion of pleasure and happiness. Joy can also be the very thing that delights you. You might find great joy in learning new vocabulary. Or not.
Joy can also be used as a verb. You can joy in the fact that you have no homework for the weekend. Or, you might want to rejoice when the teacher announces that the test has been canceled. It's a real joy to use the word as an adjective, too. For example, receiving straight A's probably makes you extremely joyful.
WORD FAMILY
joy: enjoy, joyed, joyful, joying, joyless, joyous, joys, overjoy +/ enjoy: enjoyable, enjoyed, enjoyer, enjoying, enjoyment, enjoys/ enjoyable: enjoyableness, enjoyably/enjoyer: enjoyers/ enjoyment: enjoyments/ joyful: joyfuler, joyfulest, joyfully, joyfulness/joyless: joylessly, joylessness/ joyous: joyousest, joyously, joyousness/ overjoy: overjoyed, overjoys
USAGE EXAMPLES
On “Sound of Music” I remember Julie Andrews was such a joy to be around.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is much like the old Swedish proverb that expresses, “A shared joy is a doubled joy. A shared sorrow is half a sorrow.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Albuquerque Fire Department officials say several crews arrived at the Joy Light Church of God in Christ about 2:30 p.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 喜悦，快乐，高兴; 令人高兴的事（或人）; 成功; 好运
vi. 因…而高兴
vt. 高兴，使快乐
时态：joyed, joying, joys
分布：喜悦(35%)，高兴(28%)，欢乐(27%)，乐趣(10%)
→来自古法语joie,来自拉丁语gaudium,欢乐，愉悦，词源同enjoy,gaudy.
n.欢乐,喜悦;乐事,乐趣On the voyage, the enjoyable toy brought me joy and annoyance.在航行中,使人愉快的玩具给我带来快乐和烦恼.
noun
HAPPINESS 高兴
 IMPROVER uncountable
■great happiness 欢欣，高兴，喜悦
• They were filled with joy when their first child was born. 第一个孩子出生时，他们满心欢喜。
• She wept for joy when she was told that her husband was still alive. 当她获悉丈夫还活着时，她喜极而泣。
 IMPROVER countable
■a person or thing which causes happiness 使人高兴的人（或物）；乐事；乐趣
• Listening to music is one of his greatest joys. 听音乐是他最大的乐趣之一。
• the joys of parenthood 为人父母之乐
• [+ to infinitive] Her singing is a joy to listen to. 听她唱歌是种享受。
[dʒɔɪ] noun
SUCCESS 成功
uncountable UK informal
■success, action or help 成功；行动；帮助
• [+ -ing verb] Did you have any joy finding that book you wanted? 你找到你想要的那本书了吗？
• We tried asking local libraries for information, but got no joy from any of them. 我们试图从当地的图书馆里寻找资料，但一无所获。
enjoyment, joy, pleasure, fun, rapture, dlight
这组词都有“愉快、快乐、高兴”的意思，其区别是：
enjoyment: 比pleasure, joy和delight的语气轻，但更着重行为或乐事的本身，而不是感情。
joy: 语气弱于rapture，强于pleasure，多指情感充溢，喜形于色的强烈的欢乐情绪。
pleasure: 最普通常用词，常指不表露出来的满意或喜悦情绪，也指强烈的愉快或兴奋感。
fun: 普通用词，指任何能给予喜悦的娱乐，或指娱乐本身。
rapture: 书面语用词，指极端的欣喜、大喜或狂喜。
dlight: 指强烈的、活泼的、显而易见的快乐和高兴。
n. 欢乐，快乐；乐趣；高兴
 - pleasure, festival, fun, sweet, enjoyment
vi. 欣喜，欢喜
 - jubilate
vt. 高兴，使快乐
 - be pleased, lift up one's head

Word: worth
Front: worth
[wɜ:θ] (中高 1353/975 -K4)
Vocabulary: worth
(once / 32 pages)
nadj
The noun worth refers to the monetary value of something. If your grandmother gives you a strange old coin from her collection, you can have it appraised to determine its worth.
The noun worth also means the inherent value of something based on the qualities of excellence, usefulness or importance. Don't underestimate your worth to the group; the whole bake sale would have fallen apart without you, and your brownies were delicious. As an adjective worth describes something that has a value or deserves to be treated a certain way, like when your hard work baking is worth the effort.
WORD FAMILY
worth: self-worth, worthful, worthless, worths, worthy +/unworthiness: unworthinesses/unworthy: unworthily, unworthiness/worthiness: worthinesses/ worthless: worthlessly, worthlessness / worthlessness: worthlessnesses/ worthy: unworthy, worthier, worthies, worthiest, worthily, worthiness, worthyly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s unclear how much the contract will be worth once the golf course opens and starts operating.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If we must prove our worth, it is possible to be worthless.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Lee with $50 worth of curtains and changed the sign.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 值得的; 有…的价值; 等值的; 有…的财产
n. 财富，财产; 价值
分布：价值(87%)，值得的(8%)，财富(4%)，值钱的(1%)
→来自wert,弯，转，相对，词源同convert,versus。引申义等价，对等，匹配，力量，价值。词义演变比较fit,match.
n.价值a.值...的,价值...的,值得...的This necklace is worth 1,000 US dollars.这条项链值1000美元.
US [wɝ:θ] adjective
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL
■having a particular value, especially in money 值…钱的
• Our house is worth £200 000. 我们的房子价值约20万英镑。
• Heroin worth about $5 million was seized. 缴获价值约500万美元的海洛因。
■informal
■having a particular amount of money 拥有…财产的
• She must be worth at least half a million. 她肯定拥有价值至少50万的财产。
be worth it
■to be of reasonable or good value for the price 是值得的；物有所值
• Four days' car hire costs £150, which is well worth it for the freedom it gives you. 租车4天需花费150英镑，但它给了你行动自由，这样来说还是十分值得。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
IMPORTANCE 重要
be worth sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to be important or interesting enough to receive a particular action 值得…
• I think this matter is worth our attention. 我觉得这件事值得我们注意。
• When you're in Reykjavik, the National Museum is worth a visit. 如果你在雷克雅维克，那里的国家博物馆值得参观。
be worth having/doing sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to be important or useful to have or do 值得拥有／做…
• There's nothing worth reading in this newspaper. 这份报纸中没甚么值得一读。
• If you are a young, inexperienced driver, it is worth having comprehensive insurance. 如果你是一位初出茅庐的年轻司机，买一份综合保险是必要的。
• It's worth remembering that prices go up on February 1st. 值得记住的是，价格于二月一日上涨。
worth it
 IMPROVER
■enjoyable enough or producing enough advantages to make the necessary effort, risk, pain, etc. seem acceptable 值得（努力、冒险、忍受痛苦等）去做
• It was a long climb to the top of the hill, but it was worth it for the view from the top. 攀登到山顶要很长时间，但为了能看到山顶上的风景，这是值得的。
• Don't tire yourself out Geri, it's really not worth it. 格里，别把自己累坏了，那真的不值得。
• After the plastic surgery I had two black eyes and was very swollen. But I knew it would be worth it. 整形手术之后，我双眼发青，而且肿得非常厉害。但我知道这是值得的。
• Forget him, love, - he's just not worth it. 忘了他吧，亲爱的——他不值得你这样。
  Common Learner Errors  be worth doing something When worth is followed by a verb, that verb cannot be in the infinitive with 'to'. Do not say 'be worth to do something', say be worth doing something :
✗ Do you think it's worth to ask Patrick first? Do you think it's worth asking Patrick first?
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
be worth your/its weight in gold
■to be very useful or helpful 非常有用；很有帮助
• This recipe book is worth its weight in gold - it tells you everything you need to know about cookery. 这本烹饪书非常有用——它会告诉你对烹调所需要了解的一切。
• Boys who can sing like that are worth their weight in gold to the choir. 唱得那么好的男孩对合唱队来说是非常有价值的。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
be worth your while ADVANCED
■to be an activity or action that you will get an advantage from 值得去做；对…有好处
• It's worth your while taking out travel insurance before you travel. 在旅行前购买旅行保险是值得的。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
for all you are worth informal
■If you do something for all you are worth, you put a lot of effort into it 拼命；全力以赴
• We pushed the car for all we were worth, but we still couldn't get it started. 我们拼命推那辆车，可仍然无法使它发动起来。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
for what it's worth informal
■said when you are giving someone a piece of information and you are not certain if that information is useful or important 不管有用与否；无论价值如何
• For what it's worth, I think he may be right. 不论是否有价值，我认为他可能是正确的。
• They are, for what it's worth, the single most successful eastern arts group in the West. 无论是否重要，他们是西方唯一一个最为成功的东方艺术群体。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
If it /a thing is worth doing , it's worth doing well. saying
■used to emphasize that if you are going to spend time doing a piece of work, you should do it as well as possible 值得做的事情，就要把它做好
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
make sth/it worth your while informal
■to pay you money to do something 为做…付给报酬
• If you can get me the list of names I want, I'll make it worth your while. 如果你能弄到我要的名单，我会给你报酬。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
not worth the paper sth is printed / written on
■If a document or agreement is not worth the paper it is written/printed on, it is of very little value. （文件或协议）毫无价值的
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
What's it worth (to you)? informal mainly humorous
■said when you want to know what someone will give you if you give them the piece of information they have asked for 对我会有甚么好处呢?
• "Do you know where Dave's living at the moment?" "What's it worth?" “你知不知道戴夫现在住在哪里？”“告诉你对我有甚么好处？”
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
worth your salt
■good at your job 称职的；胜任的
• Any accountant worth their salt should be aware of the latest changes in taxation. 任何称职的会计都应该了解最新的税收变化。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] noun
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the amount of money which something can be sold for; value 价格；价值
• The estimated worth of the plastics and petrochemical industry is about $640 billion. 塑胶与石化工业的估计价值约为6，400亿美元。
£20/$100, etc. worth of sth
 ESSENTIAL
■the amount of something that you could buy for £20/$100, etc 价值20英镑／100美元等的…
• $4 million worth of souvenirs and gift items have been produced for the event. 已为这次活动制作了价值400万美元的纪念品和礼品。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the importance or usefulness of something or someone 重要性；作用
• He felt as though he had no worth. 他觉得自己似乎无足轻重。
• She has proved her worth on numerous occasions. 她已经在众多场合证明了自己的作用。
• The study proved that women were paid less than men holding jobs of comparable worth. 研究证明，在从事同等重要的工作时，女性得到的报酬要比男性少。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] noun
AMOUNT 数量
a month's/year's, etc. worth of sth
■an amount of something which will last a month/year, etc. or which takes a month/year, etc. to do 可持续（或需花费）一个月／一年等的…
• a month's worth of grocery shopping 买的够一个月用的食品杂货
• I've done three hour's worth of work this morning. 我今早已完成的工作顶得上三个小时的工作量。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] noun
get your money's worth
■to get good value 钱花得值
• We were determined to get our money's worth from our day tickets and went to every museum in the city. 我们决心令自己的当日门票物有所值，于是去遍了城里的每一家博物馆。
value, worth
这组词都有“价值”的意思，其区别是：
value: 侧重指使用价值，着重人、物或事所具有的重要性、用途或优秀品质等。
worth: 与value近义，但前者强调事物本身的价值。
worthwhile, worthless, worth, worthy
worthwhile: 值得的(可作定语和表语)。如：That is a worthwhile program.(那是一个值得听的节目。)So few movies are worthwhile nowadays.(当今有价值的电影很少。)
worthless: 无价值的，无用的(可作定语和表语，无比较级)。如：These stamps are worthless.(这些邮票无价值。)Don’t read worthless books.(不要读些没用的书。)
worth: 值……钱，值得……的。如：This house is worth a lot of money.(这房值很多钱。)The radio program is worth listening to. (这广播节目值得听。)
worthy: (1)有价值的，可尊敬的(常作定语)。如：The teacher was a worthy man.(那位老师是可尊敬的人。)(2)值得的(常作表语)。如：The man is worthy of praise.(这人值得称赞。)它的动词句式是be worthy to be done (be worth doing).
n. 价值；财产
 - importance, estate, property, price, value

Word: regularly
Front: regularly
[ˈregjələli] (四六雅 2818/2238 -K)
Vocabulary: regularly
(once / 316 pages)
adv
When you do something regularly, you do it on a repeated, frequent basis. If you visit your grandfather every Thursday afternoon, you can say you see him regularly.
The adverb regularly is most often used to mean "routinely," but it can also mean "without variety or in the same way." So you might say, "The houses in my neighborhood are regularly spaced along the blocks." The earliest meaning, dating from the 1560s, was "in accordance with rules," from the Latin root regula, "rule."
WORD FAMILY
regular: irregular, regularise, regularity, regularize, regularly, regulars+/ irregular: irregularity, irregularly, irregulars/irregularity: irregularities/regularise: regularisation, regularised, regularising/ regularity: regularities, unregularity/regularize: regularization, regularized, regularizes, regularizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Friends of mine throughout the country regularly remind me that there is something unique about Seahawks fans.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Paid events are regularly organized in Poland for foreigners who want to hunt deer, wild boar, hares or other small wild animals.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Deadlines are regularly set, and flaws are relentlessly investigated.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 有规律地，按时，照例，按部就班地; 整齐地，有条不紊地; 经常，不断地; 定期地
分布：定期地(56%)，有规律地(44%)
ADJ-GRADED
定时的;定期的;有规律的
Regular events have equal amounts of time between them, so that they happen, for example, at the same time each day or each week.
例：Take regular exercise...定期进行锻炼。
例：Now it's time for our regular look at the world of international sport...现在我们再来关注一下国际体坛的消息。
ADJ-GRADED
经常的;频繁的
Regular events happen often.
例：...after a morning punctuated by regular volleys of gunfire...过了枪声阵阵的早上之后
例：This condition usually clears up with regular shampooing.这种情形通常多用香波洗洗头即可消除。
ADJ-GRADED
经常光顾的;经常去的
If you are, for example, a regular customer at a shop or a regular visitor to a place, you go there often.
例：'Tell me, Mr Mentakis, was Mrs Savalas one of your regular customers?'...“告诉我，门塔基斯先生，萨瓦拉斯夫人是您的常客吗？”
例：She has become a regular visitor to Houghton Hall.她已经成了霍顿府的常客。
N-COUNT
常客;老顾客;固定成员;正式成员
The regulars at a place or in a team are the people who often go to the place or are often in the team.
例：Regulars at his local pub have set up a fund to help out...经常光顾他的酒吧的人伸出援手成立了一个基金会。
例：I wasn't one of their regulars.我并不是他们的正式成员。
ADJ
经常使用的;固定的
You use regular when referring to the thing, person, time, or place that is usually used by someone. For example, someone's regular place is the place where they usually sit.
例：The man sat at his regular table near the window.这个人坐在他固定的靠窗的位置。
例：...samples from one of their regular suppliers.他们的一个固定供货商提供的样品
ADJ-GRADED
（声音或动作）规律的，规则的
A regular rhythm consists of a series of sounds or movements with equal periods of time between them.
例：...a very regular beat...非常规律的节拍
例：He stood in the doorway, listening to her quiet, regular breathing.他站在走道里，听着她那沉静而规律的呼吸声。
ADJ
正常的;常见的;普通的
Regular is used to mean 'normal'.
例：The product looks and burns like a regular cigarette...这种产品看起来和点燃后都与常见的香烟没什么两样。
例：He describes himself as just a regular guy from suburban Chicago.他说自己就是一个从芝加哥郊区来的普通人。
ADJ
(饮品或食物)分量适中的，中份的
In some restaurants, a regular drink or quantity of food is of medium size.
例：...a cheeseburger and regular fries.一个奶酪汉堡和中份薯条
ADJ-GRADED
整齐排列的;（空距）均匀的
A regular pattern or arrangement consists of a series of things with equal spaces between them.
例：...strange small rounded sandy hillocks, that look as if they've been scattered in a regular pattern on the ground.奇怪的圆形小沙丘，看上去好像是被整齐地散放在地上似的
例：...regular rows of wooden huts.整齐的一排排小木屋
ADJ-GRADED
匀称的;对称的
If something has a regular shape, both halves are the same and it has straight edges or a smooth outline.
例：...some regular geometrical shape.一些对称的几何图形
ADJ
（军队）常规的，常备的
Regular troops are professional soldiers who are a permanent part of an official national army.
例：Most schemes attempt to reduce the cost of defence through a smaller regular army...大多数方案都试图通过缩减常备军的规模来降低国防支出。
例：Only about a third of the reinforcements will be regular troops.增援部队中仅有约1/3是常备军。
ADJ
(语法中)按规则变化的，规则的
In grammar, a regular verb, noun, or adjective inflects in the same way as most verbs, nouns, or adjectives in the language.
regularly, often, usually, repeatedly, always, frequently
这些副词均表示频度。
regularly: 用于修饰经常而有规律性的动作。
often: 经常，语气弱于always,侧重动作发生的次数具有经常性，具体时间意味不强。
usually: 通常，通例地，指习惯性动作，频度仅次于always，较often大，偶尔有间隔。
repeatedly: 屡次，强调次数多，但反复的频率不一定均匀。
always: 总是，永远。语气最强，指在一切时候，没有例外。
frequently: 时常，经常，与often同义，可通用，但较正式，强调次数频繁。
adv. 定期地；有规律地；整齐地；匀称地
 - periodically, termly

Word: working
Front: working
[ˈwɜ:kɪŋ] (雅 2819/1556 -K5)
Back: adj. （涉及）工作的; （人）有工作的; （时间）用于工作上的; （想法等）可作为基础的
v. （使）工作( work的现在分词); （使）运作; 运转; （使）产生效果
n. 工作; 活动; 制作; 操纵
分布：工作上的(21%)，劳动的(12%)，矿(12%)，初步的(10%)，暂定的(10%)，作业区(10%)，基本够用的(10%)，做工作的(5%)，起作用的(5%)，工作方法.(5%)
US ['wɝ:-] adjective [before noun]
JOB 工作
 IMPROVER
■relating to work 工作的
• a 37-hour working week 一周工作37小时
• Working conditions/practices in the mill have hardly changed over the last twenty years. 过去20年来，这家磨坊的工作条件／方式几乎没有改变。
• She has a difficult working relationship with many of her staff. 她与很多员工的工作关系都不好。
 IMPROVER
■having work 有工作的
• These tax changes will affect 90% of the working population. 这些税收的变化将会影响到90%的工作人口。
UK ['wɜ:.kɪŋ] US ['wɝ:-] adjective [before noun]
MACHINE 机器
 IMPROVER
■operating 运行着的
• It has taken about five years to restore the aircraft to (full) working condition/order. 大约花了五年时间才令这架飞机完全恢复正常运作。
 IMPROVER
■describes the parts of a machine which move and make it work （零件）运作的
• It is essential that all working components are properly lubricated. 给所有运作部件适时上润滑油是非常重要的。
UK ['wɜ:.kɪŋ] US ['wɝ:-] adjective [before noun]
USEFUL 有用的
■describes a plan, idea or knowledge that is not complete but is good enough to be useful 初步的；暂定的，基本够用的
• We have a working theory/hypothesis about what caused the crash, which we shall test. 我们有了一个关于坠机原因的初步设想／假设，还待进一步验证。
• She's fluent in French and English and has a working knowledge of Spanish. 她法语和英语说得都很流利，西班牙语也能应付。
adj. 工作的；操作的；可行的
 - operational, feasible, handling
n. 工作；活动；制作；操纵
 - activity, movement, job, pursuit, management
v. 工作；影响；受雇用（work的ing形式）
 - influencing, affecting

Word: singer
Front: singer
[ˈsɪŋə(r)] (高四六 2823/3552 -K3)
Back: n. 歌手; 歌唱家; 诗人; 鸣禽
分布：歌手(96%)，鸣禽(2%)，烧毛机(1%)，烧毛工(1%)
→sing,歌唱，-er,人。
歌唱家(sing唱歌)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who sings 歌唱家，歌手
• Kiri Te Kanawa is a famous singer from New Zealand. 基丽‧特‧卡娜瓦是来自纽西兰的著名歌唱家。
n. 歌手，歌唱家
 - vocalist, chansonnier

Word: evolve
Front: evolve
[iˈvɒlv] (研四六托宝 2821/3445 -2)
Vocabulary: evolve
(once / 188 pages)
v
When something evolves, it changes, or develops over time, like your taste in music and clothes, which evolve as you get older.
Evolve comes from the Latin word ēvolvere, "to unroll," the perfect image to keep in mind when thinking of this verb. When something is unrolling or unraveling, it is doing so gradually, not all at once. Evolve describes a development that is taking its time to reach its final destination. Think change with a speed limit. Your taste in music evolved from the nursery rhymes you loved as a little kid to whatever you like today. Even places can evolve, like the old-fashioned coffee shops that evolved into Internet cafes as people began to bring their laptops with them.
WORD FAMILY
evolve: evolution, evolved, evolves, evolving+/ evolution: evolutionary, evolutionism, evolutions, microevolution/ evolutionary: evolutionarily/evolutionism: evolutionist / evolutionist: evolutionists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The league continues to evolve, with the passing game becoming more dominant.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We are committed to listening to our community and evolving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The broadcaster commissioned British photographer Martin Parr to "capture an evolving portrait of modern Britain in all its diversity" for 2017.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使发展; 使进化; 设计，制订出; 发出，散发
vi. 发展; [生]通过进化进程发展或发生
时态：evolved, evolving, evolves
分布：进化(100%)
→e-, 向外。-vov, 卷，词源同volume, voluble. 后用于进化义，并通过达尔文的使用使该词广泛传播。
发展,进化(e出+volv+e→转出来→发展,进化)[vol,volv,volt=roll,turn,表示"卷,转"]
v.(使)发展;(使)进化;(使)进展Man has evolved from the ape.人是从类人猿进化来的.
【记】e出，volve卷，转－转出来－发展；进化
【参】evolution（n 发展；演化）
US [-'vɑ:lv] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually （使）逐步发展；（使）逐步演变；（使）逐渐形成；（使）进化
• Humans evolved from apes. 人类是由猿进化而来的。
• The company has evolved over the years into a multi-million dollar organization. 这间公司在几年内逐步发展成为一间拥有几百万美元资产的大企业。
• Bacteria are evolving resistance to antibiotics. 细菌正逐渐对抗生素产生抵抗力。
revolve, involve, evolve
revolve: v.旋转，转动。
 • The room began to revolve , then he fainted.   屋子开始旋转，然后他就昏倒了。
involve: v.需要，包含；使卷入，牵涉。
 • Getting a driver's licence involves learning how to drive, studying the rules of the road, and taking a test.   要得到驾驶执照需要学习开车，学习交通规则，还要经过考试。
evolve: v.发展，演变。
 • Agriculture evolved slowly over thousands of years.   几千年来，农业发展得很缓慢。
vt. 发展，进化；进化；使逐步形成；推断出
 - go way, to develop
vi. 发展，进展；进化；逐步形成
 - grow, expand, advance

Word: shooting
Front: shooting
[ˈʃu:tɪŋ] (高 2822/4728 -K2)
Back: n. 射击，发出; 投篮; 摄影; 射杀，枪杀
v. shoot的现在分词
分布：射击(89%)，发射(9%)，猎场(1%)，动词shoot的现在分词.(1%)
US [-tˌɪŋ] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when bullets are shot from guns or other weapons 发射；射击；开枪；开火
• We heard some shooting in the night. 夜里我们听到了一些枪声。
 ADVANCED countable
■when someone is injured or killed by a bullet shot from a gun 枪杀事件，枪击事件
• There have been a number of shootings in the capital this week. 本周首都发生了几次枪击事件。
uncountable
■the sport of shooting animals or birds 狩猎，打猎
• pheasant/grouse shooting 打野鸡／松鸡
• He goes shooting most weekends. 大多数周末他都去打猎。
n. 射击；打猎；摄影；射门
 - photography, hunting
v. 射击（shoot的ing形式）
 - shotting

Word: partly
Front: partly
[ˈpɑ:tli] (高研四六 2824/1638 -K3)
Back: adv. 在一定程度上; 部分地; 不完全地; 半
分布：部分地(44%)，在一定程度上(31%)，不完全地(25%)
ad.部分地,不完全地,在一定程度上Apart from that apartment, the departed department leader was partly partial to this one.除了那套公寓外,已故系领导还有点偏爱这一套.
US ['pɑ:rt-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■to some extent, but not completely 某种程度上
• His attractiveness is partly due to his self-confidence. 他的魅力部分源于他的自信。
• The house is partly owned by her father. 她父亲拥有这幢房子的部分产权。
adv. 部分地；在一定程度上
 - half

Word: unknown
Front: unknown
[ˌʌnˈnəʊn] (高四六 2825/2087 -K3)
Back: adj. 未知的; 不出名的; 从未发生的; 从不存在的
n. 不知名或不出名的人; 未知的事物; <数>未知数; 未知数
分布：未知的(91%)，不出名的(9%)
US [-'noʊn] adjective
 IMPROVER
■not known or familiar 未知的；不知名的；不了解的；不熟悉的
• The exact number of people carrying the virus is unknown. 携带病毒的准确人数还不清楚。
• As recently as six months ago her name was almost unknown in Britain. 就在六个月前，她的名字在英国还几乎无人知晓。
• Unknown to me, she'd organized a party for my birthday. 她为我筹划了生日派对，我却还蒙在鼓里。
UK [ʌn'nəʊn] US [-'noʊn] noun
only singular
■what is not familiar or known 陌生事物；未知事物
• Racism is in some ways just a fear of the unknown. 在某些意义上，种族主义只是一种对未知事物的恐惧罢了。
countable
■a person, especially a performer or sports player, who is not famous 无名小卒，无名之辈（尤指不知名的演员或运动员）
• For her latest film she deliberately chose a cast of unknowns. 在新拍影片中，她特意挑了一批不知名的演员。
countable mainly US
■something that cannot be guessed at or calculated because so little is known about it 不明情况；未知因素
• It's the big unknowns that make insurance companies uneasy. 令保险公司担心的是无法预测的重大事件。
adj. [数] 未知的；陌生的，默默无闻的
 - strange, sealed
n. [数] 未知数；未知的事物，默默无闻的人
 - XYZ, pronumeral

Word: offense
Front: offense
[əˈfens] (2828/42743)
Vocabulary: offense
(once / 426 pages)
1n 2n 3n
The part of a team that tries to score points is called the offense. If you play forward on a soccer team, you are on offense.
If you offend someone — that is you cause them to be upset because of your actions or words — then you may need to apologize for the offense. After all, you meant no offense when you said that disco was dead. How were you to know the guy still loved the '70s? In the eyes of the law, an offense is a crime.
WORD FAMILY
offense: offenseless, offenses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Their offense is rated in the top 10, and their defense in the top two, per NBA.com.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But Manning and the offense are an issue.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We held this team to 101 points on their home floor, and I thought our offense in that third quarter was the difference.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 进攻; （球队的）前锋; 进攻方法; 攻势
分布：进攻(59%)，犯罪(21%)，冒犯(13%)，过错(4%)，触怒(2%)，犯规(1%)
→来自offend,进攻，冒犯，-s,过去分词后缀，此处做名词使用。引申词义前锋。
noun
countable or uncountable US spelling of
■ offence offence 的美式拼法
[ə'fents] noun
uncountable US
■the part of a game such as American football that involves trying to score points, or the players who try to score points （美式橄榄球等运动中的）进攻，锋线队员
n. 犯罪，过错；进攻；触怒；引起反感的事物
 - crime, guilt

Word: counter
Front: counter
[ˈkaʊntə(r)] (高研四六雅 2830/3493 -K3)
Vocabulary: counter
(once / 104 pages)
1n 2n 3vnadjadv 4n
A counter is a surface used for making transactions in a store or in a home kitchen for preparing food. In a store, you pay for items at the counter.
When counter is a verb, it means "to speak up in opposition," like when you counter your opponent's argument in a debate. When something conflicts, you can say it "runs counter to," like a fancy car that runs counter to your philosophy of living simply. You can think of this meaning as "in the opposite direction," like "counter-clockwise," meaning the direction that's opposite of clockwise.
WORD FAMILY
counter: countered, countering, counters, encounter +/ count: countable, counted, counter, counting, countless, counts, miscount, recount /counted: uncounted/counting: countings/ countless: countlessly, countlessness/ encounter: encountered, encountering, encounters/miscount: miscounted, miscounting, miscounts/ recount: recounted, recounting, recounts/recounting: recountings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In a 2006 interview, Brewer said there was no way to counter the attacks.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The problem, such companies say, is that regulations on the use of drones - and about countering them - are still in their infancy.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
With reports of rising incidents of Islamophobia and anti-Semitism during the 2016 campaign, activists will need to ramp up their efforts to counter bigotry.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 柜台; 对立面; 计数器; （某些棋盘游戏的）筹码
adj. 相反的
vt. 反击，还击; 反向移动，对着干; 反驳，回答
vi. 逆向移动，对着干; 反驳
adv. 反方向地; 背道而驰地
时态：countered, countering, counters
分布：柜台(48%)，计数器(27%)，反击(9%)，反对(7%)，反驳(4%)，相反的(2%)，筹码(2%)，与…相反地(1%)
→来自count, 数，结帐。
n.柜台;计数器a./ad.相反(的)v.反对,反击The county councilor encountered the accountant at the counter of a countryside shop.县委委员在一乡村商店的柜台边碰到了会计师.
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
SURFACE 表面
 ADVANCED
■a long flat narrow surface or table in a shop, bank, restaurant, etc. at which people are served 柜枱
• There was nobody behind/on the counter when I went into the bank, and I had to wait to be served. 我进银行时柜枱后没人，我只得等候有人出来服务。
• You will find sausages on the meat counter/rolls on the bread counter. 你会在肉柜枱找到香肠／在面包柜枱找到面包卷。
■mainly US
■a worktop (= flat surface in a kitchen, on which food can be prepared) （厨房）操作枱，料理枱
• We stacked the dirty plates on the kitchen counter. 我们把脏碟子堆放在厨房的料理枱上。
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
OBJECT 物体 (US also piece)
■a small object used to mark someone's place in some games played on boards 筹码
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
NUMBER 数位
■a person or machine that counts 计数的人；计数器，计算器
⇒ See also Geiger counter
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
over the counter
■Drugs that are bought over the counter are bought in a shop without first visiting a doctor （买药）不用处方，在药店购买
• You can buy most cold remedies over the counter. 大多数感冒药不用处方就能买到。
• over-the-counter medicines 非处方药
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
under the counter
■Things bought under the counter are bought secretly and illegally （购买东西）秘密地，暗地里，非法地
• He'd managed to get cigarettes under the counter. 他暗中搞到了些香烟。
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to react to something with an opposing opinion or action; to defend yourself against something 反驳；反对；对抗
• The Prime Minister countered the opposition's claims about health service cuts by saying that the government had increased spending in this area. 首相反驳了反对党关于社会保健服务开支被削减的说法，称政府已增加了这方面的开支。
• When criticisms were made of the school's performance, the parents' group countered with details of its examination results. 当有人对学校的表现提出批评时，家长会举出具体的考试成绩予以反驳。
• Extra police have been moved into the area to counter the risk of violence. 加派了员警进驻该地区以镇压可能出现的暴力事件。
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] adverb
■in a way that opposes 相反地；对立地
• Bob's decision not to take the job ran counter to his family's expectations. 鲍勃不接受这份工作的决定与其家人的期望相悖。
n. [数] [电子] [核] [计量] 计数器，计算器； [贸易] 柜台；计算者
 - arithmometer, counting machine
adv. 相反地
 - contrary, backward, conversely, inversely
v. 反击；反对
 - Break back, knock back
adj. 相反的
 - contrary, opposite, adverse, cross

Word: DNA
Front: DNA
[.diː en 'eɪ] (2829/2519 -2)
Vocabulary: DNA
(once / 1864 pages)
n
Your DNA is what makes you uniquely you. It's that double helix that your genes are made of. Your DNA accounts for why you resemble your parents and it distinguishes you from your pet frog and from everybody else.
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, sometimes called "the molecule of life," as almost all organisms have their genetic material codified as DNA. Since each person’s DNA is unique, "DNA typing" is a valuable tool in connecting suspects to crime scenes. You can also use the word less scientifically, as in “it’s just not in my DNA to sit through six hours of meetings.”
WORD FAMILY
DNA
USAGE EXAMPLES
Investigators also exhumed Lawless’ body in October 2013 from a Benton cemetery, collecting DNA samples for possible future testing.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The DNA test “helps us understand we’re not all from one special place, which is really peculiar to America,” Devor said.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Court records say a DNA test determined blood at the first home matched Sloe.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: abbr. 脱氧核糖核酸（deoxyribonucleic acid）；（美国）国防部核子局 （Defense Nuclear Agency）
specialized
noun uncountable
■deoxyribonucleic acid: the chemical at the centre of the cells of living things, which controls the structure and purpose of each cell and carries the genetic information during reproduction 去氧核糖核酸

Word: potentially
Front: potentially
[pə'tenʃəlɪ] (2831/3126 -K)
Vocabulary: potentially
(once / 916 pages)
adv
Use the adverb potentially to describe something that could happen or might be true. Your backyard leaf burning project, for example, is potentially dangerous.
When there's a possibility of something occurring or becoming reality, use the word potentially. All babies are potentially geniuses, and you might optimistically watch new TV comedies every fall in the belief that they're potentially funny. In other words, babies might turn out to be brilliant, and TV shows have the possibility of making you laugh out loud. The root word here is potential, from the Latin potentia, "power, might or force."
WORD FAMILY
potential: potentiality, potentially, potentials+/ impotence: impotences/impotency: impotencies/ impotent: impotence, impotency, impotenter, impotently/ potency: potencies, potential, prepotency/ potent: impotent, potency, potenter, potentest, potently/potentiality: potentialities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pneumonia is a serious and potentially fatal disease.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“Potentially, this is worse than anything he did in Watergate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All of Mr. Cohen’s proposals would cost a great deal of money — and, potentially, human lives.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 潜在地; 可能地; <古>强有力地; 权威地
分布：潜在地(100%)
US [poʊ-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■possibly 潜在地；可能地
• Hepatitis is a potentially fatal disease. 肝炎是可能致命的疾病。
• This crisis is potentially the most serious in the organization's history. 这场危机可能是该组织历史上最严重的一次。
adv. 可能地，潜在地
 - possibly

Word: thirty
Front: thirty
[ˈθɜ:ti] (中高 2833/1003 -5)
Back: n. 三十; 三十个; 三十年代; 三十的记号
adj. 三十的，三十个的
num. 三十; 三十个
分布：三十(100%)
→来自 three,三，-ty,十，词源同 ten.
num.三十,三十个(人或物)The crew are thirty in all.全部船员有三十人.
US ['θɝ:.tˌi] number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 30 （数字）30
• twenty, thirty, forty 20，30，40
• She got married when she was thirty (years old). 她三十岁时结婚的。

Word: justify
Front: justify
[ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ] (研四六托雅宝 2834/1959 -K3)
Vocabulary: justify
(once / 118 pages)
1v 2v
To justify is to make excuses for one's actions, like the dieter who has to justify the few tiny pieces of chocolate she's sneaked in between salads.
Anyone who has ever made excuses for his or her actions knows the meaning of justify, like the bank robber who justifies his latest heist by claiming he needs the bank's money to support his charitable foundation. He might think he's got a good reason for holding up the bank, but he's going to have a hard time convincing the bank's owner of his reason, or justification. To justify a line of text is to space it so that it lines up with the margin.
WORD FAMILY
justify: justifiable, justification, justificative, justificatory, justified, justifier, justifies, justifying+/ justifiable: justifiably, unjustifiable/ justification: justifications, self-justification/ justified: justifiedly, unjustified /justifier: justifiers/unjustifiable: unjustifiably/ unjustified: unjustifiedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The findings of the probe form grounds of evidence to justify the interrogation of the prime minister,” its statement said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A district attorney determined the deputies acted in self-defense and ruled the shooting was justified.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition, employers often find it hard to justify crafting jobs, tailoring them for a specific person’s disabilities.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 证明…有理; 为…辩护; 对…作出解释
vi. 整理版面; 证明合法
时态：justified, justifying, justifies
分布：证明 ... 正当(34%)，调整版面(33%)，替 ... 辩护(33%)
→just,合法的，公正的，-fy,使。即使合法，引申词义证明合法，证明有理，辩护等。
v.证明...正当(或有理,正确),为...辩护The just budget judge just justifies the adjustment of justice.公正的预算法官只不过为司法调整辩护而已.
【记】源于：just（adj 正义的；公正的）
【参】justifiable（adj 有理由的）
【反】argue against（反对）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give or to be a good reason for 为…辩护；证明…正当（或有理、正确）；是…的正当理由
• [+ -ing verb] I can't really justify taking another day off work. 我真的找不出理由再多休一天假了。
• Are you sure that these measures are justified? 你确定这些措施合理吗？
justify yourself
 IMPROVER
■If you justify yourself, you give a good reason for what you have done 为自己的行为作解释
• It was the only thing that I could do - I don't have to justify myself to anyone. 这是我唯一能做的——我不必向任何人解释。
warrant, justify
这组词都有“为……提供理由或根据”的意思，其区别是：
warrant: 指有充分的理由或有必要做某事。
justify: 强调所提供的根据或理由不仅会迎合理性还满足了良心，并且含“如果不提供理由辨护就会受到非难”的意味。

Word: protest
Front: protest
[ˈprəʊtest] (研四六托雅宝 2835/2229 -K4)
Vocabulary: protest
(once / 89 pages)
nv
A protest is a formal declaration of objection. If students at your school are fed up with the overly restrictive dress code, they might stage a protest. Washington, D.C. is often the site of political protests.
Protest is both a noun and a verb. You've probably seen news about protests, because people all over the world organize them when they need to get a message across urgently. A protest doesn't have to be on the world scale, however. You might protest against eating frozen pizza for the third night in a row, and you've certainly seen a little kid protest against going to bed. When protest is political, it's also known as dissent.
WORD FAMILY
protest: protestant, protestation, protested, protester, protesting, protests+/ protestant: protestantly/protestation: protestations/protester: protesters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Okay, so here’s my question: When did civility become incompatible with protest?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
That is a clear reference, I believe, to our response to the protests at Israel Fest last year.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
These aren’t your typical protests but are our young democracy’s natural response to an urgent existential threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 抗议; 反对; 申明
时态：protested, protesting, protests
分布：抗议(84%)，反对(12%)，断言(3%)，申明(1%)
→来自拉丁语protestari,公开声明，见证，证实，来自pro-,向前，testari,证实，见证，词源同attest,testament.因通常用于指证实不好的东西，后引申词义抗议，反对。
抗议;坚决声明(pro在前面+test→向前作证→抗议)[test=test,tuitness,表示"测试,证据"]
v./n.主张,断言,抗议,反对The pretty priest protested the contest of protein test.漂亮牧师抗议蛋白质化验赛.
【记】pro前，test检验，测验－提前检验－突然提前高考－抗议！！！
US [proʊˈtest]
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a strong complaint expressing disagreement, disapproval or opposition 抗议；反对
• Protests have been made/registered by many people who would be affected by the proposed changes. 许多将因拟议改变而受到影响的人举行了抗议活动。
• A formal protest was made by the German team about their disqualification from the relay final. 德国队对他们被取消接力决赛资格一事提出了正式抗议。
• Conservation groups have united in protest against the planned new road. 环境保育组织联合起来，抗议计划建造的新公路。
 ADVANCED countable
■an occasion when people show that they disagree with something by standing somewhere, shouting, carrying signs, etc 抗议活动；抗议游行
• a public protest against the war 反战的公开抗议活动
• a peaceful/violent protest 和平／暴力的抗议活动
under protest
■If something is done under protest, it is done unwillingly 不情愿地
• I only went to the meeting under protest. 我去开会是心不甘情不愿的。
verb intransitive or transitive UK [prəˈtest] US [ˈproʊ.test]
 IMPROVER
■to show that you disagree with something by standing somewhere, shouting, carrying signs, etc 抗议；反对
• A big crowd of demonstrators were protesting against cuts in health spending. 一大群示威者在抗议缩减医疗保健费用。
• US Outside, a group of students were protesting research cuts. 外面有一群学生在抗议缩减研究经费。
 IMPROVER
■to say something forcefully or complain about something 声言，断言；控诉；抗议
• A lot of people protested about the new working hours. 许多人对新的工作时间表示抗议。
• They protested bitterly to their employers, but to no avail. 他们向老板表达强烈抗议，但一点用也没有。
• [+ that] A young girl was crying, protesting that she didn't want to leave her mother. 一个小女孩哭闹着，不想跟妈妈分开。
• All through the trial he protested his innocence (= strongly said he was not guilty). 在整个审判期间，他都坚持自己是清白的。
verb intransitive or transitive UK [prəˈtest] US [ˈproʊ.test]
protest too much
■to express an opinion or state a fact so strongly or so often that people start to doubt that you are telling the truth 说得过多反而不可信
• She keeps trying to impress on me how she doesn't fancy him but does she protest too much? 她不停地试图让我觉得她不喜欢他，但她是不是做得太过火了呢？
refuse, reject, deny, decline, protest, object
refuse: 拒绝，回绝，不肯，不愿
reject: 拒绝接受，抛弃，抵制
deny: 否认，否定
decline: 谢绝，decline sth
protest: 抗议，反对，protest about/against/at sth
object: 不赞成，抗议，object to sb/sth
protest, object, suggest, advice
protest: 对……提出异议
object: 反对
suggest: 建议，提出，表明 隐含提出在某种情况下能够实现的事，提出某事来讨论
advice: 建议 商量，希望得到别人建议的个人事情，劝告，提意见，可劝人为善或为恶
 • 1647
protest, resist, object, oppose
这组词都有“反对”的意思，其区别是：
protest: 一般指通过言语或文字或行为表示出的强烈抗议、反对。
resist: 指用力量或意志抵抗、制止对方的入侵或诱惑、影响等。
object: 多指因厌恶或反感而反对，但不一定明显地表露出来。
oppose: 普通用词，含义广，语气强于object。多指反对一些较重大的事，隐含其正当性。
vi. 抗议；断言
 - exclaim at, take exception to
vt. 抗议；断言
 - declare, aver
n. 抗议
 - obtestation, remonstrance

Word: crash
Front: crash
[kræʃ] (高研四六托雅 2837/3197 -K4)
Vocabulary: crash
(once / 192 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4v 5v
Boom! Bam! Pow! A crash is when two things collide, or smash, into each other. Crash and smash have similar meanings and sounds.
You can start to worry when you hear the word crash. Many people die in car and airplane crashes every year. Other crashes are less physical yet just as bad. In a stock-market crash, a lot of people lose a lot of money. You can also use crash as a verb. You'd better not crash your bike into the coffee shop window! If your computer crashes, you will probably lose all the data in it.
WORD FAMILY
crash: crashed, crasher, crashes, crashing+/crasher: crashers/crashing: crashingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The report says the seventh vehicle in line - a tractor-trailer - did not stop and crashed into White’s vehicle, which created the massive pileup.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dearborn police say the crash that started in Detroit remains under investigation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say he crashed after trying to ram a sheriff’s vehicle early Jan. 1.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 碰撞; 使发出巨响; 暴跌; 睡觉
n. 碰撞; 碰撞声; 暴跌; 崩溃
adj. 应急的; 速成的
时态：crashed, crashing, crashes
分布：崩溃(48%)，坠毁(23%)，撞击(10%)，破产(7%)，暴跌(3%)，垮台(3%)，轰隆声(2%)，猛撞(1%)，粗布(1%)，速成的(1%)，发出巨响(1%)
→拟声词，模仿碰撞的声音，比较crack,clash.
v./n.碰撞,坠落,摔坏n.失败,瓦解;爆裂声The ashtray, splashed with ash, crashed with a clash in a flash while being washed.那个溅有灰尘的烟灰盘在清洗时咣当一声一下子摔碎了.
verb
ACCIDENT 事故
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to have an accident, especially one which damages a vehicle 撞（车）；撞毁，撞坏；坠毁
• We skidded on the ice and crashed (into another car). 我们在冰上打滑撞了（另一辆）车。
• The plane crashed into a mountainside. 飞机撞到了山坡上。
• Her brother borrowed her motorbike and crashed it. 她弟弟借用她的摩托车，结果给撞坏了。
[kræʃ] verb
MAKE A NOISE 发出声响
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to hit something, often making a loud noise or causing damage （使）猛撞（常发出巨大声响或造成破坏）
• We could hear waves crashing on/against the shore. 我们能听到海浪哗哗地拍打着海岸。
• Suddenly, cymbals crashed and the orchestra began playing. 突然，铙钹声砰然响起，乐队开始了演奏。
• A dog came crashing through the bushes. 狗嗖的一声蹿过灌木丛。
• Without warning, the tree crashed through the roof. 在毫无前兆的情况下，那棵树轰隆一下子压塌了屋顶。
[kræʃ] verb
FAIL 失败
intransitive
■If something such as a business crashes, it suddenly fails or becomes unsuccessful （公司等）垮枱，破产，崩溃，崩盘
• Investors were seriously worried when the stock market began to crash. 股市开始狂跌，投资者们人心惶惶。
intransitive
■If a computer or system crashes, it suddenly stops operating （电脑或系统）瘫痪，死机
• My laptop's crashed again. 我的笔记型电脑又死机了。
[kræʃ] verb
SLEEP 睡觉
intransitive informal
■to sleep at someone else's house for the night, especially when you have not planned it （尤指事先无计划而留在别人家里）过夜，睡觉
• They crashed on my floor after the party. 派对后他们在我家打了地铺。
[kræʃ] verb
ENTER WITHOUT PERMISSION 未经允许进入
transitive informal
■to go to a party or other event without an invitation （未经邀请）擅自闯入（派对等）
• We tried to crash the party, but the bouncers wouldn't let us in. 我们想闯进去参加派对，可是保安拦住了我们。
⇒ See also gatecrash
[kræʃ] verb
crash and burn informal
■to fail very suddenly, obviously and completely 彻底失败；一下子倒闭；遭遇惨败
• In this business, new products often crash and burn. 在这一行，新产品常常会一败涂地。
[kræʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  crash out informal
SLEEP
■to go to sleep very quickly because you are very tired （因非常劳累而）很快入睡
• I just want to go home and crash out. 我只想回家倒头就睡。
LOSE UK
■to lose in a sports competition when you were expected to win （在比赛中）被淘汰出局
• He crashed out of the French Open in the second round. 他在法国公开赛第二轮比赛中被淘汰出局。
[kræʃ] noun countable
ACCIDENT 事故
 IMPROVER
■an accident, especially one which damages a vehicle 撞车事故；失事
• a car crash 撞车事故
• She had a crash on the way to work. 她在上班路上撞车了。
• They were only slightly injured in the crash. 他们在撞车事故中只受了点轻伤。
[kræʃ] noun countable
NOISE 声响
■a sudden loud noise made when something breaks or falls （物体破裂或掉落时发出的）哢嚓声，哗啦声
• I heard a loud crash in the kitchen. 我听见厨房里哗啦一声巨响。
• The vase landed on the floor with a crash. 花瓶砰的一声掉在了地板上。
[kræʃ] noun countable
FAILURE 失败
■when the value of a country's businesses suddenly falls by a large amount 狂跌；倒闭，破产
• They lost a lot of money in the Stock Market crash. 股市暴跌让他们损失了很多钱。
■when a computer or system suddenly stops operating （电脑或系统的）突然瘫痪，死机
• a computer crash 电脑瘫痪
[kræʃ] adjective [before noun] informal
■quick and complete, or short and difficult 迅速全面的；速成的；应急的
• The company undertook a crash program of machine replacement. 公司采取了更换机器的应急方案。
⇒ See also crash course
grind, crush, crack, smash, clash, crash
grind: 磨碎
crush: 压碎，压坏；
crack: 破裂；
smash: 打碎；
clash: 着重声音；
crash: 着重破坏
n. 碰撞；崩溃；坠落
 - collision, precipitation, impact
vt. 坠落；破碎；撞碎
 - fall of, fall to pieces
vi. 碰撞； [航] 坠毁；闯；突然倒台
 - hit, impact on
adj. 速成的
 - quickie

Word: craft
Front: craft
[krɑ:ft] (研四六托雅宝 2839/3022 -K3)
Vocabulary: craft
(once / 172 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
If someone practices a craft, it means that she knows how to make something with her hands, like wooden furniture or hand-knit socks.
There are many different meanings of the word craft, but most of them involve skill, whether it's the craft of cheese making or crafting tiny dollhouse furniture or being crafty — good at fooling people. Another meaning of the noun craft is "vehicle," especially a boat or an airplane. The Old English root word, cræft, originally meant "power or physical strength."
WORD FAMILY
craft: crafted, crafter, crafting, crafts, crafty +/crafter: crafters/ crafty: craftier, craftiest, craftily, craftiness, craftyly
USAGE EXAMPLES
These days, such deliberately crafted products are simply too costly to compete for a mass market.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Shining a laser pointer at an occupied air craft is now a misdemeanor offense.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A lot of intricate craft pieces, artwork, paintings.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 手艺; 诡计; 飞行器; 船
vt. 手工制作; 精巧地制作
时态：crafted, crafting, crafts
分布：工艺(74%)，手艺(16%)，手工制作(3%)，精心制作(2%)，行会成员(2%)，狡诈(1%)，船舶(1%)，航空器(1%)
→原义为力量，强健，词源同hard, democracy. 现词义主要为工艺，技术，来自sker, 弯，转，编织，词源同cradle, crib. 比较texture, technology.
n.工艺,手艺,技巧;飞机,飞船Craft of all kinds come into this port.各种船只进入这个港口.
【参】craftsman（n 工匠；艺术家）
US [kræft] noun
SKILL 技术
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable (plural crafts)
■(a job or activity needing) skill and experience, especially in relation to making objects （尤指制作东西的）工艺，手艺；技术
• the craft of furniture making/boat building/glass blowing 家俱制作／造船／玻璃吹制工艺
• political/literary craft 政治手腕／文学手法
• rural/ancient/traditional crafts 乡村的／古老的／传统的手艺
• craft workers (= skilled workers) 熟练工人，工匠
UK [krɑ:ft] US [kræft] noun
VEHICLE 交通工具
countable (plural craft)
■a vehicle for travelling on water or through the air 船，艇；飞行器，航空器
• naval/civilian/patrol/rescue craft 军舰／民用船／巡逻艇／救生艇
• Eighteen craft (= boats) set out in the race. 比赛出发时有18艘船。
⇒ See also aircraft;hovercraft;spacecraft
UK [krɑ:ft] US [kræft] verb transitive often passive
■to make objects, especially in a skilled way （运用技巧）制作某物
• These bracelets were crafted by native Americans. 这些手镯是美洲印第安人制作的。
• a beautifully crafted silver brooch 做工精美的银质胸针
craft, vessel, ship, canoe, steamer, boat
这组词都有“船”的意思，其区别是：
craft: 船只的集合名词，但可指单独的船只。
vessel: 多指运货或运人的大船。
ship: 含义广，一般指大轮船，如航海船只，内河航运船只。
canoe: 指长而轻，用桨的小舟、独木船。
steamer: 指靠蒸汽发动机为动力的船只。
boat: 泛指任何大小的船只，尤指靠划桨或风帆行进的无篷小船。
craft, skill, art
这组词都有“技艺、技巧”的意思，其区别是：
craft: 和art同义，指手脚灵巧，有技术和技能。
skill: 语气较强，指某人具有专门知识，精通业务，而且经验丰富又很熟悉。
art: 最普通用词，侧重指某人完成某项工作的能力或操作技巧。
n. 工艺；手艺；太空船
 - technology, hand, ship, workmanship

Word: treaty
Front: treaty
[ˈtri:ti] (研四六雅宝 2836/1659 -4)
Vocabulary: treaty
(once / 111 pages)
n
When a war ends, often two countries will sign a treaty, which is a contract where both sides agree to behave a certain way. Treaties are used for many reasons, like creating alliances or preventing nuclear weapons from being built.
The Latin root of treaty is tractare, which means “handle.” When two nations sign a treaty, they decide to handle things according to rules defined in their agreement. However, treaties are not always permanent, and can be broken if one side changes their mind. When white Europeans were settling in the United States, they made many treaties with Native Americans, and every single treaty was eventually broken, some even less than a day later.
WORD FAMILY
treaty: entreaty, treaties+/ entreaty: entreaties
USAGE EXAMPLES
It rapidly became the source of conventional left-liberal wisdom on the treaty.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Just days later, China and Canada agreed to discuss a landmark free trade deal and an extradition treaty.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Even when the U.S. ratifies treaties, the government often adds a caveat that excludes protection of some basic rights.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 条约; 协议，协商; 谈判
分布：条约(91%)，协定(9%)
→treat,对待，处理，-y,名词后缀。引申词义条约，协定。
条约;约定(treat+y→作出处理的文件→条约)[treat=handle,表示"处理"]
n.条约,协议,协商In the theater I threatened to treat the treaty with retreat.在剧院里,我威胁要以退却来对待条约.
【记】treat（v 对待；处理；谈判），y－做出处理的文件－条约
US [-tˌi] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a written agreement between two or more countries formally approved and signed by their leaders 条约；协定
• a peace treaty 和平条约
• the treaty on European union 欧盟的条约
• [+ to infinitive] We've signed/concluded a treaty with neighbouring states to limit emissions of harmful gases. 我们和几个邻国签署／缔结了限制有害气体排放的条约。
agreement, contract, treaty, convention, bargain, understanding, accord
这些名词均含“协定，协议，契约，合同”之意。
agreement: 普通用词，含义最确定，泛指个人、团体或国家之间取得一致而达成的任何协议、协定或合同、契约等，可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。
contract: 侧重指双方或多方订立的具有法律效力的正式的书面合同或契约。
treaty: 指国家之间经外交谈判后依照国际法签订的正式条约。
convention: 比treaty更专门化，但不及treaty正式。也可指国家之间就有关事情签订的条约。
bargain: 通常指商业交往中的购销合同。
understanding: 指不具约束力的非正式的协议。
accord: 多指国际间的非正式协议。
n. [法] 条约，协议；谈判
 - agreement, protocol, negotiation, understanding, accord

Word: terrorist
Front: terrorist
[ˈterərɪst] (六 2841/4396 -3)
Vocabulary: terrorist
(once / 562 pages)
n
Someone who uses violence, mayhem, and destruction — or the threat of those things — to coerce people or countries into taking a certain action is a terrorist. A terrorist may be motivated by religious fervor, politics, or just plain old-fashioned greed.
Terrorist has at its root the word "terror," which comes from the Latin word terrorem, meaning great fear. Great fear is exactly what terrorists hope to create so they can manipulate the situation to their benefit. The label terrorist is a subjective one. To the British, the American colonists who destroyed shiploads of tea in Boston Harbor in 1773 were terrorists. To colonists, they were patriots and heroes.
WORD FAMILY
terrorist: terrorists+/ terrified: terrifiedly/ terrify: terrified, terrifies, terrifying/terrifying: terrifyingly/ terror: counterterror, terrify, terrorise, terrorism, terrorize, terrors/terrorise: terrorisation, terrorised, terrorises, terrorising/ terrorism: terrorist / terrorize: terrorization, terrorized, terrorizes, terrorizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Palestinian leaders are “naming public squares, streets and schools after terrorists.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In all there were several dozen serious terrorist attacks in Turkey in 2016, often targeting the police and army but just as often hitting civilians.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
So she tipped off the terrorists, ensuring everyone died and her secret would never be discovered.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 恐怖主义者，恐怖分子，恐怖分子
adj. 恐怖主义的
分布：恐怖分子(93%)，恐怖主义的(7%)
→来自 terror,恐惧，惊恐，-ist,人。
恐怖分子(terror恐怖+ist+sit表示人)[terr=frighten表示"恐,怕"]
US [-ɚ.ɪst] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who uses violent action, or threats of violent action, for political purposes 恐怖分子（为政治目的采取暴力行动或威胁采取暴力行动的人）
• Several terrorists have been killed by their own bombs. 有几个恐怖分子自己也被炸弹炸死了。
• There has been an increase in terrorist attacks. 恐怖袭击事件有所增多。
• The government has said that it will not be intimidated by terrorist threats. 政府已宣称决不会被恐怖分子的威胁吓倒。

Word: insight
Front: insight
[ˈɪnsaɪt] (研四六托雅 2840/3302 -2)
Vocabulary: insight
(once / 487 pages)
n
When you have an insight, you have a feeling or emotion or thought that helps you to know something essential about a person or thing.
Insight isn't based on hard facts or evidence. And it doesn't have anything to do with using your senses such as sight or smell. When you gain insight, you are using your intuition, or sixth sense. Insight is formed from the prefix in- plus the English word sight, so this word literally means seeing inward.
WORD FAMILY
insight: insightful, insights+/ insightful: insightfully, insightfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The author shows great insight plumbing Karen’s constant need for approval.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
As group president, Mr. Jain will, in effect, become a partner to Mr. Lutnick, helping him oversee Cantor’s various businesses and, crucially, providing strategic insights.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At a Guardian event last June in which he debated with rivals for the secretary general job, he said her psychoanalytical insights were highly valuable.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 洞察力，洞悉; 直觉，眼光; 领悟; 顿悟
分布：洞察力(82%)，见识(16%)，深刻的理解(2%)
→in-,进入，使，sight,看，视力。引申词义洞悉，洞察力。
洞察力(in进入+sight→眼光看进去→洞察力)[sight=vision,表示"眼光"]
n.洞察力,见识The enlightened man highlighted his mighty insight into the fright.开明的人强调他的强大的对惊悸了解.
【记】in里面，sight（n 视觉；眼光）－眼光看进事物里面－洞察力
【参】insightful（adj 富有洞察力的；有深刻见解的）
【反】discernment（n 识别力；洞察力）－1ack of insight（缺乏洞察力）
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■(the ability to have) a clear, deep and sometimes sudden understanding of a complicated problem or situation 洞察力；深刻见解
• It was an interesting book, full of fascinating insights into human relationships. 这是一本有趣的书，充满了对人际关系独到的见解。
n. 洞察力；洞悉
 - perception, penetration

Word: possess
Front: possess
[pəˈzes] (高研四六托 2842/2129 -K2)
Vocabulary: possess
(once / 29 pages)
1v 2v
To possess something is to have or own it. You can possess a physical object, you can possess a particular quality or skill, or you can possess control or influence over someone.
Related words are possessive (describing those who hold onto people or things in a controlling way), and possessed, as in a person being possessed by an idea or even by a demon. This verb is from Middle French possesser "to own," from Latin possidēre, from potis "able, having the power" plus sedēre "to sit."
WORD FAMILY
possess: dispossess, possessed, possesses, possessing, possession, possessive, possessor, prepossess, repossess+/dispossess: dispossessed, dispossesses, dispossessing, dispossession/dispossession: dispossessions/ possessed: possessedly, self-possessed/ possession: possessions, self-possession/ possessive: possessively, possessiveness, possessives/possessor: possessors/prepossess: prepossessed, prepossesses, prepossessing, prepossession /prepossessing: prepossessingly, unprepossessing / prepossession: prepossessions/repossess: repossessed, repossesses, repossessing, repossession/repossession: repossessions/ unprepossessing: unprepossessingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the Browns also possess the first-round choice of the Eagles, projected to be 12th overall, thanks to the Carson Wentz trade.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Yet we possess this ever-prevalent drive to call some people or situations or scenarios normal—and others not.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
From the exterior, the building possesses none of Prince’s flash.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 拥有; 掌握，懂得; 主宰; 缠住，迷住
时态：possessed, possessing, possesses
分布：拥有(88%)，持有(10%)，支配(2%)
→来自古法语possesser,拥有，所有，使占有，来自拉丁语possidere,拥有，所有，-ss,过去分词格，来自posse,使能够，有权力，sidere,坐下，词源同sit,session.引申词义着魔，鬼神附体。
v.占有,拥有He possesses two cars.他有两辆汽车.
verb transitive
OWN 拥有
 IMPROVER
■to have or own something, or to have a particular quality 拥有；具有
• I don't possess a single DVD (= I don't have even one DVD). 我一张DVD光碟都没有。
• In the past the root of this plant was thought to possess magical powers. 过去这种植物的根被认为具有神奇的力量。
[pə'zes] verb transitive
CONTROL 控制
■(of a wish or an idea) to take control over a person's mind, making that person behave in a very strange way （欲望或想法）影响，控制，支配
• [+ to infinitive] Whatever possessed him to wear that appalling jacket! 他中了甚么邪竟穿了那件怪异的夹克！
have, hold, possess, own, enjoy, keep
这组词都有“有，具有，持有”的意思，其区别是：
have: 最常用词，可指任何情况下的具有，无论是物质的或精神的。
hold: 指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。
possess: 较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。
own: 不及本组的possess正式，多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。
enjoy: 指享有某种权利或长处，带有欣赏或喜爱的情感。
keep: 指长时间地保有，保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。
vt. 控制；使掌握；持有；迷住
 - contain, regulate, bit, bottle, manage

Word: politically
Front: politically
[pəˈlɪtɪkli] (2838/4008 -K)
Back: adv. 政治地，政党地
分布：政治上地(100%)
ADJ
政治的；政治上的
Political means relating to the way power is achieved and used in a country or society.
例：All other political parties there have been completely banned...那里其他所有政党已被彻底取缔。
例：The Canadian government is facing another political crisis.加拿大政府面临着又一场政治危机。
ADJ-GRADED
对政治感兴趣的；从事政治的
Someone who is political is interested or involved in politics and holds strong beliefs about it.
例：Oh I'm not political, I take no interest in politics...噢，我不关心政治，对政治一点也不感兴趣。
例：This play is very political.这部戏政治味太浓。

Word: tap
Front: tap
[tæp] (高研四六托雅 2843/3299 -K3)
Back: vt. 开发; （从容器等）汲取（液体）; 割[打]开…取[放]液体
vi. 轻声走; 跳踢踏舞
n. 龙头，阀门; 塞子; 电话窃听; （补鞋的）掌子
时态：tapped, tapping, taps
分布：龙头(48%)，利用(12%)，开发(11%)，轻拍(8%)，轻敲(6%)，窃听(5%)，选择(3%)，塞子(3%)，轻击(2%)，鞋掌(1%)，索要(1%)
→来自古英语 taeppa,水龙头，塞子，来自 Proto-Germanic*tappon,塞子，词源同 tamp,tampon. 引申词义开发，利用。tap 轻拍，轻击，轻扣
n.塞子;水龙头;n./v.轻打,轻敲;vt.开发The mapper trapped in the gap tapped the tap wrapper with strap.陷在缝中的制图者用皮带轻击塞子套.
verb (-pp-)
HIT 打
intransitive or transitive
■to hit something gently, and often repeatedly, especially making short sharp noises （常指连续）轻拍，轻叩，轻敲
• The branches tapped against the window. 树枝轻轻敲打着窗户。
• I could hear him tapping his fingers on the desk. 我能听见他用手指轻叩桌子的声音。
• I was tapping my feet (= hitting the floor gently with my feet) to the music. 我随着音乐用脚打拍子。
• Someone tapped me on the shoulder. 有人轻轻拍我的肩膀。
[tæp] verb (-pp-)
GET 获得
transitive
■to get or make use of something 开发；开辟；着手利用
• For more than a century, Eastern cities have expanded their water supplies by tapping ever more remote sources. 一个多世纪以来，东部的城市透过开发更偏远地区的水源，扩大了水的供应。
• There is a rich vein of literary talent here just waiting to be tapped (into) by publishers. 众多文学才俊汇聚于此，等待出版商慧眼识珠。
[tæp] verb (-pp-)
TELEPHONE 电话
transitive
■to use a small device fixed to a telephone in order to listen secretly to what people are saying 在（电话或电报线）上装窃听器；窃听
• He suspected that his telephone had been tapped. 他怀疑自己的电话被人窃听了。
[tæp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  tap sb for sth old-fashioned informal
■to get money from someone 从（某人）处获得（钱）
• I might be able to tap my father for a loan. 我也许能从我父亲那里借到钱。
[tæp] noun
DEVICE 设备
 IMPROVER countable UK (US faucet)
■a device that controls the flow of liquid, especially water, from a pipe （水）龙头，阀门
• the hot/cold tap 热水／冷水龙头
• Turn the tap on/off. 打开／关掉水龙头
 IMPROVER countable UK
■a device that controls the flow of gas from a pipe （煤气）阀门
on tap
■describes beer which is served from a barrel through a tap （啤酒）装在有旋塞的桶里的，散装的
■available for use at any time 随时可用的
• Working in a library as I do, I have all this information on tap. 我在图书馆工作，可以随时查阅所有这些资料。
[tæp] noun
HIT 打
countable
■a gentle knock or touch, or the noise made by knocking something gently 轻扣，轻敲，轻拍；轻轻拍打（或敲击）的声响
• I gave her a tap on the shoulder and she turned round. 我轻轻拍了一下她的肩，她回过头来。
• There was a tap on the window - Dad was outside! 有人轻轻敲了一下窗子－－是爸爸在外面！
[tæp] noun
DANCE 舞蹈
uncountable
■ tap dancing 踢踏舞
• He teaches tap and ballroom. 他教人跳踢踏舞和社交舞。
[tæp] noun
TELEPHONE 电话
countable
■a small piece of equipment that can be fixed to a telephone in order to listen secretly to someone's telephone calls 在（电话或电报线）上装窃听器；窃听
• He claims that he knew nothing of government phone taps on journalists during those years. 他宣称自己对那几年政府监听记者电话的事一无所知。
pat, knock, rap, tap
这组词都有“敲、击”的意思，其区别是：
pat: 指用手轻拍以示同情、赞同或爱抚。
knock: 指用拳头或其它器械猛敲或猛打；也指用手轻敲某物。
rap: 指用手指或木棒等快速地轻敲或急拍。
tap: 多指慢慢地连续地轻击或轻拍。
tag, tar, tap, tan
tag: 标签，货签；
tar: 柏油，焦油
tap: 水龙头，轻拍，利用，开发；
tan: 晒黑成棕褐色，鞭打；
vt. 轻敲；轻打；装上嘴子
 - percuss
vi. 轻拍；轻击；轻叩
 - pat
n. 水龙头；轻打
 - water faucet, rotary swivel

Word: lie
Front: lie
[laɪ] (中高 751/483 -K3)
Vocabulary: lie
(once / 28 pages)
1vn 2vn
When you don't tell the truth, you lie. You also lie down when you're sleepy and wonder what lies ahead of you.
If we leave aside the lie that is an untruth, most meanings of lie are related. If something lies ahead of us, then it's there, down the road, waiting for us. If mountains lie to the east, we can think of them as having settled down there. If something lies unused, it is just sort of left to lie on the shelf (or wherever). If you let a sleeping dog lie, you're just letting him be right where he is — in the same position.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
lay / lie
The verbs lay and lie are total jerks. People often say lay when they mean lie, but it's wrong to lay around. You have to lay something, anything — lay an egg if you want. But you can lie around until the cows come home!
Lay is a transitive verb, meaning it needs to transport something (i.e. a direct object). When you lay the blanket down, "blanket" is the direct object. Chickens and bees often have eggs as direct objects. Here are two examples of lay in the present tense:
"The queen bee only has to mate once and will lay eggs for life." (Washington Times)
"Men, after all, relied mainly on pop culture for inspiration before; now, there lay an entire world of opportunity." (Time)
Lay is also the past tense of lie (to recline). That's not confusing at all! Today you lie on the bed. Yesterday, you lay on the itchy couch. Here's another lay in the past tense:
"For years the letter lay in a box in the attic." (New York Times)
Please lie down if that helps you understand. You lie down when you're tired, or you might tell a lie and say you're wide awake right before you lie down and fall asleep. The noun lie doesn't cause trouble, so here are examples of the other lie used correctly:
"During the day I come up here and lie in the shade." (BBC)
"A liquid ocean and a rocky core may lie beneath the icy shell." (New York Times)
The main thing to remember about lay and lie is that lay needs a direct object and lie doesn't. You have to lay something somewhere. After that, feel free to lie down. Lay is for chickens, and lie is for sleepy people.
WORD FAMILY
lie: lain, liar, lied, lies, lying, overlie, underlie +/ liar: liars/lied: lieder, lieds/ lying: lyings/overlie: overlain, overlies, overlying/ underlie: underlain, underlies, underlying
USAGE EXAMPLES
"I was very alarmed and sad to see such a graceful and giant rare creature lying dead on our shores," said Mr Chandran.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Authorities who responded found two males lying in the road.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"That's our cousin, and she's one of the princesses," Philip Cameron said, lying on his back on the sidewalk.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 躺; 坐落在; 处于…状态; 说谎
n. 谎言; 谎话; 状态; 位置
时态：lay, lain, lying, lies
分布：谎言(47%)，说谎(25%)，躺下(11%)，在于(8%)，位于(5%)，存在(3%)，平放(1%)
→来自legh,躺，卧，词源同lair,litter.进一步来自skel,弯，转，词源同scoliosis,isosceles.lie 撒谎
vi.躺,平放;处于;位于v.说谎n.谎话He told me a lie.他对我说了个谎.
verb
POSITION 姿态
 ESSENTIAL intransitive + adverb or preposition [L] (lying, lay, lain)
■to be in or move into a horizontal position on a surface 躺；平躺；平卧
• to lie in bed 躺在床上
• to lie on a beach 躺在海滩上
• to lie on your side 侧卧
• A cat lay in front of the fire. 一只猫趴在炉火前。
• He lies awake at night, worrying. 晚上他躺在床上焦虑不安，无法入睡。
• A pen lay on the desk. 桌子上放着一枝铅笔。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive + adverb or preposition [L] (lying, lay, lain)
■If something lies in a particular place, position or direction, it is in that place, position or direction 位于，处在，坐落在
• There's an old pair of shoes of yours lying at/in the bottom of the wardrobe. 衣柜最下面放着一双你的旧鞋子。
• The river lies 30km to the south. 那条河在南面30公里处。
• Cambridge United are lying third in the league. 剑桥联队在联赛中位居第三。
• Here lies the body of Mary Taylor (= This is where Mary Taylor is buried). 玛丽‧泰勒葬于此处。
• There are several houses lying empty in the town. 城里有几座空房子。
• The town lay in ruins. 城镇已成为一片废墟。
• The ship lies off (= is positioned near) the coast of Spain. 那艘船位于西班牙海岸附近。
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition (lying, lay, lain)
■to exist 存在，在
• The hardest part of the competition still lies ahead of us. 比赛最艰难的阶段还在前面呢。
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (lying, lay, lain)
■If responsibility, blame, a decision, a choice, etc. lies with someone, they have responsibility, must make the decision, etc. （责任、罪责、决定、选择等）在于
• Responsibility for the disaster must ultimately lie with the government. 发生此次灾难的责任最终必须由政府来承担。
• Where does the blame lie? 谁来承担罪责？
lie in state (lying, lay, lain)
■When the dead body of an important person lies in state, it is arranged so that the public can see and honour it before it is buried. （重要人物的遗体埋葬前经整容后）供公众瞻仰
[laɪ] verb
SPEAK FALSELY 说谎
 ESSENTIAL intransitive (lying, lied, lied)
■to say or write something which is not true in order to deceive someone 说谎，撒谎，扯谎
• Are you lying to me? 你是不是在跟我撒谎？
• Don't trust her - she's lying. 别信她的——她在说谎。
• I suspect he lies about his age. 我怀疑他虚报了年龄。
⇒ See also liar
[laɪ] verb
lie doggo UK old-fashioned informal
■to keep still and hide so that you cannot be found 隐蔽地埋伏着
[laɪ] verb
lie down on the job mainly US disapproving
■to fail to work as hard or as well as you should 偷懒，应付，凑合
[laɪ] verb
lie low informal
■to try not to be noticed 低调行事，不张扬
• I'd lie low if I were you till the trouble passes. 我要是你就别张扬，等麻烦过去后再说。
[laɪ] verb
lie through your teeth informal
■to tell someone something which you know is completely false 说谎话；睁眼说瞎话
• He asked me how old I was and, lying through my teeth, I said '29'. 他问我多大了，我骗他说是29岁。
[laɪ] verb
not take sth lying down
■to refuse to be treated badly by someone 不逆来顺受，不受气
• He can't treat you like that! Surely you're not going to take that lying down! 他不能那样对待你！你当然不能受这个气！
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie about/around
■If things are lying about/around, they are left in places where they should not be 乱放，乱搁
• Has anyone seen my keys lying about? 有人看见我的锁匙留在甚么地方了吗？
• I wouldn't leave any money lying around the office if I were you. 我要是你就不会把钱在办公室里乱放。
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie around
■to spend time lying down and doing very little 无所事事，懒散度日
• I spent a week in Spain, lying around on the beach. 我在西班牙逗留了一周，在海滩上享受清闲。
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie back
■to move the top half of your body from a sitting to a lying position 向后躺，向后仰
• She lay back in the dentist's chair and tried to relax. 她向后躺在牙医的椅子上，尽量让自己放松下来。
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie behind sth
■If something lies behind something else, it is the hidden cause of it 是隐藏在…背后的原因，是…的真实原因
• Do you know what lies behind their decision? 你知道他们的决定背后的真实原因吗？
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie down ESSENTIAL
■to move into a position in which your body is flat, usually in order to sleep or rest 躺下
• He lay down on the bed and tried to relax. 他躺在床上想休息一下。
lie-down /ˌlaɪˈdaʊn] noun only singular mainly UK informal
■a short rest, usually in bed 小憩，躺一会儿，休息一下
• I usually have a bit of a lie down after lunch. 午饭后我通常都要休息一下。
• She said she was going for a lie down. 她说她要去休息一会儿。
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie in UK
■to stay in bed later than usual in the morning 睡懒觉
• It was a Sunday, so she could lie in till almost lunch time. 那是个星期天，所以她可以睡懒觉一直睡到快要吃午饭的时候。
lie-in /ˌlaɪˈɪn] noun countable usually singular UK 2. I'm not working tomorrow so I can have a bit of a lie-in. 明天我不上班，所以可以睡一会儿懒觉了。
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie in sth UK
■to exist or be found in something 存在于；在于
• His skill lies in his ability to communicate quite complex ideas very simply. 他的高明之处在于他能将复杂的思想用非常简单的方式表达出来。
• The play's interest lies in the questions it raises about sexuality. 这出戏有趣的地方在于它提出了性的问题。
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie up mainly UK
■to hide from police officers, soldiers, etc. who are looking for you 躲避（员警或士兵等的搜索）
• The escaped prisoners lay up in a barn for a few weeks, until the search had been called off. 逃犯在一个谷仓里躲藏了数周，直到对他们的搜索取消为止。
[laɪ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that you say which you know is not true 谎话，瞎话
• I told a lie when I said I liked her haircut. 我骗她说我喜欢她的发型。
[laɪ] noun countable
be a pack of lies (formal be a tissue of lies)
■to be completely untrue 谎话连篇，一派胡言
• The whole report is a pack of lies. 整个报告谎话连篇。
[laɪ] noun countable
give the lie to sth
■to prove that something is not true 证明…不实
• The fact that the number of deaths from cancer in the area has doubled surely gives the lie to official assurances of the safety of nuclear power. 该地区的癌症死亡人数已经增了一倍，这个事实说明官方对核电安全性所作的种种保证纯属一派胡言。
[laɪ] noun countable
I tell a lie mainly UK
■something you say when you have just said something wrong and want to correct it （用于纠正刚刚说过的话）我说错了
• Her name is Paula, no, I tell a lie (= I'm wrong) - it's Pauline. 她的名字叫宝拉，哦，不对——叫保利娜。
[laɪ] noun countable
the lie of the land UK (US the lay of the land)
■the shape or height of the land 地形；地势
lied, lay, lie
lied: lied lying 撒谎
lay: vt laid laid laying 放
lie: vi lay lain lying 躺
situate, stand, lie
这组词都有“位于”的意思，其区别是：
situate: 通常用过去分词作表语，指某城镇、乡村或某物等的地理位置与环境的关系，即在何处。
stand: 多指建筑物等被想象为主体的物体立于某处。
lie: 最常用词，不及物，指国家、城镇、道路、湖海等所处的位置。
vi. 躺；说谎；位于；展现
 - sit, tell a story
n. 谎言；位置
 - location, situation, site, fiction, leasing

Word: extensive
Front: extensive
[ɪkˈstensɪv] (研四六托雅 2845/2184 -K3)
Vocabulary: extensive
(once / 208 pages)
adj
When something is far-reaching or expansive it is extensive. When your friend knows every single place and time that his favorite band has played any given song, he has extensive knowledge of that band.
Use the adjective extensive for something that goes on and on and on. It works for anything that covers a lot of territory either in physical space, as in "the gardens at the palace are extensive," or conceptually, as in "her knowledge of the mortgage-backed securities market is extensive." If you are a farmer, you would also use extensive to mean that you are able to work a lot of land without too much effort or manual labor.
WORD FAMILY
extensive: coextensive, extensively, extensiveness+/coextensive: coextensively/ extend: extendable, extended, extendible, extending, extends, extensible, extension, extensive, extensor, hyperextend, overextend/ extended: extendedly, unextended/extensible: inextensible/ extension: coextension, extensional, extensions/extensor: extensors/hyperextend: hyperextension/overextend: overextended, overextending, overextends
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The accident investigation team worked systematically through an extensive fault tree analysis,” SpaceX said in its statement.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To get the full experience, ELS students get extensive contact with Americans both during and after class.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There will be extensive opportunities for public hearings and for review by the governor and attorney general, Cave said.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 广阔的，广大的; 范围广泛的; [物]广延的; [逻]外延的
分布：广泛的(67%)，大量的(13%)，广阔的(13%)，广大的(7%)
广泛的,广阔的(ex出+tens+ive→伸出去的→广泛的)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
a.广大的,广阔的The tension tends to extend to a more extensive extent.紧张倾向于向更广泛的程度扩展.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■covering a large area; having a great range 广阔的，大面积的；覆盖范围广的
• a school with extensive grounds 操场很大的学校
• extensive repairs to the motorway 对高速公路的大规模维修
• Her knowledge of music is extensive (= she knows a lot about music). 她的音乐知识非常渊博。
• The wedding received extensive coverage in the newspapers. 报纸对这场婚礼进行了全面报道。
inclusive, extensive, massive, exhaustive
inclusive: 包括……的；…….也算入的（inclusive of）
extensive: 大量的，广泛的；
massive: 巨大的，大批的；
exhaustive: 全面的，详尽的；
adj. 广泛的；大量的；广阔的
 - widespread, massive, comprehensive, substantial, vast

Word: episode
Front: episode
[ˈepɪsəʊd] (研四六托雅宝 2846/3396 -2)
Vocabulary: episode
(once / 356 pages)
n
Think of your favorite TV show. It runs all year long, in weekly installments. Each of those individual programs is an episode, one part of a long series.
Episode, a term from Greek tragedy, refers to a section of a story. In the 19th century, Charles Dickens published chapters of his novels in weekly magazines, episodes that together made a novel. You can also use the word for events in your own life: "That was an unpleasant episode," when you're remembering a family fight, or, "Grandpa had a fainting episode." With the fighting and fainting, you can hope they're episodes, not the whole story.
WORD FAMILY
episode: episodes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The episode would set the tone for the administration that would follow.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The episode sparked anger in the Philippines and calls for the removal of all U.S. military personnel.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was the second episode of heavy rain within days for some areas, especially along the Gulf Coast.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 插曲; 片段; 一集; 一段经历
分布：插曲(74%)，片段(13%)，一段情节(12%)，轶事(1%)
→来自希腊语epeisodion, 另外，其它。epi-, 在上，其它, -eis, 进入，见eisegesis（来自eis-exegesis）-od, 路，见anode. 即插进去的，另外的。
一段经历,片段(epi+sode路→在路上→一段经历;片段)[epi-表示"在…上,在...周围,在...后面"]
n.一段情节;片断;(连续剧的)一集The abrupt corrupt man had the Xeroxed code corroded in the erosion episode.突然的腐败的人让人在腐蚀插曲过程中腐蚀被影印的代码.
【记】e出，pi，sode与sell的过去试sold发音一样：出门把pi卖了，这绝对是人生的一个插曲。
【参】episodic（adj 插曲似的；短暂的）
US [-soʊd] noun countable
EVENT 事件
 ADVANCED
■a single event or group of related events 事件；（相关的）一连串事件；一段经历
• This latest episode in the fraud scandal has shocked a lot of people. 诈骗丑闻最新爆出的事件让很多人瞠目结舌。
• The drugs, the divorce and the depression - it's an episode in his life that he wants to forget. 吸毒、离婚和抑郁——这是他人生中不堪回首的一段经历。
UK ['ep.ɪ.səʊd] US [-soʊd] noun countable
PART OF STORY 故事的一部分
 ADVANCED
■one of the single parts into which a story is divided, especially when it is broadcast on the television or radio （尤指电视或广播节目的）一集，一节，片断
n. 插曲；一段情节；插话；有趣的事件
 - incident, intermezzo

Word: swim
Front: swim
[swɪm] (中高 2848/3038 -K3)
Back: v. 游泳; 游动; 旋转; 眩晕
n. 游泳
时态：swam, swum, swimming, swims
分布：游泳(100%)
→来自古英语 swimman,游泳，来自 Proto-Germanic*swimjan,游泳，来自 swem,移动，运动， 可能来自 swei,弯，转，摇摆，词源同 swing,sweep.
vi.游泳;游;漂浮;眩晕;充溢vt.游过n.游泳The scholar foolishly took the school cooling pool for swimming pool.学者愚蠢的把学校的冷却池当成游泳池.
verb (swimming, swam, swum)
MOVE IN WATER 在水中移动
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move through water by moving the body or parts of the body 游泳，游水
• We spent the day on the beach but it was too cold to go swimming. 我们一整天都在海滩上，但天气太冷，不能游泳。
• Her ambition is to swim (across) the English Channel. 她的目标是游泳横渡英吉利海峡。
• I swam two miles this morning. 我今天早上游了两英哩。
be swimming in/with sth disapproving
■If food is swimming in/with a liquid, it has too much of that liquid in it or on it （食物）浸泡在…中，充溢着
• The salad was swimming in oil. 沙拉里面的油太多了。
[swɪm] verb (swimming, swam, swum)
SEEM TO MOVE 好像在动
intransitive
■(of an object) to seem to move about （物体）仿佛旋转
• Getting up too suddenly made the room swim before her eyes. 因为起身太猛，她瞬间觉得整个房子好像都在旋转。
intransitive
■If your head swims, you feel confused and are unable to think or see clearly （头）晕眩，发晕
• After the second or third drink, my head began to swim. 两三杯酒下肚之后，我就开始觉得头晕。
[swɪm] noun
 IMPROVER only singular
■a time when you swim 游泳
• Shall we go for/have a swim this afternoon? 我们今天下午去游泳吧?
vi. 游泳；漂浮；浸；眩晕
 - ride, float off
vt. 游过；使浮起
 - buoy up
n. 游泳；漂浮；眩晕
 - natation, flotage

Word: tire
Front: tire
[ˈtaɪə(r)] (高研四六托宝 2850/11152 -K1)
Back: vt. 使…疲惫; 使…厌烦
vi. 厌烦; 疲劳
n. 轮胎; 头饰
时态：tired, tiring, tires
分布：轮胎(95%)，厌烦(3%)，劳累(1%)，金属圈(1%)
→来自古英语 teorian,耗尽，停止，厌倦，来自 deu-s,*deu,缺乏，缺少，滞后，由该 PIE 词衍生前缀 dys-,坏的，差的，如 dysfunction,dyslexia.引申词义使疲劳，厌倦。tire 轮胎
v.(使)疲倦,(使)厌倦n.(=tyre)轮胎,车胎A title is entitled to the retired worker who repaired the entire tire tirelessly.那个不倦地修理了整个轮胎的退休工人被授予了一个头衔.
US [taɪr]
 ADVANCED
■to begin to feel as if you have no energy and want to rest or go to sleep, or to make someone feel this way （使）感到疲劳；（使）感到累
• She's been leading throughout the race, but it now looks as if she's tiring. 她在整个赛跑中一路领先，但现在看上去似乎累了。
• Even doing the garden tires me these days. 最近，我连在花园里整理花草都会感到累。
verb intransitive or transitive UK [taɪər] US [taɪr]
  Phrasal Verbs  tire of sth/sb ADVANCED
■to become bored with someone or something, or to stop enjoying an activity 对…感到厌倦（或厌烦）
• This is the kind of toy that children will soon tire of. 这种玩具小孩会很快玩腻的。
• He never tires of (= He enjoys) playing games on his computer. 电脑游戏他百玩不厌。
verb intransitive or transitive UK [taɪər] US [taɪr]
  Phrasal Verbs  tire of sth
■to be annoyed by something 对…感到厌烦
verb intransitive or transitive UK [taɪər] US [taɪr]
  Phrasal Verbs  tire sb out
■to make someone very tired 使（某人）筋疲力尽
• Let the kids run around in the garden and that'll soon tire them out. 让孩子在院子里跑跑吧，他们很快就会筋疲力尽的。
tired out
adjective [after verb]
■very much in need of rest or sleep 筋疲力尽的
• We were all really tired out after our long journey. 长途旅行后我们都感到疲惫不堪。
noun countable UK [taɪər] US [taɪə˞]US for tyre
vi. 疲劳；厌倦
 - fatigue, be sick of
vt. 使…疲倦；使…厌烦
 - tucker
n. [橡胶] 轮胎；头饰
 - headwear, topknot

Word: fault
Front: fault
[fɔ:lt] (高研四托雅宝 2849/2076 -K3)
Vocabulary: fault
(once / 89 pages)
1n 2nv
A fault is an error caused by ignorance, bad judgment or inattention. If you're a passenger, it might be your fault that your friend missed the exit, if you were supposed to be watching for it, not sleeping.
Fault can mean "blame" — as a noun or verb. If you say, "It's my fault," you accept the blame. Well, they can't fault you for telling the truth, at least. A fault can be a shortcoming — everyone has faults because no one is perfect — or a crack in the earth's crust, like the San Andreas Fault. In sports like tennis, a fault is an illegal hit of the ball, usually when it lands outside the playing area.
WORD FAMILY
fault: faulted, faulting, faultless, faults, faulty +/faulting: faultings/faultless: faultlessly, faultlessness/ faulty: faultier, faultiest, faultily, faultiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The accident investigation team worked systematically through an extensive fault tree analysis,” SpaceX said in its statement.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The southern Brawley Seismic Zone is close in proximity to the Imperial fault.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s his fault that his team started poorly in every game during the final month.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 缺点，缺陷; 过错，责任; [电]故障; （猎狗的）失去嗅迹
vt. 挑剔，找…的缺点; 批评; 做错，在…中出错; [地质学]产生断层
vi. 找错误，挑剔; [地质学]变动从而产生断层
时态：faulted, faulting, faults
分布：故障(88%)，过错(6%)，缺点(5%)，找 ... 错误(1%)
→来自拉丁语falsus, 欺骗，伪装，词源同fail, false. 引申词义(隐瞒)缺陷，(隐瞒)过错，缺陷，过错。
过失,缺点(fault=fal错)[fall,fail,fault=err,deceive,表示"犯错误,欺骗"]
n.过失,过错;缺点,毛病Every man has his faults.人无完人,金无足赤.
US [fɑ:lt] noun
MISTAKE 错误
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a mistake, especially something for which you are to blame 过错，过失；责任
• It's not my fault she didn't come! 她没来不是我的错！
• She believes it was the doctor's fault that Peter died. 她认为彼得的死医生需要负责。
• The fault was/lay with the organizers, who failed to make the necessary arrangements for dealing with so many people. 是组织者的过错，他们没有做好必要的安排来接待这么多人。
• Through no fault of his own , he spent a week locked up in jail. 他自己并没犯甚么过错，但被关在监狱里一个星期。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a weakness in a person's character 缺点；弱点
• He has many faults, but dishonesty isn't one of them. 他有很多缺点，但人还算诚实。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a broken part or weakness in a machine or system （机器或系统的）毛病，故障，缺陷
• The car has a serious design fault. 这款汽车存在着重大的设计缺陷。
• I think it's got an electrical fault. 我认为是电路出了故障。
• For all its faults, our transport system is still better than that in many other countries. 尽管存在着种种缺陷，我们的运输系统仍然比其他许多国家的要好。
countable
■a mistake made when hitting the ball over the net, in tennis or a similar game, to begin a game （网球等的）发球失误
be at fault
■to have done something wrong 有过错；有责任
• Her doctor was at fault for/in not sending her straight to a specialist. 她的医生犯了过错，没有把她直接送到专科医生那里去治疗。
find fault with sb/sth
■to criticize someone or something, especially without good reasons 找…的错处，挑…的毛病
• He's always finding fault with my work. 他总是挑我工作上的毛病。
UK [fɒlt] US [fɑ:lt] noun
CRACK 裂缝
countable specialized
■a crack in the Earth's surface where the rock has divided into two parts which move against each other （地表的）断层
• Surveyors say the fault line is capable of generating a major earthquake once in a hundred years. 土地测量员称这个断层带能引发百年一遇的大地震。
UK [fɒlt] US [fɑ:lt] noun
be kind/generous, etc. to a fault
■to be extremely kind/generous, etc 极为仁慈／慷慨等
• She's a really sweet person and she's generous to a fault. 她是个非常善良的人，而且十分慷慨。
UK [fɒlt] US [fɑ:lt] verb
CRITICIZE 批评
transitive
■to find a reason to criticize someone or something 找…的缺点；挑剔，指责
• I can't fault the way they dealt with the complaint. 他们处理投诉的方式我无可挑剔。
• I can't fault you on your logic. 你的逻辑我挑不出毛病。
UK [fɒlt] US [fɑ:lt] verb
SPORTS 运动
intransitive
■to hit a fault in tennis and other similar games 发球失误
• That's the fourth serve he's faulted on today. 那是他今天第四次发球失误了。
mistake, flaw, shortcoming, error, defect, slip, fault, blunder
这组词都有“错误”的意思，其区别是：
mistake: 最普通用词，泛指思想上、行为上或认识上的判断或理解方面的错误。
flaw: 指结构或组织上的缺点，如破裂之处。用作比喻意义时，指品格上的缺陷。
shortcoming: 指没有达到所要求的标准、没有充分发展或没尽到职责的不足、缺点或短处。多用复数形式。
error: 指思想或行动背离正题轨道或没有得到正确指引而出现的偏差或错误。
defect: 普通用词。指表面上的缺陷，或指人或物本质上的缺点。
slip: 指因疏忽或无意而造成的差错。
fault: 一般指小并且可宽容的缺点、错误。
blunder: 通常指由于无知或情况不明造成判断或行动上的大错。
n. 故障； [地质] 断层；错误；缺点；毛病；（网球等）发球失误
 - error, deficiency, defect, mistake, trouble
vi. 弄错；产生断层
 - mistake, err in
vt. （通常用于疑问句或否定句）挑剔
 - carp at, trip up

Word: loose
Front: loose
[lu:s] (高研四六托 2851/2925 -K3)
Vocabulary: loose
(once / 90 pages)
1adjvadv 2adjv 3adj 4adj 5adj 6adj
If something is loose, it's not attached very securely to anything. Be sure the horse trailer attached to your truck isn't loose, or it might just roll away on its own while you're on the highway.
Loose means "not fixed." We can use it for things that you physically attach, like doorknobs or buttons, or for ideas that aren't rigid. If someone has loose morals, they don't have a strong moral code. A floppy dancer has loose limbs, and a loose ball is one that no one's holding. It's also a verb. To loose something is to set it free, which is different from losing it. You loose the wild squirrel you nursed back to health.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
lose / loose
Lose sounds like snooze. If you lose something, you don’t have it anymore. Add an "o," and loose rhymes with goose and describes something that’s not attached.
The word lose has been through some changes since it hit the scene in the year 900. Now you can lose a game, lose your mind, lose control, lose your temper, lose your… train of thought, but you can also lose your car keys or ten pounds. Here are some current examples (because Old English would be confusing):
"If you know you eat all the time because you need something, but you aren’t sure what you need, diets won’t help you lose weight.” (US News)
"Sometimes I have trouble staying focused and I lose my train of thought,” Ford said. (Washington Times)
Loose is also an old word. Its meaning overlapped with lose's at some point, but now they’re separate. Loose got loose! It means not attached well, like a loose tooth, or free like a loose dog that’s off the leash. Lips come in pairs, like the "o’s" in loose, and loose lips sink ships. Here are more examples:
“State police say they're not sure how many chickens are on the loose." (US News)
"And sheepskin coats flowed loose and luxuriously around the body." (Washington Post.)
If you get them mixed up, don’t feel bad: lose and loose do have a shared history. To remember the difference, think of how a goose can get loose. But when loose loses an “o,” it’s gone forever. If you snooze, you lose.
WORD FAMILY
loose: loosed, loosely, loosen, looseness, looser, looses, loosest, loosing, unloose+/ loosen: loosened, loosening, loosens, unloosen/looseness: loosenesses/loosening: loosenings/unloose: unloosed, unlooses, unloosing/unloosen: unloosened, unloosening, unloosens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lava deltas are formed when lava enters the ocean and builds new land on loose and unstable substrate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Traditionally a grave disappointment, New Year’s Eve is at least a time to cut loose and escape the suffocating, sprout-scented stranglehold of the family Christmas.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
“The soldiers,” The Toronto World reported, “were a little loose around their own goal.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 松的，宽的; 模糊的; 散漫的; 自由的
vt. 释放; 不受约束地表达; 松开; 射出（子弹、箭等）
vi. 变得松散; 发射导弹; 开火
adv. 散漫地
n. 解放; 放任; 发射
时态：loosed, loosing, looses
分布：松的(36%)，宽松的(19%)，释放(7%)，放任(7%)，不确切的(5%)，不牢固的(5%)，解放(5%)，放枪(5%)，松散地(4%)，放纵(4%)，弄松(3%)
→来自lose的形容词，松开的，松的。
a.(宽)松的;不精确的;自由的,散漫的The screw has come loose.螺丝松掉了.
【反】taut（adj 拉紧的；紧张的）
adjective
NOT FIXED 未固定的
 ESSENTIAL
■not firmly fixed in place 松的，松动的
• There were some loose wires hanging out of the wall. 墙上搭着几根没有接好的电线。
• The nails in the bridge had worked them selves loose. 桥上的钉子已经松动了。
• The prisoners were so thin that their skin hung loose. 囚犯们瘦得很厉害，身上的皮肤都松垮垮地垂着。
 IMPROVER
■describes hair that is not tied back （头发）松散的，披着的，散开的
• Her hair was hanging loose about her shoulders. 她长发垂肩。
 IMPROVER
■describes things which are not fixed or held together or to anything else 松散的，散开的
• A few loose sheets of paper were lying around. 几张纸散落在地板上。
[lu:s] adjective
NOT TIGHT 不紧的
 ADVANCED
■(of clothes) not fitting closely to the body （衣服）宽松的，肥大的
• Wear comfortable, loose clothing to your exercise class. 上体育课的时候，要穿些舒适宽松的衣服。
[lu:s] adjective
NOT EXACT 不确切的
 ADVANCED
■not tightly controlled or not exact 未严加控制的；不严谨的，不精确的
• It's a fairly loose adaptation of the novel. 它是根据小说的大致内容改编而成的。
• It's only a loose translation of the poem. 这只是那首诗的不准确的译文。
[lu:s] adjective
IMMORAL 不道德的 old-fashioned disapproving
■having low morals; sexually free 不道德的；淫荡的
• a loose woman 荡妇
[lu:s] adjective
be at a loose end informal
■to have nothing to do 无所事事，闲着没事
• If you find yourself at a loose end, you could always clean the bathroom. 如果闲着没事，你总还可以去打扫一下浴室嘛。
[lu:s] adjective
hang/stay loose US informal
■to be calm and relaxed 镇定自若，不慌不忙
[lu:s] adjective
let sb loose
■to allow someone to do what they want in a place 任（某人）自由行动，放任（某人）
• You don't want to let Oliver loose in the kitchen. 你不想让奥利弗在厨房里到处乱跑吧。
[lu:s] adjective
let loose sth
■If you let loose something such as bullets or bombs, you release a lot of them all together 猛烈开（火），密集发射（子弹、炸弹等）
• The allies let loose an intensive artillery bombardment over the border. 联军对边境地区进行了一阵猛烈的炮击。
■to suddenly make a sound or speak in an uncontrolled way （突然失控地）发出，喊出，说出
• He turned round and let loose a torrent of abuse. 他转过身来破口大骂。
[lu:s] adjective
let/set sth loose
■to allow an animal to run around freely after it has been tied up 放开（拴住的动物）
• She let her horse loose in the field. 她把马放到田野上去了。
[lu:s] noun
on the loose
■If a dangerous person is on the loose, they are free to move around a place and harm people （危险分子）在逃，未受管制
• Brewer escaped from prison last year and has been on the loose ever since. 布鲁尔自去年越狱后一直在逃。
[lu:s] verb transitive
■to speak or express emotions very freely, especially in an uncontrolled way 敞开了说，放开了说，自由表达
• The minister loosed an angry tirade against the leader of the opposition. 部长发表了一篇长篇演说，愤怒地对反对党领袖进行了猛烈抨击。
[lu:s] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  loose or lose? Warning: these two verbs look and sound similar but have very different meanings. To talk about no longer possessing something or having less of it, don't say 'loose', say lose :
✗ If we are not careful we will loose some of our best clients.
loose, slack
这组词都有“松驰的”的意思，其区别是：
loose: 常用，通俗。指人的精神或东西的松驰。
slack: 强调缺乏牢固性或稳固性，不坚定。
adj. 宽松的；散漫的；不牢固的；不精确的
 - weak, discursive
vt. 释放；开船；放枪
 - deliver, free, fire
vi. 变松；开火
 - fluff
n. 放纵；放任；发射
 - emission, sending, shot, launch, projection

Word: free
Front: free
[fri:] (中高 473/497 -K5)
Vocabulary: free
(once / 23 pages)
1adjadvvn 2adjv 3adj 4adjv 5adj
Something that costs nothing is free. We can also say that someone is free of pain, which means they have none.
This word has many meanings. On Mondays, admission to some museums is free — there's no charge. Often, people say the best things in life are free, usually meaning love and friendship. We live in a free country, which means we have a lot of rights and freedoms, such as freedom of the press. The word has a similar meaning when we say a prisoner goes free, or philosophers talk about free will: the belief that we make our own decisions, not ones forced on us by society, culture, or a higher power.
WORD FAMILY
free: freed, freeing, freely, freer, frees, freest, unfree+/ freely: freelys/unfree: unfreer
USAGE EXAMPLES
Apart from signing Norman, McCloughan was restrained in free agency.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Many utility companies offer free energy audits to their customers.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
A trainer offered to train him for free.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adj. 自由的; 免费的; 免税的; 空闲的
adv. 免费地; 自由地，无拘束地; 一帆风顺地
vt. 免除; 释放; 使自由; 解救
时态：freed, freeing, frees
分布：免费的(31%)，释放(21%)，自由的(19%)，自由地(7%)，空闲的(5%)，免费地(4%)，使自由(3%)，随意的(3%)，畅通的(3%)，解除(2%)，使摆脱(2%)
→来自pri, 爱，友爱，词源同friend, Frigga. 词义由爱引申为亲人，朋友，和平，自由，免费。类似词义演变比较kind.
a.自由的;免费的;免税的;空闲的vt.释放You can download many free sofwares from Internet.你可以从互联网上下载许多免费软件.
adjective adverb
NOT LIMITED 不受限制
 ESSENTIAL
■not limited or controlled 自由的（地）；无拘束的（地）
• [+ to infinitive] Am I free (= Do I have permission) to leave now? 现在我可以离开了吗？
• I'll give you a key then you're free to come and go as you please. 我会给你一把锁匙，这样你就可以自由进出了。
• Please feel free to interrupt me if you don't understand anything. 如果有甚么不明白的地方，可以随时打断我。
• The agreement gives companies free access to the markets of member countries. 该协定使各家公司可以自由进入成员国市场。
• A great deal has been achieved, most notably free elections (= elections in which people can vote as they wish). 已经取得了很大的成绩，最突出的是争取到了自由选举权。
free and easy
■relaxed and informal 轻松自在的
• The atmosphere in the office is fairly free and easy. 办公室里的气氛相当轻松自在。
[fri:] adjective adverb
NO CHARGE 不收费
 ESSENTIAL
■costing nothing; not needing to be paid for 免费的（地）
• I got some free cinema tickets. 我搞到了一些免费电影票。
• Members all receive a free copy of the monthly newsletter. 会员都会收到一份免费的通讯月刊。
• The elderly travel free on public transport. 老年人可以免费乘坐公共交通。
• We will install your washing machine free of charge / for free (= without charge). 我们将会为您免费安装洗衣机。
[fri:] adjective adverb
NOT IN PRISON 不在狱中
 ADVANCED
■not a prisoner any longer, or having unlimited movement 获释的；行动不受限制的
• She left the court a free woman after the case against her collapsed because of a legal technicality. 由于某个法律技术细则，对她的指控被推翻，她以一个自由人的身份离开了法庭。
• The new government has decided to set all political prisoners free. 新政府已决定释放全部政治犯。
• She went/walked free after the charges against her were dropped. 对她的指控都撤销后，她获得了自由。
• I let the dogs run free in the park. 我让狗在公园里随便跑。
[fri:] adjective adverb
LOOSE 松散
■not in a fixed position or not joined to anything 不固定的（地）；松散的（地）；不相连的（地）
• Both bookcases stand free of the wall. 两个书架都不靠墙。
• The bolts have worked themselves free because of the vibrations. 插销由于震动都松开了。
• Rescuers took several hours to cut the survivors free from the wreckage. 救援人员花了好几个小时才将残骸切割开，把幸存者解救出来。
[fri:] adjective adverb
a free ride
■an opportunity or advantage that someone gets without having done anything to deserve it “白吃的午餐”；天上掉的馅饼（得到理应不该得到的机会或好处）
• Just because he was the boss's son didn't mean Tim got a free ride. 蒂姆是老板的儿子也不意味着他就能有“白吃的午餐”。
[fri:] adjective adverb
There's no such thing as a free lunch. saying
■said to emphasize that you cannot get something for nothing 天下没有免费的午餐
• "I get to travel with my job but the downside is I have to give talks." "Well, there's no such thing as a free lunch." “我这份工作可以经常去四处走走，不过坏处是我要经常作报告。”“哎呀，天下没有免费的午餐嘛。”
[fri:] adjective
NOT BUSY 不忙的
 IMPROVER
■not doing anything planned or important, or not being used 空闲的；空余的；未使用的
• I do a lot of reading in my free time. 我业余时间大量读书。
• She's in a meeting at the moment, but she should be free to see you in ten minutes. 她此时正在开会，但十分钟以后她会有空见你。
• I'm working in the café all this week, but I've got a free evening next Monday. 整整这一个星期我都在咖啡厅工作，但我下周一晚上有空。
• Excuse me, is this seat free (= is anyone intending to sit in this seat) ? 对不起，这个座位有人坐吗？
• We queued for half an hour waiting for a free space in the car park. 我们为了等一个空车位在停车场排了半小时队。
• If you take these bags that will give me a free hand to open the door. 你拿一下这些袋子，我就能腾出手来开门了。
[fri:] adjective
WITHOUT 没有
[after verb]
■not having something that is unwanted or unpleasant 无（不想要或令人不快之物）的
• Because the organization is a charitable enterprise it is free from tax worldwide. 由于该组织是慈善机构，它在世界各国都不必纳税。
• She'll never be completely free of the disease. 她这种病永远也无法彻底治愈。
• Ensure the wound is free from/of dirt before applying the bandage. 上绷带以前要保证伤口不沾染污物。
[fri:] adjective
GIVING/USING OFTEN 经常给予／使用
free with
■giving or using frequently or in large amounts 慷慨的；挥霍无度的；无节制的
• He's rather free with his wife's money. 他花起他妻子的钱来相当慷慨。
• She's very free with advice but she never seems to act on it herself. 她经常提建议，但她自己似乎从来不照着做。
• He's very free with his criticism! 他太爱妄加指责了！
make free with disapproving
■to use something that belongs to someone else a lot 经常随便使用（别人的东西）
• Don't her parents mind her making free with their house while they're on holiday? 难道她的父母就不介意她在他们度假时擅自使用他们的房子吗？
[fri:] adjective
CHEMICAL 化学的
■In chemistry, if an element is free, it is not combined chemically with anything else （化学元素）游离的，单体的，自由的
• free oxygen/nitrogen 游离氧／氮
[fri:] verb
NOT IN PRISON 不在狱中
 ADVANCED transitive
■to allow someone to leave a prison or place where they have been kept 释放；使自由
• After a ten-hour siege the gunman agreed to free the hostages. 经过十个小时的围困，持枪歹徒同意释放人质。
• Anti-vivisectionists last night freed a number of animals from a laboratory. 反对活体解剖的人昨晚放走了实验室里的很多动物。
[fri:] verb
MAKE LOOSE 使松开
transitive
■to move or make loose someone or something that is trapped 松开，解开
• Both men were freed from the wreckage after a four-hour operation. 经过四个小时的施救，两个人都被从残骸中解救出来。
• In vain he tried to free the rope around his hands. 他想挣脱掉捆住他双手的绳子，结果是白费力气。
[fri:] verb
REMOVE LIMITS 移除限制
[T + obj + to infinitive]
■to remove the limits or controls on someone or something 解除（对某人或某物的）限制或控制
• Her retirement from politics will free her (= provide her with enough time) to write her memoirs. 退出政界将使她有充足的时间来写回忆录。
[fri:] verb
MAKE AVAILABLE 腾出
transitive
■to make something available for someone to use 腾出，空出
• They planned to extend the car park, freeing existing parking spaces for visitors. 他们计划扩建停车场，腾出现有的停车位给游客用。
• Can you cancel my meetings - I need to free (up) the afternoon to write this report. 你能取消我的那些会议吗——我要空出下午的时间来写这份报告。
[fri:] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  free sb from/of sth
■to help or make life better for someone by taking something unpleasant away from them 使（某人）摆脱…
• He dedicated his life to freeing the world from famine and disease. 他毕生致力于消除世界上的饥馑和疾病。
• [R] I'd like to free my self of some of the responsibilities of this job. 我想卸去自己从事这份工作所要承担的部分责任。
free, liberate, discharge, release
这组词都有“解放，释放”的意思，其区别是：
free: 指不再受任何限制、约束、阻碍和压迫，完全可按自己的意志行事。
liberate: 常指从束缚和压迫中解放出来，强调获得最终的解放，有时可和free换用。
discharge: 强调把某人或某物从监禁、束缚中释放出来。
release: 侧重指放松限制、解除监禁或免除义务。
free, vacant, empty
free: 空的，指清除了或缺少了某物，与of 或from连用。如：She is free from anxiety.(她无忧无虑。)She is free of him.(她摆脱了他。)
vacant: 空闲的，指地方没有被占用。如：One day, man can make full use of vacant space.(将来，人们会充分利用浩瀚的天空。)empty，vacant和相同的名词连用时，含义不同。如an empty house指房子里既无家具也无人，空荡荡的。而a vacant house指房子没有被人占用，里面可有家具，也可无家具。
empty: 空的，指里面什么东西都没有。如：The case is empty.(这是个空箱子。)
adj. [经] 免费的；自由的，不受约束的； [化学] 游离的
 - independent, franco
vt. 使自由，解放；释放
 - deliver, emancipate
adv. 自由地； [经] 免费
 - allodially, liberally

Word: shortly
Front: shortly
[ˈʃɔ:tli] (高研四六 2853/2278 -K3)
Back: adv. 立刻，马上; 简单地，扼要地; 唐突地，简慢地; 在即
分布：立刻(56%)，马上(44%)
ad.立刻,不久;不耐烦地,简慢地He will arrive shortly.他很快会到达.
US [ʃɔ:rt-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■soon 不久，很快
• We will shortly be arriving in King's Cross Station. 我们马上就要到国王十字车站了。
shortly after/before sth
 IMPROVER
■a short time after or before something …之后／之前不久
• Shortly after you left, a man came into the office looking for you. 你离开后不久就有一名男子来到办公室找你。
initially, afterward, subsequently, ultimately, lately, previously, eventually, shortly, presently
initially: 最初，开头
afterward: 以后，后来
subsequently: 随后，后来
ultimately: 最后，终于
lately: 最近，不久前
previously: 以前，先前
eventually: 终于，后来
shortly: 立刻，马上
presently: 马上，一会儿，很快
instantly, right away, directly, soon, at once, shortly, presently, immediately
这组词都有“立刻，马上”的意思，其区别是：
instantly: 指恰恰就在此刻，一秒钟也没耽误。
right away: 主要用于美国英语，语气稍弱于at once，强调动作迅速。
directly: 和immediately同义，指毫无迟疑。
soon: 常用词，指行动快，完成速度快。
at once: 口语中常用，语气强烈，指时间紧迫，一刻也不能耽误。
shortly: 和soon同义，指动作发生或完成的速度之快。
presently: 指不久、即将。
immediately: 指做完一件事后，立即就做另一件事，中间一般没有明显的时间间隔。
adv. 立刻；简短地；唐突地
 - soon, immediately, now

Word: originally
Front: originally
[əˈrɪdʒənəli] (托 2854/1995 -K3)
Back: adv. 起初，原来; 独创地，独出心裁地; 自来; 本
分布：起初(48%)，独创地(35%)，原本(17%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■first of all 原本；起初；原先
• Originally it was a bedroom, but we turned it into a study. 这原本是间睡房，但我们把它改成了书房。
initially, firstly, originally
initially: 最初，开头
firstly: 首先，第一，用于列举事项
originally: 独创地， 独特地，本来
adv. 最初，起初；本来
 - initially, essentially

Word: considerable
Front: considerable
[kənˈsɪdərəbl] (研四六托雅宝 2855/1042 -K4)
Vocabulary: considerable
(once / 62 pages)
adj
Use the adjective considerable to describe something that is large in amount. Things you probably spend a considerable amount of time on: homework and laundry. Things you'd rather spend time on: anything that isn't homework and laundry!
The adjective considerable can describe something of importance and is worthy of notice or respect. If you are an excellent singer, dancer, musician, writer, or similar profession, people may ask you to donate your considerable talents to charitable causes. If you're not an excellent singer, dancer, musician, or writer, they will still ask you to donate, but they are more likely to ask for money!
WORD FAMILY
considerable: considerabler, considerablest, considerably, inconsiderable+/ consider: considerable, consideration, considered, considering, considers, reconsider / consideration: considerations, inconsideration/ considered: ill-considered, unconsidered/inconsiderable: inconsiderably/inconsideration: inconsiderations/ reconsider: reconsideration, reconsidered, reconsidering, reconsiders/reconsideration: reconsiderations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The president enjoys considerable influence over prosecutors, tax collectors and state security agents, whose careers are largely determined by political loyalty rather than merit.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The prosecutors are also likely to re-emphasize the considerable evidence of Mr. Roof’s premeditation and clearly articulated racial intent.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It wasn’t only the considerable shadow of her mother that Fisher recoiled from.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 相当大（或多）的; 该注意的，应考虑的
分布：相当大的(57%)，可观的(23%)，重要的(20%)
→来自consider, 考虑。即值得考虑的，相当多的。
a.相当大(或多)的,可观的;值得考虑的Considering considerable spiders outside, I stay in the president's residence.考虑到外面有相当多的蜘蛛,我呆在总统的住宅里.
【记】这次走私的数目considerable，需要好好consider
US [-ɚ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■large or of noticeable importance 相当大的；相当多的；非常可观的；相当重要的
• The fire caused considerable damage to the church. 那场火灾令教堂造成了重大损失。
considerate, considerable
considerate: 考虑周到的，体谅的。如：It was considerate of you not to trouble us.(你真体贴人，不打扰我们。)
considerable: 相当多的，可观的。如：He met a considerable amount of trouble.(他遇到了许多麻烦。)
adj. 相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的
 - crucial, important, material, big, major

Word: prior
Front: prior
[ˈpraɪə(r)] (研四六托雅 2856/5045 -K3)
Vocabulary: prior
(once / 192 pages)
1adj 2n
Generally you should eat dinner prior to brushing your teeth. Use the adjective prior for things that exist earlier in time or that happen first in time or order.
This is a formal word that is often used in legal language. A prior claim is a person's right to something that is considered more important or valuable because it came first. If you're looking for a less formal synonym, choose the word previous. Prior is from a Latin word with the same spelling.
WORD FAMILY
prior: priority, priorly, priors, priorship+/prioritise: prioritising/ prioritize: prioritized, prioritizing/ priority: priorities, prioritise, prioritize /priorship: priorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prior to his injury, Ross split time between receiver and cornerback due to depth concerns.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 100 Americans would die in Afghanistan by the end of 2008, a larger number than in any other prior year.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Farah’s arrest was the result of a new policy enacted a few years prior.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 优先的; 占先的; 在…之前
n. 小修道院院长，大修道院的副院长; （隐修院）会长; [史]行政长官; 普赖尔
adv. 在前; 居先
分布：优先的(31%)，在前的(23%)，更重要的(17%)，在前(17%)，居先(12%)
→来自拉丁语prior,先前的，领先的，来自古拉丁语pri,在前，先于，来自per,向前，词源同ford,first.-or,比较级后缀。后用于小隐修院院长尊称。
a.优先的,在前的;(to)在...之前I've hatred for the hateful man's skates bought with prior private privilege.我对那个可恶男子用优先个人特权购买的冰鞋感到厌恶.
US [praɪr] adjective [before noun]
EARLIER 早些的
 IMPROVER slightly formal
■existing or happening before something else, or before a particular time 在先的，在前的；居先的
• The course required no prior knowledge of Spanish. 这门课不要求先前学过西班牙语。
• They had to refuse the dinner invitation because of a prior engagement (= something already planned for that time). 因为事先另有约会，他们只好拒绝了吃饭的邀请。
prior to sth
■before a particular time or event 在…之前
• the weeks prior to her death 她死之前的几个星期
UK [praɪər] US [praɪr] adjective [before noun]
MORE IMPORTANT 更重要的 formal
■more important 更重要的；优先的
• Mothers with young children have a prior claim on funds. 抚育幼儿的母亲拥有优先获得补助的权利。
UK [praɪər] US [praɪr] noun countable
■a man who is in charge of a priory or who is second in charge of an abbey 小修道院长；修道院副院长
previous, preceding, former, foregoing, prior
这组词都有“在前的”的意思，其区别是：
previous: 指时间上、顺序上较早的，或指正在谈论的某事的前一个。
preceding: 特指时间和地位上紧接在前。
former: 系latter的反义词，比prior更着重对比。
foregoing: 指前所述的，是following的反义词。
prior: 与previous同义，常可换用，但prior有时强调更大的重要性，对比意味强。
adj. [数] 优先的；在先的，在前的
 - preferred, underlying
adv. 在前，居先
 - before, antecedently

Word: intellectual
Front: intellectual
[ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl] (研四六托雅宝 2857/3040 -3)
Vocabulary: intellectual
(once / 139 pages)
adjn
The adjective intellectual describes something related to or using the mind or intellect. Your creative pursuit of singing in a rock band is different from your intellectual interest in 16th-century drama.
Intellectual is often used to describe intensive reasoning and deep thinking, particularly in relation to subjects that tend to spark deep discussion, such as literature or philosophy. An intellectual is also a noun for a cerebral or brainy person who engages in deep thinking, like Plato, Albert Einstein, or your classmate who can speak at length about the relationship between French existentialism and ice hockey.
WORD FAMILY
intellectual: anti-intellectual, intellectualisation, intellectualization, intellectually, intellectuals, nonintellectual+/ intellect: intellects, intellectual /intellectualization: intellectualizations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ten years later, Capucci led a delegation of clerics and intellectuals to Iraq in a show of solidarity against UN sanctions.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
They’d be well advised to fire their Growth Hackers and start prioritizing intellectual integrity over content farming.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
In somewhat of a statistical and intellectual improbability, Couch Slouch agrees with both sides.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 智力的; 有才智的; 需用智力的; 智力发达的
n. 知识分子; 脑力劳动者; 有极高智力的人; 凭理智（而非感情）办事的人
分布：知识分子(64%)，智力的(24%)，聪明的(8%)，凭理智做事者(4%)
→来自intellect,智力。
聪明的n.知识分子(intellect+ual)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
n.知识分子a.智力的,理智的,有理解力的We need some highly qualified intellectuals.我们需要高级知识分子.
US [-tˌəl'ek.tʃu-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated ideas 智力的，脑力的
• Looking after a baby at home all day is nice but it doesn't provide much intellectual stimulation. 整天在家照顾婴儿虽然不错，但让人不怎么动脑筋。
• I like detective stories and romances - nothing too intellectual. 我喜欢侦探小说和爱情故事——不怎么费脑筋。
UK [ˌɪn.təl'ek.tju.əl] US [-tˌəl'ek.tʃu-] noun countable
■a very educated person whose interests are studying and other activities that involve careful thinking and mental effort 知识分子，脑力劳动者
• She was too much of an intellectual to find popular films interesting. 她太书卷气了，认为流行电影没甚么意思。
adj. [心理] 智力的；聪明的；理智的
 - wise, bright, clever, smart, understanding
n. [劳经] 知识分子；凭理智做事者
 - clerisy

Word: mix
Front: mix
[mɪks] (高研四 1759/2156 -K4)
Vocabulary: mix
(once / 69 pages)
vn
To mix is to combine or blend different things together. If you mix baking soda and vinegar, you can create an erupting volcano for your science project.
Scientists mix chemical substances; bakers mix flour, eggs, milk, and sugar; and songwriters mix different musical elements — in each of these cases, the result is also a mix, a combination of different things into a new whole. The word mix comes from the Middle English adjective mixte, "composed of more than one element," which is rooted in the Latin miscere, "to mix or blend," and also "to throw into confusion."
WORD FAMILY
mix: intermix, mixable, mixed, mixer, mixes, mixing, mixture, premix+/intermix: intermixed, intermixes, intermixing, intermixture/intermixture: intermixtures/mixable: unmixable/mixed: mixedly, unmixed/mixer: mixers/mixing: mixings/ mixture: mixtures/unmixed: unmixedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Mills likes to call her a mix of “Amelia Earhart and Humphrey Bogart — but more Humphrey Bogart,” he said in a telephone interview.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
School funding is a complex mix of federal, state and local money.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Throw just six touchdowns into the mix, and this was a lost fantasy season for Gurley and his owners.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 混合; （使）结交; 相容; 平安相处
n. 混录; 食物混合配料; 乐曲组合
vt. 调配，配制
vi. 混合录音，混录，混音
时态：mixed, mixing, mixes
分布：混合(91%)，融合(6%)，合成(1%)，掺入(1%)，介入(1%)
→来自拉丁语miscere,混合，来自meik,混合，词源同miscellany,mixture.
v.使混合;混淆The guide disguised his guilty of mixing the liquor with a liter of liquid.导游把酒与一公升液体混合的罪过掩饰起来.
verb
COMBINE 混合
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause different substances to) combine, so that the result cannot easily be separated into its parts （使）混合，拌和
• Oil and water don't mix. Even if you shake them together they separate into two layers. 油与水不相融。即使你将其混在一起摇晃，它们也会分为两层。
• Radioactive material was mixed in/up (with) the effluent. 放射性物质被混入废水中。
• Mix the eggs into the flour. 在面粉里加入鸡蛋混和。
• In a large bowl, mix together the flour, sugar and raisins. 用一个大碗，将面粉、糖和葡萄干混合在一起。
• [+ two objects] Shall I mix (= make) you a cocktail? 我帮你调一杯鸡尾酒好吗？
 IMPROVER transitive
■to have or do two or more things, such as activities or qualities, at the same time 把…结合起来，使同时进行
• Some people are happy to mix business with/and pleasure, but I'm not one of them. 有些人喜欢寓工作于娱乐，但我不是那种人。
[mɪks] verb
BE WITH PEOPLE 交往
intransitive
■to be with or communicate well with other people 交往；相处；交际
• I suppose you mix with a wide variety of people in your job. 我猜你工作时与各种各样的人打交道。
• She mixes very well - perhaps that's why she's so popular. 她很会和人打交道，可能这就是她如此受欢迎的原因。
[mɪks] verb
RECORD MUSIC 录制音乐
transitive specialized
■to control the amounts of various sounds which are combined on a recording 混音
[mɪks] verb
be mixed up with/in sth usually disapproving
■to be connected with a bad or unpleasant person or thing 卷入；与…有牵连
• Please don't get mixed up with him. You'll regret it if you do. 请别和他混在一起，不然你会后悔的。
• I knew someone who was mixed up in that corruption scandal. 我认识的某个人与那件贪污丑闻有牵连。
[mɪks] verb
mix your metaphors
■to combine two or more metaphors , often producing a silly or humorous effect 混合隐喻（常产生愚蠢、滑稽效果）
• Mixing his metaphors, he described the problem by saying "We've opened up a can of worms here, and now we have to get the genie back in the bottle". 他用混合隐喻形容面对的问题：“我们打开了一个‘虫罐子’，现在我们必须把精灵放回瓶里去。”
[mɪks] verb
mix it (US mix it up) informal
■to fight or argue with people 打架；争吵
• Don't take any notice of Sally - she just likes to mix it. 别理萨莉——她就是喜欢闹事。
[mɪks] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mix sb/sth up
■to fail to recognise two people or things correctly by thinking that one person or thing is the other person or thing 混淆；把…弄错
• People often mix us up because we look so similar. 人们常常把我们弄错，因为我们看起来很相像。
• I think you're mixing me up with my sister. 我想你把我和我姐姐弄错了。
[mɪks] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mix sb up
■to confuse, worry or upset someone 使（某人）不知所措；把（某人）搞糊涂
• The roadworks mixed me up and I went the wrong way. 道路施工把我搞糊涂了，我走错路了。
[mɪks] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mix sth up
■to make a group of things untidy or badly organized, or to move them into the wrong order 弄错，弄乱
• Don't mix up the bottles - you'll have to repeat the experiment if you do. 别弄乱那些瓶子——如果乱了，你就要重做这个实验。
• Your jigsaw puzzles and games are all mixed up together in that box. 你的拼图玩具和游戏用具都乱糟糟地混在那个盒子里。
[mɪks] noun
COMBINE 混合
 IMPROVER [C usually sing]
■a combination 混合；结合
• There was an odd mix of people at Patrick's party. 派翠克的派对上有形形色色的人。
• "She's studying physics and philosophy." "That's an interesting mix." “她在学习物理和哲学。”“这个组合很有趣。”
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■something which is sold in the form of a powder and to which a liquid, such as water, can be added later （常为粉状的）配料，混合料
• cake/cement mix 蛋糕粉／水泥配料
[mɪks] noun
RECORD MUSIC 录音乐
countable
■a version of a recorded piece of music 混录，混音
• A new mix of their hit single is due to be released early next month. 他们热门单曲的新混音版唱片定于下月初发行。
mingle, merge, blend, combine, mix
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
mingle: 暗示混合后的各成分仍保持各自的特性，能辨别出来。
merge: 指一种成分被别一种成分吸收或融合，着重成分的个性消失在整体之中。
blend: 一般可与mix和mingle换用。混合与其各成分的性质通常是一致的，侧重混合整体的统一性与和谐性。
combine: 通常用于化学反应中，指化合物等。
mix: 含义广泛，侧重混合的一致性，混合的各成分可能按原样存在，但不一定能辨别出来。
vt. 配制；混淆；使混和；使结交
 - confuse with
vi. 参与；相混合；交往
 - participate, travel, company, sort
n. 混合；混合物；混乱
 - mixture, hybrid, chaos, disorder, confusion

Word: assault
Front: assault
[əˈsɔ:lt] (研六托雅宝 2860/2970 -3)
Vocabulary: assault
(once / 299 pages)
vn
An assault is an attack. Getting punched, yelled at, or bombed are all types of assault.
To assault is to attack or bombard someone in some way. Fighter planes can make an aerial assault, while ground troops make a ground assault. Verbal assault consists of insults, swearing, or threats. A strong criticism, like a negative review in the newspaper, is a written assault. Physical assault can range from getting pushed to getting shot. You could even say "That music is so loud it's assaulting my ear drums!"
WORD FAMILY
assault: assaulted, assaulter, assaulting, assaultive, assaults+/assaulter: assaulters/assaultive: assaultively
USAGE EXAMPLES
I begin each day by mentally preparing myself for whatever Donald Trump’s latest assault on working people is.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
The veterans’ group says they’re going to defend protesters against “assault and intimidation at the hands of the militarized police force” and pipeline security.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Recently, though, Pentatonix has become a scourge: You can’t turn on TV now without being assaulted by one of the group’s increasingly goofy performances.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 攻击; 袭击，进攻; 威胁，殴打; 侵犯人身
vt. 袭击; 强暴; 使（感官）难受
vi. 发起攻击; 动武
时态：assaulted, assaulting, assaults
分布：攻击(55%)，袭击(34%)，突袭(6%)，抨击(5%)
→前缀as-同ad-. -sault, 来自词根sal, 跳，见salmon,鲑鱼，跳鱼。-t, 构成反复格。
进攻(as+saul跳→跳起来→进攻)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
进攻,攻击(as一再+sault=sult→一再跳起来→进攻)[sult=leap,表示"跳"]
v.猛烈地攻击,袭击n.突然而猛烈的攻击The consul's consultant hauled out the assaulter from the vault.领事的顾问把袭击者从地窖中拖了出来.
【记】saul＝sail，详见：assail
US [-'sɑ:lt] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a violent attack 殴打；袭击，攻击
• He was charged with sexual assault. 他被指控性侵犯。
• UK The number of indecent assaults has increased alarmingly over the past year. 在过去的一年中，强暴猥亵案件数量的增长令人惊讶。
• an assault on a police officer 袭击员警
• They launched an assault on the capital yesterday. 昨天他们进攻首都。
countable
■a determined or serious attempt to do something difficult 攻关，攻坚；硬仗
• Women's groups have demanded a nationwide assault on sexism in the workplace. 妇女团体已经要求在全国范围内发动一场反对工作场所性别歧视的硬仗。
• She died heroically during an assault on the world's second-highest mountain. 她在尝试攀登世界第二高峰时英勇牺牲。
assault and battery legal uncountable
■a threat to attack someone followed by a violent physical act 暴力殴打
UK [ə'sɒlt] US [-'sɑ:lt] verb transitive
■to attack someone violently 殴打；袭击，攻击
• A woman and a man have been convicted of assaulting a police officer. 一名女子和一名男子被判袭警罪名成立。
• He had attempted to sexually assault the woman. 他试图对该妇女进行性侵犯。
aggression, invasion, assault, attack, offensive
这些名词均有“进攻、侵略”之意。
aggression: 词义宽泛，既可指武装入侵别国领土，又可指文化、经济等方面的侵略。侧重敌意行动和征服的企图。
invasion: 多指具体的侵入或侵犯别国领土，也可用于指抽象事件。
assault: 主要指突然而猛烈的进攻。
attack: 普通用词，含义广，指事先不发警告，主动地向对方发起武力进攻或对言论等进行抨击。
offensive: 多指进攻的态势，常指大规模的协同军事行动。
n. 攻击；袭击
 - attack, attempt, push
vt. 攻击；袭击
 - hit, come at
vi. 袭击；动武
 - descend on, set at

Word: relax
Front: relax
[rɪˈlæks] (中高研四六托 2861/2535 -K3)
Vocabulary: relax
(once / 280 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
Relax is a verb that describes feeling less stressed out or tense. If you want to relax after a crazy day at school, you might watch TV, take a nap, or do yoga to help you unwind.
Relax can also refer to behavior that grows less formal or restrained, like a beach wedding where the bride and groom relax the usually formal ceremony by wearing casual clothing. Relax can also mean to become less tight. When you relax your grip on a pen, your hold loosens up. Relax can also refer to something that becomes less severe or strict. If your teacher would relax the attendance rules, you wouldn't keep getting in trouble for skipping class!
WORD FAMILY
relax: relaxant, relaxation, relaxed, relaxer, relaxes, relaxing +/relaxant: relaxants/ relaxation: relaxations/ relaxed: relaxedly, unrelaxed/relaxer: relaxers/ relaxing: relaxingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In contrast, there’s something soothingly achievable about “Relax into Yoga for Seniors: A Six-Week Program for Strength, Balance, Flexibility and Pain Relief.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Australian authorities relaxed drone regulations in September, allowing anyone to fly drones weighing up to 2kg without training, insurance, registration or certification.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
On the other side of the classroom, the newcomers learned basics: Arms and elbows relaxed.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）轻松; （使）松弛; 放宽; （使）放松
vt. 缓和，减轻; （使大便等）通畅
vi. 变得轻松; 变得随和; 变得和蔼; 通便
时态：relaxed, relaxing, relaxes
分布：放松(83%)，休息(10%)，放宽(6%)，使 ... 放松(1%)
→re-,向后，离开，lax,放松的。即松下来的，引申词义放松，休息等。
放松,宽心(re重新+lax→重新松开→放松)[lax=loose,表示"松"]
v.(使)松驰,放松Axe the tax on taxis. Wax may relax the body.削减出租车的税费.蜂蜡可以使身体放松.
verb
PERSON 人
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause someone to) become less active and more calm and happy, or to (cause a part of the body to) become less stiff （使）放松，（使）轻松；（使身体部位）松弛，放松
• After work she relaxed with a cup of tea and the newspaper. 下班后，她喝杯茶读着报纸放松放松。
• A good massage will relax your tired muscles. 好好按摩一下会使你疲劳的肌肉放松。
• He relaxed his grip on my arm (= He began to hold it less tightly). 他紧抓着我手臂的手不再那么用力了。
[rɪ'læks] verb
RULE 规则
transitive
■to make a rule or control less severe 放宽；放松；削弱；减轻
• Two weeks after the police relaxed security at the airports, there was a bomb attack. 警方放松了对机场采取的安全措施两周后就发生了一起炸弹袭击事件。
[rɪ'læks] verb
relax your grip/hold
■to start to control something less 放宽控制；放松约束
• The Mafia has relaxed its grip on local businesses. 黑手党放宽了对当地商家的控制。
[rɪ'læks] verb
  Common Learner Errors  relax or relaxed? Warning: do not confuse the verb relax with the adjective relaxed.
✗ The atmosphere at the wedding was very friendly and relax. The atmosphere at the wedding was very friendly and relaxed.
vi. 放松，休息；松懈，松弛；变从容；休养
 - lighten up, ease down
vt. 放松；使休息；使松弛；缓和；使松懈
 - rest, lighten up

Word: stair
Front: stair
[steə(r)] (高研四六 2863/- -K2)
Back: n. 楼梯; （楼梯的）一级
分布：楼梯(100%)
→来自古英语 staeger,楼梯，台阶，来自 Proto-Germanic*staigri,台阶，脚步，来自 steigh, 走，上升，词源同 stile,stirrup.拼写比较 fair,来自古英语 faeger.
n.(pl.)楼梯I followed him down the stairs.我跟着他下了楼梯.
US [ster] noun
stairs [plural]
 ESSENTIAL
■a set of steps which lead from one level of a building to another 楼梯
• Go up the stairs and her office is on the right. 上楼后，她的办公室在右手边。
• I had to climb a steep flight (= set) of stairs to her front door. 我只好爬一段很陡的楼梯才到了她的前门。
• He stood at the foot (= bottom) of the stairs and called out, "Breakfast's ready!" 他站在楼梯下喊道：“吃早饭了！”
countable
■one of the steps in a set of steps which lead from one level of a building to another （楼梯的）梯级
• The top stair creaked as she went upstairs and the noise woke up her mother. 她上楼时最上面一级楼梯咯吱一响，吵醒了她母亲。
only singular old use or literary
■a set of stairs 楼梯
• He climbed the wooden stair and knocked on his grandfather's door. 他爬上木楼梯，敲了敲祖父的房门。
UK [steər] US [ster] noun
below/above stairs UK old use
■In a large house, below stairs was the part of the house in which the servants worked and lived, and above stairs was the part in which the family of the owner of the house lived. 仆人／主人的住处
n. 楼梯，阶梯； [建] 梯级
 - step, ladder

Word: adventure
Front: adventure
[ədˈventʃə(r)] (高研四托 2862/3561 -K2)
Vocabulary: adventure
(once / 87 pages)
nv
An adventure is an exciting and probably risky trip, effort, or undertaking. Let's go explore the jungle! Don't be scared — it'll be an adventure!
To a kid from the city, a ride on the subway is just another trip across town. To a kid from the suburbs, though, it can be a real adventure — a trip to a strange place with all sorts of strange people, new sights, and surprising twists and turns. If you've ever been to the Great Adventure amusement park, you know that the whole place is designed to make you feel as though you're on a wild, exciting, and thrilling trip — a great adventure. People often go on an adventure hoping something wonderful will come of it.
WORD FAMILY
adventure: adventured, adventurer, adventures, adventuresome, adventuring, adventurism, adventurous, misadventure +/adventurer: adventurers/adventurism: adventurisms, adventuristic/ adventurous: adventurously, adventurousness, unadventurous/ misadventure: misadventures/unadventurous: unadventurously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m Simon,” Simon says to me in yet another “Poseidon Adventure”-crowded stairwell.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And so I shall, to find more adventures.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The fabric of the series, after all, is the adventures of two weird blokes in London.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 冒险活动; 冒险经历; 奇遇
时态：adventured, adventuring, adventures
分布：冒险(88%)，奇遇(9%)，尝试(2%)，大胆进行(1%)
冒险(ad+venture冒险)[ad-加在在单词或词根前,表示"做…,加强..."]
冒险(ad增强+venture冒险)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
n.冒险,冒险活动,奇遇vt.大胆进行The ventilator inventor's adventure prevented him from venturing revenge.通风机发明家的奇遇阻止了他冒险复仇.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■an unusual, exciting and possibly dangerous activity such as a journey or experience, or the excitement produced by such an activity 冒险，历险；奇遇；刺激
• She had some exciting adventures in Egypt. 她在埃及经历了一些很刺激的奇遇。
• We got lost on the Metro - it was quite an adventure. 我们在地铁里迷路了，还真是挺惊险的。
• Sam won't come - he's got no sense of adventure (= he does not enjoy dangerous or exciting situations). 萨姆不会来的，他不喜欢冒险。
n. 冒险；冒险精神；投机活动
 - risk, throw, venture
vt. 冒险；大胆说出
 - take a chance, run a risk
vi. 冒险
 - take a risk, run a risk, stick one's neck out, take chances

Word: external
Front: external
[ɪkˈstɜ:nl] (研四六托雅 2864/1870 -2)
Vocabulary: external
(once / 211 pages)
1adjn 2adj
If, as a kid, you didn’t get what you wanted on your birthday, you were probably told that external, or outward, things can’t bring happiness. (It’s a noble idea, but it’s still up for debate, at least in some circles.)
External contains the prefix ex- meaning “out of.” It shares this prefix with a number of other words including extraterrestrial (meaning “outside of Earth’s limits") and exclude (meaning “keep someone out”). The opposite of external is internal; again, as you’ve probably been told, it’s the internal things that really matter. What we’re wondering is: Does that include the leather interior in our dream convertible?
WORD FAMILY
external: externalise, externality, externalize, externally, externals+/externalise: externalisation, externalised, externalises, externalising/ externality: externalities/externalization: externalizations/ externalize: externalization, externalized, externalizes, externalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
People perceived the utterances of the right hemisphere as being external to them and attributed them to gods.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Political investment by major external powers is clearly critical for any ceasefire deal to succeed.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Along with software, you need a place to put those backed-up files, typically an external hard drive or network server.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 外面的，外部的; 表面上的; 外用的; 外国的
n. 外部，外面; 外观; 外部情况
分布：外部(81%)，外部的(10%)，外面的(3%)，外观(2%)，外来的(2%)，表面的(1%)，外界事物(1%)
→词源同exterior, 外在的。
外部的(exiern+al)[extr(e),exter=out表示"出去"]
a.外部的;客观的;外国的;表面的;[医]外用的The external and internal interference interrupts my interpretation at short intervals.内部和外部干涉以很短的间隔打扰我翻译.
US [-'stɝ:-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■of, on, for or coming from the outside 外面的；外表的；来自外部的
• the external walls of the house 房屋的外墙
• Female kangaroos carry their young in pouches that are external to their bodies. 雌袋鼠把幼鼠放在体外的育儿袋中。
• This cream is for external use only (= it must not be put inside the body). 这种药膏仅限外用。
• In later years, his paintings began to show a number of external influences (= influences coming from other people). 他晚年的画作开始表现出很多受其他画家影响的痕迹。
• Most news magazines have a section devoted to external affairs (= foreign news). 大多数新闻杂志都设有外国新闻专栏。
• You shouldn't judge people by their external appearances (= what they appear to be like). 不应该以貌取人。
⇒ See also exterior
outward, outer, exterior, external, outside
这组词都有“外部的”的意思，其区别是：
outward: 多指空间关系或方向上向外的。
outer: 主要提离开中心或内部较远的，或指比较在外的。
exterior: 强调位于事物的外表以上，但仍是该事物的一部分，较正式。
external: 指与其他物体分离或没有关系的外部，不涉及内容，只说明全然是外部的。
outside: 指超出某种界限之外的。
adj. [药] [动] 外部的；表面的；外用的；外国的；外面的
 - foreign, outer, outside, surface, out
n. 外部；外观；外面
 - outside, without, surface, face, garment

Word: proof
Front: proof
[pru:f] (研四六托 2865/2743 -K3)
Vocabulary: proof
(once / 102 pages)
1n 2nv 3vadj 4n 5v
Proof is the evidence that shows something is true or valid. When you show the logical steps that take you from your hypothesis that the world is round to the conclusion that it is, you're formulating a proof.
Photographic prints that haven't been touched up are also called proofs, and that’s also what you call the first copy of a printed text, before it's checked for errors and corrected. When you check a text for errors, you're proofing. If your poker strategy is foolproof, even somebody who knows nothing about poker — a poker fool, that is — can’t get it wrong. Proof is a word you’ll see on bottles of alcohol, too: 90-proof rum means it's 45% alcohol.
WORD FAMILY
proof: disproof, proofed, proofing, proofs+/disproof: disproofs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hanman focused on the recent test of a liquid-fueled rocket engine as proof of this emerging capability for the North.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But as I’ve discussed before, many athletes are willing to spend money and try therapies with little proof of potential gain.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Proof, residents say, that the new rail cars are the source of the increase in sound and vibration.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 证明; 校样; 检验; （酒的）标准酒精度
adj. 防…的; 抗…的; 能抵御; 能防范
vt. 给（织物）做防护处理，使防水（或防火等）; 印…的校样
vi. [印刷术] 校对; 发酵
时态：proofed, proofing, proofs
分布：证明(58%)，证据(32%)，校样(5%)，检验(4%)，防 ... 的(1%)
→来自prove的名词形式，拼写比较believe,belief.
n.证据,证明;校样,样张The proof of the pudding is in the eating.空言不如实证.
noun
SHOWING TRUTH 证明真实
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a fact or piece of information which shows that something exists or is true 证据；证物；证明
• [+ that] Do they have any proof that it was Hampson who stole the goods? 他们有甚么证据证明是汉普森偷了货物？
• I have a suspicion that he's having an affair, though I don't have any concrete (= definite) proof. 我怀疑他有婚外情，不过我没有确凿的证据。
• If anyone needs proof of Andrew Davies' genius as a writer, this novel is it. 如果有人需要证据证明安德鲁•大卫斯是天才作家，这本小说就是。
• "How old are you?" "Twenty-one." "Have you got any proof on you?" “你几岁？”“21岁。”“你身上有甚么证明吗？”
• Keep your receipt as proof of purchase. 保留收据作为购物证明。
[pru:f] noun
PRINTED COPY 印刷品
countable
■a printed copy of something which is examined and corrected before the final copies are printed 校样
• I was busy correcting proofs. 我正忙着改校样。
[pru:f] noun
The proof of the pudding (is in the eating). saying
■said to mean that you can only judge the quality of something after you have tried, used or experienced it 布丁好不好，吃了才知道（空谈不如实证）
[pru:f] adjective [after noun]
ALCOHOL 酒精
■of the stated alcoholic strength, a higher number meaning a greater amount of alcohol 标准酒精浓度的
• It says on the bottle that it's 60 percent proof. 瓶子上写着酒精浓度为60度。
[pru:f] adjective [after noun]
PROTECTED 受保护的 formal
■providing protection against something 耐…的，防…的
• No household security devices are proof against (= protect completely against) the determined burglar. 再好的家用防盗装置也防不住有心要偷的窃贼。
• Her virtue would be proof against his charms. 她的美德使她不受他的魅力所吸引。
[pru:f] verb transitive
■to treat a surface with a substance which will protect it against something, especially water 给（表面）作防护处理；（尤指）给…作防水处理
testimony, evidence, proof, witness
这组词都有“证据、见证”的意思，其区别是：
testimony: 指证据、证词，多系法律用语。
evidence: 普通用词，在法律上指能起证明作用的，如证明、公证书以及所有的实物东西等。在生活中指任何一样可证明某一件事的真实性的东西。
proof: 指足以直接证明某事为某事实的依据，侧重作为充分证据所导致的结果。
witness: 指证据或证人，尤指后者，且有亲眼见到之意。
n. 证明；证据；校样；考验；验证；试验
 - authentication, certification, demonstration, confirmation, witness
vt. 试验；校对；使不被穿透
 - try out, put to test

Word: confident
Front: confident
[ˈkɒnfɪdənt] (高研四六托雅 2866/2580 -K3)
Vocabulary: confident
(once / 50 pages)
adj
If you're confident you are sure about something, someone, or yourself. He was confident he could keep his balance and cross the river on the skinny log, but he wasn't so confident that the log was strong enough to hold him.
Confident is often a word of assurance. Someone may ask, "Are you sure that's the right way to do it?" and then, just to be assured, they might say, "So, you're confident that's the right wire to cut so the bomb doesn't blow?" Being really sure of something or being sure of yourself is being confident. "He held his head high, but not in an arrogant or show-off way; he was just confident about who he was. He liked himself."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
confident / confidant(e)
Confident is how you feel on a good hair day, but a confidant is the person you tell when you're secretly wearing a wig. It's no wonder that these words are so easily confused: they were once both confident.
If you're looking and feeling good, you're confident. Confident is a feeling of self-reliance or of certainty about something. It comes from Middle French, confident, which in turn comes from Latin, cōnfidentem, meaning "trusting or bold." If you're not confident, you turn tail and go home. Hold your head up high to read these confident examples:
He appeared confident that he could get to any spot, setting up lanes by running with patience and vision. (New York Times)
Both camps say they are confident of winning. (Reuters)
A confidant, with an a, is the person you trust to spill your guts to. It also comes from the French confident, which came from the Latin confidente, for "a trusted friend." Confidante has been used to refer to a female trusted friend, parallel to the French confidente, but that usage has fallen largely out of favor as an unnecessary feminine version, like authoress. You can add that e if you want, either way say it with a sultry French accent:
They were friends, confidants, inseparable companions as well. (Frederick William Robinson)
 "I'm not talking about just two or three of my closest confidants." (New York Times)
Try remembering that if you are confident, the person you believe in is "me." If you have a confidant, you are putting your trust in another. If you're confident your friend won't tell all your business, she can be your confidant.
WORD FAMILY
confident: confidence, confidenter, confidently, overconfident, self-confident +/ confidence: confidences, confidential, self-confidence/ confidential: confidentiality, confidentially/ overconfident: overconfidence, overconfidently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump’s strongest rival is Ted Cruz, a veteran debater so knowledgeable and confident that Mahatma Gandhi would want to punch him in the face.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“I mean, first of all, we were just confident all week that we would be able to do our job,” defensive end Christian Wilkins said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
His knee felt strong and the team looked confident.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 确信的，深信的; 有信心的，沉着的; 大胆的，过分自信的; 厚颜无耻的
n. 知己; 心腹朋友
分布：自信的(69%)，有信心的(27%)，有把握的(4%)
自信的(con+fid+ent)[fid=trust,faith,表示"相信,信念"]
自信的(con全部+fid相信+ent)[-ent 1.表示形容词"…的"2.表名词"…药剂"3.表名词"…人"]
n.(of,in)确信的,自信的I'm confident that the dentist will deny the confidential accidental incident.我确信牙医会否认那个机密的意外事件.
【记】con全部，fid相信－相信别人（信任），相信自己（自信）
US ['kɑ:n-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■having confidence 自信的；有信心的；确信的；有把握的；信任的
• Be a bit more confident in yourself! 你应该再自信一点！
• They don't sound confident about the future of the industry. 他们听起来对该行业的未来信心不足。
• I'm confident of his skills as a manager. 作为经理他相当老练，我对此很有信心。
• [+ that] Are you confident that enough people will attend the event? 你确信会有足够的人参加这项赛事吗？
• It was a confident performance. 这是一场充满自信的表演。
adj. 自信的；确信的
 - sure, convinced, assured

Word: headquarters
Front: headquarters
[ˌhedˈkwɔ:təz] (研四六托 2867/2817 -3)
Vocabulary: headquarters
(once / 261 pages)
n
The main office of an organization is its headquarters. The headquarters of your favorite video game company might be in New York.
Companies, clubs, and religious groups all have headquarters, or a central administrative location. Militaries also have headquarters, although the word has a slightly different meaning in that context — military headquarters are where commanders and their staffs live and work. The word has been around since the 1600's, from the "most important or principal" meaning of head and quarters, originally "military dwelling place," and later "lodgings."
WORD FAMILY
headquarter: headquartered, headquartering, headquarters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The firm’s headquarters are now based in London’s Paddington district.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Sparks police say 43-year-old Tom Anderson complained of possible hypothermia due to exposure after he was transported to police headquarters following Monday’s arrest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Assuming the federal government finally decides, the site selected for the new FBI headquarters will be:
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （机构，企业等的）总部; 总店; 司令部; 指挥部
分布：总部(38%)，司令部(33%)，指挥部(29%)
→head,头，quarters,营房，住所。比喻用法。
n.司令部,指挥部;总部,总局The quarrelsome general quarreled about a quarter quart of oil in the headquarters.好争吵的将军在司令部为四分之一夸脱油而争吵.
US [-ˌkwɔ:r.tˌɚz] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb] (plural headquarters) (abbreviation HQ)
 IMPROVER
■the main offices of an organization such as the army, police or a business company 总部；总局；司令部
• The company's headquarters is/are in Amsterdam. 公司的总部在阿姆斯特丹。
n. 总部；指挥部；司令部
 - command, main office

Word: sudden
Front: sudden
[ˈsʌdn] (中高研四六 2868/2250 -K3)
Back: adj. 突然的，未预见到的; 急躁的，仓促的; 快的，迅速的; 急剧
分布：突然的(96%)，出乎意料的(2%)，突发之事(2%)
→来自盎格鲁诺曼法语 sudein,改写自拉丁语 subitaneus,来自 subitus,突然的，来自 sub,在下， 向上，-it,走，词源同 exit,itinerary.即向上走来的，引申词义突然走来的，突然的。
a.出乎意料的,突然的The lucky duck tucked in truck suddenly sucked the gas from the bucket.塞在卡车里的幸运鸭子突然从桶里吸汽油.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■happening or done quickly and without warning 突然的，忽然的；意外的
• Drop the gun, put your hands in the air, and don't make any sudden movements. 把枪放下，手举起来，别轻举妄动。
• He had a sudden heart attack while he was on holiday. 他度假时心脏病突然发作。
• First they announce their engagement and then they tell me Angie's pregnant - it's all a bit sudden really. 他们先是宣布订婚，接着告诉我安吉怀孕了——一切都有点太突然。
['sʌd.ən] adjective
all of a sudden informal ADVANCED
■very quickly 一下子；突然间
• It seemed to happen all of a sudden - I felt dizzy and I just collapsed. 一切似乎都发生得很突然——我觉得头晕，然后就晕倒了。
adj. 突然的，意外的；快速的
 - unexpected, fast

Word: dirty
Front: dirty
[ˈdɜ:ti] (中高 2869/2873 -K3)
Vocabulary: dirty
(once / 232 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3adj
Things that aren't clean are dirty. The greasy pans in your sink, your muddy shoes, your smelly dog, your strange uncle's jokes — all of these things are dirty.
When your car is dirty, you should to take it to the car wash, and when your hands are dirty, you need to be sure to wash them with soap and warm water. Some jobs are dirty, like mining, farming, and ditch digging, and the adjective dirty is sometimes used to mean "contaminating" or "poisonous," as with "dirty bombs." If you call your friend a "dirty rat," you mean to let him know you're disgusted with him.
WORD FAMILY
dirty: dirtied, dirtier, dirties, dirtiest, dirtily, dirtiness, dirtying+/ dirt: dirts, dirty
USAGE EXAMPLES
He means Dirty Mind, from 1980, on which Prince wears black bikini briefs and a flasher’s mac.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Grey’s track on “Narrative of a City” isn’t nearly as dirty sounding as the new stuff, but that’s because he was working minus outside interference.
Los Angeles Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Doing the laundry meant lugging the dirty clothes to a laundromat two blocks away with the children in tow.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 恶劣的; 肮脏的; 卑劣的; 下流的
vt. 弄脏，污染; 使名声受玷污
vi. 变脏，污染
时态：dirtied, dirtying, dirties
分布：脏的(37%)，肮脏的(27%)，弄脏(15%)，卑鄙的(8%)，下流的(7%)，玷污(3%)，不正当的(2%)，腐败的(1%)
a.弄脏的;下流的v.弄脏,玷污The virtueless girl's duty is to wash the dirty shirts and skirts in the outskirts.无美德女孩的职责就是在郊区洗脏衬衣和裙子.
US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adjective
NOT CLEAN 肮脏
 ESSENTIAL
■not clean 尘土，泥土，灰尘
• Her face was dirty and tear-stained. 她的脸很脏，还留有泪痕。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adjective
NOT HONEST 不诚实的 informal
■unfair, dishonest or unkind 不公平的；欺骗的；卑鄙的
• She played a dirty trick on me by telling me Diane was having a party when she wasn't. 她捉弄我说戴安娜要开一个派对，而实际上并没有这回事。
• The airline admitted being involved in a dirty tricks campaign to win customers from their rival. 那家航空公司承认参与了从竞争对手那里抢夺客户的不光彩行为。
• That's a dirty lie! 那是卑鄙的谎言！
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adjective
NOT POLITE 不礼貌的 informal
■describes something that is connected with sex, in a way that many people think is offensive 黄色的，色情的，下流的
• a dirty magazine/film/joke 色情杂志／电影／笑话
• You've got a really dirty mind ! 你的想法太下流了！
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adjective
do sb's dirty work
■to do something unpleasant or difficult for someone else because they do not want to do it themselves 替（某人）干烂工作，为（某人）做烂事儿
• Tell her yourself - I'm not going to do your dirty work for you. 你自己去告诉她——我才不会替你干这种烂事儿。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adjective
do the dirty on sb UK informal
■to behave unfairly towards someone, usually without their knowledge 给（某人）背地里使坏，对（某人）偷偷使坏
• He can't forgive her for doing the dirty on him and having an affair with his best friend. 他无法原谅她瞒着自己去跟他最要好的朋友私通。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adjective
give sb a dirty look
■to look at someone in a disapproving way 怒视（某人），瞪（某人）一眼
• He gave me a really dirty look. 他恶狠狠地瞪了我一眼。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adverb
dirty great/big
■very great/big 非常大
• The power station's nothing but a dirty great blot on the landscape. 那座电站很是杀风景。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] adverb
play dirty informal
■to behave dishonestly, especially by cheating in a game 欺骗，耍猫腻，耍花招
• Dez likes football but he plays dirty. 德兹喜欢足球但常玩猫腻。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] verb transitive
■to make something dirty 弄脏
• Don't sit on the floor - you might dirty your dress. 别坐在地板上——会弄脏你的裙子的。
UK ['dɜ:.ti] US ['dɝ:.tˌi] verb transitive
dirty your hands
■to become involved in something unfair or dishonest 同流合污
• He refused to dirty his hands by lying about what had happened. 他没有同流合污，拒绝谎报实情。
nasty, dirty, foul
这组词都有“脏的，污秽的”的意思，其区别是：
nasty: 主要指特别讲究清洁的人感到讨厌的东西。
dirty: 普通用词，泛指被玷污或弄脏。
foul: 指由于腐烂、恶臭等造成的不干净，令人恶心。
adj. 下流的，卑鄙的；污秽的；恶劣的；暗淡的
 - poor, mean, blue, base, gross
vi. 变脏
 - soil
vt. 弄脏
 - soil, mud, spot

Word: violation
Front: violation
[ˌvaɪə'leɪʃn] (六托 2870/6104)
Vocabulary: violation
(once / 480 pages)
n
Anytime a person crosses a boundary — a legal boundary, a moral boundary, a physical boundary, or a binding business deal — that's a violation. When a burglar picks the lock on your door, that's a violation of your property.
A violation can be a disrespectful act or the crossing of someone’s physical boundaries. When you're forced to shake hands with your boss's wife, the way her perfume stings your eyes might feel like a violation. Violation is often used to describe an action that disregards an agreement or a basic right, such as a violation of a global climate treaty or a human rights violation.
WORD FAMILY
violation: violations+/ inviolable: inviolably/ inviolate: inviolately/violable: inviolable / violate: inviolate, violable, violated, violates, violating, violation, violative, violator / violator: violators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Charges against the 14-year-old include attempted murder and weapons violations.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
That was one of a string of settlements with states for similar licensing violations, including a $7 million fine levied by California on Monday.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
That was for minor violations of election laws, to which Roh had already admitted.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 违反，妨碍，侵犯; 违犯，违背; [体]违例，犯规; 强奸，亵渎，污辱
分布：违反(86%)，违背(13%)，妨碍(1%)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an action that breaks or acts against something, especially a law, agreement, principle or something that should be treated with respect 违反，违背，违犯（尤指法律、协议、原则等）
• He claimed that the way he'd been treated was a gross violation of his civil/constitutional/human rights. 他声称他们如此对待他是对他的公民权／宪法所赋予的权利／人权的粗暴侵犯。
• The takeover of the embassy constitutes a flagrant/blatant violation of international law. 占领大使馆是公然违反国际法的行为。
• It was clear that they had not acted in violation of the rules. 很显然他们的行为并没有违反规章。
violation, sin, crime, offence, guilt
这组词都有“犯法，犯罪，罪恶”的意思，其区别是：
violation: 指违背誓言、条约、规则以及良心等，也指侵犯权利。
sin: 主要指违反道德原则或违反宗教戒律的过失或罪过行为。
crime: 指严重的违法行为或罪行。
offence: 使用广，可泛指对任何规则、道德标准、法律、纪律等的违反与触犯，其罪行可重可轻。
guilt: 多用于指违反道德或社会标准的不法行为，含应予惩办之意。这种惩办是以证据为根据的。
n. 违反；妨碍，侵害；违背；强奸
 - intervention, prevention, infringement, breach

Word: tongue
Front: tongue
[tʌŋ] (中高研四六托雅 2871/2831 -K2)
Vocabulary: tongue
(once / 87 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Your tongue is the muscle in your mouth that you press against your teeth in order to speak, as well the home of your taste buds. What a useful member of the body!
Tongue supposedly came from the Latin word lingua, meaning "language," but you can't hear the similarity because we pronounce it TUNG, keeping the "ue" silent. A tongue can be anything shaped like your tongue. The flap of leather under your shoelaces is called a tongue, and so is the striker inside a bell. Tongue also means language, like the German tongue, or the Cajun tongue. As a verb, tongue means "lick," as in when the dog tongues your empty plate.
WORD FAMILY
tongue: tongued, tongueless, tonguelike, tongues, tonguing
USAGE EXAMPLES
To save Mr. Muñiz’s life, surgeons removed his tongue and his lower jaw and cut a hole through his esophagus.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Tongues wagged - wasn't the whole thing a little too tacky, a little too American?
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The droplets dart across it like shooting stars that crash against your tongue.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 舌头，喙; 语言，方言; 演说，鞋舌; [复]口才
vt. 用舌吹; 舔; 嵌接; [古]批评，指责
vi. 吹奏（管乐器）; 运用舌法发音; 突出
时态：tongued, tonguing, tongues
分布：舌头(75%)，语言(9%)，舔(8%)，口才(3%)，舌状物(3%)，发音(1%)，用舌吹奏管乐器(1%)
→来自古英语 tunge,舌头，来自 Proto-Germanic*tungon,舌头，来自 tnghwa,舌头，词源同 language,lingual.字母 d,l 音变，比较 tear,lachrymose.引申词义语言。
n.舌;语言I hurt my tongue when I hurried to eat cherry and strawberry merrily.我匆忙快活地吃樱桃和草莓时伤了舌头.
noun
MOUTH PART 口腔部位
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the large soft piece of flesh in the mouth which you can move and which you use for tasting, speaking, etc 舌头
• I burnt my tongue on some soup last night. 我昨晚喝汤时烫着了舌头。
uncountable
■the tongue of an animal, used as food （用作食物的动物的）舌头，口条
[tʌŋ] noun
SHOE 鞋
countable
■a part of an object which is tongue-shaped, especially the piece of material which is under the laces in a shoe 舌状物（尤指鞋舌）
[tʌŋ] noun
LANGUAGE 语言
countable literary
■a language 语言
• immigrants struggling to learn a foreign tongue 努力学习外语的移民
• an ancient tongue 古老的语言
[tʌŋ] noun
STYLE OF EXPRESSION 表达方式
only singular
■a person's way of expressing their ideas and feelings 说话方式
• She is a prolific writer with critical views and a sharp (= severe and critical) tongue. 她是一个多产的作家，观点尖锐，语言犀利。
[tʌŋ] noun
get your tongue round/around sth
■to pronounce a difficult word or phrase 正确发出（难读单词或短语）的音
• It's one language that I have real difficulty getting my tongue round. 这是一种我很难正确发音的语言。
[tʌŋ] noun
loosen sb's tongue
■to make someone speak very honestly 使（某人）说出，使（某人）讲实话
• A few whiskies should loosen his tongue. 几杯威士忌酒就能打开他的话匣子。
[tʌŋ] noun
stick/put your tongue out
■to make a rude sign by putting the tongue outside the mouth 吐舌头
• An old man was staring at her so she stuck her tongue out at him. 一个老头正盯着她看，于是她朝他吐了吐舌头。
[tʌŋ] noun
tongue in cheek See at tongue-in-cheek
[tʌŋ] noun
tongues wagging informal
■If what someone says or does starts tongues wagging, it causes other people to start talking and guessing things about their private lives 说闲话，嚼舌
• Do you think if we leave the party together it will set/start tongues wagging? 你觉得如果我们俩一起离开派对的话会惹人间话吗？
• They tried to keep their affair secret, but it wasn't long before tongues began to wag. 他们试图不让别人知道他们的暧昧关系，但是不久就有了闲言闲语。
speech, laguage, tongue, slang, dialect, idiom
这组词都有“语言”的意思，其区别是：
speech: 特指人的口语，也指正式的讲话。
laguage: 普通用词，含义广。指人的语言或文字，或动物的语言。既可指口头或书面语言，也可指手势语等。
tongue: 书面用词，指人的语言，亦指人的母语。
slang: 指俚语。
dialect: 指一种语言中，某一地方所特有的语言形式，即方言。
idiom: 指一种语言中一般由几个词结合成短语或句子的特殊表达方式，即惯用语、成语。也指方言。
n. 舌头；语言
 - language, longue
vt. 舔；斥责；用舌吹
 - carpet, lick
vi. 说话；吹管乐器
 - speak, fack

Word: license
Front: license
[ˈlaɪsns] (中高研四六宝 2872/6660 -K2)
Vocabulary: license
(once / 228 pages)
nv
What does 007's license to kill have to do with that driver's license you can't wait to acquire? Both are forms of permissions conferred officially. If you’re in England, the noun ends in “c,” as in driver’s licence.
When you have a license, you have official permission to do something, like drive a car. Bars need a liquor license to serve alcohol. Doctors need a medical license to practice medicine. You can also say people have license to do something, which means they're free to do it, like if you give yourself poetic license to misspell your own name. In Britain, license is only a verb, meaning "allow," and the noun form is spelled with two cs: licence.
WORD FAMILY
license: licensed, licenser, licenses, licensing+/ licensed: unlicensed /licenser: licensers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Time is ticking for Minnesota to upgrade its driver’s licenses to satisfy looming federal requirements to board domestic flights.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Before opening for business, the hospital will be subject to inspection and licensing by the state Health Department.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Kelly recently received a Special Police Officer license that allows her to work as a security guard.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 许可证，执照; 特许
vt. 同意; 发许可证
时态：licensed, licensing, licenses
分布：许可证(53%)，执照(38%)，特许(7%)，发许可证给(2%)
→来自license拼写变体。比较advice,advise,device,devise,vice,vise.
特许,许可证[licen=allow,表示"允许"]
批准,许可[licen=allow,表示"允许"]
n.(licence)许可证,执照v.准许,认可The junior and senior of the senate all have driver's licenses.参议院的年长者和年少者都有驾驶执照.
【记】一个人的特许太多就会有行为的自由。
verb transitive
■to give someone official permission to do or have something 许可，授权，特许
• [+ to infinitive] Several companies have been licensed to sell these products. 一些公司获得了这些产品的销售许可。
certificate, license
certificate: 证书，如产品合格证明书
license: 执照，如驾照；
n. 执照， [专利] 许可证；特许
 - permit, patent
vt. [专利] 许可；特许；发许可证给
 - permit, charter

Word: hold
Front: hold
[həʊld] (中高雅宝 213/178 -K4)
Vocabulary: hold
(once / 11 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn
If you grasp something in your hands, you hold it. Be careful when you hold the puppy — he's so wriggly, and you wouldn't want to drop him!
Hold also means to keep from exhaling. If you forget to hold your breath when you go underwater, you're sure to come up sputtering. The noun hold means the cargo area on a ship or airplane. When you check your bag, it's stored in the hold of the plane during the flight. If you packed your book and your snacks in it, it might make more sense to hold onto it instead.
WORD FAMILY
hold: held, holder, holding, holds+/ held: helder/holder: holders/holding: holdings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He holds a file folder; the room is totally quiet except for the tap-tap-tap of his forefinger on the folder.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The Vikings held on for an overtime win against Langley Wednesday at the Governor’s Challenge, to rebound from last Tuesday’s 66-53 loss to McDonogh.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Indians held a lead for all but the last minute of regulation, according to Walker, and lost their edge in the overtime period.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 拿住，握住; 保留，保存; 扣留，拘押; 容纳
vi. 拿住，握住; 同意，赞成; 保持不变; 有效
n. 握住; 保留; 控制
时态：held, holding, holds
分布：举行(22%)，保持(15%)，控制(15%)，持有(10%)，握住(10%)，容纳(8%)，认为(5%)，把握(4%)，掌握(4%)，拿着(4%)，影响(3%)
→来自古英语haldan,控制，抓，握，来自Proto-Germanic*haldan,保持，照看，看护，来自kel,驱动，推动，词源同accelerate,celerity.其原义看护参照behold,beholden.
v.拿着;保有;托住;举行;继续n.握住;船舱The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand.大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里.
US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
SUPPORT 支撑
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to take and keep something in your hand or arms 握住，抓住
• Can you hold the bag while I open the door? 我开门时，你能帮我拿一下提包吗？
• He was holding a gun. 他当时正拿着一把枪。
• The little girl held her mother's hand. 这个小女孩抓着妈妈的手。
• He held her in his arms. 他把她抱在怀里。
• [+ obj + adj] Could you hold the door open , please? 你能扶住门让它一直开着吗？
• Rosie held out an apple for the horse. 罗西拿着一个苹果伸向那匹马。
• All those who agree please hold up their hand (= raise their arm). 同意的请举手。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to support something 支撑，承受
• Will the rope be strong enough to hold my weight? 这根绳子承受得住我的重量吗？
• Each wheel is held on with four bolts. 每个轮胎都由四颗螺栓固定。
• The parts are held together with glue. 这些部件是用胶水黏在一起的。
hold your nose
■to press your nose tightly between thumb and finger in order to close it 捏住鼻子
• I have to hold my nose when I jump into water. 我跳到水里时，必须捏住鼻子。
hold hands ADVANCED
■When two people hold hands, one person holds the other person's hand in their hand, especially to show that they love each other （尤指为了表示两人相爱）手拉着手
• They walked along holding hands. 他们手拉着手向前走。
⇒ See also hand in hand
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
CONTAIN 包含
 ESSENTIAL transitive not continuous
■to contain or be able to contain something 容纳，包含
• This jug holds exactly one pint. 这个壶子的容量刚好是一品脱。
• One bag won't hold all of the shopping - we'd better take two. 买的这些东西一个袋子装不下——我们最好拿两个。
• Modern computers can hold huge amounts of information. 现代的电脑能储存大量的资料。
transitive not continuous
■to have or contain something which you will experience 包含（要经历的事）
• Who can tell what the future holds? 谁又能知道将来会发生甚么事呢？
• She's very religious, so death holds no fear for her. 她笃信宗教，所以死亡对她来说一点也不可怕。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
CONTROL 控制
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to have something, especially a position or money, or to control something 拥有；担任；控制
• He currently holds the position of technical manager. 他目前担任技术经理的职务。
• The bank holds large reserves of gold. 这家银行拥有大量黄金储备。
• Despite incurring heavy losses, the rebels now hold the town and the surrounding hills. 尽管损失惨重，但现在叛军控制了该镇及周围的小山。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
KEEP 保持
 IMPROVER transitive
■to keep something, especially when it might have been lost 保持，保留
• I asked the shop to hold the dress for me until this afternoon. 我要那家商店帮我把那件衣服留到今天下午。
• You have to be a fairly good speaker to hold an audience's attention/interest. 要想吸引观众的注意力／兴趣，你得成为一个相当出色的演讲者才行。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to keep someone in a place so that they cannot leave 拘留，扣押
• The police are holding several people in custody (= at the police station) for questioning. 警方拘留了几个人进行询问。
• [+ obj + noun] The terrorists held him hostage for 18 months. 恐怖分子将他扣为人质达18个月之久。
• I was held prisoner in a tiny attic room. 我被囚禁在一间小阁楼里。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
MAKE HAPPEN 使发生
transitive
■to make something, especially a meeting or an election happen 使发生；举行（尤指会议或选举）
• Could we hold a meeting to discuss this tomorrow afternoon? 明天下午我们开会讨论这件事好吗？
• The election will be held on 8th of August. 选举将于8月8日举行。
• I find it's almost impossible to hold a sensible conversation with her. 我发现和她进行理性对谈几乎不可能。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
CONTINUE 继续
intransitive or transitive
■to cause to stay or continue in the same way as before 使保持（某种状态）；持续
• Let's hope our good luck holds. 希望我们好运不断。
• I hope the repair holds until we get the car to a garage. 我希望这样维修能让我们一直把车子开到修车厂。
• The old adage that 'money talks' still holds true (= is still true). 那句古老的谚语｢有钱能使鬼推磨｣现在依然所言甚是。
• The government is committed to holding exports at their present level. 政府承诺继续保持现有的出口标准。
• The ship/aircraft held its course. 这艘船／这架飞机定住了航向。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
BELIEVE 相信
transitive not continuous
■to believe an idea or opinion 相信，确信
• [+ to infinitive] Small amounts of alcohol are held to be good for the heart. 据信少量饮酒对心脏有好处。
• You sold it to me, so if it breaks I'll hold you responsible (= make you take responsibility). 是你把它卖给我，所以如果坏了你得负责。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
DELAY 耽搁
intransitive or transitive
■to wait, or to stop something temporarily 等待；暂时阻止；推迟
• They've decided to hold all future deliveries until the invoice has been paid. 他们决定，在对方付清出货单上的货款之前，暂停所有未来的交货。
• How long can you hold your breath (= stop breathing) ? 你憋气能憋多久？
• Will you hold my calls for the next half hour please? 半小时内请不要把电话转进来，好吗？
• She's on the phone at the moment - will you hold (the line) (= wait on the telephone until she can speak to you) ? 她在讲电话——你能等一会儿吗？
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
NOT INCLUDE 不包括
transitive US
■If you ask someone to hold something, you do not want them to include it 不包括，排除在外
• I'd like a ham sandwich on rye, hold the lettuce. 我要一个黑麦面包三明治，不要加生菜。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
can't hold your drink (US usually can't hold your liquor) disapproving
■If you can't hold your drink, you feel ill quickly when you drink alcohol. 酒量小
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
can't hold a candle to
■to not be as good as the person or thing mentioned 不能和…相比
• Her latest book is readable enough, but it can't hold a candle to her earlier work. 她最新出版的书有一定的可读性，但无法跟早期的作品媲美。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
don't hold your breath informal
■do not expect a stated thing to happen for a very long time 别指望…能长久
• She said she'd get back to us, but don't hold your breath! 她说她要报复我们，但是过不了多久她就会忘了！
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold all the cards
■to be in a strong position when you are competing with someone else, because you have all the advantages 处于优势，掌控局面
• Management holds all the cards when it comes to the negotiations over job cuts. 当开始协商裁员问题时，管理阶层就处于绝对优势。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold court mainly humorous
■to receive a lot of attention from other people who stand or sit round you to listen, especially on a social occasion （尤指在社交场合）引起周围人的注意
• Patrick is holding court at the end table. 派翠克在茶几旁被不少人围着。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold down a job
■to manage to keep a job for a period of time 保住工作，保住饭碗
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
Hold everything! informal
■used to tell someone to stop what they are doing 停下！
• Hold everything! He's changed his mind again. 等等！他又改变主意了。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold good
■to continue to be true 保持有效，仍是真的
• Their arguments were valid a hundred years ago and they still hold good today. 100年前他们的论点令人信服，今天也仍然适用。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold your head (up) high
■to be very confident and proud （表示自信和骄傲）扬着头
• If you know that you did your best, you can hold your head high. 如果你知道自己已经尽全力，你就可以昂头挺胸，无愧于心。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold your horses old-fashioned informal
■used to tell someone to stop and consider carefully their decision or opinion about something 停下来想想；且慢
• Just hold your horses, Bill! Let's think about this for a moment. 且慢，比尔！我们先考虑一下这件事。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
Hold it! informal
■used to tell someone to wait or stop doing something 等等！
• Hold it! I haven't got my coat on yet. 等一下！我还没穿上大衣呢。
hold 1 2. Hold it! What are you saying?
等等！你在说甚么？
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold on/tight
■to make yourself continue to do what you are doing or stay where you are although it is difficult or unpleasant 坚持下去，继续
• If you can just hold on I'll go and get some help. 如果你能坚持一下，我会去找人帮忙的。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold your own (also hold your (own) ground)
■to be as successful as other people or things in a situation （与…）同样成功；（与…）相匹敌
• Josie can hold her own in any argument. 乔茜无论跟谁辩论都能不落下风。
■to not become more ill or more weak 保持目前的健康状况
• He's still ill but holding his own. 他仍旧生着病，但身体状况并没有进一步恶化。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold still
■used to tell someone to stop moving 别动
• Hold still, this won't hurt. 别动，这不会很痛。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold sway
■to have power or a very strong influence 掌握权力；有很大影响
• Fundamentalist beliefs hold sway over whole districts, ensuring the popularity of religious leaders. 原教旨主义信仰在整个地区处于支配地位，因而确保了宗教领袖的声望。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold that thought
■used for telling someone to remember an idea or thought that has just been mentioned, especially because it will be useful later 记住…（让某人记住刚刚提到的想法或主意，以便随后派上用场）
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold the floor
■to speak to a group of people, often for a long time, without allowing anyone else to speak （对一群人）滔滔不绝地讲话
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold (down) the fort humorous
■to have responsibility for something while someone is absent 暂时负责，代管
• I'll be out of the office for a few hours - will you hold the fort until I get back? 我要离开办公室几小时——你能在我回来之前，替我照顾一下吗？
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold the key
■to have control of something 掌控，支配
• Because the two main parties have won almost the same number of votes, the minority group holds the key to the result. 由于两个主要政党的得票数几乎相等，所以少数派集团将决定最后的结果。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold the reins
■be in control 掌管，掌握
• She's the boss but her secretary often seems to hold the reins. 她是老板，但她的秘书似乎常常掌管一切。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold the road
■If a vehicle holds the road, its wheels stay firmly on the road and do not slide while moving. （车辆）平稳地行驶
⇒ See also roadholding
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold your tongue
■to not speak 别说话
• Hold your tongue, young man! 年轻人，别说话！
• I'm going to have to learn to hold my tongue (= to not say things that upset people). 我以后得学会管好自己的嘴巴，以免惹恼别人。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold water
■If a reason, argument or explanation holds water, it is true 站得住脚，属实
• Her alibi just didn't hold water. 她的不在场证据根本站不住脚。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
there is no holding sb (back)
■If there is no holding someone (back), they do what they want to do eagerly and cannot be stopped. 甚么也拦不住（某人）
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold it/that against sb
■to like someone less because they have done something wrong or behaved badly in the past （因…而）怨恨（某人）
• He made a mistake but I don't hold it against him - we all make mistakes. 他犯了个错误，但我并不因此而怨恨他——我们大家都会犯错的。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold back
■to not do something, often because of fear or because you do not want to make a bad situation worse （常指因恐惧或不愿让事情变得更糟而）退缩，不做
• He held back, terrified of going into the dark room. 他因不敢进入黑暗的房间而退缩了。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hold sb/sth back
STOP DEVELOPMENT
■to stop someone or something developing or doing as well as they should 阻碍…的发展
• She felt that having children would hold her back. 她觉得生小孩会阻碍她发展事业。
STOP MOVEMENT
■If you hold something back, you stop it coming or advancing 阻挡，阻止
• Sandbags will hold the flood waters back for a while. 沙包将会挡住洪水一段时间。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hold sth back
■to keep information secret from someone on purpose 隐瞒，不透露（情况）
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hold sb/sth down
■to keep someone or something in a particular place or position and to stop them from moving 把…按住；使…无法动弹
• He was struggling so much it took three officers to hold him down. 他挣扎得很厉害，用了三名员警才将他制伏。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hold sth down
■to keep something, especially costs, at a low level 保持…处于低水准；（尤指）保持（低成本）
• to hold down prices/wages 平抑价格／工资
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold forth usually disapproving
■to talk about a particular subject for a long time, often in a way that other people find boring 滔滔不绝地说；发表长篇大论
• She held forth all afternoon about/on government incompetence. 她整个下午都在滔滔不绝地谈论政府的无能之处。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold off
NOT DO
■to not do something immediately 推迟，延迟
• [+ -ing verb] Let's hold off making a decision until next week. 我们延到下周再作决定吧。
• US They've decided to hold off on buying a car until they're both working. 他们决定等两人都开始工作之后再买车。
RAIN/STORM
■If rain or a storm holds off, it does not start immediately. （雨或风暴）延缓，迟迟不来
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hold sb off
■to stop someone from attacking or defeating you 抵抗（某人）攻击；抵御（某人）
• How much longer will the resistance fighters be able to hold off the enemy? 防御的战士还能抵挡敌人多久？
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold on
WAIT
 ADVANCED informal
■to wait for a short time 等一下
• Hold on, I'll check in my diary. 等一下，我要查查我的记事簿。
HOLD
 ADVANCED
■to hold something or someone firmly with your hands or arms 紧紧抓住，抱牢
• She held on tightly to his waist. 她紧紧抱住了他的腰。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold onto sth ADVANCED
■to hold something or someone firmly with your hands or your arms 紧紧抓住，抱牢
• Hold onto the rope and don't let go. 紧紧抓住那条绳子，别松手。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold onto/on to sth
■to keep something you have 保留，保存
• Hold on to your ticket - you'll need it later. 留着你的票——以后还会用到的。
• Lewis held onto the lead until the final lap. 直到最后一圈路易士还保持领先。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold out
■to continue to defend yourself against an enemy or attack without being defeated 抵抗，抵御
■1. They won't be able to hold out much longer under this sort of bombardment. hold 2 在这样的炮火轰击之下，他们抵抗不了多久。
SUPPLY OF STH
■If a supply of something such as food or money holds out, there is enough of it to last for a particular period of time. （食物、钱等的供应）维持，持续
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold sth out
■to offer a possibility, solution, hope, etc 表明（有可能或有解决办法）；抱有（希望）
• Few people hold out any hope of finding more survivors. 几乎没人抱希望会找到更多幸存者。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold out for sth
■to wait until you get what you want 坚持要求得到…
• The workers are holding out for a 10% pay rise. 工人坚持要求得到10%的加薪。
• The other side are holding out for a higher price. 另一方坚持要更高的价钱。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold out on sb informal
■to refuse to give help or information to someone 拒绝帮助（某人）；向（某人）隐瞒情况
• Don't hold out on me - I need to know who did it. 别瞒着我——我需要知道是谁做的。
■mainly US informal
■to refuse to give money to someone 拒绝给（某人）钱
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold sth over US
■If a film, play, etc. is held over, it is shown or performed more times than was originally planned, usually because it is very popular with the public. 加映，加演（电影、戏剧等）
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold sb to sth
■to cause someone to act on a promise or agreement 使（某人）遵守（诺言或协议）
• We'll hold him to the exact terms of the contract. 我们会让他严格遵守合约条款。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold up
■to remain strong or successful 保持强壮；保持成功
• Will his alibi hold up (= continue to seem true) in court? 他的不在场证据在法庭上站得住脚吗？
• I hope the repairs hold up until we can get to a garage. 我希望这样维修能让我们撑到找到修车厂为止。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hold sb/sth up
DELAY
■to delay someone or something 耽搁，延误
• Traffic was held up for several hours by the accident. 那宗事故造成长达几个小时的交通阻塞。
STEAL
■to steal from someone using violence or the threat of violence 抢劫，打劫
• They held the same bank up twice in one week. 他们一周之内抢劫同一家银行两次。
• He was held up at gunpoint by a gang of masked youths. 他被一帮蒙面年轻人持枪抢劫。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold sth up as sth (also hold up sth as sth)
■to use someone or something as an example of something, especially something very good 把…作为…的榜样
• Sweden is often held up as an example of a successful social democracy. 瑞典经常被视为社会民主主义的成功典范。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  not hold with sth formal
■to not approve of an idea or activity 不同意，不赞成
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] noun
SUPPORT 支撑
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■when you hold something or someone, or the way you do this 握，拿，抓
• Keep a tight hold on your tickets. 拿好你们的票。
• Don't worry if you lose hold of the reins - the horse won't wander off. 如果缰绳脱手也不用担心——这匹马是不会乱跑的。
⇒ See also foothold;handhold;toehold
catch/get/grab/take hold of sth/sb
 IMPROVER
■to start holding something or someone 抓住
• He took hold of one end of the carpet and tugged. 他抓住地毯的一端用力拖。
• I just managed to grab hold of Lucy before she fell in the pool. 我刚好在露西要掉进水池时抓住了她。
countable
■in fighting sports, a position in which one person holds another person so that they cannot move part of their body 擒拿法
countable
■a place to put the hands and feet, especially when climbing （攀爬时的）支撑点，手攀（或脚踩）的地方
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] noun
CONTROL 控制
only singular
■power or control over something or someone 权力，控制
• Their company has a strong hold on/over the computer market. 他们公司对电脑市场有很大影响力。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] noun
DELAY 耽搁
on hold
■If you are on hold when using the telephone, you are waiting to speak to someone 不挂断电话等着
• Mr Briggs is on hold. 布里格斯先生正在电话那头等着呢。
• His phone is engaged - can I put you on hold? 他的电话忙线中——您不要挂断电话，等一会儿可以吗？
■If an activity is on hold, it has been intentionally delayed 被延后，被故意延迟
• Everything's on hold again because of the bad weather. 因为天气恶劣，一切都再次延迟了。
• The film's been put on hold until the financial situation improves. 那部电影暂时中止拍摄，直到财政状况有所好转为止。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] noun
SPACE 空间
countable
■the space in a ship or aircraft in which goods are carried （轮船或飞机的）货舱
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] noun
get hold of UK (US get ahold of) informal
■to find someone or obtain something 找到（某人）；得到
• Where can I get hold of some stamps? 我在哪里能找到些邮票？
• How can I get ahold of Chris? 我如何才能找到克里斯？
mainly UK to understand something 理解
• This is a very difficult concept to get hold of. 这是一个很难理解的概念。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] noun
no holds barred
■without limits or controls 不受约束，没有限制
• This is comedy with no holds barred. 这搞笑有点太过火了。
hold, contain, involve, embrace, comprise, comprehend, include
这组词都有“包括，包含”的意思，其区别是：
hold: 常和contain换用。指能够容纳或有足够的容纳量。强调包容能力。
contain: 普通用词，所涉及的物体常常是其组成部分或内容。强调包容关系。既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西。
involve: 把包含因整体的性质决定的成分或结果。所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申。
embrace: 正式用词，指把某事物纳入整个之中。
comprise: 书面用词，暗指一个整体包括不同部分所组成，可与include交换使用。
comprehend: 正工用词，指包含在整体范围以内。
include: 普通用词，指一整体包含着各独立的部分，也指某东西包含另一东西的某一部分。
have, hold, possess, own, enjoy, keep
这组词都有“有，具有，持有”的意思，其区别是：
have: 最常用词，可指任何情况下的具有，无论是物质的或精神的。
hold: 指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。
possess: 较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。
own: 不及本组的possess正式，多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。
enjoy: 指享有某种权利或长处，带有欣赏或喜爱的情感。
keep: 指长时间地保有，保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。
vt. 持有；拥有；保存；拘留；约束或控制
 - own, save
vi. 支持；有效；持续
 - support of, stand up for sb
n. 控制；保留
 - control, preservation, grasp, guiding, command

Word: shelter
Front: shelter
[ˈʃeltə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 2874/4083 -K3)
Vocabulary: shelter
(once / 129 pages)
1nv 2nv
Shelter is one of the basic human needs along with food, water, and companionship. It is a structure that protects you from the elements and gives you a place to live.
If you get lost in the woods during a rain storm, the first thing you should do is seek shelter, or a protected place to stay. A shelter is also a place to go for help, e.g. a homeless shelter is for those with nowhere to sleep, a bomb shelter protects people in a war zone and an animal shelter houses dogs and cats without a home. You've probably heard people talking about tax shelters, which are investments that protect your money from being taxed by the government.
WORD FAMILY
shelter: sheltered, sheltering, shelters+/sheltered: shelteredly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deann Shepherd of the Humane Society of Utah says current law already requires shelter, but fails to define what that means.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Unable to afford its Bronx apartment, the family was evicted, and Ms. Farquharson and her children moved into a shelter in early 2013.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They include shelter costs, transportation, groceries, utilities, insurance, minimum loan payments and child care.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 居所; 避难所; （无家可归者或受虐待者的）收容所; 遮蔽
vt. 掩蔽; 庇护; 保护
vi. 躲避; 避难
时态：sheltered, sheltering, shelters
分布：庇护(40%)，避难所(22%)，保护(20%)，庇护所(16%)，隐匿(2%)
→可能改写自 sheld,盾，来自 shield 的旧拼写形式，-er,表物。引申词义保护，遮蔽，庇护等。
n.掩蔽处;掩蔽,保护v.掩蔽,躲避,庇护The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身.
【记】shelter在shell里面。
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■(a building designed to give) protection from bad weather, danger or attack 掩蔽（处）；遮蔽（处）
• an air-raid shelter 防空洞
• They opened a shelter to provide temporary housing for the city's homeless. 他们开设了一个收容所，为该市的无家可归者提供临时的住宿。
• The trees gave/provided some shelter from the rain. 这些树遮了一些雨。
find/take shelter
■to protect yourself from bad weather, danger or attack 躲避
• We took shelter for the night in an abandoned house. 我们在一栋废弃的房子里躲了一夜。
UK ['ʃel.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
PROTECT 保护
intransitive or transitive
■to protect yourself, or another person or thing, from bad weather, danger or attack 躲避；保护；遮蔽
• We were caught in a thunderstorm, without anywhere to shelter. 我们遇上了雷阵雨，没有避雨的地方。
• A group of us were sheltering from the rain under the trees. 我们一群人在树下避雨。
transitive
■to give someone a secret hiding place so that they will not be caught by the army, police, etc. 为…提供避难的地方
• Local people risked their own lives to shelter resistance fighters from the army. 当地的人们冒着生命危险，为反抗组织的战士提供避难所，使其免遭军队逮捕。
UK ['ʃel.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
AVOID TAX 逃税
transitive US
■If you shelter income, you legally avoid paying taxes on it 如果你将收入投资，就可合法避免相关税收。
• Their accountant suggested some novel ways of sheltering their retirement income. 他们的会计师向他们建议退休收入投资的一些新方法。
home, building, residence, shelter, dwelling, habitation, house
这组词都有“居住处”的意思，其区别是：
home: 指永久住家时，带有家庭所特有的温暖、情感等气息。
building: 泛指一切建筑物，不限于居住的房子。
residence: 指大而堂皇的寓所或公馆，也指法律上的居住点。
shelter: 可指长期或临时的住处，也指简陋或临时搭建的躲避风雨的场所。
dwelling: 正式用词，仅指人们居住的任何建筑物。
habitation: 指长久或固定的住所或居住地。
house: 中性词，泛指一切供居住的建筑物，尤指适合一家一户居住的房屋。
home, dwelling, shelter, household, family, house, lodging
home: 家，带有感情色彩
dwelling: 住所，公寓
shelter: 庇护处（收容所，庇护所）
household: 抽象的家庭，并含有家事，家务之意
family: 家庭，指组成家庭的成员
house: 房屋，住宅
lodging: 寄宿处
shelter, guard, harbour, safeguard, defend, shield, protect
这组词都有“保护、保卫”的意思，其区别是：
shelter: 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭危害。
guard: 普通用词，指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。
harbour: 贬义词，指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。
safeguard: 语气强，指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危险。
defend: 普通用词，指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害，消除危险。用作比喻时，指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。
shield: 语气比protect强，但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。
protect: 普通用词，指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。
refuge, protection, shelter
这组词都有“保护、掩蔽(部)、庇护(所)”的意思，其区别是：
refuge: 指避免危险或灾难的安全场所。
protection: 普通用词，指任何保护物。
shelter: 多指暂时性的防护，侧重场所。
n. [法] 庇护；避难所；遮盖物
 - housing, haven, shadow, home, covering
vt. 保护；使掩蔽
 - secure, preserve
vi. 躲避，避难
 - stay away from, to dodge

Word: rub
Front: rub
[rʌb] (研四六托雅 2875/3231 -K2)
Vocabulary: rub
(once / 189 pages)
1vn 2n
To rub is to push firmly and repeatedly, like when you rub your sore foot. When Hamlet says, "aye, there's the rub," he's not talking about getting a massage. Rub, as a noun, is an obstacle or something in your way.
You can rub someone's aching back or rub sunblock on your arms and legs. You can also watch chunks of melting ice on a lake's surface rub against each other or complain that your new shoes rub your heels and give you blisters. Colloquially, you might rub off on your friends, or begin to influence them by your mere presence. If, however, you rub them the wrong way, you irritate or annoy them. The noun rub is not used nearly as often as the verb, but people do love to allude to Hamlet's "aye, there's the rub" line in the "to be or not to be" soliloquy, referring to the unforeseen dreams of death that haunt mankind.
WORD FAMILY
rub: rubbed, rubbing, rubs+/rubbing: rubbings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He rubbed his hands together and kept repeating those words: “It hurts.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He settled each onto his workbench and rubbed beeswax into them until they darkened and turned shiny.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
He grabbed a tissue, doused it with rubbing alcohol and started furiously rubbing at his fingers.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 擦，摩擦; 用…擦; 触怒; （使）相互磨擦
vi. 接触，摩擦; 擦伤; 在困境中持续下去
n. 摩擦的动作; 表面不平; 阻碍，困难
时态：rubbed, rubbing, rubs
分布：擦(63%)，摩擦(23%)，搓(9%)，困难(3%)，障碍(1%)，惹恼(1%)
→词源不详。
v.擦,摩擦He rubbed his hands.他搓揉双手.
verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
 IMPROVER
■to press or be pressed against something with a circular or up and down repeated movement 擦；摩擦；搓；揉搓
• She yawned and rubbed her eyes sleepily. 她打着哈欠睡意蒙地揉着眼睛。
• He rubbed (at) the stain on his trousers and made it worse. 他去擦裤子上的污渍，结果越擦越脏。
• We rubbed some polish into the surface of the wood. 我们在木头表面刷了一些亮光漆。
• She gently rubbed the ointment in. 她轻轻揉搓使药膏渗入。
• First rub the baking tray well with butter. 先用奶油仔细涂擦烤盘。
• [+ obj + adj] Alice rubbed the blackboard clean for the teacher. 爱丽斯替老师擦干净黑板。
• Your cat keeps on rubbing itself (up) against my leg. 你的猫老是在我的腿上蹭来蹭去。
• She was rubbing her hands (together) at the thought of winning. 想到会获胜，她高兴得直搓手。
• The branches rubbed against each other in the wind. 树枝在风中相互摩挲。
• The chair legs have rubbed holes in the carpet. 椅子腿把地毯都磨出了洞。
• My new shoes are rubbing (against/on my toe) and now I've got blisters. 我的新鞋磨脚（趾），都起泡了。
• These marks will never rub off (= be cleaned off). 这些痕迹永远都擦不掉了。
• Alice rubbed the sums off (= cleaned them off) the blackboard for the teacher. 爱丽斯替老师把黑板上的算术题擦去。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
rub sb's nose in it
■to say or do things which make someone remember that they failed or got something wrong 揭（某人）的疮疤；不断提起（某人）以前的过失
• Sue failed her exam, so just to rub her nose in it, I put my certificate up on the wall. 休考试没有及格，所以我把自己的证书贴在墙上，就是为了让她难堪。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
rub salt in/into the wound
■to make a difficult situation even worse for someone 伤口上撒盐，雪上加霜（使某一困难局势对某人来说变得更糟）
• Losing was bad enough, having to watch them receiving the trophy just rubbed salt into the wound. 落败已经很糟糕了；还要看着他们接受那个奖杯，更是在伤口上撒盐。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
rub shoulders (with) (US also rub elbows (with)) informal
■to meet and spend time with （与某人）接触；（与某人）交往；（与某人）厮混
• She claims that she rubs shoulders with royalty all the time. 她声称她一直和王室成员有交往。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
rub sb up the wrong way UK (US rub sb the wrong way)
■to annoy someone without intending to （无意间）触犯（某人），惹恼（某人）
• As soon as they met they started to rub each other up the wrong way. 他们刚一见面就惹得彼此很不高兴。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  rub along UK informal
■If two people rub along, they work or live together in a satisfactory way 和睦；相处得好；搭档默契
• My flat-mate and I rub along okay together. 我的同屋和我相处得很好。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rub sth down
■to rub something with a rough cloth, brush or paper until its surface is smooth, or clean and shiny 磨平；磨光；把…擦磨干净
• Rub the wood down with fine sandpaper till it is smooth. 用细砂纸把木头磨光滑。
• We rubbed the walls down with soap and hot water. 我们用肥皂和热水把墙面擦干净了。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rub sth/sb down
■to use a cloth to dry an animal or person 将…擦干
• I used a towel to rub the dog down after his bath. 我给狗洗完澡后用毛巾把它的毛擦干。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  rub sth in
■to talk to someone about something which you know they want to forget because they feel bad about it 触及（某人）的痛处；提及令（某人）尴尬的事情
• OK, I made a mistake, - you don't have to rub it in. 好了，我是犯了错误——可你也没有必要哪壶不开提哪壶。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  rub off informal
■If a quality or characteristic that someone has rubs off, other people begin to have it because they have been with that person and learnt it from them （品质、性格等）感染，影响，传给
• His enthusiasm is starting to rub off on the rest of us. 他的热情开始感染到我们所有人。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rub sth out UK
■to remove writing or a mark from something by rubbing it with a piece of rubber or a cloth （用橡皮、布等）擦掉，抹掉（字迹、痕迹等）
• It's in pencil, so you can rub it out if you need to. 这是用铅笔写的，这样如果你需要擦掉的话就会很容易。
[rʌb] verb intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rub sb out US slang
■to murder someone 杀掉（某人）；干掉（某人）；除掉（某人）
• He was rubbed out by the Mafia. 他被黑手党干掉了。
[rʌb] noun countable
■when you rub something 擦；摩擦；搓；揉搓
• He gave her hair a good rub to dry it. 他仔细地擦干了她的头发。
[rʌb] noun countable
the rub formal
■the particular problem that makes a situation difficult or impossible 问题，困难，障碍
• You can't get a job unless you have experience, but there's the rub, you can't get experience unless you have a job. 没有工作经验你就没法找到一份工作，但问题是，没有工作又没法获得经验。
vt. 擦；摩擦；惹怒
 - wipe, mop up
vi. 擦；摩擦；擦破
 - mop up, wipe
n. 摩擦；障碍；磨损处
 - friction, bar, obstacle, dam, let

Word: controversy
Front: controversy
[ˈkɒntrəvɜ:si] (研六托雅 2876/3460 -3)
Vocabulary: controversy
(once / 236 pages)
n
A controversy is a dispute or argument in which people express strong opposing views. When a popular TV show kills off a well-loved character, there's bound to be a lot of controversy.
Controversy means a quarrel (often public) involving strong disagreement, but the topic can be as unimportant as a new movie. There might be a controversy in the pages of fashion magazines over whether shorter hems are really in style, or about wearing white after Labor Day. Controversy is from the Latin contrōversus, "turned in an opposite direction," from the prefix contrā, "against," plus versus, a form of vertere, "to turn."
WORD FAMILY
controversy: controversial, controversialist, controversies+/ controversial: controversially, noncontroversial, uncontroversial /controversialist: controversialists/ uncontroversial: uncontroversially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her appointment sparked controversy due to her previous employment links to China’s military.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
At the time, The Economic Consequences of the Peace created an instant controversy.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The most important political task of 2017 transcends the normal run of issues and controversies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 公开辩论; 论战
分布：争议(100%)
→contra-, 相对，相反。-verse, 转，词源同versus.
争论;议论[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.争论,辩论,争吵The overthrown president is overwhelmed by the controversy.被推翻的总统被辩论降服.
US ['kɑ:n.trə.vɝ:-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a lot of disagreement or argument about something, usually because it affects or is important to many people 争议；争论；争辩
• There was a big controversy surrounding/over the use of drugs in athletics. 体育界对使用违禁药物争议很大。
• The policy has caused fierce/heated controversy ever since it was introduced. 这项政策自推行以来已引起了激烈的争论。
argument, controversy, dispute, debate, conflict, strife, quarrel
这组词都有“争执、不和”的意思，其区别是：
argument: 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。
controversy: 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。
dispute: 普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。
debate: 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。
conflict: 指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。
strife: 指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。
quarrel: 普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。
n. 争论；论战；辩论
 - combat, debate, dispute

Word: entrance
Front: entrance
[ˈentrəns] (高研四六托雅宝 2877/2465 -K1)
Vocabulary: entrance
(once / 114 pages)
1n 2n 3v
As a noun, entrance means an act of entering or something that provides a way to enter something. You can make a grand entrance when you arrive at a party, as long as you can actually find the entrance.
Entrance has two pronunciations. If you put the accent on the first syllable, the word is a noun meaning the act of entering or the way into something ("an entrance to the building"). If the accent is on the second syllable, then entrance is a verb meaning "to enchant, charm, or enamor" — "You will be entranced by the movie; the scenery looks so real you will swear it is growing in the theater."
WORD FAMILY
entrance: entranced, entrancement, entrances, entrancing+/ enter: entered, entering, enters, entrance, entrant, entry, re-enter/entering: enterings/ entranced: entrancedly/entrancement: entrancements/entrancing: entrancingly/ entrant: entrants, re-entrant, reentrant/ entry: entries, reentry/re-enter: re-entered, re-entering/reentry: reentries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The plot is only a little bit of what matters in a Manual Cinema show; the performers are entrancing merely doing what they do.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The attacker fired indiscriminately at people, starting with a security guard and a travel agent near the entrance.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A separate entrance for emergency care directly into the hospital means a high level of discretion for trauma cases.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 入口，进口; 进入; 进入方法，进入方式; 入场权
vt. 使出神，使入迷; 使喜悦，使狂喜
时态：entranced, entrancing, entrances
分布：入口(77%)，进入(12%)，使入迷(4%)，登场(3%)，进入权(2%)，使狂喜(2%)
→来自enter的名词形式。entrance 恍惚
n.入口,门口;进入;入学,入会After the entertainment the captain obtained an entrance fee.娱乐表演之后,船长获得了一笔入场费.
【记】源于enter（vt 进入；vi 进去；n 回车）
【反】egress（n 出口）；disgust（v 令人厌恶）；repel（vt 击退；使厌恶）；repulse（v 拒绝；憎恶）；bore（v 使烦扰；钻孔）
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a door, gate, etc. by which you can enter a building or place 入口；大门（口）；通道
• There are two entrances - one at the front and one round the back. 入口有两个，一个在前面，另一个在后面。
Compare exit
countable usually singular
■when an actor or dancer comes onto a stage （演员的）入场，登场
• He makes a spectacular entrance in act two draped in a gold sheet. 在第二幕，他身披金袍上场，光彩炫目。
countable usually singular
■the act of a person coming into a room in an ordinary situation, although often because there is something noticeable about it 进入；进门
• I noticed her entrance because she slipped and fell in the doorway. 她进来时我注意到了，因为她在门口滑了一跤。
uncountable
■the right to enter a place 进入权；进入许可
• The management reserve the right to refuse entrance. 管理部门保留拒绝他人入内的权利。
UK [ɪn'trɑ:nts] US [-'trænts] verb transitive literary
■Someone or something that entrances you is so beautiful or interesting that you cannot stop listening to or watching them 使…着迷
• He has entranced millions of people with his beautifully illustrated books. 他曾以其附有精美插图的书吸引了上百万名读者。
admission, entry, admittance, entrance
这组词都有“入口或进入”的意思，其区别是：
admission: 指被允许进入某公共场所或建筑物的权利，也指进入某一组织。
entry: 强调正式地、礼仪地进入。用作“入口”解时，多指房门、院门、门廊等。
admittance: 指许可进入某地或某建筑物。
entrance: 含义广泛，作“进入”解时，可用于许多场合；作“入口”解时，指有门或栏的入口处。
n. [建] 入口；进入
 - threshold, access, portal, way in

Word: favorite
Front: favorite
['feɪvərɪt] (研四雅 1593/-)
Vocabulary: favorite
(once / 161 pages)
1adjn 2n
Your favorite is what you like best. Your room is probably painted your favorite color, and the folders you carry to school are probably that color too.
In a competition, the favorite is the one considered likely to win. If you bet on the favorite in a horse race, you're betting on the horse lots of other people think will win. The opposite of the favorite is the dark horse, or the underdog, or the long shot. You may have a favorite recipe, a favorite Web site, a favorite pastime, a favorite anything.
WORD FAMILY
favorite: favorites, favoritism +/ favoritism: favoritisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s no obvious, runaway favorite, so this means we all yell at each other about it for several weeks.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“Moonstruck” is my favorite movie, and Lincoln Center my favorite place.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now that we’re in the thick of a new awards season, revisit this critical favorite that won six Oscars.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 特别喜欢的人（或物）; 喜欢的事物; 最有希望获胜者（尤指马）; 收藏夹
adj. 喜爱的，宠爱的，中意的
[美国英语] = favourite
分布：喜爱的(89%)，流行的(5%)，最喜爱的人或物(4%)，最有希望获胜的选手(2%)
喜爱的人或物(favor喜爱)[-ite 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或物"3.表动词"促成"]
n.(favourite)最喜欢的人或物a.喜爱的A year ago I could go without the foregoing favorite flavor.一年前没有先前最喜爱的风味我也能过.
n. 幸运儿；喜欢的事物；特别喜欢的人
 - lucky dog
adj. 最喜爱的；中意的；宠爱的
 - pet, fond

Word: practice
Front: practice
[ˈpræktɪs] (中高雅 564/453 -K4)
Vocabulary: practice
(once / 32 pages)
1nv 2nv
Practice can be a noun or a verb, but either way it's about how things are done on a regular basis. You can practice shotput every day because your town has a practice of supporting track-and-field events.
One can practice the tuba for hours on end, repeating the same song over and over, serving to both get better at the tuba and to convince the neighbors they should move to Florida. You could learn the common practice of offering a guest a beverage when they arrive at your party, if you care to be polite. One can also practice a profession or a religion, as in “I practice Buddhism and I have a booming international law practice.”
WORD FAMILY
practice: practicable, practical, practiced, practices, practicing+/impracticability: impracticabilities/impracticable: impracticability, impracticableness, impracticably/ impractical: impracticality, impractically/impracticality: impracticalities/practicability: practicabilities/ practicable: impracticable, practicability, practicableness, practicably/ practical: impractical, practicality, practically / practicality: practicalities/practiced: unpracticed
USAGE EXAMPLES
If nothing else, policymakers say, such comparisons prompt discussions across borders to learn best practices in addressing particular health problems.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
I am a clinical social worker in private practice, and I deal with a different client every hour.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Lee, of Hopewell, practiced law for more than 30 years.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 练习; 实践; （医生或律师的）业务; 惯例
vi. 实行; 惯常地进行; 练习; 实习
vt. 实行，实践; 执业; 练习; 惯常地进行
时态：practiced, practicing, practices
分布：实践(47%)，练习(41%)，实行(5%)，习惯(3%)，业务(2%)，开业(1%)，执业(1%)
→来自拉丁语practicare,去做，实践，履行，来自希腊语prassein,去做，行动，可能来自per,向前，前行，尝试，词源同experiment,peril.引申诸相关词义。
n.练习,实践,实际,业务,惯例,习惯The exact contact with practice has practical impact on me.同实践的密切接触对我有实际的影响.
noun
ACTION 行动
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■action rather than thought or ideas 实施，实践
• It seemed like a good idea before we started, but in practice it was a disaster. 在我们动手之前这似乎是个好主意，但实际上却是场灾难。
• Officially, Robert's in charge, but in practice Hannah runs the office. 据称应该是罗伯特负责办事处的工作，但实际上却是汉娜在管。
• I can't see how your plan is going to work in practice. 我看不出你的计划在实践中如何行得通。
• How do you intend to put these proposals into practice, Mohamed? 穆罕默德，你打算如何把这些计划付诸实行？
['præk.tɪs] noun
REGULAR ACTIVITY 惯常的行为
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■something that is usually or regularly done, often as a habit, tradition or custom 惯常做法，惯例；习俗
• What can European companies learn from Japanese business practices? 欧洲公司能从日本工商业的做法中学到些甚么呢？
• It's common practice in the States to tip the hairdresser. 在美国通常要给理发师小费。
• This is a cruel practice which should be banned immediately. 这是个残忍的习俗，应该立即禁止。
• What is standard practice (= What is usually done) in a situation like this? 在这种情况下通常如何处理？
• Newspaper editors have agreed a new code of practice on the invasion of privacy. 报社编辑们已同意在侵犯隐私的问题上采取新的行为准则。
make a practice of sth UK old-fashioned
■to do something regularly 养成…的习惯，经常做…
• I'll do your washing for you this time, but I'm not going to make a practice of it. 这次我帮你洗衣服，不过下不为例。
['præk.tɪs] noun
TRAINING 训练
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when you do something regularly or repeatedly to improve your skill at doing it 练习；训练
• I need to get some more practice before I take my driving test. 考驾照前我还得再练练。
• Are you coming to cricket practice this evening? 今晚的板球训练你会来吗？
• She's never at home because she spends all her free time at hockey practices. 她从来都不在家，因为她把所有的闲置时间都用在练习曲棍球上了。
• You'll gradually get better at it - it's just a question of practice. 你慢慢会更熟练的——这只是练习的问题。
• I'm a bit out of practice (= I haven't had any recent experience) but I'd love to play. 我最近没怎么练习，但我愿意玩。
• Do you mind if I have a few practice shots before we start the game? 开赛前我练几下投篮你不介意吧？
['præk.tɪs] noun
WORK 工作
countable
■a job or business which involves a lot of skill or training （专业性强的）工作，业务（活动）
• a dental/medical/veterinary/legal practice 牙医／医疗／兽医诊所／律师事务所
• Our practice is responsible for about five thousand patients. 我们诊所负责大约5000名患者。
• She's decided to leave the Health Service and join a private practice. 她决定离开公共医疗体系，加入私人诊所。
['præk.tɪs] noun
Practice makes perfect. saying
■said to encourage someone to continue to do something many times, so that they will learn to do it very well 熟能生巧。
habit, practice, tradition, convention, usage, manners, custom
这组词都有“习惯，风俗，传统”的意思，其区别是：
habit: 侧重于自然养成的，不易去掉的个人习惯。
practice: 常指习惯性的做法或行为。
tradition: 广义指世代相传的伦理、行为规范和生活方式，特指因长久奉行而几乎具有法律效力的习惯、习俗，侧重历史意义。
convention: 多指约定俗成的行为方式规则或公认的标准，或指艺术上公认的技巧。
usage: 指持续时间长，为很多人公认采纳的惯例、习俗。
manners: 指在某一时期或某一团体中盛行的社会礼仪或社会风俗模式。
custom: 指一个国家、一个民族、一个地区或一个社会的习惯、行为方式或风俗习惯。也可指个人的习惯。
training, practice, exercise, drill, discipline
这组词都有“练习、训练、锻炼”的意思，其区别是：
training: 普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练。
practice: 指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧。
exercise: 主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧。
drill: 侧重进行有系统的，严格和重复的练习。
discipline: 既可指训练又可指为达到某种熟练程度而进行的约束。
practice, exercises, exercise
practice: (反复做的)练习 Practice makes perfect.
exercises: 练习(可数),
exercise: 运动,锻炼(不可数),
n. 实践；练习；惯例
 - tradition, convention, usage, exercise
vi. 练习； [劳经] 实习；实行
 - exercise, bring to pass
vt. 练习； [劳经] 实习；实行
 - execute, exercise

Word: properly
Front: properly
[ˈprɒpəli] (高四六 2880/1634 -K)
Back: adv. 适当地; 恰当地; 正确地; 完全，非常
分布：正确地(38%)，适当地(37%)，完全地(25%)
US ['prɑ:.pɚ.li] adverb
CORRECTLY 正确地
 ESSENTIAL
■correctly, or in a satisfactory way 正确地；合适地
• It's still not working properly. 它还是不能正常运转。
• I'm not properly dressed for this sort of weather. 我的穿着不适合这样的天气。
• I think you should take it somewhere to have it mended properly. 我觉得你应该把它拿去给人好好修一修。
• Come on, Evie, speak properly - you're not a baby any more! 来，埃薇，好好说话——你已经不是小孩子了！
UK ['prɒp.əl.i] US ['prɑ:.pɚ.li] adverb
SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE 可被社会接受的 formal
■in a socially and morally acceptable way 适当地，恰当地
• Most vegetables should be eaten with a fork but asparagus can be properly eaten with the fingers. 大多数蔬菜要用叉子吃，不过用手拿芦笋吃是合规矩的。
UK ['prɒp.əl.i] US ['prɑ:.pɚ.li] adverb
properly speaking formal
■really 实际上，严格来说
• It's not, properly speaking, champagne but it is very similar. 严格地说，它不是香槟酒，但口感很像。
adv. 适当地；正确地；恰当地
 - correctly, exactly, well, appropriately, adequately

Word: fade
Front: fade
[feɪd] (高研四六托雅宝 2882/3506 -3)
Vocabulary: fade
(once / 179 pages)
1vn 2v 3n
When things fade, they gradually become less clear or more faint. When you wake up after having a strange dream, its details quickly begin to fade unless you write them down right away.
Dreams usually fade once you wake up, and sunlight begins to fade toward the end of the day. Sounds can fade too, as when the music you can hear from a passing car begins to fade as it moves down the road. Disappointments in life can make your hopes and dreams fade, and the smell of cut flowers will eventually fade as well. The Old French root word, fader, means "weaken, wilt, or wither."
WORD FAMILY
fade: faded, fades, fading+/ faded: fadedly, prefaded/fading: fadings, unfading/unfading: unfadingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Problem is, his poems fade in the fifth stanza.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“These internet celebrities quickly fade from view. They’re kind of left alone, wondering what just happened.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The promise quickly faded when Penn State offered a scholarship two years later.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 褪去，失去光泽; 逐渐消逝; 凋谢，衰老
vt. 使褪色
adj. 乏味的，平淡的
时态：faded, fading, fades
分布：褪色(42%)，淡出(21%)，逐渐消失(15%)，凋谢(12%)，淡入(10%)
→可能来自拉丁语fatuus, 无味的，愚笨的，词源同fatuous. 原用于食物清淡无味，后用于光线逐渐变暗。
v.褪色;衰减,消失n.淡入(出)n.乏味(平淡)的The invader saw the shadow of the lampshade fade away.入侵者看见灯罩的影子渐渐消失.
【反】unflagging（adj 不屈不挠的）－faded（adj 已褪色的；已凋谢的）
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to (cause to) lose colour, brightness or strength gradually （使）褪色；（使）变暗；（使）衰弱
• If you hang your clothes out in the bright sun, they will fade. 衣服挂在光线强的地方晾晒会褪色。
• My suntan is already fading. 我晒黑的肤色已经开始变浅了。
• They arrived home just as the light was fading (= as it was going dark). 夕阳西下时，他们到家了。
• The sun had faded the blue walls. 太阳把蓝色的墙晒得褪色了。
[feɪd] verb intransitive or transitive
be fading away/fast
■to be growing weaker and thinner and to be likely to die soon 变得虚弱；奄奄一息
[feɪd] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  fade away
■to slowly disappear, lose importance or become weaker 逐渐消失；变得无足轻重；变弱
• The voices became louder and closer and then faded away again. 人声越来越嘈杂，越来越近，接着又逐渐消失了。
• As the years passed, the memories faded away. 岁月流逝，那些记忆都淡忘了。
[feɪd] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [I or M] fade (sth) in
■If the picture or sound of a film or recording fades in, or someone fades it in, it becomes gradually stronger. （使）（画面）渐显；（使）（声音）渐强
[feɪd] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [I or M] fade (sth) out
■If the picture or sound of a film or recording fades out or someone fades it out, it becomes gradually weaker. （使）（画面）渐隐；（使）（声音）渐弱
fade, wither
这组词都有“凋谢”的意思，其区别是：
fade: 侧重指渐渐失去色彩和光泽。
wither: 指因无活力而丧失生命力。
fade, evaporate, disappear, vanish
这组词都有“消失”的意思，其区别是：
fade: 侧重逐渐消失。
evaporate: 指像水蒸发时那样悄然逝去，也指某人悄悄地、突然退出或离去。
disappear: 普通用词，强调从视线或脑海中消失。这消失可能是暂时的、突然的或永久的，视上下文而定。
vanish: 语气强，指完全、往往是神秘而突然的消失，不留任何蛛丝马迹。
die away, fade, disappear, vanish
die away: 听不见了，侧重于变弱，逐渐止息
fade: 退色，凋谢
disappear: a. 看不见了 b.消失，一般用语
vanish: 侧重于突然不见或消失
vi. 褪色；凋谢；逐渐消失
 - peter, color fading
vt. 使褪色
 - discolor
adj. 平淡的；乏味的
 - stupid, literal-minded

Word: defensive
Front: defensive
[dɪˈfensɪv] (托 2881/4720 -2)
Vocabulary: defensive
(once / 394 pages)
nadj
Someone on the defensive is concerned with justifying their actions or words. They have a defensive attitude as they try to protect themselves.
If you know that to defend is to protect, you have an idea what defensive means. When a person is acting defensive, they're trying to protect or justify themselves. People who are insecure or guilty tend to act defensive. Also, defensive players in football try to prevent the other side from scoring, just like defensive military strategies try to protect something. When someone has a defensive attitude, or is forced to defend something, we also say they're "on the defensive."
WORD FAMILY
defensive: defensively, defensiveness, defensives+/ defence: defenceless, defences, self-defence/defenceless: defencelessly, defencelessness/ defend: defence, defendable, defendant, defended, defender, defending, defends, defensible, defensive /defendable: undefendable/ defendant: co-defendant, defendants/defender: defenders/ defensible: defensibility, defensibly, indefensible / indefensible: indefensibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The quarterback on the Tigers’ scout team this season was someone who is paid millions of dollars to do something else: defensive coordinator Brent Venables.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
They brought us an energy and a toughness that we lack a lot of the times on the defensive end.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Pearson missed the front end of the one-and-one, Robert Champion grabbed the defensive rebound and Benzan drove for the winner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 防御用的，防守的; 辩护的; 自卫的
n. 守势; 辩护
分布：防御的(45%)，防卫的(25%)，防卫物(11%)，辩护的(11%)，防卫姿势(8%)
adjective
■used to protect someone or something against attack 防御性的，防卫性的
• These are purely defensive weapons, not designed for attack. 这些是纯粹的防御性武器，并不是用来进攻的。
Opposite offensive too quick to protect yourself from being criticized 急于为自己开脱的；戒备的，怀有戒心的
■in a sports event, trying to prevent the opposing player or players from scoring points, goals, etc. （比赛中）防守性的，防守的
• He's currently the best defensive player on the team. 他目前是队里最好的防守队员。
[dɪ'fent.sɪv] noun
on the defensive
 IMPROVER
■ready to protect yourself because you are expecting to be criticized or attacked 处于防卫状态，处于戒备状态
adj. 自卫的；防御用的
 - self-defensive
n. 防御；守势
 - defence against, phylaxis

Word: tragedy
Front: tragedy
[ˈtrædʒədi] (研四六托雅宝 2883/3508 -3)
Vocabulary: tragedy
(once / 192 pages)
n
Tragedy is a noun that indicates disaster or bad fortune. It would be a tragedy to lose your job, but an even greater tragedy to fall ill while unemployed and without health care.
First recorded in the late 14th century, the noun tragedy originally referred to a play with an unhappy ending. About a century later it also came to mean an unhappy event or a disaster. The playwright George Bernard Shaw wittily observed, "“There are two tragedies in life. One is to lose your heart's desire. The other is to gain it.” The comedian Mel Brooks defined tragedy as follows: "Tragedy is when I cut my finger. Comedy is when you walk into an open sewer and die."
WORD FAMILY
tragedy: tragedies, tragical+/ tragic: tragedy, tragically, tragicly/tragical: tragicalest
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are physicians who teach tropical medicine in East Africa each year, where we witness the tragedy of illnesses and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Every day there is tragedy, and every day we play music,” said guitar player Adel Sabawi, who is from Damascus.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As mundanity mingles with tragedy, we confront the inevitable Popian letdown: Do we care enough?
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 悲剧，惨剧; 悲剧文学; 悲剧理论，悲剧表演艺术; 悲剧式作品
分布：悲剧(90%)，灾难(8%)，惨事(2%)
→来自拉丁语 tragedia,悲剧，来自希腊语 tragodia,悲剧，来自 tragos,山羊，-edy,诗，歌，词源 同 ode,comedy.该词字面意思即山羊之歌，其词义过渡存在争议，一说是古希腊时期演员演 戏的时候披着山羊皮，一说是对演员奖励一只山羊，还有说法是在演戏之前宰一只山羊祭祀 神灵，而山羊在古希腊时期为常见祭品。
n.悲剧;惨事,灾难The villagers in rage caused a tragedy on the cage-like stage.狂怒的村民在笼子形的舞台上制造了一场悲剧.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a very sad event or situation, especially one involving death or suffering 悲剧性事件，灾难，不幸
• The pilot averted a tragedy when he succeeded in preventing the plane from crashing. 飞行员成功阻止飞机的坠毁，从而避免了一场悲剧。
• Hitler's invasion of Poland led to the tragedy of the Second World War. 希特勒入侵波兰，引发第二次世界大战这场浩劫。
• His life was touched by hardship and personal tragedy. 他的一生充满了艰辛和不幸。
• They had only recently arrived in London when tragedy struck - their son was killed in a traffic accident. 他们刚到伦敦就遭遇不幸——儿子在一次交通事故中丧生。
• [+ (that)] It's a tragedy (that) so many young people are unable to find jobs. 这么多的年轻人找不到工作，真是不幸。
■a play about death or suffering with a sad end, or this type of play generally 悲剧（作品）
• Shakespeare's tragedies include 'Hamlet', 'King Lear' and 'Othello'. 莎士比亚的悲剧作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》和《奥赛罗》。
• In Greek tragedy, the role of the chorus is to express the audience's reactions to what is happening in the play. 在希腊悲剧中，合唱队的作用是表达观众对剧情发展的反应。
n. 悲剧；灾难；惨案
 - disaster, calamity

Word: net
Front: net
[net] (高研四六托 2884/2189 -K3)
Vocabulary: net
(once / 137 pages)
1nv 2n 3nvadj
A net is a device, made of fabric or rope stitched together, used to catch things such as fish or butterflies. Net can also refer to profits.
There are many nets, but two kinds have to do with catching things and making profit. The first net is like a fisherman's net: it's a type of meshing (meaning it has holes) made from rope or wire. This net is used to catch fish, and the holes allow the water to pour out. Also, someone's net worth is how much money they have. A net profit is a company’s earnings. A larger net means more money.
WORD FAMILY
net: netlike, netly, nets, netted, netting+/netting: nettings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trevor Booker led the Nets with 17 points and 15 rebounds.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Trevor Booker led the Nets with 17 points and 15 rebounds.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Other approaches focus on netting drones, either via bigger drones or by guns firing a net and a parachute via compressed gas.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 网; 网状织物; 球网; 网罩
vt. 用网捕; 捕获; 净赚; 踢入球门
adj. 净的; 净得的; 最后的
时态：netted, netting, nets
分布：网(96%)，网状物(2%)，纯粹的(1%)，净余的(1%)
→来自net,编织，结，词源同node,noose.引申词义网。net 净的，净重的
n.网,网状物v.用网捕,使落网a.纯净的The wet pet in the net hasn't got on the jet plane yet.网中的湿宠物还没有登上喷气飞机.
[net] (-tt-)
noun
MATERIAL 材料
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■material made of threads of rope, string, wire or plastic that are woven loosely so that there are spaces between them, allowing gas, liquid or small objects to go through, or an object made with this material which is used to limit the movement of something 网；网状物
• a fishing net 渔网
• a butterfly net 捕蝶网
• Dolphins often get tangled in the nets that are used to catch tuna fish. 海豚常常被缠在捕金枪鱼的网中。
• The living-room windows have net curtains which let in sunlight but stop passers-by looking in from the street. 客厅的窗户有网帘，能阻挡街上路人窥视的目光，而又不至于遮住阳光。
[net] (-tt-)
noun
SPORT 运动
 ADVANCED countable
■a rectangular piece of material made from string which is used to separate the two sides in various sports （分隔开体育比赛中双方的）球网
• If the ball touches the net during a service in a game of tennis, you have to serve again. 在网球比赛中如果发球触网，必须重发。
 ADVANCED countable
■the area surrounded by a piece of material made from string into which a ball or puck is put in order to score points in various sports 球门网
• His penalty kick placed the ball decisively in the back of the net. 他的罚球稳稳地射进网窝。
• a basketball net 篮球球网
[net] (-tt-)
verb transitive
CATCH 捕
■to catch something using a net 用网捕
• How many fish did you net this afternoon? 你今天下午张网捕到多少鱼？
■to get something good or to earn a lot of money from something 获得（好处）；赚得（钱财）
• [+ two objects] She netted herself a fortune when she sold her company. 她卖掉自己的公司，大赚了一笔。
• She netted £10 million (for herself) from the sale of her company. 她卖掉自己的公司，赚了1000万英镑。
• Mark's netted himself a top job with an advertising company. 马克在一家广告公司获得了一个高级职位。
[net] (-tt-)
verb transitive
SCORE 分数
■If you net the ball during a game like football, you score a goal 击（球）入网，把（球）射入球门
• He secured a dramatic victory for England by netting the ball half a minute before the end of the game. 他在比赛结束前半分钟攻进一球，使英格兰队赢得了戏剧性的胜利。
[net] (-tt-)
adjective [before or after noun] (ALSO UK also nett)
 ADVANCED
■left when there is nothing else to be subtracted 净得的，纯的
• I earn £15 000 gross, but my net income (= income that is left after tax has been paid) is about £12 000. 我总共赚了15 000英镑，但净收入为12 000英镑。
• The net weight of something excludes the weight of the material that it is packed in. 净重不包括包装材料的重量。
Compare gross
n. 网；网络；净利；实价
 - network, web
vt. 得到；净赚；用网捕
 - harvest, come into
adj. 纯粹的；净余的
 - pure, whole

Word: characterize
Front: characterize
[ˈkærəktəraɪz] (研四六托雅宝 2859/4894 -2)
Vocabulary: characterize
(once / 466 pages)
v
To characterize someone is to describe them in a certain way, to try to pin down his or her personality. If you say your dad is stingy, you are characterizing him as a miser.
See the word character in characterize? Two meanings of character can help you understand this word. We all have character, meaning we all have unique personalities. Also, characters are people in books, movies, plays, and TV shows. Characterizing has to do with summing up how a person acts in real life or is portrayed in a work of fiction.
WORD FAMILY
characterize: characterization, characterized, characterizes, characterizing+/ character: charactered, charactering, characterise, characteristic, characterize, characterless, characters/characterisation: characterisations/characterise: characterisation, characterised, characterises, characterising/ characteristic: characteristically, characteristicly, characteristics, uncharacteristic/ characterization: characterizations/uncharacteristic: uncharacteristically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Much like a local congregation, there is a sense of family that characterizes we “12s.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The advocate characterizes cognitive behavioral therapy as “an expert doing something to” a patient, whereas the movement’s approach disrupts that hierarchy.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But remarkably high temperatures characterized August and September.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 描述（人或物）的特性; 具有…的特征
vi. 塑造人物
时态：characterized, characterizing, characterizes
分布：表示 ... 的典型(50%)，赋予 ... 特色(50%)
v.(characterise)表示...的特性;描述...特性In this chapter, the capture characterized the characteristics of the characters.俘虏在本章描述了字符的特性.
US ['ker.ɪk.tɚ.aɪz] verb transitive
■Something which characterizes another thing is typical of it 为…的特征；为…所特有
• Bright colours and bold strokes characterize his early paintings. 明亮的色彩和大胆的笔触是他早期绘画作品的特征。
■to describe something by stating its main qualities 归纳…的特征；描述…的特性
• In her essay, she characterizes the whole era as a period of radical change. 她在文章中将整个时代的特征归纳为一个急剧变化的时期。

Word: funeral
Front: funeral
[ˈfju:nərəl] (高研四六雅 2885/3009 -K2)
Vocabulary: funeral
(once / 232 pages)
n
A funeral is a ceremony to bury or cremate the dead. If you go to a funeral, wear black and try not to seem like you're having fun.
Funeral comes from the Latin root fūnus, for "dead body," and so a funeral is the ritual that surrounds taking care of a dead body. Depending on the dead person's beliefs, there will often be a representative of a religion there to honor them in a traditional way. Sometimes we use funeral for dead things other than dead people. If you just gave a really bad party, you could call it a funeral for your social life.
WORD FAMILY
funeral: funerals, funerary, funereal +/ funereal: funereally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Traditionally turtles were eaten at major events, like a wedding or a chief’s funeral.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Weaver’s funeral will be Thursday at the Jaffa Shrine Center.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As the search continued, the first funerals were held on Sunday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 葬礼，丧礼; 〈比喻〉不愉快的事，操心的事，有关系的事
adj. 葬礼的; 出殡用的，出殡时的
分布：葬礼(100%)
→来自拉丁语funus, 死亡，葬礼仪式，可能来自dheu, 死，词源同die, dead.
n.丧葬,葬礼Several severe federal generals drank the mineral water on the miner's funeral.好几个严厉的联邦将军在矿工的葬礼上喝了矿泉水.
US [-nɚ.əl] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a (usually religious) ceremony for burying or burning the body of a dead person 葬礼；丧礼
• The funeral will be held next Friday. 葬礼将在下周五举行。
• Over 300 mourners attended the funeral. 300多名哀悼者参加了葬礼。
• a funeral procession 送葬的队伍
UK ['fju:.nər.əl] US [-nɚ.əl] noun countable
That's/it's your funeral! informal
■something that you say which means that if someone suffers bad results from their actions, it will be their fault 那活该你倒楣！你自作自受！
n. 葬礼；麻烦事
 - obsequies, interment
adj. 丧葬的，出殡的
 - sepulchral

Word: profession
Front: profession
[prəˈfeʃn] (高研四六托雅 2886/2211 -K3)
Vocabulary: profession
(once / 82 pages)
1n 2n
An open declaration of an opinion or belief is a profession. If you announce that you believe the earth is flat, your profession of this opinion might cause some giggling among your well-educated friends.
Careers that require specialized training or advanced degrees are considered professions. Your parents may want you to go into a profession like the practice of law, but you dream of being a rodeo clown. The collective group of people practicing a profession is also called profession. The medical profession doesn't know what to make of that thing growing out of your foot. You are a medical mystery!
WORD FAMILY
profession: professional, professions+/ profess: professed, professes, professing, profession /professed: professedly/ professional: nonprofessional, professionalise, professionalism, professionalize, professionally, professionals, semiprofessional, unprofessional/professionalise: professionalisation, professionalised/ professionalism: professionalisms/professionalize: professionalization, professionalized, professionalizes, professionalizing/semiprofessional: semiprofessionals/unprofessional: unprofessionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
These observations are especially poignant considering Karen’s profession.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But the medical profession increasingly understands that painful as it is, the revolution is necessary and unstoppable.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s traditional English style that’s a bit medical, a bit military – a nod to his professions – but he’s also got to be ready for action.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 职业，专业; 同行; 宣称; 信念，信仰
分布：职业(69%)，行业(25%)，声明(4%)，信仰(2%)
→来自profess,宣称，信奉，-ion,名词后缀。引申词义职业，行业，即内心的召唤。词义演变比较vocation,voice.
职业(pro在前面+fess+ion→在前面说话→进入[律师,教师等]职业;参考：professor)[fess=speak,表示"说"]
n.职业,专业,表白,宣布He is a salesman by profession.他的职业是推销员.
noun
WORK 工作
 IMPROVER countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■any type of work which needs special training or a particular skill, often one which is respected because it involves a high level of education （尤指需要特殊训练或专业技能的）职业
• He left the teaching profession in 1965 to set up his own business. 他1965年离开教师岗位自己创业。
• The report notes that forty per cent of lawyers entering the profession are women. 这份报告指出，执业律师中有40%是女性。
• Teaching as a profession is very underpaid. 教书作为一种职业，酬劳其实过低。
• He's a doctor by profession. 他的职业是医生。
 ADVANCED countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■the people who do a type of work, considered as a group 某职业的全体人员；同行，同业
• There's a feeling among the nursing profession that their work is undervalued. 在护理人员之间存在一种看法——认为他们的工作未得到应有的重视。
the professions
■jobs which need special training and skill, such as being a doctor or lawyer, but not work in business or industry （医生或律师等需特殊训练或技能的）职业
[prə'feʃ.ən] noun
STATEMENT 表示
countable
■a statement about what someone feels, believes or intends to do, often made publicly 表示，表白
• The government's professions of commitment to the environment seem less believable every day. 政府支持环保的表态似乎一天比一天不可信。
• his professions of love 他的爱情表白
assignment, task, profession, job
assignment: 指分派做的特定任务，也指长期性工作
task: 被派或自愿承担工作，尤指困难、辛劳的工作
profession: 指从事脑力劳动，经过特殊培训的“职业”，如老师
job: 常指短期任务
work, vocation, occupation, employment, trade, profession, career, job
这组词都有“职业”的意思，其区别是：
work: 指任何种类的工作，也泛指职业。
vocation: 较正式用词，语气庄重，指长期从事，但不一定以此为主计的职业。
occupation: 泛指任何一种职业，既不分什么行业，也不管是脑力还是体力劳动。
employment: 指受雇于他人，领取工资以谋生计，有较固定工作的职业。
trade: 指需要有熟练技巧、技能和体力的职业。
profession: 以前常指要受过高等教育(尤指法律、医学和神学)才能获得的职业，现在一般指为谋生日的职业，尤指从事脑力劳动和受过专门训练，具有某种专业知识的职业。
career: 指经过专门训练，终身愿意从事的职业。
job: 通常指一切有收入，不分脑力与体力运动，不论是否有技艺的长期或临时的职业。
n. 职业，专业；声明，宣布，表白
 - employment, career, calling, pursuit, statement, occupation

Word: alter
Front: alter
[ˈɔ:ltə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2889/2121 -K3)
Vocabulary: alter
(once / 120 pages)
v
After eating too many gingerbread cookies, she no longer fit into her uniform, so she had a seamstress alter it. It looked pretty much the same.
The verb alter can also mean to neuter or spay. Think of a cat that has just been spayed: the cat you pick up from the vet is the same cat that you dropped off there, only perhaps a little groggy and unable to reproduce. While the cat has been altered, it's not a different cat.
WORD FAMILY
alter: alterable, alteration, alterative, altered, altering, alters+/ alterable: alterability, inalterable, unalterable / alteration: alterations/ altered: unaltered /altering: alterings/inalterable: inalterably/ unalterable: unalterability, unalterably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even if he accomplishes only half, the landscape of American politics and policy will be radically altered.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
The stunt was a throwback to Jan. 1, 1976, when the prankster Daniel N. Finegood altered the letters in the same way.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Browning acknowledged Alabama’s defense alters a normal game plan.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 改变; 更改; 改建（房屋）; （人）变老
vi. 改变; 修改
时态：altered, altering, alters
分布：改变(83%)，更改(14%)，阉割(2%)，切除卵巢(1%)
→词根al, 异，不同。-ter, 比较级后缀。
变更,改变(alter其他的→变成(其它的))[alter,altern,ali=other,to change表示"其他的,改变状态"]
vt.改变,更改;改做(衣服)vi.改变,变化The tilted salt filters halt alternately for altering.倾斜的盐过滤器交替地停下以便改造.
【参】altercation（n 争论，口角）；alternation（n 交替，间隔）
US ['ɑ:l.tˌɚ] verb
CHANGE 改变
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to change something, usually slightly, or to cause the characteristics of something to change （通常指轻微地）改动，修改；改变，（使）变化
• We've had to alter some of our plans. 我们不得不对一些计划作出改动。
• Although long-distance phone calls are going up, the charge for local calls will not alter. 尽管长途电话费涨价，本地电话费将不会有变动。
• Giving up our car has radically altered our lifestyle. 弃车不用使我们的生活方式发生了根本性的变化。
transitive
■to change the size of clothes so that they fit better 改（衣服使其更合身）
• I took the coat back to the shop to have it altered. 我把外套拿回店里去改一下。
UK ['ɒl.tər] US ['ɑ:l.tˌɚ] verb
REMOVE ORGANS 去掉器官
transitive US polite word for
■ castrate or spay
turn, transform, change, modify, convert, vary, alter
这组词都有“变化，改变”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 指外形、颜色、气味、性质等方面的变化，比change更通俗。
transform: 指人或物在形状、外观、形式、性质等方面发生的彻底变化，失去原状成为全新的东西。
change: 指任何变化，完全改变，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。
modify: 强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。
convert: 指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。
vary: 暗示不规则或断断续续地变。
alter: 常指轻微的改变，强调基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
fluctuate, alteration, change, modify, convert, shift（in）, alternation, alter, variations
fluctuate: 没有规律的上下波动
alteration: 强调细节的变化
change: 强调某种本质的变化
modify: “更改，修改”程度略小并有趋缓之意
convert: 用途上的改变，也作态度和信仰的变化
shift（in）: 转换，转变
alternation: 轮流，交替（take turn）
alter: 细枝末节的修改，而非脱胎换骨
variations: 指不规则的或断续的改变，或指一种东西改成了不同样式
vt. 改变，更改
 - influence, fashion, shift, vary, modify
vi. 改变；修改
 - modify, veer from

Word: spot
Front: spot
[spɒt] (高研四六托雅 1228/1723 -K4)
Back: n. 地点，场所; 斑点，污点; [股票]现货; 职位，职务
v. 弄上污渍，弄上斑点; 污辱，玷污; 认出，发现; 散步
adj. 现场的; 现货的; 插播的
abbr. satellite positioning and tracking 卫星定位和跟踪
时态：spotted, spotting, spots
分布：地点(33%)，认出(17%)，斑点(10%)，场所(7%)，职位(6%)，污点(6%)，现货的(6%)，现场的(5%)，少量(4%)，聚光灯(3%)，插播的(3%)
→来自中古英语 splot,来自古英语 splott,斑点，污迹，来自 Proto-Germanic*spluttaz,小块，分开， 来自 spel,分开，劈开，词源同 spill,split.引申诸相关词义。spot 看见，认出，发现
n.斑点;地点v.认出,认清,发现;玷污,弄脏The boy's white shirt was marked up with spots of ink.那男孩的白衬衫上有墨水渍.
US [spɑ:t] noun countable
CIRCLE 圆圈
 IMPROVER
■a small, usually round area of colour which is differently coloured or lighter or darker than the surface around it 点；斑点；圆点
• He had a spot of grease on his tie. 他的领带上有一小块油渍。
 IMPROVER
■one of many spots, that form a pattern （构成图案的）点，斑点
• I wore that skirt with the green spots. 我穿着那条有绿点的裙子。
 IMPROVER UK
■a raised pale red circle on the skin which is temporary （皮肤上的）丘疹，疱疹，粉刺； 青春痘
• Teenagers often suffer a lot from spots. 青少年常常深受粉刺的困扰。
■mainly UK
■a small amount 少量；一点
• I felt a few spots of rain. 我感觉到下了几滴雨。
• Shall we stop for a spot of lunch? 我们停下来吃点午饭好吗？
• I'm having a spot of bother (= some trouble) with one of my back teeth. 我一颗后面牙齿有点问题。
UK [spɒt] US [spɑ:t] noun countable
PLACE 地方
 IMPROVER
■a particular place 地点；场所
• This looks like a nice spot for a picnic. 看起来这里是个野餐的好地方。
on the spot
■at the place where an event is happening or has recently happened 在现场
• The police were called and they were on the spot within three minutes. 警方接到报告，不到三分钟就赶到现场。
■immediately 当场，立即
• You can be sacked on the spot for stealing. 偷窃会被立即开除的。
UK [spɒt] US [spɑ:t] noun countable
PART OF A SHOW 表演的一部分
■a short length of time in a show which is given to a particular performer （演出中）某演员的固定节目
• She's doing a regular five-minute spot on his show. 她将在他的节目中表演一段五分钟的固定节目。
UK [spɒt] US [spɑ:t] noun countable
put sb on the spot
■If you put someone on the spot, you cause them embarrassment or difficulty by forcing them at that moment to answer a difficult question or make an important decision. 让（某人）难堪；使（某人）为难
• Mira rather put the boss on the spot by asking him when he was going to give us a pay-rise. 米拉问老板打算甚么时候给我们加薪，真让他当场下不了台。
UK [spɒt] US [spɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
SEE 看
 ADVANCED transitive
■to see or notice someone or something, usually because you are looking hard 看见，看出；注意到
• I've just spotted Malcolm - he's over there, near the entrance. 我刚看到马尔科姆了——他在那边，靠近入口的地方。
• If you spot any mistakes in the article just mark them with a pencil. 如果你发现文章中有错误，请用铅笔标出来。
• [+ -ing verb] The police spotted him driving a stolen car. 员警发现他开着一辆偷来的车。
• [+ question word] I soon spotted wh at was wrong with the printer. 我很快就发现了印表机的毛病出在哪里。
• [+ that] The policewoman spotted that I hadn't got my seat belt on and signalled me to stop. 女警发现我没有系安全带，便示意我停车。
well spotted UK
■used to praise someone who has noticed something 真是好眼力
• "I've just seen your glasses - they're under the table." "Ah, well spotted!" “我刚才看到你的眼镜了——在桌子底下。”“啊，眼睛真尖呀！”
UK [spɒt] US [spɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
RAIN 雨
intransitive UK
■If someone says it's spotting (with rain), they mean that a few drops of rain are falling. 飘了几滴雨；下小雨
setting, site, position, location, scene, locality, place, situation, spot
这组词都有“地点、位置、场所”的意思，其区别是：
setting: 一般特指戏剧或小说所写的环境或场所。
site: 指或大或小的地方，既可指供专门用途或特定活动的地点，又可指某一事件的地址。
position: 多指物体相对于其他物体所处的位置或状态。
location: 指某物设置的方向或地点。
scene: 常指真实事件或虚构故事发生的地点。
locality: 指某物所处的客观位置和周围地区。
place: 含义广泛，最普通用词，既可指很小的地点，又可指很大很远的地方或场所。
situation: 指物体在其周围环境中所处的位置或状态，侧重地点或场所的环境特征。
spot: 指相对较小的特定地点或事物所在地。
n. 地点；斑点
 - location, site, where
vt. 认出；弄脏；用灯光照射
 - recognize, soil, mud, dirty
adj. [贸易] 现场的；现货买卖的
 - on-the-spot, on-site
adv. 准确地；恰好
 - accurately, just, true

Word: constitute
Front: constitute
[ˈkɒnstɪtju:t] (研六托雅宝 2887/2270 -2)
Vocabulary: constitute
(once / 64 pages)
v
To constitute is to make up a whole from smaller parts, or "constituents." "What constitutes a family?" means "What makes up a family?"
Parents, kids, pets, and other family members constitute most people's idea of a family. The Constitution tells us what our country is all about and supposed to be made of — in other words, what constitutes the United States. This word can deal with the present or the future. The items listed in a recipe constitute what will be in a cake; later, the individual ingredients constitute the cake. Eleven players constitute a football team on the field. We can even say that abstract qualities are constituted. For example, some people think wearing sunglasses constitutes coolness. Since everything in the world is made up of other things, there's a lot of constituting going on.
WORD FAMILY
constitute: constituent, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutive, reconstitute+/ constituency: constituencies/ constituent: constituency, constituents/constituted: self-constituted/ constitution: constitutional, constitutionalize, constitutions/ constitutional: constitutionalise, constitutionalist, constitutionally, constitutionals, unconstitutional /constitutionalise: constitutionalising/ constitutionalism: constitutionalisms/constitutionalist: constitutionalism, constitutionalists/constitutionalize: constitutionalized, constitutionalizing/ constitutive: constitutively/reconstitute: reconstituted, reconstitutes, reconstituting/ unconstitutional: unconstitutionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Coach Jay Gruden agreed that throw constituted “a poor decision.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Those who oversee homeless programs in the Mid-Mon Valley use the McKinney-Vento Act to define what constitutes a homeless student.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The idea of what constitutes the “best of anything” is highly subjective.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 构成，组成; 制定，设立; 等同于; 指派
时态：constituted, constituting, constitutes
分布：构成(70%)，组成(19%)，制定(4%)，建立(4%)，任命(3%)
→con-, 强调。-stit, 站，词源同stand, institute. 即站立其中的，构成其中一部分的。
构成;制定(con一起+stitute→放到一起→构成)[atitut,stit=setup,place,表示"建立,放"]
vt.组成,构成,形成;设立,建立,任命Trivial tributes constitute the attribute of constituent's report.琐屑的颂词形成选民的报告的属性.
【记】con一起，stitute建立－建立到一起－构成
【反】abdicate（v 退位；放弃（职位，权力等））
US ['kɑ:n.stɪ.tu:t] verb
BE CONSIDERED AS 被视作
 ADVANCED [L only + noun] [not continuous] formal
■to be or be considered as something 是；被看作，被视为
• This latest defeat constitutes a major setback for the government. 最近的这次失败是对政府的一次重挫。
UK ['kɒn.stɪ.tju:t] US ['kɑ:n.stɪ.tu:t] verb
FORM PART OF 构成
[L not continuous]
■to form or make something 形成；构成；组成
• Women constitute about 10% of Parliament. 女性在议会中约占10%。
• The under-18s constitute nearly 25% of the town's population. 18岁以下的人口占该城镇人口的近25%。
constitute, cover, consist, contain, involve, compose
constitute: 制定，设立，任命
cover: 覆盖，涉及
consist: 在于，存在于
contain: 包含，强调包容关系，既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西
involve: 包含，所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申
compose: 创作（乐曲、诗歌等）
constitute, consist, compose, comprise, include
这组词都有“组成，包含”的意思，其区别是：
constitute: v.构成，组成(整体)。
 • Crime and illegal drugs constitute the city's major problems.   犯罪和非法毒品买卖是这个城市面临的主要问题。
consist: v.组成，构成,由……组成(后接of，常用于主动语态)；(后接in)在于，存在于。
 • The problem consists of two parts.   问题由两部分组成。
 • The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.   这计划的好处就在于简单易行。
compose: v.构成(整体)，组成；由……组成(后接of，常用于被动语态)；创作(作曲、诗歌等)。
 • The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.   委员会主要由教师和学生家长组成。
comprise: v.包含，包括，由……组成(整体)；组成，构成。
 • Our company's product line comprises 2,500 different items.   我们公司的生产线是由2,500个不同的组成部分构成的。
include: v.包括，包含，把……列入。
 • The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.   大会代表中有来自海外的代表。
vt. 组成，构成；建立；任命
 - install, establish, form, found, build

Word: establishment
Front: establishment
[ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt] (研四六 2890/1903 -3)
Vocabulary: establishment
(once / 167 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Kids were more comfortable in school after the establishment of a no-tolerance bullying policy in the cafeteria. Establishment means setting up or something that has been set up.
In the 1960s, the youth movement took on what they called "the establishment," by which they meant the way society was set up and organized. Their sentiments could be summed up in a word that is rumored to be one of the longest in the English language, if it actually exists: disestablishmentarianism.
WORD FAMILY
establishment: establishmentarianism, establishmentism, establishments, re-establishment+/ disestablish: disestablished, disestablishes, disestablishing, disestablishment/ establish: disestablish, established, establishes, establishing, establishment, reestablish / established: self-established, unestablished/establishmentarianism: antiestablishmentarianism/establishmentism: antiestablishmentism/ reestablish: reestablished, reestablishes, reestablishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Back then the establishment view was that a two-state solution was the key to unlocking stability for the region.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Yes, lawmakers should move carefully and be wary of overburdening alcohol establishments and offenders.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It will also be mandatory for establishments to hang posters with helpline details.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 企业; 建立; （通常反对变革的）当权派; 反对改革的保守当权派
分布：建立(82%)，机构(9%)，确立(6%)，当局(2%)，家业(1%)
→来自establish, 建立。
建立,设立(establish建立)[-ment 1.表名词"行为或结果"2.表示具体物]
n.建立,设立,建立的机构(或组织)The establishment you are looking for is in Bridge Street.你要找的商行在大桥街.
noun
ORGANIZATION 机构
 IMPROVER countable
■a business or other organization, or the place where an organization operates 企业；机构；单位
• an educational/financial/religious establishment 教育／金融／宗教机构
the establishment only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■the important and powerful people who control a country or an organization, especially those who support the existing situation （尤指支持维持现状的）当权派，统治集团，权势集团：
• Critics said judges were on the side of the establishment. 批评家声称法官们站在权势集团的一边。
[ɪ'stæb.lɪʃ.mənt] noun
START 开始
uncountable
■the process of starting or creating something, for example an organization 建立；创立
• Since its establishment two years ago, the advice centre has seen over 500 people a week. 从两年前创立至今，这个咨询中心每周都要接待500余人。
• The establishment of new areas of employment is a priority. 创建新的就业领域是当务之急。
n. 确立，制定；公司；设施
 - corporation, facility, company, firm

Word: squeeze
Front: squeeze
[skwi:z] (高研四六托雅宝 2891/3390 -K3)
Vocabulary: squeeze
(once / 408 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n
When you squeeze something, you put pressure on it. If you squeeze your toothpaste from the bottom up, you'll get the most out of your tube.
The word squeeze has to do with force or pressure. When you squeeze something, like an orange, you are crushing it to extract juice. When you squeeze into a pair of jeans, you're forcing yourself into them. When you give someone a squeeze, you're giving them a tight hug. And when you're in a squeeze, you're in a tight spot, or a bind.
WORD FAMILY
squeeze: squeezable, squeezed, squeezer, squeezes, squeezing+/squeezable: squeezability/squeezer: squeezers/squeezing: squeezings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The salon, near an Albertsons and squeezed between Bauhaus Hair Studio and Dollar $mart on North Tustin Street, is under new ownership again.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And across the Bronx, investigative resources are squeezed.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
For the Turks, this probably means Russian acquiescence in squeezing Syria’s Kurds in a post-civil war agreement.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 挤，榨，捏; 压迫，压榨
vt. 榨取，汲取; 轻轻地捏; 向…勒索（或榨取）
vi. 在强压下屈服; 施加压力; 挤过去
n. 挤压，压榨; 抱紧，拥挤; 拥挤的人群; <口>压力
时态：squeezed, squeezing, squeezes
分布：挤压(69%)，压榨(14%)，拥挤(8%)，少量(4%)，塞进(3%)，财政困难(1%)，严控(1%)
→来自拟声词根 squ-,挤，压，模仿挤压湿物体时发出的吧唧声。引申诸相关词义。
v.压榨,挤n.榨取,勒索In the freezing breeze, the breeder greedily squeezed oil from the seeds.在冰冷的微风中,饲养员贪婪地从种子中榨油.
verb
PRESS TOGETHER 压紧
 IMPROVER transitive
■to press something firmly, especially from all sides in order to change its shape, reduce its size or remove liquid from it （尤指从各方面）挤压，捏，挤，榨
• Cut the lemon in half and squeeze the juice into the bowl. 把柠檬对切，将汁挤到碗里。
• As she waited to go into the exam, he squeezed her hand (= pressed it affectionately with his hand) and wished her good luck. 在她等待应考时，他捏了捏她的手，祝她好运。
• Once he had finished cleaning the floor, he squeezed the cloth out. 他擦完地板之后，把抹布拧干。
• He reloaded the gun, took aim and then squeezed (= pulled back) the trigger. 他重新上好子弹，瞄准目标，然后扣下扳机。
• figurative The studio is using all sorts of marketing tricks to squeeze as much profit from the movie as they can. 该制片厂使出种种行销手法，尽可能从电影中榨取最多利润。
transitive
■If you are squeezed by financial demands, they cause you financial problems 给…带来财务困难，使陷入财务困境
• Small businesses are being squeezed by heavy taxation. 重税使小企业在财务上捉襟见肘。
[skwi:z] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to get in, through, under, etc. with difficulty （困难地）挤进，挤过
• She squeezed through the crowd and found a seat at the front. 她从人群中挤过去，在前面找了个座位。
• They managed to squeeze under the fence and get into the festival without paying. 他们没付钱，而是从围栏下硬挤过去，进入了庆祝会场。
[skwi:z] verb
squeeze sb dry
■If you squeeze someone dry, you get as much from them as possible 把（某人的钱财）榨干
• When they got divorced, his wife squeezed him dry and took everything. 他们离婚后，他妻子拿走了所有的东西，把他榨得一滴不剩。
[skwi:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] squeeze (sb/sth) in/squeeze (sb/sth) into sth
 ADVANCED
■to succeed in getting someone or something into a small space or object, often by pushing or forcing （使）挤进；（把…）塞入
• The car's quite full, but we could manage to squeeze another couple of people in. 车已经很满了，不过我们还能再挤进一两个人。
• I must have put on a lot of weight over Christmas because I can only just squeeze into my jeans. 圣诞期间我一定变胖很多，因为我只能勉强穿上牛仔裤。
[skwi:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] squeeze sb/sth in
 ADVANCED
■to manage to do something or see someone in a short period of time or when you are very busy 挤出时间做；抽出时间见（某人）
• While we're in Australia, we're hoping to squeeze in a trip to the Barrier Reef. 我们在澳大利亚期间，希望能挤出点时间去大堡礁。
• I'm very busy this week but I could squeeze you in at 2.30 on Tuesday. 我这个星期非常忙，但我能抽出点时间在周二两点半和你见面。
[skwi:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  squeeze sth out of sb (also squeeze sth from sb) informal
■to persuade or force someone to give you money or information 勒索，敲诈（某人）；逼迫（某人）吐露（资讯）
• During the negotiations, the union managed to squeeze several concessions from the management. 谈判期间，工会设法迫使管理阶层作出了几项让步。
[skwi:z] noun
PRESS 挤压
countable
■when you press something firmly 挤压，捏；榨
• She gave the present a quick squeeze and tried to guess what was inside. 她捏了捏礼物，想猜猜里面是甚么。
• Garnish the fish with some fresh parsley and a squeeze of lemon. 用新鲜西洋芹作鱼的装饰，再挤上几滴柠檬汁。
[skwi:z] noun
LIMIT 限制
countable usually singular
■a reduction or limit 减少；削减；限制
• The squeeze on profits in the oil industry has led to thousands of redundancies. 石油产业利润的减少导致数千人失业。
• The squeeze on local spending means that many services will have to be cut. 地方支出的缩减意味着将不得不砍掉很多公共服务。
countable usually singular
■a period in which the supply of money is limited by the government because of economic difficulties 通货紧缩，货币紧缩
• The government has imposed a sharp credit squeeze in an attempt to hold down inflation. 为抑制通货膨胀，政府施行了严格的信贷紧缩政策。
[skwi:z] noun
SPACE 空间
only singular
■when people or things are pushed or forced into a small space 拥挤；挤入（人或物被推入或被强迫进入一个小的空间内）
• I can give you a lift, but it'll be a tight squeeze as I'm taking four other people as well. 我可以开车载你一程，不过我还要载四个人，所以会很挤。
compress, press, squeeze, squash, jam
这组词都有“压、挤”的意思，其区别是：
compress: 指把某些东西压在一起或使占有较小空间。
press: 普通用词，指一个物体在另一个物体上加压力。
squeeze: 多指从两面或多面施加压力来压紧、压碎或压出水来。
squash: 指某物受力被压偏或压碎。也指塞挤。
jam: 专指四面八方都压紧或塞满。
vt. 挤；紧握；勒索
 - force one's way, thread one's way
n. 压榨；紧握；拥挤；佣金
 - compression, commission, purchase

Word: imagination
Front: imagination
[ɪˌmædʒɪˈneɪʃn] (研四六 2892/2828 -K3)
Vocabulary: imagination
(once / 112 pages)
n
Imagination refers to the process of forming images or concepts in the mind, often images of things that are not really there. That shark in your bathtub must have been in your imagination — or was it?
Often shunned for living in a dream world, imagination is behind unicorns, Big Foot, and excessive daydreaming. But it’s humans’ ability to picture what is not there, and to be resourceful and creative, that is behind many of our achievements. Maybe that’s why Albert Einstein said “Imagination is more important than knowledge.” After all, without a little imagination, we wouldn’t have the pyramids, the space shuttles, or the Star Wars trilogy.
WORD FAMILY
imagination: imaginations+/ imaginable: imaginably, unimaginable/ imaginative: imaginatively, imaginativeness, unimaginative/ imagine: imaginable, imagination, imaginative, imagined, imagining/unimaginable: unimaginably/unimaginative: unimaginatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A: It really grabbed the imagination of people.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While wanting to help her son, Becky also wonders whether she lacks the imagination necessary to understand him.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 想像，想像力; 空想，妄想; 想像出来的事物
分布：想象(61%)，想象力(33%)，空想(4%)，幻想(2%)
→来自imagine,想象。
想象(imagine想象)[-ation表名词"行为,过程,结果"]
n.想象(力);空想,幻觉;想象出来的事物He is a man of imagination.他是一个富有想象力的人.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the ability to form pictures in the mind 想像力
• My younger son has a very vivid (= active) imagination. 我的小儿子想像力很丰富。
• I can never make up stories - I have absolutely no imagination. 我从来都不会编故事——我根本没甚么想像力。
• For some reason the story captured/caught the imagination of the public (= made them very interested). 由于某种原因，这件事引起了公众的关注。
• It couldn't by any stretch of the imagination be described as a (= it is certainly not a) beautiful city. 这座城市再怎么说也称不上漂亮。
• There's a sex scene in the film which apparently leaves nothing to the imagination (= shows sexual parts of the body very clearly). 这部电影中有一个十分露骨的性爱场面，没有留下任何想像的余地。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■something that you think exists or is true, although in fact it is not real or true 幻觉；幻想；空想
• Was she paying him a lot of attention or was it just my imagination? 她是特别注意他呢，还是这一切只是我的臆想？
• Is it my imagination or is David behaving strangely at the moment? 是我的错觉呢，还是大卫现在真的是行为古怪？
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the ability to think of new ideas 创造力
• It's a job that needs someone with a bit of imagination. 做这项工作需要有一点创造力。
fantasy, fancy, imagination
这组词都有“想象，幻想”的意思，其区别是：
fantasy: 指与现实完全脱节，荒诞离谱、稀奇古怪的想象。
fancy: 指脱离实际的幻想或幻想力，常暗含所想象的东西近乎怪诞的意味。
imagination: 含义广，一般不含贬义。可指认真、带有启发性的想象，也可指凭记忆的想象或凭空想象事物的能力。
n. [心理] 想象力；空想；幻想物
 - vision, revery

Word: target
Front: target
[ˈtɑ:gɪt] (高研四六托雅 1281/1095 -K4)
Vocabulary: target
(once / 199 pages)
nv
A target is something to shoot at, either real or figurative. If you're an archer, you're aiming for the bull's-eye on the target. If you're selling cars for a living, then you likely have a sales target you need to hit.
You can hit a target, which is usually a good thing, or, less happily, you can be a target, such as a target of ridicule when you wear that goofy Swiss cheese hat and you aren't even from Wisconsin. As a marketing ploy, you could target Green Bay Packer season ticket holders when you decide to unload that hat. You might find a buyer among them, someone who wouldn't worry about being a target for those who object to silly hats.
WORD FAMILY
target: targeted, targeting, targets
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the most immediate targets is Obama’s health care law.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Another possible target: The automatic increases to the state’s minimum wage that start in 2018.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
For people targeted by Internet “trolls,” the absence of a clear solution is often the most frustrating part.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （服务的）对象; 目标; （射击的）靶子; 目的
vt. 瞄准; 把…作为攻击目标
时态：targeted, targeting, targets
分布：目标(77%)，靶(12%)，瞄准(5%)，对象(5%)，把 ... 作为目标(1%)
→来自古法语 targe,圆盾，小盾，来自 Proto-Germanic*targo,边缘，端点，来自 dargh,围起 来的一块，围栏。后引申记号义靶子，目标，对象。
n.目标,对象,靶子I bet that he forgot the forged alphabetical targets.我打赌他忘记了按字母顺序排列的锻造靶子.
US ['tɑ:r-] noun
OBJECT SHOT AT 靶
 IMPROVER countable
■an object shot at during shooting practice, often a circle with a pattern of rings, or any object or place at which bullets, bombs, etc. are aimed 靶，靶子；（攻击、轰炸等的）目标
• I had four shots but I didn't even hit the target. 我开了四枪，可连靶子都没打到。
• Any major airport or station is potentially a terrorist target. 所有大机场和火车站都可能是恐怖分子的目标。
UK ['tɑ:.gɪt] US ['tɑ:r-] noun
PERSON/GROUP 人／组
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a person or a particular group of people who something is directed at, or who something is intended for （有意针对的）对象，目标
• The target audience for the TV series are young people aged 13 to 18. 这部电视连续剧的观众对像是13岁至18岁的年轻人。
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■one or more people who are criticized or laughed at, or who experience unpleasant treatment from others （批评、嘲笑等的）对象
• Recently she has been the target of a series of obscene phone calls. 最近她受到接连不断的下流电话骚扰。
UK ['tɑ:.gɪt] US ['tɑ:r-] noun
AIM 目标
 IMPROVER countable
■a level or situation which you intend to achieve （想要实现的）目标
• The government's target of 3.5% annual growth seems easily attainable. 政府制定的3.5%的年增长目标似乎很容易实现。
UK ['tɑ:.gɪt] US ['tɑ:r-] noun
on target
■If you are on target with a piece of work, you are making good progress and likely to achieve what you planned. 进展顺利的，成功在望的
UK ['tɑ:.gɪt] US ['tɑ:r-] verb transitive
DIRECT 直接
 IMPROVER
■to direct advertising, criticism or a product at someone （广告、批评或产品）以…为目标（或对象）
• The paper is targeted specifically at young people. 这份报纸是专门面向年轻人的。
UK ['tɑ:.gɪt] US ['tɑ:r-] verb transitive
ATTACK 攻击
■to aim an attack, or a bullet, bomb, etc., at a particular object, place or person 把…作为瞄准的目标
• It is hoped that civilians will not be targeted during the war. 希望平民在战争中不会成为攻击的目标。
aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object, objective
这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。
aim: 从本义“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
goal: 指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
purpose: 普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实际的目标。
end: 指心目中怀着的某种目的，强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。
target: 指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或潮笑的目标。
object: 强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
objective: 与object基本同义，但语义更广泛，指具体或很快能达到的目的，也可指军事目标。书面用词。
n. 目标；靶子
 - goal, object, end, cause, aim

Word: mask
Front: mask
[mɑ:sk] (高研四六托雅宝 2893/4312 -3)
Vocabulary: mask
(once / 262 pages)
nv
A mask is a disguise that covers just your face. Your Halloween costume might include a scary monster mask and a furry suit with a tail, or maybe you just wear that for fun.
You can wear a mask to conceal your identity, to dress up as a character for a party or holiday, to scare someone, or to make someone laugh. Robbers sometimes wear masks so they can't be identified, and an actor might wear a mask while playing the role of a rabbit in a play. Other masks are useful, including masks that protect patients from germs and masks that keep skiers' faces warm.
WORD FAMILY
mask: masked, masker, masking, masks, unmask+/masker: maskers/masking: maskings/unmask: unmasked, unmasking, unmasks/unmasking: unmaskings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Goalies wear full padding, but the other players wear sweatpants, jerseys and helmets with face masks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His mask - which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator - features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His mask — which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator — features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 面具; 假面具; 用作掩饰的事物; 护肤膜
vt. 掩饰; 戴面具; 用面具遮住，掩盖，掩饰
vi. 戴面具; 隐瞒，掩饰
时态：masked, masking, masks
分布：面具(55%)，掩饰(18%)，面罩(15%)，伪装(6%)，戴面具(5%)，遮盖(1%)
→来自中古法语masque,护脸，面罩，来自拉丁语masca,面具，鬼怪，幽灵。词源不确定，可能来自mask,黑色的，涂黑，并由该词引申词义巫师，术士等，见mascot.或来自mesh,网，网状物，并引申词义面纱，后来用于指面具，面罩。
n.面具,面罩;假面具,伪装v.掩饰,化装The man in mask asked me for a task; I let him put the basket on the desk in the dusk.戴面具的人向我要任务,我让他在黄昏时把篮子放到桌子上.
【参】masquerade（n 化妆舞会；v 化装）masquer＝mask，ade进攻性
US [mæsk] noun countable
FACE COVER 面罩
 ADVANCED
■a covering for all or part of the face which protects, hides or decorates the person wearing it 面具，面罩
• a gas mask 防毒面具
• a surgical mask 外科手术口罩
• The bank robbers wore masks throughout the raid. 劫匪抢劫银行时一直戴着面罩。
UK [mɑ:sk] US [mæsk] noun countable
APPEARANCE/BEHAVIOUR 外表／行为
■appearance or behaviour that hides the reality 掩饰；伪装
• The newspaper revealed the sordid truth behind his mask of respectability. 报纸揭露了他体面外表下龌龊肮脏的真实嘴脸。
UK [mɑ:sk] US [mæsk] noun countable
sb's mask slips
■If someone's mask slips, they do something which suddenly shows their real character, when they have been pretending to be a different, usually nicer, type of person. （某人）露出真面目
UK [mɑ:sk] US [mæsk] verb transitive
■to prevent something from being seen or noticed 掩饰；掩盖；遮蔽
• I've put some flowers in there to mask the smell. 我在那里放了一些花来掩盖那种气味。
cloak, mask, disguise
这组词都有“伪装”的意思，其区别是：
cloak: 指采取伪装来掩盖或隐藏真实面目或本性或企图。
mask: 本义为“面罩”，引申“掩饰”解时，指掩饰某物的真实性质或存在的伪装。
disguise: 指改变装束或外表以掩饰自己的真面目或冒充他人。有时仅指掩饰感情、动机或意图。
n. 面具；口罩；掩饰
 - blind, face-piece
vi. 掩饰；戴面具；化装
 - dissimulate, make sb up
vt. 掩饰；戴面具；使模糊
 - belie, disguise

Word: convert
Front: convert
[kənˈvɜ:t] (研四六托雅宝 2895/2245 -K3)
Vocabulary: convert
(once / 118 pages)
1v 2vn 3v 4v
Think of the word convert as meaning "change," whether it is a person who adopts a new belief, or a changing action, such as when you convert dollars into euros.
Many times we can catch a word's meaning by looking at its origins. In this case, the Latin con means "around," while vertere means "turn." So we can figure that convert means to "turn around," an object or one's thoughts on an idea. For example, you might convert a meat eater into a vegetarian or an empty-nester might convert the kids' bedroom into an exercise room.
WORD FAMILY
convert: conversion, converted, converter, convertible, converting, convertor, converts, reconvert+/ conversion: conversions/converted: unconverted/converter: converters/ convertible: convertibility, convertibles, convertibly, inconvertible, unconvertible/convertor: convertors/inconvertible: inconvertibility/reconvert: reconverted, reconverting, reconverts/unconvertible: unconvertibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Unfortunately, Robinson converted just 73 of those targets into receptions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A wealth ratio is a measure of how effectively you’ve converted your lifetime income into wealth.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
King Spa opened here in 2003 in a converted warehouse and office building.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. （使）转变; 使皈依; 兑换，换算; 侵占
vi. 经过转变; 被改变; [橄榄球] 触地得分后得附加分
n. 皈依者; 改变宗教信仰者
时态：converted, converting, converts
分布：转化(65%)，兑换(13%)，换算(9%)，皈依者(8%)，改变信仰的人(3%)，使…改变信仰(2%)
→con-, 强调。-vert, 转，词源同versus, invert. 该词主要用于宗教用语，意为皈依。
转化;改造(con共同+vert→共同转→转化)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
v.变换,转换;改变(信仰等);兑换(钱)I averted my eyes from the diverse advertisements for the invert converter.我把目光从花样繁多的倒置转换器广告上移开.
【参】conversion（n 转变；皈依）
US [-ˈvɜ˞ːt]
CHANGE 转变
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something or someone to) change in form, character, or opinion （使）改变，（使）转变；（使）改信；（使）皈依
• Could we convert the small bedroom into a second bathroom? 我们能把这间小睡房改建成第二间浴室吗？
• What's the formula for converting pounds into kilos? 把磅换算成千克的公式是甚么？
• He converted to (= started believing in) Catholicism when he got married. 他婚后信奉了天主教。
• I used not to like exercise, but my sister has converted me (to it). 我以前不喜欢锻炼，但我姐姐改变了我。
verb UK [kənˈvɜːt] US [-ˈvɜ˞ːt]
RUGBY 橄榄球
transitive
■in rugby, to score more points after a try by kicking the ball over the bar and between the posts （在橄榄球赛中）（触地得分后再射）球从球门架横木之上或两球门柱之间穿过将获得更多分数
noun countable UK [ˈkɒn.vɜːt] US [ˈkɑːn.vɜ˞ːt/
■someone who changes their beliefs, habits, or way of living 改变信仰（或习惯、生活方式）的人
• a Christian/Buddhist convert 信奉基督教／佛教者
• a convert to vegetarianism/wholemeal bread 改食素食者／全麦面包者
turn, transform, change, modify, convert, vary, alter
这组词都有“变化，改变”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 指外形、颜色、气味、性质等方面的变化，比change更通俗。
transform: 指人或物在形状、外观、形式、性质等方面发生的彻底变化，失去原状成为全新的东西。
change: 指任何变化，完全改变，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。
modify: 强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。
convert: 指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。
vary: 暗示不规则或断断续续地变。
alter: 常指轻微的改变，强调基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
fluctuate, alteration, change, modify, convert, shift（in）, alternation, alter, variations
fluctuate: 没有规律的上下波动
alteration: 强调细节的变化
change: 强调某种本质的变化
modify: “更改，修改”程度略小并有趋缓之意
convert: 用途上的改变，也作态度和信仰的变化
shift（in）: 转换，转变
alternation: 轮流，交替（take turn）
alter: 细枝末节的修改，而非脱胎换骨
variations: 指不规则的或断续的改变，或指一种东西改成了不同样式
invert, transform, revert, convert
这组词都有“转变”的意思，其区别是：
invert: v.使颠倒，使倒转，使反向。常常表示位置、顺序、方向等的颠倒。
 • The baby inverted the cup and spilled her orange juice.   婴儿把杯子打翻，弄洒了里面的橙汁。
transform: v.改变，转变，指形状、颜色、大小、性质等的改变。
 • A little paint will soon transform the old house.   刷一点油漆很快就会使这所旧房子大为改观。
revert: v.归还，恢复原状。指回到原来的状态或情形。
 • John gave his brother a house, and when his brother died, ownership reverted back to John.   约翰送给他的哥哥一所房子，当他的哥哥去世后，房子的所有权重新归于约翰。
convert: v.转变，变换，含有"使某人改变观点"的意思。
 • He wants to convert to Catholicism.   他要皈依天主教。
vi. 转变，变换；皈依；改变信仰
 - transform, shift
n. 皈依者；改变宗教信仰者
 - idolater, proselytizer

Word: comprehensive
Front: comprehensive
[ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv] (研四六托宝 2896/2442 -3)
Vocabulary: comprehensive
(once / 568 pages)
adjn
When you want to describe something that includes all or most details, you can use the adjective comprehensive. If you get the comprehensive treatment at a spa, it might include massage, manicure and a facial.
Comprehensive is from Latin comprehensivus, from comprehensus, the source of English comprehend. In business, comprehensive insurance is insurance that covers a broad range, offering protection against most risks of a certain type. It applies mainly to car insurance.
WORD FAMILY
comprehensive: comprehensively, comprehensiveness, comprehensives, incomprehensive, noncomprehensive+/ comprehend: comprehended, comprehendible, comprehending, comprehends, comprehensible, comprehension, comprehensive /comprehended: uncomprehended/comprehending: uncomprehending/comprehensible: comprehensibility, comprehensibly, incomprehensible, uncomprehensible, understandably/ comprehension: comprehensions, incomprehension/comprehensively: noncomprehensively/incomprehensibility: incomprehensibilities/ incomprehensible: incomprehensibility, incomprehensibly/incomprehension: incomprehensions/incomprehensive: incomprehensively/uncomprehending: uncomprehendingly/understandably: ununderstandably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The comments, included in a letter about the plight of vulnerable children in general, were some of his most comprehensive on abuse.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the most comprehensive studies on the topic examined the performance ratings of 4,492 employees.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The list below is not meant to be comprehensive, but I picked policy proposals with several goals in mind.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 广泛的; 综合的; 有理解力的，悟性好的; [保险业]总体担保的
n. [常用复数]专业综合考试; 综合学校; 综合性中学
分布：全面的(60%)，广泛的(18%)，综合的(17%)，理解的(5%)
综合性的(com+prehens+ive→全部抓住的→综合性的)[prehens,prehend=catch表示"抓住"]
a.内容广泛的,总括性的,综合的His comprehensive apprehension about the appendix of the pendulum is obvious.他的广泛的关于这个摆的附录的忧虑明显.
【记】com共同，prehens抓住－把相关信息一起抓住－全面的
【参】prehensile（adj 适于抓住的）；apprehensive（adj 担忧的）
US [ˌkɑ:m-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■complete and including everything that is necessary 全面的；综合的；包罗万象的；详尽的
• We offer you a comprehensive training in all aspects of the business. 我们向你提供这个行业各方面的综合培训。
• Is this list comprehensive or are there some names missing? 这份名单是完整的还是遗漏了一些名字？
• He has written a fully comprehensive guide to Rome. 他写了一本内容详尽的罗马旅游指南。
complex, complementary, comprehensive, compensating
complex: 复杂的；
complementary: 补充的；
comprehensive: 综合的；
compensating: 补偿的
adj. 综合的；广泛的；有理解力的
 - extensive, integrated, synthetic, widespread, general

Word: prominent
Front: prominent
[ˈprɒmɪnənt] (研四六托雅宝 2897/3221 -3)
Vocabulary: prominent
(once / 191 pages)
adj
If you're looking for an adjective that means "sticking out above the rest; famous," consider prominent. A prominent person might be the big cheese, the head honcho, the top dog — not just any Joe Schmo.
A prominence is anything that juts out, like a bone or a mountain ridge. Prominent, then, means "sticking out" either in a literal sense ("a prominent nose") or a figurative one ("a prominent figure in the industry"). The metaphorical sense of "famous" is the most common one today, though references to the "prominent posterior" of Jennifer Lopez might fit both definitions.
WORD FAMILY
prominent: prominence, prominently+/ prominence: prominences
USAGE EXAMPLES
The finding re-shapes one of the most prominent assumptions of the US gun control debate.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A team led by prominent capital defense lawyer David Bruck represented Roof during the guilt phase of the trial.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The stage was set for what one prominent commentator called “the end of history.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 突出的，杰出的; 突起的; 著名的
分布：突出的(52%)，杰出的(28%)，显著的(20%)
→pro-,向前，-min,伸出，词源同eminent,mountain.即突出来的，引申词义显著的，突出的。
显著的,杰出的(pro+min伸+ent→向前伸出→杰出的)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
突出的,显著的(pro向前+min+ent→向前伸→突出的)[min=project,表示"伸出,突出"]
a.突起的,凸出的;突出的,杰出的"The enterprise will be supervised by a group comprising prominent men," the despising chairman said concisely with no compromise."企业将由杰出人员构成的小组来监管,"轻蔑的
【记】pro前，min突出，ent－杰出的
【反】eclipse（v 使黯然失色）－make more prominent（使更加卓越）；inconspicuous（adj 不显眼的）
US ['prɑ:.mə-] adjective
FAMOUS 著名的
 IMPROVER
■very well known and important 著名的；重要的
• a prominent Democrat 民主党的重要人物
• a prominent member of the Saudi royal family 沙乌地阿拉伯王室的重要成员
• The government should be playing a more prominent role in promoting human rights. 政府应该在促进人权方面发挥更重要的作用。
UK ['prɒm.ɪ.nənt] US ['prɑ:.mə-] adjective
POSITION 位置
■sticking out from a surface 凸出的
• She has a rather prominent chin/nose. 她的下巴翘得厉害／鼻子很高。
■describes something that is in a position in which it is easily seen 突出的，显眼的
• New books are displayed in a prominent position on tables at the front of the shop. 新书陈列在商店前方桌上的一个显眼位置。
famous, notorious, eminent, notable, noted, prominent, outstanding
这组词都有“著名的，知名的”的意思，其区别是：
famous: 是普通用词，指传播很广，引起人们注意的人或事物。
notorious: 指因劣迹而臭名昭著，含强烈贬义；但有时也作“众所周知的”解。
eminent: 指在某方面杰出卓越或突出的人或物。
notable: 用于指事件时，侧重其重要、值得注意；用于指人时，与famous同义，但语气较弱。
noted: 多指因成绩卓著而备受注意的专家或权威及其著作，有时含贬义。
prominent: 指出人头地，为公众所熟悉，至少在地方上闻名。
outstanding: 侧重指因素质优良，功绩卓著而超过同类的人或物，强调“突出”。
striking, remarkable, unusual, prominent, outstanding, extraordinary
striking: 引人注意的，饶有兴趣的；（因相貌好）吸引人的，惹人注目的
remarkable: 值得注意的，不寻常的；独特的
unusual: 罕见的，异乎寻常的；独特的，与众不同的
prominent: 凸出的,显著的，惹人注目的,杰出的，重要的
outstanding: 杰出的，优秀的；地位显著的，为人瞩目的，（报酬、工作、问题等）未偿付的，未完成的，未解决的
extraordinary: 不平常的，不普通的，非常的，格外的，；（安排、会议等）特别的，（官员）特命的，特派的
adj. 突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的
 - obvious, excellent, remarkable, brilliant, marked

Word: presentation
Front: presentation
[ˌpreznˈteɪʃn] (高六雅宝 2898/2313 -K2)
Vocabulary: presentation
(once / 407 pages)
1n 2n
The noun presentation means the official giving, or presenting, of something. The presentation of diplomas at a graduation ceremony is the part that makes many of the parents in the audience cry.
A presentation can be a ceremony of giving some gift or award, and it can also be a demonstration or show — like a dog training presentation at your local pet store. Another meaning of presentation is a style of displaying something — like the presentation of plants and flowers in the florist's window or the presentation of food on a buffet table. In the 1600s, presentation was commonly used to mean "show or play," as in "a theatrical presentation."
WORD FAMILY
presentation: presentational, presentations+/ presence: presences/ present: presence, presentable, presentation, presented, presenter, presenting, presently, presentment, presentness, presents/ presentable: presentably, unpresentable/presenter: presenters/presentment: presentments/unpresentable: unpresentably
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Legislative committee in November voted to halt presentations from Native American tribal leaders and from the state’s chief justice.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The January meeting will focus on early parenting and include presentations from coalitions on their plans for the legislative session.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Much of the publishers’ unease is rooted in Google’s presentation of AMP stories, which appear as if they are Google articles.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 提交; 演出; 陈述，报告; 颁奖仪式
分布：介绍(42%)，报告(34%)，陈述(23%)，赠送物(1%)
→来自present,介绍，展示。
【记】pre前，sent感觉，ation：表演之前要提前进入感觉源于：present（v 介绍；上演）
【参】presenter（n 推荐者；主持人）
noun
EVENT 演讲
 IMPROVER countable
■a talk giving information about something 报告，演讲，陈述
• The speaker gave an interesting presentation on urban transport. 演讲者针对城市交通发表了有趣的谈话。
 ADVANCED countable
■an occasion when prizes, qualifications, etc. are formally given to those who have won or achieved them 授予，颁发
• The presentation of prizes and certificates will take place in the main hall. 奖品和证书的颁发仪式将在大厅举行。
[ˌprez.ən'teɪ.ʃən] noun
APPEARANCE 外观
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the way something looks when it is shown to other people, or the way someone looks 外观；呈现方式；外貌
• Presentation is important if you want people to buy your products. 如果想要人们购买你的产品，包装非常重要。
n. 描述，陈述；介绍；赠送
 - description, statement, representation, characterization

Word: regardless
Front: regardless
[rɪˈgɑ:dləs] (高研四六托雅 2899/4283 -2)
Vocabulary: regardless
(once / 618 pages)
advadj
If something is done without consideration, it's done regardless, usually followed by the word "of." Today you can sit wherever you'd like on a bus, regardless of your race, but this wasn't always the case.
The word regardless can also be used as an adverb meaning despite everything. If your speaker had to cancel, you should carry on with the meeting regardless. People sometimes use the word irregardless when they mean regardless. Irregardless is an error resulting from a blend of irrespective and regardless. You may hear people say it, but grammarians consider it to be a mistake.
WORD FAMILY
regardless: disregardless, irregardless, regardlessly+/ disregard: disregarded, disregarding, disregards/ regard: disregard, regarded, regardful, regarding, regardless, regards, self-regard/regardful: regardfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
That means Mr. Trump will be in office when Cuba is no longer ruled by the Castro family, regardless of the pace of democratic reforms.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“And under California law they are protected, regardless of immigration status.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Regardless, school officials hope to begin building a new high school in the fall of 2017.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 不顾后果地; 不管怎样，无论如何; 不惜费用地
adj. 不重视的，不尊敬的; 不顾虑的，不关心的; 不受注意的，毫无价值的
分布：不顾(44%)，不顾的(28%)，不注意的(28%)
→来自 regard,看待，关心，-less,无，没有。
a./ad.不管...的,不顾...的,不注意的The guard guards the guarantee in the garden regardless of the hazard.卫兵不顾危险看守着花园里的抵押品.
US [-'gɑ:rd-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■despite; not being affected by something 不管怎样，无论如何；不管，不顾
• The plan for a new office tower went ahead regardless of local opposition. 尽管遭到当地居民的反对，新建高层办公大楼的计划还是付诸实施了。
• She knew it was dangerous to visit him except at night, but she set out regardless (of the risk). 虽然她知道除了晚上别的时候去看他都很危险，可她还是（不顾危险）动身去了。
• This job is open to all, regardless of previous experience. 这份工作任何人都可以应聘，不管其以前的工作经历如何。
adj. 不管；不顾；不注意
 - irregardless

Word: easy
Front: easy
[ˈi:zi] (中高 549/502 -K5)
Vocabulary: easy
(once / 22 pages)
1adjadv 2adjadv 3adj 4adj 5adj
The adjective easy can describe anything that comes without too much effort, like your baseball team's easy win, or your dad's easy recipe for nachos.
Something that's easy isn't at all difficult — it just seems to fall into place. There's also a sense of slowness, casualness, and a lack of worry, like getting an easy "A" in your History of Hip Hop class. Easy comes from the Old French word aisie, "comfortable, rich, well-off," an easy way to live indeed. The only thing about easy that's less than simple is remembering to change the y to an i for variations like easier and easiest.
WORD FAMILY
easy: easied, easier, easiest, easily, easiness, easyly, uneasy +/easiness: easinesses/uneasiness: uneasinesses/ uneasy: uneasily, uneasiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Because the sign is 45 feet high, it’s extremely easy to slip and fall,” he said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It will not be easy for the gardeners employed by cities to turn to more sustainable methods.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The report said there was "no easy solution" on Brexit for the party.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 容易的; 舒适的; 宽裕的; 从容的
adv. 容易地; 不费力地; 悠闲地; 缓慢地
vi. 停止划桨（常用作命令）
vt. 向（水手或划手）发出停划命令
级别：easier, easiest
分布：容易的(68%)，舒适的(11%)，安逸的(8%)，轻松的(7%)，不费力的(3%)，无约束的(1%)，轻微的(1%)，随和的(1%)
a.容易的,不费力的,安逸的,宽裕的It's easy and feasible to control the disease after cease-fire.停火之后控制这种病很容易也可行.
adjective
NOT DIFFICULT 不难的
 ESSENTIAL
■not difficult; needing little effort 容易的；不费力的
• an easy exam 容易的考试
• Would a ten o'clock appointment be easier for you? 会面定在十点是不是对你更方便一点？
• [+ to infinitive] It 's easy to see why he's so popular. 不难看出他为何会那么受欢迎。
• She's very easy to talk to. 她平易近人，跟她很容易谈得来。
• The easiest thing to do would be for us to take the train home. 对我们来说，最简单的做法莫过于坐火车回家。
• It isn't easy being a parent. 为人父母，殊非易事。
• Getting into the film business is no easy matter. 要跻身电影业可不是件容易事。
• I don't trust that easy (= relaxed) charm of his. 他那副从容自如的潇洒风度倒是让我信不过。
• slang My car can do 250kph, easy. 我的车每小时能跑250公里，轻而易举。
  Common Learner Errors  easy or easily? Warning: do not confuse the adjective easy with the adverb easily.
✗ You can easy find a job if you speak English. You can easily find a job if you speak English.
['i:.zi] adjective
COMFORTABLE 舒适的
■comfortable or calm; free from worry, pain, etc 舒适的；安逸的；安心的
• They both retired and went off to lead an easy life in the Bahamas. 他们两个都退休了，一起到了巴哈马群岛过安逸生活去了。
• I don't feel easy about leaving him alone in the house all day. 把他一个人留在家里一整天，我可不放心。
• With the harvest finished, I was able to relax with an easy mind/conscience. 收割结束了，我可以安心地／心安理得地放松一下了。
['i:.zi] adjective
(as) easy as pie/ABC/anything/falling off a log informal
■extremely easy 极容易；不费吹灰之力
['i:.zi] adjective
easier said than done informal ADVANCED
■said when something seems like a good idea but it would be difficult to do 说得比做的好听；说说容易
• "Why don't you just ask Simon to pay?" "That's easier said than done." “你为甚么不让赛门付钱？”“说得倒容易。”
['i:.zi] adjective
the easiest thing in the world informal
■extremely easy 极容易；不费吹灰之力
• Making bread is the easiest thing in the world. 没有比做面包更容易的了。
['i:.zi] adjective
easy come, easy go informal
■said when something, especially money, is easily got and then soon spent or lost （尤指钱）来得容易去得快
• I lost £500 in a card game last night, but that's life - easy come, easy go. 昨晚我赌牌输了500英镑，但是人生就是这样子——钱这东西来得容易去得也快。
['i:.zi] adjective
Easy does it! informal
■used to tell someone to do something slowly and carefully 小心些！别着急！慢慢来！
['i:.zi] adjective
be easy game/meat UK (US be an easy mark) slang
■to be easily deceived 容易上当；易受骗
• Old ladies living alone are easy game for con-men. 孤身独居的老年女性是骗子们最容易得手的目标。
['i:.zi] adjective
easy on the eye/ear
■pleasant to look at/listen to 悦目／耳的
• Her paintings are very easy on the eye. 她的画赏心悦目。
['i:.zi] adjective
go easy informal
■to not take or use too much of something 节省使用；对…有节制
• Go easy on/with the cream - I haven't had any yet. 鲜奶油别放那么多——我还没吃呢 。
■to treat someone in a gentle way and not criticize them or punish them 温和地对待；宽容对待
• Go easy on the new students. 对新生不要那么严。
['i:.zi] adjective
I'm easy. informal
■used to say that you do not mind which choice is made （指无论哪种选择都可以）我随便；我无所谓
• "Shall we go to the Indian restaurant, or would you prefer Chinese food?" "I'm easy." “你是想吃印度菜呢还是吃中国菜?”“我无所谓。”
['i:.zi] adjective
on easy street old-fashioned informal
■rich 生活优裕；富有
['i:.zi] adjective
take it/things easy
■to relax and not use too much energy 不拼命工作；放松；休息
• I wasn't feeling too good, so I thought I'd take it easy for a couple of days. 我感到不太舒服，所以我想还是休息几天吧。
easy, simple
这组词都有“简单的，轻易的”的意思，其区别是：
easy: 普通用词，指不需要花费太多精力的工作或事，在实际运用中常与simple换用。
simple: 普通用词，指不复杂、不难懂，从而容易被理解的事物。
adj. 容易的；舒适的
 - pleasant, comfortable, light, easiest
adv. 不费力地，从容地
 - lightly, painlessly

Word: load
Front: load
[ləʊd] (高研四六托 2901/2212 -K3)
Vocabulary: load
(once / 96 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n 6v
A load is a bundle of stuff that has to be carried. You might spend your days hauling loads of hay into a barn and your evenings dragging loads of dirty clothes into the laundry room.
Loads need to be picked up and hauled somewhere, like a load of firewood in a pickup truck or a load of supplies in a hiker's backpack. There are figurative loads too — the responsibility, hardship, or worry that you carry around with you: "Her teaching load is light, which is good because her sick cat is a heavy load on her mind." As a verb, load means "fill," like when you load your lunch box with Twinkies.
WORD FAMILY
load: loaded, loader, loading, loads, overload, reload, superload, unload +/loader: loaders, self-loader/loading: loadings, self-loading/ overload: overloaded, overloading, overloads/reload: reloaded, reloading, reloads/ unload: unloaded, unloading, unloads/unloading: unloadings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The company said that in the short term, it plans to change the way it loads fuel.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
SpaceX plans to eventually change the design of the vessels to prevent buckles, which the company said will allow for faster loading operations.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They no longer need to load the line of scrimmage to stop the Seahawks.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 负荷; 负担; 装载; 工作量
vt. 使担负; 装填; 把…装入或装上; 装满，堆积
vi. 加载; 装载; 装货
时态：loaded, loading, loads
分布：负荷(62%)，装载(26%)，重担(7%)，装载量(5%)
→来自古英语lad,道路，航程，携带，来自leit,向前，前进，词源同lead.后引申词义负载，装载，并逐渐取代lade.词义演变比较way,vehicle,wagon.
v.装(货),装载n.装载(量),负荷(量);(一)担They loaded the cart with rice.他们把米装上大车.
US [loʊd] noun
AMOUNT CARRIED 携带的数量
 IMPROVER countable
■the amount of weight carried, especially by a vehicle, a structure such as a bridge, or an animal （尤指车辆、桥梁、动物等的）负重，负荷，载重
• The maximum load for this elevator is eight persons. 这部电梯的最大载客量为八人。
• One truck involved in the accident was carrying a heavy load of coal. 事故中的一辆货车上装了大量煤炭。
a load (also loads) informal
 ADVANCED
■a lot 许多，大量
• I've got a load of work to get through before tomorrow. 明天之前我要完成很多工作。
• There were a load of people there. 那里有许多人。
• Have some more food - there's loads. 再吃点吧——有很多呢。
• She looks loads better with her new haircut. 她做了新发型后好看多了。
countable specialized
■in an electrical system, an electrical device which takes power, or the electrical power put into the system 电负荷，电负载
UK [ləʊd] US [loʊd] noun
AMOUNT TO DO 工作量
countable
■the amount of work to be done by a person 工作量，工作任务
• If we share the organization of the party, that will help spread the load a bit. 如果我们都分担一些派对的组织工作，那么就不至于忙不过来了。
• I've got a heavy/light teaching load this term. 这学期我的教学任务很重／轻。
⇒ See also caseload;workload
only singular
■a painful, difficult or tiring situation to deal with 压力，负担
• I wish I could do something to lighten your load (= make your situation easier). 我真希望能做点甚么帮你减轻一些负担。
UK [ləʊd] US [loʊd] noun
Get a load of that! slang
■used to tell someone to pay attention to a person or thing that is interesting, surprising or attractive 快来看看这个！
• Get a load of that, lads! Very nice. 小伙子们，快来看看这个！多漂亮啊。
UK [ləʊd] US [loʊd] noun
a load of crap/nonsense/rubbish, etc. UK informal
■something that is not true, or something of very bad quality 一派胡言／一堆垃圾等
• Who said they were cheaper - what a load of rubbish! 谁说便宜来着——简直就是一堆垃圾！
• He liked the second series and I thought it was a load of crap. 他喜欢第二辑，但我却觉得很糟糕。
UK [ləʊd] US [loʊd] verb
CARRY 装
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to put a lot of things into a vehicle or machine 装，装载
• How long will it take to load this sand onto the lorry? 把这些沙子装上货车需要多长时间？
• Let's load up the car and then we can go. 把东西都装上车吧，这样我们就可以走了。
• to load the dishwasher/washing machine 把洗碗机／洗衣机装满
⇒ See also overload Opposite unload
be loaded down with sth
■to have too much to carry, or too much work to do 承受太多的（重量或工作），负担的（重量或工作）太多
• I was loaded down with shopping. 我带着重重的一堆买来的东西。
be loaded with sth
■to contain a lot of something 含有大量的…，富含
• Most fast foods are loaded with fat. 速食食品大多都富含脂肪。
UK [ləʊd] US [loʊd] verb
PUT INTO 放入
transitive
■to put film in a camera or bullets in a gun 装上（底片）；上（子弹）
• Do not load the film (= put it into the camera) in bright light. 不要在光线亮的地方装底片。
burden, load, cargo
这组词都有“负担，负荷”的意思，其区别是：
burden: 指沉重、令人不快的负担；指精神负担时常有不堪忍受的意味。
load: 普通用词，含义广泛，指人、畜、车、船等负载的东西，指精神负担时，可与burden换用，但无感情色彩。
cargo: 指用轮船、车辆或飞机长距离运载的货物。
n. 负载， [电] 负荷；工作量； [交] 装载量
 - charge, working capacity
vi. [力] 加载； [交] 装载；装货
 - charge up
vt. 使担负； [军] 装填
 - chamber

Word: stable
Front: stable
[ˈsteɪbl] (高研四六托 2903/2637 -K4)
Vocabulary: stable
(once / 127 pages)
1adj 2nv
When something is stable, it's fixed and steady. If you needed advice, you'd probably go to your most stable friend, the one least likely to act crazy or be easily upset.
Whether you're talking about an object or a person, the adjective stable implies reliability and strength. You can describe a government as stable, or a relationship, or a desk. A completely different meaning of stable is the noun "building used for housing horses or other animals." Both senses of the word come from the Latin stabilis, "firm or steadfast."
WORD FAMILY
stable: stabilise, stability, stabilize, stabled, stableness, stabler, stables, stabling, stably, unstable +/destabilise: destabilised/ destabilize: destabilization, destabilized, destabilizes, destabilizing/ instability: instabilities/stabilisation: destabilisation/stabilise: destabilise, stabilisation, stabilised, stabiliser, stabilising/ stability: instability, stabilities/ stabilization: stabilizations/ stabilize: destabilize, stabilization, stabilized, stabilizer, stabilizes, stabilizing /stabilizer: stabilizers/stabling: stablings/ unstable: unstableness, unstably
USAGE EXAMPLES
A path determined by these resolutions may lead to unexpected places, maybe not to a sty, but perhaps to a stable and a star.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
There were five other people exposed to the gas who were in stable condition at an Amarillo hospital, the newspaper said citing fire officials.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The Phoenix Fire Department says the girl is in stable condition after suffering burns to her hands, feet and other parts of her body.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 稳定的; 沉稳[持重]的; [物理学]稳定平衡的; 持久的
n. 厩，马厩，马棚，牛棚; 畜舍; 统称某人拥有（或训练的）赛马; 在同一地方工作或训练的)一批人
vt. 使关进畜舍（或马厩、牛棚等），使放入马厩般的室内
vi. 被关在畜舍内，（人）生活在厩一般的地方
时态：stabled, stabling, stables
分布：稳定的(76%)，马厩(16%)，马棚(3%)，可靠的(2%)，安定的(1%)，一批人(1%)，入马棚(1%)
→来自拉丁语 stare,站立，词源同 stand.-able,形容词后缀。stable 马厩，马房，养马场
稳定的(st+able→能站的→稳定的)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
a.稳定的,安定的n.马厩,马棚Markets are flourishing and prices are stable.市场繁荣, 物价稳定.
【反】volatile（adj 挥发性的；不稳定的）；labile（adj 易发生变化的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■firmly fixed or not likely to move or change 稳定的；稳固的；牢固的
• If the foundations of the house aren't stable, collapse is possible. 如果房子的地基不稳，就有可能倒塌。
• After several part-time jobs, he's now got a stable job in a bank. 做了几份兼职工作之后，他目前在银行找到了一份稳定的工作。
• The hospital said she was in a stable condition (= not likely to get worse) following the operation. 院方说她手术之后情况稳定。
■describes someone who is mentally healthy 精神健全的，精神状态稳定的
• She seems more stable these days. 她这些日子看来情绪稳定些了。
■specialized
■describes a substance that keeps the same chemical or atomic state （物质的化学状态或原子状态）稳定的
['steɪ.bl] noun countable
■a building in which horses are kept 马厩
■a group of racehorses that are owned or trained by one person （属同一马主或驯马师的）一群赛马
■a group of people who perform a similar activity and who are trained by the same person or employed by the same organization （受训于同一人或受雇于同一机构的）一批人
• During the 1950s, Sun Records' stable of singers included Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis. 20世纪50年代，太阳唱片公司旗下的歌手包括猫王普里斯莱、约翰尼•卡殊和杰瑞•李•路易士。
['steɪ.bl] verb transitive
■to keep a horse in a stable 把（马）拴在马厩里
firm, stable, steady
这组词都有“稳固的”的意思，其区别是：
firm: 指牢固不可动摇或意志、信仰的坚定。
stable: 多指根基牢固，平衡良好，也指性格或位置等的稳定，不可移动或改变。
steady: 指保持平衡不动摇。用于有形物时，指没有根基的稳固，也指动中的稳。
n. [畜牧] 马厩；牛棚
 - mews, cowshed
adj. [物] 稳定的；牢固的；坚定的
 - steady, settled, committed, firm, strong

Word: introduction
Front: introduction
[ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃn] (中高研四六雅 2904/1379 -K2)
Vocabulary: introduction
(once / 186 pages)
1n 2n
An introduction refers to a beginning — maybe presenting someone new to a group, or inserting a new idea into a project. In a piece of writing, the introduction makes clear to the reader the text's purpose.
The noun introduction comes from the Latin verb introducere, meaning "to lead in." This “leading in” might be the formal introduction of a speaker, or the speaker's own introduction to his remarks. Or it might be the insertion of a new and different idea, as in British politician Lord Hailsham's remark, "The introduction of religious passion into politics is the end of honest politics, and the introduction of politics into religion is the prostitution of true religion."
WORD FAMILY
introduction: introductions, re-introduction+/ introduce: introduced, introduces, introducing, introduction, introductory, re-introduce, reintroduce/ introductory: introductorily/re-introduce: re-introduced/reintroduce: reintroduced, reintroduces, reintroducing, reintroduction/reintroduction: reintroductions
USAGE EXAMPLES
In prime time, Barbara Walters started her introduction this way: “If all she did was get Warren Beatty to settle down, that would be enough.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After the introduction of the measles vaccine, the rate of the disease dropped precipitously; it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s it – see you back here next week for the introduction of Toby Jones as Culverton Smith.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 介绍; 引言，导言; 采用，引进; 新采用的东西
分布：介绍(81%)，引进(10%)，导论(7%)，序言(2%)
→来自introduce,介绍，引进。
n.(to)介绍;传入,引进;导言,导论,绪论I'm sure he needs no introduction.我相信他不需要介绍.
noun
PUT INTO USE 采用
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when something is put into use or brought to a place for the first time 采用；引进；推行；放入，插入
• The introduction of new working practices has dramatically improved productivity. 采用新的工作方法已经显著提高了生产率。
• Within a few years of their introduction, CDs were outselling vinyl records. 雷射唱片在推出几年后，销量就超过了黑胶唱片。
• specialized The introduction of the tube into the artery is a very delicate procedure. 将导管插入动脉是一个非常精细的手术。
[ˌɪn.trə'dʌk.ʃən] noun
MAKE KNOWN 使为人所知
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the action of telling someone another person's name the first time that they meet 介绍，引见
• You'll have to do/make the introductions - I don't know everyone's name. 你要作个介绍——我可不知道每个人的名字。
• My next guest needs no introduction (= is already known to everyone). 我的下一位客人大家都认识，就用不着介绍了。
[ˌɪn.trə'dʌk.ʃən] noun
BEGINNING 开始
countable
■the first part of something 开始
• Have you read the introduction to the third edition? 你看了第三版的绪论吗？
• The song's great, but the introduction's a bit too long. 这首歌很棒，但前奏部分太长了。
preface, introduction
这组词都有“前言，导言”的意思，其区别是：
preface: 指作者或编者为说明全书的目的、范围、编辑方法等在序言之前写的一段简短的序文。
introduction: 普通用词，指任何作品开头对读者或听众说明或介绍该作品，起引导作用的结论部分，和全书内容是一致的。
n. 介绍；引进；采用；入门；传入
 - presentation, adoption

Word: appeal
Front: appeal
[əˈpi:l] (高研四六托雅宝 1852/942 -K4)
Vocabulary: appeal
(once / 72 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv
Appeal means to ask, or address. If you appeal to someone's better nature, you're asking them for mercy. If a shirt doesn't appeal to you, you could also say it doesn't "speak" to you, or more simply, you don't like it.
Appeal also means to call upon a higher court to review a lower court's decision. If you appeal a court's conviction of you for shop lifting, you're asking a higher court to throw the decision out. Appeal descends from the Latin appellare "to address, call upon."
WORD FAMILY
appeal: appealable, appealed, appealing, appeals, appellant+/appealable: unappealable/ appealing: appealingly, appealingness, unappealing/appellant: appellants/unappealing: unappealingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
This was unprecedented, and it held a strange appeal.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
If Mr. Roof is sentenced to death, the dispute about his mental health is likely to be central to any appeals.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
City officials challenged that ruling, which sent the matter to state appeals court.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 上诉; [体育]诉请; 呼吁; （迫切的）要求（帮助、同情等）恳求
vi. （迫切）要求; 有吸引力; 求助（于）; 提请注意
vt. 将…移交上级法院审理
时态：appealed, appealing, appeals
分布：上诉(49%)，吸引力(21%)，呼吁(17%)，有吸引力(7%)，求助(3%)，诉请(2%)，恳求；呼吁(1%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. 词根pul, 击，打，见pulse. 原指推进，推动，后词义发生了变化。
vi.呼吁,恳求;申诉n.呼吁;申诉;吸引力The healer reveals an appealing fact that health is great wealth to the commonwealth.医治者揭示一个吸引人的事实:健康是联邦的巨大财富.
【记】ap一再，peal＝pull拉－一再拉－吸引
noun
REQUEST 请求
 IMPROVER countable
■when a lot of people are asked to give money, information or help 呼吁，吁请，求助
• They're launching (= starting) an appeal to raise money for famine victims. 他们正在呼吁社会为饥民捐款。
• [+ to infinitive] The police have issued an appeal to the public to stay away from the centre of town at the weekend. 警方呼吁公众在周末远离市中心。
[ə'pi:l] noun
LEGAL 法律的
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a request especially to a court of law to change a previous decision （尤指为改变法院判决而作的）上诉，申诉
• The case went to the court of appeal/the appeal court. 案件被提交到上诉法院。
• He won his appeal and the sentence was halved. 他上诉获胜，刑期减半。
• She has lodged (= made) an appeal against the severity of the fine. 她认为罚款太高，已提出上诉。
[ə'pi:l] noun
QUALITY 特性
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the quality in someone or something that makes them attractive or interesting 吸引力；感染力；魅力
• sex appeal 性魅力；性感
• Spielberg films have a wide appeal. 史匹柏的影片广受欢迎。
• Parties on river-boats have lost their appeal since one sank last year killing thirty-three people. 去年一艘游船沉没导致33人丧生，从那时起，河上泛舟游乐会已失去了吸引力。
[ə'pi:l] verb
REQUEST 请求
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to make a serious or formal request, especially to the public, for money or help （尤指向公众）呼吁，吁请，求助，恳求
• They're appealing for clothes and blankets to send to the devastated region. 他们正在呼吁公众向受灾地区捐赠衣物和毛毯。
• The police are appealing to the public for any information about the missing girl. 警方正向公众求助，请他们提供有关失踪女孩的任何资料。
• I tried to appeal to (= ask for support based on) his sense of loyalty, stressing how good the company had been to him. 我努力请他对公司保持忠诚，着重强调公司一直待他不薄。
• [+ to infinitive] Church leaders have appealed to the government to halt the war. 教会领袖呼吁政府停止战争。
[ə'pi:l] verb
LEGAL 法律的
 ADVANCED intransitive legal
■to request a higher law court to consider again a decision made by a lower court, especially in order to reduce or prevent a punishment （尤指为减轻或免于惩罚而）上诉，申诉
• The teenager has been given leave (= allowed) by the High Court to appeal against her two-year sentence. 该少女被判刑两年，高级法院允许她如不服判决可提出上诉。
• They're appealing to the High Court to reduce the sentence to a fine. 他们正向高级法院提出上诉，要求将判刑改为罚款。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to formally request that especially a legal or official decision is changed （尤指为了改变法律或官方裁决而）诉请裁决，提出异议，申诉
• The parents appealed against the school's decision not to admit the child. 这个孩子的父母对学校拒收孩子的决定提出申诉。
• The footballer appealed to the referee for a free kick. 这个足球运动员请求裁判判罚任意球。
[ə'pi:l] verb
ATTRACT 吸引
 ADVANCED intransitive not continuous
■to interest or attract someone 有吸引力；有感染力；引起兴趣
• I've haven't been skiing - it's never really appealed. 我从来没有滑过雪——我对它从不感兴趣。
• It's a programme designed to appeal mainly to 16 to 25 year-olds. 这个节目的目标观众主要是16到25岁的年轻人。
• I think what appeals to me about his painting is the colours he uses. 我想，他的画感染我的地方在于他对色彩的运用。
beg, plead, petition, appeal, pray, entreat
这组词都有“请求，恳求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 比plead通俗，不用于法律范畴，指低声下气地请求，有时含贬义，指某人喋喋不休地要求得到帮助。
plead: 指谦卑而又不失尊严地请求，侧重迫切感。
petition: 指正式而热切地请愿或祈求。
appeal: 常指以道义原则为基础或以法律为依据的请求。
pray: 指祈求，多用于宗教用语中。
entreat: 意义与beg的大致相同，但较文雅。
vi. 呼吁，恳求； [法] 上诉；诉诸，求助；有吸引力，迎合爱好；（体育比赛中）诉诸裁判
 - attract, clamour for
n. 呼吁，请求；吸引力，感染力； [法] 上诉；诉诸裁判
 - asking, request, motion, charm

Word: pretend
Front: pretend
[prɪˈtend] (高研四六托宝 2905/2885 -K2)
Vocabulary: pretend
(once / 127 pages)
vadjn
To pretend is to act as if you're someone else. If you pretend to be your mother for a phone conference with your math teacher, try putting on her high heels to help you get into character.
When children or actors are pretending, it's fine, just playing. But if you pretend to someone who doesn't know you're just playing, you're likely to be condemned for it. No one likes it of you pretend to be a good member of the community just so people won't suspect you when you steal things from their houses. You might pretend you went to Harvard to impress someone, but if he finds out you didn't, he'll be very unimpressed.
WORD FAMILY
pretend: pretended, pretendedly, pretender, pretending, pretendingly, pretends+/pretender: pretenders/pretending: pretendings, unpretending/unpretending: unpretendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, I buried it, pretended that it did not exist.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“You act to nothing, really. You pretend there’s someone there, which is fun and kind of challenging.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In both cases pretending happens, and I am interested in that progression from “pretending to be” to “turning into.”
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 假装，伪装; 假称; 装扮
vi. 扮演; 自称; 假装，矫作
adj. 仿制的
时态：pretended, pretending, pretends
分布：假装(88%)，装作(11%)，自以为(1%)
→pre-,在前，向前，-tend,延伸，伸展，词源同tend,tense.引申诸相关词义。
假装,借口(pre提前+tend→提前伸出[想好借口])[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
v.假装,假托,借口,(在演戏中)装扮The attendants attend the meeting and pretend to be attentive.侍从们出席会议并装出专注的样子.
verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to behave as if something is true when you know that it is not, especially in order to deceive people or as a game 假装，伪称；（游戏中）装扮
• [+ (that)] He pretended (that) he didn't mind, but I knew that he did. 他假装不在乎，但我知道他很介意。
• The children pretended (that) they were dinosaurs. 孩子们装扮成恐龙。
• [+ to infinitive] Were you just pretending to be interested? 你只是在假装感兴趣吗？
• She's not really hurt - she's only pretending. 她并不是真的受了伤——她只是在装。
• Of course I was angry - I can't pretend otherwise. 我当然生气了——怎么可能会是假装的。
not pretend to do sth formal
■to not claim something that is false 不想妄称…
• I don't pretend to be an expert on the subject. 我不想妄称自己是该学科的专家。
simulate, feign, pretend
这组词都有“假装”的意思，其区别是：
simulate: 主要指模仿他人或他物的样子，假装具有他人或他物的特点。
feign: 常和pretend换用，一般指言行上的“装做，假装”如装无知、悲哀；装死、疯或装做睡眠等。
pretend: 指公开表示的与心里想的与客观实际不符合，含公开承认其虚假的意味。
vt. 假装；假扮；伪称
 - simulate, come
vi. 假装；伪称
 - act, fox
adj. 假装的
 - affected, assumed, simulate

Word: not
Front: not
[nɒt] (中高 28/13 -K5)
Vocabulary: not
(once / 2 pages)
adv
The adverb not is used for negation. Do you like drinking cod liver oil? No, I do not like drinking cod liver oil.
Not is a powerful word. When Hamlet says "to be or not to be," he is questioning whether he should live or die, the inverse of living. Just be careful of what's called a "double negative," where you use not with another negating word and end up negating your negation. If you say you don't know nothing about something, that means you do know something. Not is often contracted as in don't, or isn't.
WORD FAMILY
not: nots
USAGE EXAMPLES
The director of policy and strategy at CityUK, said businesses did not want to move.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The museum will not, as many assume, be a repository for “Star Wars” memorabilia.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dubai police did not respond to a request for comment about security at the property.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 不; [用以表示否定、否认、拒绝、禁止等]不是; 几乎不; 未必，没有[用于否定后面的词或短语]
分布：不(45%)，没有(33%)，并非(22%)
→缩写自naught,零，无，没有。
ad.不,不是,不会;没有Air is not a liquid.空气不是液体.
US [nɑ:t] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used to form a negative phrase after verbs like 'be', 'can', 'have', 'will', 'must', etc. usually used in the short form 'n't' in speech （用于 be，can，have，will，must 等动词后构成否定表达，在口语中常简略为n't）不
• He's not fat! 他不胖！
• I won't tell her. 我不会告诉她。
• I can't go. 我不能去。
• Don't you like her? 你难道不喜欢她吗？
• It isn't difficult (= It is easy). 这并不难。
• I'm just not interested. 我只是不感兴趣。
• He's not bad-looking (= He is quite attractive) ! 他长得并不难看！
• He's not as tall as his father. 他没有他父亲那样高。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to give the next word or group of words a negative meaning （用于否定其后的单词或词组）不，没有
• I told you not to do that. 我告诉过你别那样做。
• I like most vegetables but not cabbage. 大部分蔬菜我都喜欢，但卷心菜除外。
• "Come and play football, Dad" "Not now, Jamie." “来踢足球呀，爸爸。”“现在不行，杰米。”
• It was Yuko who said that, not Richard. 说那话的是尤克，不是李察。
 ESSENTIAL
■used after verbs like 'be afraid', 'hope', 'suspect', etc. in short, negative replies （用于 be afraid， hope， suspect 等动词后构成简略的否定回答）不，没有
• "Is he coming with us?" "I hope not." “他会跟我们一起来吗？”“希望不会。”
• "Have you finished?" "I'm afraid not." “你做完了吗？”“恐怕还没有。”
if not
 IMPROVER
■used to say what the situation will be if something does not happen 如果不是
• I hope to see you there but, if not, I'll call you. 我希望在那里能见到你，如果没有的话，我会给你打电话的。
or not
 IMPROVER
■used to express the possibility that something might not happen （用于表示某事也许不会发生）否，或许不
• Are you going to reply or not? 你会不会回覆？
• I still don't know whether she's coming or not. 我还不知道她是否会来。
■humorous
■sometimes used at the end of a statement to show that you did not mean what you have said （有时用于句末，表示所说非所想）才不是呢
• That was the best meal I've ever had - not! 那是我吃过的最好的一餐——是才怪呢！
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] adverb
not all that informal
■not very 不太
• I'm not all that keen on swimming. 我并不特别喜欢游泳。
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] adverb
not at all IMPROVER
■used as a polite reply after someone has thanked you （用于对致谢的礼貌回答）别客气
• "Thanks for helping." "Not at all." “谢谢你的帮助。”“别客气。”
 IMPROVER
■used to say 'no' or 'not' strongly （用于表达强烈的否定）一点也不
• "Was he a nuisance?" "No, not at all." “他很招人讨厌吗？”“不，一点也不。”
• I'm not at all happy about it. 我对此一点都不满意。
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] adverb
not be up to much informal
■to not be of good quality 质量不好
• The food wasn't up to much. 吃的可不怎么样。
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] adverb
not that
■used to say you are not suggesting something 并非，并不是说
• She wouldn't tell me how much it cost - not that I was really interested. 她不愿告诉我这花了多少钱——我并不真的想知道。
■used to say you do not think something is important （用于表示认为某事不重要）并非
• Not that I mind, but why didn't you phone yesterday? 虽然我不介意，但你昨天为甚么不打电话？
no, not
这两个词均可表示否定“不，没有”之意。
no: 与not有两点值得特别注意。1.no用作形容词时一般直接置于名词之前。名词前有a, any, much, enough等限定词时，不可用no，应用否定副词not。no修饰名词时，语气强于not。2.作为否定副词no与not都可与形容词比较级连用，但它们所表示的意思不相同。
adv. 不（用于否定句）
 - no, non, n't

Word: elderly
Front: elderly
[ˈeldəli] (研四雅 2907/1837 -K3)
Vocabulary: elderly
(once / 470 pages)
adjn
Someone who's elderly is very old. Your elderly neighbor might need help shoveling snow from her sidewalk and going grocery shopping each week.
When you talk about an elderly person, you might call him a "senior citizen" or an "older gentleman." We tend to think of people as elderly when they're quite aged and have started to become physically frail. You can also use the adjective for animals or even inanimate objects that are getting old: "That elderly oak tree is going to have to come down." The Old English root ealdorlic means "princely" or "excellent."
WORD FAMILY
elderly: elderlies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The money sent back usually gets reinvested locally, he said, "in better schooling for kids, better care for the elderly, and better housing."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
An elderly relative with Alzheimer’s recently told me that God talks to her.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Scientists associated tau buildup with Alzheimer’s, but that disease ravaged the elderly.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 上了年纪的; 过了中年的; 较老的
n. 老人
分布：年长的(69%)，年老的(31%)
a.较老的,年长的n.[the～]到了晚年的人They are talking about elderly pursuits.他们在谈论有关老年人的事业.
US [-dɚ.li] adjective
 IMPROVER polite word for
■old 年老的；上了年纪的；年纪较大的
• elderly relatives/parents 年迈的亲戚／父母
UK ['el.dəl.i] US [-dɚ.li] plural noun
the elderly
 IMPROVER
■old people considered as a group （总称）老人，上了年纪的人
• The city is building new housing for the elderly. 这座城市正在为老年人修建新的住房。
adj. 上了年纪的；过了中年的；稍老的
 - oldish

Word: representation
Front: representation
[ˌreprɪzenˈteɪʃn] (六托 2908/1828 -2)
Vocabulary: representation
(once / 231 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A representation acts or serves on behalf or in place of something. A lawyer provides legal representation for his client. A caricature is an exaggerated representation or likeness of a person.
Representation comes from the Latin repraesentare meaning "bring before, exhibit." A representation is an exhibit, whether it comes in the form of legal guidance or in the form of artistic expression. The act of representation has to do with replacing or acting on behalf of an original. Elected officials serve as the representation for their constituency — or at least it's supposed to work that way.
WORD FAMILY
representation: representational, representations+/ misrepresent: misrepresentation, misrepresented, misrepresenting, misrepresents/ misrepresentation: misrepresentations/ represent: misrepresent, representable, representation, representative, represented, representing, represents/representational: nonrepresentational, representationally/ representative: nonrepresentative, representatively, representatives, unrepresentative/unrepresentative: unrepresentatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Justice Peter T. Zarella wrote that the majority of the court concluded the lawyer “rendered constitutionally adequate representation.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He appeared disgusted with equal representation across the board.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Collective, democratic representation in the workplace is essential to shared and durable economic prosperity.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 表现; 陈述; 表现…的事物; 有代理人
分布：表现(60%)，陈述(22%)，表示法(18%)
→来自 represent,呈现，代表，描绘。
noun
ACTING FOR 替…行动
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when someone speaks, acts, or is present officially for someone else 作为…的代表（或代理人）；作为…的代言人
• Can he afford legal representation? 他请得起律师吗？
[ˌrep.rɪ.zen'teɪ.ʃən] noun
DESCRIPTION 描写
uncountable
■the way that someone or something is shown or described 表现；展现；描绘；描述
• He gave a talk on the representation of women in 19th-century art. 他作了一个演讲，是关于19世纪艺术中女性形象塑造的。
countable
■a sign, picture, model, etc. of something 表示；象征；代表
• This statue is a representation of Hercules. 这是一座大力神的雕像。
[ˌrep.rɪ.zen'teɪ.ʃən] noun
make representations/a representation to sb/sth formal
■to complain officially to a person or organization （正式）向…投诉，向…抗议
• We made representations to the boss about the long working hours. 我们就工作时间过长一事向老板提出抗议。
n. [经] 代表；表现；表示法；陈述
 - presentation, statement, deputy, behalf of, ambassador

Word: deer
Front: deer
[dɪə(r)] (高研四六 2911/6143 -2)
Vocabulary: deer
(once / 272 pages)
n
A deer is a four-legged, hoofed animal with antlers. Disney’s Bambi is a famous deer. There are deer all over the world, but American deer are light brown, and are often found nibbling on plants at dusk.
The main thing that distinguishes deer from other horned animals, like antelope, is that deer shed their antlers once a year and grow new ones. A female deer, called a "doe," has smaller antlers than the male, or "buck." The Old English root of deer, deor, means "beast" or "animal," and was originally used generally to refer to all four-legged wild animals.
WORD FAMILY
deer: deers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Paid events are regularly organized in Poland for foreigners who want to hunt deer, wild boar, hares or other small wild animals.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As his father described it, he looked “like a deer in headlights.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Many elk, mule deer and antelope in Wyoming wear electronic data collars as researchers study how animals move across the landscape.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 鹿
分布：名词(100%)
→来自dheu, 呼吸，水气，烟雾，词源同fume. 原指不确定的野生动物，后词义固定为鹿。参照animal, 动物，原义为呼吸，参照venison, 鹿肉，原指不确定的野生动物肉。
n.鹿The bee paid the fee of coffee, beef and beer for the cheerful deer.蜜蜂为欢快的鹿付了咖啡,牛肉和啤酒的费用.
US [dɪr] (plural deer)
noun countable
■a quite large animal with four legs which eats grass and leaves. The male has antlers (= wide horns like branches). The female is called a hind or a doe and the male a stag or buck 鹿
• a herd of deer 一群鹿
⇒ See also reindeer

Word: split
Front: split
[splɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 2910/2573 -K4)
Vocabulary: split
(once / 316 pages)
1vnadj 2vn 3n 4n 5n 6n 7n 8n
If you and your boyfriend split, you are no longer together. If your pants split, they come open at the seam. If both of these happen in the same day, split! (Get out of here!)
Split means to come apart or rip in two. It can be used as a verb "let's split the apple in two" or as a noun "be careful to step over the split in the earth left by the quake." It implies some violence. When firemen split open your door, they need an axe to do it.
WORD FAMILY
split: splits, splitted, splitter, splitting+/splitter: splitters/splitting: splittingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The newly drawn district consolidates the power of voters in Richmond, who were previously split between Forbes and Scott.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Trojans split up 15 minutes of fame among several unlikely heroes in their NCAA-record 25th Rose Bowl win.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prior to his injury, Ross split time between receiver and cornerback due to depth concerns.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 分裂; 分开; <俚>（迅速）离开; 分担
n. 划分; 分歧; 裂缝; 劈叉
vi. <俚>走开; 揭发; 被撞碎; <美>[证券]（股票）增加发行
adj. 裂开的，劈开的，分离的，分裂的
时态：split, splitting, splits
分布：分裂(54%)，分离(14%)，劈开(8%)，分裂的(7%)，裂开(7%)，分摊(3%)，裂口(3%)，一份(2%)，水果冰淇淋(1%)，意见分歧的(1%)
→来自 Proto-Germanic*spleit,分开，来自 splei,分开，来自 spel,分开，劈开，词源同 spill,split,flint.引申诸相关词义。
v.裂开,劈开;分裂,分离n.分化,分裂,裂口It's a pity that the spitbox in the pit was hit and split.遗憾的是坑内的痰盂被打裂.
verb (splitting, split, split)
DIVIDE 分开
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) divide into two or more parts, especially along a particular line （使）裂开；（使）分开
• The prize was split between Susan and Kate. 这笔奖金被苏珊和凯特平分了。
• Split the aubergines in half and cover with breadcrumbs. 把茄子切成两半，裹上面包屑。
• The teacher split the children (up) into three groups. 老师把孩子们分成三组。
• informal I'll split (= share) this croissant with you. 我和你平分这个牛角面包。
• His trousers split when he tried to jump the fence. 他试图翻过围栏时裤子裂开了。
• [+ obj + adj] The woman had split her head open (= got a long deep wound in her head) when she was thrown off the horse. 那个女人从马上摔下来时，头上裂了个很深的伤口。
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to form cracks 裂开；爆裂
• The wooden floor had cracked and split in the heat. 木地板受热裂开了。
intransitive or transitive
■If the people in an organization or group split, or if something splits them, they disagree and form smaller groups （使）（组织或团体）分裂；（使）产生分歧
• The childcare issue has split the employers' group. 儿童保育问题使雇主们产生了分歧。
• The union executive has split down the middle (= divided into two equal-sized groups who disagree with each other) on what to do next. 工会执行委员会在下一步的动向问题上分裂成势均力敌的两派。
• A group of extremists split (off) from the Labour Party to form a new "Workers' Communist Party". 一些极端主义者从工党中分裂出来，成立了新的“工人共产主义党”。
split the difference
■If you split the difference, you agree on a number or amount that is exactly in the middle of the difference between two other numbers or amounts. （在数字、数量等方面）折衷，妥协
[splɪt] verb (splitting, split, split)
TELL 告诉
intransitive UK old-fashioned informal
■to tell other people secret and damaging information about someone 告发，揭发
• They knew Josie wouldn't split on them to the teacher. 他们知道乔西不会向老师告发他们的。
[splɪt] verb (splitting, split, split)
LEAVE 离开
intransitive old-fashioned informal
■to leave a place 离开
[splɪt] verb (splitting, split, split)
split your sides
■to laugh a lot at something 捧腹大笑；笑破肚皮
• We nearly split our sides laughing/with laughter watching Paul trying to get the dog into the bicycle basket. 我们看着保罗试图把狗放进脚踏车篮里，几乎笑得直不起腰来。
[splɪt] verb (splitting, split, split)
split hairs disapproving
■to argue about whether small details are correct 纠缠于末枝细节；在鸡毛蒜皮的事上争论不休
[splɪt] verb (splitting, split, split)
  Phrasal Verbs  split up informal
■If two people split up, they end their relationship or marriage 分手；断绝关系；离婚
• She split up with her boyfriend last week. 她上星期和男朋友分手了。
⇒ See also split-up
[splɪt] noun countable
■a long, thin hole in something where it has broken apart 裂缝；裂口
• Rain was getting in through a split in the plastic sheeting. 雨水从塑胶薄膜的一处裂缝渗了进来。
■when a group of people divides into smaller groups because they disagree about something 分裂；分歧
• There is a widening split between senior managers and the rest of the workforce. 高层经理们和其他员工之间的分歧越来越大。
• The tax issue has caused a split in/within the government. 税收问题导致政府内部产生了分裂。
• There was a 70%, 25%, 5% split in the voting. 在投票中各赢得70%、25%和5%的选票。
the splits [plural] UK (US split)
■the action of sitting on the floor with your legs straight out and flat along the floor in opposite directions 劈叉，劈腿动作
• Can you do the splits? 你会劈腿吗？
• Carly did a split. 卡莉做出一字马的动作。
rip, tear, split
这组词都有“撕裂、扯破”的意思，其区别是：
rip: 侧重指用力把布料等物撕开，也可指用粗暴手段把某物撕裂。
tear: 最普通用词，指有意或无意地把布或纸等没接缝的材料撕开。可作引申用。
split: 非正式用词，指有力的切断、劈开或撕裂的动作。
vt. 分离；使分离；劈开；离开
 - leave, quit
vi. 离开；被劈开；断绝关系
 - leave, quit, get out
n. 劈开； [木] 裂缝
 - crack, cleavage
adj. 劈开的
 - cloven, cleft

Word: violate
Front: violate
[ˈvaɪəleɪt] (高研六托雅宝 2909/7012 -3)
Vocabulary: violate
(once / 188 pages)
v
Violate is a verb that describes actions that show no respect for people, laws, property, and customs. Drivers violate the law when they fail to stop at red lights, and people violate your privacy when they eavesdrop on your personal conversations.
Violate comes from the Latin word violatus which means "to break," as in a promise or oath. As members of our society, we make unspoken promises — to follow all laws, to help people if we can, or at the very least, not hurt them. So when we violate — laws, property, people's abilities to live safe, peaceful lives — we break the promises that come with being lawful citizens.
WORD FAMILY
violate: inviolate, violable, violated, violates, violating, violation, violative, violator +/ inviolable: inviolably/ inviolate: inviolately/violable: inviolable / violation: violations/ violator: violators
USAGE EXAMPLES
They alleged Remington violated state law by selling a dangerous weapon to the public.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
As Salon’s own Jeremy Binckes pointed out on Tuesday, Trump’s position violates legal precedent that has been settled for quite some time.
Salon(Dec 01, 2016)
Painter said Trump risked violating the US constitution if he retained ownership of his vast network of companies.
The Guardian(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 违反; 妨碍; 侵犯; 亵渎，强奸
时态：violated, violating, violates
分布：违反(78%)，侵犯(15%)，亵渎(4%)，强奸(2%)，扰乱(1%)
→词源同violence,暴力，引申词义违背，违反。
vt.违背;冒犯;妨碍;侵犯;亵渎(圣物)By the biography, the biologist's playing the violet violin violently violated rules.据传记记载,生物学家猛奏紫罗兰色的小提琴违犯了规矩.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to break or act against something, especially a law, agreement, principle or something that should be treated with respect 违反，违背，违犯（尤指法律、协议、原则等）
• They were charged with violating federal law. 他们被控违犯了联邦法律。
• It seems that the planes deliberately violated the cease-fire agreement. 那些飞机似乎是故意违反停火协议。
• The doctor has been accused of violating professional ethics. 那名医生被控违反了职业道德。
 ADVANCED
■to go, especially forcefully, into a place or situation which should be treated with respect and in which you are not wanted or not expected to be 侵犯；打扰
• The fishermen claimed that ships from another country had violated their territorial waters. 那些渔民宣称另一个国家的船只侵犯了他们的水域。
• Questions of this kind violate my privacy and I am not willing to answer them. 这种问题侵犯了我的隐私，我拒绝回答。
■formal
■to rape someone 强暴；强奸
• She said that she had been treated so roughly by the hospital staff that she felt violated. 她说医护人员待她非常粗暴，她感觉受到了侮辱。
vt. 违反；侵犯，妨碍；亵渎
 - let, act against

Word: partnership
Front: partnership
[ˈpɑ:tnəʃɪp] (2912/2141 -K3)
Vocabulary: partnership
(once / 623 pages)
n
What do Lewis and Clark, Bonnie and Clyde, and Ben and Jerry have in common? They all formed partnerships — cooperative relationships where they worked as a team to reach a goal, whether it was robbing banks or inventing Cherry Garcia.
It’s easy to spot partner hidden inside partnership. That should clue you in to the fact the word is all about the deal sealed between two or more people, groups, or even countries that agree to throw their lot in together to achieve something both want. A partnership can be a legal business relationship sealed by a contract or a casual handshake-driven agreement between friends. A marriage is a partnership. So is a corporate merger.
WORD FAMILY
partnership: partnerships+/ partner: partnered, partnering, partners, partnership
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story was produced in collaboration with the Trace as part of a partnership to report on exclusive new gun ownership data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The Freedom Online Coalition is a partnership of 30 governments co-ordinating their efforts to protect human rights in cyberspace.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
And this year, the lab started a partnership with Bellevue College’s Autism Spectrum Navigators program, and is offering students with autism a chance to intern.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 伙伴关系; 合伙人身份; 合作关系; 合营公司
分布：合伙经营(45%)，合股(33%)，合伙人身份(22%)
合伙关系(partner合伙人)[-ship 1.表示某种关系或状态2.表示某种技能]
US ['pɑ:rt.nɚ-] noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the state of being a partner 合伙关系，伙伴关系
 ADVANCED countable
■a company which is owned by two or more people 合伙企业，合股公司
• the John Lewis Partnership 约翰‧路易士合伙公司
n. 合伙；合伙企业； [经管] 合作关系；合伙契约
 - copartnership, consortium

Word: pollution
Front: pollution
[pəˈlu:ʃn] (高研四六托雅 2913/2147 -K3)
Vocabulary: pollution
(once / 818 pages)
n
Pollution is unwanted, harmful stuff contaminating an environment. The race to develop clean energy is motivated by high levels of pollution that people fear are permanently damaging the earth's environment.
When you hear about pollution, you’re most likely hearing about chemical emissions into air or water that come from industrial processing. But pollution isn’t just environmental. Anything we think of as pure can be contaminated by pollution polluted, whether that's a lake or an idea. If your mother finds you reading trashy magazines instead of doing your homework, she might worry about the pollution of your mind.
WORD FAMILY
pollution: antipollution, pollutions+/pollutant: pollutants/ pollute: pollutant, polluted, polluter, pollutes, polluting, pollution / polluted: unpolluted/polluter: polluters
USAGE EXAMPLES
A total of 24 cities are under a pollution “red alert,” the highest warning level in China’s four-tiered system.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But the country is now facing the limits of that model amid slowing growth, toxic pollution and the shift of manufacturing work to less-developed nations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 污染（作用）; 腐败; 堕落; 沾污
分布：污染(96%)，污染物(4%)
→来自pollute,浸染，弄脏。
n.污染The contribution distributor thinks the microcomputer pollution is absolutely beyond dispute.捐款分配者认为微机污染是绝对不容置疑的.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or waste 污染
• air/water pollution 空气／水污染
• The manifesto includes tough measures to tackle road congestion and environmental pollution. 宣言包括了解决道路堵塞和环境污染的强硬措施。
n. [环境] 污染
 - contamination, impureness

Word: emission
Front: emission
[iˈmɪʃn] (六托 2915/3483 -2)
Vocabulary: emission
(once / 1200 pages)
n
An emission is something that's been released or emitted into the world. Car exhaust, burps, and radio broadcasts are all examples of emissions.
Technically, an emission is anything that's been released out into the open. But more often it refers to gases being released into the air, like greenhouse gasses or emissions from power plants and factories. Anytime your body emits something (sweat, drool, gas), it's also considered an emission. Be careful not to confuse this word with the closely spelled omission — that's something that's been left out.
WORD FAMILY
emission: emissions+/ emit: emission, emits, emitted, emitter, emitting/emitter: emitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
They found that, by 2070, if worldwide emissions aren’t sufficiently reduced, the Persian Gulf would experience heat waves impossible for many humans to survive.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
A government spokesman said the UK was committed to playing a major role in reducing global CO2 emissions.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Manufacturers might also need to add more pollution controls, or pay other companies for pollution credits earned from shutting down or reducing emissions.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 排放，辐射; 排放物，散发物（尤指气体）; （书刊）发行，发布（通知）
分布：排放(86%)，散发(10%)，发行(4%)
发出,放射(e＋miss+ion)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
noun
uncountable
■when gas, heat, light, etc. is sent out （气体、热量、光线等的）排放，散发，射出
• The Green Party have called for a substantial reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases by the UK. 绿党要求英国切实减少温室气体的排放量。
countable
■an amount of gas, heat, light, etc. that is sent out 排放物；散发物
• carbon dioxide emissions 二氧化碳的排放
n. （光、热等的） [物] 发射，散发；喷射；发行
 - shot, sending, launch, jet, projection

Word: steady
Front: steady
[ˈstedi] (高研四六托雅 2914/2922 -K3)
Vocabulary: steady
(once / 78 pages)
1adjvadv 2adj 3adjn
The adjective steady describes something that is firmly fixed in position. If you have to climb up on your roof, you definitely want to have a steady ladder. Otherwise, you risk ending up in the bushes instead of on the roof.
The adjective steady can also describe something that isn't going to fluctuate wildly. If you have a steady income from a salary, you bring in approximately the same amount of money each month. If you are paid on commission, on the other hand, you may make Midas look poor in some months and beggars look rich in others. As a verb, to steady means "to make something steady" (big surprise): You can steady a wobbly table by sticking a matchbook under its shortest leg, or you could steady a nervous dog with a reassuring pat.
WORD FAMILY
steady: steadied, steadier, steadies, steadiest, steadily, steadiness, steadying, steadyingly, steadyly, unsteady+/steadiness: steadinesses/unsteadiness: unsteadinesses/unsteady: unsteadied, unsteadily, unsteadiness, unsteadyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is a comedy, but one with “a steady undertow of anxiety, dread and anger,” Stephen Holden wrote in The Times.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
They learn to rappel down abandoned buildings and hold their rifles steady, ready to fire, while charging across a swampy field.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Steady demand for kitty litter helped Wyo-Ben and other bentonite miners through the downturn.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 稳定的，不变的; 镇定的，沉着的; 坚定的
vt. 使稳定，使坚定
n. 关系固定的情侣
时态：steadied, steadying, steadies
分布：稳定的(69%)，稳固的(9%)，坚定的(5%)，固定支架(4%)，使稳定(4%)，关系固定的情侣(4%)，使坚定(4%)，使稳固(1%)
→stead,位置，地方，-y,形容词后缀。
a.稳定的,不变的;坚定的v.(使)稳固/稳定Is the table steady?桌子平稳吗?
adjective
GRADUAL 逐渐的
 IMPROVER
■happening in a smooth, gradual and regular way, not suddenly or unexpectedly 稳步的；持续的；有规律的
• The procession moved through the streets at a steady pace. 队伍稳步穿过街道。
• Orders for new ships are rising, after several years of steady decline. 新船的订单数量经过几年的持续下降之后开始增加了。
• Over the last 10 years he has produced a steady flow/stream/trickle of articles and papers. 过去十年，他连续发表了一系列文章和论文。
• Progress has been slow but steady. 进展虽然缓慢，但却也在稳步向前。
['sted.i] adjective
FIRM 稳固的
■fixed and not moving or changing suddenly 固定不动的；稳固的，平稳的
• I'll hold the boat steady while you climb in. 我把船稳住，你爬上来。
• Most rental prices have held steady this year. 今年大部分租金保持不变。
• Young people assume that if you are in a steady relationship , you don't have to worry about HIV. 年轻人想当然地认为，只要保持稳定的恋爱关系，就不必担心爱滋病病毒。
['sted.i] adjective
CONTROLLED 受控制的
■under control 稳的；冷静的，沉着的
• a steady voice/look/gaze 冷静的声音／表情／目光
• You need steady nerves to drive in city traffic. 在市内开车需要沉着冷静。
• Painting these small details needs a steady hand. 画这些小细节手要稳。
■describes someone who can be trusted to show good judgment and act in a reasonable way 可靠的；稳重的
• a steady friend 可靠的朋友
['sted.i] adjective
go steady on sth UK (US go easy on sth) informal
■to not use too much of something 节省着用
• Go steady on the milk, Dan - that's our last bottle. 牛奶省着点喝，丹——那是我们最后一瓶了。
['sted.i] adjective
Steady on! UK informal
■used to tell someone that what they are saying is too extreme 别那么极端！说话留点余地！
• Steady on, Chris - she's nice but she's not that nice! 别这么绝对，克里斯——她是漂亮，但还没你说的那么漂亮！
['sted.i] verb transitive
STOP MOVING 固定不动
■to make something stop shaking or moving 使稳定；使固定不动
• He wobbled about on the bike and then steadied himself. 他在脚踏车上摇晃了几下，随后便稳住了。
• He steadied his rifle on the wall and fired. 他把步枪抵在墙上稳住，然后开火。
['sted.i] verb transitive
CONTROL 受控制的
■to become calm and controlled, or to make someone do this （使）冷静，（使）镇定下来
• Some people say that a drink will steady your nerves. 有些人说喝杯酒能稳定情绪。
['sted.i] adverb old-fashioned
go steady (with sb)
■to have a romantic relationship with one person for a long period （和某人）保持稳定的恋爱关系
• She's been going steady with Mike for six months. 她和麦克稳定交往已经六个月了。
firm, stable, steady
这组词都有“稳固的”的意思，其区别是：
firm: 指牢固不可动摇或意志、信仰的坚定。
stable: 多指根基牢固，平衡良好，也指性格或位置等的稳定，不可移动或改变。
steady: 指保持平衡不动摇。用于有形物时，指没有根基的稳固，也指动中的稳。
adj. 稳定的；不变的；沉着的
 - settled, constant, stable, composed, permanent
vt. 使稳定；稳固；使坚定
 - firm, stabilitate
adv. 稳定地；稳固地
 - firmly, equably
n. 关系固定的情侣；固定支架
 - fixed bolster, fixed support

Word: vital
Front: vital
[ˈvaɪtl] (高研四六托雅宝 2916/1803 -K3)
Vocabulary: vital
(once / 170 pages)
adj
A patient's vital signs are their important body functions, such as pulse rate, that shows they are still alive. Use the adjective vital to describe something that is important and necessary, or a person full of energy.
Vital descends from Middle English, from Old French, from Latin vītālis, from vīta "life." If you are vital to the organization you work for, it means they cannot live without you––or at least that you're an important part of the team. If you're a vital force in your church volunteer group, you probably are a leader with lots of energy to give.
WORD FAMILY
vital: vitalest, vitalise, vitalism, vitality, vitalize, vitally, vitalness+/devitalise: devitalisation, devitalised, devitalises, devitalising/devitalize: devitalization, devitalized, devitalizes, devitalizing/revitalise: revitalisation, revitalised, revitalising/revitalization: revitalizations/ revitalize: revitalization, revitalized, revitalizes, revitalizing/vitalise: devitalise, revitalise, vitalisation, vitalised, vitaliser, vitalises, vitalising/vitalism: vitalist/vitalist: vitalists/ vitality: vitalities/vitalization: vitalizations/ vitalize: devitalize, revitalize, vitalization, vitalized, vitalizer, vitalizes, vitalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Martin King of the Beatles Story museum in Liverpool said Mr. Williams played a vital role shaping the youthful band.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Great vintage advertisement: The Union Pacific railroad touts its access to “America’s vital potato markets.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Playgrounds are vital in Los Angeles, a city where many families live without backyards or balconies.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 维持生命所必需的; 至关重要的; 生死攸关的; 生机勃勃的
分布：至关重要的(82%)，生死攸关的(14%)，有活力的(4%)
→来自拉丁语vita,生命，来自gweie,存活，词源同biology,quick,vivid,zoo.
有活力的;重要的(vit+al)[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
a.生死攸关的,重大的;生命的,生机的The contaminated vital vitamin made racial discrimination come to culmination.被污染的重要维他命使种族歧视达到极点.
【记】vit生命，al：极其重要的；充满活力的
【反】moribund（adj 垂死的）
US [-tˌəl] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 IMPROVER
■necessary for the success or continued existence of something; extremely important 必不可少的；极其重要的
• A strong opposition is vital to a healthy democracy. 有一个强大的反对党对于健康的民主制度来说非常重要。
• She had found out some information of vital importance. 她已经查出了一些极为重要的资讯。
• The kidney plays a vital role/part in the removal of waste products from the blood. 肾脏对于排除血液中的废物起着至关重要的作用。
• [+ that] It's absolutely vital that you do exactly as I say. 完完全全按我说的去做，这至关重要。
• [+ to infinitive] It is vital to get medical supplies to the area as soon as possible. 要尽快把药品送往该地区，这至关重要。
UK ['vaɪ.təl] US [-tˌəl] adjective
LIVELY 生机勃勃的 formal approving
■energetic 生机勃勃的；充满生气的
• He had never felt so vital and full of life. 他从来没有像现在一样感到如此精神焕发，充满活力。
formal
■relating to life 生命的
vital, essential, basic, fundamental, radical
这组词都有“基本的，基础的”的意思，其区别是：
vital: 正式用词，侧重指维持生命、活力必不可少的，或生死攸关的。
essential: 语气比basic和fundamental强，强调必不可少，暗含某物如缺少某部分，则失去本质特征的意味。
basic: 普通用词，指明确、具体的基础或起点。
fundamental: 书面用词，不如basic使用广泛，侧重指作为基础、根本的抽象的事物。
radical: 着重指事物的根本或其来源。
adj. 至关重要的；生死攸关的；有活力的
 - dynamic, life-or-death

Word: neither
Front: neither
[ˈnaɪðə(r)] (中高 1790/1721 -K4)
Vocabulary: neither
(once / 38 pages)
adj
When offered a choice between two things you don't like, you might choose neither. Whereas "either" means you would pick one, neither closes the door on both, saying you do "not" choose "either" one.
The adjective neither comes directly from Middle English, evolving from the word nawther. Neither is versatile, and can be used as a pronoun, ("Neither of your ideas works"), or an adjective ("Neither plan can be used"). It can also be used as a conjunction, in which case it is usually paired with "nor" ("We can use neither your first suggestion nor your second one"). Sounds like you're having a tough day.
WORD FAMILY
neither
USAGE EXAMPLES
Neither quarterback got much help from a running game that produced 218 yards in the first meeting with the Broncos.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On New Year’s Day on Twitter, Carey offered neither an apology nor much of an explanation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Monday’s Outback Bowl figures to be a low-scoring game, and neither No. 20 Florida nor No. 21 Iowa offer any apologies.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. （两者）都不的
pron. 两者都不
adv. 两个都不; 既不…也不
conj. 也不; 既不
分布：也不(55%)，既不(36%)，两者都不(7%)，两者都不的(2%)
→来自古英语nahwaether,两者都不，来自na,不，没有，词源同no,hwaether,两个中的一个，即whether,后受either影响拼写俗化。
a.两者都不pron.两者都不ad.也不Whether the weather is good or bad, neither father nor I am going to the gathering.无论天气是好是坏,父亲和我都不去参加那个聚会.
UK ['ni:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner pronoun conjunction adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■not either of two things or people 两者皆非，两者都不
• We've got two TVs, but neither works properly. 我们有两台电视，但没有一台是好的。
• Neither of my parents likes my boyfriend. 我父母都不喜欢我的男朋友。
• Neither one of us is particularly interested in gardening. 我们两个都不太喜欢园艺。
• "Which one would you choose?" "Neither. They're both terrible." “你会挑哪个？”“两个都不要，两个都很糟糕。”
• If she doesn't agree to the plan, neither will Tom (= Tom also will not). 如果她不同意这项计划，汤姆也不会同意。
• Chris wasn't at the meeting and neither was her assistant. 克里斯没有出席会议，她的助手也没有。
• informal "I don't feel like going out this evening." "Me neither." “我今晚不想出去。”“我也是。”
• On two occasions she was accused of stealing money from the company, but in neither case was there any evidence to support the claims. 她两次被指控盗用公款，但两次都没有确凿的证据。
neither ... nor
■used when you want to say that two or more things are not true 既不…也不…，…和…都不
• Neither my mother nor my father went to university. 我父母都没有上过大学。
• They speak neither French nor German, but a curious mixture of the two. 他们说的既不是法语也不是德语，而是两者的古怪混合。
• I neither know nor care what's happened to him. 我不知道，也不关心他出了甚么事。
UK ['naɪ.ðər] UK ['ni:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner pronoun conjunction adverb
be neither here nor there
■to not be important 无关紧要
• It's essential that she has this medicine, and the cost is neither here nor there. 重要的是她有这种药，价钱无所谓。
UK ['naɪ.ðər] UK ['ni:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner pronoun conjunction adverb
be neither one thing nor the other
■to be a mixture of two different things, often things that do not combine well 是非此非彼的混合物；既不是此，也不是彼
• I prefer a book to be either fact or fiction - this one is neither one thing nor the other! 我喜欢的书要不是真人真事，就是虚构小说——这本书却是个四不像！
UK ['naɪ.ðər] UK ['ni:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner pronoun conjunction adverb
  Common Learner Errors  neither or either? Warning: it is not usual to use two negative words in the same sentence. When using not in a sentence, don't say 'neither', say either.
✗ The air conditioning did not work neither. The air conditioning did not work either.
UK ['naɪ.ðər] UK ['ni:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner pronoun conjunction adverb
  Common Learner Errors  neither...nor This can be used with a singular or a plural verb. Neither Jack nor Philip like/likes football.
conj. 也不；既不
 - nor

Word: fate
Front: fate
[feɪt] (研四六 2919/3179 -3)
Vocabulary: fate
(once / 74 pages)
nv
Is it your fate to win a fortune in the lottery and retire young? Better hope so. Fate is like destiny, so that means winning the lottery would be an inevitable outcome.
The word fate traces back to the Latin word fatum, meaning “that which has been spoken,” and something that's your fate is a done deal, not open to revision. If you feel like something is your fate, you feel it's beyond your control. Fate is often referred to directly, as if it were a supernatural power: “fate tore us apart." It can also describe your lot in life, like if it's your fate to take over the family farm.
WORD FAMILY
fate: fated, fateful, fates, fating+/fated: ill-fated / fateful: fatefulest, fatefully
USAGE EXAMPLES
He says “luck and fate” prevented it from being worst.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He also hopes it will prevent other species from meeting the same fate as Toughie and Nola.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Kelly seemed similarly resigned to his fate before when he spoke to the media before the decision was announced.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 命运，宿命; 灾难，死亡; 命中注定的事（尤指坏事）
v. 注定
时态：fated, fating, fates
分布：命运(97%)，宿命(3%)
→来自bha, 说，预言，词源同phone, fable. 用于指神的预言，预测命运。
n.命运The fateful up-to-date data of the gate have a fatal error.大门的决定性最新数据有一个致命错误.
noun
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■what happens to a particular person or thing, especially something final or negative, such as death or defeat 命中注定的事；命运；（尤指）厄运
• We want to decide our own fate. 我们想决定自己的命运。
• His fate is now in the hands of the jury. 现在他的命运掌握在陪审团的手中。
• The disciples were terrified that they would suffer/meet the same fate as Jesus. 众门徒害怕遭遇和耶稣一样的命运。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a power that some people believe causes and controls all events, so that you cannot change or control the way things will happen 天意；定数
• When we met again by chance in Cairo, I felt it must be fate. 当我们再度在开罗偶遇时，我觉得这一定是天意了。
• Fate has brought us together. 天意让我们相聚。
[feɪt] noun
a fate worse than death informal humorous
■something you do not want to experience because it is so unpleasant 令人极为不快的事
• When you're 16, an evening at home with your parents seems like a fate worse than death. 到了16岁，晚上在家和父母呆在一起似乎是极其难受的事。
[feɪt] noun
the Fates
■three goddesses who the ancient Greeks believed controlled people's lives and decided when people must die （古希腊人认为掌控人的命运的）命运三女神
luck, lot, destiny, fortune, doom, fate
这组词都有“命运”的意思，其区别是：
luck: 普通日常用词，指好的或坏的运气，尤多指好运气，有时也指成功或愉快的结局。
lot: 多指偶然的运气或终身遭受的不幸命运。
destiny: 普通用词，侧重预先注定的命运，对未来命运的美好憧憬。
fortune: 普通用词，指由机会或运气来决定的一种命运，如暗示一种比fate好的运气或一种愉快的未来。
doom: 指最终的，常常是灾难性或毁灭性的命运，隐含不可避免的意味。
fate: 较庄严用词，多指不幸的命运，暗示不可避免，令人畏惧和人的意志无法改变，宿命论色彩较浓。
n. 命运
 - lot, destiny, fortune, portion, cup of tea
vt. 注定
 - predestine, foreordain

Word: earnings
Front: earnings
[ˈɜ:nɪŋz] (六 2918/2619 -3)
Vocabulary: earnings
(once / 392 pages)
n
Earnings are the amount of money you make from doing a job. You'll be a lot more excited about babysitting when you learn your earnings will be more than generous.
Most earnings come from work that you've done, although money you earn from an investment can also be called earnings. Any financial profit or gain you make go into the earnings category, since you earn that money, whether through work, luck, or intelligence. The Proto-Germanic root, *aznon, means "do harvest work."
WORD FAMILY
earning: earnings +/ earn: earned, earner, earning, earns/earned: unearned/earner: earners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dalrymple’s budget proposed transferring earnings to the general fund but leaving the principal untouched.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some investors consider the big-stock S&P 500 to be pricey, with the average stock selling for 17 times analysts' 2017 earnings per share estimates.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“Volatility in earnings is a really big problem.”
Salon(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 收入，所得; 工资，报酬; 收益，利润
分布：收入(81%)，利润(19%)
→来自earn, 挣得，赚取。
US ['ɝ:-] plural noun
 IMPROVER
■the amount of money that someone is paid for the work they do 薪水，工资
• Average earnings for skilled workers are rising. 熟练工人的平均工资正在上涨。
fee, earnings, wage, allowance, income, pay, salary
这组词都有“工资、收入”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指提供某种服务收取的固定费用。
earnings: 多指通过劳动或投资等手段所得到的收入。
wage: 多用复数形式，指按小时、日或星期的报酬，通常指体力劳动者的工资。
allowance: 指收入中的补贴部分。
income: 与earnings含义很相近，但前者强调总收入。
pay: 是个通用词，可取代salary与wage.
salary: 指按年定下，按月或星期平均给予的报酬，指脑力劳动者的薪水。
n. [会计] 收入
 - income, proceeds, receipt

Word: oven
Front: oven
[ˈʌvn] (研四六托 2920/4188 -K2)
Vocabulary: oven
(once / 518 pages)
n
An oven is a device for baking food using heat. You probably scramble eggs on your stove but bake cupcakes in your oven.
Most ovens are in kitchens, whether in private homes or restaurants. Every once in a while, you'll see an outdoor bread or pizza oven too — these are built of brick, stone, or clay, and can safely get hot enough to bake at very high temperatures. Another kind of oven is one that's used for baking ceramics, which is also called a kiln or sometimes a furnace. The very oldest ovens were built thousands of years ago in Central and Eastern Europe.
WORD FAMILY
oven: ovens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Imagine the heat of a wood-fired pizza oven, with the pressure you would experience 2km under the sea.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Place the skillet in the oven and bake until the yolks are just set, about 8 minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The team leader in sacks played with a thick left wrap resembling a large oven mitt protecting his injured left hand.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 烤箱，烤炉，灶
分布：烤箱(80%)，烤炉(20%)
→来自古英语ofen,烤箱，烤炉。
n.炉,灶,灶箱Moreover, the new government overlooked the governor over the oven.而且,新政府忽视了炉子上方的州长.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the part of a cooker with a door, which is used to cook food 烤箱；烤炉
• a conventional/gas/fan-assisted oven 普通／燃气／鼓风助力烤箱
• a microwave oven 微波炉
• a cool/medium/hot oven 低温／中温／高温烤箱
• Place the cake in the oven at 200°C. 将蛋糕放入加热到摄氏200度的烤箱。
• Calcutta in summer is like an oven (= extremely and uncomfortably hot). 夏天的加尔各答热得像个火炉。
stove, oven, furnace
这组词都有“炉，炉子”的意思，其区别是：
stove: 通常指以柴、煤、气、电等作燃料，用于室内取暖或烧饭的火炉。
oven: 主要指烘烤食物用的炉子、烘箱。
furnace: 指冶炼用的熔炉或烧暖气用的锅炉。也可用作比喻。
n. [炉窑] 炉，灶；烤炉，烤箱
 - furance, kiln

Word: distinction
Front: distinction
[dɪˈstɪŋkʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 2921/1865 -2)
Vocabulary: distinction
(once / 164 pages)
n
When you are marked for distinction, it means you are someone who is going to do well in life. You will set yourself apart from others. Distinction means being set apart, often by excellence.
When things are distinct from one another, they are different. It is the distinctions that make them this way. In your school, an outside observer might at first be unable to see the distinctions among the kids, but with a little time they'll be able to see how kids are identified and associated with their peculiar qualities.
WORD FAMILY
distinction: distinctions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The distinction between fact and fiction was erased, creating a sprawling universe of competing claims.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
This distinction is hard to notice, because he looks more or less like anybody else.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But even then, there is an important distinction.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 区别; 荣誉; 特质; 卓越
分布：区分(50%)，差别(33%)，荣誉(10%)，优秀(4%)，对比(3%)
区别;优秀(distinct+ion)[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
n.区别,差别;级别;特性;声望;显赫In this district I can strictly distinguish the distinct distinctions of bees' stings by instinct.在该地区我能靠直觉严格分辨蜜蜂刺的明显特征.
【反】repute（n 名誉；名声）－1ack of distinction（不知名）；
noun
DIFFERENCE 区别
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a difference between two similar things 区别，差别，不同
• There's a clear distinction between the dialects spoken in the two regions. 这两个地区的方言有着明显的不同。
• This company makes no distinction between the sexes. 这间公司男女平等。
[dɪ'stɪŋk.ʃən] noun
HIGH QUALITY 卓越
uncountable
■the quality of being excellent 优秀，卓越
• a writer/scientist/wine of distinction 一流的作家／科学家／葡萄酒
countable
■a mark given to students who produce work of an excellent standard （学生作业的）优，优等
[dɪ'stɪŋk.ʃən] noun
SPECIAL 特殊的
only singular
■the quality of being special or different 特质，特性
• She has the distinction of being one of the few people to have an honorary degree conferred on her by the university this year. 今年，只有几个人被授予了大学荣誉学位，她有幸成为其中之一。
difference, distinction, discrimination, discrepancy
这组词都有“差别，区别”的意思，其区别是：
difference: 普通用词，可指事物本质上的差异或数量上的差额，也可指事物在某一方面的差别，还可指人们之间的不同意见。
distinction: 较正式用词，除指事物在本质上的差别外，还指在某一方面或某一细节上的区分，要在认真观察、研究后才易觉察。
discrimination: 侧重指在判断、见识方面的差别，也可指待遇上的区别。
discrepancy: 多用于言论和记述方面，指两物之间缺乏使之相似或平衡的协调。
n. 区别；差别；特性；荣誉、勋章
 - quality, identity, character, tang, discrimination

Word: segment
Front: segment
[ˈsegmənt] (研四六托雅宝 2922/4404 -3)
Vocabulary: segment
(once / 870 pages)
nv
A segment is one of several pieces that together create a whole. You could offer a segment of your orange to your girlfriend as a Valentine's Day gift. She’ll probably enjoy the orange, but she may break up with you.
Lots of things can have segments. You can talk about a segment of a talk show, a segment of a sphere, or the segment of students in your high school who want to join the Drama Club — the ones singing and dancing in the cafeteria every day. You can also use segment as a verb: when you chop down that oak tree in your front yard, you have to segment the trunk into smaller pieces for firewood.
WORD FAMILY
segment: segmental, segmentation, segmented, segmenting, segments+/segmental: nonsegmental, segmentally/segmentation: segmentations/segmented: unsegmented
USAGE EXAMPLES
An earlier episode placed Paper Boi on a fictional news panel show with parody commercials to break up the show’s segments.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
It’s an outdoor stage in the middle of a city; it’s one segment of a long show, not a concert production controlled by the star.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Another push begins to build a Second Avenue line, though a smaller segment is proposed from 63rd Street to 96th Street.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 部分，段落; 环节; [计算机]（字符等的）分段; [动物学]节片
vt. &vi. 分割，划分; [生]使分裂
时态：segmented, segmenting, segments
分布：段(62%)，部分(20%)，节(11%)，分割(4%)，弓形(2%)，瓣(1%)
→来自拉丁语 secare, 砍，切，来自 sek,砍，切，词源同 section,secateurs.-ment,名词后缀。 引申诸相关词义。
部分;切片(seg+ment)[Sect,seg=cut,divide,表示"切,割"]
部分,一段(seg部分)[-ment 1.表名词"行为或结果"2.表示具体物]
n.段,片,节,部分To divide a computer program into segments.把一个计算机程序分成若干段.
【记】seg＝sect部分，ment一部分
【参】segmentable（adj 可分割的）；sect（n 宗派）
【反】make whole（使完整）
US [ˈ--] specialized
■to divide something into different parts 分离；分割
• City Insurance segmented the market into three by issuing three types of policy. 城市保险公司透过推出三种保单把市场分割为三个部分。
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
vi. 分割
 - to cut up, divide up
n. [计] 段；部分
 - dan, proportion, part, portion, percent
vt. 分割
 - to cut up, deleave

Word: nowhere
Front: nowhere
[ˈnəʊweə(r)] (高研四六雅 2924/3107 -K3)
Vocabulary: nowhere
(once / 312 pages)
advn
If you're going nowhere, you have no particular destination — nowhere isn't any place at at all.
If you're invited nowhere on New Year's Eve, you'll probably stay home — there's not anywhere to go. And if your dog is nowhere to be seen, he's not in your yard, the neighbor's yard, or anyplace else visible. Sometimes the word is also used to mean "a particularly boring or remote place," like when your car breaks down in the middle of nowhere, or your parents warn that if you don't do well in school, you'll go nowhere in life.
WORD FAMILY
nowhere: nowheres
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nowhere were the challenges starker than in Chicago, where the rates of murders and shootings skyrocketed.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Its visible geothermal features are nowhere near as striking as Yellowstone’s geysers and consist mainly of above-ground, pungent smelling sulphur springs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s splitting hairs, but Howard was working in an offense that was nowhere near that of the Cowboys.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 任何地方都不，无处; 毫无结果
n. 无处; 任何地方; 无名之地
adj. 不存在的; 毫无结果的; 不知名的
分布：无处(64%)，任何地方都不(29%)，不知道的地方(7%)
ad.任何地方都不,没有地方Wherever I go, nowhere I like; I dislike everywhere.无论我到哪里,没有哪里为我喜欢,我讨厌每一个地方.
US ['noʊ.wer] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in, at or to no place; not anywhere 任何地方都不；无处
• These young people have nowhere (else) to go. 这些年轻人无处可去。
• Nowhere does the article mention the names of the people involved. 这篇文章中并未提及相关人员的名字。
■not in a successful or a winning position 不成功；名落孙山
• The horse I bet on finished nowhere. 我下注的那匹马没有获胜。
UK ['nəʊ.weər] US ['noʊ.wer] adverb
from/out of nowhere
■very suddenly and unexpectedly 突然；出人意料地
• She said her attacker seemed to come out of nowhere. 她说袭击她的人不知是从哪里冒出来的。
• figurative The team has come from nowhere (= from a very bad position) to win football's biggest prize. 这支队伍排名靠后，却出乎意料地赢得了足球冠军。
UK ['nəʊ.weər] US ['noʊ.wer] adverb
go/get/head nowhere
■to not have any success or achieve anything 没有成功；一无所成
• I'm trying to persuade her to come, but I'm getting nowhere. 我试着劝说她过来，但没有成功。
• Bad manners will get you nowhere (= will not help you to succeed). 不讲礼貌会令你到处碰钉的。
UK ['nəʊ.weər] US ['noʊ.wer] adverb
nowhere to be found
■impossible to see or find 不可能看见（或找到）的
• We looked for her everywhere, but she was nowhere to be found. 我们到处找她，但哪里也找不到。
adv. 无处；任何地方都不；毫无结果
 - noplace
n. 无处；任何地方；无名之地
 - anywhere
adj. 不存在的；毫无结果的；不知名的
 - inexistent, non-existent

Word: poet
Front: poet
[ˈpəʊɪt] (高研四六托 2923/2613 -3)
Vocabulary: poet
(once / 38 pages)
n
If you’re a poet and you know it, you’re someone who writes poems. Poets have been charming people with their words ever since Orpheus sang his way to Hades and back.
A poet is a writer who regularly publishes poems, but a poet can also be anyone who uses language creatively. Try it! The root of poet can be traced back to the Greek poein, "to make." Some poets write in carefully metered, rhyming lines, while others compose looser prose poems or "free verse," and the very best poets convey something that's essential or true. The Romantic poet William Wordsworth described good poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”
WORD FAMILY
poet: poetic, poetise, poetize, poets+/ poetic: poetically, poetry /poetise: poetised, poetises, poetising/poetize: poetized, poetizer, poetizes, poetizing/poetizer: poetizers/ poetry: poetical, poetiser, poetries
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My thoughts,” said the poet and priest George Herbert, “are all a case of knives / Wounding my heart.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The poets Byron, Shelley, Keats and Coleridge were regular drinkers here.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Sitting bolt upright, laboring to breathe, was the poet Robert Lowell.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 诗人; 空想家; 古典芭蕾舞大师
分布：诗人(100%)
→来自拉丁语poeta,诗人，来自希腊语poetes,创作者，诗人，来自希腊语poiein,产生，制造，创作，来自kwei,建造，制造，词源同onomatopoeia.
n.诗人The poet's toes get out of his shoes. Here heroes are zeros.诗人的脚趾露出了鞋子.在这里英雄无足轻重.
US ['poʊ.ət] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who writes poems 诗人
n. 诗人
 - fili, metrist

Word: mere
Front: mere
[mɪə(r)] (研四六托 2925/2440 -K3)
Vocabulary: mere
(once / 30 pages)
1adj 2n
Mere means pure and simple, nothing more and nothing less. If the mere mention of someone's name makes you happy, then just hearing his name — and that alone — is enough to make you smile.
Mere can have a little irony attached. If you introduce yourself as "a mere student," when you’re announcing your astounding invention, you're contrasting your lowly status with the enormity of your invention. This kind of mere comes from the Latin for "undiluted." Mere has a homograph — a completely different word that's spelled the same — and this mere means a lake or a pond. It’s related to the Dutch word meer — there’s lots of water in Holland.
WORD FAMILY
mere: merely, meres, merest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Often mere notification of a review by the panel discourages deals.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The second drive was also a mere three plays before a punt.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In a rebuilding year with a mere six returning starters, the Buckeyes reached the playoff.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 仅仅，只不过; 小的，轻微的; 纯粹的
n. 小湖，池塘; 〈英〉边境（线）
级别：merer, merest
分布：纯粹的(69%)，仅仅的(31%)
→来自拉丁语merus,明亮的，纯的，不掺假的，来自mer,发光，照耀，词源同morning.引申词义纯粹的，后用于副词仅仅，只不过。比较very,just.mere 湖，池塘
a.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过Therefore, the atmosphere is merely a sphere.因此大气层只不过是一个球体.
US [mɪr] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■used to emphasize that something is not large or important 只不过的，仅仅的
• The plane crashed mere minutes after take-off. 飞机起飞后仅仅几分钟就坠毁了。
• It cost a mere twenty dollars. 那只需花费20美元。
• The mere thought of it makes me ill. 一想起它就让我不舒服。
n. 小湖；池塘
 - tank, lakelet

Word: exciting
Front: exciting
[ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ] (研四六托雅 2926/2540 -K3)
Vocabulary: exciting
(once / 330 pages)
adj
When something is exciting, it is full of activity and gets your blood pumping. Anything causing excitement is exciting.
If your heart is racing and you’re thrilled, exhilarated, or jumping up and down with anticipation, something must be exciting. Different people find different things exciting. A close football game is exciting for fans. Being in love is exciting for just about anyone. Learning something new, whether French or juggling, is exciting. An action movie is supposed to be exciting — if it's not, it must not be very good. When you have exciting news, you can't wait to share it.
WORD FAMILY
exciting: excitingest, excitingly, unexciting+/excitability: excitabilities/ excitable: excitability, excitableness, excitably, unexcitable/excitant: excitants/excitation: excitations/ excite: excitable, excitant, excitation, excitative, excitatory, excited, excitement, excites, exciting / excited: excitedly, overexcited, unexcited/ excitement: excitements/unexcited: unexcitedly/unexciting: unexcitingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s a daunting and exciting challenge, one that will require collaboration from all types of farmers and consumers.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
STONE: That was an exciting aspect that it was our third thing together.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“Suddenly, you’re not new and exciting any more,” she says.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 使人兴奋的，令人激动的
v. 刺激（excite的现在分词）
分布：令人兴奋的(96%)，使人激动的(4%)
a.令人兴奋的,使人激动的On the exciting kite site, the excited reciter cited my verse.在激动人心的风筝现场,激动的朗诵者应用了我的诗句.
US [-tˌɪŋ] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■making you feel excited 令人兴奋的；使人激动的；刺激的
• an exciting film/soundtrack 扣人心弦的电影／电影配乐
• You're going to Africa? How exciting! 你要去非洲？真是太刺激了！
• It was a really exciting match. 这真是一场扣人心弦的比赛。
exciting, excited
exciting: 令人兴奋的 The news is exciting.
excited: 使人兴奋的, I'm excited.
adj. 令人兴奋的；使人激动的
 - infusive, thrilling
v. 激动；刺激（excite的ing形式）；唤起
 - motivating, stimulating

Word: variation
Front: variation
[ˌveəriˈeɪʃn] (研四六托雅 2927/1764 -K2)
Vocabulary: variation
(once / 309 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
Variation means a deviation from the norm, like the variation of colors in nature.
A variation from an accepted standard can be very important. For example, a variation in a heartbeat pattern can tell a doctor that a heart attack might be imminent. The variation in weather temperatures from what is expected indicates that our climate is changing due to global warming. But not all variation is a bad thing. For example, even within breeds, there is a wide variation in the coloration of dogs, a trait that makes each puppy uniquely lovable.
WORD FAMILY
variation: covariation, variations+/ invariable: invariability, invariableness, invariables, invariably /invariant: invariance, invariants/unvaried: unvariedly, unvariedness/ unvarying: unvaryingly/ variability: variabilities/ variable: invariable, variability, variableness, variables, variably/ variance: variances/ variant: invariant, variance, variantly, variants/variate: bivariate, multivariate, variates/ varied: unvaried, variedly, variedness/ vary: co-vary, variable, variant, variate, variation, varied, varies, varying / varying: unvarying, varyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They want it to be seen as a normal variation in human nature.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Most start with some variation of: “Don’t talk about her body.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
At the athletics track, the first question every record breaker faced was a variation on “why should we believe you’re clean?”
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 变化，变动; 变异，演变; 变奏曲; 变量
分布：变化(84%)，变动(9%)，变奏曲(4%)，变种(3%)
n.变化,变动;变种,变异The prices for food are subject to variation.食品的价格可能变更.
【反】oscillation（n 变动）－absence of variation（缺少变化）；uniformity（n 一致）
US [ˌver.i-] noun
CHANGE 转变
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a change in amount or level 变化；变动
• Unemployment rates among white-collar workers show much less regional variation than corresponding rates among blue-collar workers. 白领工作者的失业率与蓝领工人相比，地区性差异要小得多。
• The medical tests showed some variation in the baby's heart rate. 医学检验显示出婴儿的心率有些不齐。
• global temperature variations over the last 140 years 过去140年间全球气温的变化
UK [ˌveə.ri'eɪ.ʃən] US [ˌver.i-] noun
DIFFERENCE 差别
countable
■something that is slightly different from the usual form or arrangement 变种，变体；变化了的东西
• There are wide variations in the way pensioners have benefited from the system. 养老金领取者从这个体制中受益的情况有很大差别。
• The films she makes are all variations on the same theme. 她拍的电影围绕的都是同一主题。
countable specialized
■one of several short tunes which are based on the same simple tune, but are different from it and from the others 变奏曲
• symphonic variations 交响乐变奏曲
n. 变化； [生物] 变异，变种
 - shift, change, differentiation, diversification, turn

Word: comfort
Front: comfort
[ˈkʌmfət] (高研四六 2928/2827 -K3)
Vocabulary: comfort
(once / 37 pages)
1nv 2n
To comfort someone is to give solace or to soothe. You might comfort your brother when his favorite team gets knocked out of the playoffs.
The verb comfort comes from the Latin word comfortare, which means “strengthen greatly.” To give comfort is to shore up the mood or physical state of someone else. It might take a long time to comfort your mother after her cat disappears. As a noun, comfort is anything that provides satisfaction or a relaxed and easy feeling. You might think that the comfort of your new shoes cannot be surpassed.
WORD FAMILY
comfort: comfortable, comforted, comforter, comforting, comfortless, comforts, discomfort +/ comfortable: comfortableness, comfortabler, comfortablest, comfortably, uncomfortable /comfortableness: comfortablenesses/comforted: comfortedly/comforter: comforters/comforting: comfortinger, comfortingly/comfortless: comfortlessly/ discomfort: discomforts/ uncomfortable: uncomfortableness, uncomfortablest, uncomfortably/uncomfortableness: uncomfortablenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
And some of which are almost identical to the originals but lack the comfort and quality.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It is about nurturing, comfort and spending time with people who are important to us.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
For its part, Televisa said it was moving “outside the comfort zone” by developing more contemporary programs.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 安慰; 舒适; 使人舒服的事物; 给予援助或安慰的人或事
vt. 安慰，使舒适; 使（痛苦等）缓和
时态：comforted, comforting, comforts
分布：安慰(47%)，舒适(44%)，安逸(4%)，慰藉(3%)，使舒适(2%)
→com-, 强调。-fort, 堡垒，强壮，见fortify。
安慰(com+fort加强→[精神]强大→安慰)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
安慰;舒适(com共同+fort强大→一起给力量→安慰)[fore,fort=storng,表示"强大,力量"]
n.舒适,安逸;安慰,慰问v.安慰,使舒适She comforted me in my distress.在我苦恼的时候,她来安慰我.
US [-fɚt] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a pleasant feeling of being relaxed and free from pain 舒适；舒服
• She evidently dresses for comfort. 显然，她穿着讲究舒适。
• It's a little too hot for comfort. 热得有点不舒服。
• Now you can watch the latest films in the comfort of your own room. 现在你可以在自己的房间里舒舒服服地观看最新影片。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you feel better after feeling sad or worried, or something that makes you feel better in this way 安慰，慰藉，宽慰；使人感到宽慰的事物
• The letters that people wrote after his death gave me a lot of comfort. 他去世后人们写来的信给了我极大的安慰。
• It's some comfort to his wife (= It makes her feel less sad) to know that he died instantly and didn't suffer. 对于他妻子来说，得知他很快就去了而且又没有受苦，也算是一种安慰。
• I've got to take an exam too, if it's any comfort (= if it makes you feel better to know that we share the same problem or bad luck). 就算是点安慰吧，我也要参加考试。
• I know she goes out a lot at night, but I draw/take comfort from the fact that she's always with friends. 我知道她夜里经常出去，不过让我感到宽慰的是她总是与朋友在一起。
• He's a great comfort to his mother. 他是母亲的莫大慰藉。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when you have a pleasant life with enough money for everything that you need 富足；小康；安逸
• He could retire now and live in comfort for the rest of his life. 他现在可以退休安享晚年了。
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■something that makes your life easy and pleasant 令人舒适愉悦的事物；舒适的设施（或条件）
• After the trip, it was nice getting back to a few home comforts. 旅行后，回来享受家里舒适的生活真是惬意。
• She's always liked her creature comforts (= the type of pleasure found in the house, for example warmth, food, etc.). 她一贯喜欢自己家里的舒适环境。
UK ['kʌm.fət] US [-fɚt] verb transitive
■to make someone feel better when they are sad or worried 安慰，抚慰，宽慰
• The girl's mother was at home today, being comforted by relatives. 女孩的母亲今天在家，有亲戚在安慰她。
comfort, ease, leisure, rest, relaxation, relief
这组词都有“舒适，安逸、悠闲”的意思，其区别是：
comfort: 通常指在摆脱烦人、痛苦的事情，或在要求、愿望得到满足后所感到的舒适。
ease: 指因没有担心和忧虑而轻松。
leisure: 专指闲暇时间或悠闲状态。
rest: 与work相对，强调水分除身心痛劳，不着重休息方式。
relaxation: 强调消除肌肉疲劳或思想的紧张状态，使身心松弛，得到休息。
relief: 侧重有消除痛苦、不适或困难的负担，常暗含不利因素已不存在的意味。
relieve, console, soothe, comfort, ease
这组词都有“给人以帮助以减轻痛苦或悲伤”的意思，其区别是：
relieve: 指解除或缓解某人的病痛、担心或忧虑等，常用被动态。
console: 较正式用词，侧重缓和或减轻别人的痛苦或悲伤。
soothe: 着重以安慰减轻悲痛、愤怒或激动，使人理智地平静下来。也可指药物等减轻病痛。
comfort: 普通用词，指用语言或行动对痛苦者给予鼓励、勇气和力量，从而减轻其痛苦或悲伤，得到安慰。
ease: 正式用词，指减轻身心的痛苦、不安和忧虑。
n. 安慰；舒适；安慰者
 - relief, ease, consolation
vt. 安慰；使（痛苦等）缓和
 - quiet, soothe

Word: radical
Front: radical
[ˈrædɪkl] (研四六托雅 2929/2361 -4)
Vocabulary: radical
(once / 275 pages)
1adjn 2nadj 3n 4n 5adj
If something is considered extremist or very different from anything that has come before it, call it radical.
The noun, radical, comes from the Latin radix "root," and in fact, radical and root are synonymous as technical terms in fields such as math and linguistics. In more everyday language, a radical is someone who has very extreme views, so you could say that their views are different from the root up. Similarly, a radical flaw or change is a fundamental one whereas a radical design or idea is very new and innovative.
WORD FAMILY
radical: radicalism, radicalize, radically, radicals+/ radicalism: radicalisms/ radicalize: radicalized, radicalizes, radicalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
He donated half the prize money to the radical African-American movement, the Black Panthers.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Cook assures his friend that he remains as radical as ever.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Perhaps the Ninth’s greatest paradox is that its expression of elite, individual genius runs parallel to the message of radical inclusivity.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 根本的，基本的; 激进的; 彻底的; [植]根生的
n. 激进分子; 根基，原子团; [数学]根数
分布：激进的(67%)，彻底的(17%)，激进分子(9%)，基本的(7%)
→rad-,根，-ical,形容词后缀。即根上的，引申词义根本的，激进的。
根本的;激进的(radic+al)[Radic=root,表示"根"]
a.基本的,重要的;激进的,极端的;根本的The patriot's radar made the radical patient impatient.爱国者的雷达使激进病人不耐烦.
adjective
SUPPORTING CHANGE 支援变革的
 ADVANCED
■believing or expressing the belief that there should be great or extreme social or political change 激进的；过激的；极端的
• He was known as a radical reformer/thinker/politician. 他是个著名的激进改革者／思想家／政治家。
• These people have very radical views. 这些人观点很偏激。
['ræd.ɪ.kəl] adjective
VERY IMPORTANT 极其重要的
 ADVANCED
■relating to the most important parts of something or someone; complete or extreme 根本的；彻底的，完全的
• We need to make some radical changes to our operating procedures. 我们需要对操作流程进行一些根本性的变革。
• She has had to undergo radical surgery (= aimed at removing the cause of a disease). 她要做一个彻底切除的手术。
['ræd.ɪ.kəl] noun countable
■a person who supports great social and political change 激进分子；极端分子
• She was a radical all her life. 她一生都是个激进分子。
vital, essential, basic, fundamental, radical
这组词都有“基本的，基础的”的意思，其区别是：
vital: 正式用词，侧重指维持生命、活力必不可少的，或生死攸关的。
essential: 语气比basic和fundamental强，强调必不可少，暗含某物如缺少某部分，则失去本质特征的意味。
basic: 普通用词，指明确、具体的基础或起点。
fundamental: 书面用词，不如basic使用广泛，侧重指作为基础、根本的抽象的事物。
radical: 着重指事物的根本或其来源。
adj. 激进的；根本的；彻底的
 - thorough, organic, fundamental, ultimate, complete
n. 基础；激进分子； [物化] 原子团； [数] 根数
 - elements, basis, foundation, base, bed

Word: stress
Front: stress
[stres] (高研四六托雅 1731/2093 -K4)
Vocabulary: stress
(once / 307 pages)
nv
The word stress is about pressure, whether it's pressure on a syllable of a word (TRAIN-er versus train-EE), an object (the bridge is designed to handle the stress of the cars), or a person (I am under a lot of stress).
It says something about our culture, how much we love to use the word stress and keep redefining it to mean new things. The word first appeared in about 1300, when it meant hardship or a force to which someone is subjected. In the 1890s, we stretched the meaning to include "emphasizing something" and, in the middle of the 20th century, started to associate it with psychological pressure.
WORD FAMILY
stress: overstress, stressed, stresses, stressful, stressing, stressor+/overstress: overstressed, overstresses, overstressing/ stressed: unstressed / stressful: stressfully/stressor: stressors
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Stress, anger and sadness break down the immune system. Sound is part of what I do daily to counterbalance that.”
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Stewart, the principal, says she struggles to keep new teachers who often leave for better pay and less stress in other districts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I don’t think that it would be worth the larger income for all the stress,” Carnal said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 强调; 重音; 压力; 重力
vt. 重读; [机械学]使承受压力; 给…加压力（或应力）
时态：stressed, stressing, stresses
分布：压力(76%)，强调(14%)，重音(6%)，重读(4%)
→来自拉丁语 stringere,拉紧，绑紧，词源同 strain,strict.-ss,过去分词格。引申诸相关词义。
n.压力;重要性;应力;重音vt.强调,重读The progressive congressman dressed in black stressed his distress.穿着黑色衣服的进步国会议员强调了他的不幸.
noun
WORRY 焦虑
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■great worry caused by a difficult situation, or something which causes this condition 紧张，压力；造成紧张的因素
• People under a lot of stress may experience headaches, minor pains and sleeping difficulties. 压力大的人可能会出现头痛、轻微疼痛和睡眠障碍。
• Yoga is a very effective technique for combating stress. 练瑜伽是舒缓压力非常有效的方法。
• the stresses and strains of the job 工作的紧张和压力
• stress -related illness 压力引起的疾病
[stres] noun
PRONUNCIATION 读音
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when a word or syllable is pronounced with greater force than other words in the same sentence or other syllables in the same word, or a musical note is played with greater force than others in a group 重读，用重音读
• The meaning of a sentence often depends on stress and intonation. 句子的意思常常取决于重音和语调。
• When 'insert' is a verb, the stress is on the second syllable, but when it is a noun, the stress is on the first syllable. “插入”用作动词时重音在第二个音节上，但用作名词时重音在第一个音节上。
[stres] noun
FORCE 力量
countable or uncountable specialized
■a force that acts in a way which often changes the shape of an object 压力；应力
• Computers work out the stresses that such a craft will encounter in flight. 电脑计算出诸如此类的飞行器在飞行中承受的压力。
• Jogging puts a lot of stress on your knee joints. 慢跑使膝关节承受很大压力。
• He needs to have an operation for a stress fracture in his foot. 他的足部应力性骨折，需要做手术。
[stres] noun
EMPHASIS 强调
uncountable
■emphasis 强调
• During his speech, he laid particular stress on the freedom of the press. 他在讲话中特别强调了新闻自由。
[stres] verb
EMPHASIZE 强调
 IMPROVER transitive
■to give emphasis or special importance to something 强调，着重
• [+ (that)] He is careful to stress (that) the laboratory's safety standards are the best in the country. 他谨慎地强调实验室的安全标准是全国最高。
• I'd just like to stress the importance of neatness and politeness in this job. 我只想强调一下整洁和礼貌在这份工作中的重要性。
[stres] verb
PRONOUNCE 发音
 IMPROVER transitive
■to pronounce a word or syllable with greater force than other words in the same sentence or other syllables in the same word, or to play a musical note with greater force than others in a group 重读，用重音读
• In the word 'engine', you should stress the first syllable. 在 engine 这个词中，应该重读第一个音节。
[stres] verb
WORRY 焦虑
intransitive
■to feel worried and nervous 紧张，焦虑，担心
• Don't stress over it - we'll soon sort it out. 不用担心——我们很快会解决。
[stres] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stress sb out
■to make someone feel very nervous and worried 令（某人）紧张；使（某人）焦虑不安
• Interviews always stress me out. 面试总是令我非常紧张。
stress, emphasis
这组词都有“强调”的意思，其区别是：
stress: 常可与emphasis换用，但侧重指迫不及待地强调或坚持。
emphasis: 指尽力突出的重要性或重点。
stress, emphasize, focus, highlight
stress: 重读（某音节）
emphasize: 加强…的语气
focus: 使…集中于一点
highlight: 对…予以特别的注意；将（头发）染成浅色使之有光泽
pressure, strain, stress, tension
这组词都有“压力，重压，紧张”的意思，其区别是：
pressure: 在科学上，指单位面积上所受到的压力。用于引申时，指某事物所产生的压力或影响力等。
strain: 指某人为克服外力界压力而造成的身心和情绪等方面的压抑。用于物时，指任何力或合力作用于一个物体上面造成的应变。
stress: 侧重指承受外来的压力，也指由于某种原因而引起的心理、生理或情绪上的紧张。
tension: 多指因关系不好或其它原因而出现的紧张状态，也指某物被过度伸展的程度或状态。
n. 压力；强调；紧张；重要性；重读
 - pressure, significance, intensity, heat, tension
vt. 强调；使紧张；加压力于；用重音读
 - emphasize, tension, highlight

Word: adapt
Front: adapt
[əˈdæpt] (高研四六托雅宝 2933/2816 -K2)
Vocabulary: adapt
(once / 190 pages)
v
Say you move to a country where everyone cooks with lots of hot peppers. At first the food scalds your tongue, but over time you adapt — you change in a way that allows you to deal with the new circumstances.
Adapt comes from the ancient word ap, which means "take" or "grasp." Ap is even older than Latin — it comes from a lost language that was spoken by the common ancestors of modern-day Indians and Europeans and has since been reconstructed by linguists, who named it the Proto-Indo-European language, or PIE. So what does adapt have to do with grasp? If you adapt to, say, a new country, it's as though you're grabbing hold of its strange, slippery customs.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
adopt / adapt
"Adopt, adapt, and improve," says the thief in a Monty Python skit when he robs a lingerie shop instead of a bank. Adopt is to take something over, and to adapt is to change something to suit your needs. It's helpful advice when you ask for money and get a pair of granny panties.
The robber didn't invent the motto, it's from the Round Table Club, and it comes from a speech made by the Prince of Wales in 1927. The full quote is:
The young business and professional men of this country must get together round the table, adopt methods that have proved so sound in the past, adapt them to the changing needs of the times and wherever possible, improve them.
The prince was encouraging the new generation of businessmen to take on, or adopt, methods that had worked before. Adopt means to take on as one's own, like an idea, an attitude, or behavior, or even, of course, a creature like a baby or a dog:
All this strengthens my conviction that Europe must adopt strict and rigorous rules, including but not limited to the rating agencies," he said. (Wall Street Journal)
Two months ago, I turned down the opportunity to search for my adopted daughter's birth parents. (New York Times)
‎But the prince wanted Britain's industries to go further and adapt those methods to current conditions. Adapt means to change something to fit new situations, to modify:
One wonderful thing the English language can do is adapt. (Forbes)
"But obviously that military presence can adapt over time, taking into account the development in the overall security environment," he said. (Reuters)
Remember, if you mean to rob a bank but wind up at an underwear store: adopt, adapt, and improve!
WORD FAMILY
adapt: adaptable, adaptation, adaptative, adapted, adapter, adapting, adaption, adaptive, adaptor, adapts, readapt +/ adaptability: adaptabilities/ adaptable: adaptability, adaptably, unadaptable/ adaptation: adaptational, adaptations/adapted: unadapted/ adapter: adapters/adaption: adaptions/ adaptive: adaptively, nonadaptive/adaptor: adaptors/ readapt: readapted, readapting, readapts/unadaptable: unadaptability
USAGE EXAMPLES
Homelessness was another frequent topic, along with economic inequality, and different efforts to help former prisoners adapt to life on the outside.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ryan struggled to adapt to Shanahan’s system, reliant on zone running and bootlegs, and threw 16 interceptions in the worst season of his career.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“It shows how we adapt to each and every team.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 适应于，适应不同情况（或环境）(to)
vt. 改编，改写; 改变…以适合(for)
时态：adapted, adapting, adapts
分布：适应(89%)，改编(7%)，使适应(2%)，适合(2%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。apt, 适应的。
适应(ad+apt能力→有适应能力)[ad-加在在单词或词根前,表示"做…,加强..."]
使适应,适应(环境)(ad一再＋apt→一再适应(环境))[opt,ept=fit,ability,表示"适应,能力"]
vt.使适应,使适合;改编;改写vi.适应You should adapt yourself to the new class.你应该适应新班级.
verb
CHANGE 改变
 ADVANCED transitive
■to change something to suit different conditions or uses 使适应不同情况（或用途）；改动；改造；改装；改编
• Many software companies have adapted popular programs to the new operating system. 许多软体公司已经改编了常用的程式以适应新的作业系统。
• The recipe here is a pork roast adapted from Caroline O'Neill's book 'Louisiana Kitchen'. 这道菜是根据卡洛琳•奥尼尔《路易斯安那厨房》一书中烤猪肉的做法改进而来的。
• [+ to infinitive] We had to adapt our plans to fit Jack's timetable. 我们不得不改变我们的计划来迁就杰克的时间安排。
• The play had been adapted for (= changed to make it suitable for) children. 这个剧本已被改编成儿童剧。
• Davies is busy adapting Brinkworth's latest novel for television. 大卫斯正忙着把布林克沃斯的最新小说改编成电视剧。
[ə'dæpt] verb
BECOME FAMILIAR 变熟悉
intransitive
■to become familiar with a new situation 适应，适合
• The good thing about children is that they adapt very easily to new environments. 小孩的长处就是能够很容易地适应新环境。
• It took me a while to adapt to the new job. 我过了一段时间才适应了新工作。
fit, accommodate, conform, suit, adjust, adapt
这组词都有“使适合，适应”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 含义广，指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。
accommodate: 书面用词，指以外部条件标准改变自己或某事以求得适应，着重改变或调节的有利。
conform: 多指与某模式或规则相符，也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。
suit: 指适合要求，从而使人满意愉快。
adjust: 与adapt含义很接近，但adjust所改变的幅度要小一些，侧重过程，主要用于调整角度、高度、光点等。
adapt: 指人或物在原有情况下作某些改变以适应新的环境或不同的条件，强调改变的目的和重要性。
vt. 使适应；改编
 - condition, suit, season
vi. 适应
 - adjust, accomodate to, accommodate to

Word: Irish
Front: Irish
['aɪrɪʃ] (高 2930/1592)
Back: n. 爱尔兰人；爱尔兰语；爱尔兰
adj. 爱尔兰的；爱尔兰人的
分布：爱尔兰人(51%)，爱尔兰的(37%)，爱尔兰语(12%)
→来自古爱尔兰语Eriu,肥沃的土地。
adjective
■coming from Ireland, or relating to Ireland or its language 爱尔兰的；爱尔兰人的；爱尔兰语的
• Irish whiskey 爱尔兰威士卡
• The Irish contingent sang loudest at the show. 爱尔兰代表团在演出中唱得最响亮。
['aɪə.rɪʃ] plural noun
the Irish
■the people of Ireland 爱尔兰人
adj. 爱尔兰的；爱尔兰人的
 - Hibernian, Milesian
n. 爱尔兰；爱尔兰人；爱尔兰语
 - Erin, Republic of Ireland

Word: honey
Front: honey
[ˈhʌni] (高研四 2932/5334 -2)
Vocabulary: honey
(once / 338 pages)
1nadjv 2n
Honey is the sweet, sticky substance that bees make from flower nectar. Most people like to put a little honey in their tea, but Winnie the Pooh likes to hoard it in a big pot.
Honey comes in various consistencies — from almost solid, in honeycomb, to drippy and liquid. Bees produce honey and store it for food, and humans often take advantage of this, harvesting the honey for themselves. Honey is also a color, the golden shade of most honey, and a verb, meaning "to add honey," or "to make sweet." Since the 14th century, people have also called each other honey as an affectionate nickname.
WORD FAMILY
honey: honey-colored, honeyed, honeyest, honeying, honeylike, honeys, honied
USAGE EXAMPLES
“America is a great nation, a kind nation, a nation of greener pastures and milk and honey and endless possibilities,” Mr. Canunayon said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s a vibrant place with buzzing sidewalk cafes, bars and independent boutiques, including a honey shop managed by a local beekeeper.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
King Estate Winery is seeking $100,000 in damages from Oregon Honey Products, which does business as Nectar Creek.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 蜂蜜; <口>宝贝; 可爱的人
adj. 蜜的; 心爱的; 加了蜜的; （蜜一样）甘美的
vt. 给…加蜜; 对…甜言蜜语
时态：honied, honeying, honeys
分布：蜂蜜(83%)，亲爱的(7%)，甜蜜(4%)，宝贝(3%)，甜蜜的(2%)，说甜言蜜语(1%)
→来自古英语hunig,蜂蜜，来自Proto-Germanic*hunagam,蜂蜜，可能来自keneko,黄色的，金色的。
n.蜜,蜂蜜Except dishonest ones, anyone who is honest can get honey, everyone thinks so.除了不诚实的人外,任何诚实的人都能得到蜂蜜,人人都这么想.
noun
SWEET SUBSTANCE 甜味物质
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a sweet sticky yellow substance made by bees and used as food 蜂蜜
• UK set honey/runny honey 凝固的／稀软的蜂蜜
• clover honey 苜蓿蜜
['hʌn.i] noun
PERSON 人
countable mainly US
■a name that you call someone you love or like very much 亲爱的
• Hi, honey, I'm home! 嗨，亲爱的，我回来了！
n. [蜂] 蜂蜜；宝贝；甜蜜
 - sweet, mel
adj. 甘美的；蜂蜜似的
 - luscious, nectared
vi. 奉承；说甜言蜜语
 - lick one's boots, make up to

Word: correspondent
Front: correspondent
[ˌkɒrəˈspɒndənt] (研四六雅宝 2934/3253 -4)
Vocabulary: correspondent
(once / 288 pages)
1n 2adj 3n
A correspondent is a reporter who writes or records stories on one topic or from one region. If you're hired as a radio station's financial correspondent, you'll need to do a lot of research on the economy.
A journalist might work as a TV station's Middle East correspondent or a newspaper's education correspondent. You can also call yourself a correspondent if you're a regular letter or email writer, corresponding, or communicating, with someone. As an adjective, though, correspondent means "matching or agreeing." The word is rooted in the Medieval Latin correspondere, "to answer together."
WORD FAMILY
correspondent: correspondently, correspondents+/ correspond: corresponded, correspondence, correspondent, corresponding, corresponds/ correspondence: correspondences/ corresponding: correspondingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“So it’s rigged if Hillary wins, but it’s not rigged if Trump’s winning?” correspondent Allana Harkin asked a Trump voter.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
In England, Evelyn Waugh’s novel “Scoop” told of a hapless foreign correspondent who accidentally breaks a big story.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Discussions erupted over the clothing choices of seemingly every public woman, including candidates, candidates’ spouses and news correspondents.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 通讯员，记者; 通信者
分布：通讯记者(51%)，相应的(23%)，通信者(23%)，与 ... 一致的(3%)
→来自correspond, 对答，回复。
通信者(correspond通信)[-ent 1.表示形容词"…的"2.表名词"…药剂"3.表名词"…人"]
n.记者,通讯员;通信者In the pond the sponsor responded to the correspondent's corresponding responsibility.在池塘里主办者对通讯员的相应责任作出了回应.
【参】correspond（vi 符合；通信）；correspondingly（adv 相对地；比照地）
US [ˌkɔ:r.ɪ'spɑ:n-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person employed by a newspaper, a television station, etc. to report on a particular subject or send reports from a foreign country 通讯员，记者
• a war correspondent 战地记者
• the education correspondent for the Guardian 《卫报》的教育通讯员
■formal
■someone who writes letters 通信者，写信人
• I'm a terrible correspondent - I never seem to get the time to write. 我很少写信——我好像从来就没空写信。
n. 通讯记者；客户；通信者；代理商行
 - client server software, client server relationship

Word: pale
Front: pale
[peɪl] (中高研四六托 2935/2315 -K3)
Vocabulary: pale
(once / 70 pages)
1n 2adjv 3adj
After a long summer in the pool and the bright sun, your favorite rainbow-colored beach swimsuit will probably end up pale and faded. Pale means "having little color."
When something's light colored, you can describe it as pale, like a pale light shining in the kitchen at night, or a person's pale face when they're suffering from the flu. Pale is also a verb that means "to become pale," so you could say that you saw your friend's face pale at the news that her favorite bakery had gone out of business. Don't make the mistake of confusing pale with its homophone, pail, which means "bucket."
WORD FAMILY
pale: pale-colored, paled, palely, paleness, paler, pales, palest, pallor, paly+/ pallor: pallors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her pale hands stretch forward from swirls of black cloth.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
But as bad as those floods were, they paled in comparison to the epic floods that hit southern Louisiana in August.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This one bore pale red fruit that was unusually sweet, even when still green and the size of a walnut.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 苍白的; 无力的; 暗淡的; 浅色的
vi. 变得苍白; 失色; 变得暗淡
vt. 用栅栏围; 使失色; 使变苍白
n. 栅栏，围篱; 桩; 境界，范围
时态：paled, paling, pales
分布：苍白的(64%)，相形见绌(9%)，暗淡的(8%)，无力的(6%)，栅栏(5%)，变苍白(4%)，灰白的(3%)，变黯淡(1%)
→来自pallere,苍白的，发白的，来自pel,苍白的，发白的，词源同fallow,pallor.pale 栅栏，围篱，桩
a.苍白的,灰白的;浅的,暗淡的The pale salesman wholesales scales on a large scale.面色苍白的推销员大规模批发比例尺(天平,鱼鳞).
adjective
 IMPROVER
■describes someone's face or skin if it has less colour than usual, for example when they are ill or frightened, or if it has less colour than people generally have （脸色或肤色）苍白的，白的
• You're looking pale - do you feel ill? 你看起来脸色苍白——你病了吗？
• She has a naturally pale complexion and dark hair. 她天生肤色白晰，头发乌黑。
See beyond the pale
 IMPROVER
■describes light or a colour that is not bright or strong 暗淡的；浅的，淡的
• She wore a pale blue hat. 她戴着一顶浅蓝色的帽子。
• pale winter sunlight 冬天惨澹的日光
[peɪl] verb intransitive
■If a person's face pales, it loses its usual colour 变苍白，失去血色
• His face paled and he looked as if he might faint. 他脸色变得苍白，看起来像要晕倒一样。
[peɪl] verb intransitive
pale in comparison (also pale beside sth/sb)
■to seem much less serious or important when compared with someone or something else 相形见绌
• I thought I was badly treated but my experiences pale in comparison with yours. 我以为自己受到了苛刻的对待，但我的经历和你的一比，真是小巫见大巫。
[peɪl] verb intransitive
pale into insignificance
■to seem not important when compared with something else （与其他事情比起来）无足轻重，相形失色
• Everything else that happened in my life pales into insignificance beside that one event. 与那件事比起来，我生命中发生的其他一切事情都无足轻重了。
adj. 苍白的；无力的；暗淡的
 - weak, gray, dirty, wan
n. 前哨；栅栏；范围
 - extent, boundary, region, spectrum, territory, area
vt. 使失色；使变苍白；用栅栏围
 - overshadow, wan
vi. 失色；变苍白；变得暗淡
 - lose countenance, wan

Word: musician
Front: musician
[mjuˈzɪʃn] (高研四六 2936/3697 -K3)
Vocabulary: musician
(once / 331 pages)
n
Anyone who plays music can be called a musician. Whether you're playing the cello on stage at Carnegie Hall or playing the harmonica on a subway platform, you're a musician.
While this word is most often used to mean a professional instrumentalist, it can also refer to someone who writes or sings music, and even your brother's friend who occasionally plays the drums in a Led Zeppelin cover band. Musician originally meant "one skilled in music," from the Latin musica, "the art of music and poetry," which has a Greek root, mousike, "art of the Muses."
WORD FAMILY
musician: musicians, musicianship+/ music: musical, musician, musics/ musical: musicality, musically, musicalness, musicals, nonmusical, unmusical/unmusical: unmusicalest, unmusically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The venue, called Reina, is perched on the Bosporus and is popular with Istanbul’s elite, including musicians and soccer players.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
This will be the first child for Conrad and her 36-year-old musician husband, William Tell.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And the increased use of music, they say, will only help them do that on a show built around musicians.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 音乐家
分布：音乐家(100%)
→来自music,音乐，乐曲。即搞音乐的人。
音乐家(mus＋ician表示人)[mus=muse来自希腊神话"缪斯"女神,是文艺音乐女神,所以有"娱乐"的意思]
n.音乐家,乐师The muscular musician found the bud in the mud in the museum.肌肉发达的音乐家在博物馆里的泥巴中发现了嫩芽.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who is skilled in playing music, usually as their job 音乐家；乐师；作曲家
• The concert features dancers, singers and musicians of all nationalities. 这场音乐会云集了各国的舞蹈家、歌唱家和音乐家。
n. 音乐家
 - eisteddfod

Word: significance
Front: significance
[sɪgˈnɪfɪkəns] (高研四六托 2937/1922 -2)
Vocabulary: significance
(once / 318 pages)
n
Significance means having the quality of being "significant" — meaningful, important. It also refers to the meaning of something. A certain date might have significance because it's your birthday or the anniversary of Princess Di's wedding.
Significance starts with the word sign for a reason. An item's significance is a sign of its importance. The significance of something can be implicit or explicit — meaning it can be clear or only known with a deeper understanding of the situation. Your perfect score on the Calculus exam might have added significance for people who know that you never even opened your textbook to study.
WORD FAMILY
significance: significances+/co-sign: co-signed/countersign: countersignature, countersigned, countersigning, countersigns/insignificance: insignificances/ insignificant: insignificance, insignificantly/ sign: co-sign, countersign, signatory, signature, signed, signedly, signer, signify, signing, signs, undersign/ signatory: signatories/ signature: signatures/signed: unsigned/signer: signers/ significant: insignificant, nonsignificant, significance, significantly /signification: significations/signifier: signifiers/ signify: significant, signification, signified, signifier, signifies, signifying/signing: signings/undersign: undersigned, undersigning
USAGE EXAMPLES
After the game, Huskies coach Chris Petersen addressed the turnovers his team committed and failed to create and acknowledged their significance.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
What is the moral significance, if any, of national borders?
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Instead, she agreed to pick a favorite piece from the show and discuss its significance to her by email.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 意义; 意思; 重要性
分布：意义(89%)，重要性(11%)
→来自 significant,重要的，-ance,名词后缀。引申词义重要性。
重要;意义(sign+ific带有+ance→带有信号→[有]意义)[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
n.意义,含义;重要性,重要的Money holds no significance for him.金钱对他不重要.
noun uncountable
IMPORTANCE 重要性
 IMPROVER
■importance 重要性，重要意义
• The discovery of the new drug is of great significance for/to people suffering from heart problems. 这种新药的发现对心脏病患者来说具有重要意义。
[sɪg'nɪf.ɪ.kənts] noun uncountable
SPECIAL MEANING 特别意义
■special meaning 特别意义，特殊含意
• Do you think that look he gave you had any significance? 你觉得他看你的那一眼有甚么特殊含意吗？
significance, dominance, eminence
significance: 重要性，意义，显著性
dominance: 主导，统治
eminence: 显赫，名望
n. 意义；重要性；意思
 - meaning, stress, weight, consequence

Word: vessel
Front: vessel
[ˈvesl] (研四六托雅宝 2940/2780 -3)
Vocabulary: vessel
(once / 62 pages)
n
What do a canoe, a soda can, and your arteries have in common? Each one is a type of vessel. A vessel can be a ship, a container for holding liquids, or a tube that transports blood throughout your body.
Vessel has a number of different meanings, yet all of them relate in some way to liquids and transportation. This relationship in meaning has existed in language for a long time; the word vessel comes from the Latin word, vascellum, which also means both “vase” and “ship.” The use of the word vessel in reference to “blood vessels” came about in English during the 14th century.
WORD FAMILY
vessel: vessels
USAGE EXAMPLES
Eventually, it plans to change the design of the pressure vessels to prevent buckling.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Air Force, the Federal Aviation Administration and industry experts — found “buckles,” or valleys, in the vessels’ inner liners.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The company determined the 2015 accident was caused by the rupture of a substandard metal piece supporting a pressurized helium vessel.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 容器; 船，飞船; 血管，管束; …的化身
分布：船(65%)，容器(22%)，舰(9%)，器皿(4%)
→来自拉丁语vas,容器，词源同vase,vascular.引申词义船只，轮船。
n.容器,器皿;船,舰;管,血管In case of necessity, necessary session can be held on the vessel.必要时,必需的开庭可在船舶上进行.
noun countable
SHIP 轮船
 ADVANCED formal
■a large boat or a ship 船，舰
• a cargo/fishing/naval/patrol/sailing/supply vessel 货船／渔船／海军舰艇／巡逻艇／帆船／补给船
['ves.əl] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器 formal
■a curved container which is used to hold liquid 器皿；容器
• The remains of some Roman earthenware vessels were found during the dig. 挖掘过程中发现了一些古罗马人的陶瓷器皿的残片。
['ves.əl] noun countable
PERSON 人 literary
■a person who has a particular quality or who is used for a particular purpose （有某种特质或用途的）人
• As a young and spirited politician, he seems a worthy vessel for the nation's hopes. 他是位充满活力的年轻政治家，似乎是可以寄托国家希望的人。
['ves.əl] noun countable
TUBE 管
■a tube that carries liquids such as blood through the body （人体的）血管，脉管
• A heart attack is caused by the blood vessels that supply the blood to the heart muscle getting blocked. 心脏病发作是由于向心肌供血的血管堵塞引起的。
craft, vessel, ship, canoe, steamer, boat
这组词都有“船”的意思，其区别是：
craft: 船只的集合名词，但可指单独的船只。
vessel: 多指运货或运人的大船。
ship: 含义广，一般指大轮船，如航海船只，内河航运船只。
canoe: 指长而轻，用桨的小舟、独木船。
steamer: 指靠蒸汽发动机为动力的船只。
boat: 泛指任何大小的船只，尤指靠划桨或风帆行进的无篷小船。
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
n. [船] 船，舰； [组织] 脉管，血管；容器， [轻] 器皿
 - container, ship, pocket

Word: storage
Front: storage
[ˈstɔ:rɪdʒ] (高研四六托雅 2941/2703 -2)
Vocabulary: storage
(once / 999 pages)
n
Storage refers to storing something, like in a basement or attic. People keep all sorts of things in storage — from fur coats to bowling trophies.
When you store something, you put it away somewhere safe, so storage is the act of storing. Squirrels gather nuts and put them in storage by hiding them. A grocery store might use a stockroom for storage. If you have canned food in the basement, that's storage. Some storage is for emergencies, while other storage is for things you might want to look at another time, like old photos. Things in storage are being saved for later.
WORD FAMILY
storage: storages+/ store: storage, stored, stores, storing
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Pemex spokesman said relatively few gasoline stations were affected, although protesters temporarily blocked storage terminals, delaying the delivery of gasoline to retail points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Wrap fragile ornaments in leftover tissue paper or newspaper, or invest in storage containers like archival ornament boxes from the Container Store.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
The two promptly put all their possessions in a storage unit and moved into a Texas apartment with the barest of essentials.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 贮存; 贮藏; 储藏处，仓库; 贮存器，蓄电（瓶）
分布：贮藏(40%)，仓库(29%)，保管(18%)，保管费(13%)
→store,贮存，储存，-age,名词后缀。
n.贮藏(量),保管;库房After an explosion the explorer restored the storage of the explosive in the exploiter's storehouse.爆炸过后勘探者恢复了剥削者的仓库里炸药的储量.
US ['stɔ:r.ɪdʒ] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the putting and keeping of things in a special place for use in the future 储存；储藏；储备
• We've had to build some cupboards to give us more storage space. 我们不得不做了些壁橱来增加储藏空间。
in storage
■If things such as furniture are in storage, they are being kept safe in a special building while they are not needed. （不再使用的家俱等）存放着
n. [计] 存储； [建] [经] 仓库； [贸易] 贮藏所
 - warehouse, repository

Word: flee
Front: flee
[fli:] (高研四六托雅 2942/3410 -3)
Vocabulary: flee
(once / 110 pages)
v
If you bolt, scram, skedaddle, or get the heck of out Dodge, you flee. You run away fast. Don’t confuse flee with "flea." They sound alike, but the second kind is an insect whose bites make you itch.
We get the word flee from Old English fleon. When you flee, you get away as quickly as you can. You might even take flight to escape — usually from a dangerous place or situation. In a moment of panic after stealing a cookie from the cookie jar, you might decide to flee the scene of the crime.
WORD FAMILY
flee: fled, fleed, fleeing, fleer, flees+/fleer: fleered, fleering, fleers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police believe Morales fled to Attleboro, Massachusetts, and stole a car that was found Sunday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The driver abandoned the car and fled on foot; his female passenger was detained and questioned by authorities, and later released, Nicholson said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say they believe Morales fled to Attleboro, Massachusetts, and stole a car that was found Sunday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 逃走，逃掉; 消失
vt. 逃离，逃避
时态：fled, fleeing, flees
分布：逃离(69%)，逃避(17%)，逃走(13%)，消失(1%)
→来自pleu, 飞，词源同fly. 引申词义飞走。
v.逃走;逃避The robbers fled when they saw the police.强盗看见警察便逃跑了.
[fli:] (fleeing, fled, fled)
verb intransitive or transitive [never passive]
 ADVANCED
■to escape by running away, especially because of danger or fear （尤指因危险或恐惧而）逃跑
• She fled (from) the room in tears. 她哭着跑出房间。
• In order to escape capture, he fled to the mountains. 为了免遭俘虏，他逃到了山里。
flee the country
■to quickly go to another country in order to escape from something or someone 逃出国
• It is likely that the suspects have fled the country by now. 很有可能几名嫌疑犯现在已经逃到了国外。
flee, avoid, escape
flee: 逃走（但不一定逃脱）
avoid: 在……之前有意避开；
escape: 从……之中逃脱；
flee, fly, get away, run away, escape
这组词都有“逃跑、逃脱”的意思，其区别是：
flee: 书面用词，侧重指逃跑时动作匆忙，多含惧怕之意。
fly: 含义与flee相同，但系非正式用词。
get away: 口语用语。侧重指犯罪分子从现场逃跑或被捕时逃走。
run away: 口语用语，强调动作迅速。
escape: 侧重逃跑的结果，不强调逃跑时的匆忙或危险情况。
vi. 逃走；消失，消散
 - lift, disappear, blank
vt. 逃跑，逃走；逃避
 - escape, desert

Word: mm-hmm

Word: leather
Front: leather
[ˈleðə(r)] (高研四六托 2943/2976 -K3)
Vocabulary: leather
(once / 278 pages)
nv
Leather is a material that's made from animal skin and used to make shoes, bags, furniture covers, and many other things. You might be too hot if you wear your leather pants to the beach.
Most expensive, well-made shoes are made of leather — although it's pliable and easy to shape, it's also extremely strong and long-lasting. To make leather, the skin of an animal is stripped of all fur or hair, and then tanned, or treated to keep it from cracking and drying. The leather collars on early US Marines' uniforms led to their nickname being "leathernecks."
WORD FAMILY
leather: leathered, leathering, leatherlike, leathers, leathery
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tonight, it’s a convergence of downtown, uptown, East and West — polo shirts with leather jackets, suits with Converse.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The leather jacket he’d worn and the jukebox from “Faith.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Mr. Obama often reads through it in a leather swivel chair at his tablelike desk, under a portrait of President Ulysses S. Grant.
New York Times(Jul 02, 2016)
Back: n. 皮，皮革; 皮革制品
vt. 用皮革包盖; （口）（用皮带等）抽打; 制成皮，蒙上皮
adj. 皮的，皮革的，皮革制的
时态：leathered, leathering, leathers
分布：皮革(93%)，皮革制的(4%)，用皮鞭抽打(1%)，皮制品(1%)，用皮革覆盖(1%)
→来自letro,皮，皮鞋。可能进一步来自skel,切，撕，词源同scale,shell.比较corium,carnal.
n.皮革,皮革制品Furthermore, we gathered leather and feather for the future colder weather.而且,我们收集了皮革和羽毛以应付将来更冷的天气.
US [-ɚ] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■animal skin treated in order to preserve it, and used to make shoes, bags, clothes, equipment, etc 皮革
• a leather coat/belt/handbag 皮衣／带／包
hide, fur, peel, leather, skin
这组词都有“皮，皮肤”的意思，其区别是：
hide: 多指大型动物的厚皮，也指没有鞣的牛、马等皮革。
fur: 现多指猫、兔等动物软毛皮，也指其它动物的毛皮。
peel: 指剩下的或可以剥去的果皮或蔬菜皮。
leather: 通常指经过加工的熟皮，可用于制作各种皮革制品。
skin: 最常用词，指人的皮肤或动物的皮，也可指水果、植物和种子等的外皮。
n. [皮革] 皮革；皮革制品
 - leder
vt. 用皮革包盖；抽打
 - whip
adj. 皮的；皮革制的
 - skinny

Word: distribute
Front: distribute
[dɪˈstrɪbju:t] (高研四六托雅宝 2944/2662 -K2)
Vocabulary: distribute
(once / 93 pages)
1v 2v
To distribute is to disperse widely, hand out, or spread around. While you're still snoozing, the paper boy is busy distributing the newspaper all over the neighborhood.
This verb was first recorded in the early 15th century and has its roots in the Latin distributus, meaning “to divide.” Think of dividing up the last cookies in the cookie jar and passing them out to all your friends. Distribute can also mean to space out or arrange in a particular order — you'd want to distribute the chairs in even lines across the floor when setting up for a concert, for example.
WORD FAMILY
distribute: distributary, distributed, distributer, distributes, distributing, distribution, distributive, distributor, redistribute +/distributary: distributaries/ distributed: undistributed/distributer: distributers/ distribution: distributional, distributions/ distributive: distributively/ distributor: distributors/ redistribute: redistributed, redistributes, redistributing, redistribution / redistribution: redistributions
USAGE EXAMPLES
When he stepped down in 2011, his power was distributed among more of the company’s executives, but decisions remained highly centralized.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Another red flag: Ray said if a pharmacist orders more narcotics than are being distributed through order prescriptions it may draw the inspector’s interest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Carter is still talking with DHS and other nonprofits that support foster families on distributing the suitcases.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 分配，散布; 散发，分发; 把…分类; [电]配电
时态：distributed, distributing, distributes
分布：分配(56%)，分布(34%)，散发(10%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-tribute, 分配，词源同tribute, contribution. 即分配，分发。
分配：区分(bis分开+tribute→分开给→分配)[tribut=give,表示"给予"]
v.分发;分配;分布;配(电);(over)散布Pamphlets were distributed among the audience.把小册子分发给听众.
【记】dis分开，tribute给予－分开给－分配
【参】distribution（n 分发；分配）；tribute（n 贡品；颂词）
US [-jʊt] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give something out to several people, or to spread or supply something 分发，散发；分配
• The books will be distributed free to local schools. 这些书将免费发放给当地学校。
• Several people were arrested for distributing racist leaflets/pamphlets (to the spectators). 有数人因为（向观众）散发宣扬种族主义的小册子而被捕。
• The company aims eventually to distribute (= supply for sale) its products throughout the European Union. 公司计划最终让产品行销欧盟国家。
distribute, propagate, spread, circulate
这组词都有“传播，散播”的意思，其区别是：
distribute: 指把一定数量的东西分成若干等份进行分发。
propagate: 指自觉地努力推广，也指宣传或散布。
spread: 普通用词，使用广泛。指传播疾病、思想、文化、习惯或谣言等。
circulate: 既指某物在一物体内循环流动，又可指在一定范围内传播物品、刊物或思想、语言等。
distribute, issue, publish
这组词都有“发行，发出，发给”的意思，其区别是：
distribute: 指把东西分发给所属者或应得者。
issue: 多指通过官方或正式渠道正式发行。
publish: 普通用词，多指出版发行文字作品，也指发布新闻或发表见解等。
assign, distribute, allocate, divide
这组词都有“分配，分发”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 指按照某种原则进行的硬性分配，也不一定是很公平的。
distribute: 通常指以整体或定量分为若干份来分配。
allocate: 主要指金钱、财产、权力或领土等的分配，着重分配的比例和专门用途。
divide: 普通用词，侧重将某物分成若干份分配给他人，当某物一分为二时，含平均分配之意。
vt. 分配；散布；分开；把…分类
 - portion, part, spread

Word: evolution
Front: evolution
[ˌi:vəˈlu:ʃn] (高研四六托雅 2946/3069 -2)
Vocabulary: evolution
(once / 276 pages)
n
How did an ape turn into a man? Evolution! Evolution means the process of developing by gradual changes. Same way you went from eating with your fingers at age three to using a knife and fork by thirteen.
Evolution usually refers to a process that produces a better or more complex form. In biology, it is the natural process by which animals and plants develop from their original or primitive state to their modern or specialized state. This noun is from Latin evolutio "an unrolling or opening," from evolvere "to roll out or forth," from the prefix e- "out" plus volvere "to roll."
WORD FAMILY
evolution: evolutionary, evolutionism, evolutions, microevolution+/ evolutionary: evolutionarily/evolutionism: evolutionist / evolutionist: evolutionists/ evolve: evolution, evolved, evolves, evolving
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite his liberal views, Professor Smith argued that science might not totally explain natural phenomena like evolution.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The play that validated Okwara’s evolution occurred against Wake Forest.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He described the company’s change as an “evolution,” not an abrupt shift.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 演变; 进化; 发展
分布：进化(64%)，演变(18%)，发展(18%)
→来自evolve，进化。
进化,发育(e+volut+ion)[vol,volv,volt=roll,turn,表示"卷,转"]
n.进化,演变,发展,进展He is absorbed in the evolution of the story.他被故事情节的发展吸引了.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the way in which living things change and develop over millions of years 发展；演变；演化；进化
• Darwin's theory of evolution 达尔文的进化论
■a gradual process of change and development 发展；演变；演化；进化
• the evolution of language 语言的发展
development, evolution
这组词都有“发展”的意思，其区别是：
development: 强调通过一系列自然过程或人工方法使某物潜在或隐藏的可能性显露出来，得以实现。
evolution: 侧重指事物由简到繁，由低级到高级的连续发展，强调变化或演变。
n. 演变； [进化] 进化论；进展
 - unfolding, Monkey to Man

Word: ill
Front: ill
[ɪl] (中高 2945/1955 -K4)
Vocabulary: ill
(once / 53 pages)
1adjadvn 2adjadv
If you're ill, you're unwell, or sick. Being ill is a good excuse for missing work or school.
You might get ill after being sneezed on by someone with a cold; or eating street food in a foreign country; or for no reason that you can point to. People can be mentally ill as well as physically ill, from depression or anxiety among other ailments. Ill can also mean "bad" in various ways, including when you suffer ill effects from going too long without sleep, or exercise ill judgment when you buy $500 worth of lottery tickets.
WORD FAMILY
ill: iller, illness, ills+/illness: illnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
We live in the same city, and are close. he day the baby was born, doctors thought she might be seriously ill.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Trump’s recent comments bode ill for federal investments in cyberdefense.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Hurricanes found themselves in a pinch when Lack fell ill before Saturday night’s game at Tampa Bay.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 不好的; 恶意的; 有病的; 不吉利的
adv. 坏; 不利地; 令人不满地
n. 伤害; 困难; 问题; 弊端
分布：坏话(42%)，有病的(12%)，坏的(11%)，不幸(10%)，祸害(8%)，邪恶(6%)，恶劣地(5%)，恶意的(3%)，勉强地(2%)，引起痛苦的(1%)
→来自中古英语ille,邪恶的，不道德的，来自elk,伤口，脓疮，词源同ulcus,ulcerous.最终词义又回归其词源义生病的，疾病的。
a.有病的;坏的;恶意的ad.坏地;不利地The ill man had a pill and sat on the pillar in stillness until now.那个坏人吃了一颗药丸后静止不动地坐在柱子上直到现在.
adjective
NOT WELL 不舒服的
 ESSENTIAL
■not feeling well, or suffering from a disease 生病的；不舒服的
• I felt ill so I went home. 我感到不舒服，于是就回家了。
• He's been ill with meningitis. 他得了脑膜炎。
• Sophia fell ill] was taken ill (= became ill) while on holiday. 索菲娅在休假时生病了。
• He is critically (= very badly) ill in hospital. 他在住院，病得很重。
[ɪl] adjective
BAD 坏的
[before noun] formal or old-fashioned
■bad 坏的；恶劣的
• ill health 恶劣的健康状况
• Did you experience any ill effects from the treatment? 你感到治疗有甚么副作用吗？
[ɪl] adjective
be ill at ease
■to be worried and not relaxed 不安，不自在
• He seemed ill at ease and not his usual self. 他似乎不大自在，不像平时的他。
[ɪl] adjective
It's an ill wind (that blows nobody any good). saying
■said to show that even a very bad situation must have some good results 天下无绝对的坏事。
[ɪl] adverb literary
■badly 坏；恶劣地
• He treated her very ill. 他对她很不好。
speak ill of sb formal or old-fashioned
■to say unkind things about someone 说（某人）的坏话
• I realize one shouldn't speak ill of the dead. 我体会到不应该说死人的坏话。
augur/bode ill formal or old-fashioned
■to be a sign of bad things in the future 是凶兆，不是好兆头
• This weather bodes ill for the garden party tonight. 这种天气对今晚的园游会不是好兆头。
can ill afford (to do sth) formal or old-fashioned
■If you can ill afford to do something, it will cause problems for you if you do it 经不起（做…）；一旦…就会遇麻烦
• We can ill afford to lose another member of staff. 我们可经不起再失去一位员工了。
[ɪl] noun
uncountable formal or old-fashioned
■harm 坏；伤害
• I wish her no ill. 我并不希望她倒楣。
countable usually plural
■a problem 问题，弊病
• There seems to be no cure for Britain's economic/social ills. 英国经济／社会的弊病似乎无可救药。
ill, sick
ill: 做表语,
sick: 定,表均可 a sick boy
ill, poor, bad, evil, wicked
这组词都有“坏的”的意思，其区别是：
ill: 与evil意义接近，但语气弱一些，常指道德或性质方面的不良。
poor: 普通用词，侧重指事物的质量或数量低于标准或不合要求。用于指天气与食品时可与bad通用。
bad: 含义广泛，指任何不好的或不合需要的品质。
evil: 语气比bad强，强调道德上的邪恶不良，含狡猾凶险或危害他人的意味。
wicked: 语气比evil强，指居心叵测，任意违反道德标准，有意作恶。
adj. 生病的；坏的；邪恶的；不吉利的
 - bad, evil, black, ugly
adv. 不利地；恶劣地；几乎不
 - badly, barely, adversely
n. 疾病；不幸
 - illness, disaster, disease, sickness, evil

Word: tribe
Front: tribe
[traɪb] (研四六托雅 2948/4602 -2)
Vocabulary: tribe
(once / 97 pages)
1n 2n
A tribe is a traditional social group of people. Most tribes have existed much longer than existing states and countries.
Tribes follow rules and traditions that aren't connected to modern-day governments or mainstream societies. Indigenous people of North America lived (and many continue to live) in tribes, although the word itself is controversial — many of their members prefer the terms nation or ethnic group instead. Sometimes tribe is used to simply mean "family" or "clan," or even a large group: "A tribe of college students roamed the streets."
WORD FAMILY
tribe: tribal, tribes+/detribalise: detribalisation/detribalize: detribalization, detribalized, detribalizing/ tribal: detribalise, detribalize, intertribal, tribalisation, tribalism, tribalization, tribally/tribalism: tribalisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
The bear-claw shaped ring of mountain peaks that form the caldera also is culturally significant to neighboring Native American tribes.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This year’s event attracted about 3,000 dancers from hundreds of tribes in the United States, Canada and Mexico.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But the move was commended by many, including environmental groups and Native American tribes whose ancestors lived in the region.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 部落，部族; [生]族; 一帮，一伙; 大群
分布：部落(59%)，族(40%)，一伙人(1%)
→来自拉丁语 tribus,部落，宗族，地区，特指古罗马城邦三个宗族集团，即现在为人们熟知的 Latins,Sabines,Etruscans.可能来自 tri-,三，-be,存在，词源同 be,phylum.或来自 treb,居住， 聚居，词源同 thorp,troop.
n.种族,部落;(植物,动物)族,类Those innocent adolescents ascending the hill are the tribe's descendants of decent descent.这些爬山的天真青少年是这个部落具有正派血统的后代.
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 IMPROVER
■a group of people, often of related families, who live together, sharing the same language, culture and history, especially those who do not live in towns or cities 部落；部族
• a tribe of Amazonian Indians 亚马孙河流域印第安人的一个部落
• the Masai tribe 马萨伊人部落
■informal
■a large family or other group that someone belongs to 家族；集团
• We've invited Carol's sisters and brothers and their spouses and children - the whole Cassidy tribe. 我们邀请了卡罗尔的兄弟姐妹及其配偶、子女——整个凯西迪家族。
n. 部落； [生物] 族；宗族；一伙
 - nationality, clan

Word: shelf
Front: shelf
[ʃelf] (中高研四六托雅 2947/2930 -K2)
Back: n. 架子，搁板; 棚; 沙洲，暗礁; 格，层
分布：架子(81%)，搁板(11%)，搁板状物(5%)，搁置(2%)，闲置(1%)
→来自古英语 scylfe,架子，搁架，船板，甲板，来自 Proto-Germanic*skelf,分开，切开，来自 skel,切，分，词源同 scale,shell.引申诸相关词义。
n.架子,搁板The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身.
[ʃelf] (plural shelves)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a long flat board fixed horizontally, usually against a wall or inside a cupboard so that objects can be stored on it （通常指固定在墙上或橱柜中的）架子
• a glass shelf 玻璃架子
• on the top/bottom shelf 在顶层／底层架子上
• One wall had shelves from floor to ceiling, crammed with books. 一面墙是高及天花板的书架，上面塞满了书。
⇒ See also bookshelf specialized
■a flat area of rock under water or on a cliff 陆架，陆棚；岩棚
off the shelf
■If a product can be bought off the shelf, it does not need to be specially made or requested （产品）现成的，不需订制的
• It's often cheaper if you buy wallpaper off the shelf, rather than having to order it. 如果你买现成的壁纸，通常会比订购的要便宜。
• off-the-shelf goods/clothes 现成的货物／衣服
remove sth from your shelves
■When a shop removes something from its shelves, that product stops being available for sale there. 将…下架，不再出售
[ʃelf] (plural shelves)
noun countable
on the shelf
■not noticed or not used 被忽视的；被搁置的；废弃的
• It's important to apply research in a practical way and not leave it on the shelf. 重要的是，要把研究运用于实际当中，而不是束之高阁。
mainly UK informal
■describes someone, usually a woman, who is not married and is considered too old for anyone to want to marry them （通常指女子）年龄太大而找不到结婚对象的
• In those days, if you hadn't married by the time you were 30, you were definitely on the shelf. 在那个时代，如果你到30岁还未结婚，那就肯定嫁不出去了。
n. 架子； [家具] 搁板；搁板状物
 - etagere, bink

Word: can
Front: can
[kæn] (中高托 37/35 -K2)
Vocabulary: can
(once / 2 pages)
1nv 2v 3n 4n 5n
A can is a metal container, usually cylindrical in shape, which has an airtight seal when it's new. All kinds of goods come in cans, from fruit and vegetables to paint and oil.
The verb can means to preserve food in a can or glass jar. If your garden produces more tomatoes than you can possibly eat, you might make salsa and can it to eat all winter long. Can is also a slang word with several meanings. It means rear end, toilet, and it also means to fire someone: "Watch out, the boss canned three people yesterday! You could be next."
WORD FAMILY
can: canful, canned, cannery, canning, cannot, cans, could+/cannery: canneries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Current business controversies suggest that Enron-style oversight failures could be occurring in some of today’s corporate boardrooms.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“I think that’s why he felt he could deescalate things. He was very soft-spoken. He just talked to people, calmed them down.”
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
A mandatory evacuation order was still in place there and it was not clear when, if at all, residents could return to their houses.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: aux. 能; 能够; 可以; 可能
vt. 将…装入密封罐中保存
n. 罐头; （用金属或塑料制作的）容器; （马口铁或其他金属制作的）食品罐头
分布：能(50%)，可以(44%)，罐头(5%)，罐装(1%)
→来自PIE *gno, 知道，词源同know.can 金属罐
aux.v.能;可以n.罐头;容器vt.把...装罐Can you give me a lift?你能让我搭个便车吗?
noun]kæn/
CONTAINER 容器
countable (UK also tin)
■a closed metal container, especially a cylindrical one, in which some types of drink and food are sold （尤指圆柱形的）罐，筒，听
• a can of soup/beans 一罐汤／豆
countable (UK also tin)
■the amount of food or drink that is contained in a can 一罐的量
• You'll need a can of tuna for this recipe. 做这道菜需要一罐鲔鱼。
countable
■a metal container, especially one with a lid, handle and shaped opening for pouring （尤指带盖和把的）金属罐
• an oil can 油罐
• a can of paint 一桶油漆
noun]kæn/
PRISON 监狱
the can only singular US informal for
■prison 监狱
• He spent ten years in the can for armed robbery. 他因持枪抢劫而蹲了十年大牢。
noun]kæn/
TOILET 厕所
the can US informal for
■toilet
noun]kæn/
can of worms informal
■a situation which causes a lot of problems for you when you start to deal with it 一堆麻烦事；棘手的问题；复杂而难解决的问题
• Corruption is a serious problem, but nobody has yet been willing to open up that can of worms. 腐败是很严重的问题，可是还没有人愿意触及这个难题。
noun]kæn/
in the can informal
■If a film is in the can, filming has finished and it is ready to be prepared for showing to the public. （影片）已经完成拍摄的，已经录制好的
verb transitive /kæn/
(-nn-)
FOOD 食物
■to put food and drink into a closed metal container without air 罐装，将（食物、饮料）装罐
• He works in a factory where they can fruit. 他在一家罐装水果的工厂工作。
verb transitive /kæn/
(-nn-)
STOP 停止 mainly US informal
■to stop doing something or making noise 停止做；不再吵闹
• Hey, can it , would you? I'm trying to sleep. 嗨，别吵了，行吗？我在睡觉呢。
modal verb] strong form kæn / / weak form kən]
ABILITY 能力
 ESSENTIAL
■to be able to 能，会
• Can you drive? 你会开车吗？
• She can speak four languages. 她会讲四种语言。
• Can you read that sign from this distance? 你从这么远的距离能看清楚那标牌上的东西吗？
• The doctors are doing all that they can, but she's still not breathing properly. 医生都在竭尽所能，可是她仍然不能正常呼吸。
• Do the best you can - I realize the circumstances are not ideal. 尽力而为吧——我知道情况不理想。
• If the party is awful, we can always leave (= that would be one possible solution to our problem). 如果聚会很糟，我们总可以离开。
• "She's really furious about it." "Can you blame her (= I'm not surprised) ?" “她对此确实很生气。”“你能怪她吗？”
can do US informal
■used to say that you can and will do something 可以，行，好
• "Will you mail this letter for me, please?" "Can do." “请你帮我把这封信寄了，好吗？”“行。”
• "I need you to pick up the kids today." "Sorry, no can do (= no I can't)." “今天我需要你去接孩子。”“抱歉，不行。”
modal verb] strong form kæn / / weak form kən]
PERMISSION 允许
 ESSENTIAL
■to be allowed to （表示许可）可以，能
• Can I use your bike, John? 约翰，我能用你的脚踏车吗？
• You can park over there. 你们可以把车停在那边。
• You can have a piece of cake after you've eaten your vegetables! 吃完蔬菜你就可以吃块蛋糕！
 ADVANCED informal
■sometimes used to tell someone angrily to do something （生气地命令某人）必须，得
• If you carry on being horrible to your sister, Sophie, you can just go to bed! 索菲，如果你对你妹妹还这么凶，就上床睡觉去！
  Common Learner Errors  can, could or may? Can is used in standard spoken English when asking for permission. Could is slightly more formal. Both of these are acceptable in most forms of written English, although in very formal writing, such as official instructions, may is usually used instead. Persons under 14 unaccompanied by an adult may not enter.
modal verb] strong form kæn / / weak form kən]
REQUEST 要求
 ESSENTIAL
■used to request something （用于请求）能，可以
• If you see Adrian, can you tell him I'm in London next weekend? 如果你见到阿德里安，能告诉他我下周末在伦敦吗？
• Can you make a little less noise, please? I'm trying to work. 请你别发出那么大的声音好吗？我正在工作。
modal verb] strong form kæn / / weak form kən]
POSSIBILITY 可能性
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express possibility （表示可能性）可以，能，会
• You can get stamps from the local newsagents. 你可以从当地的报刊经销人那里弄到邮票。
• You can get very nasty skin diseases from bathing in dirty water. 在脏水里洗澡会得严重的皮肤病。
• Smoking can cause cancer. 吸烟可能会导致癌症。
• Noise can be quite a problem when you're living in a flat. 住公寓噪音会很成问题。
• He can be really annoying at times (= He is sometimes very annoying). 有时候他很烦人。
modal verb] strong form kæn / / weak form kən]
OFFER 提供
 ESSENTIAL
■used in polite offers of help （用于礼貌地提出帮忙）可以，能
• Can I help you with those bags? 我帮您拿那些提包好吗？
• I'm afraid Ms Ferguson has already left the office. Can I be of any help? 恐怕弗格森女士已经离开办公室了。我能帮甚么忙吗？
modal verb] strong form kæn / / weak form kən /
  Common Learner Errors  can Can is followed by an infinitive verb without 'to'. Don't say 'can to do something', say can do something :
✗ I'm glad you can to come to my cousin's wedding. I'm glad you can come to my cousin's wedding.
can, may
这两个情态动词均含有“能，可能，可以”之意。
can和may常被错用，应注意3点:
can表示体力或智力方面的能力。may没有这种功能。
can和may都可表示请求允许做某事，前者较口语化，最常用；may用于正式文体，多含尊敬之意。
can和may都可能表示可能性，前者表理论上的可能性，而后者表示现实的可能性。在这种用法中，can一般不能用来表将来的可能性，多用在否定和疑问句中表现在的可能性，而may既可表现在又可表将来的可能性。
can, in
这组词都有“罐头”的意思，其区别是：
can: 为美国英语，现在英国也用。
in: 为英国英语。
can, tin
这两个名词均有“罐头”之意。
can: 为美国英语，现在英国也用。
tin: 为英国英语。
n. [食品] 罐头，一罐；金属容器
 - tin, debe

Word: grandfather
Front: grandfather
[ˈgrænfɑ:ðə(r)] (中四六 2950/4184 -K2)
Vocabulary: grandfather
(once / 212 pages)
n
Your grandfather is the father of one of your parents. If your grandfather is quite old and has dozens of grandchildren, it might be hard for him to remember your birthday every year.
Everyone has two biological grandfathers, whether they've had the chance to know them or not. In some families, grandmothers and grandfathers are involved in raising and caring for their grandchildren, while in others a grandfather may have died or live very far away. Informally, a grandfather can also be someone who started or invented something: "Blues musician Robert Johnson was the grandfather of rock and roll."
WORD FAMILY
grandfather: grandfathers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is a subway system like you’ve never seen before. It’s not your grandfather’s subway.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
One cherished heirloom in her studio is a mahogany desk that her grandfather fashioned in the 1950s.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Strawberry played despite learning of his maternal grandfather’s death earlier Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （外）祖父; 始祖
vt. 新规定限制; 不受新条例
分布：使…不受新法律制约(100%)
US [-ðɚ] (informal grandpa) (grandad)
noun [C or]
 ESSENTIAL
■the father of a person's mother or father （外）祖父
n. 祖父；始祖
 - ancestor, primogenitor

Word: lawn
Front: lawn
[lɔ:n] (研四六托雅 2951/4589 -2)
Vocabulary: lawn
(once / 351 pages)
n
A lawn is an area of ground that's planted with grass. Your next-door neighbor might be so overly proud of his tidy lawn that he stands on it, glaring at the dandelions growing in yours.
Most lawns are neatly mowed — a lawn that's allowed to grow tall might more accurately be called a field, especially if there are weeds or wildflowers mixed in with the grass. It's difficult to grow a lawn in places that don't get much rain, since it needs to be watered regularly to stay green and lush. Lawn was laune in the 1500s, meaning "open space between the woods," from the Old French lande, "heath, moor, or clearing."
WORD FAMILY
lawn: lawns
USAGE EXAMPLES
Iames would collect old lumber to build skis, lawn ornaments and doorstops to earn extra money as a child.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Todd Fisher says the actresses will be buried together at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Hollywood Hills, which is the final resting place of many celebrities.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The blank industrial lawns cultivated by neighbors are nearly devoid of birds, he noted.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 草地，草坪; 上等细麻布
分布：草坪(72%)，草地(28%)
→来自古英语laune,词源同land,荒野，土地。后该词用来指荒野，杂草地，现指草坪，草地。
n.草地,草坪At the dawn on the lawn the yawning drowned man began to frown.拂晓时在草坪上,打呵欠的溺水者开始皱眉头.
US [lɑ:n] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an area of grass, especially near to a house or in a park, which is cut regularly to keep it short （尤指房屋附近或公园的）草地，草坪
• Will you mow the lawn at the weekend? 周末你修剪一下草坪好吗？
pasture, lawn, meadow
这组词都有“草地”的意思，其区别是：
pasture: 通常指放牧用的草地或牧草。
lawn: 多指公园、庭院中经常加以修剪的草坪。
meadow: 指为牲畜提供食用草，可以贮备干草的牧草地；也指野外的低草地。
n. [建] 草地；草坪
 - grass, meadow

Word: buyer
Front: buyer
[ˈbaɪə(r)] (2953/2056 -K)
Back: n. 买主; 买方; 采购员
分布：买方(100%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who buys something expensive such as a house 购买者，买主
• He's still looking for a buyer for his house. 他还在给自己的房子寻找买家。
■someone whose job it is to decide what will be bought by a company 买手，采购员，采买人员
• She's the buyer for a stylish boutique in Dublin. 她是都柏林一家时尚精品女装店的采购员。
n. 买主； [贸易] 采购员
 - bargainee, vendee

Word: dining
Front: dining
['daɪnɪŋ] (雅 2952/4111)
Back: n. 进餐
v. 吃饭，进餐( dine的现在分词 ); 设宴款待，请客
分布：就餐(100%)
VERB
进餐;用餐;吃饭
When you dine, you have dinner.
例：He dines alone most nights...大多数晚上他都是一个人用餐。
例：That night the two men dined at Wilson's club...那天晚上这两个男人在威尔逊俱乐部进了餐。

Word: wisdom
Front: wisdom
[ˈwɪzdəm] (高研四六雅 2954/4281 -2)
Vocabulary: wisdom
(once / 199 pages)
n
Wisdom is the combination of experience, knowledge and careful judgment. If you've got it, you're "wise." If you haven't, well don't worry, most of us don't either.
Wisdom is also the term we give to the sum total of a culture's knowledge and application of that knowledge, acquired over time. We talk about "the wisdom of the ancient Greeks," for example, meaning everything about their culture from their scientific and philosophical discoveries to the art and culture they created. Don't confuse wisdom with knowledge — which is merely the accumulation of facts with no sense of what meaning to make from them.
WORD FAMILY
wisdom: wisdoms+/unwise: unwisely, unwiseness, unwiser, unwisest/ wise: unwise, wisdom, wisely, wiseness, wiser, wises, wisest
USAGE EXAMPLES
For instance, Aiava was asked what words of wisdom her mother imparted after the historic win.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
It rapidly became the source of conventional left-liberal wisdom on the treaty.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Mencken’s timeless wisdom: A martini is “the only American invention as perfect as the sonnet.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 智慧，明智; 常识，好的判断力; 知识，学问; 古训
分布：智慧(81%)，聪明(7%)，明智(6%)，才智(4%)，至理名言(2%)
→wis-,智慧，词源同wise,-dom,抽象名词后缀。
智慧(wise智慧的)[-dom表名词"状态或领域"]
n.智慧,明智;名言,格言The wise man used his wisdom in the vertical advertisement device.聪明人把智慧用在垂直的广告装置上.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the ability to use your knowledge and experience to make good decisions and judgments 智慧；明智
• One certainly hopes to gain a little wisdom as one grows older. 人们当然希望自己随着年龄的增长而获取一些智慧。
• He's got a weekly radio programme in which he dispenses wisdom (= gives his opinions) on a variety of subjects. 他每周有个广播节目，就各种话题发表他的看法。
• I tend to doubt the wisdom of separating a child from its family whatever the circumstances. 不管出于甚么情况，将一个孩子与家人分开，我都会怀疑这样做是否明智。
• Did we ever stop to question the wisdom of going to war? 我们有否曾经停下来想一想参战是否明智？
• Before I went off to university my father gave me a few words of wisdom. 在我上大学之前，父亲告诉我一些至理名言。
• Conventional/Received/Popular wisdom has it (= Most people think) that women are more emotional than men, but in my experience it often isn't the case. 一般的看法认为女性比男性更易动情，但依我的经验来看，事情往往不是这样。
['wɪz.dəm] noun uncountable
in his/her/their wisdom humorous
■something that you say when you do not understand why someone has done something stupid 以他／她／他们的智慧（用于表示不明白为甚么某人要做蠢事）
• The council, in their wisdom, decided to close the library and now the building stands empty. 委员会以他们的智慧决定关闭那所图书馆，于是现在那座大楼里空空如也。
['wɪz.dəm] noun uncountable
with the wisdom of hindsight
■with the knowledge that experience gives you 透过事后理智地回顾
• With the wisdom of hindsight we now know that the old-fashioned aerosol sprays were a mistake. 透过事后理智地回顾，我们现在知道生产那种旧式的喷雾剂是个错误。
mind, intellect, intelligence, brains, wit, wisdom
这些名词均有“智力，智慧”之意。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
intellect, wit, wisdom, mind, brain, intelligence
这组词都有“智力，智慧”的意思，其区别是：
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
n. 智慧，才智；明智；学识；至理名言
 - wit, scholarship

Word: council
Front: council
[ˈkaʊnsl] (研四六雅 2612/251 -K5)
Vocabulary: council
(once / 67 pages)
n
A council is a group of people that gathers for the purpose of giving advice or making decisions. If you’re president of the student council, for example, you might organize people to get the hallways at your school painted purple.
Council comes from the Latin word concilium for "group of people, meeting," which is what it basically means today. There are student councils, honor councils, or city councils, to name a few. People working together to take care of business — that’s a council. Of course, that council might give advice, or counsel (with an s) people on what to do. Not the same word — an honor council might counsel a principal about how to address cheating in school, for example.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
council / counsel
A council is meeting for discussion or advice, but to counsel is a verb meaning to give advice. They sound exactly the same, but the language council met and decided to counsel you on how to keep them straight.
Council is a group of people who get together to figure something out, or or a group chosen to give advice, like a student council. Used as an adjective, council describes things related to a council, such as a council candidate or a council room, or a council member:
But the information was often incomplete or conflicting — and council members are now asking the agencies to respond to their queries in writing. (New York Times)
The council is trying to "contain" acts of armed resistance by military defectors and described them as "isolated incidents." (Business Week)
On the other hand, counsel is more slippery; it can act as a noun or a verb. As a noun, counsel is a synonym for advice, but it can also mean the act of giving that advice or refer to a person who gives legal advice. In fact, a lawyer who goes to trial for you is your counsel. That lawyer would counsel you. Here are some counsels in the wild:
He had argued that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. (Reuters)
"Don't go out in the storm tonight," counseled his wife. (Rossiter Johnson)
Before the 16th century, council and counsel were interchangeable, but by the 1500s, council's meaning became restricted to "a meeting" and counsel's "to give advice." The two should not be confused. Never! If you need a verb or a lawyer, use counsel because she'll say something helpful. If you are referring to a meeting or group, choose c for crowd and council.
WORD FAMILY
council: councilorship, councils+/councilorship: councilorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Banning Ranch Conservancy lawsuit was filed in Superior Court soon after the council's decision in 2012.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Two local councils in Scotland are considering introducing trial programs with basic incomes later this year, in Glasgow and Fife.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Security Council resolution that the U.S. allowed to pass on Friday says that all of east Jerusalem is now occupied territory.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 委员会; （郡、镇等）政务会; （尤指旧时讨论特定步骤的）协商会议; 市政（或地方管理）服务机构
分布：委员会(36%)，委员(31%)，理事会(17%)，会议(12%)，地方议会(4%)
→coun-,同con-,强调。-cil, 召唤，召集，词源同call,conciliate. 即召集过来开会。
n.理事会,委员会,议事机构They will hold a council to discuss the proposal.他们将开会讨论这个建议.
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 IMPROVER
■a group of people elected or chosen to make decisions or give advice on a particular subject, to represent a particular group of people, or to run a particular organization 委员会；理事会
• the United Nations Security Council 联合国安全理事会
• This play is supported by a grant from the local arts council. 这出戏由当地艺术委员会出资赞助。
 IMPROVER
■the group of people elected to govern a particular area, town or city, and organize services for it （地区、镇、市的）政务委员会；地方议会
• Edinburgh City Council 爱丁堡市政会
• The local council has/have decided not to allocate funds for the project. 当地市政会决定不给这项工程拨款。
• The town/city council is/are responsible for keeping the streets clean. 镇／市政会负责保持街道清洁。
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。
n. 委员会；会议；理事会；地方议会；顾问班子
 - committee, session, congress, meeting, soviet

Word: vulnerable
Front: vulnerable
[ˈvʌlnərəbl] (研六托雅宝 2955/2998 -3)
Vocabulary: vulnerable
(once / 685 pages)
adj
Use the adjective vulnerable to describe something or someone open to being physically or emotionally wounded, like a newborn chick or an overly sensitive teenager.
Vulnerable is from Latin and is based on vulnus "wound." From its literal meaning, it has come to be more often used for someone who is easily hurt or likely to succumb to temptation. It's best used for a person whose feelings are so delicate that they can't withstand any criticism or pressure: "Don't speak harshly to her, she's very vulnerable today."
WORD FAMILY
vulnerable: invulnerable, vulnerability, vulnerably+/ invulnerable: invulnerability, invulnerably/ vulnerability: vulnerabilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Experts say that this results in the system being more vulnerable to hacking attacks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The comments, included in a letter about the plight of vulnerable children in general, were some of his most comprehensive on abuse.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Medically vulnerable children such as Arianna and AJ are often forced to live lives of social isolation and separation from their peers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. （地方）易受攻击的; 易受伤的; 易受批评的; [桥牌]已成局的
分布：脆弱的(75%)，易受伤害的(19%)，有弱点的(6%)
→来自拉丁语vulnus,伤口，来自wele,拔，击打，词源同wool,vulture。引申义有伤口的，脆弱的。
a.易受伤害的,脆弱的,易受攻击的He is vulnerable to temptation.他是容易受到诱惑的.
【记】vulner＝wound（n 创伤），able－易受伤的
【反】safe（adj 安全的）
UK ['vʌn.rə-] US ['vʌl.nɚ.ə-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt, influenced or attacked 易受伤的；易受影响（或攻击）的；脆弱的
• I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on. 一丝不挂地站在那里，我感觉自己非常脆弱，不堪一击。
• It is on economic policy that the government is most vulnerable. 政府最易受人诟病的是经济政策。
• Tourists are more vulnerable to attack, because they do not know which areas of the city to avoid. 游客更容易受到攻击，因为他们不知道城里哪些地方不该去。
adj. 易受攻击的，易受…的攻击；易受伤害的；有弱点的
 - sensitive, assailable

Word: instance
Front: instance
[ˈɪnstəns] (研四六 2957/2441 -K4)
Vocabulary: instance
(once / 61 pages)
nv
An instance is a specific example or case of something. One instance of being chased by a growling dog can make a person spend his whole life being afraid of animals.
It's common to find instance used in the expression "for instance," meaning "for example." Bright colors — for instance, pink, green, and blue — can cheer you up when you're feeling sad. Instance can also mean "occurrence." Several instances of cheating might be reported after a math test, for example. In the sixteenth century, the Medieval Latin word instantia meant "example to the contrary," leading to an early definition of instance as "single objection."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
instant / instance
Around the Vocabulary.com office, we might like an instance of tea, but we vehemently oppose instant tea.
That's because instance means an example or an occurrence:
Police investigated five instances of criminal mischief to motor vehicles on Forest Avenue
A student in the engineering academy, for instance, would have to take three engineering-specific electives.
There was an instance in a game in August where the catwalk came into play.
Instant, on the other hand, mean immediately or urgently:
Easy Reader: Philip Roth's Nemesis an Instant Classic
Starbucks announced last summer it would start retailing flavored instant coffee, and here it is.
Now think about the times when you fell victim to the instant desire to buy that new shinny thing.
Oddly enough, the two are related. Instance dates back to 1380 as meaning the current time, but it comes from the Medieval Latin (through Old French) instantia, which refers to both presence and urgency. Instant dates to about the same time, prior to 1398, as meaning a specific moment. It comes from the Medieval Latin instantem, meaning present and urgent. Instant picked up its modern meaning of immediately around 1443 from its English definition and instance seems to have never meant urgency, creating a distinction between the two.
But instant tea is still disgusting.
WORD FAMILY
instance: instanced, instances, instancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tai chi, for instance, is an effective approach to accomplish this.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“I am pleased that now voters’ voices matter and that, at least in this instance, votes count.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For instance, that bill eliminated the tax penalties, tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies central to the ACA’s individual mandate to purchase health insurance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 例子，实例; 情况; 要求，建议; [法]诉讼手续
vt. 举…为例
时态：instanced, instancing, instances
分布：例子(40%)，情况(32%)，要求(11%)，场合(10%)，举例说明(5%)，诉讼程序(2%)
→in-,进入，使，靠近，-st,站立，词源同stand,state.其原义为站在附近，紧急待命，后来用于指例子，实例。
情况;例子(in内+stance→站在里面的东西→例子)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
n.例子,事例,例证For instance, I can instantly know the constant distance.例如,我可以即刻知道该恒定距离.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a particular situation, event or fact, especially an example of something that happens generally 实例；情况
• There have been several instances of violence at the school. 学校里发生过几次暴力事件。
• I don't usually side with the management, but in this instance I agree with what they're saying. 我通常并不站在资方一边，但在这件事情上我同意他们所说的。
['ɪn.stənts] noun countable
for instance ADVANCED
■for example 例如
• In the electronics industry, for instance, 5000 jobs are being lost. 例如，电子业就会失去5000份工作。
['ɪn.stənts] verb transitive UK formal
■to give something as an example 引证；举例
• She argued the need for legal reform and instanced several recent cases with grossly unfair verdicts. 她极力说明有必要进行司法改革，并援引了最近出现的几个非常不公平的判例。
specimen, illustration, case, example, instance, sample
这组词都有“例子、事例”的意思，其区别是：
specimen: 可与sample换用，但常指人或物中选出的有代表性部分，或指供科研、化验或检验用的标本。
illustration: 指用来说明、解释某种理论或看法而引用的例证。
case: 多指需要加以认真研究的实例，如病例，案例等。
example: 普通用词，指能代表同类事物性质或一般规律的典型例子。
instance: 多指用于说明、支持或反证一般事实或理论的事例。
sample: 通常指样品。
n. 实例；情况；建议
 - situation, case, circumstance, suggestion, advice, proposal, thing

Word: garlic
Front: garlic
[ˈgɑ:lɪk] (高研六 2956/6745 -2)
Back: n. 大蒜; 蒜头
分布：大蒜(100%)
→gar, 矛。leek, 韭葱。因形似矛而得名。
n.蒜,大蒜粉There is too much garlic in the food.食物中加的大蒜太多了.
US ['gɑ:r-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a plant of the onion family that has a strong taste and smell and is used in cooking to add flavour 大蒜
• For this recipe you need four cloves (= single pieces) of garlic, crushed. 按照这个烹饪法，你需要四瓣大蒜，并捣碎。
• a garlic bulb 一头大蒜
n. [园艺] 大蒜；蒜头
 - Allium sativum

Word: capability
Front: capability
[ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti] (六托 2958/3838 -2)
Vocabulary: capability
(once / 923 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A capability is something a person or a thing is able to do. It's hard to find a cell phone that doesn't include other capabilities, like taking pictures or storing MP3s.
Inside the word capability is the word ability. Note the fine distinction between them. If you have an ability, it means you know how to do something. If you have a capability, it means you have the power to do something. Buying uranium gives a country the capability of making nuclear weapons, but first they need scientists with the ability to do the work.
WORD FAMILY
capability: capabilities+/ capable: capability, capableness, capabler, capablest, capably, incapable /incapability: incapabilities/ incapable: incapability, incapableness, incapably
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Mitigation capabilities," says Jonathan Hunter, CEO of Department 13, "are therefore limited."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
It was unclear if Trump meant he would stop North Korea or he was simply doubting the country’s capabilities.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Hanman focused on the recent test of a liquid-fueled rocket engine as proof of this emerging capability for the North.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 才能，能力; 容量; 性能; 生产率
分布：能力(78%)，性能(15%)，才能(5%)，容量(2%)
【记】cap拿，抓，ability（n 能力）－能掌握的－能力
【参】capacious（adj 容量大的，宽敞的）＝roomy；spaciouscapacity（n 容量＝content＝volume；能力＝ability＝qualification）
US [-ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
ABILITY 能力
■the ability to do something 能力；才干；水准
• These tests are beyond the capability of an average 12-year-old. 这些测试超出了一个普通12岁孩子的能力。
• [+ to infinitive] With the new machines we finally have the capability (= power) to do the job properly. 有了新机器，我们终于有能力很好地完成该工作。
UK [ˌkeɪ.pə'bɪl.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
WEAPONS 武器
■the number of weapons, soldiers, etc. a country has to fight a war 军事力量
• Several countries are trying to develop a nuclear capability. 几个国家正在试图发展核力量。
capability, responsibility
capability: 能力
responsibility: 责任
gift, genius, aptitude, talent, capacity, capability, faculty, ability, competence
这组词都有“能力，才能”的意思，其区别是：
gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
genius: 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability: 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
ability: 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
competence: 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
n. 才能，能力；性能，容量
 - talent, ability, competence, performance, property, quality

Word: poetry
Front: poetry
[ˈpəʊətri] (研四六 2959/2772 -K3)
Vocabulary: poetry
(once / 102 pages)
n
Poetry is a form of literature that follows specific forms to create a rhythm and/or rhyme scheme. Without those elements we have the poetic form known as “free verse,” but it retains an elevated language that still makes it poetry.
The noun poetry goes all the way back to the Latin poesis, meaning both "poetry" and "making." It usually refers to the specific genre of poetic works, a wide variety of styles tied together by the structured use of the language, but is also used to describe any especially beautiful language. The French writer Voltaire once said, “Poetry is the music of the soul, and, above all, of great and feeling souls.”
WORD FAMILY
poetry: poetical, poetiser, poetries+/ poet: poetic, poetise, poetize, poets/ poetic: poetically, poetry /poetise: poetised, poetises, poetising/poetize: poetized, poetizer, poetizes, poetizing/poetizer: poetizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s 55 minutes of poetry and prose, at the Public Theater.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Berger was the author of art criticism, novels, poetry, screenplays and many less classifiable books.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And like all good poetry, hangovers resist interpretation.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 诗，诗歌; 诗意，诗情; 作诗; 诗歌艺术
分布：诗歌(79%)，诗意(13%)，诗集(8%)
→poet-,诗人，-ry,集合名词后缀。
诗歌(poet诗人)[-ry表名词,通常放在一个完整的单词后面1.表示"状态,性质"2.表示"行业,学科"3.表示集合名词4.表示"场地"]
n.诗歌,诗集Her dancing is pure poetry.她的舞蹈非常富于诗意.
US ['poʊ.ə-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■poems in general as a form of literature （总称）诗，诗歌
• contemporary poetry and prose 当代诗歌散文
• She started writing poetry at a young age. 她年纪很小就开始写诗了。
■a very beautiful or emotional quality 诗意
• This film has a savage poetry and brilliance. 这部电影具有野性的诗意和才情。
verse, poetry, poem
这组词都有“诗”的意思，其区别是：
verse: 多指诗句、诗行或诗节，也可作诗歌、韵文的总称。
poetry: 指诗的总称。
poem: 通常指一首诗或诗体文。
n. 诗；诗意，诗情；诗歌艺术
 - poem, verse

Word: celebrity
Front: celebrity
[səˈlebrəti] (研托宝 2960/6973 -2)
Vocabulary: celebrity
(once / 554 pages)
n
A celebrity is a very famous person. If you single-handedly save an entire family from a burning building, you'll become a local celebrity.
Celebrity comes directly from the Latin celebritatum, meaning famous, and is related to the verb celebrate which means to honor something with the proper ritual. We usually use celebrity now when we talk about entertainment stars, but someone doesn't have to be on the supermarket tabloids to be a celebrity. Celebrity can also be used to mean the state of fame. If you are seeking celebrity, develop a thick skin for nasty rumors.
WORD FAMILY
celebrity: celebrities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Louis is not the first celebrity with an app, and the sales and communication functions of his app are not particularly unique.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly two-thirds of the dead in the upmarket club, which is frequented by local celebrities, were foreigners, Turkey’s Anadolu Agency said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The celebrity businessman, who complained in recent years that he wasn’t named the magazine’s Person of the Year, received the award in 2016.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 名人，知名人士; 名流; 名声; 名誉
分布：名人(93%)，名誉(4%)，社会名流(3%)
→来自拉丁词celeber, 拥挤的，出名的。
名人[celebr=honor(荣誉)]
n.名人,名流;著名,名声,名望This gentleman is a celebrity in the field of philosophy.这位先生是哲学界的知名人士.
【反】obscurity（n 身份低微的人）
US [-tˌi] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■someone who is famous, especially in the entertainment business （尤指娱乐界的）名人，明星；名流
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the state of being famous 名声，名气，名望
n. 名人；名声
 - personality, lion, fame

Word: gradually
Front: gradually
[ˈgrædʒuəli] (高四六 2961/2325 -K)
Back: adv. 逐步地，渐渐地; 按部就班地; 日趋; 冉冉
分布：逐渐地(100%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■slowly over a period of time or a distance 逐步地，逐渐地；平缓地
• Gradually, she realized that he wasn't telling her the truth. 她渐渐地意识到他不跟她说实话。
• The bank slopes gradually down to the river. 河岸平缓地向下一直延伸到水边。
adv. 逐步地；渐渐地
 - stage by stage, step by step

Word: stability
Front: stability
[stəˈbɪləti] (研四六托雅 2962/3342)
Vocabulary: stability
(once / 525 pages)
n
Stability is the quality of being unchanging. You know you should be congratulated on your commitment to stability when you’ve lived in the same place your whole life.
Stability is often used to describe buildings or structures that won't collapse or fall down. Good tires will help you maintain stability on snowy or icy roads. You can use the word more figuratively for a safe environment or a healthy mental state. Financial and political stability are to be desired. Hopefully you will provide your children stability and love. When you have violent outbursts, people began to doubt your mental stability.
WORD FAMILY
stability: instability, stabilities+/destabilise: destabilised/ destabilize: destabilization, destabilized, destabilizes, destabilizing/ instability: instabilities/stabilisation: destabilisation/stabilise: destabilise, stabilisation, stabilised, stabiliser, stabilising/ stabilization: stabilizations/ stabilize: destabilize, stabilization, stabilized, stabilizer, stabilizes, stabilizing /stabilizer: stabilizers/ stable: stabilise, stability, stabilize, stabled, stableness, stabler, stables, stabling, stably, unstable /stabling: stablings/ unstable: unstableness, unstably
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Our mindset is, if you're doing business here in Indonesia, the spirit is to maintain stability. Don't create unnecessary volatility to create business," he added.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Back then the establishment view was that a two-state solution was the key to unlocking stability for the region.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Communist Party relies heavily on the police to enforce order and maintain social stability, and many officers are poorly paid.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 稳定（性），稳固; 坚定，恒心
分布：稳定性(99%)，居于修道院(1%)
→来自 stable,稳定的，-ity,名词后缀。
稳定性(st+ability)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
n.稳定,安定Economic development depends on political stability.经济发展依靠政治稳定.
【反】inconstancy（n 反复无常）
US [-ə.i] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when something is not likely to move or change 稳定；稳固
• a period of political stability 政治稳定时期
n. 稳定性；坚定，恒心
 - firmness, adament

Word: doubt
Front: doubt
[daʊt] (中高研四六托 1906/1183 -K4)
Vocabulary: doubt
(once / 20 pages)
nv
Doubt is distrust or suspicion. When your kid sister explains that a robber broke in and ate your entire chocolate stash, most likely you feel doubt.
When you're in doubt, you really can't tell what's true and what's false, whether that's a news story or whether you want to marry someone or whether you'll survive Med school. The Latin root of doubt is dubitāre, "to hesitate, waver," and when you doubt something you're wavering: I think I believe you, but maybe I don't. But maybe I do. But maybe not? One thing not to doubt is the silent b. Pronounce: DOWT.
WORD FAMILY
doubt: doubted, doubter, doubtful, doubting, doubtless, doubts, redoubt, self-doubt, undoubtedly +/doubter: doubters/ doubtful: doubtfully, doubtfulness/doubtfulness: doubtfulnesses/doubting: doubtingly/ doubtless: doubtlessly/redoubt: redoubtable, redoubts/ redoubtable: redoubtably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Slowly, a pinch of doubt about the bold move that Duncan was attempting bubbled to the surface.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was unclear if Trump meant he would stop North Korea or he was simply doubting the country’s capabilities.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
No team is an individual but there is also little doubt the Packers’ division title is because of Rodgers.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 怀疑，疑虑; 未确定
vt. 怀疑，疑惑
vi. 不确定，不能肯定或怀疑
时态：doubted, doubting, doubts
分布：怀疑(87%)，疑惑(6%)，不确定(4%)，不信任(2%)，悬而未定(1%)
→来自拉丁语dubius, 二，词源同dubious. 引申词义两面摇摆，怀疑。
怀疑(doubt二→二种状态→怀疑)[du,dub,doub=two,表示"二,双"]
n./v.怀疑,疑虑There is no doubt about his innocence.他完全是无辜的.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(a feeling of) not being certain about something, especially about how good or true it is （尤指对好坏、真实性的）怀疑，疑虑，疑问
• I'm having doubts about his ability to do the job. 我对他是否能胜任此项工作还有一些疑问。
• If there's any doubt about the rocket's engines, we ought to cancel the launch. 如果对火箭引擎还存有任何疑虑，我们都应该取消此次发射。
• The prosecution has to establish his guilt UK beyond (reasonable) doubt] US beyond a (reasonable) doubt. 此次起诉必须证明他所犯的罪行证据确凿。
• This latest scandal has raised doubts about his suitability for the post. 最近的这件丑闻让人们对他是否称职表示怀疑。
• [+ (that)] I never had any doubt (that) you would win. 我从未怀疑你会获胜。
• He's the most attractive man in the building, no doubt about that/it. 毫无疑问他是大楼里最有吸引力的男人。
no doubt
 IMPROVER
■used to emphasize that what you are saying is true or likely to happen 毫无疑问，毋庸置疑，肯定
• We will, no doubt, discuss these issues again at the next meeting. 毫无疑问，我们在下次会议上还要讨论这些问题。
• No doubt you'll want to unpack and have a rest before dinner. 你肯定想在吃晚饭前先把行李收拾出来且休息一下。
cast doubt on sth
■to make something seem uncertain 对…怀有疑虑，对…表示怀疑
• Witnesses have cast doubt on the suspect's innocence. 证人们对疑犯是否清白表示怀疑。
in doubt
■If the future or success of someone or something is in doubt, it is unlikely to continue or to be successful 前途未卜，前途未定；不确定
• The future of the stadium is in doubt because of a lack of money. 由于缺少资金，该体育馆能否建成还不确定。
without (a) doubt
■used to emphasize your opinion 毫无疑问
• She is without (a) doubt the best student I have ever taught. 毫无疑问她是我教过最优秀的学生。
⇒ See also undoubtedly
[daʊt] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to not feel certain or confident about something or to think that something is not probable 怀疑；不确定，不肯定
• I doubt whether/if I can finish the work on time. 我怀疑自己能否按时完成这项工作。
• [+ that] They had begun to doubt that it could be completed in time. 他们开始怀疑能否及时完工。
• He may come back tomorrow with the money, but I very much doubt it. 也许明天他会把钱带回来，但我对此深表怀疑。
• I don't doubt his abilities. 我并不怀疑他的能力。
doubt sb /doubt sb's word
■to not trust someone or believe what they say 不相信，不信任，怀疑（某人／某人的话）
• He's never lied to me before, so I have no reason to doubt his word. 以前他从未对我说过谎，因此我没有理由怀疑他说的话。
doubt, suspect, distrust
这组词都有“怀疑”的意思，其区别是：
doubt: 普通用词，多指因证据不足或仅凭证据还不能肯定而产生怀疑，多含否定意味。
suspect: 指猜疑、疑心，肯定意味较多。
distrust: 指疑惑、猜疑，不信任。
doubt, supicion, distrust, uncertainty
这些名词均有“怀疑”之意。
doubt: 指对事物的真、假有怀疑。
supicion: 语气较强，指对某人做某事的目的、意图有怀疑，或认为某人做错事，但无确凿证据而产生怀疑。
distrust: 一般用词，泛指对某人某事不信任而感到怀疑。
uncertainty: 侧重指对某事或选择等需作决定时的迟疑不决。
n. [法] 怀疑；疑问；疑惑
 - challenge, question, query, suspicion
v. [法] 怀疑；不信；恐怕；拿不准
 - suspect of, be suspicious of

Word: fantasy
Front: fantasy
[ˈfæntəsi] (高研四托雅宝 2964/3642 -3)
Vocabulary: fantasy
(once / 279 pages)
nv
A fantasy is something you imagine, which might involve dragons, unicorns, or an imaginary best friend. If you live in a fantasy world, you're not worrying much about reality — pleasant, maybe, but not very practical.
Fantasy is dreams and imagination. In a football fantasy league, you can create your own dream team. In literature, fantasy — a genre similar to science fiction — might include a story about a three-headed squirrel and a bionic aardvark who fall in love on a planet made entirely of strawberries. Romance can be fantasy, too, according to a Billy Joel song: "It's just a fantasy. It's not the real thing. But sometimes a fantasy is all you need."
WORD FAMILY
fantasy: fantasied, fantasies, fantasise, fantasist, fantasize, fantastic, fantastical, fantasying+/fantasist: fantasists/ fantasize: fantasized, fantasizes, fantasizing/ fantastic: fantasticly/fantastical: fantastically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Throw just six touchdowns into the mix, and this was a lost fantasy season for Gurley and his owners.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are many other examples including those of second rate scientists or non-scientists finding high-profile media venues to spin their fantasies.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
So how did the Norman Rockwell fantasy align with unabashed greed and narcissism?
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 幻想; 空想的产物; 幻想作品; 非正式的货币
vt. & vi. 想像; 幻想; 奏幻想曲
时态：fantasied, fantasying, fantasies
分布：幻想(100%)
→来自bha, 发光，照耀，词源同beacon, phantasm. 引申义白日做梦，幻想。
n.幻想,空想;空想的产物,幻想作品The young man lives in a world of fantasy.这个年青人生活在幻想的世界里.
【记】源于：Final Fantasy（最终幻想）系列，Square公司的大作
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a pleasant situation that you enjoy thinking about, but which is unlikely to happen, or the activity of thinking itself 幻想；想像
• Steve's favourite fantasy was to own a big house and a flashy car. 史蒂夫最爱幻想拥有一座大房子和一辆豪华轿车。
• sexual fantasies 性幻想
• She retreated into a fantasy world , where she could be anything she wanted. 她遁入了幻想世界，在那里她想要成为甚么都可以。
fantasy, fancy, imagination
这组词都有“想象，幻想”的意思，其区别是：
fantasy: 指与现实完全脱节，荒诞离谱、稀奇古怪的想象。
fancy: 指脱离实际的幻想或幻想力，常暗含所想象的东西近乎怪诞的意味。
imagination: 含义广，一般不含贬义。可指认真、带有启发性的想象，也可指凭记忆的想象或凭空想象事物的能力。
n. [心理] 幻想；白日梦；幻觉
 - fancy, illusion
adj. 虚幻的
 - visional
vt. 空想；想像
 - imagine, picture, think of
vi. 耽于幻想；奏幻想曲（等于phantasy）
 - stargaze

Word: scared
Front: scared
[skeəd] (2965/5083 -K2)
Vocabulary: scared
(once / 438 pages)
adj
Have you ever gone into a dark room and heard something scurrying across the floor and felt your pulse quicken and your heart race? You were scared — afraid.
When you are scared, you are frightened or alarmed. It can be a momentary thing: hearing a car screech outside your house and worrying that your dog just got hit. It can be longer: you might be scared for weeks or months after a medical diagnosis. While the verb is usually associated with a single person or small group, you might also apply it more generally: a fast-moving tornado could have scared a whole town.
WORD FAMILY
scared: scareder, scaredest, scaredly+/ scare: scared, scarer, scares, scarey, scaring/scarer: scarers
USAGE EXAMPLES
As Anderson was recounting the scary scene, linebacker Corey Nelson leaned in and told him, “I was scared for you. I was so scared, bro.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"There was then a robust discussion. I felt scared. The situation was extremely unpleasant."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“Hollywood portrays all Germans as terrible people, and it’s just not so,” she said “People were scared. People were threatened. You didn’t speak up.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 恐惧的; 惊恐的; 担心的
v. 使害怕（scare的过去分词）
分布：害怕的(100%)
US [skerd] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■frightened or worried 惊恐的，恐惧的，害怕的
• He's scared of spiders. 他害怕蜘蛛。
• I'm scared of telling her what really happened. 我害怕告诉她事情的真相。
• He's scared to tell her what really happened. 他不敢告诉她事情的真相。
• I was scared (= very worried) (that) you might not be there. 我怕你不在那里。
• I was scared stiff (= extremely frightened). 我吓得要死。
• She had a scared look on her face. 她脸上露出恐惧的神情。
adj. 害怕的
 - afraid, frightened

Word: guide
Front: guide
[gaɪd] (高研四六雅 1779/1645 -K4)
Vocabulary: guide
(once / 57 pages)
1nv 2nv
A guide is someone who shows you the way. You'd be lucky to have a kind older sibling to act as your guide through middle school, giving you advice and helping you figure out the school and social scenes.
A guide often leads tourists through a city, taking them to important sites, or assists a group of mountain climbers. Another kind of guide is a book of helpful instructions about what to see in a particular country, how to get along with your teenager, or the best way to grow orchids. When you guide people, you help them find their way, whether it's through the New York subway system or through the steps of building a campfire.
WORD FAMILY
guide: guidance, guided, guides, guiding, misguide +/ guidance: guidances/guided: unguided/guiding: guidingly/ misguide: misguided, misguides, misguiding/ misguided: misguidedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Native Americans used the land to hunt buffalo by guiding them over a sandstone cliff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With only themselves and their appetites as a guide, they bypass any information that doesn’t suit their predisposition and worldview.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Instead, it provides individuals who will work with the community and guide the process.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 引路; 指导; 操纵; 影响
n. 指导者; 向导; 导游; 有指导意义的事物
时态：guided, guiding, guides
分布：指导(27%)，导游(20%)，向导(19%)，引导(17%)，指南(14%)，指导者(2%)，作导游(1%)
→来自weid, 看，词源同vision, wise. 日耳曼w音进入罗曼语系通常发gu音。
n.领路人;指南,导游v.领路;指导;支配;管理The guide disguised his guilty of mixing the liquor with a liter of liquid.导游把酒与一公升液体混合的罪过掩饰起来.
noun countable
BOOK 书
 ADVANCED
■a book which gives you the most important information about a particular subject 指南；要览；手册
• a hotel/wine guide 旅馆／葡萄酒指南
• a guide to the birds of North America 北美鸟类指南
 ADVANCED * a guidebook
• a guide to the British Isles 不列颠群岛旅行指南
• tourist guides 旅行手册
[gaɪd] noun countable
HELP 帮助
 ADVANCED
■something that helps you form an opinion or make a decision about something else 有指导意义的事物；指导性的事物；准则；根据
• I never follow recipes exactly when I cook - I just use them as rough guides. 我烹调时从来不照抄食谱——我只是用它们作个大致指导。
[gaɪd] noun countable
PERSON 人
■a person whose job is showing a place or a particular route to visitors 导游；向导
• We hired a guide to take us up into the mountains. 我们雇了一个向导带我们进入山区。
• a tour guide 导游
[gaɪd] noun countable
INFLUENCE 影响
■a person or thing that influences what you do or think 有影响作用的人（或事物）
• Let your conscience be your guide. 凭你的良心办事。
[gaɪd] verb
HELP 帮助
 IMPROVER transitive
■to show someone how to do something difficult 指导，指引（做困难的事情）
• Our lawyer guided us through the more complicated questions on the form. 我们的律师指导我们答完表格中较为复杂的问题。
[gaɪd] verb
SHOW WAY 展示方法
 ADVANCED transitive
■to show people round a place 给…导游；带…参观；领…四处看
• The curator guided us round the gallery, pointing out the most famous paintings in the collection. 馆长带我们参观了美术馆，并向我们指出馆藏中最为著名的油画。
• a guided tour of the city 在导游带领下浏览该市
transitive
■to take someone somewhere or show them how to get there 给…领路；指引；引导
• The shop assistant guided me to the shelf where the gardening books were displayed. 店员把我带到园艺书籍展架前。
• The runway lights guide the plane in to land. 机场的跑道灯指引飞机降落。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to take hold of part of someone's body, especially their arm, and take them somewhere （尤指抓着某人的胳膊）带…去，领…到，搀扶…去
• He took my arm and guided me to the bar. 他拉着我的肩膀，带我到了酒吧。
[gaɪd] verb
MAKE MOVE 使移动
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to make something move in the direction in which you want it to go 操控；驾驶；（朝某个方向）移动（某物）
• The pilot guided the plane onto the runway. 驾驶员将飞机开到跑道上。
• She guided the child's head and arms into the T-shirt. 她帮孩子套上T恤衫。
[gaɪd] verb
INFLUENCE 影响
transitive
■to influence someone's behaviour 影响…的行为
• Trust your own judgment and don't be guided by what anyone else thinks. 相信你自己的判断力，不要给别人的想法影响你。
guide, direct, conduct, pilot, lead
这组词都有“引导”的意思，其区别是：
guide: 普通用词，可与conduct换用，指引导者与被引导者双方彼此合作，共同努力的关系。
direct: 指为某人指方向，但自己不一定亲自引路，也可表示指导一群人的事或活动。
conduct: 正式用词，指引导某人去某处，强调亲自带领；也强调监督管理一群有共同目的或目标的人。
pilot: 从原义“为飞机、轮船导航”借喻为指亲自带领某人去某处。
lead: 指走在前面给某人引路或带路人共同去达到某一目标。用于抽象意义时，指在某项活动或运动中起主导和组织作用。
n. 指南；向导；入门书
 - manual, enchiridion
vt. [计] 引导；带领；操纵
 - aim, man

Word: plot
Front: plot
[plɒt] (高研四六托雅宝 2967/3096 -K3)
Vocabulary: plot
(once / 150 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4nv
A plot is a scheme, a story, a map charting progress, or a piece of land (as for a garden). To plot is to devise the secret plan, order the events of the story, or track your movement on the map.
You could make a whole movie based the word plot. This could be the plot (story): An evil so-and-so hatches a secret plot (scheme) to follow the explorer to a legendary plot (patch) of land with buried treasure. The explorer plots (draws) the best route to the treasure, but the evil so-and-so steals the plot (map) and gets to the treasure first. What a great story. All that's left is to plot (arrange) the sequence of events for maximum suspense.
WORD FAMILY
plot: counterplot, plots, plotted, plotter, plotting+/counterplot: counterplots, counterplotted, counterplotting/plotter: plotters
USAGE EXAMPLES
“His actors unfold the drama in their very appearances and, as the chic and malevolent plot thickens, so do their various attitudes.”
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The plot is only a little bit of what matters in a Manual Cinema show; the performers are entrancing merely doing what they do.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police raids to disrupt suspected holiday terror plots led to several shootouts in which five militants were killed and 20 arrested.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 地基，基址图; （戏剧、小说等的）情节; 一块地; 测算表
vt. 以图表画出，制图; 密谋; 把…分成小块; 为（文学作品）设计情节
vi. 设计作品情节; 标示于图表上; 密谋，暗中策划
时态：plotted, plotting, plots
分布：情节(32%)，图(25%)，阴谋(24%)，密谋(10%)，计划(5%)，绘图(3%)，标示位置(1%)
→来自古英语plot,小块土地，词源不详。可能来自pele,放平，展开，词源同plan,plate 引 申词义规划，布局，后词义贬义化，用于指密度，阴谋。
n.秘密计划;情节v.标绘,绘制;密谋,策划Lots of pilots plot to dot the rotten robot.大批领航员策划给腐烂的机器人打点.
【参】ploy（n 策略）
US [plɑ:t] noun countable
STORY 故事
 IMPROVER
■the story of a book, film, play, etc 情节
• The film has a very simple plot. 这部电影情节很简单。
• The plots of his books are basically all the same. 他的书情节基本上都一样。
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] noun countable
SECRET PLAN 秘密计划
 ADVANCED
■a secret plan made by several people to do something that is wrong, harmful or not legal, especially to do damage to a person or a government 秘密计划；阴谋
• The plot was discovered before it was carried out. 这项阴谋还未得逞就暴露了。
• [+ to infinitive] The police have foiled a plot to assassinate the president. 警方阻止了一个刺杀总统的阴谋。
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] noun countable
GROUND 土地
■a small piece of land that has been marked or measured for a particular purpose 小块土地，小块地皮
• a vegetable plot 菜地
• There are several plots of land for sale. 有好几块地要出售。
US for * ground plan (BUILDING)
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] noun countable
The plot thickens. humorous
■said when a situation suddenly becomes more complicated or mysterious 情况越来越复杂了
• "Now there are two men phoning her up all the time." "The plot thickens!" “现在有两个男人一直打电话给她。”“情况越来越复杂了！”
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
MARK 作记号
transitive
■to mark or draw something on a piece of paper or a map 在纸或地图上标出，画出
transitive
■to make marks to show the position, movement or development of something, usually in the form of lines or curves between a series of points on a map or piece of paper 在图上标绘…的位置；绘制…的图；标出…的航线
• Radar operators plotted the course of the incoming missile. 雷达操作员标绘出了来袭飞弹的轨迹。
• We've plotted our projected costs for the coming year, and they show a big increase. 我们绘制出了来年的预计成本曲线，从中可以看出成本将大幅增加。
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
SECRET PLAN 秘密计划
intransitive or transitive
■to make a secret plan to do something wrong, harmful or illegal 秘密计划；阴谋
• The army is plotting the overthrow of the government. 军队正密谋推翻政府。
• I can't believe that he's plotting against his own father. 我难以相信他正暗中和自己的父亲作对。
• [+ to infinitive] They're plotting (together) to take over the company. 他们正在（一起）谋划接管该公司。
transitive humorous
■to make a secret plan to do something funny or fun to or for someone 密谋，策划（开某人的玩笑）
• [+ to infinitive] They're plotting to play a trick on their brother. 他们正密谋捉弄他们的哥哥。
• He's plotting a surprise party for his wife's birthday. 他在偷偷为妻子的生日策划一个惊喜派对。
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
STORY 故事
transitive
■to write the plot for something 为…设计情节
• So far I've only plotted (out) the story in a rough form. 到目前为止，我仅仅构思出了故事的基本框架。
sketch, draft, blueprint, diagram, outline, plot
这组词都有“绘制”的意思，其区别是：
sketch: 指用图、模型或语言描述来表示某一事物的整体情况。
draft: 用作动词时指按准确比例设计或打样；作名词时专指精确的草图或草案。
blueprint: 主要指绘制蓝图或制定纲领或规划。这个词引申用来指详细而具体的行动计划。
diagram: 侧重指用图形、图表等来说明。
outline: 主要给出事物要点或轮廓，强调简化了的整体。
plot: 可与draft和diagram换用，但侧重于表示具体的点、面、部分或目标，从而使相互关系以及和整体的关系得以明确。
programme, project, scheme, plan, blueprint, design, plot
这组词都有“计划”的意思，其区别是：
programme: 使用广泛，既可指思想上的计划，又可指任何形式的书面计划或规划。
project: 多指由个人或集体为进行某项工作或完成某一项较大的任务，而制定的计划方案或设想。
scheme: 普通用词，比plan更强调计划的通盘筹划和某些细节的精心安排。在现代英语中，常用于指阴谋诡计。
plan: 最普通常用词，多指事先经过较充分的准备或考虑后制定的计划，也可指非决定性的打算或设想。
blueprint: 从本义蓝图，引申指详细而具体的行动计划。
design: 侧重指按照目标、目的意向，根据固定格式精心作出的计划或安排。
plot: 主要指为实现某一阴谋而拟定秘密的计划。
n. 情节；图；阴谋
 - action, designing, scenario
vt. 密谋； [测] 绘图；划分；标绘
 - lot, to divide
vi. 密谋；策划；绘制
 - be up to something, to plan

Word: framework
Front: framework
[ˈfreɪmwɜ:k] (高研四六托雅 2968/2177 -2)
Vocabulary: framework
(once / 1081 pages)
n
Framework refers to the initial structure of a building. If you ever wanted to walk through walls, you can get your chance when a new house has just the framework done, because the house will have walls with openings for windows and doors but no plaster or siding.
From the literal meaning of framework — the initial structure of a building — English added figurative meanings. The noun framework, for example, can be any underlying structure something is built on, so you will see examples like: a framework for solving the problem, a framework for the computer program, and a framework for a new relationship.
WORD FAMILY
framework: frameworks
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The court stuck with the basic framework of Virginia, so it’s still pretty messed up, especially in Northern Virginia,” Cannon said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But the most important difference is the context in which the two frameworks are being proposed.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
When reached Wednesday by phone, Brinkley, who is a professor at Rice University in Houston, declined to discuss Trump’s framework for the inaugural address.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 构架; 框架; （体系的）结构; 机构，组织
分布：框架(88%)，结构(9%)，体系(3%)
n.构架;框架;结构;组织;机构This bridge over the river has a steel framework.这座跨江大桥是钢骨结构.
US [-wɝ:k] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a supporting structure around which something can be built （建筑物等的）架构，框架
 ADVANCED
■a system of rules, ideas or beliefs that is used to plan or decide something （规则、观念或信仰的）框架，体系，结构
• a legal framework for resolving disputes 解决争端的法律体系
n. 框架，骨架；结构， [建] 构架
 - configuration, mechanics, texture, structure

Word: gesture
Front: gesture
[ˈdʒestʃə(r)] (中高研四六雅宝 2969/2883 -3)
Vocabulary: gesture
(once / 179 pages)
nv
The thing to remember about gesture, whether you're using it as a verb or a noun, is that not only is it a movement of the hands or body, but it's also a movement that has some meaning, intention, or emotion behind it.
When you use gesture, you are entering into a whole history of human communication, because there is no language that exists entirely without gesture (a fun fact to bring up at parties). People can't communicate without gesture. It's so connected to intention that there is a phrase "empty gesture," used to mean an action or movement that is without genuine feeling.
WORD FAMILY
gesture: gestured, gestures, gesturing
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s a logic to the Virginia painters’ show at the Athenaeum, even if their methods allow wild juxtapositions and improvisational gestures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The Russian president, Vladimir V. Putin, declined to respond in kind to the measures, a gesture that Mr. Trump appeared to view favorably.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Watson celebrated with a double-arm motion that was like a raise-the-roof gesture in reverse, as if he were signaling that he was lowering the boom.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 手势，姿势; 举止，动作; 〔古语〕仪态; [计算机]光笔指令
vt. 做手势
vi. 用手势表现，表达或指导
时态：gestured, gesturing, gestures
分布：手势(74%)，姿势(25%)，作手势表达(1%)
→来自词根ger, gest, 含有，带来，词源同exaggerate, gesture. 指指姿势，手势。
姿势;手势(gest+ure→带来信息的动作→手势)[gest,gister=carry,bring,表示"带来,产生"]
n.姿势,姿态,手势v.做手势I guess the guest's gesture suggested that he could not digest well.我猜想客人的手势暗示了他消化不良.
【记】gest带来－带来信息的动作－手势
【参】gesticulate（v 做姿势表达）；
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
MOVEMENT 动作
 ADVANCED
■a movement of the hands, arms or head, etc. to express an idea or feeling 手势；姿势；示意动作
• The prisoner raised his fist in a gesture of defiance as he was led out of the courtroom. 犯人被带出法庭时，举起拳头以示抗议。
• She made a rude gesture at the other driver. 她对另一个司机做了个粗鲁的手势。
UK ['dʒes.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
SYMBOLIC ACT 象征性的行动
 ADVANCED
■an action that you take which expresses your feelings or intentions, although it might have little practical effect 姿态；表示
• The Government donated £500 000 as a gesture of goodwill. 该政府捐助了50万英镑以示友善。
• Not having butter on his potatoes was his only gesture towards healthy eating. 他说要注意饮食健康，可也仅仅是吃马铃薯时不抹奶油而已。
UK ['dʒes.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb intransitive
■to use a gesture to express or emphasize something 做手势；用手势表示；用动作示意
• When he asked where the children were, she gestured vaguely in the direction of the beach. 他问她孩子们在哪里，她心不在焉地朝沙滩方向指了一下。
• He made no answer but walked on, gesturing for me to follow. 他没有回答而继续向前走，打了个手势让我跟上。
n. 姿态；手势
 - motion, sign, stance

Word: depending
Front: depending
[dɪ'pendɪŋ] (2971/35071)
Back: v. 依靠( depend的现在分词 ); 依赖; 信赖; 决定于
分布：依赖(70%)，决定于(15%)，信任(10%)，动词depend的现在分词形式.(5%)
VERB
取决(于);有赖(于)
If you say that one thing depends on another, you mean that the first thing will be affected or determined by the second.
例：The cooking time needed depends on the size of the potato...所需的烹饪时间取决于土豆的大小。
例：What happened later would depend on his talk with De Solina...日后之事将有赖于他与德索利纳的谈话结果。
VERB
依靠;依赖
If you depend on someone or something, you need them in order to be able to survive physically, financially, or emotionally.
例：They may hate what he does but their survival depends on him...他们或许讨厌他的营生，但他们要想活下来必须依靠他。
例：He depended on his writing for his income...他靠写作赚取收入。
VERB
指望;信赖
If you can depend on a person, organization, or law, you know that they will support you or help you when you need them.
例：'You can depend on me,' Cross assured him.“你可以信赖我，”克罗斯向他保证。
VERB
视情形而定;看情况
You use depend in expressions such as it depends to indicate that you cannot give a clear answer to a question because the answer will be affected or determined by other factors.
例：'But how long can you stay in the house?' – 'I don't know. It depends.'...“但你能在这所房子里呆多久呢？”——“我不知道，这要看情况。”
例：It all depends on your definition of punk, doesn't it?“这全视乎你对朋克摇滚乐的定义，不是吗？”
PREP-PHRASE
取决于;根据;由…决定
You use depending on when you are saying that something varies according to the circumstances mentioned.
例：I tend to have a different answer, depending on the family...根据家庭的不同，我往往会给出不同的答案。
例：People in the rest of the country celebrated independence even later, depending on when the news of Congress's action reached them.该国其他地区的人们庆祝独立的时间甚至更晚，这要取决于有关国会决定的消息何时传到了他们那里。
v. 依赖；信任（depend的ing形式）
 - relying

Word: ongoing
Front: ongoing
[ˈɒngəʊɪŋ] (托雅 2970/7144 -2)
Vocabulary: ongoing
(once / 1616 pages)
adj
If something is ongoing, it is happening now. If you have an ongoing argument with your neighbor, it means you were arguing before, you’re arguing now, and it looks like you'll be arguing into the future.
If something is ongoing, it is currently in action. Often in news reports, reference will be made to an ongoing investigation because the police are in the midst of it at the moment of reporting. Ongoing reports are currently in progress as are ongoing repairs. If your teachers say that there will be ongoing testing throughout the year, you won't be done with it until you get out of school.
WORD FAMILY
ongoing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Schmidt declined to discuss the alleged role of a third person who was arrested, a 27-year-old woman, citing the ongoing investigation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Those columns were prompted by the ongoing Black Lives Matter movement, the presidential campaign and disparities along racial lines in every aspect of American life.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A spokeswoman for the NPS declined to comment, citing the ongoing investigation.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 不间断的，进行的; 前进的
n. 前进，发展; 行为，举止
分布：进行的(98%)，不断发展的(2%)
UK [ˌ-'--] US ['ɑ:nˌgoʊ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■continuing to exist or develop, or happening at the present moment 持续存在的；不断发展的；继续进行的；进行中的
• an ongoing investigation/process/project 持续进行的调查／持续的过程／正在实施的工程
• No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations are still ongoing. 还没有达成任何协议，谈判仍在进行。
adj. 不间断的，进行的；前进的
 - advancing, unremitting, uninterrupted
n. 前进；行为，举止
 - behavior, dealing, advancement, going, progress

Word: psychology
Front: psychology
[saɪˈkɒlədʒi] (高研六托雅宝 2972/2980 -3)
Vocabulary: psychology
(once / 252 pages)
n
Psychology refers to the study of human behavior and the human mind, or the mental attitude of a group. Your parents will find it hard to understand the psychology of the teenager.
Psychology is more than just an academic subject. The word refers to the complex mental workings and states a person, group or activity. Marketers use the psychology of consumer behavior to sell you things you don't need. Some self-help books teach you how use psychology - mental strategies and tricks - on someone in order to win arguments or get ahead.
WORD FAMILY
psychology: psychological, psychologies, psychologist +/ psychological: psychologically/ psychologist: psychologists
USAGE EXAMPLES
I recommend the therapy directory on the website of Psychology Today.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
She majored in criminology, law and society and minored in psychology.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Mills politely insisted, and Plummer acknowledges, “I was better as a screen actor because of Mike Mills and his delicate way with psychology.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 心理学; 心理特点; 心理状态; 心理影响
分布：心理(61%)，心理学(39%)
→psycho-,精神，心理，-logy,学科。
心理学(paych心理+o+log+y)[log=science,表示"科学,学科"]
心理学[psych=soul(灵魂)]
n.心理,心理学,心理状态The professor is a specialist of studying a criminal's psychology.这位教授是位研究罪犯心理的专家.
US [-'kɑ:.lə-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the scientific study of the way the human mind works and how it influences behaviour, or the influence of a particular person's character on their behaviour 心理学
• She studied psychology at Harvard. 她在哈佛大学攻读心理学。
• a lecturer in psychology 心理学讲师
• child psychology 儿童心理学
• the psychology of the soldier 士兵心理学
Compare psychiatry
n. [心理] 心理学；心理状态
 - mentation, psychological science

Word: since
Front: since
[sɪns] (中高 260/305 -K5)
Back: prep. 从…以来; 自从…之后; 自从
adv. 以后，此后; 后来; （距今几年）以前; （从那时候起几年）以前
conj. 自从…以来; 自从…的时候起; 既然; 因为
分布：自从(62%)，因为(23%)，既然(8%)，此后(7%)
→来自中古英语 sinnes,缩写自 sithence,来自 sithen,在此以后，-es,-ce,副词后缀，来自古英语 siththan,合成自短语 sith thaem,在此以后，来自 sith,自从，之后，thaem,那，与格形式于 that. 参照 sith,自从，之后。
prep.自从conj.自从;因为,既然ad.后来What have you been doing since I last saw you?自我上次和你见面以后,你在做什么?
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■from a particular time in the past until a later time, or until now 此后，从此
• Emma went to work in New York a year ago, and we haven't seen her since. 埃玛一年前去纽约工作了，自从那时起我们就没有见过她。
• He started working for the company when he left school, and has been there ever since (= and is still there). 他毕业后就开始为这家公司工作，在此之后他一直呆在那里。
• I've long since (= long ago) forgotten any Latin I ever learned. 我早就把我学过的那点拉丁文忘光了。
[sɪnts] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  since, from or for? Remember: To talk about when something began and ended, don't say 'since', say from :
✗ He worked for that company since 1998 to 2006. He worked for that company from 1998 to 2006. To talk about something that has happened from a particular date, use since , but to talk about a general period of time use for :
✗ They have been in England since two years. They have been in England for two years. I have lived here since 1993.
[sɪnts] preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■from a particular time in the past until a later time, or until now 自从…；从…以来
• England have not won the World Cup in football since 1966. 1966年以后，英格兰队就再没有拿过世界杯冠军。
• It was the hottest October since records began. 那是有史以来最热的十月。
[sɪnts] conjunction
BECAUSE 因为
 ESSENTIAL
■because; as 因为；既然
• Since we've got a few minutes to wait for the train, let's have a cup of coffee. 既然等火车还需要几分钟，我们去喝杯咖啡吧。
[sɪnts] conjunction
TIME 时间
■from a particular time in the past until a later time, or until now 自从…；从…以来
• I've been very busy since I came back from holiday. 我度假回来后就一直很忙。
as, because, for, since
这些连词均含有“因为”之意。
as: 从属连词，语意较because, since弱，着重在主句，所表示的原因或理由是“附带的”。
because: 从属连词，语意强，着重直接的原因或理由，所引出的从句是全句的重心，用以回答why提出的问题。
for: 并列连词，语气较弱，所引出的句子一般放在后面，表示附带说明的理由或推断理由。
since: 语意比because弱，但比as强，一般用于表示“由于大家已知的事实”。
conj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后
 - because, for, seeing, when, now
adv. 后来
 - after, subsequently, later on

Word: counselor
Front: counselor
['kaʊnsələ] (托 2973/-)
Vocabulary: counselor
(once / 2044 pages)
n
A counselor is the person you can consult in your time of need. Your school guidance counselor may suggest you take Spanish class next school year. Bueno?
How you define counselor depends on where you are at the time. In court, a counselor is the lawyer who gives clients advice on legal issues and pleads their case in court. During a therapy session, a counselor helps people understand and resolve personal issues. And at summer camp, a counselor is the person who supervises the children's activities and makes sure they stay safe.
WORD FAMILY
counselor: counselors, counselorship+/ counsel: counseled, counseling, counselled, counselling, counsellor, counselor, counsels/ counseling: counselings/counselling: counsellings/counsellor: counsellors, counsellorship
USAGE EXAMPLES
Counselors gather in New Northside Missionary Baptist Church and three other churches on Tuesday nights, hosting drop-in hours for those on the edge of violence.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jasmine, a flight attendant from Tacoma; and Taylor, a mental-health counselor from Seattle.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The structure puts Priebus on the same level as Stephen K. Bannon, whom Trump named to be his senior counselor and chief strategist.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 顾问; <律>律师; （使馆等的）参赞; （协助学生解决问题的）指导老师
分布：顾问(89%)，法律顾问(7%)，参事(3%)，=counsellor.(1%)
【参】consult（v 商量；请教；参考）count（计算）＋seller（n 售货者）都有顾问的感觉
US [-ɚ] US
noun countable
■a lawyer 律师
• [as form of address] I don't think that question is relevant, counselor. 我认为那个问题与本案无关，律师先生。
■someone who looks after children at a summer camp （夏令营的）辅导员
n. 顾问；法律顾问；参事（等于counsellor）
 - consultant, brain truster

Word: witness
Front: witness
[ˈwɪtnəs] (高研四六托雅宝 1970/2473 -K3)
Vocabulary: witness
(once / 74 pages)
nv
If you're walking down the street and see one car run a red light and plow into another, you are a witness to the accident. You saw it and can tell someone else how the accident happened.
The first part of a witness's role is observation. You witness the accident. The second part is telling someone about it — bearing witness. In court, you can be a witness for the defense or prosecution. You can also witness a legal document, like a will, or a wedding conducted by the justice of the peace. Religious people use this word a lot too: being a witness in that sense is being a true believer who tries to convert others.
WORD FAMILY
witness: witnessed, witnesser, witnesses, witnessing+/witnesser: witnessers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The defense put up no witnesses during the seven-day trial.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We are physicians who teach tropical medicine in East Africa each year, where we witness the tragedy of illnesses and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We also witnessed seven Category 5 storms, which is a huge number.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 目击者，见证人; [法]证人; 证据
vt. 出席或知道; 作记录; 提供或作为…的证据
vi. 做证人; 见证
时态：witnessed, witnessing, witnesses
分布：证人(50%)，目击(16%)，见证(14%)，目击者(11%)，证明(7%)，经历(1%)，出席(1%)
→wit,看，-ness,名词后缀。引申词义见证。
n.目击者,证人;证据,证明v.目击,目睹;作证The witty witness withdraws his words within minutes without any reason.诙谐的证人在几分钟之内无故地收回了他说的话.
【记】wit智慧，知道，ness：知情者－证人
noun countable
SEE 看见
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident （尤指犯罪或事故的）目击者
• Police are appealing for witnesses to the accident to come forward. 警方呼吁那场事故的目击者站出来。
• According to (eye) witnesses, the robbery was carried out by two teenage boys. 据目击者说，抢劫案是两个十几岁的少年犯的。
be witness to sth
■to see something happen 看到；目睹
• She was witness to the tragic event. 她目睹了这悲剧。
■someone who is asked to be present at a particular event and sign their name in order to prove that things have been done correctly 见证人；连署人
• He signed the treaty in the presence of two witnesses. 他在两位见证人面前签署了条约。
• They were married a year after they first met, with two friends acting as witnesses. 初次见面一年之后，他们在两位朋友的见证之下结婚了。
['wɪt.nəs] noun countable
LAW 法律
■a person in a law court who states what they know about a legal case or a particular person （法庭上的）证人
• Ten witnesses are expected to testify at the trial today. 在今天的审判中，将有十名证人出庭作证。
• The key witness for the prosecution was offered police protection after she received death threats. 原告的关键证人在受到死亡恐吓后，得到警方的保护。
expert witness
■a person who is allowed to give their opinion in a law court because of their knowledge or practical experience of a particular subject 专家证人
• A psychiatrist was called as an expert witness for the defence. 一位精神病医生作为被告的专家证人被传作证。
['wɪt.nəs] noun countable
bear witness (to sth)
■If something bears witness to a fact, it proves that it is true 见证了（…）；证明了（…）
• The numerous awards on the walls bear witness to his great success. 墙上数不清的奖状证明他的巨大成功。
• As last week's riots bear witness, the political situation is very unstable. 上周的暴乱证明了政治局势非常不稳定。
['wɪt.nəs] verb transitive
BE PRESENT 看到
 IMPROVER
■to see something happen, especially an accident or crime 目击，看到（尤指事故或犯罪）
• Did anyone witness the attack? 有人看到那次袭击吗？
• They were staying in the capital at the time of the riots and witnessed several street battles. 暴乱期间他们留在首都，目击了好几场巷战。
• [+ -ing verb] He arrived home just in time to witness his brother being taken away by the police. 他到家时正好看到他兄弟被员警带走。
■to be present at an event and to sign your name as proof that it happened or that it was done correctly 为…签名作证；连署
• Her will was drawn up by a solicitor and witnessed by two colleagues. 她的遗嘱由一位律师起草，并由两名同事签名作证。
['wɪt.nəs] verb transitive
HAPPEN 发生 formal
■When a place or period witnesses a particular event, the event happens in that place or during that period 是发生…的地点（或时间）
• This university has witnessed quite a few changes over the years. 这所大学多年来经历过很多变革。
• The past few years have witnessed momentous changes throughout Eastern Europe. 过去几年间，整个东欧都发生了重大的变化。
['wɪt.nəs] verb transitive
SHOW 证明
■to show or give proof of something 证明；表明
• This year's charity ball was the most successful one ever, as witnessed by the number of tickets sold. 今年的慈善舞会是最为成功的一次，这可以从出售门票的数量看出来。
• The programme aroused strong feelings - witness the number of letters received. 这个节目激起了强烈的反响——来信的数量便是明证。
['wɪt.nəs] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  witness to sth UK formal
■to state publicly, especially in a law court, that something is true or that it happened （尤指在法庭上）作证，证明…是真实的
• A handwriting expert witnessed to the authenticity of the letter. 笔迹专家证明了这封信并非伪造。
• [+ -ing verb] She witnessed to having seen the robbery take place. 她作证说目睹了抢劫的过程。
look, see, observe, watch, witness
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
look: 侧看“重”的动作。
see: 指看见。
observe: 侧重以客观的态度进行观察。
watch: 指用眼睛跟随某物，以便对每一个变化、运动等进行观察。
witness: 指当场看见，亲眼看见。
testimony, evidence, proof, witness
这组词都有“证据、见证”的意思，其区别是：
testimony: 指证据、证词，多系法律用语。
evidence: 普通用词，在法律上指能起证明作用的，如证明、公证书以及所有的实物东西等。在生活中指任何一样可证明某一件事的真实性的东西。
proof: 指足以直接证明某事为某事实的依据，侧重作为充分证据所导致的结果。
witness: 指证据或证人，尤指后者，且有亲眼见到之意。
n. [法] 证人；目击者；证据
 - proof, teste
vt. 目击；证明；为…作证
 - demonstrate, prove, argue

Word: chapter
Front: chapter
[ˈtʃæptə(r)] (高研四六雅 2976/593 -K4)
Vocabulary: chapter
(once / 52 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A chapter is a section of a book. Some long novels might be divided into twenty or thirty chapters.
The noun chapter is good for talking about a subset or small section of some larger thing. Book chapters are one example, and so is a chapter in a person's life or a chapter of an organization or club. When you mention the "mopey teenage chapter" of your life, you mean one small portion of the years you've lived. And the Montana chapter of a national fan club is made up of only members who live in one state.
WORD FAMILY
chapter: chapters
USAGE EXAMPLES
"This was another chapter in the silent and ruthless war of drug trafficking," state public security secretary, Sergio Fontes, told journalists.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
His chapters are organized with the pleasing precision of a bento box.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"This was another chapter in the silent and ruthless war of drug trafficking," he said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 章，回; （俱乐部、协会等的）分会; 人生或历史上的重要时期
vt. 把…分成章节
分布：章(91%)，篇(5%)，回(4%)
→来自词根cap, 头，词源同captain,capitulation.
n.章;回,篇In this chapter, the capture characterized the characteristics of the characters.俘虏在本章描述了字符的特性.
US [-tɚ] noun countable
BOOK 书
 IMPROVER (written abbreviation chap.)
■any of the separate parts into which a book or other piece of text is divided, usually given a number or title 章，回，篇
• Read Chapter 10 before class tomorrow. 明天上课前阅读第十章。
UK ['tʃæp.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
PERIOD 时期
■a period which is part of a larger amount of time during which something happens 一段时期，阶段
• The period before the revolution is an interesting chapter in British history. 革命前的那段时期是英国历史上一段有趣的时期。
• That chapter of my life closed when I had a serious riding accident. 骑马出了一次严重的意外后，我生命中的那一篇章就结束了。
UK ['tʃæp.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
SOCIETY 社团 US or formal
■a local division of a larger organization （机构组织的）地方分会，地方支部
• The local chapter of the League of Women Voters meets at the library. 女选民联合会的地方分会在图书馆集会。
UK ['tʃæp.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
be a chapter of accidents UK
■to be a series of unpleasant events 灾祸接踵而来
• The whole trip was a chapter of accidents. 整个旅程事故不断。
UK ['tʃæp.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
give / quote sth/sb chapter and verse
■to give exact information about something, especially something in a book 给出…的准确出处／向（某人）提供（资讯的）准确出处
• I can't quote you chapter and verse but I think it's a line from 'Macbeth'. 我说不出它的具体出处，可我觉得它是《马克白》里的一句台词。
n. [语] 章，回；（俱乐部、协会等的）分会；人生或历史上的重要时期
 - Zhang, volte

Word: divorce
Front: divorce
[dɪ'vɔ:s] (高研四六托雅 2978/3853 -K3)
Vocabulary: divorce
(once / 279 pages)
nv
A divorce is a formal ending of a marriage. It’s more permanent than a separation and involves a legal process. If you get a divorce, that means the marriage is officially over.
Divorce has both a noun and a verb form. The noun describes the thing you get — "you are getting a divorce." And the verb describes the thing you do — "you are divorcing your spouse." Divorce can also be used more broadly to describe any major separation. You might know of a politician who divorces himself from a controversial issue — that means he doesn’t want to be associated with it at all.
WORD FAMILY
divorce: divorced, divorcee, divorcement, divorces, divorcing+/divorcee: divorcees/divorcement: divorcements
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new nod to modernity in French laws eases the rules for people who want to divorce.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Her first marriage, to the art historian Mark Lansburgh Jr., ended in divorce.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The prime minister says she will kick-start divorce proceedings by the end of March.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 离婚; 分离
vt. 与…离婚; 分离
vt. & vi. 与（某人）离婚，判（某人）离婚
时态：divorced, divorcing, divorces
分布：离婚(93%)，分离(4%)，使分离(2%)，与 ... 离婚(1%)
→词源同divert, 转开。引申词义离婚。
离婚(di+vorce=vert转→从(丈夫身边)转开→离婚;参考:divert转开)[di-①表示"两个,双"②表示"使…变成,分开,离开"]
v./n.离婚,分离The enforced law reinforced that forced divorce is forbidden.实施的法律强化了禁止强迫离婚.
US [-'vɔ:rs] noun
PEOPLE 人们
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when a marriage is ended by an official or legal process 离婚
• The last I heard they were getting a divorce. 上次我听说他们正在办理离婚手续。
• Divorce is on the increase. 离婚呈上升趋势。
• Ellie wants a divorce. 埃莉想离婚。
• What are the chances of a marriage ending in divorce? 一桩婚姻以离婚而告终的几率有多大？
UK [dɪ'vɔ:s] US [-'vɔ:rs] noun
SUBJECTS 主题
countable formal
■a separation 分离，分隔
• Why is there such a divorce between the arts and the sciences in this country's schools? 为甚么在这个国家学校把艺术和科学完全分隔开来呢？
UK [dɪ'vɔ:s] US [-'vɔ:rs] verb
PEOPLE 人们
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to end your marriage by an official or legal process （与…）离婚
• She's divorcing her husband. 她正在和丈夫闹离婚。
UK [dɪ'vɔ:s] US [-'vɔ:rs] verb
SUBJECTS 主题
transitive
■to separate two subjects 割裂，分割（主题）
• How can you divorce the issues of environmental protection and overpopulation? 你怎能把环境保护和人口过剩这两个议题分割开来呢？
separate, divorce, divide, part
这组词都有“分开”的意思，其区别是：
separate: 指把两个人或物分开，着重从原属一个整体中移居一部分或把两者隔开。
divorce: 特指两个或更多的互为依赖的事物的分离，尤指婚姻的合法解体。
divide: 指把一个整体按要求分成几个部分，暗示分配之意；也可指分开两个对立的事物。
part: 多指使紧密相连的人或物分开，往往暗示最后分离的意味。
vt. 使离婚，使分离；与…离婚
 - separate, split
n. 离婚；分离
 - separation, detachment

Word: owe
Front: owe
[əʊ] (高研四六雅 2979/2323 -K3)
Vocabulary: owe
(once / 80 pages)
v
People owe things when they're in debt to someone. A friend can owe you a favor, and your employer owes you a paycheck.
When you talk about owing, it has to do with what someone deserves from someone else. If you borrow library books, you owe them to the library after a few weeks. When you take out a loan, you owe that money to the bank. You can also owe favors and more abstract things. If a friend did something bad to you, but they've been your friend a long time, you probably owe them a second chance.
WORD FAMILY
owe: owed, owes, owing
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Russian oil firm paid a large court fine owed by one of his aides, spurring accusations that Moscow was buying influence.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here’s true genius, though: Being owed money from two teams that fired you 367 days apart.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nebraska State Tax Commissioner Tony Fulton said Amazon is “exhibiting responsible corporate citizenship. “The tax is owed,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 欠…债; 感激; 应归功于; 怀有情感
时态：owed, owing, owes
分布：钱(69%)，感激(23%)，欠（债(2%)，人情等）(2%)，应当给予(2%)，把...归功于(2%)
→来自古英语agan,拥有，所有，来自Proto-Germanic*aigan,占有，来自aik,掌握，掌管，词源同ought,own.其现义来自古英语习语agan to geldanne,用拥有的去支付或偿还，即own to yield.从而与own产生词义上的差别。
v.欠(债等),应向...付出,归功于,得感谢The answer is: Owing to a shower, the powerful powder is no longer on show.答案是：由于一场阵雨,这种强有力的火药不再展览了.
US [oʊ] verb transitive
HAVE DEBTS 负债
 IMPROVER
■to need to pay or give something to someone because they have lent money to you, or in exchange for something they have done for you 欠（债）；欠（帐）；该偿还
• [+ two objects] I owe Janet ten pounds. 我欠珍妮特十英镑。
• We still owe $1000 on our car (= We still need to pay $1000 before we own our car). 我们的车还欠1000美元未付清。
• I owe you a drink for helping me move. 你帮我搬家，我该请你喝一杯 。
• I think you owe (= should give) me an explanation/apology. 我觉得你得向我解释一下／道歉。
⇒ See also IOU
UK [əʊ] US [oʊ] verb transitive
AS A RESULT 作为结果
■to have success, happiness, a job, etc. only because of what someone has given you or done for you or because of your own efforts 把…归功（于）；把…归因（于）
• I owe my success to my education. 我的成功归功于我所受的教育。
• He owes his life to the staff at the hospital. 他能保住命全亏了这家医院的医护人员。
• I owe everything (= I am very grateful) to my parents. 我非常感激我的父母。
UK [əʊ] US [oʊ] verb transitive
I owe you (one) informal
■said to thank someone for helping you and as a way of saying that you will do something for them in the future 我欠你一份情；我会报答你的这份情
• Thanks for the help, Bill - I owe you one. 谢谢你的帮助，比尔——我欠你个人情。
UK [əʊ] US [oʊ] verb transitive
owe sb a living informal
■to have to provide money for someone to live on, whether they deserve it or not 有义务养活（某人）
• He seems to think the world owes him a living. 他似乎觉得世人都有义务照顾他。
• No one owes you a living. 没人有义务养活你。
UK [əʊ] US [oʊ] verb transitive
owe it to yourself
■to deserve and need to do something which will be good for you 自己理应做，自己当之无愧
• Take a few days off work - you owe it to yourself. 休息几天——你应该歇一歇了。
attribute, owe
attribute: 归因于；
owe: 归功于，用于“某人的好处应归功于”
vt. 欠；感激；应给予；应该把……归功于
 - appreciate, be grateful to

Word: pipe
Front: pipe
[paɪp] (高研四六 2980/2438 -K3)
Vocabulary: pipe
(once / 113 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v
A pipe is a hollow tube that liquid flows through. When your kitchen pipes get clogged, call a plumber. A pipe is also something to put tobacco in and smoke. Old pictures of Santa show him smoking a pipe.
Water moves through pipes before it comes flowing out of your faucets. Other substances, like oil and gas, also flow through pipes. These pipes are usually made of metal or a very sturdy kind of plastic. Other kinds of pipes include the ones you make music with and the one your uncle has to smoke outside, because it's so smelly. Pipe comes from the Vulgar Latin pipa, "tube-shaped musical instrument."
WORD FAMILY
pipe: pipage, piped, pipeful, piper, pipes, piping+/pipeful: pipefuls/piper: pipers/piping: pipings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Throughout the mini-farm, PVC pipes and wires run here and there, connecting to clamps and switches.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Caden looked at it closely before cutting the pipe cleaner in half.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
One little kid dressed up as him for Halloween with pipe cleaners mimicking his long dreadlocks.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 管子; 烟斗; 管乐器; （管风琴的）音管
vt. 以管输送; 用管乐器演奏; 尖声唱
vi. 吹奏管乐器; 尖叫; 尖声地说（或唱），尖声啼鸣; [航海] 吹长哨
时态：piped, piping, pipes
分布：管子(43%)，烟斗(37%)，管乐器(6%)，尖叫(4%)，尖声说(3%)，吹奏(2%)，以管输送(2%)，吹奏管乐(2%)，装管道(1%)
→来自拉丁语pipare,管子发出的叽叽声，砰砰声，拟声词。引申词义管子，管道，管乐器等。
n.管子,导管;烟斗;笛They are laying pipes under the road.他们正在铺设路下面的管子.
noun countable
TUBE 管子
 ADVANCED
■a tube inside which liquid or gas flows from one place to another 管；管子；管道
• a water/gas/sewer pipe 供水管道／煤气管道／污水管
• a burst/fractured/leaking pipe 爆裂／破裂／外泄的管道
[paɪp] noun countable
TOBACCO 烟草
■a short narrow tube with a small container at one end, used for smoking especially tobacco 烟斗
• I ordered some tea for myself and lit my pipe. 我叫了茶，点着了烟斗。
[paɪp] noun countable
INSTRUMENT 乐器
■a simple musical instrument made of a short narrow tube which is played by blowing through it 笛（子）；管乐器
pipes [plural]
■another word for bagpipes bagpipes 的另一种说法
■one of the metal or wood tubes in an organ through which air is pushed to make sound （管风琴的）音管
[paɪp] noun countable
Put / Stick that in your pipe and smoke it! old-fashioned or humorous
■a rude way of telling someone that they must accept what you have just said, even if they do not like it 不管你喜欢与否都要接受！
[paɪp] verb
SPEAK 说
transitive
■to speak or sing in a high voice 用尖嗓子说；尖声唱
[paɪp] verb
TUBE 管子
transitive usually passive [+ adv/prep]
■to transport in a pipe 用管道运输
• Hot water is piped to all apartments from the central boiler room. 热水从中央锅炉房经管道输送到每个公寓套房。
• figurative Music is piped throughout the hotel complex. 音乐声在整栋饭店大楼里回荡。
[paɪp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pipe down informal
■to stop talking or making unnecessary noise 停止讲话（或吵闹）；安静下来
• Will you please pipe down, you two? I'm trying to read! 你们两个能安静下来吗？我在看书呢！
[paɪp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pipe up informal
■to suddenly start to speak or make a noise 突然开始说话（或发出噪音）
• In the silence that followed, a lone voice piped up from the back of the room. 随后一阵沉默，但突然从房间后面传来一个人的声音。
n. [建] 管； [轻] 烟斗；笛
 - tube, cigarette holder
vi. 吹笛；尖叫
 - scream

Word: athletic
Front: athletic
[æθˈletɪk] (高六 2981/8781 -2)
Vocabulary: athletic
(once / 499 pages)
adj
If you're athletic, you have a natural talent for sports and fitness. You might jump nonstop through a strenuous aerobics class, then go run a few miles, and top it off shooting hoops with the basketball team.
If you're a champion speed skater, you've most definitely got an athletic build, and while skinny jeans may not look so great on you, you probably look pretty good in running shorts. You know the ancient Greeks loved athletic competitions — after all, they invented the Olympics. Fittingly enough, the word athletic goes back to the Greek word athlein, meaning "to compete for a prize."
WORD FAMILY
athletic: athletically, athleticism, athletics +/ athlete: athletes, athletic
USAGE EXAMPLES
Will we simply accept the scaling back of programs, both academic and athletic, at our magnificent University of Alaska?
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These days, the 17-year-old athletic department is just crawling - and sometimes swimming - with them.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the athletic competition, Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt becomes the first athlete ever to win the men’s 100-meter final wearing flip-flops.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 运动员的; 运动的; 体格健壮的; 行动敏捷的
分布：运动的(71%)，健壮的(17%)，活跃的(12%)
US [-'letˌ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■strong, healthy and good at sports 强壮的；擅长运动的
• She looks very athletic. 她看上去很健壮。
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■relating to athletes or the sport of athletics 运动员的；田径运动的
• This college has a long tradition of athletic excellence. 这间大学在田径运动方面历来成绩骄人。
adj. 运动的，运动员的；体格健壮的
 - sport, kinetic

Word: slight
Front: slight
[slaɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 2982/2237 -K3)
Vocabulary: slight
(once / 44 pages)
adjvn
Anything slight is very small. There's a slight chance you'll run into a celebrity in New York City — in other words, don't count on it. A slight is also an insult, like giving someone the cold shoulder. Burr.
Every meaning of slight stems from the Old Norse for "small or flimsy." If you have a slight build, you're slim with small bones. A slight deviation from your plan is a tiny adjustment. As a verb, to slight means to ignore or be indifferent toward someone; it's also the noun for the act of ignoring. If you direct a movie and the star doesn't thank you in her award acceptance speech, you'll be offended at the slight.
WORD FAMILY
slight: slighted, slighter, slightest, slighting, slightly, slightness, slights+/slighting: slightingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He provided more goofy celebrations and retained composure every time his slightest mistake became a local crisis.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
China will react as China always does to perceived – or real – slights.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But Lounsbury placed 12th in the triathlon, which was at the Olympic distance, with a slight modification on the run.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 微小的; 细小的; 不结实的; 无须重视的
n. 轻蔑，忽视，冷落
vt. 轻蔑，忽视，怠慢
时态：slighted, slighting, slights
分布：轻微的(61%)，微小的(12%)，轻视(8%)，轻蔑(8%)，怠慢(7%)，忽略(3%)，纤弱的(1%)
→来自古英语种 sliht,光滑的，来自 Proto-Germanic*slihtaz,光滑的，来自 slei,滑的，词源 同 slime,slip.引申词义平的，引申比喻义轻微的，略微的。slight 轻视，怠慢，侮辱
a.轻微的,微小的;纤细的,瘦弱的I slightly delight in flight in the sunlight and lightning.我有点喜欢在阳光和闪电中飞行.
【反】show respect to（表示敬意）；ponderous（adj 沉重的）；grievous（adj 极严重的）；prodigious（adj 巨大的）；massive（adj 厚重的）；cosset（n 宠儿；v 宠爱）
adjective
SMALL IN AMOUNT 少量
 ESSENTIAL
■small in amount or degree 少量的，微小的
• a slight improvement 略微的改善
• a slight incline 缓坡
• I've got a slight headache. 我头有点痛。
• I haven't the slightest idea what he's talking about. 我一点也不明白他在说甚么。
not in the slightest
■not at all 一点也不，一点也没有
• "Does it worry you?" "Not in the slightest." “这让你担心吗?” “一点也不。”
[slaɪt] adjective
THIN 瘦
■(of people) thin and delicate （人）瘦小的，纤弱的
• Like most long-distance runners she is very slight. 和大多数长跑运动员一样，她十分苗条。
[slaɪt] verb transitive
■to insult someone by not paying them any attention or treating them as if they are not important 轻视，冷落；怠慢
• I felt slighted when my boss thanked everyone but me for their hard work. 我的老板感谢了每个人所付出的辛劳，唯独没有感谢我，这让我感到自己受到了冷落。
[slaɪt] noun countable
■when a person fails to pay attention to someone or to treat them with the respect that they deserve 轻视；冷落
• I regarded her failure to acknowledge my greeting as a slight. 她没有理会我的问候，我认为这是在轻视我。
lean, slim, slight, slender, thin
这组词都有“瘦的”的意思，其区别是：
lean: 侧重缺少脂肪。既可能是因病而瘦，也可能因饥饿而消瘦。也指身体消瘦，但肌肉结实，身体健康。
slim: 指身体的细长，体重轻不着重外形的优美，可用于不同的性别，常用于减轻体重的人。
slight: 指身材又瘦又小。
slender: 指身体细长、体态优美、苗条适中，多用于指女性。
thin: 普通用词，指腰细、骨架窄，常因疾病或疲劳而消瘦。
adj. 轻微的，少量的；脆弱的；细长的；不重要的
 - small, tender, mild, spare
vt. 轻视，忽略；怠慢
 - forget, despise
n. 怠慢；轻蔑
 - go-by, floccinaucinihilipilification

Word: math
Front: math
[mæθ] (中 2983/36820 -1)
Vocabulary: math
(once / 1803 pages)
n
Math is the science of numbers. You may start out learning addition and subtraction in math, and then end up years later tackling multivariable implicit differentiation problems. Say what?!
Math is the common, shortened form of mathematics, which comes from the Greek mathematike tekhne, "mathematical science," from the root mathema, "knowledge or science." Math is one of the basic subjects that are covered in nearly every school, from basic addition to calculus. If someone says, "Do the math," they usually mean, "Just think about it — it's so obvious."
WORD FAMILY
math: maths
USAGE EXAMPLES
Through the Learning Fund, student tutors offer help with a variety of middle and high school subjects, including foreign language, math, English and other topics.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We use the farm to teach chemistry, math, biology,” she explained to me one morning between classes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He is a math teacher at the high school.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 数学（等于mathematics）
分布：数学(100%)
→缩写自mathematics.
N-UNCOUNT
同 mathematics
Math is the same as mathematics .
例：He studied math in college.他上大学时专业是数学。
n. 数学（等于mathematics）
 - arith

Word: shade
Front: shade
[ʃeɪd] (高研四六托 2984/3205 -K3)
Back: n. 遮阳，遮棚; 挡风物; 玻璃罩; （画的）阴暗部分
vt. 遮蔽; 险胜; 加灯罩; 画阴影于…之上
vi. 逐渐变化
时态：shaded, shading, shades
分布：阴影(41%)，遮蔽(18%)，渐变(15%)，遮光物(13%)，使阴暗(8%)，使渐变(5%)
→来自古英语 scead,遮盖，树阴，来自 Proto-Germanic*skadwaz,遮盖，来自 skot,遮盖，掩 盖，黑暗，可能来自 skeu,隐藏，遮盖，词源同 shoe,hide.引申诸相关词义。
n.荫,阴影;遮光物,罩v.遮蔽,遮光She shaded her face from the sun with her hand.她用手挡脸,遮蔽阳光.
【记】在夜幕降临的时候，shade和周围的颜色差别越来越小－细微差别
noun
SLIGHT DARKNESS 昏暗
 ADVANCED uncountable
■slight darkness caused by something blocking the direct light from the sun 阴处；阴凉处
• The sun was hot, and there were no trees to offer us shade. 太阳火辣辣的，没有树让我们遮阳。
• The children played in/under the shade of a large beach umbrella. 孩子们在一把大沙滩遮阳伞下的阴凉处玩耍。
⇒ See also sunshade
 ADVANCED countable
■a covering that is put over an electric light in order to make it less bright 灯罩
• The lamps all had matching purple shades. 这些灯都有与之相配的紫色灯罩。
uncountable specialized (also shading)
■the parts of a picture or painting that the artist has made slightly darker than the other parts （画作中的）阴影部分，暗部
• A good artist can produce a very realistic effect using only light and shade. 高明的艺术家只用明暗色调就能创造出一种栩栩如生的效果。
shades [plural] informal
■dark glasses 太阳镜，墨镜
• She was wearing a black leather jacket and shades. 她穿了一件黑色皮夹克，戴着太阳眼镜。
countable US for * roller blind
[ʃeɪd] noun
DEGREE 程度
countable
■a type or degree of a colour 色调，色度
• Their kitchen is painted an unusual shade of yellow/an unusual yellow shade. 他们的厨房被刷成了一种少见的黄色。
• This hair colouring comes in several shades. 这种染发剂有几种深浅不同的颜色。
• The room has been decorated in pastel shades (= soft and light colours) throughout. 整个房间采用了清淡柔和的色彩作装饰。
countable
■type or variation 种类；差别
• They are hoping to satisfy all shades of public opinion. 他们希望能让持各种不同意见的人们都满意。
• There are several shades of meaning in that sentence. 那句话有多层意思。
a shade
■slightly 少许，少量
• Don't you think those trousers are a shade too tight? 难道你不觉得那条裤子稍嫌太紧了吗？
• The journey took us a shade over/under three hours. 旅途花了我们三个小时多一点／近三个小时。
• Our new car cost us a shade more/less than we were expecting it to. 我们买新车所花的钱比我们预期的要多／少一点。
shades of sth/sb informal
■similarities with something or someone 与…的相似处
• I fancied there were shades of socialism in the way the school was run. 我认为，这所学校的管理方式与社会主义有些类似。
■said to mean that something or someone makes you remember something or someone similar in the past 像（过去某人或某物）的样子
• In his speech he said - shades of Martin Luther King Jr. - that he had a dream. 他在演讲中说道——像小马丁‧路德‧金一样——他有一个梦。
[ʃeɪd] noun
light and shade
■different parts of the character of a person or the quality of a thing 丰富多彩，多种多样
• The orchestra's playing brought out the light and shade in the music. 该管弦乐队在演奏中表现出了音乐丰富的层次感。
[ʃeɪd] noun
put/leave sb in the shade
■to be so good that another person or thing does not seem important or worth very much 使黯然失色，使相形见绌
• Although I thought I'd done well, my sister's exam results put mine in the shade. 尽管我认为自己考得不错，但我妹妹的考试成绩让我相形见绌。
[ʃeɪd] noun
shades of grey
■the possibility of uncertainty 不确定性，灰色区域
• The film presents a straightforward choice between good and evil, with no shades of grey. 这部电影在善恶之间的选择问题上泾渭分明，没有半点模棱两可的地方。
[ʃeɪd] verb
STOP LIGHT 遮光
transitive
■to prevent direct light from shining on something 给…遮住直射光线
• I shaded my eyes from the glare of the sun. 我遮住眼睛，避开刺眼的阳光。
• The broad avenues are shaded by splendid trees. 宽阔的大道荫庇在大树下。
[ʃeɪd] verb
CHANGE 变化
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to gradually change or become 逐渐变化，渐变
• At sunset, the sky shaded from pink into dark red. 日落时分，天空逐渐由粉色变为深红。
• Their views shade into the policies of the extreme left of the party. 他们的观点逐渐演变成党内极左派的政策。
[ʃeɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shade sth in
■to make part of a picture darker 将（图画某部分）的颜色加深
shadow, shade
这组词都有“荫，荫凉处”的意思，其区别是：
shadow: 常指光线被物体挡住所产生的阴影，影子，有明显的轮廓。
shade: 指阳光被遮挡后出现的荫凉处，如树荫等，无一定的轮廓或边界。
n. 树荫；阴影；阴凉处；遮阳物；（照片等的）明暗度；少量、些微；细微的差别
 - umbrage, fantom
vt. 使阴暗；使渐变；为…遮阳；使阴郁；掩盖
 - dull, overshadow
vi. （颜色、色彩等）渐变
 - graduate

Word: tail
Front: tail
[teɪl] (中高研四六托 2985/2604 -K3)
Back: n. 尾; 尾部; 燕尾服; 尾随者
vt. 跟踪; 装上尾巴
vi. 队伍单行行进时拉长或产生间隔; 侦察队两两散开; [建筑学] 嵌上，搭上
时态：tailed, tailing, tails
分布：尾巴(75%)，尾部(12%)，跟踪(4%)，尾随(3%)，后部(2%)，辫子(1%)，逐渐减少(1%)，附于其后(1%)，为 ... 装尾巴(1%)
→来自古英语 taegl,尾巴，来自 Proto-Germanic*tagla,尾巴，尾毛，来自 dok,尾巴上的毛， 来自 dek,撕，扯，分开。
n.尾巴;尾部;跟踪者vt.尾随,跟踪Details about the tailor's tail are available from the prevailing dailies.有关我缝在尾巴的细节可从流行的日报上得到.
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 IMPROVER
■a part of an animal's body, sticking out from the base of the back, or something similar in shape or position 尾巴；尾状物
• The dog wagged its tail excitedly. 那只狗兴奋地摇着尾巴。
[teɪl] noun countable
PERSON FOLLOWING 跟随着的人 informal
■someone who follows another person to discover where the other person goes to, who they speak to, what they do, etc. 盯梢人
[teɪl] noun countable
COIN SIDE 硬币面
tails
uncountable
■the side of a coin which does not have a picture of someone's head on it 硬币反面（通常指没有头像的一面）
[teɪl] noun countable
JACKET 夹克衫
tails
[plural]
■a tailcoat
[teɪl] noun countable
be on sb's tail
■to follow someone closely 紧紧跟随（某人）
• That driver's been on my tail for miles. 那人驾车紧跟在我后面有好几英里了。
[teɪl] noun countable
get off your tail US slang
■to stop being lazy and start doing something 收心；准备做事
• You've just got to get off your tail and start looking for a job. 你应该收心了，开始找份工作吧。
[teɪl] noun countable
leave/go off, etc. with your tail between your legs
■to leave, feeling ashamed and embarrassed because you have failed or made a mistake （因失败或犯错）夹着尾巴离开，灰溜溜地离开，垂头丧气地走开
• The losing team went off with their tails between their legs. 失利的球队夹着尾巴灰溜溜地走了。
[teɪl] noun countable
tail wagging the dog
■when a large group has to do something to satisfy a small group 本末倒置，主次颠倒
[teɪl] verb transitive
■to follow and watch someone very closely, especially in order to get information secretly 跟踪（某人），盯（某人）的梢
• That car has been tailing me for the last 10 minutes. 那辆车一直在跟踪我，跟了有十分钟了。
[teɪl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  tail back UK
■If traffic tails back, it forms a long line and moves very slowly or stops （车辆）排起长龙
• There is traffic tailing back along the motorway for ten miles because of road repairs. 由于道路维修，车辆在高速公路上排起了十英里的长龙。
[teɪl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  tail off
■to reduce in amount or become lower in level 逐渐变小，逐渐减弱
• His voice tailed off as he drifted into sleep. 他迷迷糊糊地快睡着了，说话声越来越小。
• The profits tailed off after a few years. 几年后，利润越来越少。
n. 尾部；辫子；踪迹；燕尾服
 - track, rump
vt. 尾随；装上尾巴
 - dog, shadow
vi. 跟踪；变少或缩小
 - follow up the scent
adj. 尾部的；从后面而来的
 - caudal

Word: sustain
Front: sustain
[səˈsteɪn] (研四六托雅宝 2986/2774 -3)
Vocabulary: sustain
(once / 155 pages)
v
Sustain means to support something or keep it going. If you get hungry in the mid-afternoon, you might try snacking to sustain your energy through dinner.
Beams and rafters sustain a roof––they keep it up. If you sustain a conversation over the course of hours, you keep it going during that time. If you sustain an injury, it means you are injured. If you sustain an interest in what you're studying, it means that you're just as excited about the subject after studying as you are when you began.
WORD FAMILY
sustain: sustainable, sustained, sustainer, sustaining, sustainment, sustains, sustenance +/ sustainable: sustainability, sustainably/ sustained: self-sustained, sustainedly/sustainer: sustainers/sustaining: self-sustaining/sustainment: sustainments/ sustenance: sustenances
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Sustaining this policy will allow for further opening, further travel, further U.S. business opportunities.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
An officer sustained a minor injury to his hand, Nicholson said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Post-mortem tests confirmed he died from injuries sustained in the fall.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 维持; 支撑，支持; 遭受，忍受; 供养
时态：sustained, sustaining, sustains
分布：维持(69%)，支持(16%)，承受(13%)，认可(1%)，经受(1%)
→sus-,在下，向上，-tain,持，握，词源同 contain,tenure.引申诸相关词义。
支撑;承受(sus+tain握住→在下面握住→支撑)[sus-表示"在…下面"]
支持;赡养(sus下面+tain→在下面拿住[撑住]→支持)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
vt.支撑,撑住;维持,持续,经受,忍耐Having attained the entertaining center, the retained man was detained and sustained pain.到达娱乐中心后,聘请的男子遭到拘留并经受到痛苦.
verb transitive
CONTINUE 继续
 ADVANCED
■to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time 保持，维持，使持续，使继续
• The economy looks set to sustain its growth into next year. 看来经济增长会持续到明年。
• He seems to find it difficult to sustain relationships with women. 他似乎觉得和女人维持关系并不容易。
• US The judge sustained (= accepted) the lawyer's objection. 法官接受了律师的反对意见。
■to keep alive 维持…的生命，供养
• The soil in this part of the world is not rich enough to sustain a large population. 这里的土地不够肥沃，无法供养大量人口。
[sə'steɪn] verb transitive
SUFFER 遭受 formal
■to suffer or experience, especially damage or loss 经历，遭受（尤指破坏或损失）
• She sustained multiple injuries in the accident. 她在这次事故中有多处受伤。
• Most buildings sustained only minimal damage in the earthquake. 在这次地震中，大多数建筑物受到的破坏都很小。
• The company has sustained heavy losses this year. 公司今年遭受严重的亏损。
[sə'steɪn] verb transitive
SUPPORT 支持
■to support emotionally （情感上）支持
• She was sustained by the strength of her religious faith. 宗教信仰的力量支撑着她。
• The love of my family and friends sustained me through my ordeal. 家人和朋友的爱支撑着我渡过难关。
support, sustain, back, uphold, advocate
这组词都有“支持，支援，拥护”的意思，其区别是：
support: 含义广泛，多指在道义上或物质上支持某人，也可指对某项事业的支持。
sustain: 侧重指连续不断的支持。
back: 通常指对论点、行动、事业等的强有力支持。
uphold: 既可指积极努力对陷入困境者的支持，也可指给某人在行动、道义或信仰上的支持。
advocate: 多指通过写文章或发表演说等来支持或拥护，往往暗示提倡某事或为某事辩护。
sustain, undergo, suffer, experience
这组词都有“经历，经受，遭受”的意思，其区别是：
sustain: 指遭受痛苦或承受负担。
undergo: 多指经受艰难、痛苦、不愉快或危险等事。
suffer: 常可与sustain通用，尤指受到损害或伤害。
experience: 指亲身经受或体验某事。
vt. 维持；支撑，承担；忍受；供养；证实
 - maintain, undertake, support, accept, favor

Word: mount
Front: mount
[maʊnt] (研四六雅 2987/2596 -K3)
Vocabulary: mount
(once / 61 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v 5n
To mount is to climb up something, like a ladder, or get on the back of something, like a horse. You can also mount something on another object, like a camera on a tripod or a sticker on a notebook.
The word mountain can help you remember that one way to mount is to climb. You can mount a mountain or a flight of stairs. You can also mount a pony by getting on its back or a bicycle by climbing onto it. The oldest meaning of mount is, in fact, "mountain," from the Old French word mont, which has its root in the Latin montem for “mountain."
WORD FAMILY
mount: dismount, mounted, mounter, mounting, mounts, remount+/ dismount: dismounted, dismounting, dismounts/mounter: mounters/mounting: mountings/remount: remounted, remounting, remounts
USAGE EXAMPLES
EDF is pushing on regardless, but the financial strain is mounting.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Among the reasons are a mounting burden of regulation and the difficulty of matching the purchasing clout and pricing power of giants such as Walmart.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
The ritual involved in filling them from taps mounted on the white-tiled wall behind the zinc bar is mesmerizing to watch.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 登上; 骑上
vi. 增加; 上升
vt. 安装，架置; 镶嵌，嵌入; 准备上演; 成立（军队等）
n. 山峰; 攀，登; 运载工具; 底座
时态：mounted, mounting, mounts
分布：山(61%)，峰(17%)，登上(7%)，上升(7%)，爬上(3%)，支架(2%)，底板(1%)，乘用马(1%)，装上(1%)
→来自拉丁语mons,山峰，高山，山，来自men,升出，突起，词源同eminent,amount.引申动词词义攀登，骑上，安装等。
山丘v.登上[mount=ascend,表示"登上"]
v.登上;安装n.支架,底板;(用于山名前)山峰I mounted the mountain and found a fountain with large amount of water.我登上那座山发现一个水量很大的喷泉.
verb
INCREASE 增加
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to gradually increase, rise, or get bigger 增加；增长；上升
• The children's excitement is mounting as Christmas gets nearer. 随着圣诞临近，孩子都越来越兴奋。
[maʊnt] verb
GET ON 乘上
intransitive or transitive
■to get on a horse, bicycle, etc. in order to ride 骑上（马、脚踏车等）
• She mounted her horse and rode off. 她骑上马走了。
[maʊnt] verb
GO UP 登上
transitive
■to go up or onto 登上
• He mounted the platform and began to speak to the assembled crowd. 他登上讲台，开始对集会的群众发表演讲。
• formal Queen Elizabeth II mounted the throne (= became queen) in 1952. 女王伊丽莎白二世1952年即位。
[maʊnt] verb
ORGANIZE 组织
transitive
■to organize and begin an activity or event 组织；发动；开展；举行
• to mount an attack/campaign/challenge/protest 发动进攻／开展运动／提出挑战／发起抗议
• to mount an exhibition/display 举办展览
[maʊnt] verb
FIX 固定
transitive
■to fix something on a wall, in a frame etc., so that it can be viewed or used 安放，安装；镶嵌；裱贴
• The children's work has been mounted on cards and put up on the walls of the classroom. 孩子的作品都装裱在卡片上，张贴在教室的墙上。
• The CCTV camera is mounted above the main door. 闭路电视的摄像机安装在大门的上方。
[maʊnt] verb
GUARD 警卫
transitive
■to place someone on guard 设置（岗哨）；担任（警卫）
• Sentries are mounted outside the palace at all times. 宫殿外一直有哨兵站岗。
mount guard (on/over sb)
■to guard someone 守护，保卫（某人）
• Armed security officers are employed to mount guard over the president. 雇用了武装保安人员来保护总统。
[maʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mount up
■to gradually become a large amount （逐渐）增加，增长
• It isn't a good idea to let bills mount up. 让帐单越积越多可不是个好办法。
[maʊnt] noun countable
HORSE 马 formal
■a horse 马
• an excellent mount for a child 供孩子骑的好马
[maʊnt] noun countable
FOR A PICTURE ETC. 用以展示图画等物的
■something, such as a piece of card, that you put something on to show it 裱褙
• I'm looking for a piece of card I can use as a mount for this picture. 我在找一张可以用来装裱这幅画的卡纸。
hill, volcano, mountain, range, mount, peak
这组词都有“山”的意思，其区别是：
hill: 通常指小的土山、石山或浅丘。有时也指高山，复数表群山。
volcano: 特指主要由喷出的熔岩和火山灰堆积而成的圆锥形火山。
mountain: 通常指比hill高而陡的高山、山岳。但这种区别不是绝对的，“大”与“小”常常是相对而言。
range: 形成的山脉或岭。
mount: 常用于地名之前， 即一般放在专用名词前，书面用词。
peak: 指山峰，也可指山顶。
climb, mount, ascend
这组词都有“攀登，上升”的意思，其区别是：
climb: 普通用词，含义广泛，侧重运用手足费力地攀登或上升，也可指抽象事物。
mount: 书面用词，词义与ascend相近，强调连续不断地向上移动、攀登或上涨。指骑马时用mount。
ascend: 正式用词，指不用手攀，一直上升直到相当高的地方。
vt. 增加；爬上；使骑上马
 - enhance, boost, jack, hot, gain
vi. 爬；上升
 - climb, arise, raise, go up
n. 山峰；底座；乘骑用马
 - peak, foundation plate

Word: obligation
Front: obligation
[ˌɒblɪˈgeɪʃn] (研四六托雅宝 2988/2182 -2)
Vocabulary: obligation
(once / 226 pages)
n
An obligation is a duty. It's your obligation or responsibility to call your mom on Mother's Day. Sending flowers would be even better.
When you are morally or legally bound to a particular commitment, it's your obligation to follow through on it. If you see a crime taking place, for example, it's your obligation to notify the police. If an elderly person comes onto a full bus, it's your obligation to give up your seat for him. Sometimes when you enter a formal agreement with someone involving money, you might have to sign an obligation that states you are committed to paying back what you've borrowed.
WORD FAMILY
obligation: obligational, obligations+/ obligate: obligated, obligates, obligating, obligation / obligated: unobligated
USAGE EXAMPLES
Our greatest obligation will be to defend democracy itself, along with republican norms for governing and the openness that free societies require.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The Houston Chronicle reports that Mayor Sylvester Turner attributes the $95 million deficit to the continued growth of the city’s pension obligations.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The United States, in other words, ranks with countries that conspicuously are not in full compliance with their international obligations.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 义务，责任; 证券，契约; 债务; 恩惠
分布：义务(72%)，责任(28%)
→来自oblige,强迫，迫使，责任。
责任(oblige承担)[-ation表名词"行为,过程,结果"]
责任;债务(oblige对...负责任,ob[=to]+lig捆→捆起来)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
n.义务,责任You are under no obligation to answer our questions.你没有回答我们问题的义务.
US [ˌɑ:.blə-] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when you are obliged to do something 义务；责任；职责
• [+ to infinitive] If you have not signed a contract, you are under no obligation to (= it is not necessary to) pay them any money. 如果你没有签合同，你就没有义务付给他们钱。
• You have a legal obligation to (= The law says you must) ensure your child receives a proper education. 法律规定你有义务确保自己的孩子接受合理的教育。
 ADVANCED countable
■something that you must do 必须要做的事情
• I haven't got time to do his work for him - I've got too many obligations as it is. 我没有时间帮他干活儿——我自己的事还多得做不完呢。
obligation, duty, function, responsibility
这组词都有“义务”的意思，其区别是：
obligation: 指道义上或法律上对他人的义务，强调强制性。也指因作出承诺而被迫履行的某种义务。
duty: 指按道德和法律的标准，一个人永远要尽的义务，强调自觉性。
function: 指因职务或职业关系去履行某种职责。
responsibility: 指任何义务、职责、责任或职务上所尽的本分，强调对他人的责任。
n. [法] 义务；职责；债务
 - debt, liability

Word: angle
Front: angle
[ˈæŋgl] (高研四托 2989/2346 -K3)
Vocabulary: angle
(once / 231 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v
Remember all those pesky geometry classes in high school? Then you'll remember measuring the angle or space between two intersecting lines in degrees. If you recall that a right angle measures ninety degrees, give yourself a bonus.
Angle can also mean a biased way of looking at or presenting something. Talk radio stations, for example, often discuss current events with a "political angle." On a far more peaceful note, to angle also means simply to fish, both in the literal sense of trying to catch a fish on a hook or in the metaphorical sense of trying to subtly obtain something without being seen to do so directly, as in, "I'm going to angle for a promotion at work."
WORD FAMILY
angle: angled, angler, angles, angling, angular, angulate+/ angler: anglers/angling: anglings/ angular: angularest, angularity, angularly/angularity: angularities/angulate: angulated, angulating, angulation
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here are some other key angles that emerged from the game, entering the offseason:
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
So you get your insecurities challenged from both angles.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Here are some other key angles to follow around the game:
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 角; [比喻]（考虑、问题的）角度; 观点; 轮廓鲜明的突出体
vt. 使形成（或弯成）角度; 把…放置成一角度; 调整（或对准）…的角度; 使（新闻、报道等）带有倾向性
vi. 垂钓; 斜移; 弯曲成一角度; 从（某角度）报道
时态：angled, angling, angles
分布：角(68%)，角度(29%)，观点(1%)，谋取(1%)，钓鱼(1%)
→来自词根ang, 弯。可能与anger同源。
n.角,角度v.钓鱼;(采用各种方法)取得The language angel hanged up the gang and banged them at the angle of the triangle.语文天使将那伙人吊起朝三角形的角上猛撞.
noun countable
SPACE 空间
 ADVANCED
■the space between two lines or surfaces at the point at which they touch each other, measured in degrees 角；角度
• The interior angles of a square are right angles or angles of 90 degrees. 正方形的内角是直角，即90度角。
• The boat settled into the mud at a 35 degree angle. 船身呈35度角倾斜着陷入烂泥中。
at an angle
■not horizontal or vertical, but sloping in one direction 倾斜地，成一定角度
• The boat settled into the mud at an angle of 35 degrees. 船身呈35度角倾斜着陷入烂泥中。
• The picture was hanging at an angle. 画斜挂着。
• He wore his hat at a jaunty angle. 他歪戴着帽子。
■the corner of a building, table, or anything with straight sides （建筑物、桌子等的）角，边角
['æŋ.gl] noun countable
POSITION 位置
■a position from which something is viewed 视角
• The tower is visible from every angle/all angles. 从任何角度都可以看到这座塔。
• I realised I was looking at it from the wrong angle. 我意识到当时考虑它的角度不对。
['æŋ.gl] noun countable
WAY OF THINKING 思考方式
■a way of considering, judging or dealing with something 观点；立场；方式；角度
• Try looking at the problem from another angle] from my angle. 尝试换个角度／从我的角度来看这个问题。
• The press was looking for a new/fresh angle on the situation. 新闻界正在寻找一个新的角度来审度这种局面。
['æŋ.gl] verb transitive
SLOPE 斜度
■to aim, turn or position something in a direction that is not horizontal or vertical 倾斜放置，歪斜转动
• The stage had been steeply angled (= was sloping very noticeably). 舞台倾斜得厉害。
['æŋ.gl] verb transitive
DIRECT 指向
■to direct information at a particular group of people 向（特定人群）提供资讯；定位于
• The magazine is angled at the 20-35 year-old women's market. 该杂志以20岁到35岁之间的女性读者为对象。
['æŋ.gl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  angle for sth mainly disapproving
■If someone is angling for something, they are trying to get something without asking for it directly （用暗示等方法）猎取，谋求
• He's clearly angling for a job/an invitation. 很明显，他在拐弯抹角地想得到一份工作／一张请柬。
corner, angle
这组词都有“角”的意思，其区别是：
corner: 多指物体的棱角或房间、街道的角落。
angle: 几何学上的用词，指两条直线相交而成的角。也可引申指看问题的方面或角度。
aspect, side, phase, angle
这组词都有“方面”的意思，其区别是：
aspect: 着重以特定观点对事物进行观察或考虑。
side: 可与aspect和phase换用，但更着重构成事物全貌的一个或多个方面。
phase: 指可以对事物进行观察或描述或考虑的任何方面。
angle: 专指从某一角度去观察、考虑事物的某个方面。
vi. 钓鱼；谋取
 - fish, figure for
n. 角度， [数] 角
 - hao, jiao

Word: palm
Front: palm
[pɑ:m] (研四六雅 2991/3703 -2)
Vocabulary: palm
(once / 210 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
Your palm is the inside part of your hand. When you clap, you smack your palms together repeatedly.
Your palm extends from your wrist to your fingers. You can hold an orange in your palm or rest your palm on your friend's feverish forehead. Palm can also be a verb, meaning "steal" or "hide inside your hand." So a magician might palm a coin in her palm, and a shoplifter might palm a diamond ring in a jewelry store. Palm trees are named for their leaves' similarity to the fingers of a large hand.
WORD FAMILY
palm: palmar, palmed, palming, palmlike, palms
USAGE EXAMPLES
At one point, he hit a Palm Beach Lakes running back so hard that the player stumbled grotesquely around the field before collapsing.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Snowden, with no exit options, was in the palm of their hands.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
The man was brought to the boat dock at Silver Palm Park and flown to St. Mary’s Medical Center in West Palm Beach.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 手掌; 手心; 棕榈树 ; 由Palm公司发明的一种PDA上的操作系统
v. 将…藏于掌中
时态：palmed, palming, palms
分布：棕榈(68%)，手掌(31%)，诓骗某人(1%)
→来自拉丁语palma,手掌，棕榈叶，棕榈树，来自pel,展开，平的，词源同plan,plain.
n.手掌,掌状物,棕榈vt.与...握手,藏...于掌中She placed the money in his palm.她把钱放在他的手心里.
noun countable
HAND 手
 ADVANCED
■the inside part of your hand from your wrist to the base of your fingers 手掌，手心
• This tiny device fits into the palm of your hand. 这个微型装置可以放入你的掌心。
read sb's palm
■to look at the lines on the inside of someone's hand and tell them what these lines say about their character and their future 给（某人）看手相（算命）
[pɑ:m] noun countable
TREE 树 (also palm tree)
■a tree that grows in hot countries and has a tall trunk with a mass of long pointed leaves at the top 棕榈树
• date palms 枣椰树
• palm fronds 棕榈叶
• The island has long golden beaches fringed by palm trees. 这个小岛周围金色海滩绵延，环抱于绿色的棕榈中。
[pɑ:m] noun countable
have sb in the palm of your hand (also have sb eating out of the palm of your hand)
■to have complete control over someone and to be able to make them do anything you want them to 把（某人）抓在手心里，完全控制（某人）
• He had the audience in the palm of his hand. 他牢牢地抓住了观众的心。
[pɑ:m] verb transitive
■to make something seem to disappear by hiding it in the palm of your hand as part of a trick, or to steal something by picking it up in a way that will not be noticed （变戏法或偷窃时）把…藏在手心内
• I suspected that he had palmed a playing card. 我怀疑他把一张纸牌藏在手心里。
[pɑ:m] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] palm sth off
■to give away something, or persuade someone to accept something, because you do not want it and you know it has no value 把（自己不想要或无价值的东西）硬塞给（或卖给）
• She tried to palm her old car off on me. 她试图骗我买下她那辆旧汽车。
[pɑ:m] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  palm sb off with sth
■to give someone an untrue or unsatisfactory answer, or to give them something that has no value in order to try to satisfy them and make them go away 用（不实或应付之辞或无价值之物）打发（某人）
• You're not going to palm me off with that feeble excuse. 你别妄想可以用那个站不住脚的借口打发我。
n. 手掌； [林] 棕榈树；掌状物
 - vola

Word: differ
Front: differ
[ˈdɪfə(r)] (高研四六雅 2990/2552 -2)
Vocabulary: differ
(once / 15 pages)
v
To differ is to be different, or to vary. Your list of favorite movies might differ from your sister's, especially if you like romantic comedies and she likes action films.
Gas prices differ from state to state, and sometimes even from one side of the street to the other. Opinions on politics can often differ within a single family, and sometimes food preferences differ so much that no one can decide where to eat lunch. The verb differ can mean simply "be unlike," but it can also mean "clash" or "dissent." The Latin root, differre, combines dis, "away from," with ferre, "carry."
WORD FAMILY
differ: differed, different, differing, differs+/ difference: differences, differential, differentiate / different: difference, differently, indifferent / differential: differentially, differentials/ differentiate: dedifferentiate, differentiable, differentiated, differentiates, differentiating, differentiation, differentiator/differentiated: dedifferentiated, undifferentiated/ differentiation: dedifferentiation, differentiations/ indifference: indifferences/ indifferent: indifference, indifferenter, indifferently
USAGE EXAMPLES
But on Nato, protectionism, climate change, Islam and much else, they differ fundamentally.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The speakers at Heritage that day differed in the degree of optimism they allowed themselves.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
While the majority of our Pacific Northwest society might think winter salmon anglers are significantly disturbed, I beg to differ.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 不同，相异; 不同意，意见相左; 争吵
时态：differed, differing, differs
分布：不同(99%)，有区别(1%)
→dis-, 分开，不同。-fer, 携带，含有，词源同bring, infer. 即不同的，分开的。
不同(dif+fer带来→带来不同→不同)[dif-和辅音重复表示"不,否定,分开"]
不同(dif分开+fer→分开带→不同)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
v.(from)与...不同;(with)与...意见不同Our tastes differ from each other.我们的嗜好不同.
US [-ɚ] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to be not like something or someone else, either physically or in another way 不同，不一样，有区别
• The twins look alike, but they differ in temperament. 这对双胞胎长得相像，但性格却不同。
• His views differ considerably from those of his parents. 他的观点与其父母大相径庭。
• The findings of the various studies differ significantly/markedly/radically. 各项研究的结果之间相差极大／明显／巨大。
• The incidence of the illness differs greatly between men and women. 该病的发病率男女相差很大。
■formal
■to disagree 意见不一致，有分歧
• Economists differ on the cause of inflation. 经济学家们对通货膨胀的原因看法不一。
• I beg to differ with you on that point. 在那一点上恕我与你看法不同。
differ, disagree, object
这组词都有“不同意，反对”的意思，其区别是：
differ: 可替换disagree，但语气较温和，是disagree的委婉说法。
disagree: 指彼此间意见或看法不同，任何言行上的不合。
object: 语气强烈，侧重对某一具体计划、行为或作法等表示反对。常跟前置词to连用。
vi. 相异；意见分歧
 - divide

Word: custom
Front: custom
[ˈkʌstəm] (高研四六托雅 2993/2344 -K2)
Vocabulary: custom
(once / 75 pages)
1n 2adj 3n 4n
If something has been done a certain way for a long time and has become generally accepted, it's a custom. Asking strangers for candy on one night a year would seem strange if it weren't an established custom.
If you have been imprisoned in a far off country when you were just trying to blend in, you might have misunderstood the local customs. Custom can be traced back to the Latin verb consuescere, meaning "to accustom," in other words "to get used to." Custom can also describe something that you order made just the way you want it. Your five-seated bicycle is very original; was it custom-made?
WORD FAMILY
custom: customary, customise, customize, customs +/ customary: customarily/ customize: customized, customizes, customizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Customs and Border Patrol computer problems hit several U.S. airports on Monday, causing long lines at immigration checks, airport officials said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Immigration and Customs Enforcement said in its 2016 review released Friday.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This year, Republicans will drop that custom in their dash to scrap the Affordable Care Act.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 习惯，惯例; 海关，关税; 经常光顾; [总称]（经常性的）顾客
adj. （衣服等）定做的，定制的
分布：风俗(39%)，习惯(32%)，定制的(10%)，惯例(8%)，关税(6%)，定做的(5%)
→来自拉丁词consuetus, 来自词根su, 自己的，词源同self, idiom. 即形成自己的习惯。对进口商品惯常性的征收一定的税金或费用并最终形成专门的政府机构，词义由惯例引申为海关。
n.习惯,风俗,惯例;(pl.)海关,关税The customers are accustomed to the disgusting custom.顾客们习惯了令人讨厌的风俗.
noun
TRADITION 传统
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a way of behaving or a belief which has been established for a long time 风俗，习俗；传统
• a local/ancient custom 当地的／古老的风俗
• [+ to infinitive] In my country, it's the custom (for women) to get married in white. 在我国，女子结婚穿白衣是一种习俗。
['kʌs.təm] noun
USUAL ACTIVITY 通常的活动
only singular
■something you usually do 习惯；惯例
• He left the house at nine exactly, as is his custom. 他九点准时离开了家，这是他的习惯。
['kʌs.təm] noun
TRADE 商业
uncountable
■the support given to a business, especially a shop, by the people who buy things or services from it （尤指对商店的）光顾，惠顾
• Most of our custom comes from tourists nowadays. 如今我们大部分生意来自游客。
• If we don't give good service, people will take their custom elsewhere. 如果我们不能提供良好的服务，人们就会光顾别处。
['kʌs.təm] noun
OFFICIAL CHECK 核检
customs [plural]
■the place at a port, airport or border where travellers' bags are looked at to find out if any goods are being carried illegally 海关
• to go through customs 通过海关
habit, practice, tradition, convention, usage, manners, custom
这组词都有“习惯，风俗，传统”的意思，其区别是：
habit: 侧重于自然养成的，不易去掉的个人习惯。
practice: 常指习惯性的做法或行为。
tradition: 广义指世代相传的伦理、行为规范和生活方式，特指因长久奉行而几乎具有法律效力的习惯、习俗，侧重历史意义。
convention: 多指约定俗成的行为方式规则或公认的标准，或指艺术上公认的技巧。
usage: 指持续时间长，为很多人公认采纳的惯例、习俗。
manners: 指在某一时期或某一团体中盛行的社会礼仪或社会风俗模式。
custom: 指一个国家、一个民族、一个地区或一个社会的习惯、行为方式或风俗习惯。也可指个人的习惯。
n. 习惯；风俗；海关
 - manner, habit, way
adj. 定制的，定做的
 - made-to-order, tailored

Word: store
Front: store
[stɔ:(r)] (中高雅 700/1583 -K4)
Vocabulary: store
(once / 61 pages)
nv
As the sentence "This store stores a large store of rubber ducks" will tell you, store is a word with a lot of definitions. Among these are "a place that sells items," "the act of keeping things for future use," and "a supply of something."
As a noun, store often refers to a place where things are sold, such as an electronics store. This meaning of the word likely sprang up from the original meaning, "a supply of something kept for future use." As a verb, store refers to the act of putting things away for later. Chipmunks store nuts in their cheeks, people store their winter clothes when springtime arrives, and techies store information on backup drives.
WORD FAMILY
store: storage, stored, stores, storing+/ storage: storages
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fire department ordered shoppers to leave the store, but some didn’t want to leave even as managers closed it.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The fire department ordered shoppers to leave the store, but some didn't want to leave even as managers closed it.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After dragging my then girlfriend around at least 10 NYC Nike stores I eventually found them.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 商店; 贮存物; 仓库; 大量
v. 贮存; （在计算机里）存储
时态：stored, storing, stores
分布：储存(50%)，商店(28%)，贮藏(13%)，保存(8%)，充裕(1%)
→来自古法语 estorer,建造，修复，储存，贮藏，来自拉丁语 instaurare,修复，安装，存储，来 自 in-,进入，-staur,放置，来自 sta,站立，建立，词源同 stand,stall.引申诸相关词义。
n.商店,店铺;贮藏,贮备品v.贮藏,贮备There is a large store behind the shop.商店后面有一个大仓库.
US [stɔ:r] noun
SHOP 商店
 ESSENTIAL countable UK
■a large shop where you can buy many different types of goods （大型）百货商店
• a department store 百货商场
• a DIY/furniture store DIY 家俱商场
 ESSENTIAL countable US
■any type of shop 商店，店铺
• a clothing/liquor store 服装店／小酒铺
• a convenience store 便利店
UK [stɔ:r] US [stɔ:r] noun
STH KEPT 储存
countable
■an amount of something which is being kept for future use 储存量，储备量
• He's got an impressively large store of wine in his cellar. 他的酒窖里储存了数量惊人的葡萄酒。
• Food stores are reported to be running dangerously low in the capital. 据报道，首都的食品储量很少，形势危急。
• figurative I'm afraid my great store of wit is rather depleted (= I'm not able to be very amusing) this evening. 今天晚上我恐怕是有点黔驴技穷，风趣不起来。
countable
■a building in which things are kept until they are needed 仓库，储藏所
• a grain/weapons store 粮仓／军火库
UK [stɔ:r] US [stɔ:r] noun
in store IMPROVER
■going to happen soon 即将发生
• You never know what's in store for you. 你永远不会知道等待你的是甚么。
• There's a bit of a shock in store for him when he gets home tonight! 今天晚上他回家，将会有个小小的冲击等着他！
UK [stɔ:r] US [stɔ:r] noun
set great / little , etc. store by sth
■to consider something to be of great, little, etc. importance or value 认为…很重要／不重要，看重／不看重…
• She's setting a lot of store by this job interview - I only hope she gets it. 她对这次求职面试寄予厚望——我只希望她能如愿以偿。
UK [stɔ:r] US [stɔ:r] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
 IMPROVER
■to put or keep things in a special place for use in the future 储存；储备；储藏
• The data is stored on a hard disk and backed up on a CD. 资料储存在一个硬碟上，并用软碟做了备份。
• I stored my possessions in my mother's house while I was living in Spain. 我在西班牙居住期间，把我的东西放在我母亲那里。
• I've stored my thick sweaters and jackets (away) until next winter. 我把厚毛衣和外套收了起来，等到来年冬天再穿。
• Squirrels store (up) nuts for the winter. 松鼠为过冬储藏坚果。
UK [stɔ:r] US [stɔ:r] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] store sth up
■to keep a lot of something in one place, to be used in the future 储存，储藏，储备
• We believe that he has been training an army and storing up arms. 我们确信他一直在训练军队，储备武器。
■to remember things, usually so that you can tell people about them later （通常指为转告他人而）记住，牢记
• I listen in to their conversations and store it all up to tell you later. 我会偷听他们的谈话，记住所有内容，然后告诉你。
store up trouble/problems
■to act in a way that will make your problems much worse in the future 使麻烦／问题愈来愈严重
• If you don't deal with the problem now, you'll be storing up trouble for yourself in the future. 如果你现在不处理这个问题，你会给自己将来带来更多麻烦。
shop, store, department
这组词都有“商店”的意思，其区别是：
shop: 指规模较小，出售同一类商品的店铺。
store: 在美国指出售同一类商品的小型商店。在英国用复数形式表示百货商店。
department: 作商店解时，是美国英语，通常写为department store。
conserve, store, save, maintain, preserve
这组词都有“保存，储藏”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 较正式用词，指小心地使用难以补充的资源或贵重物，免遭浪费或毁坏，以备不时之需。
store: 普通用词，指将物品存放，以备将来使用。
save: 普通用词，指尽量少用，以争取数量上有所增加。
maintain: 指保持原样，不增不减
preserve: 侧重将物品完好无损地保存下来。
n. 商店； [贸易] [金融] 储备，贮藏； [建] [经] 仓库
 - shop, reserve, warehouse, market
vt. 贮藏， [贸易] 储存
 - reposit, put away

Word: economist
Front: economist
[ɪˈkɒnəmɪst] (2994/4224)
Vocabulary: economist
(once / 353 pages)
n
The word economist is close economics, which is the science of money. An economist is a person who practices that science.
If your economics course isn't being taught by an economist, the chances are you should switch sections. In the 16th century, the word was used to describe the person who managed the household, which certainly explains courses in "home economics." But the current meaning of economist — a person who studies the flow of cash and credit between people, institutions, banks, etc. — first developed during the 18th century. Perhaps that's no surprise either, as that's when the global economy truly became, well, global.
WORD FAMILY
economist: economists+/ economic: economically, microeconomic, uneconomic/ economical: uneconomical /economise: economised, economiser, economises, economising/economiser: economisers/ economize: economized, economizer, economizes, economizing/economizer: economizers/ economy: economic, economical, economies, economise, economist, economize /uneconomic: uneconomically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Businesses simply haven’t adjusted to a world of low interest rates,” said Paul Ashworth, chief North American economist for Capital Economics Ltd., a research firm.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Later that morning, at 10, the Commerce Department will report on factory orders in November, with economists looking for a decline of 2.6 percent.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s clear that there’s been a bounce in sentiment since the election,” said Mark Zandi, chief economist for Moody’s Analytics.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 经济学家，经济专家
分布：经济学家(100%)
US [-'kɑ:.nə-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who studies or has a special knowledge of economics 经济学家
n. [经] 经济学者；节俭的人
 - saver

Word: fifteen
Front: fifteen
[ˌfɪfˈti:n] (中高 2995/1736 -5)
Back: n. 十五; 十五个人组成的橄榄球队
分布：十五(100%)
num.十五pron./a.十五(个,只...)He is fifteen years old.他十五岁.
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 15 15（数字）
• thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen 13，14，15，16
• "How many books were returned?" "Fifteen (books)." “还回了多少本书？”“15本。”
n. 十五；十五个；十五人组成的橄榄球队
 - galleon

Word: soup
Front: soup
[su:p] (中高研四六托 2997/4360 -K2)
Back: n. 汤，羹; 浓雾; 硝化甘油炸药; 困境
vt. 加大马力
时态：souped, souping, soups
分布：汤(96%)，羹(3%)，增大威力(1%)
→来自法语 soupe,汤， 浓汤， 来自拉丁语 suppa,面包汤， 浸在汤汁里面的面包片， 借自 Proto-Germanic*supo,汤，来自 seue,液体，汁液，词源同 sop,sup,soak.
n.汤Cousin saw a group of couples in cloaks soak their souls in the soapy soup.表哥看见一群穿着斗篷的夫妇在肥皂汤里浸泡灵魂.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a usually hot, liquid food made from vegetables, meat or fish 汤；羹
• chicken/oxtail/fish/tomato soup 鸡／牛尾／鱼／番茄汤
• Would you like a bowl of soup? 你要不要来碗汤？
[su:p] noun countable or uncountable
be in the soup old-fashioned informal
■to be in an unpleasant or difficult situation 处在困境中
[su:p] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] soup sth up informal
■to make something more powerful or more attractive by making changes to it, especially when it is old 加强（尤指旧物）的性能；对…进行改良
• New circuit boards can be used to soup up existing machines. 新电路板可用来提高现有机器的性能。
souped-up /ˌsuːptˈʌp] adjective
• a souped-up Mini 加大马力的迷你汽车
n. 汤，羹；马力
 - horsepower, gippo
vt. 加速；增加马力
 - increase speed, quicken up

Word: celebration
Front: celebration
[ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn] (高 2996/3379 -K3)
Vocabulary: celebration
(once / 572 pages)
1n 2n
A celebration is a joyful diversion. Your math class might have a celebration when you learn that the midterm has been postponed for a week.
A celebration can be a festive party commemorating some joyous occasion, like your grandparents' fiftieth anniversary celebration or your brother's birthday celebration. It can also be a less formal marking of a happy event, like the arrival of your new puppy. Another meaning of celebration is a religious ceremony, such as communion or a bar mitzvah.
WORD FAMILY
celebration: celebrations+/ celebrate: celebrated, celebrater, celebrates, celebrating, celebration, celebrator, celebratory/celebrater: celebraters/celebrator: celebrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police said that a search of his apartment turned up no evidence of any concrete danger to New Year’s Eve celebrations.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Only days ago, an online message from a pro-Islamic State group called for attacks by "lone wolves" on "celebrations, gatherings and clubs".
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“They used hand grenades and machine gun and transformed their celebration to mourning.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 庆祝; 庆祝会（仪式）; 颂扬
分布：典礼(89%)，宗教仪式(11%)
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a special social event, such as a party, when you celebrate something, or the act of celebrating something 庆祝活动；庆祝会
• There were lively New Year celebrations all over town. 全城到处是喜迎新年的活动。
• Such good news calls for (= deserves) a celebration! 这样的好消息可喜可贺！
• Let's buy some champagne in celebration of her safe arrival. 我们买点香槟酒庆祝她平安到达吧。
n. 庆典，庆祝会；庆祝；颂扬
 - festival, commemoration

Word: efficient
Front: efficient
[ɪˈfɪʃnt] (研四六托雅 2998/2196 -K3)
Vocabulary: efficient
(once / 180 pages)
adj
The adjective efficient describes function and use with the least amount of waste and most economy.
When you want to define the adjective efficient, it's a good idea to say as much as you can in as few words as possible because to be efficient is to be economical and avoid waste in actions or uses. The word comes from the Latin efficientem which means "work out" or "accomplish." Synonyms of efficient are effective, productive, and competent.
WORD FAMILY
efficient: efficiency, efficiently, inefficient +/ efficiency: efficiencies/inefficiency: inefficiencies/ inefficient: inefficiency, inefficiently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Since his accident, he’s done more of his bicycle training indoors, and been surprised by how efficient it is.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Now the authority is spending about that much to remove the old sign and replace it with a more efficient one that’s an exact replica.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
They're also capable of amazing intellectual feats: solving mazes, maintaining a balanced diet and even “designing” an efficient railway system.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 有效率的; （直接）生效的; 能干的; （因省钱、省时或省力等而）收效大的
分布：效率高的(87%)，胜任的(13%)
(做事)有效的(ef出+fic+ent→能做出事来→有效率的)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
a.有效的,效率高的;有能力的,能胜任的The efficient ancient scientist had conscience in science.那个能干的古代科学家在科学上有良知.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■working or operating quickly and effectively in an organized way 效率高的；有能力的；有效的；生效的
• The city's transport system is one of the most efficient in Europe. 这座城市的交通系统运行效率很高，在全欧洲名列前茅。
• We need someone really efficient who can organize the office and make it run smoothly. 我们需要的人必须要高效干练，善于组织筹划，能使这个办事处顺畅运作。
efficient, effective
这组词都有“有效的”的意思，其区别是：
efficient: “效率高的”，“有能力的”，用以指人或物，着重有效地利用时间、精力并取得预期效果。如：The German telephone system is highly efficient. (德国的电话系统效率很高。)
effective: 常用以指物，强调能产生某种预期的效果。如：effective medicine, effective method等。
adj. 有效率的；有能力的；生效的
 - able, competent

Word: damage
Front: damage
[ˈdæmɪdʒ] (高研四六雅 1522/1074 -K4)
Vocabulary: damage
(once / 128 pages)
1nv 2n
When you damage something you hurt it in a way that makes it less valuable or useful. Say you throw a baseball and it flies over your friend's head and cracks your dad's windshield. Congratulations, you've damaged your dad's car.
Damage can also be a noun. That crack in the windshield? It doesn't matter whether you 'fess up or blame your friend or a giant falling acorn. It made the car less valuable and harder to drive, therefore it is considered damage. Another meaning of damage implies the damage done to your wallet when you buy something. In a restaurant, you might hear someone ask "What's the damage?" when the check comes to the table.
WORD FAMILY
damage: damaged, damages, damaging+/ damaged: undamaged/damaging: damagingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Among her most damaging acts, she passed information on the location of U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
No one was hurt in the fires, but they did result in hundreds of thousands of dollars in damage.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At Abuja airport, a South African Airways plane was damaged on landing in August.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 损害，毁坏
n. 损害，损毁; 赔偿金
时态：damaged, damaging, damages
分布：损害(59%)，损失(30%)，毁坏(11%)
→来自拉丁语damnum, 损失，伤害，词源同damn.
v./n.损害,毁坏n.(pl.)损害赔偿费It is imaginable that breaking the engagement will damage his image.可以想象,违反婚约将损害他的形象.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to harm or spoil something 损害，损坏，破坏
• Many buildings were badly damaged during the war. 许多建筑物在战争中严重受损。
• It was a scandal which damaged a lot of reputations. 这是一宗使人名誉扫地的丑闻。
['dæm.ɪdʒ] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■harm or injury 损害，危害；损坏；伤害
• Strong winds had caused serious damage to the roof. 强风使屋顶严重受损。
• Recent discoveries about corruption have done serious damage to the company's reputation. 近来曝光的一些腐败行为使那间公司的声誉受到严重损害。
• The doctors were worried that he might have suffered brain damage. 医生们担心他可能受到了脑损伤。
damages [plural] legal
■money which is paid to someone by a person or organization who has been responsible for causing them some injury or loss 赔偿（金），赔款
• The politician was awarded £50,000 damages over false allegations made by the newspaper. 那位政治家获得了报馆因报道失实而向他支付的五万英镑赔偿金。
• The police have been ordered to pay substantial damages to the families of the two dead boys. 警方被责令向两名死亡儿童的家人支付巨额赔偿金。
['dæm.ɪdʒ] noun
the damage is done
■said to mean that it is too late to improve a bad situation 为时已晚，覆水难收
• I didn't even know I'd offended her till Colin told me and then it was too late - the damage was done. 经科林提醒，我才发觉自己冒犯了她，可是为时已晚。
['dæm.ɪdʒ] noun
What's the damage? informal humorous
■used to ask how much something has cost you 花了多少钱？
['dæm.ɪdʒ] noun
  Common Learner Errors  damage In its first meaning, damage does not have a plural form and cannot be used with a or an. To talk about an amount of damage , do not say 'damages', say damage , some damage or a lot of damage :
✗ Tourism causes damages to the environment. Tourism causes a lot of damage to the environment.
damages, damage
damages: 复数形式, 赔偿金 $900 damages
damage: 不可数名词, 损害,损失;
destroy, break, wreck, ruin, spoil, damage
这组词都有“破坏，损坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，含导致无用，不能或很难再修复的意味。
break: 普通用词，指某物因被打破或撕破而受到破坏，可指有形或无形的破坏。
wreck: 侧重指船只、车辆、房屋等受到严重破坏或完全毁坏，也可指计划、健康受到损害。
ruin: 多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭，侧重破坏的彻底性，也可用于引申意义。
spoil: 强调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值，而且会导致不可避免的毁灭。
damage: 多指对无生命物体的损害，造成降低价值、破坏功能等后果。
destroy, harm, ruin, damage
这组词都有“破坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 指十分彻底的毁坏，破坏。如：The whole city was destroyed in the earthquake.( 地震中整个城市被毁了。)
harm: 多指带来悲痛，产生恶果的伤害，可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如：Doctors say smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。)
ruin: 为正式用词，强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏，用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏名声，期望等。如：She poured water all over my painting and ruined it. (她把水倒在画上，把它毁了。)另外，ruin的复数形式ruins表“废墟”。
damage: 一般指部分性的破坏，含可修复使用。
harm, hurt, damage, disable, injure, wound
这组词都有“损害，伤害”的意思，其区别是：
harm: 主要用于有生命的东西，语气略强于injure，指引起严重的痛苦和损伤；有时也用于抽象事物，指造成任何不良后果。
hurt: 普通用词，较口语化，侧重指给有生命的东西造成机体上或精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。
damage: 通常指对无生命物体的损害，并有降低其价值，破坏其功能等的后果。
disable: 强调使伤残。
injure: 较hurt正式，多用于有生命的事物。既可指伤害别人的事物。即可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等，又可指使别人受伤或东西受损，同时含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失功能的意味。
wound: 专指对身体的重伤，尤指在战斗中受的伤，强调外部创伤；也可指精神方面的伤害。
vi. 损害；损毁；赔偿金
 - do harm to, let in for
n. 损害；损毁
 - injury, harm, lesion
vt. 损害，毁坏
 - destroy, hurt, blast

Word: composition
Front: composition
[ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃn] (中高研四六托雅 3000/2911 -1)
Vocabulary: composition
(once / 197 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Composition is another word for writing — the act of writing or the piece of writing that results. It also refers to what something is made of.
The word composition comes from the Latin componere, meaning "put together" and its meaning remains close to this. Writing classes are often called composition classes, and writing music is also called composition. This can also describe things besides writing that are "put together." You could say an abstract painting has an interesting composition. Any mixture of ingredients can be called a composition. Geologists study the composition of the earth: what it's made of and how it formed.
WORD FAMILY
composition: compositional, compositions+/ component: components/ compose: component, composed, composer, composes, composing, composition, compositor, composure, decompose, discompose/ composed: composedly / composer: composers/compositional: compositionally, decompositional/compositor: compositors/ composure: composures/decomposable: undecomposable/ decompose: decomposable, decomposed, decomposes, decomposing, decomposition / decomposition: decompositions/discompose: discomposed, discomposes, discomposing, discomposure/discomposed: discomposedly/discomposure: discomposures
USAGE EXAMPLES
After high school, Shore majored in composition at the Berklee College of Music in Boston.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The racial breakdown roughly matched the composition of local and state police departments nationwide, according to federal data.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
"And we do not believe that it is appropriate to attack the composition of the democratically-elected government of an ally."
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 作文，作曲; 创作; 构图，布置; 妥协，和解
分布：作文(62%)，成分(24%)，作品(8%)，合成物(4%)，组织(2%)
作文;组合(com一起+posit+ion→放到一起→组合→作文)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
n.作品,作文,乐曲;作曲;结构,组成,成分The composer was proposed to decompose his composition into components.作曲家被建议将著作分解成单元.
US [ˌkɑ:m-] noun
MUSIC/ART 音乐／艺术
countable
■a piece of music that someone has written （音乐）作品，乐曲
• This concerto is one of her earlier/later compositions. 这首协奏曲是她早期／后期的作品之一。
uncountable
■the process or skill of writing music 音乐创作（技巧），作曲（技巧）
• At music school I studied piano and composition. 我在音乐学校学习钢琴和作曲。
countable
■the way that people or things are arranged in a painting or photograph （绘画或照片的）构图，构思，布局
• a group composition 组合构思
UK [ˌkɒm.pə'zɪʃ.ən] US [ˌkɑ:m-] noun
PIECE OF WRITING 作文
countable or uncountable old-fashioned
■a short piece of writing about a particular subject, done by a student 作文
• a 200-word composition 一篇200字的作文
UK [ˌkɒm.pə'zɪʃ.ən] US [ˌkɑ:m-] noun
FORMED FROM 由…构成
uncountable
■the parts, substances, etc. that something is made of 成分；构成；结构
• the composition of the atmosphere 大气的成分
article, paper, theme, composition, dissertation, essay, prose, thesis
这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
article: 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
paper: 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
theme: 一般指大学或高中生作为作业所写的篇幅有限、较完整论述某个观点的文章。也可指作品或谈话的主要论题。
composition: 多指学校里老师给学生的作文练习。
dissertation: 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
essay: 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
prose: 专指散文。
thesis: 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
element, component, composition, ingredient
element: 指“元素”类的“成分”
component: 尤用于机械装置的成分
composition: 尤用于指物体内在固有的不可分割的成分，如氢于水
ingredient: 主要指混合物的成分
n. 作文，作曲； [材] 构成；合成物
 - synthetic, songwriting

Word: satisfy
Front: satisfy
[ˈsætɪsfaɪ] (中高研四六托 3001/2775 -K2)
Vocabulary: satisfy
(once / 34 pages)
v
To satisfy is to fulfill or meet a want, need, requirement, or expectation. A brilliant paper on Edgar Allan Poe might satisfy a literature class requirement, and a candy bar might satisfy a craving for chocolate.
Since there are so many things we need and want, there are lots of ways to satisfy us. Eating a sandwich will satisfy your hunger. Overhearing a conversation could satisfy your curiosity. Going to school should satisfy your desire for knowledge. In college, you'll have to take certain classes to satisfy requirements of your degree. The word comes from the Latin satisfacere, which basically means “do enough.”
WORD FAMILY
satisfy: dissatisfy, satisfaction, satisfactory, satisfiable, satisfied, satisfier, satisfies, satisfying+/ dissatisfaction: dissatisfactions/dissatisfactory: dissatisfactorily/ dissatisfied: dissatisfiedly/ dissatisfy: dissatisfaction, dissatisfactory, dissatisfied, dissatisfies, dissatisfying/ satisfaction: satisfactions, self-satisfaction/ satisfactory: satisfactorily, satisfactoriness, unsatisfactory/satisfiable: unsatisfiable/ satisfied: satisfiedest, satisfiedly, self-satisfied, unsatisfied/satisfier: satisfiers/satisfying: satisfyingly, unsatisfying/unsatisfactory: unsatisfactorily, unsatisfactoriness/unsatisfiable: unsatisfiably/unsatisfying: unsatisfyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Time is ticking for Minnesota to upgrade its driver’s licenses to satisfy looming federal requirements to board domestic flights.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Although satisfied with the ruling, Chen vowed to continue legal challenges to force an apology.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
At this time of year, many mathematically curious folk spend time looking for satisfying number patterns like this one involving the new date.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 使满意，满足
vt. 使确信; 符合，达到（要求、规定、标准等）; 消除; 履行
vi. 使满足或足够; 使满意
时态：satisfied, satisfying, satisfies
分布：满足(95%)，使满意(4%)，清偿(1%)
→来自拉丁语 satisfacere,使满意，使足够，来自 satis,足够的，词源同 satiate,facere,做，制造， 词源同 fact,factory.
使满足(satis+fy化→使...满足)[sati,satis,satur=enough,fulloffood,表示"足够,饱足"]
v.满意,使满意,使相信,说服They were satisfied with the new house.他们对新房子十分满意.
US ['sætˌ-] verb transitive
WANTING 想要
 IMPROVER
■to please someone by giving them what they want or need 使满足，使满意
• They have 31 flavours of ice-cream - enough to satisfy everyone! 他们有31种口味的霜淇淋——足以满足所有人！
• Come on, satisfy my curiosity (= tell me what I want to know) , what happened last night? 来，满足一下我的好奇心，昨天晚上发生了甚么事？
satisfy conditions/needs/requirements
■to have or provide something that is needed or wanted 达到条件／满足需要／符合要求
• She satisfies all the requirements for the job. 她符合这项工作的所有要求。
• There are three main conditions you must satisfy if you wish to be a member of the club. 要想成为俱乐部成员，必须符合三个主要条件。
UK ['sæt.ɪs.faɪ] US ['sætˌ-] verb transitive
BELIEVING 相信
■to make someone believe that something is true 使确信；使相信
• His explanation satisfied the court. 法庭接受了他的解释。
• [R + (that)] I satisfied myself (that) I had locked the door. 我确定自己已经锁门了。
• formal The authorities were satisfied of (= they accepted) the seriousness of his situation. 当局相信他的处境很危急。
satisfy, meet, fulfil
这组词都有“满足”的意思，其区别是：
satisfy: 指完全达到预定的条件、要求、标准或期望、心愿等。
meet: 指最低限度地达到预期的标准，或强调要达到这个标准的困难。
fulfil: 与satisfy基本同义，但侧重指实现的情况好于一般标准。
vi. 令人满意；令人满足
 - turn up trumps
vt. 满足；说服，使相信；使满意，使高兴
 - meet, fulfill, fill, please, reason

Word: pile
Front: pile
[paɪl] (高研四六托 3003/3229 -K3)
Vocabulary: pile
(once / 137 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n
A pile is a heap of stuff that keeps accumulating, like the dirty laundry in the back of your closet, or Uncle Scrooge’s money.
Pile can be used as a noun or a verb. If you pile rocks on top of each other, you will eventually have a...pile of rocks. Unlike the word stack, pile implies that your heap of stuff is fairly messy. It can also mean cram. When eight people pile into a car with only five seats, they’re likely to be pretty much squashed.
WORD FAMILY
pile: piled, piles, piling, pilous+/piling: pilings/pilous: depilous
USAGE EXAMPLES
We kick a path through piles of confetti from room to room.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The national referendum result was narrow but Remain votes piled up in big cities, affluent suburbs and Scotland.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Atlanta piled up 323 yards in the first two quarters, and also benefited from a 46-yard pass interference penalty against Roman Harper.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 桩; 一堆; 绒头; 摞
vt. 堆起; 堆叠; 放置; 装入
vi. 蜂拥，拥挤
时态：piled, piling, piles
分布：桩(48%)，堆(43%)，堆积(4%)，大量(2%)，绒面(1%)，积累(1%)，夸张(1%)
→来自拉丁语pila,柱子，桥墩，词源同pole,pillar.引申词义堆，摞。pile 绒毛，毛发
n.堆,大量,大数目v.(up)堆,叠,堆积A pile of dirty clothes lay by the washing machine.一堆脏衣服放在洗衣机旁边.
noun
AMOUNT 数量
 IMPROVER countable
■objects positioned one on top of another 叠；垛；堆
• a large pile of sand 一大堆沙
• a pile of books 一叠书
• a pile of dirty clothes 一大堆脏衣服
• informal I've got piles/a pile (= a lot) of things to do today. 我今天有一大堆事情要做。
[paɪl] noun
COLUMN 支柱
countable
■a strong column or post of wood, steel or concrete which is pushed into the ground to help support a building （建筑物的）柱，桩
[paɪl] noun
SURFACE 表面
only singular
■the soft surface made by the ends of many short threads on a carpet or on cloth such as velvet （地毯或天鹅绒等布料的）绒面
• a luxurious deep -pile carpet 华丽的长毛地毯
[paɪl] noun
BUILDING 建筑物
countable mainly humorous
■a large building 宏伟建筑物，大厦
• They've got a great big Victorian pile somewhere out in the country. 他们在乡下的某个地方有一幢宏伟的维多利亚式房子。
[paɪl] noun
MEDICAL 医学的
piles [plural] informal
■ haemorrhoids 痔，痔疮
[paɪl] noun
make a pile informal
■to earn a large amount of money 赚很多钱，发财
• He made a pile selling computers and retired by the time he was forty. 他卖电脑发了财，40岁的时候就退休了。
[paɪl] verb
AMOUNT 数量
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep] (also pile up)
■to arrange objects into a pile 把…堆积（或堆叠）起来
• We piled plenty of logs up next to the fire. 我们在炉火旁堆了很多木柴。
• Please pile your homework books neatly on the table as you leave. 离开时请把你们的作业本整齐地叠放在桌子上。
• Her plate was piled (high) with salad. 她的盘子里盛满了沙拉。
• Snow had piled up against the walls. 雪在墙脚堆积起来。
[paɪl] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition informal
■(of a group of people) to move together, especially in an uncontrolled way （人群）拥，挤，蜂拥
• As soon as the train stopped, they all piled in/out. 火车一停下，他们就挤了进去／出来。
[paɪl] verb
pile it high and sell it cheap mainly UK saying
■said when a shop sells large amounts of a product at cheap prices 薄利多销
[paɪl] verb
pile it on informal
■to say too much, especially giving too much emphasis 过多地谈论；（尤指）夸张，言过其实
• You're really piling it on with the compliments tonight, Gareth, aren't you! 你今晚的确恭维过头了，不是吗，加雷思？
[paɪl] verb
pile on the agony UK informal
■to enjoy emphasizing how bad a situation is 大肆渲染不好的情况；过分夸大糟糕的情形
• Okay, I'll give you some money - just stop piling on the agony. 好吧，我给你些钱——用不着说得那么可怜。
[paɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pile (sth) up
FORM A PILE
[M]
■to form a pile, or to put a lot of things into a pile 成为一堆；把…堆积起来
INCREASE
■(of something bad) to increase 使（不好的事物）增加，使累积
• Unpaid bills began to pile up alarmingly. 未支付的帐单越积越多，数目惊人。
• They piled up such a huge debt that they soon went bankrupt. 他们债台高筑，很快就破产了。
heap, gather, pile, accumulate, amass, collect
这组词都有“积聚，聚集，积累”的意思，其区别是：
heap: 主要指把沙、石、煤、草等堆高，不强调整齐。
gather: 普通用词，指人或物或抽象事物都可用。侧重于围绕一个中心的集合、聚集。
pile: 着重指比较整齐地把东西堆积在一起。
accumulate: 几乎可用于指任何事物量的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积。
amass: 着重大量地积聚，尤指对如金钱、珠宝等有价值东西的大量积聚。
collect: 普通用词，多用于指物，侧重指有区别地作选择或有安排有计划地把零散物集中起来。
n. 堆；大量；建筑群
 - lots of, wealth, ocean, sea, body
vt. 累积；打桩于
 - cumulate
vi. 挤；堆积；积累
 - crowd, pack

Word: briefly
Front: briefly
[ˈbri:fli] (3002/2529 -K2)
Back: adv. 短暂地; 简单地; 简略地; 略略
分布：简单的(50%)，简短地(50%)
adverb
SHORT TIME 短时间地
 IMPROVER
■for a short time 短暂的；简短的
• We chatted briefly about the weather. 我们聊了几句天气。
['bri:.fli] adverb
FEW WORDS 简言地
■using few words or without giving a lot of details 简言之，一言以蔽之
• Briefly, the company needs to cut its expenditure. 简言之，公司需要缩减开支。
adv. 短暂地；简略地；暂时地
 - momently, tentatively

Word: carbon
Front: carbon
[ˈkɑ:bən] (高研四六托雅 3004/3062 -3)
Vocabulary: carbon
(once / 374 pages)
1n 2n
Carbon is an element that takes the solid form of either graphite or diamond. Carbon is one of the basic elements of any living thing.
Carbon is known as the most essential element for life, and it's the second most abundant — after oxygen — in the human body. Carbon paper was an early method of making copies, using a sheet of paper coated with wax and, originally, carbon soot. The copy that results from writing or typing on paper that's placed on top, with a blank page beneath the carbon paper, is called a carbon copy. The Latin root of carbon is carbonem, "charcoal."
WORD FAMILY
carbon: carbonate, carbonic, carbonise, carbonize, carbons, carburise, carburize+/bicarbonate: bicarbonates/carbonate: bicarbonate, carbonated, carbonates, carbonating, carbonation, decarbonate/ carbonated: noncarbonated, uncarbonated/carbonise: carbonisation, carbonised, carbonising, decarbonise/carbonize: carbonization, carbonized, carbonizes, carbonizing, decarbonize/carburise: decarburise/carburize: carburized, carburizes, carburizing, decarburize/decarbonate: decarbonating/decarbonize: decarbonized, decarbonizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The carbon bubble does exactly the same thing.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The containers consist of an aluminum liner with an outer layer of strong carbon fibers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Petra Nova uses the most common technology for carbon capture.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [化学]碳; （一张）复写纸; [电]碳精棒[片，粉]，碳精电极; 复写的副本
adj. 碳的; 碳处理的
分布：碳(94%)，复写纸(4%)，碳精棒(1%)，复本(1%)
→来自PIE *ker, 燃烧，词源同cremate, hearth.
n.碳The career carpenter put the cargo on the carbon carpet.职业木匠把货物放到碳质地毯上.
US ['kɑ:r-] noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a simple chemical substance, which exists in its pure form as diamond or graphite , and is an important part of other substances such as coal and oil, as well as being contained in all plants and animals 碳
UK ['kɑ:.bən] US ['kɑ:r-] noun
DOCUMENT 文件
countable
■a carbon copy 复写本
n. [化学] 碳；碳棒；复写纸
 - kryptol

Word: closer
Front: closer
['kləʊzə] (3005/2939)
Back: adj. 靠近的
n. 关闭者; 砌墙边之砖石; 最后的节目
分布：更近的(68%)，形容词close的比较级.(16%)，关门的人(16%)

Word: consume
Front: consume
[kənˈsju:m] (高研四六托 3006/3627 -2)
Vocabulary: consume
(once / 81 pages)
1v 2v 3v
"The Freshman 15" describes freshman-year college students who gain about fifteen pounds because they consume way too much lousy dorm food all day long.
To consume a cake is to eat it, the idea being that you ate the whole thing. To say a fire consumed a building is to say that the entire building was destroyed. Consume means to devour, to take in, to use up. The Unites States is often referred to as a consumer society because our economy is based on things being consumed. Whether it's gas, clothes, burgers, music, or anything that we use up as we purchase it, it's something that we consume. If we consume all the oil, there will be none left to burn.
WORD FAMILY
consume: consumable, consumed, consumer, consumes, consuming, consumption, consumptive+/consumed: unconsumed/ consumer: consumerism, consumers/ consuming: consumingly/ consumption: consumptions/consumptive: consumptively, consumptives/unconsumed: unconsumedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Civil wars – most fuelled by outsiders – are consuming the Middle East.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Mexico imports more than half of the roughly 34 million gallons a day of gasoline it consumes.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
During launch, as the liquid oxygen is consumed, the helium is heated and released to maintain pressure within the tank.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 消耗，消费; 耗尽，毁灭; 吃光，喝光; 烧毁
时态：consumed, consuming, consumes
分布：消耗(89%)，毁灭(10%)，吃喝(1%)
→con-, 强调。-sum, 拿，带，消费，词源同assume, resume.
消费,吃光(con全部+sum+c→全部拿光→消费)[sum,sumpt=take表示"拿,取"]
vt.消耗;吃完,喝光;(with)使着迷;烧毁The perfume consumer presumably assumes that the volume is resumed.香水消费者假定地设想音量已恢复.
【记】con共同，sume＝take拿，取－全部拿光－消费
【参】assume（vt 假定；采取；承担）；resume（v 重新开始）
US [-'su:m] verb transitive
USE RESOURCE 消耗资源
 IMPROVER
■to use fuel, energy or time, especially in large amounts （尤指大量地）消耗，消费，花费
• Our high living standards cause our present population to consume 25 percent of the world's oil. 我们的高生活水准致使我们目前的人口要消耗世界石油的25%。
■formal
■to eat or drink, especially a lot of something （尤指大量地）吃，喝
• He consumes vast quantities of chips with every meal. 他每一餐都要吃掉大量的薯条。
UK [kən'sju:m] US [-'su:m] verb transitive
DESTROY 毁灭
■If a fire consumes something, it destroys it completely. （火）吞噬，烧毁，毁灭
be consumed by/with sth
■to have so much of a feeling that it affects everything you do 充满（某种强烈的感情）
• He was consumed with jealousy. 他心里满是嫉妒。
• As a teenager, I was consumed by passion for the boy next door. 十几岁时，我对隔壁的男孩非常着迷。
dine, gorge, have, swallow, eat, devour, consume
这组词都有“吃”的意思，其区别是：
dine: 正式用词，既可指一日三餐中的任何一餐，也可以指特殊的用餐。
gorge: 侧重指拼命地吃或塞，强调吃饱或吃得过量。
have: 可与eat换用，但强调一次性的动作。
swallow: 主要指吃的整个过程的第二部分“咽”，并常指咀嚼得匆匆忙忙地吃。
eat: 普通用词，使用广泛。既可用于人，也可用于动物。
devour: 指狼吞虎咽地吃，强调吃得既快又彻底。
consume: 侧重痛痛快快地吃得一干二净，可用于人和动物。
vt. 消耗，消费；使…著迷；挥霍
 - waste, to use up
vi. 耗尽，毁灭；耗尽生命
 - peter, spend

Word: scheme
Front: scheme
[ski:m] (研四六托雅宝 3007/587 -K4)
Vocabulary: scheme
(once / 113 pages)
nv
A scheme is an elaborate plan or plot. It's going to take a really solid scheme, probably involving teleportation or some sort of temporary cloning, to make an appearance at both parties at once.
Scheme comes to us from the Latin word for "figure." And it's still used today to refer to a set of drawings and figures used to map out something. Or maybe you’ve heard people talk about something in the scheme of life." In that case they're talking about something that fits into the bigger picture. But don't forget that schemes often carry a negative connotation — the word brings to mind devious plans and secret plots organized by scheming bad guys.
WORD FAMILY
scheme: schematic, schematise, schematize, schemed, schemer, schemes, scheming +/ schematic: schematically, schematics/schematise: schematisation, schematised, schematises, schematising/schematize: schematization, schematized, schematizes, schematizing/schemer: schemers/ scheming: schemingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kangas said the scheme’s idea was to abolish the “disincentive problem” among the unemployed.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
His second decision was to announce big projects like new motorways, power plants and job creation schemes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Kangas said the scheme's idea is to abolish the “disincentive problem” among the unemployed.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 策划，图谋
n. 计划; 体系; 阴谋
vt. 设计，计划; 谋划，图谋
vi. 密谋，制定计划
时态：schemed, scheming, schemes
分布：方案(47%)，计划(37%)，设计(10%)，阴谋(3%)，策划(2%)，图谋(1%)
→来自希腊语 skhema,计划，方案，来自 skhein,得到，形成，来自 segh,握住，持有，词源 同 school,epoch.引申词义略图，图表，简表，及贬义词义密谋，图谋，搞阴谋。
n.计划,方案;阴谋;配置v.计划,策划;阴谋The extra theme of the supreme scheme is an extreme secret.至高无上的计划的额外主题是个极端机密.
【记】注意不要和schema（轮廓）相混，尤其作为“阴谋”一意
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL mainly UK
■an officially organized plan or system 方案，计划
• a training/housing/play scheme 训练／住房／娱乐活动方案
• a pension/savings scheme 养老金／储蓄金计划
• There's a new scheme in our town for recycling plastic bottles. 我们镇上有一个回收利用塑胶瓶的新计划。
• Class sizes will increase under the new scheme. 按照新的设计，班级规模将扩大。
 IMPROVER
■a plan for getting an advantage for yourself, especially by deceiving others 阴谋，诡计
• He's got a hare-brained/crazy/daft scheme for getting rich before he's 20. 他有一个轻率的／疯狂的／愚蠢的计划，好让自己在20岁前致富。
[ski:m] noun countable
the scheme of things
■the way things are organized or happen in a particular situation, or the way someone wants them to be organized 格局；安排
• I was disappointed not to get the job, but it's not that important in the great/grand scheme of things (= when all things are considered). 我没有得到那份工作，感到很失望，但从全盘考虑，这并不那么重要。
[ski:m] verb intransitive or transitive disapproving
■to make clever secret plans which often deceive others 密谋，策划
• All her ministers were scheming against her 她所有的大臣都在密谋策反。
• [+ to infinitive] For months he had been scheming to prevent her from getting the top job. 数月以来，他一直在密谋阻止她得到这个最高职位。
programme, project, scheme, plan, blueprint, design, plot
这组词都有“计划”的意思，其区别是：
programme: 使用广泛，既可指思想上的计划，又可指任何形式的书面计划或规划。
project: 多指由个人或集体为进行某项工作或完成某一项较大的任务，而制定的计划方案或设想。
scheme: 普通用词，比plan更强调计划的通盘筹划和某些细节的精心安排。在现代英语中，常用于指阴谋诡计。
plan: 最普通常用词，多指事先经过较充分的准备或考虑后制定的计划，也可指非决定性的打算或设想。
blueprint: 从本义蓝图，引申指详细而具体的行动计划。
design: 侧重指按照目标、目的意向，根据固定格式精心作出的计划或安排。
plot: 主要指为实现某一阴谋而拟定秘密的计划。
n. 计划；组合；体制；诡计
 - plan, programme, system, organization, fraud
vt. 计划；策划
 - design, map, propose, project, engineer

Word: crack
Front: crack
[kræk] (研四六托雅宝 3008/3688 -K2)
Vocabulary: crack
(once / 148 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v 5n 6n 7adj 8v 9v
A crack is a very narrow space, chink, or opening. If you favorite mug has a crack in it, it might leak.
A crack can be as thin as a pencil line, or a wider gap, like a crack where your foot gets stuck as you climb down the side of a mountain. Crack is also a verb, meaning "to split or break," and also "to give way under pressure," as when a suspect cracks after hours of being interrogated. An informal kind of crack is a joke: "That crack he made about my haircut really hurt my feelings."
WORD FAMILY
crack: cracked, cracker, cracking, crackingly, cracks+/cracked: crackeder, crackedest/ cracker: crackers/cracking: crackings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Mr. Gensler soon developed a reputation for cracking down on Wall Street during his time at the agency.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Yet a member of Minju says a vote is now “too risky given the cracks”, including in its own ranks.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
But it is only in the past few years that international banks have started refusing to deal with Sudan, after America cracked down on sanctions-busters.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 破裂，打开; （使…）开裂; 说（笑话）; 开瓶
vi. 断裂，折断; 碎裂声，爆裂声; 镜子破裂了; 失去控制，衰退
n. 裂缝; 试图; 缝隙; （可听到响声的）重击
adj. 训练有素的; 技艺高超的; 优秀的; 一流的
时态：cracked, cracking, cracks
分布：裂缝(68%)，破裂(7%)，破解(5%)，尝试(4%)，崩溃(3%)，爆裂声(3%)，裂痕(3%)，发出爆裂声(2%)，俏皮话(2%)，砸开(2%)，制裁(1%)
→拟声词。
n.裂纹,缝隙;破裂声v.(使)破裂,砸开The attacker cracked the racks and stacked them on the track.攻击者打裂搁板并把它们堆在跑道上.
【记】源于break
verb
BREAK 破裂
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to break something so that it does not separate, but very thin lines appear on its surface, or to become broken in this way （使）破裂；（使）裂开；（使）产生裂纹
• A stone hit the window and cracked the glass. 石块击中窗户，打裂了玻璃。
• I cracked my tooth as I fell. 我摔倒时把牙齿磕了一道裂缝。
• The walls cracked and the roof collapsed in the earthquake. 地震中墙壁开裂，屋顶坍塌。
intransitive informal
■to become mentally and physically weak 身心疲惫；神经崩溃
• Stress and overwork are causing teachers to crack (up). 压力和过度劳累使老师们身心疲惫。
intransitive informal
■to fail as a result of problems 出现隔阂，出现问题；失败
• Their relationship began to crack (up) after their child died. 孩子夭折后，他们的关系开始出现问题。
intransitive
■If someone cracks, they begin to feel weak and agree that they have been defeated 支援不住；崩溃，垮掉
• He cracked during questioning and told us where to find the stolen goods. 他经受不住盘问，向我们供出了赃物藏匿处。
[kræk] verb
GET INTO 进入
transitive
■to break something open, especially in order to reach or use what is inside （尤指为得到或使用某物内部的东西而）使破裂，打开，砸开
• Crack three eggs into a bowl and mix them together. 往碗里打三个蛋，并搅拌均匀。
• He cracked (open) the nuts with his hands. 他用手将坚果捏开。
transitive (also crack into sth)
■to get into someone else's computer system without permission and get information or do something illegal 非法侵入（电脑系统）
transitive informal
■to copy computer programs or recorded material illegally 非法复制（电脑程式或资料）
[kræk] verb
FIND ANSWER 解决问题
transitive
■to find a solution to a problem 解决（问题）；破译
• They cracked the code and read the secret message. 他们破译了密码，读取了密电。
• UK I've been trying to solve this problem all week, but I still haven't cracked it. 整个星期我一直在试图解决这个问题，但还是不得要领。
[kræk] verb
HIT 撞击
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to hit something or someone 碰，撞，击
• I cracked my head on/against the door. 我的头撞在门上。
• They cracked him over the head with a baseball bat. 他们用棒球棒敲打他的脑袋。
[kræk] verb
MAKE SOUND 发声
intransitive or transitive
■to make a sudden, short noise, or to cause something to make this noise （使）劈啪作响；（使）发出爆裂声
• The whip cracked over the horses' heads. 鞭子在马头上方劈啪抽响。
• He's always cracking his knuckles (= pulling the joints of his fingers to make a noise). 他总是把自己的手指关节弄得劈啪作响。
intransitive
■If a voice cracks, its sound changes because the person is upset （嗓音）变嘶哑
• Her voice cracked with emotion as she told the story. 讲起这件事时她激动得嗓音都嘶哑了。
[kræk] verb
MAKE JOKE 开玩笑
transitive
■to make a joke or clever remark 说俏皮话；开玩笑；说笑话
• He's always cracking jokes. 他总爱说笑话。
[kræk] verb
crack the whip
■to use your authority to make someone else behave better or work harder 威逼，施威（使某人表现更好或更卖力）
• We were two months behind schedule, so I decided it was time to crack the whip. 我们比原计划落后了两个月，所以我决定该督促加快进度了。
[kræk] verb
get cracking
■to start doing something quickly 迅速干起来
• Get cracking (= Hurry) , or we'll miss the train. 快点，要不我们赶不上火车了。
• I'd better get cracking with these letters before I go home. 回家前我最好赶紧写这些信。
[kræk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  crack down
■to start dealing with bad or illegal behaviour in a more severe way 制裁；处罚；打击；镇压
• The library is cracking down on people who lose their books. 图书馆将严厉处罚丢书的人。
[kræk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  crack up informal
■to become mentally ill （精神）崩溃，垮掉
• I think she's cracking up. 我想她要崩溃了。
[kræk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] crack (sb) up informal
■to suddenly laugh a lot, or to make someone suddenly laugh a lot （使）（某人）突然哈哈大笑；（使）（某人）捧腹大笑
• I took one look at her and cracked up. 我看了她一眼，便哈哈大笑起来。
• There's something about that guy's face that just cracks me up. 那家伙的脸上有甚么地方让我直想哈哈大笑。
[kræk] noun
NARROW SPACE 裂缝
 ADVANCED countable
■a very narrow space between parts of something 裂缝，缝隙；裂口
• Cracks had appeared in the dry ground. 干涸的土地上出现了裂缝。
• We peered through the crack in the floorboards. 我们透过地板块之间的缝隙使劲看。
• figurative Cracks began to show in his facade of self-confidence. 他自信的外表下开始露出破绽。
(just) a crack
■so that there is a (very) small space （只有）一条缝
• She opened the door just a crack to listen to the conversation. 她只把门打开一条缝听人谈话。
[kræk] noun
SOUND 声音
countable
■a sudden loud sound 爆裂声；劈啪声
• the crack of a rifle/whip/breaking branch 步枪／鞭子／树枝断裂的劈啪声
[kræk] noun
ATTEMPT 尝试
countable usually singular informal
■an attempt; a try 努力；尝试
• It was her first crack at beating the record. 这是她第一次尝试破纪录。
• It's not something I've done before, but I'll UK have/ US take a crack at it. 这事我从未做过，但我会试一试。
[kræk] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable (also crack cocaine) slang
■a pure and powerful form of the drug cocaine 强效纯古柯碱
• Several kilos of crack were found in her luggage. 在她的行李中发现了好几公斤强效纯古柯碱。
• a crack addict 吸强效纯古柯碱成瘾的人
[kræk] noun
ENJOYABLE TIME 愉快时光
uncountable
■ craic
[kræk] noun
GET INTO 进入
countable informal
■a method of cracking someone else's computer system 非法侵入（电脑系统）的方法
• Find cracks for your shareware programs. 为你的共用软体找到非法进入的方法。
[kræk] noun
JOKE 笑话
countable
■a wisecrack
[kræk] noun
at the crack of dawn
■very early in the morning, especially at the time at which the sun first appears 大清早，黎明，破晓时分
• We'll have to leave at the crack of dawn. 我们天一亮就得动身。
[kræk] adjective [before noun]
■excellent, of the highest quality 优秀的；顶呱呱的；第一流的
• a crack regiment 王牌军团
• crack troops 精锐部队
grind, crush, crack, smash, clash, crash
grind: 磨碎
crush: 压碎，压坏；
crack: 破裂；
smash: 打碎；
clash: 着重声音；
crash: 着重破坏
break, crush, crack, shatter, smash, burst, fracture
这组词都有“打破、弄碎”的意思，其区别是：
break: 常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。
crush: 指用力把东西压破或变形。
crack: 多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表现呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
shatter: 指破裂为许多支离破碎的碎片，多用指易碎事物。
smash: 指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。
burst: 指某物因内部外部压力过大而出现严重破裂、爆开或账破。
fracture: 比crack的破裂程度更深更严重，常指断裂，医学上指骨折。
vt. 使破裂；打开；变声
 - fracture, open up
vi. 破裂；爆裂
 - fracture, come apart at the seams
n. [高分子] 裂缝；声变；噼啪声
 - split, crevice
adj. 最好的；高明的
 - greatest, best, perfect, prime

Word: frequency
Front: frequency
[ˈfri:kwənsi] (研四六雅宝 3009/2406 -2)
Vocabulary: frequency
(once / 1170 pages)
n
Frequency measures how often things repeat over time. City buses often reach stops at a frequency of every 15 minutes, unless it's snowing or raining really hard. In that case, the frequency will slow.
You probably know the word frequent, a synonym for often. So, it is tempting to think frequency describes something that happens often. However, this isn't true: frequency describes any rate of time at which something repeats. For example, from Earth, Halley's Comet is visible at a frequency of 76 years — it's not frequent, but it is on schedule.
WORD FAMILY
frequency: frequencies+/frequence: frequences/ frequent: frequence, frequency, frequentative, frequented, frequenter, frequenting, frequently, frequents, infrequent /frequentative: frequentatives/frequented: unfrequented/frequenter: frequenters/ infrequent: infrequency, infrequenter, infrequently/unfrequented: unfrequentedest, unfrequentedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The time created by the clocks is used in GPS location devices and is used to control the wave frequency of television broadcasts.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Lastly, there is an interesting game that uses instant messaging as its main interface: Frequency.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
The organization, a state-sponsored agency, bases its yearly choices on significance, rather than frequency.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 频繁性; [数][物]频率，次数; 频率分布
分布：频率(95%)，频繁(5%)
→来自frequent, 频繁的。用于语音学名词。
n.频率,周率This radio station broadcasts on three different frequencies.这家电台用三种不同的周率广播.
【反】rarity（n 稀有）
noun
HAPPENING 发生
countable or uncountable
■the number of times something happens within a particular period, or the fact of something happening often or a large number or times （事件发生的）频度，次数；频繁
• Complaints about the frequency of trains rose by 201% in the last year. 去年对火车发车频率的投诉增长了201%。
• the increasing frequency of terrorist attacks 越来越频繁的恐怖袭击
• It's not the duration of his absences from work so much as the frequency that worries me. 与他的旷工时日相比，他旷工的频繁程度更让我担忧。
['fri:.kwənt.si] noun
LIGHT/SOUND/RADIO, ETC 光／声音／电波
uncountable specialized
■the number of times that a wave, especially a sound or radio wave, is produced within a particular period, especially one second （尤指声波或无线电波每秒振动的）频率
• the frequency of light 光的频率
• low frequency radiation 低频辐射
• The human ear cannot hear very high-frequency sounds. 人耳听不到极高频率的声音。
countable specialized
■a particular number of radio waves produced in a second at which a radio signal is broadcast 频率（无线电信号的每秒电波数）
• Do you know what frequency the BBC World Service is on ? 你知道英国广播公司的广播频率是多少吗？
n. [物] 频率；频繁
 - periodicity

Word: tobacco
Front: tobacco
[təˈbækəʊ] (高研四六托 3010/4278 -2)
Vocabulary: tobacco
(once / 210 pages)
n
Tobacco refers to the leaves of the tobacco plant that have been dried and processed for people to roll up and smoke. Tobacco is the main ingredient in cigarettes, and of course, chewing tobacco.
Tobacco was used for fun in the Americas way before the Europeans came, but it was cultivated in France in the 1500s, and is still going strong. The word tobacco probably came from the Caribbean. The name Tobacco Road is from a novel by Erskine Caldwell, but is used to describe a section of North Carolina that produced a lot of tobacco. Tobacco is mainly used in cigarettes, which are really bad for your health.
WORD FAMILY
tobacco: tobaccoes, tobacconist, tobaccos+/tobacconist: tobacconists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The four Tobacco Road schools hit quite a speedbump Saturday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They include “burdensome” school lunch standards, tobacco regulations, laws that set higher wages for contractors and elements of the Paris climate-change agreement.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
This is important if you’re trying to break a chemical addiction — to tobacco or alcohol, for instance — but also if you’re just plain struggling.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 烟草，烟叶; 烟草制品; 卷烟; 纸烟
分布：烟草(100%)
→来自西班牙语 tobaco,烟草，该词或来自阿拉伯语 tabaq,一种草药植物，或来自南美某土著语 词的拼写俗化。
n.烟草,烟叶Put the spotless potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco atoms into the hot pot.把无斑点的土豆,番茄和烟草微粒放进热锅里.
【记】读：特白口，没有了tobacco嘴中没有味道－特白口。
US [-oʊ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a substance which is smoked in cigarettes, pipes, etc., which is prepared from the dried leaves of a particular plant 烟草，烟叶
• Twenty-eight per cent of people asked thought that the advertising of tobacco (= tobacco and products made from it, such as cigarettes) and alcohol should be banned. 受访者中有28%的人认为应该禁止烟草和酒类广告。
cigarette, cigar, tobacco
这组词都有“烟”的意思，其区别是：
cigarette: 指纸烟。
cigar: 指雪茄烟。
tobacco: 指烟草，烟叶、烟丝。
n. [作物] 烟草，烟叶； [轻] 烟草制品；抽烟
 - smoke, baccy

Word: survivor
Front: survivor
[səˈvaɪvə(r)] (托 3011/5258 -1)
Vocabulary: survivor
(once / 611 pages)
n
A survivor is someone who hasn't died: the word is used often about people who have been through a horrible experience, like a plane crash.
Cancer survivors and Holocaust survivors have one thing in common: they lived through horrible ordeals and are still with us. The TV show "Survivor" made this word feel a little less weighty, but it still packs a punch. Anytime something horrible happens — like a car crash or an epidemic — you'll hear about the survivors. Some survivors may feel they are just lucky, but many survivors take pride in being strong enough to survive.
WORD FAMILY
survivor: survivors+/ survival: survivalist, survivals/survivalist: survivalists/ survive: survival, survived, survives, surviving, survivor
USAGE EXAMPLES
Testimony in the case opened and closed with two of the massacre’s survivors.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the survivors of the Istanbul nightclub attack says she feared she would "die in the bathroom".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Three survivors of that attack were on the float titled “To Honor and Remember Orlando.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 幸存者，残存者; 生还者; 遗物，残存物; 重新正常生活的人
分布：幸存者(100%)
→survive,生存，存活，-or,人。
US [sɚ'vaɪ.vɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who continues to live, despite nearly dying 幸存者，生还者
• He was the sole (= only) survivor of the plane crash. 他是这场空难唯一的幸存者。
• She's a cancer survivor/a survivor of cancer. 她是一位癌症幸存者。
■a person who is able to continue living their life successfully despite experiencing difficulties 善于在困境中生存的人
• He's one of life's survivors. 他是生活的勇者。
US
■A person's survivors are the members of his or her family who continue to live after he or she has died. （某人去世后）仍然活着的家人
n. 幸存者；生还者；残存物
 - leavings

Word: besides
Front: besides
[bɪˈsaɪdz] (中高研四托 3012/3848 -3)
Back: adv. 而且; 此外; 以及; 更
prep. （表示排斥）除…之外（还有）; 在…之外（还有），…之余兼
分布：此外(55%)，也(44%)，除 ... 之外(1%)
ad.此外;并且prep.于...之外;除...以外Besides milk and butter, we need some vegetables.除了牛奶和黄油外,我们还需要蔬菜.
adverb preposition
 ADVANCED
■in addition to; also 而且；除…之外还有
• Do you play any other sports besides football and basketball? 除了足球和篮球外，你还参与别的体育活动吗？
• She won't mind your being late - besides, it's hardly your fault. 她不会因为你迟到而耿耿于怀——何况这并不是你的错。
[bɪ'saɪdz] adverb preposition
  Common Learner Errors  besides or also? Warning: choose the correct adverb! Use besides at the beginning of a clause to add a fact or reason that is stronger than what you have already said I'm too tired to go to the supermarket. Besides, it's closed on Sunday. To just add extra information, don't say 'besides' say in addition or also :
✗ I speak French fluently. Besides, I speak some Italian. I speak French fluently. Also, I speak some Italian.
except, but, besides, except for
这组词都有“除……之外”的意思，其区别是：
except: 侧重于排除在外，从整体里减去。可与but换用，但语气较强。
but: 侧重指不包括在内。
besides: 着重于指另外还有。
except for: 多用于在说明基本情况或对主要部分加以肯定，还引出相反的原因或细节，从而部分地修正前面的主要意思，含惋惜意味。
beside, besides
beside: 在……旁边。如：Come and sit beside me.
besides: 除……之外。如：I have two other umbrellas besides this one.
adv. 此外；而且
 - moreover, again, also, additionally, then
prep. 除…之外
 - unless, except as, in addition to

Word: in
Front: in
[ɪn] (中高雅 6/6 -K2)
Vocabulary: in
(once / 1 page)
1advadj 2n 3adj 4adj
When one thing is in another, it is surrounded by or within it, the way chocolate chips are in a bowl of cookie batter.
In is a word with many different uses. A child can be in a sandbox, and a teenager can be in love. You can sit in your car, or say to a friend, "See you in an hour!" An actor might be in a film, while your dad tells people he's in publishing, and both live in New York City. If your clothes are in, they're stylish, and if you're locked in your room, you're confined inside it.
WORD FAMILY
in: inmost+/inmost: inmostly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The day is full-fledged production, complete with corsages for lawmakers, prayers and judges swearing them in.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
That’s what happened in 2011, the last time Dayton faced full GOP control.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Parts of the South are bracing for more rain Tuesday, a day after severe storms killed four people in Alabama.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: prep. 采用（某种方式）; 穿着，带着; （表示位置）在…里面，（表示领域，范围）在…以内; （表示品质、能力等）在…之中
adv. 在家; 进入，到达; 流行; 当选
adj. 在内的，朝内的; 在位的，执政的; [口语]流行的，时髦的; （车等）到站的
n. 执政党，掌权者; 知情者; <美口>入口，门路; <体>（板球或棒球）攻球的一方
分布：执政的(25%)，进(17%)，在里面的(13%)，在家(13%)，入(8%)，在某种关系中(4%)，在某地(4%)，在 ... 方面(4%)，向里(4%)，以...的方式(4%)，新来的(4%)
→来自古英语in,里面，上面，中间，进入，来自en,进入。词义上面已由on替代。
prep.在...里(内,上);用...(表示)ad.进,入My mother is in good health.我的母亲身体很好.
preposition
INSIDE 在里面
 ESSENTIAL
■inside or towards the inside of a container, place or area, or surrounded or closed off by something 在（…）里面；在（…）内
• Put the milk back in the fridge when you've finished with it. 喝完牛奶后把它放回冰箱。
• Is Mark still in bed? 马克还在睡觉吗？
• I got stuck in a traffic jam for half an hour. 我堵车堵了半个小时。
• They live in a charming old cottage. 他们住在一间可爱的老屋内。
• How much is that coat on display in the window (= in the space behind the window of the shop) ? 橱窗内展示的那件大衣多少钱？
• I've got a pain in my back. 我背痛。
• What's that in your hand? 你手里拿的是甚么东西？
• I've got something in (= on the surface of) my eye. 我眼睛里进了东西。
• They used to live in Paris, but now they're somewhere in Austria. 他们以前住在巴黎，但现在住在奥地利的某个地方。
• He's always looking at himself in the mirror (= at the image of his face produced by the mirror). 他老是在镜子前照来照去。
• I never know what's going on in her head (= what she's thinking about). 我从来不知道她在想甚么。
• My daughter's UKin hospital/ USin the hospital having her tonsils out. 我女儿在住院切除扁桃体。
• US Is Erika still in school (= does she still go to school) ? 埃丽卡还上学吗？
[ɪn] preposition
INTO 到…里面
■into something 到…里面
• Come on, we're late - get in the car. 快点，我们迟到了——快上车。
• Put it in the cupboard. 把它放进橱柜里。
• They threw him in the swimming pool. 他们把他扔进游泳池。
[ɪn] preposition
PART 部分
 ESSENTIAL
■forming a part of something 在…中，在…内
• He used to be the lead singer in a rock 'n' roll band. 他曾是一个摇滚乐队的主音歌手。
• There are too many spelling mistakes in this essay. 这篇文章中的拼写错误太多。
• I've been waiting in this queue for ages. 我在这个队里排了很长时间了。
• What do you look for in a relationship? 你想从情爱关系中得到甚么？
• I can see a future champion in Joely (= I think that Joely might become a champion). 我觉得乔利将来会成为冠军。
• Talent like hers is rare in someone so young. 像她这样年轻又有如此才华者实属罕见。
[ɪn] preposition
DURING 在…期间
 ESSENTIAL
■during part or all of a period of time 在…期间
• We're going to Italy in April. 我们将在四月去义大利。
• Some trees lose their leaves in (the) autumn. 有些树秋天落叶。
• I started working here in 1991. 我从1991年开始在这里工作。
• Life in the 19th century was very different from what it is now. 19世纪时的生活与现在大不相同。
• Bye, see you in the morning (= tomorrow morning). 再见，明早见。
• She was a brilliant gymnast in her youth (= when she was young). 她年轻时是个优秀的体操运动员。
• How many civilians died in the Vietnam War? 越南战争中有多少平民死亡？
• This is the first cigarette I've had in three years. 这是我三年来抽的第一支烟。
• I haven't had a decent night's sleep in years/ages (= for a long time). 我很久没有好好睡过一觉了。
in between
 IMPROVER
■between the two times mentioned 在期间
• I have breakfast at 7.30, lunch at 1 o'clock and sometimes a snack in between. 我7点30分吃早餐，下午1点吃午餐，有时在两餐之间吃一点零食。
[ɪn] preposition
NO MORE THAN 不超过
 ESSENTIAL
■needing or using no more time than a particular amount of time 在…之内
• Can you finish the job in two weeks? 你能在两周内完成这项工作吗？
• She could get that essay done in a couple of hours if she really tried. 如果她真的尽力的话，她可在几小时内完成那篇文章。
• They completed the journey in record time (= faster than ever done before). 他们完成行程耗时之短前所未有。
[ɪn] preposition
BEFORE THE END 在结束之前
 ESSENTIAL
■before or at the end of a particular period 在（一段时间）结束之前（或结束时）
• Dinner will be ready in ten minutes. 晚饭将在十分钟后准备好。
• We'll all be dead in a hundred years so there's no point worrying about it. 百年后我们都已死去，因此为此担心是没有必要的。
• I'm just setting off, so I should be with you in half an hour. 我正要出发，所以我半小时后应该会到你那里。
[ɪn] preposition
EXPERIENCING 经历着
 IMPROVER
■experiencing a situation or condition, or feeling an emotion 处于…中；处于…状态
• We watched in horror as they pulled the bodies from the wreckage. 我们惊恐地看着他们把尸体从残骸中拖出来。
• He's living in luxury in the south of France. 他正在法国南部过着奢侈的生活。
• She left in a bit of a hurry. 她离开时有点匆忙。
• You're in great danger. 你很危险。
• Could I have a word with you in private? 我能私下与你谈谈吗？
• Have you ever been in love? 你谈过恋爱吗？
• Your car's in very good condition, considering how old it is. 以这么旧的汽车来说，你车的状况算是很不错的了。
[ɪn] preposition
EXPRESSED 表达的
 IMPROVER
■expressed or written in a particular way （表达或书写的方式）用，以
• Cheques should be written in ink. 支票要用墨水笔填写。
• She usually paints in watercolour. 她通常用水彩画画。
• They spoke in Russian the whole time. 他们一直用俄语交谈。
• He always talks in a whisper. 他说话时声音总是那么小。
[ɪn] preposition
RESULT 结果
 IMPROVER
■used when referring to something that is done as a result of something else （表示一事为另一事的结果）作为
• I'd like to do something for you in return / exchange for everything you've done for me. 我想为你做些事来报答你为我所做的一切。
• The changes are in response to demand from our customers. 这些变化是应我们顾客的要求而作出的。
• He refused to say anything in reply to the journalists' questions. 他拒绝对记者的提问作任何回答。
[ɪn] preposition
ARRANGEMENT 安排
 IMPROVER
■used to show how things or people are arranged or divided （表示组织或划分方式）以，按照
• We all sat down in a circle. 我们大家围坐成一圈。
• The desks were arranged in rows of ten. 课桌每十张排成一列。
• Discounts are available to people travelling in large groups. 多人组团旅游享有折扣。
• Sometimes customers buy books in twos and threes, but rarely in larger quantities than that. 有时顾客会一次买两三本书，但很少超过这个数量。
• Cut the potatoes in two. 把马铃薯切成两半。
• People are dying in their thousands from typhoid, cold and starvation. 成千上万的人死于伤寒、寒冷和饥饿。
[ɪn] preposition
AGE/TEMPERATURE 年龄／温度
 IMPROVER
■used when referring approximately to someone's age or the weather temperature （表示年龄、气温）在…左右
• Nowadays many women are in their late thirties when they have their first child. 如今许多妇女生第一胎时都已经接近40岁了。
• Temperatures will be in the mid-twenties (= about 25 degrees). 气温将在25度左右。
[ɪn] preposition
INVOLVED 参与
 ADVANCED
■involved or connected with a particular subject or activity 参与；从事；与…有关
• I never knew you were in publishing. 我以前从不知道你在出版界工作。
• a degree in philosophy 哲学学位
• advances in medical science 医学的进步
[ɪn] preposition
WEARING 穿着
 ADVANCED
■wearing 穿着
• Do you recognize that man in the grey suit? 你能认出那个穿着灰色西装的男人吗？
• Pat can't resist men in uniform. 派特抗拒不了穿制服的男人的魅力。
• You look nice in green (= green clothes). 你穿绿色衣服很好看。
[ɪn] preposition
COMPARING AMOUNTS 比较数量
 ADVANCED
■used to compare one part of an amount of something with the total amount of it （表示比率）每…中
• Apparently one in ten people/one person in ten has problems with reading. 显然，每十个人中有一个阅读有问题。
• UK The basic rate of income tax is 25 pence in (USon)the pound. 所得税基本税率是每英镑25便士。
[ɪn] preposition
CHARACTERISTIC 特征
 ADVANCED
■used to show which characteristic or part of a person or thing is being described 在…方面
• The new version is worse in every respect - I much preferred the original. 新版本在各方面都较差——我较喜欢原来的版本。
• Are the two bags equal in weight? 两个提包一样重吗？
• She's deaf in her left ear. 她左耳失聪。
[ɪn] preposition
CAUSE 原因
 ADVANCED [+ -ing verb]
■used to show when doing one thing is the cause of another thing happening 因为，由于
• In refusing (= Because she refused) to work abroad, she missed an excellent job opportunity. 由于拒绝去国外工作，她错过了一个极好的工作机会。
• The government banned tobacco advertising and, in doing so (= because of this) , contributed greatly to the nation's health. 政府禁止烟草广告，这样做对国民的健康大有裨益。
in that formal
■because 因为，由于
• This research is important in that it confirms the link between aggression and alcohol. 这项研究非常重要，因为它证实了攻击行为和酗酒之间的联系。
[ɪn] preposition
be nothing/not much/very little in it informal
■said when two things that are being compared are the same or very similar 毫无差别／相差不多／相差无几
• One house has a slightly bigger garden, but there's really not much in it. 有一间房子花园稍大一点，但其实没有甚么差别。
[ɪn] preposition
in all
■with everything added together to make a total 总共，一共
• The bill came to £25 in all. 帐单一共是25英镑。
[ɪn] preposition
in all honesty/seriousness/truthfulness
■said when expressing your opinion honestly, seriously or truthfully 老实说／严肃地说／说真的
• In all honesty, I do have some criticisms to make. 老实说，我的确要作些批评。
[ɪn] adverb
FROM OUTSIDE 从外面
 ESSENTIAL in 1 * from outside, or towards the centre
从外面；朝中间；朝里
• Could you bring the clothes in for me? 你能帮我把衣服拿进来吗？
• The roof of their house caved in during a hurricane. 他们的屋顶在飓风来袭时坍塌了。
• Cut the pastry into a square and turn in the corners. 把油酥面团切成一个小方块，然后把四角向内折起。
be in and out of somewhere informal
■to often be staying in and receiving treatment in a particular place 经常出入于，是…的常客
• She's been in and out of hospitals ever since the accident. 自从那次意外之后，她成了医院的常客。
[ɪn] adverb
AT PLACE 在某地
 ESSENTIAL
■at home or at work 在家或在工作
• When did you get home? I never heard you come in. 你是甚么时候回家的？我一直都没听见你进来。
• Mr Ellis isn't in this week. 艾理斯先生这个星期不工作。
[ɪn] adverb
INSIDE 在里面
 ESSENTIAL
■within an object, area or substance 在（某个物体、地区或物质）里面
• We've been shut in all day. 我们被关了一整天。
• Has the soup got any salt in? 这汤放盐了吗？
[ɪn] adverb
TRANSPORT 交通
 ADVANCED
■having arrived at the place where people can get on or off 到达（上下车地点）
• What time is Roz's flight due in? 罗兹的航班该甚么时候到？
[ɪn] adverb
GIVEN 交给
 ADVANCED
■given or sent to someone official in order to be read 交给，呈上，递交
• When does your essay have to be in? 你的文章要甚么时候交？
• Remember to get your application in by the end of the week. 别忘了在周末前递交申请。
[ɪn] adverb
COAST 海岸
 ADVANCED
■towards the coast, beach or harbour 接近，抵达（海岸、沙滩或港口）
• The tide comes in very quickly here and you can soon find yourself stranded. 这里的潮水涨得很快，马上你就会发现自己被困住了。
• We stood watching the ship come in. 我们站在那里看船进港。
[ɪn] adverb
COMPLETION 完成
 ADVANCED
■used to refer to an activity which makes something complete （表示完成某事物的活动）
• Just pencil in the answer unless you're sure it's correct. 如果对答案不是很确定就先用铅笔填。
• The text is finished, but the pictures will have to be pasted in later. 文字完成了，但以后还需要把图片贴上去。
• UK Would you mind filling in a questionnaire about what you watch on television? 请填写一份关于你收看的电视节目的调查问卷好吗？
[ɪn] adverb
SPORT 体育
■If the ball is in during a game of tennis or a similar sport, it has not gone outside the edges of the area on which the game is played （网球等）在界内
• I won that point, I'm telling you! The ball was definitely in! 我敢说，我赢了那一分！球肯定在界内！
■taking your turn to play, especially taking your turn to hit the ball 轮到上场（尤指击球）
• Who's in next for our team? 我们队下一个轮到谁？
• It started to rain just as our team was going in to bat. 刚轮到我们队击球就下起了雨。
[ɪn] adverb
be/get in with sb
■to be or become popular or friendly with someone 受（某人）欢迎；与（某人）关系很好
• He's trying to get in with the teachers. 他试图与老师搞好关系。
[ɪn] adverb
in on sth
■involved with or knowing about a particular activity or plan 参与；了解
• He seems to be in on everything that happens at work. 他好像对公司里发生的事无所不知。
• She's trying to get in on a research project organised by the university. 她正试图参加大学组织的一个研究专案。
[ɪn] adverb
be well in there UK informal
■to be likely to experience something good because of a situation you are in 交上好运
• She's well in there now that she's married her boss's son. 她嫁给了老板的儿子，交上好运了。
[ɪn] adjective informal
■fashionable or popular 时髦的；流行的
• High heels are in this season. 此季高跟鞋很流行。
• The new jazz club seems to be the in place to go at the moment. 这家新的爵士乐俱乐部好像是当前的热门去处。
after, in
after: 接时间点， after 7:00,
in: 接时间段 in five minutes
at, on, in
这组词都有“在……”的意思，其区别是：
at: 表地点时，指空间位置上的某一点；表时间时，指在时间上的某一时刻。
on: 表地点时，指某物与另一物表面相接触，或与某地方接壤等；表时间时，指在某一天或某一天的某个时间，尤指在星期几。
in: 表地点时，指在某一立体空间范围内；表时间时，指一段时间或与年、月、季节时间连用。
can, in
这组词都有“罐头”的意思，其区别是：
can: 为美国英语，现在英国也用。
in: 为英国英语。
prep. 按照（表示方式）；从事于；在…之内
 - within, inside
adj. 在里面的；时髦的
 - modern, fashionable, tony

Word: psychologist
Front: psychologist
[saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst] (托 3014/4623)
Vocabulary: psychologist
(once / 1283 pages)
n
A psychologist is a scientist who studies the mind. Unless specified, you should assume the psychologist studies the human mind — as opposed to, for example, a pet psychologist.
A psychologist can be a researcher, who makes abstract studies of mental disorders and their treatments. Or, a psychologist can be licensed to see and treat patients, offering therapy for mental conditions or behavioral issues. The word comes from two Latin root, psyche, meaning "soul, mind, and spirit," and logia, meaning "the study of." Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist does not have a medical degree, and therefore cannot prescribe medication.
WORD FAMILY
psychologist: psychologists+/ psychological: psychologically/ psychology: psychological, psychologies, psychologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
From 1968 until his death he was president and clinical psychologist at Behavior Service Consultants in Greenbelt.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For more tips from psychologists on how to keep resolutions, see this advice from the American Psychological Association.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fernyhough is not only a psychologist; he also writes fiction, and in describing this work he emphasizes the role of hearing voices.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 心理学研究者，心理学家
分布：名词(100%)
【记】源于：psyche（n 心智；精神）
【参】psychoanalysis（n 心理分析）
US [-'kɑ:.lə-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who studies the human mind and human emotions and behaviour, and how different situations have an effect on them 心理学家
• a child psychologist 儿童心理学家
• an educational psychologist 教育心理学家
• She spent 15 years as a clinical psychologist with the Northumberland Health Authority. 她在诺森伯兰健康中心当了15年的临床心理学家。

Word: wealthy
Front: wealthy
[ˈwelθi] (高研四六 3015/4114 -2)
Vocabulary: wealthy
(once / 259 pages)
adj
If you have riches you are wealthy. Don't be misled into thinking "riches" means only money — to many people, to have a healthy family and to be surrounded by love is to be abundantly wealthy.
The Old English word wela, via the Middle English welth, meaning "happiness and prosperity in abundance," is the source of our noun wealth. Although the Middle English wele meant "well-being," the word referred primarily to money and possessions. Many people still feel that way, but Henry David Thoreau offered a different view: "Wealth is the ability to fully experience life." That is, true wealth is having whatever means the most to you.
WORD FAMILY
wealthy: wealthier, wealthiest, wealthily, wealthiness+/ wealth: wealths, wealthy
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wealthy businessmen and officials were purchasing elaborate carvings as luxurious gifts or, in some cases, bribes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, is reportedly being interviewed by detectives investigating whether he broke the law by receiving gifts from wealthy businessmen.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Wealthier Americans might ponder the future of football, Irvin said, but poor and middle-class kids were betting their future on football.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 富有的; 充分的
n. 富人，有钱人，阔人
级别：wealthier, wealthiest
分布：富有的(50%)，富人(50%)
a.富有的,丰裕的,充分的n.富人,有钱人He comes from a wealthy family.他是富家子弟; 他出身富有的家庭.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■rich 富有的，有钱的
• He's a very wealthy man. 他是个非常富有的人。
• With their natural resources they are potentially a very wealthy country. 他们那里自然资源丰富，将来可能会成为一个非常富有的国家。
['wel.θi] plural noun
the wealthy
■rich people 有钱人
rich, wealthy
这组词都有“富的，富裕的”的意思，其区别是：
rich: 普通用词，语气强烈，指拥有大量金钱及财产。
wealthy: 普通用词，语气不如rich强烈，多指经济上富裕、社会地位稳固，很有身份，即有钱有势。
adj. 富有的；充分的；丰裕的
 - rich, sufficient, plenary
n. 富人
 - the rich, haves

Word: galaxy
Front: galaxy
[ˈgæləksi] (研六托雅宝 3016/5864 -2)
Vocabulary: galaxy
(once / 1338 pages)
1n 2n
A galaxy is a collection of stars and planets that are held together by gravity. In a galaxy, the celestial bodies rotate around a central object.
The Earth's galaxy is known as the Milky Way. Our solar system, made up of the Sun and the planets that encircle it, is a tiny part of that galaxy. A galaxy can also refer to a gathering of a lot of sparkly people –– like celebrities or sports stars. What gravity holds this galaxy together? Usually cameras.
WORD FAMILY
galaxy: galactic, galaxies+/ galactic: galactically, intergalactic
USAGE EXAMPLES
Samsung, the icon of South Korean technological prowess, suffered global humiliation with its recent recall of exploding Galaxy Note 7 smartphones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many galaxies of stars form spirals, where relatively few stars in the outer arms orbit around a dense mass of stars at the centre.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Finding it would solve one of science’s most baffling mysteries and explain why galaxies are not ripped apart by stars flying off into deep space.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 星系; 银河系; 一群显赫的（出色的）人物
分布：星系(60%)，银河(39%)，一群杰出的人(1%)
→来自glakt, 挤奶，牛奶，词源同lactation, coffee latte. 因银河远望如同喷洒的牛奶而得名。
欢蹦 ,跳跃(用腿蹦跳)[galax=milk(乳)]
n.星系;(theGalaxy)银河(系);一群显赫的人The slim Muslim reached his climax when he found the axis of the galaxy.苗条的穆斯林在发现银河的轴线时达到了(人生的)顶点.
【记】gala＝milk牛奶，milky way＝银河系以xy结尾的只有4个单词，xy表示交织在一起，象坐标线一样，银河系也象星星交织在一起。参：neodoxy（n 新学说；新见解）；orthodoxy（adj 正统的）；heterodoxy（n 非正统；异说）
【参】galactic（adj 极大的；银河的）；galactagogue（n 催奶剂）
noun
countable
■one of the independent groups of stars in the universe 星系
countable
■a meeting of rich and famous people 一群富有的名人；众星云集
• Present tonight at the long-awaited opening of this film are a whole galaxy of stars from the acting and musical professions. 人们期待已久的电影首映礼今晚举行，一大批影星歌星前来捧场。
the Galaxy (also the Milky Way)
■the very large group of stars that contains the solar system (= the sun and all the planets, including Earth, that go round it) 银河系，银河
n. 银河； [天] 星系；银河系；一群显赫的人
 - the Milky Way

Word: given
Front: given
[ˈgɪvn] (3017/2653 -3)
Vocabulary: given
(once / 18 pages)
1adjn 2adj
A given is some detail or fact that is known to be true. Your mother might say, "It's a given that I'll always love you, no matter how annoying you are."
Something's a given if it's an established situation that you're sure of. It's a given that a first class airplane ticket will cost a lot more than a seat in coach, and it's also a given that the earth orbits the sun. It can also be an adjective: "After considering the given facts, mark an answer on the multiple-choice test." Given comes from the verb give, which has an Old English root of giefan, "to bestow, allot, or commit."
WORD FAMILY
given: givenness, givens+/ give: gave, given, giver, gives, giving, misgive/giver: givers/giving: givings, self-giving/misgive: misgave, misgiven, misgives
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cousins is the second player this year to be given Player of the Month honors.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Even with Wooden allowed to roam, the Wildcats were given an opening.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He has a 3.81 strikeout to walk ratio against lefties and has given up just eight homers in 738 plate appearances.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 指定的，确定的; 假设的，假定的; 有…倾向的; 赠送的
prep. （表示原因）考虑到; （表示假设）倘若，假定
n. 假设
v. 给予，赠送( give的过去分词)
分布：考虑到(35%)，特定的(20%)，假设的(15%)，如果(15%)，动词give的过去分词形式(5%)，不争的事实(5%)，有 ... 倾向的(5%)
verb past participle of
■ give
['gɪv.ən] preposition
■knowing about or considering a particular thing 考虑到；鉴于
• Given his age, he's a remarkably fast runner. 考虑到他的年龄，他可称得上是个很出众的赛跑运动员了。
• Given (the fact) that he's had six months to do this, he hasn't made much progress. 鉴于他有六个月时间去完成该工作，所以现在依然进展不大。
['gɪv.ən] adjective
ARRANGED 安排好的
■already decided, arranged or agreed 规定的；特定的；已经安排好的；已认可的
• At the given signal, the group rushed forward to the barrier. 预定信号一发出，人群便向关卡冲去。
• The bomb could go off at any given (= any) time and in any given (= any) place. 炸弹随时随地都可能爆炸。
['gɪv.ən] adjective
HAVE HABIT 有习惯
be given to sth
■to do something regularly or as a habit 经常做；习惯于
• She was given to staying in bed till lunchtime. 她常常在床上呆到吃午餐时才起来。
['gɪv.ən] noun countable
■something which is certain to happen （定当发生的）假设事实，假定事实
• You can take it as a given that there will be champagne at the wedding. 你可以假设婚礼上一定会有香槟。
adj. 赠予的；沉溺的
 - bathed
prep. 考虑到
 - considering, saving, in consideration of, in mind
v. 给予（give的过去分词）
 - shown, gifted

Word: fund
Front: fund
[fʌnd] (研四六托 754/852 -K5)
Vocabulary: fund
(once / 78 pages)
1nv 2n 3v
A fund is a supply of money to be used for a specific purpose. You can start a fund for almost anything, such as your child’s education, a new car, or the establishment of the world’s largest origami collection.
Fund can be used as a verb meaning “provide funds for something.” If you’re unable to save up the money to start your origami collection, you might ask a friend to fund it. (We predict she’ll say no.) An organization that raises money for a particular, often charitable, purpose can also be called a fund. We doubt an origami collection warrants its own fund, but there's no harm in trying.
WORD FAMILY
fund: funded, funding, funds, refund +/funded: unfunded/ funding: fundings/ refund: refunded, refunding, refunds
USAGE EXAMPLES
She said that funding is key to continuing the medical wig project because the program’s funding is not part of UNCSA’s state-appropriated funds.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Edinburgh's Festivals are to benefit from £300,000 in extra funding to celebrate the 70th anniversary of their founding.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In one case, he was chided for spending $127,000 in public funds for a special sleeping cabin on a flight to London.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 基金; 储备; 现款; 特别基金管理机构
vt. 积存; 为…提供资金; 提供资金偿付（债款等）的本息; 把（短期借款）转为有固定利息的长期借款
时态：funded, funding, funds
分布：基金(93%)，资助(7%)
→来自bhudh, 底部，基础，词源同bottom, founder. 用做经济学名词资金。比较finance.
n.资金,基金;存款,现款;(知识等的)累积The rising risk arises from the surprised fund raiser's praise of the appraisal.上升的风险起因于受惊的资金聚集者对评估的赞美.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a sum of money saved, collected or provided for a particular purpose 基金；专款；资金
• a pension/trust fund 养老／信托基金
• The hospital has set up a special fund to buy new equipment. 医院专门设立了一项基金以购买新设备。
• Contributions are being sought for the disaster fund. 正在寻求对救灾基金的捐助。
funds [plural]
■money needed or available to spend on something 资金；钱款
• Following the repairs to the roof, church funds are now seriously depleted. 在对屋顶进行修缮之后，教堂的资金现在严重吃紧。
• The President has agreed to allocate further funds to develop the new submarine. 总统已经同意再拨一部分资金开发新潜艇。
• informal I'd love to come on holiday with you, but I'm a bit short of/low on funds (= I have little money) at the moment. 我也想和你一起去度假，但最近我手头有点拮据。
a fund of sth
■a lot of something 充满…的；有很多…的
• She has a fund of knowledge on the subject. 她对这一主题知之甚多。
[fʌnd] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to provide the money to pay for an event, activity or organization 为…提供资金；资助
• The company has agreed to fund my trip to Australia. 公司同意资助我的澳大利亚之行。
• The new college is being privately funded (= money for it is not being provided from taxes). 这所新大学目前是由私人提供资金的。
grant, allow, preach, fund
grant: （正式或法律上）同意，准许，允许（某人提出的要求）；
allow: 允许，准许（某事）；
preach: 布道，宣讲（讲义，生活方式等）；
fund: 为…提供资金，拨款给
n. [金融] 基金；资金；存款
 - capital, deposit, saving
vt. 投资；资助
 - invent money in, to invest

Word: ski
Front: ski
[ski:] (高研四六 3032/6258 -3)
Back: n. 滑雪; 滑雪板; 滑水橇; 滑行装置
v. 滑雪，滑冰
时态：skied, ski'd, skiing, skis
分布：滑雪(89%)，滑雪板(7%)，雪橇(4%)
→来自古诺斯语 skith,滑雪橇，字面意思为木棍，木条，来自 Proto-Germanic*skid,分开，劈开， 来自 skei,砍，切，词源同 ship,skill.参照《神雕侠侣》杨过用小木条滑过黑水潭情节。
n.雪橇v.滑雪The skilful miller killed millions of lions with his ski.技术娴熟的磨坊主用雪橇杀死了上百万头狮子.
noun countable (plural skis)
 IMPROVER
■one of a pair of long, flat narrow pieces of wood or plastic, which curve up at the front, and are fastened to boots so that the wearer can move quickly and easily over snow 滑雪板
• a pair of skis 一副滑雪板
• ski boots 滑雪靴
• a ski club/resort 滑雪俱乐部／胜地
[ski:] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to move over snow on skis 滑雪
• He skied down the hill. 他滑雪下山。
• Shall we go skiing? 我们去滑雪吧？
vi. 滑雪
 - skee

Word: limitation
Front: limitation
[ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃn] (研四六托 3019/2901 -2)
Vocabulary: limitation
(once / 495 pages)
n
A limitation is something that holds you back, like a broken leg that keeps you off the dance floor during prom season.
A limitation could also be a rule that restricts what you can do, like needing to be a certain height to ride a roller coaster at an amusement park. It can also be a circumstance that hampers you, like a dead car that keeps you from traveling very far from home. The noun limitation comes up a lot in the law, especially in the phrase "statute of limitations," which dictates how long after a crime someone can be prosecuted for committing it.
WORD FAMILY
limitation: limitations+/ limit: limitation, limited, limiter, limiting, limitless, limits/ limited: limitedly, limiteds, self-limited, unlimited/limiter: limiters/ limitless: limitlessly, limitlessness/unlimited: unlimitedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Between the various funds and the statutory limitations placed on them, it’s hard to understand.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Since Amtrak’s accessible bedrooms extend the entire width of the train on the lower level, that may be a design limitation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Pinon said as long as the country suffers from its logistical limitations, Mexicans will be paying “an internal overpricing” at the pumps.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 限制; 局限; 极限; 起限制作用的规则（或事实、条件）
分布：限制(90%)，限度(9%)，缺点(1%)
→来自limit,界限，限制。
n.限制,局限性The limitation on the imitations is preliminarily eliminated.对模仿的限制初步被消除.
noun uncountable
■the act of controlling and especially reducing something 限制，限定
• the limitation of nuclear weapons 对核武器的限制
limitations [plural] disapproving
■If someone or something has limitations, they are not as good as they could be 局限，局限性
• Living in a flat is all right, but it has its limitations - for example, you don't have your own garden. 住公寓不错，但也有其局限性——如没有自己的花园。
• Despite her limitations as an actress, she was a great entertainer. 她作为演员尽管有其局限性，但仍不失为一名了不起的表演者。
limitation, boundary
limitation: 局限，限制
boundary: 边界，分界线
confinement, confinement, concentrate, restraint, focus, limitation
这组词都有“限制，局限”的意思，其区别是：
confinement: n.限制，囚禁(于某地或某种境地)。
 • The prisoner was sentenced to three months' solitary confinement.   那犯人被判处单独监禁三个月。
confinement: limitation, restraint
concentrate: v.集中，集中精力(后接on，宾语可以是具体或抽象的东西)；浓缩，压缩。
 • During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the questions.   考试期间，同学们集中精力回答问题。
restraint: n.克制，抑制；约束措施。
 • Even though the mother was very angry, she acted with restraint and didn't yell at her child.   即使母亲很生气，她仍克制自己没有向孩子大吼。
focus: v.集中(于某事物)；将(注意力等)集中于……(后接on，宾语一般不是具体的东西)。
 • Please focus your minds on the following problem.   请集中考虑以下问题。
limitation: n.限制，局限；(能力的)缺点，弱点。
 • That employee has limitations on what work he can do.   那个雇员能做的工作有限。
n. 限制；限度；极限；追诉时效；有效期限
 - restriction, threshold, qualification, terminal

Word: OK
Front: OK
[.əʊ'keɪ] (中高 830/3743 -K)
Back: adj. 好的；不错的
adv. 行；很好
int. 好；可以
vt. 对…表示同意
n. 同意
分布：好(66%)，可以(27%)，不错(7%)
→词源不确定，通常认为缩写自方言英语”oll korrect”.
US [ˌoʊ-] UK ['--] exclamation
AGREEING 同意的
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that you agree with something or agree to do something 可以的，同意的；能接受的，可行的
• "I'll pay you back tomorrow." "OK, no problem." “我明天还钱给你。”“好，没问题。”
• "Could you pick me up from the station?" "OK, what time?" “你能在车站接我吗？”“好的，几点钟？”
• I mean, OK (= I accept that) , I wasn't exactly polite to him, but I don't think I was that rude! 我的意思是，我承认，我对他确实不礼貌，不过我觉得我并没有那么粗鲁。
(also okay) UK [ˌəʊ'keɪ] US [ˌoʊ-] UK ['--] exclamation
UNDERSTAND 明白；理解
 ESSENTIAL
■used to check that someone understands something or that they agree to something 用于确保某人明白或同意某事
• You need to add a bit more vinegar, OK? 你需要多加点醋，明白吗？
• I'll see you at six-thirty, okay? 我们6点30分见面，好吗？
(also okay) UK [ˌəʊ'keɪ] US [ˌoʊ-] UK ['--] exclamation
ACTION 行动
 ESSENTIAL informal
■used as a way of showing that you are going to take action or start something new （用于表示打算行动或开始新的活动）行，好吧
• Okay, let's go. 好，我们走吧。
• Okay then, if you're ready we'll start. 那好吧，如果你准备好了，我们就开始。
(also okay) UK [ˌəʊ'keɪ] US [ˌoʊ-] UK ['--] exclamation
PAUSE 停顿 not standard
■used in the middle of a sentence as a way of pausing （用于句中起停顿作用）
• We saw these guys, okay, so we went up to them and started talking. 我们看见了这些人，就走过去和他们交谈起来。
(also okay) UK [ˌəʊ'keɪ] US [ˌoʊ-] UK ['--] adjective informal
AGREED 同意的
 ESSENTIAL
■agreed or acceptable 可以的，同意的；能接受的，可行的
• Is it okay if I bring a friend to the party? 我带一个朋友来参加聚会，可以吗？
• If it's okay by/with you, I'll leave the shopping till tomorrow. 如果你同意的话，我等到明天再去购物。
(also okay) UK [ˌəʊ'keɪ] US [ˌoʊ-] UK ['--] adjective informal
ACCEPTABLE 可接受的
 ESSENTIAL
■in a satisfactory state or of a satisfactory quality; all right 令人满意的；可以的；不错的
• How's Paula? Is she okay after her fall yesterday? 宝拉怎么样了？她昨天摔了一跤，现在还好吗？
• Are you OK? You look a bit pale. 你没事吧？你看上去脸色有些苍白。
• "Is everything OK with you?" "Yes, fine." “你一切都好吗？”“是的，我很好。”
• I'll just check that the car's okay - that was a bit of a bang! 我要检查一下汽车有没有问题——那有砰的一声响！
 ESSENTIAL
■not bad but certainly not good 还可以的；凑合的；还行的
• "Did you have a good meal last night?" "It was okay, though I've certainly had better." “你昨晚吃得好吗？”“还可以，不过我吃过更好的。”
• Her voice is OK, but it's nothing special. 她的嗓音还可以，不过没甚么特别之处。
(also okay) UK [ˌəʊ'keɪ] US [ˌoʊ-] UK ['--] adverb informal
 ESSENTIAL
■in a satisfactory way 很好；还不错；还算满意
• Everything was going OK until the printer stopped working. 列印机停止工作之前，一切还算顺利。
• Did you sleep okay? 你睡得还好吗？
• I just phoned to make sure that you got there okay. 我打电话来就是确认一下你是否顺利到达。
(also okay) UK [ˌəʊ'keɪ] US [ˌoʊ-] UK ['--] verb transitive (okaying, okayed, okayed, OKing, OKed, OKed) informal
■to agree to something 同意，接受；批准
• Have the committee okayed your proposal? 委员会已批准你的建议了吗？
(also okay) UK [ˌəʊ'keɪ] US [ˌoʊ-] UK ['--] noun
the okay (also the OK) only singular
■permission 许可，认可；批准
• He's got the okay to go ahead with his project. 他已获准实施他的方案。
adj. 好的；不错的
 - good, fine, great, bona
adv. 行；很好
 - certainly, very good
int. 好；可以
 - okay, zowie
n. 同意
 - agreement, yes, leave, Okay, consent

Word: trace
Front: trace
[treɪs] (研四六托雅 3020/2868 -K3)
Vocabulary: trace
(once / 85 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n
A trace of something is just a hint or suggestion of it, a very small amount left behind — like the sad cookie crumbs at the bottom of an empty cookie jar.
There are more meanings we can trace to this word trace. As a verb, trace means to follow the course or trail of something, sometimes even chasing or hunting it. It also means to draw or sketch over a picture on translucent "tracing paper." So you could say that Sherlock Holmes traced criminals throughout London, following even the smallest traces of evidence and tracing copies of the villain's notes for his files.
WORD FAMILY
trace: retrace, traceable, traced, tracer, traces, tracing+/ retrace: retraced, retraces, retracing/ traceable: traceably, untraceable/tracer: tracers/tracing: tracings/untraceable: untraceably
USAGE EXAMPLES
All along, Trace McSorley, the Penn State second-year quarterback, created his own form of pass protection.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
This story was produced in collaboration with the Trace as part of a partnership to report on exclusive new gun ownership data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Ayala’s success was the product, above all, of her own determination to get an education, a resolution she traces to her pregnancy at age 15.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 跟踪，追踪; 追溯，探索; 探索; 查找
vi. 沿着一小径或道路前进; 可以追溯的
n. 痕迹，踪迹; 微量，极少量; [植]（脉）迹; 痕迹
时态：traced, tracing, traces
分布：微量(47%)，追踪(21%)，痕迹(19%)，踪迹(8%)，描绘(4%)，找出根源(1%)
→来自古法语 tracier,寻找，追踪，来自通俗拉丁语*tractire,描绘，勾勒，来自拉丁语 trahere, 拉，拉出，来自 dhragh,拉，拉出，移动，词源同 draw,tract.引申诸相关词义。
n.痕迹,踪迹;极少量v.描绘;跟踪,追踪I feel a trace of disgrace for the gracious man's embracing her bracelet.我对仁慈男子拥抱她的手镯感到一丝耻辱.
verb transitive
FIND 找到
 ADVANCED
■to find someone or something that was lost 找到，查出，发现
• The police are trying to trace the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside a hospital. 员警试图查出那位把新生婴儿抛弃在医院外面的母亲。
• Attempts to trace the whereabouts of a man seen leaving the scene of the crime have so far been unsuccessful. 有人曾看到一名男子离开犯罪现场，但迄今为止，尚未成功追查到该名男子。
• Their missing daughter was finally traced to (= found in) Manchester. 他们失踪的女儿最终在曼彻斯特找到了。
 ADVANCED
■to find the origin of something 追查…的来源
• The phone company were unable to trace the call. 电话公司查不出这个电话来自何处。
• No one has yet been able to trace the source of the rumour. 还没有人能够查出谣言从何而来。
 ADVANCED
■to discover the cause or origin of something by examining the way in which it has developed （根据事物的发展方式）查明…的起因（或源头），追溯
• The outbreak of food poisoning was traced to some contaminated shellfish. 经调查，这次食物中毒源于一些受污染的贝类。
• The practice of giving eggs at Easter can be traced back to festivals in ancient China. 复活节送彩蛋的习俗可追溯至中国古代的节庆活动。
• Rivalries between the gangs can be traced back to (= first happened in) the 1950s in some black and Hispanic neighbourhoods. 这些帮派之间的争斗可以追溯至20世纪50年代在一些黑人和西班牙族裔人口居住区发生的冲突。
■to describe the way in which something has developed 描绘…的发展方式
• The film traces the events leading up to the Russian Revolution in 1917. 该影片描述了导致1917年俄国革命爆发的一系列事件。
[treɪs] verb transitive
DRAW 描绘
■to copy a drawing or pattern, etc. by drawing over its lines through a thin piece of transparent paper （把透明纸覆盖在底样上）描摹
• Did you draw this picture yourself, or did you trace it? 这幅画是你自己画的，还是你描摹的？
• She learnt to write her name by tracing out the letters. 她透过描摹字母学会了写自己的名字。
■to draw a shape by showing the main or outer lines 勾画出…的轮廓
• The child was tracing patterns in/on the sand with a stick. 孩子用棍子在沙子上勾画出一个个图案。
[treɪs] noun
SIGN/RECORD 标志或记录
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a sign that something has happened or existed 痕迹，踪迹
• He attempted to cover up all the traces of his crime. 他试图掩盖他犯罪的痕迹。
• When she moved out, she left no trace of having been there. 她搬走后，没有留下任何在那里逗留过的痕迹。
• My wallet has been missing for several days and I can't find any trace of it. 我的钱包不见好几天了，而我就是找不到它。
• He seems to have vanished without (a) trace (= No one knows where he is). 他似乎已经消失得无影无踪。
countable
■an act of finding information about something electronically, or the record of the information found in this way （利用电子仪器的）追踪，描记图
• The phone company put a trace on the call. 电话公司用电子仪器追踪这次通话。
[treɪs] noun
SLIGHT AMOUNT 微量
countable
■a very slight amount 微量，少许
• Traces of drugs were found in his blood. 在他的血液中发现少许毒品。
• There is just a trace of grey in his hair. 他头发中夹杂着少许白发。
• She speaks English without the slightest trace of an accent. 她讲英语丝毫不带口音。
• There was the faintest trace of a smile on her lips. 她的唇边带着一丝微笑。
• "How wonderful!" she said, without any trace of sarcasm. “多好啊！”她说道，语气中丝毫没有挖苦。
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
vi. [审计] 追溯；沿路走
 - go back, carry up
vt. 追踪，查探；描绘；回溯
 - represent, figure, trail
n. [法] 痕迹，踪迹； [气象] 微量； [仪] 迹线；缰绳
 - suggestion, mark, tail, drop

Word: appointment
Front: appointment
[əˈpɔɪntmənt] (高研四六托雅 3021/1558 -K3)
Vocabulary: appointment
(once / 210 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
An appointment is a preset arrangement to meet, like a dentist’s appointment, an appointment with your accountant, or an appointment to have your palm read.
An appointment is a formal date or plan to meet at the appointed time. Whether you have a doctor’s appointment, a hair appointment, or a 1 o’clock lunch appointment, you need to be there — or you’ll have a broken appointment. It’s easier to remember your appointments if you write them down! With roots in the Old French apointier, meaning to “arrange, settle, or place," appointment can also mean the placing, or appointing of, someone into an unelected position.
WORD FAMILY
appointment: appointments+/ appoint: appointed, appointee, appointing, appointive, appointment, appoints/ appointed: appointedly, self-appointed/appointee: appointees/appointive: nonappointive
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Johnson, who registers patients when they arrive for neurology appointments at IU Health Methodist Hospital in Indianapolis, was not helping.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Cantor spokeswoman confirmed the appointment on Monday.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Her appointment sparked controversy due to her previous employment links to China’s military.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 约会; 任命; 职务; 职位
分布：约会(62%)，任命(28%)，职位(7%)，设备(3%)
n.约会,约定;任命,委派;委任的职位I pointed out the joint on the coin at the disappointing appointment.在令人失望的约会上,我指出了硬币上的接头.
noun
ARRANGEMENT 安排
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a formal arrangement to meet or visit someone at a particular time and place 约会；预约；约定
• I'd like to make an appointment with Doctor Evans, please. 劳驾，我要预约埃文斯医生的门诊。
• She had to cancel her dental appointment. 她不得不取消去看牙医的预约。
• [+ to infinitive] I've got an appointment to see Ms Edwards at two o'clock/a two o'clock appointment with Ms Edwards. 我两点钟和爱德华兹女士有个约会。
• If he didn't have a secretary to remind him, he wouldn't keep (= remember to be present at) any of his appointments. 如果没有秘书提醒，他会把所有的约会通通忘掉。
• That's the second appointment he's missed (= not been present at). 这是他第二次失约。
by appointment
■at a previously arranged time 按约定；按事先预定的时间
• House for sale, two bedrooms. Viewing by appointment only. 两房房子出售，看房请务必预约。
[ə'pɔɪnt.mənt] noun
JOB 工作
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when someone is officially chosen for a job, or the job itself 任命，委派
• his appointment as senior lecturer 聘任他为高级讲师
• We would like to announce the appointment of Julia Lewis as head of sales. 我们很高兴地宣布朱丽亚‧路易士被任命为销售部主任。
• Our department expects to make five new appointments (= appoint five new people) this year alone. 我们部门预计今年一年就会聘任五位新职员。
by appointment
■in the UK, used by businesses to show that their goods and services are sold to the Queen, and that they are of good quality 经女王御准（英国商家用来表示其商品或服务可提供给皇室，因而品质很好）
• Carter's Ltd, confectioners by appointment to the Queen 卡特有限公司，女王御准糖果商
date, appointment, engagement
这组词都有“约会”的意思，其区别是：
date: 主要指朋友之间的随便约见或男女之间的约会。
appointment: 通常指严格根据时间表上预约的时间进行的约见或约会，其目的主要是讨论公事或业务问题。
engagement: 普通用词，可与本组的另外两个词换用。泛指任何商定的地点和时间见面，专指针对某一目的约会。
n. [管理] 任命；约定；任命的职位
 - convention, bond, nomination

Word: preference
Front: preference
[ˈprefrəns] (高研四六托雅 3022/2642 -K2)
Vocabulary: preference
(once / 392 pages)
n
If you have a strong liking for something, you have a preference for it. You might have a preference for apples, but there are some days when you're stuck eating a banana instead.
If you grant favors to one person over another, then you are showing a preference or bias. The United States often gives preference to traditional allies like Britain or Canada. In your science class, it's clear that the professor has a preference for certain students and calls on them more often. Preference also refers to a choice or the right to choose — your friend might have a strong preference for which movie you'll see tonight.
WORD FAMILY
preference: preferences, preferential +/ prefer: preferable, preference, prefering, preferment, preferred, preferring, prefers/ preferable: preferably / preferential: preferentially/preferment: preferments/ preferred: preferredly
USAGE EXAMPLES
We also understand that administrations and their preferences change, and we celebrate that part of our democracy.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
It is a subject that tends to surface periodically in the preferences of Academy voters.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
For some it was their income or living situation, for others it was simply their preference or convictions.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 偏爱; 优先权; 偏爱的事物; （债权人）受优先偿还的权利
分布：优先(55%)，偏爱(33%)，优惠(11%)，喜爱物(1%)
→来自prefer,偏好，-ence,名词后缀。
偏爱,优先权(prefer+ence)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
n.(for,to)偏爱,喜爱;优惠;优先选择I prefer the preferable preference you referred to in the reference books.我更喜欢你在参考书中提到的那个更可取的优先权.
US ['-ɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you like something or someone more than another person or thing 偏爱；爱好；喜爱
• Her preference is for comfortable rather than stylish clothes. 她更注重衣服的舒适性，而非时髦的款式。
• I have a preference for sweet food over spicy. 比起辛辣食物我更喜欢甜食。
• Choosing furniture is largely a matter of personal preference. 挑选家俱主要是个人喜好的问题。
• It would be wrong to discriminate against a candidate because of their sexual preference (= the sex of the people they are sexually attracted to). 出于应聘者的性倾向而对他们有所歧视是错误的。
■an advantage which is given to a person or a group of people 优先（权），偏袒
• We give preference to those who have worked with us for a long time. 我们优先考虑那些和我们长期共事的人。
• Special preferences were offered initially to encourage investment. 给予特殊优先权最初是为了鼓励投资。
in preference to sth
■If you choose one thing in preference to another thing, you choose it because you like or want it more than the other thing 优先于；而不是
• He studied chemistry in preference to physics at university. 出于喜好，他大学里学的是化学而非物理。
election, preference, choice, alternative, selection, option
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
election: 强调目的和达到目的判断能力。
preference: 侧重因偏见、爱好或判断等而进行选择。
choice: 侧重指自由选择的权利或特权。
alternative: 指在相互排斥的两者之间作严格的选择，也可指在两者以上中进行选择。
selection: 指作广泛的选择，着重选择者的识别力或鉴赏力。
option: 着重特别给予的选择权利或权力，所选物常常相互排斥。
n. 偏爱，倾向； [经] [计] 优先权
 - tendency, liability, priority, trend, favour

Word: meter
Front: meter
[ˈmi:tə(r)] (3024/7042 -2)
Vocabulary: meter
(once / 734 pages)
1nv 2n 3v
The machine at the parking space that takes your quarters is a meter. A meter is also a way of organizing and counting beats in poetry or music, and in the metric system, a meter is roughly equal to a yard.
Despite the fact that meter has many uses, they all relate to the same things: counting and measuring. The parking meter measures how long you've been parked, while a car's speedometer measures speed. Meters and kilometers measure distance. In music and poetry, the meter is the rhythm or beat. English poetry, such as the work of Shakespeare, uses a meter called iambic pentameter, which sounds like da DUM, da DUM, da DUM, da DUM, da DUM.
WORD FAMILY
meter: metered, metering, meters, metric +/ metric: metricise, metricize, metrics, non-metric
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s actually noise registering on the decibel meter, and it’s not just for free chicken.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Students used a sophisticated meter provided by the Hubbard Foundation to do the work.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The swim was 1,500 meters and the bike was 40 kilometers.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 计量器; 计量仪
v. 用仪表测量
时态：metered, metering, meters
分布：米(77%)，计量器(11%)，公尺(10%)，计时器(2%)
→来自med,测量，词源同measure,model.引申词义仪器，仪表，诗律等，并用于公制单位米。
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
DEVICE 装置
■a device that measures the amount of something that is used 计，仪，表
• The electricity meter is under the stairs. 电表在楼梯下面。
• You'll need some change for the parking meter. 你需要些零钱来付计时停车费。
• The man from the gas board came to read the meter (= see how much gas had been used). 煤气公司的人来抄煤气表了。
■the device in a taxi that measures the distance or the amount of time spent travelling and shows how much you have to pay （计程车的）计费表
• The taxi driver left the meter running while I helped Mum to her front door. 我扶妈妈下车走到前门期间，计程车司机一直让计费表继续运转。
UK ['mi:.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
MEASUREMENT 测量 US for metre
UK ['mi:.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb transitive
■to use meters to measure how much gas, electricity or water is used （用仪表）计，计量
• Britain's water companies are planning to meter water consumption. 英国的自来水公司正计划计量用水量。
n. 米；仪表； [计量] 公尺；韵律
 - rhythm, metre

Word: explosion
Front: explosion
[ɪkˈspləʊʒn] (研四六雅 3023/3285 -K3)
Vocabulary: explosion
(once / 355 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Whether it's a bursting balloon or a detonating bomb, you're sure to notice an explosion. An explosion involves a sudden and often violent burst of energy.
The noun explosion is useful when you're talking about a watermelon smashing on the pavement or the burst of fireworks overhead, but it can also describe a sudden increase in something, like an explosion of excitement at a birthday party when the pony arrives. Originally, explosion was used to mean "scornful rejection," from its root in the Latin explodere, "hiss off the stage," and a disappointed audience today might still be described as "exploding with boos."
WORD FAMILY
explosion: explosions+/ explode: exploded, explodes, exploding, explosion /exploded: unexploded
USAGE EXAMPLES
The five explosions wounded 49 people, they added.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The company says its investigation of the Sept. 1 explosion found that a tank failed within the larger, second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 30 people called police in the central Connecticut town over what sounded like an explosion.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 爆炸，炸裂; 爆发; 扩张，激增; （感情，尤指愤怒的）突然爆发
分布：爆炸(84%)，爆炸声(8%)，爆发(5%)，激增(3%)
→来自explode, 爆炸。
爆炸(explode的名词)[pold=bignoise,表示"大声音"]
n.爆炸,爆发After an explosion the explorer restored the storage of the explosive in the exploiter's storehouse.爆炸过后勘探者恢复了剥削者的仓库里炸药的储量.
US [-'sploʊ-] noun
BURST 爆炸
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when something such as a bomb explodes 爆炸；爆破；爆裂
• The fire was thought to have been caused by a gas explosion. 有人认为火灾是由于煤气爆炸引起的。
• The explosion (= the intentional exploding) of nuclear devices in the Bikini Atoll was stopped in 1958. 在比基尼岛进行的核爆炸试验于1958年终止。
UK [ɪk'spləʊ.ʒən] US [-'sploʊ-] noun
EMOTION 情感
countable
■a sudden strong expression of emotion （情感的）突然迸发，爆发，突然发作
• There was an explosion of applause from the audience at the end of the performance. 表演结束时观众席上爆发出一阵热烈的掌声。
UK [ɪk'spləʊ.ʒən] US [-'sploʊ-] noun
INCREASE 增加
countable
■when the number of something increases very quickly 急剧扩大；激增，突增
• The government has had to take measures to halt the population explosion. 政府不得不采取措施抑制人口激增。
UK [ɪk'spləʊ.ʒən] US [-'sploʊ-] noun
FALSE IDEA 错误的观点
uncountable
■when someone or something proves that something is wrong 某事证实是错误的，推翻
• the explosion of the conspiracy theories surrounding the death of the princess 公主被人施用阴谋杀害的说法被推翻了
explosion, eruption
explosion: 爆炸
eruption: 爆发，突然发作
n. [力] 爆炸；爆发；激增
 - blast, burst, detonation

Word: publicly
Front: publicly
['pʌblɪklɪ] (高 3027/4133 -K)
Back: adv. 公开地; 由公众（或政府）; 为公众所同意; 以公众名义
分布：以公众名义(34%)，公开地(33%)，公然地(33%)
adverb
TO EVERYONE 当众
 IMPROVER
■If something is done publicly, it is done so that everyone can know about it 公开地，当众
• The company publicly apologized and agreed to contribute some money to charity. 公司公开致歉，并答应捐款给慈善组织。
• publicly humiliated 被公开羞辱的
['pʌb.lɪ.kli] adverb
GOVERNMENT 政府
■done, owned, or paid for by the government 公有地；由政府进行地；由政府支付地
• The new railway will not be publicly funded. 这条新铁路将不会获得政府资助。
adv. 公然地；以公众名义
 - openly, declaredly

Word: incredible
Front: incredible
[ɪnˈkredəbl] (研六托雅 3026/4939 -3)
Vocabulary: incredible
(once / 304 pages)
adj
If it's hard to believe and hard to wrap your head around, it just might be incredible. A hurricane in Kansas would certainly be incredible, but keeping your bedroom tidy all week counts too.
Incredible is commonplace and perhaps overused but it still fits the bill whenever life is beyond expectation. The Latin root credere means believe. Slap an in in front of that root, and something incredible is hard to believe.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
incredible / incredulous
Incredible describes something you can't believe because it's so right, like an incredible double rainbow. Incredulous describes how you feel when you can't believe something because it's so wrong, like when someone tells you leprechauns left two pots of gold.
If you pay attention to advertising, we live in an incredible world: Your local team had an incredible comeback. The latest movie is an incredible adventure. Wash your hair with this new shampoo and get incredible shine.
It's enough to make you incredulous, or skeptical.
Incredible isn't just an empty modifier for some new product. The adjective means that what it describes is hard to believe. People use it to mean it's so awesome you can't even believe it. It's usually something good, but bad stuff, like earthquakes, can be hard to believe, too:
He is an incredible player: Hall of Fame talent combined with world-class relentlessness. (New York Times)
Japanese earthquake, tsunami causes incredible damage; effects felt in U.S. (North Jefferson News)
The brain drain out of rural America has been incredible. (Reuters)
Incredulous describes someone unable to believe something, someone being super skeptical. Put your fists on your hips and say "no way!"when you're incredulous. It comes from the Latin incredulous, meaning not believing. Incredulous describes people, and their reactions to things they can't believe:
Asked whether writing the book forced him to seize on moments that he might otherwise have passed over he looked incredulous. (New York Times)
"Do you mean," he began, and paused, scrutinizing her tortured face with disconcerted, incredulous eyes. (F.E. Mills Young)
Something incredible is not credible; it's unbelievable.People, rainbows, and other things can be described as incredible (just check that shampoo label), but only people can feel incredulous, or unbelieving and a little irked.
WORD FAMILY
incredible: incredibility, incredibleness, incredibly +/ credibility: credibilities/ credible: credibility, credibleness, crediblest, credibly, incredible /incredibility: incredibilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
"My average of 108 says it all - it was incredible for everyone."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Los Angeles lost 11 of its final 12 games in an incredible pratfall.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Los Angeles was 3-1 after that road victory, but lost 11 of its final 12 games in an incredible pratfall.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 不可思议的; 惊人的; 难以置信的; 未必可能的
分布：难以置信的(80%)，惊人的(20%)
→in-,不，非，credible,可相信的。
a.不可相信的,惊人的,不可思议的It's incredible that the editor's editorial in this edition is edible.本版中的编辑社论可以食用让人难以置信.
adjective
DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE 难以相信的
 ESSENTIAL
■impossible, or very difficult, to believe 难以置信的
• an incredible story 令人难以置信的故事
• The latest missiles can be fired with incredible accuracy. 最新型导弹的准确度高得令人难以置信。
• It seems incredible that no one foresaw the crisis. 令人难以置信的是没有人预见到危机会发生。
[ɪn'kred.ɪ.bl] adjective
EXTREME 极端的 informal
■extremely good 极好的
• Yeah, it was an incredible performance. 对，这是一场非常出色的表演。
• What an incredible motorbike! 多棒的摩托车啊！
incredible, incredulous, credulous, unimaginable, credible
incredible: adj 不可相信的（前两个含被动意味）；
incredulous: 不轻易相信的（后两个含被动意义）；
credulous: 轻信的，易受骗的；
unimaginable: 不能想象的，想不到的，难以理解的
credible: adj 可信的；
assessable, incredible, negligible, identifiable
assessable: 可估价的，可征收的
incredible: 难以置信的，惊人的
negligible: 可以忽略的，不予重视的
identifiable: 可以确定的
adj. 难以置信的，惊人的
 - tremendous, unbelievable, spectacular, fabulous

Word: fighter
Front: fighter
[ˈfaɪtə(r)] (高六 3028/4002 -3)
Vocabulary: fighter
(once / 474 pages)
1n 2n
Someone who battles or brawls with other people is a fighter. Some fighters, like boxers, do it professionally, while others just have a tendency to fight.
If you have a habit of getting into scuffles or fistfights, you're a fighter, and when you watch a boxing match, you might pick one of the two fighters to root for. An animal might also be described as a fighter: lions are natural fighters, and a fish struggling hard on the end of a hook is a fighter. Other fighters work heroically for a belief or ideal: "She was a fighter in the struggle for civil rights."
WORD FAMILY
fighter: fighters+/ fight: fighter, fighting, fights, fought/fighting: fightings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A booby-trapped drone launched by Islamic State militants killed two Kurdish Peshmerga fighters and wounded two French soldiers in October near Mosul.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Attacks by Isis on military positions also on Monday in the north of Baghdad killed 16 pro-government fighters.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Then the class breaks into groups: Newcomers in a small cluster, returning fighters in a larger circle, brandishing their weapons.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 战士（尤指士兵或拳击者）; [航]战斗机，歼击机; 斗争者，奋斗者; 好斗的人
分布：战斗机(66%)，战士(32%)，好战者(2%)
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
PERSON 人
■someone who fights 战士；战斗者；斗士
• She's a fighter (= she tries hard and will not easily give up). 她是一个坚强不屈的斗士。
UK ['faɪ.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
AIRCRAFT 飞机
■a small fast military aircraft used for chasing and destroying enemy aircraft 战斗机；歼击机
• a fighter plane/aircraft 战斗机
• a fighter pilot 战斗机驾驶员
n. 战士，斗争者；斗士；奋斗者；好战者
 - champion, warrior

Word: rapid
Front: rapid
[ˈræpɪd] (中高研四六雅 3029/2402 -K4)
Vocabulary: rapid
(once / 54 pages)
adjn
Rapid means happening with great speed or in a brief period of time. Think of Rapid Eye Movement (REM sleep), when your eyes are darting back and forth quickly — trying to follow your fast-paced dreams.
Rapid comes from the Latin word rapere, which means "to hurry away" or "to seize." If you are first to raise your hand in class with the correct answer, your teacher will be pleased with your rapid response. Your pulse may be rapid after you run a quick sprint, and after a rapid run-up in the stock market you may decide to sell some shares and lock in the profit.
WORD FAMILY
rapid: rapidity, rapidly, rapidness, rapids+/rapidity: rapidities
USAGE EXAMPLES
I start to shake, and my breathing grows rapid.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
That it appears ready to do so is a sign of China’s fear of the rapid emergence of groups like Youngspiration.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Behr, 62, doubted the new line would lead to a rapid transformation.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 快速的; [摄]感光快的; 险峻的
n. 急流; 高速交通工具，高速交通网
分布：快的(39%)，迅速的(31%)，急流(10%)，险峻的(10%)，湍滩(5%)，急速的(3%)，短时间发生的(2%)
→来自拉丁语 rapere,抓住，抓取，词源同 rob,rip,rapid.引申词义快速的。
a.快,急速的n.(pl.)急流,湍滩The stupid student rapidly studied the accident in the studio.愚蠢的学生在画室里快速研究了事故.
【记】记住“急流”的意思。
adjective
 IMPROVER
■fast or sudden 快的；迅猛的
• The 1990s were a period of rapid change/growth. 20世纪90年代是一个迅猛突变／发展的时期。
• I was startled by a rapid movement to my left. 我左边甚么东西猛地动了一下，吓了我一跳。
• His response to the accusation was rapid. 他对这种指责马上作出了回应。
hasty, quick, prompt, fast, instant, rapid, speedy, swift
hasty: 多指匆忙、草率或仓促的行动，着重缺乏深思熟虑。
quick: 特指瞬时动作，强调动作敏捷迅速；也指匆忙的行为，而不暗示速度很快。
prompt: 主要指动作迅速，毫不拖延，含“快得令人愉悦”的意味。
fast: 常指人或物持续地高速运动，强调运动的方式。
instant: 指某事很快发生或急待解决，含刻不容缓之意。
rapid: 比fast和quick正式，常指运动本身，侧重速度惊人。所指动作可能是短暂的，也可能是持续的。
speedy: 指人或物或其运动、活动时，着重极度的快捷，多含匆忙意味。
swift: 正式用词，强调非常迅速，往往含动作轻快敏捷之意。
adj. 迅速的，急促的；飞快的；险峻的
 - fast, forward, ready, express, quick
n. 急流；高速交通工具，高速交通网
 - rush, whitewater

Word: admission
Front: admission
[ədˈmɪʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 3031/2768 -2)
Vocabulary: admission
(once / 339 pages)
1n 2n
If you pay admission, you're paying a fee in order to attend something, like an event or a movie. After you pay admission to the movie theater, you head straight to the popcorn stand.
The noun admission stems from the Latin word admissionem, meaning "a letting in." It often refers to a fee charged for entry, but it can also describe the process of being granted entry. The university's admission of the new student was welcome news — now he has access to the school's research facilities. An admission can also be a confession that something is true, such as your brother's surly admission that he was the one who popped your bike tire.
WORD FAMILY
admission: admissions+/admissive: admissively/ admit: admission, admissive, admits, admittable, admittance, admitted, admitting, readmit /admittance: admittances/admitted: admittedly/readmission: readmissions/ readmit: readmission, readmits, readmitted, readmitting
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s an admission that it’s a lot for them to lose politically.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Elsewhere in Europe, roughly 6% of state hospital admissions contracted infections.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
To coincide with Sakari’s public debut, the Buffalo Zoo also is announcing the return of the special winter admission price of $5 per person.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 准许进入; 承认; 坦白; 入场费
分布：承认(84%)，许可(13%)，入会费(3%)
n.允许进入;承认;入场费,入会费,入场券Admission to the concert costs $2.音乐会的入场券两美元一张.
noun
ACCEPT 接受
countable or uncountable
■when you agree that something is true, especially unwillingly （尤指不情愿的）承认，供认，招认
• Her silence was taken as an admission of guilt/defeat. 她的沉默被认为是承认自己有罪／失败。
• [+ that] I felt he would see my giving up now as an admission that I was wrong. 我觉得，如果这时候我放弃，在他眼里这将意味着我承认自己错了。
• By/On his own admission (= as he has said) he has achieved little since he took over the company. 据他自己说，自从接手公司以来，他几乎一事无成。
[əd'mɪʃ.ən] noun
ALLOW IN 允许进入
countable or uncountable
■when someone is given permission to enter a place, or the money that you pay to enter a place 准许进入；入场费，门票费
• Admission to the exhibition will be by invitation only. 只有持请帖者才可进入展览会场。
• How much do they charge for admission. 他们入场费要收多少钱？
• The admission charge/fee is £2. 门票是两英镑。
• There's a notice outside the building which says 'No admission before 12 noon'. 楼外有张告示，写著「中午12点以前禁止进入”。
admissions [plural]
■the people allowed into a college, hospital, or other place, or the process of allowing people in （大学、医院等）接收的人数；准许加入
• Half of all hospital admissions are emergencies, and these are treated straightaway. 医院收治的病人有一半是急诊，这些人立即得到了治疗。
admission, entry, admittance, entrance
这组词都有“入口或进入”的意思，其区别是：
admission: 指被允许进入某公共场所或建筑物的权利，也指进入某一组织。
entry: 强调正式地、礼仪地进入。用作“入口”解时，多指房门、院门、门廊等。
admittance: 指许可进入某地或某建筑物。
entrance: 含义广泛，作“进入”解时，可用于许多场合；作“入口”解时，指有门或栏的入口处。
n. 承认；入场费；进入许可；坦白；录用
 - recognition, acknowledgement

Word: hunter
Front: hunter
[ˈhʌntə(r)] (高 3030/5802 -3)
Vocabulary: hunter
(once / 392 pages)
1n 2n
A hunter is someone who seeks, pursues, or looks for something. Some hunters hunt deer but if you're a bargain hunter, you love to search department stores and yard sales for really good deals.
Besides hunting for bargains, or for ghosts in her grandparents' attic, a hunter is also a person who enjoys the sport of pursuing and killing game animals and birds. Some hunters hunt for food, while others do it for fun. In Old English, the word was hunta, from huntian, "chase game," which is related to hentan, "to seize."
WORD FAMILY
hunter: hunters+/ hunt: hunted, hunter, hunting, hunts/hunted: huntedly/hunting: huntings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hale said the number of hunters interested in blood tracking grows each year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The bill seeks to prevent hunters and poachers from using the data to track down game.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Pheasant hunters must abide by a daily limit of two and a possession limit of four.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 猎人; 猎犬; 猎狐马，猎食其他动物的野兽; 亨特
分布：猎人(92%)，猎犬(4%)，猎马(2%)，搜寻者(2%)
→hunt,打猎，-er,人。
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■a person or an animal that hunts animals for food or for sport 猎人；捕猎者；猎兽
• Animals in the cat family are hunters. 猫科动物都以狩猎动物维生。
■a type of horse, especially one used in hunting animals 狩猎用马
n. [林] 猎人；猎犬；搜寻者
 - shekarry, venerer

Word: educate
Front: educate
[ˈedʒukeɪt] (高研四 3033/3663 -K2)
Vocabulary: educate
(once / 65 pages)
v
To educate is to teach, train, or inform someone. Teachers educate students.
If the word educate makes you think of children, you're not far off. It comes from the Latin word educare meaning to "bring up, rear.” In the 1500s, Shakespeare borrowed it to mean "schooling." These days, any time you're in a classroom listening to a lecture, reading a book, or speaking with a teacher, you're being educated. Teachers educate students all the way from preschool to graduate school. Almost any experience can educate if you learn from it.
WORD FAMILY
educate: co-educate, coeducate, educated, educates, educating, education, educative, educator+/coeducate: coeducated/ coeducational: coeducationally/ educated: self-educated, undereducated, uneducated/ education: coeducation, educational, educationalist, educationist, educations, self-education/ educational: coeducational, educationally/educationalist: educationalists/educationist: educationists/educative: educatively/educator: educators
USAGE EXAMPLES
It all adds up to higher costs to educate the students.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Obama administration appears intent on educating Americans about the Russian threat before it leaves office.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
He is educated, a leader, a world-class ultramarathoner and a traditional believer.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 教育，教导; 训练，培养
vt. 使理解或接受
时态：educated, educating, educates
分布：教育(81%)，培养(14%)，训练(5%)
教育;养育(e出+duc+ate→引出知识→教育)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
v.教育,培养,训练She was educated in England in the 1990s.她二十世纪90年代在英国受教育.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to teach someone, especially using the formal system of school, college or university （尤指透过正规学校体系）教育，培养
• The form says he was educated in Africa. 表格上显示他在非洲接受教育。
• How much does it cost to educate a child privately? 让一个孩子接受私立教育要花费多少钱？
• The government say they are trying to do more to educate the public about the consequences of drug abuse. 政府称他们正在加紧努力向大众进行宣传教育，帮助大家了解滥用毒品的恶果。
instruct, coach, tutor, train, teach, educate
这组词都有“教，教育，培养”的意思，其区别是：
instruct: 与teach含义很接近，但语体较正式。指系统、详细、精心地传播知识，侧重教授与指示。
coach: 指对个人或小组等进行辅导、训练或补课。
tutor: 指进行个别教学或课外辅导。
train: 指训练与培养。
teach: 最普通用词，含义广泛。指直接教某人知识或技能等，侧重传播知识和帮助应用知识。
educate: 较正式用词，指教育，内容比teach广泛，侧重动机或结果，或对潜在能力的开发。
vt. 教育；培养；训练
 - cultivate, school, rear, discipline, coach
vi. 教育；训练
 - drill, bring up

Word: painful
Front: painful
[ˈpeɪnfl] (高研四六 3034/3638 -K3)
Vocabulary: painful
(once / 139 pages)
adj
Anything painful hurts a lot — either physically or emotionally. Your sprained ankle may be painful, but so is your broken heart.
When something is physically painful, it hurts your body in some way, like a painful burn or a painful paper cut. Other things hurt just as much, but in an emotional way, like a painful separation from your cat when you go to summer camp. You can also use this adjective informally to mean really bad: "The wedding band's attempt at 'Stairway to Heaven' was just painful."
WORD FAMILY
painful: painfuler, painfulest, painfully, painfulness, unpainful+/ pain: pained, painful, paining, painless, pains/ pained: painedly/ painless: painlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The former is prescribed for the painful muscle spasms that occur in multiple sclerosis, while the latter is aimed at childhood seizures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But the medical profession increasingly understands that painful as it is, the revolution is necessary and unstoppable.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Alexander Payne’s About Schmidt is a relentlessly dark film on the painful theme of family dysfunction.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 痛苦的; （肉体）疼的; 费力的，（工作）困难的; 讨厌的，使人厌烦的
分布：痛苦的(86%)，疼痛的(8%)，费力的(6%)
a.疼痛的,使痛苦的,费力[心]的,棘手的His wife's death left a painful void in his life.他妻子的死给他的人生留下了痛苦的空虚感.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■causing emotional or physical pain 令人痛苦的，引起痛苦的
• The old photograph brought back painful memories. 这张老照片唤起了痛苦的回忆。
• A painful injury forced her to withdraw from the game. 伤痛迫使她退出了比赛。
■If something is painful to watch or listen to, it is so bad that it makes you feel embarrassed 令人难堪的；讨厌的
• It was painful to listen to his pathetic excuses. 听他那些牵强的借口实在让人觉得难受。
adj. 痛苦的；疼痛的；令人不快的
 - hurt, bitter, miserable

Word: friendship
Front: friendship
[ˈfrendʃɪp] (中高 3036/3092 -K3)
Vocabulary: friendship
(once / 118 pages)
n
Friendship is the state of being friends with someone. A good job, good health, and romantic love are important, but without real friendship, your life might not feel full.
When we talk about friendship, we're often talking about the value of having friends, not just the fact of it. A book might explore the importance of friendship in a young girl's life. You might decide to stop working such long hours and spend more time developing your friendships, in an effort to lead a happier life. A deep friendship can last through many shifts and changes in life, as long as you write or call every now and then.
WORD FAMILY
friendship: friendships+/ friend: friendless, friendly, friends, friendship /friendless: friendlessly, friendlessness/friendliness: friendlinesses/ friendly: friendlier, friendlies, friendliest, friendlily, friendliness, unfriendly/unfriendly: unfriendlier, unfriendliest, unfriendliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Thank you for your loyalty, friendship and memories,” she said in a final message to customers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“That’s the power of family, friendship, and brotherhood.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Maintaining her friendships was important to Debbie, and her home reflected that with pictures everywhere of family and friends.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 友情，友谊; 友善的关系; 友善，好意
分布：友谊(95%)，友好(5%)
→来自friend,朋友。-ship, 抽象名词后缀。
友谊(friend朋友)[-ship 1.表示某种关系或状态2.表示某种技能]
n.友谊,友好Their friendship lasted for twenty years.他们的友谊持续了二十年.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when two people are friends 友谊
• Their friendship goes back to when they were at school together. 他们的友谊可追溯到学生时代。
• Did you form any close/lasting friendships while you were at college? 你上大学时是否与人建立了亲密／持久的友谊？
• I value her friendship above anything else. 我把她的友谊看得比甚么都重。
n. 友谊；友爱；友善
 - fellowship, companionship

Word: aide
Front: aide
[eɪd] (3035/9020 -2)
Vocabulary: aide
(once / 853 pages)
n
Remember that aide with an "e" at the end is a noun. It refers to a person who helps or acts as an assistant, such as a nurse's aide or a presidential aide.
The noun aide is actually a shortened form of the 17th century French phrase, aide-de-camp, which meant "camp assistant" and was the title given to the secretary of a high-ranking military officer. It was used extensively throughout the Revolutionary War, and the shortened form is considered an Americanism. Today, we apply the word aide to anyone who serves as an advisor or as an assistant.
WORD FAMILY
aide
USAGE EXAMPLES
The aide, Martin Nejedly, stayed on as economic adviser to the Czech president, Milos Zeman, and vice chairman of his party.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The meeting will include both House and Senate Democrats, a senior Democratic aide confirmed.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Clinton aide John Podesta’s emails were also stolen and released publicly in the final weeks of the campaign.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 助手; 副官; 侍从武官
分布：助手(83%)，副官(14%)，侍从武官(3%)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person whose job is to help someone important, such as a member of a government or a military officer of high rank （政府或军队高官等的）助理，助手
• a senior government aide 政府高级助理
• an aide to the Prime Minister 首相助理
n. 助手；副官；侍从武官
 - friend, assistant, aid, mate, helper

Word: infant
Front: infant
[ˈɪnfənt] (研四六托雅宝 3037/2948 -2)
Vocabulary: infant
(once / 171 pages)
n
An infant is a baby. When you were an infant, you weren't able to walk, talk, or feed yourself (but you had a pretty mean burp).
Infant is most often used for a very young human, but you can also use it to talk about animal babies. People are considered infants from the moment of birth until approximately one year old, an age when many babies are starting to walk and talk. At this point, they're commonly called toddlers instead of infants. The Latin root is infantem, which as a noun means "babe in arms," and as an adjective "unable to speak."
WORD FAMILY
infant: infancy, infants+/ infancy: infancies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sharfstein said statewide efforts also lowered Maryland’s relatively high infant mortality rate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
They all think it’s appropriate for young children to hold, pass around, and carry around infants, and I am adamantly opposed to this.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They all think it’s appropriate for young children to hold, pass around and carry around infants, and I am adamantly opposed to this.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 婴儿，幼儿; 未成年人; 初学者，生手
adj. 婴儿的，幼儿的; 幼稚的，幼小的; 初期的; 未成年的
分布：婴儿(70%)，幼儿(16%)，婴儿的(11%)，幼稚的(2%)，初期的(1%)
→in-,不，非，-fan,说话，词源同phone,fame.即不能说话的，引申词义婴儿。
n.婴儿,幼儿To the ants, the infant elephant is a giant in the plantation.对蚂蚁们来说,幼小的大象是种植园里的庞然大物.
noun
YOUNG CHILD 婴儿
 ADVANCED countable
■a baby or a very young child 婴儿
• a newborn infant 新生儿
['ɪn.fənt] noun
SCHOOL 学校
countable UK
■a student at an infant school 幼儿学校的学生
• Jenny is a top-year infant now. 珍妮现在是一所幼儿学校的大班生。
the infants [plural] UK
■ infant school 幼儿学校
• Andrew's still in the infants. 安德鲁还在上幼儿学校。
['ɪn.fənt] adjective UK
■related to or connected with the first stage of school in the UK, for children aged 4 to 7 years 学前班的，幼儿的
• an infant teacher/class 幼儿教师／学前班
⇒ See also junior school
child, youngster, infant, baby
这组词都有“孩子”的意思，其区别是：
child: 普通用词，含义广，无感情色彩。泛指从胎儿、婴儿到10岁左右的儿童。
youngster: 泛指任何年龄的儿童或者少年，多指男孩，多为年长者的使用。
infant: 书面用词，狭义指出生后到两岁的小孩，广义指7岁以下的孩子；法律上则指未到法定年龄。
baby: 日常用词，一般指从刚出生的婴儿到满两岁的或非常小的孩子，常含钟爱意味。
n. 婴儿；幼儿；未成年人
 - baby, minor
adj. 婴儿的；幼稚的；初期的；未成年的
 - earlier, young, baby, minor, tender

Word: calculate
Front: calculate
[ˈkælkjuleɪt] (高研四托 3039/2168 -K2)
Vocabulary: calculate
(once / 127 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
Calculate derives from the Latin word for count––it means either to figure out an equation, i.e., to count it up, or to count on something happening.
You might calculate on having your friends taking your side in a fight with a bully, or you might calculate on reaching home before nightfall, when you're on a road trip. You might calculate the answer to a simple equation in your head but need a calculator to figure out something more complex.
WORD FAMILY
calculate: calculable, calculated, calculates, calculating, calculation, calculative, calculator, miscalculate, recalculate +/calculable: calculably, incalculable / calculated: calculatedly/calculating: calculatingly/ calculation: calculations/calculative: calculatively/calculator: calculators/ incalculable: incalculably/ miscalculate: miscalculated, miscalculates, miscalculating, miscalculation/miscalculation: miscalculations/ recalculate: recalculated, recalculates, recalculating, recalculation/recalculation: recalculations
USAGE EXAMPLES
He and his colleagues counted daily growth markers in the teeth, calculating that tooth growth accounted for about 40 percent of incubation time.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The comment rubbed some people the wrong way, but Helton’s attitude was calculated.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
During the space race, NASA’s Langley Research Center employed black female mathematicians to calculate, among other things, launch and landing for the country’s first astronauts.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 计算; 估计; 打算，计划; 旨在
vt. 预测，推测
时态：calculated, calculating, calculates
分布：计算(89%)，估计(4%)，计划(2%)，指望(2%)，推测(2%)，考虑(1%)
→来自词根calc, 小石子。因古时用小石子计数。
计算(calc+ulate)[calc=stone,表示"石头"]
v.计算,推算;计划,打算The chocolates on the plate stimulated my son to calculate.盘子里的巧克力鼓励了儿子进行计算.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to judge the number or amount of something by using the information that you already have, and adding, multiplying, subtracting or dividing numbers 算，计算
• The cost of the damage caused by the recent storms has been calculated as/at over £5 million. 据计算，近期风暴造成的损失超过了500万英镑。
• The new tax system would be calculated on the value of property owned by an individual. 新税制将按照个人财产价值计算税额。
• [+ question word] At some stage we need to calculate wh en the project will be finished. 在一定阶段，我们需要计算一下工程何时会完成。
• [+ that] He's calculated that it would take him two years to save up enough for a car. 他算了一下要赚两年的钱才够买辆车。
['kæl.kjʊ.leɪt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  calculate on sth
■to expect or depend on a particular amount or time 预期；指望，依赖
• We're calculating on about 30 guests. 我们预期约有30名客人。
reckon, count, calculate, compute
这组词都有“计算”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 通常指较简单的数学计算，也可指心算。
count: 指逐一计算而得出总数。
calculate: 通常指要求细致精确和复杂的计算，以解决疑难问题，多用于自然科学、生产部门或要求专门计算的场合。
compute: 一般指已有数据的，较简单但数字长的数学运算。
attain, reach, calculate, score
attain: 活得，赢得，达到（某年龄、级别等）
reach: 达到（某水平、标准），实现（目标）
calculate: 计算核算
score: （在游戏、竞赛中）得分
calculate, compute, estimate
calculate: 通常指用数学方法进行比较复杂，难度较大的精确计算。如：You can’t expect a schoolboy to calculate distances in astronomy.
compute: 常指比较简单的运算。如：It was computed that two thirds of the students in the class passed the examination.
estimate: 估计，常指对数量、成本等事先进行判断或估计。如：Some farmers asked the weatherman to estimate next year’s rainfall.
vi. 计算；以为；作打算
 - figure, cast
vt. 计算；预测；认为；打算
 - expect, propose, forecast, cast, find

Word: fifty
Front: fifty
[ˈfɪfti] (中高 3038/1041 -5)
Back: n. 五十个人; 五十岁; 五十年代; 编号为五十的东西
num. 五十; 五十个
adj. 五十的; 五十个的; 许多的
分布：五十(100%)
num.五十,五十个He earns fifty yuan a day.他每天赚五十元.
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 50 （数字）50
• forty, fifty, sixty 40，50，60
• "How fast were they driving?" "They were doing fifty (miles an hour)." “他们当时的车速有多快？”“他们的时速达到了50英里。”
adj. 五十的；五十个的；众多的
 - legion

Word: rid
Front: rid
[rɪd] (高研四六托 3041/2872 -K3)
Vocabulary: rid
(once / 214 pages)
v
When you clear out or eliminate something you don't want, you rid yourself of it. If even one child is allergic to peanuts, a school will often rid the cafeteria of all food made with peanuts.
For years, activists have worked to rid the world of nuclear weapons, while a dieter's priority might be to rid himself of ten extra pounds. Freeing someone from something unwanted is to rid them of it, whether it's ants in their kitchen or stress about their job. In the thirteenth century, rid meant "clear a space, set free, or save," from a Scandinavian root that's related to the Old Norse ryðja, "to clear land of obstructions."
WORD FAMILY
rid: riddance, ridded, ridding, rids+/ riddance: riddances
USAGE EXAMPLES
That is why the government wanted to get rid of malaria completely.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
I started doing yoga twice a week to get rid of headaches.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Anthony said she was “relieved” to get rid of her list.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 使摆脱，解除，免除
时态：rid, ridding, rids
分布：摆脱(81%)，除去(19%)
→来自古诺斯语 rhthja,清理土地，清理垃圾，来自 Proto-Germanic*reudijan,清理土地，来自 reudh,清理土地。后词义通用化，用以指摆脱，清除。
v.(of)使摆脱,使去掉The vice-adviser advised the reviser to devise a device for getting rid of vice.代理顾问建议校订者想出一个根除恶习的计策.
adjective
be rid of sth/sb
 ESSENTIAL
■to not now have an unwanted or unpleasant task, object or person 摆脱掉…；免去…的负担
• I didn't enjoy marking those papers and I was glad to be rid of them. 我不喜欢批改那些卷子，所以我很高兴能免去这一麻烦。
get rid of sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to remove or throw away something unwanted 清除；除去；丢弃
• That cream got rid of my skin rash. 那种药膏治好了我身上的皮疹。
• I used weedkiller to get rid of the weeds in the garden. 我用了除草剂来除去花园里的杂草。
 ESSENTIAL
■to sell an old or unwanted possession 处理掉；卖掉
• Have you managed to get rid of your old Volvo yet? 你处理掉你的旧富豪车了吗？
get rid of sb
■to send away someone annoying or to persuade them to leave 赶走，打发走，摆脱（某人）
• We got rid of our unwelcome guests by saying we had to go to bed. 我们说必须要上床睡觉了，这才把那一帮不受欢迎的客人打发走。
[rɪd] verb (ridding, rid or ridded, rid or ridded)
  Phrasal Verbs  rid sb/sth of sth/sb
■to cause someone or something to be free of an unpleasant or harmful thing or person 使…摆脱；从…清除；使…去除
• Our aim is to rid this government of corruption. 我们的目的就是要消除这届政府中的腐败现象。
vt. 使摆脱；使去掉
 - free from, debarrass

Word: porch
Front: porch
[pɔ:tʃ] (研四六雅 3042/7959 -1)
Back: n. 门廊; 游廊，走廊
分布：门廊(100%)
→来自古法语porche,门廊，走廊，来自拉丁语porticus,门廊，走廊，来自porta,门，入口，词源同port.
n.门廊,入口处The scorched couch is put in the porch of epoch.被烤焦睡椅放在时代门廊内.
US [pɔ:rtʃ] noun countable
■a covered structure in front of the entrance to a building 门廊
■US
■a veranda 走廊
• We sat out on the porch to cool off. 我们坐在外面的走廊上乘凉。
n. 门廊；走廊
 - passage, corridor

Word: tendency
Front: tendency
[ˈtendənsi] (高研四六托雅 3040/2377 -K3)
Vocabulary: tendency
(once / 177 pages)
n
A tendency is an inclination to do something. For example, dogs have a tendency to bark at strangers and the mail man.
We all have tendencies: things we're inclined to do, or like to do, or just can't help doing. Morning people have a tendency to get up early. Basketball players usually have a tendency to go right or left. Optimists have a tendency to look on the bright side of things; pessimists have the opposite tendency. Other things have tendencies too, like how the stock market tends to go up and down.
WORD FAMILY
tendency: tendencies, tendencious, tendentious +/ tend: tended, tendency, tender, tending, tends/tended: untended/ tendentious: tendentiously, tendentiousness/ tender: tendered, tenderer, tenderest, tendering, tenderise, tenderize, tenderized, tenderly, tenderness, tenders/tenderise: tenderisation, tenderised, tenderiser/tenderize: tenderization, tenderizer, tenderizes, tenderizing/tenderizer: tenderizers/tenderness: tendernesses/tending: tendings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Spurning the American tendency to treat every ailment with medication, he instead explored the body’s ability to heal itself.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As new research from our laboratory suggests, implicit bias is grounded in a basic human tendency to divide the social world into groups.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
A recently released special by George Carlin, “I Kinda Like It When a Lotta People Die,” was a welcome reminder of his apocalyptic tendencies.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 倾向，趋势; （话或作品等的）旨趣，意向; 性情; 癖好
分布：趋势(55%)，倾向(44%)，秉性(1%)
→tend-,延伸，伸长，-ency,状态名词后缀。
倾向(tend+ency→伸出去的状态→偏向一边→倾向)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
n.趋势,趋向;倾向There is a tendency towards regional cooperation.有一种地区性合作的趋势.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■If someone has a tendency to do or like something, they will probably do it or like it （思想、行为等的）倾向
• [+ to infinitive] His tendency to exaggerate is well known. 他喜欢夸张是出了名的。
 ADVANCED
■If there is a tendency for something to happen, it is likely to happen or it often happens 趋势
• There is a tendency for unemployment to rise in the summer. 夏季的失业率有上升趋势。
 ADVANCED
■If there is a tendency to do something, it starts to happen more often or starts to increase 倾向
• [+ to infinitive] There is a growing tendency to regard money more highly than quality of life. 越来越多人倾向把金钱看得重于生活品质。
trend, tendency, current
这组词都有“趋势，倾向”的意思，其区别是：
trend: 指事物发展总的方向、倾向或趋势。
tendency: 指固有或习得的倾向性，强调没有外来的影响或干扰。
current: 指向某一方面发展或在确趋向中行动。
n. 倾向，趋势；癖好
 - liability, trend, direction, tide, set

Word: uniform
Front: uniform
[ˈju:nɪfɔ:m] (高研四六托雅宝 3043/3504 -K3)
Vocabulary: uniform
(once / 141 pages)
nadjv
Uniform means the same. If your school has a uniform it means all the kids wear the same clothes. If you are told to make your handwriting uniform, they want your letters to be the same shape and size over and over.
When you break uniform down, you'll see uni for one, and form, for shape––things that are uniform have the shape. If you are building a Zombie Army, it's more fun to create zombies who are not uniform. Some can wear shredded shrouds, others can wear whatever they find. Some walk just fine, others leave body parts wherever they go.
WORD FAMILY
uniform: nonuniform, uniformed, uniforming, uniformise, uniformity, uniformize, uniformly, uniformness, uniforms+/ uniformity: nonuniformity, uniformities/uniformize: uniformizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Are you Peter Dahlin?” said one of the uniformed agents packing the alleyway outside.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Throughout the week our uniform allegiance to the Hawks is noteworthy.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The man, who was dressed in a Charlotte baggage handler’s uniform, appeared unharmed and refused medical treatment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 制服; 军服; 通讯中用以代表字母 u 的词
adj. （形状，性质等）一样的; 规格一致的; 始终如一的
v. 使规格一律; 使均一; 使穿制服
时态：uniformed, uniforming, uniforms
分布：制服(57%)，统一的(32%)，一致的(11%)
→uni-, 一，词源同unit,form, 形式。用于指制服。
一贯的,一致的(uni[uni-表示"一个,单一"]+form形状)
一致的;n.制服(uni一个+form→一种形状→一致的)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
同样的,一致的(uni+form形状)[un,uni=one,表示"单一,一个"]
一致的(uni一个+form)[-form表形容词"有…形状的"]
n.制服,军服a.相同的,一律的The bookworm in uniform is informed of the storm.穿制服的书呆子得到暴风雨的消息.
【记】uni一个，form（n 形状）：一致的
【反】variegation（n 杂色；彩色；斑）
US [-fɔ:rm] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a particular set of clothes which has to be worn by the members of the same organization or group of people 制服
• military/school uniform 军装／校服
• a nurse's uniform 护士服
• I love a man in uniform! 我喜欢男人穿制服的样子！
Compare mufti
countable
■a type of clothes that are connected with any group of people （某一群体的人穿的）典型服装，特有服装
• Photographs show him wearing the scruffy T-shirt and jeans that were the student's uniform of the time. 照片上的他穿着当时的校服，就是那种脏兮兮的T恤和牛仔裤。
UK ['ju:.nɪ.fɔ:m] US [-fɔ:rm] adjective
■the same; not changing or different in any way 相同的；一律的；整齐划一的
• As in so many offices that you see, the walls and furniture are a uniform grey. 和你看到的很多办公室一样，墙壁和家俱一律都是灰色的。
• Small businesses are demanding that they receive uniform treatment from the banks. 小企业要求银行给予它们一视同仁的待遇。
uniform, clothing, clothes, dress, garment, suit, costume, gown, robe, coat
这组词都有“衣服、服装”的意思，其区别是：
uniform: 指某团体或组织统一做的制服，如军服、校服等。
clothing: 常用词，集合名词，是衣服的总称。
clothes: 普通用词，多指包括上衣、内衣或裤子等具体的一件件衣服。
dress: 多指正式场合或为某些特定用途而穿的服装，也指童装或女性穿的连衣裙。
garment: 语气庄重，正式用词，复数形式可与clothes换用，指身上全部穿着。单数形式指单件衣服，尤指长袍、外套等外面的衣服。
suit: 指一套服装，一般有几件配成一套的套装。
costume: 指流行某一地区或某一时代的服装，也指演员的戏装。
gown: 指女人穿的长服，尤指教士、法官、教授等的礼服或妇女的睡衣等，也指长袍。
robe: 指长袍，也指浴衣、晨衣。
coat: 指上衣、外衣、大衣、外套及女式上装。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。
adj. 统一的；一致的；相同的；均衡的；始终如一的
 - united, consistent, corresponding, matching, same
n. [服装] 制服
 - monkey suit, livery

Word: formation
Front: formation
[fɔ:ˈmeɪʃn] (研四六托宝 3045/2062 -2)
Vocabulary: formation
(once / 267 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A formation is an arrangement of people or things. Planes flying in formation make a deliberate, specific pattern in the sky.
Some formations are on purpose, or deliberate — like military troops marching in formation or a cheerleading squad arranging itself in formation. Others just arrange themselves in a particular way by chance, like a striking cloud formation overhead. You can also talk about the formation — or establishment — of something less physical, like the formation of a new government. The Latin root, formationem, means "a shaping."
WORD FAMILY
formation: formations, re-formation+/deform: deformation, deformed, deforming, deforms/deformation: deformational, deformations/deformed: deformedly, deformity / deformity: deformities/ form: biform, deform, formation, formative, formed, forming, formless, forms, multiform, preform, reform / formative: formatively, formatives/formed: ill-formed, re-formed, unformed/formless: formlessly/preform: preformation, preformed, preforms/preformation: preformations/ reform: reformable, reformation, reformative, reformatory, reformed, reformer, reforming, reformism, reforms/reformable: unreformable/ reformation: counterreformation, reformations, self-reformation/reformatory: reformatories/ reformed: reformedly, unreformed/reformer: reformers/reformism: reformist/reformist: reformists/unformed: unformedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The men learn to fire a Kalashnikov rifle and Makarov pistol, apply a tourniquet and storm a room in tactical formation.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims — arranged in a star formation — in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims - arranged in a star formation - in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 形成; 构成，结构; 形成物; 编队，队形
分布：形成(85%)，编队(7%)，队形(6%)，构造(2%)
形成;培养(form+ation→形成形式)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
n.形成;构成;组织;构造;编制;塑造Clouds are formations of tiny drops of water in the sky.云是由空中极细微的水滴构成.
【记】form（n /v 形状；形成）
【参】formative（adj 格式化的；发展的）
US [fɔ:r-] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■the way something is naturally made or the way it has been arranged 结构；形状；形成方式；组成方式
• a rock formation 一块岩石的结构
• cloud formations 云的形状
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the development of something into a particular thing or shape 形成，构成
• the formation of a crystal 晶体的构成
in formation
■Activities which are done in formation are done in a pattern by a number of people, vehicles, etc moving together 编队，以…队形
• marching in close formation 以紧凑的队形前进
n. 形成； [水文] 构造；编队
 - constitution, fabric, becoming, structure, build

Word: scholarship
Front: scholarship
[ˈskɒləʃɪp] (高研四六托雅 3044/5365 -2)
Vocabulary: scholarship
(once / 776 pages)
n
Scholarship is the research done by academics. Or if you receive a scholarship, you're getting an award that will help pay the cost of tuition at school.
If you're getting ready for college, chances are you're also looking to see if any scholarships are available. A scholarship is a great thing to get: it means you don't have to pay full tuition to go to a school. Scholarships are awarded for good grades, athletic success, and other accomplishments. Once you get in to school, you'll be engaged in another kind of scholarship — the kind that has to do with research, studying, and higher learning.
WORD FAMILY
scholarship: scholarships+/ scholar: scholarly, scholars, scholarship / scholarly: unscholarly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Being without all our scholarships, being undermanned for so many years, then to finish like this, it’s very special.’
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
College scout teams consist of scholarship players who are buried on the depth chart and walk-ons who volunteer to be tackling dummies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Poor children, who often enter school needing extra attention, would get bigger scholarships.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 奖学金; 学术; 学识
分布：奖学金(87%)，学识(7%)，学问(6%)
→来自 scholar,学者，-ship,表状态名词。引申词义学问，学术，奖学金等。
n.奖学金;学问,学识He won the scholarship to Harvard University.他获得了哈佛大学的奖学金.
US ['skɑ:.lɚ-] noun
uncountable
■serious, detailed study 学问；学术；学术研究
• a work of great scholarship 高度学术性的著作
countable
■an amount of money given by a school, college, university or other organization to pay for the studies of a person with great ability but little money 奖学金
• He got/won a scholarship to Eton. 他获得了伊顿公学的奖学金。
• Paula went to the Royal College of Music on a scholarship. 宝拉靠奖学金进到皇家音乐学院。
knowledge, scholarship, learning
这组词都有“知识、学问”的意思，其区别是：
knowledge: 强调对全部已知或可知的知识的理解。
scholarship: 侧重指经过深入学习、研究而获得的渊博的、价值较高的知识。
learning: 指通过研究、经验或他人传授而得到的知识；也指熟练掌握知识的过程，有时可指全部学识和智慧的总和。
n. 奖学金；学识，学问
 - knowledge, wisdom, learning, study, letter

Word: reservation
Front: reservation
[ˌrezəˈveɪʃn] (高研四六雅 3046/4139 -K2)
Vocabulary: reservation
(once / 703 pages)
1n 2n
A reservation is something set aside, like a table at a restaurant or land for Native Americans.
For fancy restaurants and hotels, you need a reservation: you call ahead and ask them to set aside a table or room for you. A reservation is also a piece of land set aside by the government for a group. In the U.S., there are Native American reservations. Sometimes a reservation is a doubt. If you have reservations about taking a trip to Australia, then you're not sure about it. You're not rushing to make reservations at a hotel there.
WORD FAMILY
reservation: reservations+/ reserve: reservation, reserved, reserves, reserving, reservist/ reserved: reservedly, unreserved/reservist: reservists/unreserved: unreservedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A special thanks to the folks in the reservations department at the Trump International Hotel here who helped us rent this ballroom on last-minute notice.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He is a revered coach on a reservation where hoops are a cousin to religion.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Truxton Circle cider bar is open as usual with reservations for New Year's Eve.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 保留; 预订，预约; 保留地，专用地
分布：预定(92%)，保留意见(8%)
→来自 reserve,预约，保留。
n.保留,保留意见;预定,预订The conservative man made a reservation in the observatory.保守的人在天文台的保留.
US [-ɚ-] noun
THING KEPT 预订
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you arrange to have something such as a seat on an aircraft or a table at a restaurant kept for you 预订；预约
• I'd like to make a table reservation for two people for 9 o'clock. 我要预订九点两人用餐的桌位。
• Please confirm your reservation in writing by Friday. 请在星期五前对您的预订予以书面确认。
countable
■an area of land made available for a particular group of people to live in 居留地；保留地
• The family lives on a Native American reservation. 这家人住在一个美洲土著居民居留地上。
countable (also reserve) (US also preserve)
■an area of land in which wild animals are protected 野生动物保护区；自然保护区；禁猎区
• He's the chief warden of a big-game reservation. 他是一个大型动物保护区的管理主任。
UK [ˌrez.ə'veɪ.ʃən] US [-ɚ-] noun
DOUBT 怀疑
countable usually plural uncountable
■a doubt or feeling of not being able to agree with or accept something completely 存疑；保留意见；异议
• Workers and employees shared deep reservations about the wisdom of the government's plans for the industry. 对于政府针对这一产业作出的规划是否明智，工人和雇主都非常怀疑。
• He accepted my advice without reservation. 他毫无保留地接受了我的建议。
n. 预约，预订；保留
 - preservation, booking, hold, retention

Word: efficiency
Front: efficiency
[ɪˈfɪʃnsi] (研四六托 3047/2306 -2)
Vocabulary: efficiency
(once / 471 pages)
n
Efficiency is avoiding a waste of time, effort, or resources. Many people have begun to use compact fluorescent light bulbs because of their greater energy efficiency.
Nowadays, efficiency often refers to energy efficiency, the effort to get more energy from existing resources: making cars that can go farther with less fuel, or appliances that do the same work with less electricity. But this noun isn't restricted to an environmental context. Efficiency can also simply be a measurement of what goes into a thing versus what comes out of it. A process with high efficiency requires only a little work to produce big results.
WORD FAMILY
efficiency: efficiencies+/ efficient: efficiency, efficiently, inefficient /inefficiency: inefficiencies/ inefficient: inefficiency, inefficiently
USAGE EXAMPLES
How much you drive and your car’s fuel efficiency will determine how much more you pay in gas taxes.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Duke ranks third in the country in adjusted offensive efficiency according to KenPom.com and eighth in defensive efficiency.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Carrier also claimed last year that federal regulations stifled its profits and sent a list of energy efficiency rules it deemed burdensome to the IEDC.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 效率，效能; 实力，能力; [物]性能; 功效
分布：效率(99%)，功率(1%)
→ef-, 向外。-fic, 做，词源同fact, effect.
效率(ef出+fic做...做出事情...有效率)[-ency,-iency表名词,ence的变体]
n.效率;功效Friction lowers the efficiency of a machine.摩擦减低机器的效率.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone or something uses time and energy well, without wasting any 效率；效能
• What is so impressive about their society is the efficiency of the public services. 他们的社会给人留下最深刻印象的是其高效率的公共服务。
• energy efficiency 能源使用效率
specialized
■the difference between the amount of energy that is put into a machine in the form of fuel, effort, etc. and the amount that comes out of it in the form of movement 效率；功率
effect, validity, influence, efficiency
effect: 指某人或某事的影响产生特殊“效果”
validity: 有效性，合法性
influence: 强调“潜移默化”的影响
efficiency: 效率
n. 效率；效能；功效
 - virtue, potency

Word: waste
Front: waste
[weɪst] (中高研四六雅宝 1986/1624 -K4)
Vocabulary: waste
(once / 85 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5nadj
If waste is useless, then to waste is to fritter away. Don't waste time putting your waste paper in the waste basket, just chuck it in the recycling bin.
As a noun, waste, meaning “desolate regions” stems from the Old English westen, meaning “a desert, wilderness.” Later, it came to imply a “useless activity,” and even later than that, “refuse matter,” or “trash.” As a verb, waste “devastate, ruin,” comes from the Latin vastare, “to lay waste.” It later adopted the sense of “spend or consume uselessly.” It can also mean “to kill.” The poet E. E. Cummings said, “The most wasted of all days is one without laughter.”
WORD FAMILY
waste: wastage, wasted, wasteful, waster, wastes, wasting+/wastage: wastages/ wasteful: wastefully, wastefulness/waster: wasters/wasting: wastings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wasting no time, House and Senate Republicans are poised to mark the first day of the 115th Congress with resolutions condemning the U.N.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Every year, humans generate more than a billion tons of solid waste, and that number will be closer to 4 billion by 2100.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
He wasted no time in tackling his disease with fervor.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 浪费，白费，挥霍钱财; 废料，废品，废物; 荒地，荒芜; 消耗（量），损耗
vt. & vi. 徒劳; （使）损耗; （使）消瘦; 浪费
vt. 破坏; 干掉; （游戏或比赛中）大胜
adj. 废弃的， 无用的， 荒芜的
时态：wasted, wasting, wastes
分布：浪费(69%)，废物(20%)，消耗(3%)，荒地(2%)，无用的(2%)，浪费的(2%)，荒芜的(1%)，滥用(1%)
→来自拉丁语vastus,空的，荒废的，词源同vain,vast。引申词义浪费。
v.浪费a.无用的;荒芜的n.浪费;废物I tasted the paste in haste and cast it on the waste plaster.我匆忙品尝了浆糊然后将其丢在废泥灰上.
noun
BAD USE 使用不当
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■an unnecessary or wrong use of money, substances, time, energy, abilities, etc 浪费；滥用
• That meeting achieved absolutely nothing - it was a complete waste of time. 那次会议根本没有取得甚么成果——纯粹是浪费时间。
• She's been unemployed for two years and it's such a waste of her talents. 她已经失业两年了，这纯粹是浪费她的才华。
• My mother couldn't bear waste - she always made us eat everything on our plates. 我母亲不能容忍浪费——她总是让我们吃光自己碟子里的所有东西。
go to waste
■to not be used, eaten, etc 被浪费掉
• "Go on, finish off this tart, Paul." "Well, it seems a shame to let it go to waste." “保罗，接着吃，把这块甜果馅饼吃完。”“好吧，把它浪费了似乎有点可惜。”
[weɪst] noun
UNWANTED MATTER 无用的物质
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■unwanted matter or material of any type, often that which is left after useful substances or parts have been removed 废品，垃圾，废物，废料
• Britain produces 20 million tonnes of household waste each year. 英国每年产生2000万吨家居垃圾。
• He opposes any kind of nuclear waste being dumped at sea. 他反对将任何一种核废料倾倒入海中。
• Every day, 30 million gallons of untreated human waste (= excrement) flow from Ciudad Juarez into the Rio Grande. 每天都有3000万吨未经处理的人类粪便从华雷斯城排入格兰德河。
• Oil spills are common, as is the dumping of toxic industrial wastes. 溢油现象很常见，就像倾倒有毒工业废料一样。
• The Japanese recycle more than half of their waste paper. 日本人回收他们一半以上的废纸。
[weɪst] noun
EMPTY GROUND 荒地
waste ground
■an area of ground in or near a city which is not built on, used to grow crops, or used in any way （城市里或市郊的）荒地
• His body had been dumped in an area of waste ground just outside the city. 他的尸体被胡乱抛在城外的一片荒地。
⇒ See also wasteland
wastes [plural]
■large areas of land that are not used to grow crops and have few living animals or plants 荒原，不毛之地
• the Arctic wastes of northern Siberia 西伯利亚北部的极地荒原地区
[weɪst] noun
waste of space informal
■a person or thing that is not useful or helpful 废物，无用的人
• He's a total waste of space, that man. 那个人完全是个废物。
[weɪst] verb transitive
USE BADLY 浪费
 ESSENTIAL
■to use too much of something or use something badly when there is a limited amount of it 浪费；未好好利用
• You waste a lot of water by having a bath instead of a shower. 洗盆浴而不洗淋浴，你会浪费大量水。
• Come on, let's get started - we've wasted enough time already. 快点，我们开始吧——我们已经浪费了不少时间。
• Don't waste your money on me, love, keep it for yourself. 亲爱的，别在我身上浪费钱了，你自己留着吧。
[weɪst] verb transitive
KILL 杀死 US slang
■to kill someone 杀死，杀害，干掉
[weɪst] verb transitive
not waste words
■If someone does not waste words, they talk only about what is important using as few words as possible 惜字如金；不多费口舌
• He explained the whole system in about 30 seconds - he doesn't waste words, does he? 他只用了大约30秒来解释整个系统——真是惜字如金，对不对？
[weɪst] verb transitive
waste your breath
■If you waste your breath, you spend time and energy trying to give advice which is ignored 白费唇舌
• Honestly, you're wasting your breath - he doesn't want to hear what anyone else has got to say. 说实话，你在白费唇舌——他不想听其他任何人要说甚么。
[weɪst] verb transitive
Waste not , want not. saying
■said to advise someone not to waste anything, because they might need it in the future 勤俭节约，吃穿不缺。
[weɪst] verb transitive
wasted on sb
■If you say that something is wasted on someone, you mean that it is too clever or its quality is too high for them and they will not understand its true value 浪费在（某人）身上；用在（某人）身上就是浪费
• I'm not going to serve that good coffee to Chris and Melanie - it would be wasted on them. 我可不想把那么好的咖啡给克里斯和梅拉妮喝——那会糟蹋东西。
[weɪst] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  waste away
■to gradually get thinner and weaker, in a way that is unhealthy 逐渐消瘦；渐渐瘦弱
• You get thinner every time I see you, Sara - you're wasting away! 我每次见你，你都比以前瘦了，莎拉——你真是越来越瘦弱了！
waste, debris, rubbish, litter, garbage, junk
这组词都有“废物，垃圾”的意思，其区别是：
waste: 普通用词，概念广泛，指任何被丢弃的东西。
debris: 着重指分解、分裂或破坏后剩下的碎片，也指零散的普通废品。
rubbish: 普通用词，指任何成堆的、破损的、用过的或无用的东西，尤指弃掉的垃圾堆。也可作引申用。
litter: 是四下乱丢物品的总称，尤指散落于地，有碍观瞻的废物。
garbage: 主要指有机废料，包括厨房的剩菜剩饭或不能再用的食物。也可作引申用。
junk: 指回收的旧汽车或大型机器，也指毫无实用价值，或破烂物体，但不指垃圾。
n. 浪费；废物；荒地；损耗；地面风化物
 - refuse, garbage, dissipation, wear
vt. 浪费；消耗；使荒芜
 - lose, spend, consume
vi. 浪费；变消瘦；挥霍钱财
 - trifle away, fiddle away
adj. 废弃的；多余的；荒芜的
 - spare, unnecessary, redundant

Word: qualify
Front: qualify
[ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ] (研四六托雅 3049/2685 -K3)
Vocabulary: qualify
(once / 169 pages)
1v 2v
Make sure you know the context when using the word qualify. In one sense, it means to be right for, to measure up. In another sense, though, qualify means to change something slightly, to limit it or add a condition to it.
If you want to qualify for your driver's license, remember not to drive through that final stop sign without stopping. I guarantee you that if you don't stop you will not qualify. You don't just get your Eagle Badge. You have to qualify for it—there's a lot to do before you get it. The word might be used in its other sense like this: If you plan to get married, keep your vows simple: say "I do." Don't qualify them by saying something like "I do...except sometimes, when I don't." If you have to qualify your wedding vows, don't get married.
WORD FAMILY
qualify: disqualify, qualification, qualified, qualifier, qualifies, qualifying+/ disqualification: disqualifications/disqualify: disqualification, disqualified, disqualifies, disqualifying/ qualification: qualifications/ qualified: qualifiedly, unqualified / qualifier: qualifiers/qualifying: qualifyings/ unqualified: unqualifiedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nearly 4,000 children whose family income should qualify them for subsidies were on the wait list as of November, according to state data.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
She acknowledged that there were grants available to the UK tech sector, but added that they were difficult to qualify for.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
About a third of the students qualify for free or reduced-price lunches because of their parents’ lower incomes, according to state figures.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）具有资格; 有权; 达标
vt. 限定，修饰; 描述，形容; 使合适; 证明…合格
vi. 合格或成为合格; 取得…的资格
时态：qualified, qualifying, qualifies
分布：合格(54%)，取得资格(22%)，描述(16%)，使具备资格(8%)
→来自quality,质量，品质，-fy,使。即使符合质量要求，引申词义使符合资格。
v.(使)具有资格,证明合格;限制,限定;修饰He qualified to join the club.他取得加入俱乐部的资格.
US ['kwɑ:.lɪ-] verb
FINISH TRAINING 完成培训
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to successfully finish a training course so that you are able to do a job; to have or achieve the necessary skills, etc （使）具有资格，（使）合格
• She hopes to qualify (as a lawyer) at the end of the year. 她希望在年底取得（律师）资格。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] This course qualifies you to teach in any secondary school. 这个课程可以让你取得在任何中学任教的资格。
UK ['kwɒl.ɪ.faɪ] US ['kwɑ:.lɪ-] verb
HAVE RIGHT 有权
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to have the legal right to have or do something because of the situation you are in, or to cause someone to have such a right 有资格；准予；有权
• She doesn't qualify for maternity leave because she hasn't been in her job long enough. 她无权休产假，因为她任职的时间不够长。
• To qualify for the competition you need to be over 18. 18岁以上才有资格参赛。
• Being a single parent qualifies you for extra benefits. 单亲父母有资格领取额外补贴。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] figurative He thinks the fact that he's worked here longer than the rest of us qualifies him (= gives him the right) to tell us all what to do. 他觉得自己在这里工作的时间比其他人长，所以有权发号施令。
UK ['kwɒl.ɪ.faɪ] US ['kwɑ:.lɪ-] verb
GET INTO COMPETITION 进入比赛
intransitive
■to succeed in getting into a competition 取得比赛资格
• Nigeria was the first team to qualify for the World Cup. 奈及利亚队是第一支取得世界杯参赛资格的球队。
• England has to win tonight's qualifying match to go through to the next round of the competition. 英格兰队必须在今晚的资格赛中获胜才能进入下一轮比赛。
UK ['kwɒl.ɪ.faɪ] US ['kwɑ:.lɪ-] verb
LIMIT 限制
transitive
■to limit the strength or meaning of a statement 限制，限定；缓和
• I'd like to qualify my criticisms of the school's failings, by adding that it's a very happy place. 关于我对这所学校不尽人意之处的批评我想补充一点，就是这是一个令人感到愉快的地方。
transitive specialized
■In grammar, a word or phrase which qualifies another word or phrase limits its meaning and makes it less general 修饰；限定
• In the sentence 'He walked quickly along the road', 'quickly' and 'along the road' qualify 'walked'. 在 He walked quickly along the road 这句话里，quickly 和 along the road 修饰 walked。
vt. 限制；使具有资格；证明…合格
 - block, set a limit to
vi. 取得资格，有资格
 - be in a position, be qualified to

Word: mall
Front: mall
[mɔ:l] (六托雅 3050/11507 -K1)
Vocabulary: mall
(once / 1088 pages)
1n 2n
A mall is a large shopping center. If you want to spend your day buying clothes and eating in a food court, the mall is the place for you.
Indoor malls are commonly several stories high, the different levels connected with escalators. There can be dozens or even hundreds of stores inside a mall, along with places to eat, drink, and rest, and often to watch movies, play video games, or even ride on a carousel. Outdoor malls are either organized like old-fashioned downtown areas, with trees and sidewalks, or just a row of shops with a large parking lot — also called a "strip mall."
WORD FAMILY
mall: malls
USAGE EXAMPLES
The statement says the SUV was later spotted at a mall.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This is what sold me, this open, bright natural light. It’s almost like a main street mall design,” Bertsch said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Shops like Ties, Shirts and More fill Beltway Plaza Mall, one of the area’s oldest shopping malls.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 购物中心; 林荫路; 铁圈球场
分布：购物中心(90%)，商业街(9%)，林荫大道(1%)
→词源同mallet,锤子。来自18世纪伦敦街道名The Mall,槌球街，来自于当时流行的一种槌球游戏pall-mall,铁圈球运动。因这条街由槌球场改造而成，后作为游人休闲散步的林荫道。后用于指现代城市的步行街或大型购物中心。
【记】ma妈妈，all所有：所有的妈妈都会通过林荫道去购物中心。
US [mɑ:l] noun countable (also shopping mall)
 ADVANCED
■a large, usually covered, shopping area where cars are not allowed （车辆不得入内的）商业街，购物中心
• There are plans to build a new mall in the middle of town. 计划在市中心兴建一个新的购物中心。
n. 购物商场； [建] 林荫路；铁圈球场
 - shopping arcade

Word: derive
Front: derive
[dɪˈraɪv] (研四六托雅 3051/1798 -K2)
Vocabulary: derive
(once / 140 pages)
v
If you want to talk about something that comes from something else, but you want to sound sophisticated and maybe financial or scientific, use derive, like so: That scent? It's derived from a solution of roses boiled with toothpicks.
The word derive derives from (see how we did that?) the Latin rivus or stream, as in water. That image of the stream may help you remember the meaning of derive; you may picture tracing tiny streams back to their main source. Derive is a verb, as you can see, but it's often in the news in the noun form derivative: something that is derived from something else, as in "juice is a derivative of an orange."
WORD FAMILY
derive: derivable, derivation, derivative, derived, derives, deriving+/ derivation: derivational, derivations/ derivative: derivatively, derivatives, underivative/ derived: underived
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet the longest-lasting impact of Sun on Chinese political life derives from something different.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The technology it uses derives partly from systems designed to grow crops on the moon.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
For fans, the thrill derives, in part, from the possibility of disaster.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 得到，导出; 源于，来自; （从…中）提取
时态：derived, deriving, derives
分布：起源(54%)，获取(33%)，得自(13%)
→de-, 从，向下，离开。-riv, 流动，词源同run, rivulet. 原指从源头处流下，引申义衍生于。
派生,得出[riv=stream(河流)]
v.取得;导出;引申;来自;源自;出自From the fact, the shivering driver derives that the diver may thrive on river.发抖的司机从这个事实得出结论说跳水员可以靠河流繁荣.
verb
derive sth from sth
 ADVANCED
■to get something from something else 从…中得到，从…中获得
• The institute derives all its money from foreign investments. 该机构的资金均来自海外投资。
• She derives great pleasure/satisfaction from playing the violin. 拉小提琴能给她得到极大乐趣／满足。
[dɪ'raɪv] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] derive from sth
■to come from something 来自于，源自
• The English word 'olive' is derived from the Latin word 'oliva'. 英语的 olive 一词源自拉丁语中的 oliva。
vi. 起源
 - to originate

Word: scandal
Front: scandal
[ˈskændl] (研四六托雅宝 3052/3816 -3)
Vocabulary: scandal
(once / 230 pages)
n
Scandal is disgraceful events or nasty gossip about people's private lives, like the scandal that erupted when you were seen at the mall with your best friend's girlfriend.
Just because there's a scandal, it doesn't mean it's always true — being seen with your friend's girl? What the gossips didn't know it that you were buying his birthday present. Some scandals, though, involve public figures who have been found guilty. For example, if a politician is found guilty of taking bribes, that's a scandal that will rock your town, causing outrage not to mention the end of that politician's career.
WORD FAMILY
scandal: scandalise, scandalize, scandalous, scandals+/scandalise: scandalisation, scandalised, scandalises, scandalising/scandalize: scandalization, scandalized, scandalizes, scandalizing/ scandalous: scandalously, scandalousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
South Korea’s Parliament voted on Dec. 9 to impeach President Park Geun-hye over a corruption scandal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The nation’s full Constitutional Court will begin formal hearings on Tuesday into the case, the biggest influence-peddling scandal in South Korea’s history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
South Korea’s opposition-controlled parliament last month voted to remove Park over a corruption scandal.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 丑闻，丑名，丑事，丑行，丢脸的事件，舞弊案件，耻辱; 流言蜚语; 闲话; 诽谤
分布：丑闻(95%)，耻辱(2%)，反感(2%)，中伤(1%)
→来自拉丁语 scandalum,丑闻，丑事，耻辱，来自希腊语 skandalon,陷阱，罗网，绊倒，使摔 倒，来自 skand,爬，跳，弹，词源同 scan,descend.比喻用法。
n.丑闻,诽谤,耻辱,流言蜚语,反感,公愤The president will have to resign for being involved in a political scandal.总统将由于牵扯一桩政治丑闻而被迫辞职.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■(an action or event that causes) a public feeling of shock and strong moral disapproval 丑行；丑闻；震惊；反感
• a financial/political/ sex scandal 金融／政治／性丑闻
• Their affair caused/created a scandal in the office. 他们的风流韵事在办公室里成了丑闻。
• The scandal broke (= became public knowledge) right at the beginning of the Conservative Party Conference. 就在保守党大会开幕的那一刻，丑闻爆了出来。
• If there is the slightest suggestion/hint of scandal, the public will no longer trust us. 只要有哪怕一丝丑闻，民众就再也不会信任我们。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■reports about actions or events that cause shock and disapproval 丑闻报道
• Some magazines contain nothing but scandal and gossip. 有些杂志专门报道丑闻，散播小道消息。
• to spread scandal 散播丑闻
 ADVANCED only singular
■a situation that is extremely bad 丢脸，耻辱
• [+ (that)] It 's a scandal (that) children could be treated in this way. 这样对待孩子真是太可耻了。
n. 丑闻；流言蜚语；诽谤；公愤
 - tale, personalities

Word: PC
Front: PC
[.piː 'siː] (3053/2366 -2)
Back: abbr. personal computer 个人计算机; price(s) 价格; percentile 百分点; percentage 百分数
分布：名词(100%)
■written abbreviation for * percent
• an increase of 22 pc 22%的涨幅

Word: helpful
Front: helpful
[ˈhelpfl] (中高研四六托 3054/2582 -K2)
Vocabulary: helpful
(once / 681 pages)
adj
If you are inclined to assist others in any situation, you are a helpful person. Your actions can also be called helpful, like your helpful habit of doing the dishes every night.
If you want to be helpful, you find ways to make things easier for others, like holding the door for them. Things can also be helpful — maps, cell phones, dictionaries, and holders for wet umbrellas. Taking good notes and setting your alarm to go off early are helpful tips for days when you have big tests. A discussion is helpful if it teaches you something new or gives you ideas for doing something better.
WORD FAMILY
helpful: helpfulest, helpfully, helpfulness, unhelpful+/ help: helped, helper, helpful, helping, helpless, helps, self-help/helper: helpers/helping: helpings/ helpless: helplesser, helplessest, helplessly, helplessness/unhelpful: unhelpfully, unhelpfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rather than proselytize, Mr. Adams prefers to teach by example, introducing people to healthy foods and providing helpful information.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most treatments must be maintained to be helpful.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There is disagreement as well on whether the Bible contains helpful accounts of ancient myths but is not literally true.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 给予帮助的，有益的; 愿意帮忙的
分布：有帮助的(57%)，有用的(43%)
→help,帮助，有益，-ful,形容词后缀。
a.(to)有帮助的,有益的,有用的You are very helpful in preparing my manuscript.你在我撰写原稿时帮了大忙.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■willing to help, or useful 愿意帮忙的；有帮助的；有用的
• She's such a pleasant, helpful child! 她可真是个讨人喜欢又乐于助人的孩子！
• I'm sorry, I was only trying to be helpful. 真抱歉，我只是想帮忙。
• He made several helpful suggestions. 他提了几个很有帮助的建议。
['help.fəl] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  helpfulWarning: Common word-building error! Adjectives which end in the suffix -ful have only one 'l'. Don't write 'helpfull', write helpful.
adj. 有帮助的；有益的
 - useful, beneficial, advantageous, conducive, assistant

Word: impress
Front: impress
[ɪmˈpres] (高研四六 3055/4079 -K3)
Vocabulary: impress
(once / 49 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v
Think of the verb impress as "leaving a mark." You might impress a print onto canvas, or you might impress prospective employers in a job interview. Whether that impression will be good or bad is up to you!
The past participle of the Latin verb imprimere, "to press," is impressus, which evolved in the 14th Century to the meaning "to make a permanent image." That meaning included a figurative meaning of "to impress upon the mind or heart." Impress also means conscription into the military, or taking people to serve against their will — in other words, the draft.
WORD FAMILY
impress: impressed, impresses, impressible, impressing, impression, impressive, impressment+/ impressed: unimpressed/impressible: impressibly/ impression: impressionable, impressionistic, impressions/ impressionable: unimpressionable/ impressionistic: impressionistically/ impressive: impressively, impressiveness, unimpressive/impressment: impressments/unimpressive: unimpressively
USAGE EXAMPLES
But, it was the massive tulip poplar that impressed him.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He also impressed on the students that they were just playing a game.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Not that Baldwin seemed too impressed about it afterward.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 印; 给…以深刻印象; 使铭记
n. 印象; 印记
时态：impressed, impressing, impresses
分布：印象(82%)，影响(7%)，印记(4%)，特征(3%)，传送(2%)，印刻(1%)，使 ... 有印象(1%)
→im-,进入，使，press,压，按。即压进去的，引申词义使留下印象。
盖印;使感动(im进+press→压进去→盖印→印入头脑→感动)[press=press表示"挤压"]
v.(on)印,盖印;留下印象,引人注目The man depressed by the pressure from the press expressed the impression on him.那个受到来自新闻界压力压抑的人表达了他的印象.
【记】im进入，press（n /v 压）－压入头脑－使印象深刻
verb intransitive or transitive [not continuous]
 IMPROVER
■to cause someone to admire or respect you because of something that you have done or said 给…留下深刻印象；使钦佩
• I remember when I was a child being very impressed with how many toys she had. 我记得小时候我对她有那么多的玩具羡慕不已。
• Your mother was clearly not impressed by our behaviour in the restaurant. 你妈妈对我们在餐厅的行为显然没有好印象。
• He tried to impress me with his extensive knowledge of wine. 他想以自己在葡萄酒方面的渊博知识让我对他刮目相看。
• formal I'm afraid the new theatre fails to impress. 恐怕这座新戏院不会受到瞩目。
[ɪm'pres] verb intransitive or transitive [not continuous]
  Phrasal Verbs  impress sth on/upon sb
■to make someone understand or be familiar with the importance or value of something 使（某人）明白…的重要性（或价值）
• Mr Simmons tried to impress on me how much easier my life would be if I were better organized. 西蒙斯先生力图让我明白，如果我能更有条理，我的生活会更安逸。
affect, influence, impress
这些动词均含“影响”之意。
affect: 作主语通常是物而不是人，指一物对另一物产生的消极影响。
influence: 侧重在思想、性格、行为等方面所产生的潜移默化的影响，也可指自然力的影响。
impress: 强调影响既深刻又持久。
vt. 盖印；强征；传送；给予某人深刻印象
 - propagate
n. 印象，印记；特征，痕迹
 - print, mark, characteristic, trace

Word: heel
Front: heel
[hi:l] (高研四六托 3056/3535 -K2)
Vocabulary: heel
(once / 186 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v
Your heel is the rear part of your foot. Most people walk by placing their weight first on one heel, then shifting to their toes before stepping with the opposite foot.
If you take tap dancing lessons, you'll learn to tap with both your toes and your heels — feet have heels, and so do shoes. The base of the palm of your hand is also a heel, and when you walk your dog on a leash, keeping her at your side, you're teaching her to heel. The word also describes the very end of a loaf of bread, or an utter jerk — this informal meaning comes from U.S. mobster slang.
WORD FAMILY
heel: heeled, heeling, heels
USAGE EXAMPLES
They beat the Tar Heels by 31 last season, which was their most lopsided win in series history.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bad publicity and worried stockholders were enough to bring a company to heel.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
She kept on smiling and strutting in her high heels; she held her microphone toward the crowd.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 脚后跟，踵; （鞋、袜等的后跟）; （四足动物的）后脚; 踵状物
vt. & vi. （使）倾斜
vt. 给（鞋等）修理后跟
时态：heeled, heeling, heels
分布：脚后跟(90%)，倾侧(10%)
→来自kenk,弯，转，膝弯，脚弯，词源同hock,kink,-el,小词后缀。引申词义脚跟。拼写比较nail,tile.
n.脚后跟,踵,鞋跟The feeble man feels an ache on his heels and knees when he kneels on the steel steering wheel.当虚弱男子跪在钢舵轮上时他的脚跟和双膝感到疼痛.
noun countable
BODY PART 身体部位
 ADVANCED
■the rounded back part of the foot 脚跟
⇒ See also well-heeled
 ADVANCED
■the part of a sock or shoe which covers the heel of the foot （袜或鞋的）后跟
 ADVANCED
■the raised part at the back of a shoe, under your heel 鞋跟
[hi:l] noun countable
PERSON 人 old-fashioned informal
■a person who treats other people badly and unfairly 卑劣小人；混蛋
• I felt like a real heel when I saw how I'd upset her. 看到自己使她如此难过，我觉得自己真是个混蛋。
[hi:l] noun countable
HAND 手
■the raised part of the palm of your hand nearest the wrist 手掌丘
[hi:l] noun countable
END PART 剩余部分
■the end part of something, especially of a loaf of bread, that is usually left after the rest has been eaten or used （某物的）剩余部分；（尤指）面包头
[hi:l] noun countable
bring/call sth/sb to heel
■to order a dog to come close to you 命令（狗）紧跟着
■to force someone to obey you 逼迫（某人）服从
[hi:l] noun countable
come to heel
■If a person or organization comes to heel, they agree to obey, usually because they have been forcefully persuaded to do so. （人或组织）被迫服从，就范
[hi:l] noun countable
come/follow hard/hot on the heels of sth
■to happen very soon after something …之后紧接着发生，紧随…而来
• For Walter, disaster followed hard on the heels of his initial success. 对华尔特来说，最初的成功之后，紧接就是惨败。
[hi:l] noun countable
hard/hot on sb's heels
■following someone very closely 紧跟着（某人）
• She ran down the steps with a group of journalists hard on her heels. 她跑下台阶，身后紧跟着一群记者。
[hi:l] noun countable
take to your heels
■to quickly run away 飞奔逃走
• When they saw the soldiers coming, they took to their heels. 当看见士兵过来时，他们拔腿就跑。
[hi:l] noun countable
under the heel of sth or sb disapproving
■completely controlled by something or someone 被…完全控制
• This country would never submit to living under the heel of a foreign power. 这个国家绝不会屈服于外国势力的控制。
[hi:l] verb transitive
■to repair the heel of a shoe 修理（鞋跟）
■specialized
■In rugby, to heel the ball is to kick it backwards with the heel. （橄榄球运动中）用脚跟往回传球
[hi:l] exclamation
■said to a dog to order it to come and stand close to you or to walk close to your side as you walk （唤狗用语）过来，跟上
vi. 倾侧
 - careen

Word: resemble
Front: resemble
[rɪˈzembl] (高研四六托雅 3058/3822 -2)
Vocabulary: resemble
(once / 108 pages)
v
Have you noticed that many pet owners resemble their pets? Or is it that pets resemble their owners? Either way, it’s downright strange how they often look alike.
Derived from the old French word sembler, “to appear,” the verb resemble can imply a whole spectrum of likeness. For example, you might closely resemble your schnauzer or, hopefully, only vaguely resemble each other. It’s not just about appearance, either. This concept can include all kinds of characteristics. Two companies can resemble each other and the same could be said of two philosophies.
WORD FAMILY
resemble: resemblance, resembled, resembles, resembling+/ resemblance: resemblances
USAGE EXAMPLES
Erickson, now a paleontologist at Florida State University in Tallahassee, noticed more than 900 fine lines resembling tree rings on the tooth.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
He no longer resembles the roly-poly image on official posters.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Perhaps the topper is meant to resemble a wing, but there’s no sense that the woman is about fly away.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 与…相像，类似于
时态：resembled, resembling, resembles
分布：像(99%)，与…相似(1%)
→re-,表强调，-semble,一样，词源同 same,assemble.
类似,像...一样(re再+semble→再一样→类似)[simil,simul,sembl=alike,same表示"相类似,一样"]
和-相像[sembl=belike(相像)]
v.像,类似The brothers resemble each other in taste.那对兄弟兴趣相似.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to look like or be like someone or something 像；看起来像；与…相似
• You resemble your mother very closely. 你长得很像你妈妈。
• After the earthquake, the city resembled a battlefield. 地震过后，这座城市看上去就像战场一般。
vt. 类似，像
 - favor

Word: privacy
Front: privacy
[ˈprɪvəsi] (研六雅 3060/5243 -2)
Vocabulary: privacy
(once / 295 pages)
n
When you're away from the prying eyes of others, you have privacy — you're alone, secluded, and not in the public eye.
Sometimes you just don't want to be bothered by anyone, so you seek a place where you can be alone with your thoughts, free from distractions or intrusions. When that's the case, you are seeking privacy: private space and time away from others. Privacy has always been an issue for celebrities, who are followed around by photographers. If you value your privacy, don't run for office: politicians give up their privacy when they run for election.
WORD FAMILY
privacy: privacies+/ private: privacy, privately, privateness, privates, privatise, privatize, semiprivate/privatise: privatisation/ privatization: privatizations/ privatize: privatization, privatized, privatizes, privatizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
These include such evils as copyright infringement, cybercrime, the invasion of privacy, hate speech, espionage—and perhaps cyberwar.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
But the Nettuno picture fell foul of the social media giant’s privacy policies, the Daily Telegraph reported.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But privacy and athletes’ rights advocates worry the technology will outpace the adoption of legal limits and standards.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
Back: n. 隐私，秘密; 隐居; 私事; 不受公众干扰的状态
分布：隐私(87%)，私生活(6%)，秘密(5%)，隐居(2%)
→来自private,私人的，私密的，-acy,名词后缀。引申词义隐私，私密。
隐私(priv+acy)[Priv=single,lone,表示"单个"]
n.(不受干扰的)独处,自由,隐私;私生活The striver contrives to derive that privacy can't be deprived.奋斗者想方设法推导得出隐私(权)不可剥夺.
US ['praɪ.və-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■someone's right to keep their personal matters and relationships secret 隐私权
• The new law is designed to protect people's privacy. 新法律旨在保护人们的隐私权。
 ADVANCED
■the state of being alone 独处
• I hate sharing a bedroom - I never get any privacy. 我不喜欢和别人共用一间卧室——因为根本没有隐私权。
n. 隐私；秘密；隐居；隐居处
 - secret, confidence, mystery

Word: fabric
Front: fabric
[ˈfæbrɪk] (研四六托雅宝 3059/2773 -3)
Vocabulary: fabric
(once / 558 pages)
1n 2n
Fabric is what something is made from, especially clothing. Silk is a common fabric, but you can also talk about "the fabric of society."
The most common use of fabric is for clothes: for example, denim is the fabric used to make jeans. All clothes are made of some type or combination of fabrics. The basic structure of a building or a vehicle can also be called fabric, and non-physical things can be represented as fabric too. Metaphorically, you could say honesty is part of the fabric of friendship, or love is part of the fabric of family. Fabric is always the foundation or essence of something.
WORD FAMILY
fabric: fabrics
USAGE EXAMPLES
At Jo-Ann Fabric, the sewing aisle, a beacon of immigrant industriousness, was humming.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
“I wanted to show that Jews were part of the fabric of life in the New World,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The fabric of the series, after all, is the adventures of two weird blokes in London.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 织物; 布; 构造; （建筑物的）结构（如墙、地面、屋顶）：质地
分布：织物(82%)，结构(12%)，构造(6%)
→来自dhabh, 匹配，装配，词源同deft, forge. 用来指织物，结构。
织物[fabric=make,表示"制作"]
n.织物;织品;结构;构造;建筑物The usual fabric was timber.通常的建筑材料是木材.
noun
CLOTH 布
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(a type of) cloth or woven material 布；织物
• dress fabric 裙装衣料
• seats upholstered in hard-wearing fabric 罩有耐磨布料的座椅
• cotton fabrics 棉织物
['fæb.rɪk] noun
STRUCTURE 结构
the fabric of sth
■the structure or parts especially of a social unit or a building （尤指社会或建筑物的）结构，构造
• the fabric of society 社会结构
• Unhappiness was woven into the natural fabric of people's lives. 苦恼忧愁原是人们日常生活的一部分。
• We must invest in the fabric of our hospitals and start rebuilding them. 我们必须对医院建筑进行投资并开始重建工作。
n. [纺] 织物；布；组织；构造；建筑物
 - cloth, organization, formation, construction, textile

Word: surprise
Front: surprise
[səˈpraɪz] (中高雅 1624/1807 -K5)
Vocabulary: surprise
(once / 34 pages)
vn
A surprise can be an unexpected or astonishing event, such as an ambush or a really great grade on a test you didn't study for.
Surprise can be a verb meaning to astonish or startle someone, a noun for the unexpected thing, or for the feeling produced by that surprise. It comes from the Latin word for "seize," and originally meant an unexpected military attack. When the novelist Charles Lever wrote in 1841 of "three cavalry regiments, their noiseless gestures and perfect stillness bespeaking at once that they were intended for a surprise party," he meant a surprise attack, not a birthday party.
WORD FAMILY
surprise: surprisal, surprised, surpriser, surprises, surprising+/surprisal: surprisals/ surprised: surprisedly, unsurprised/surpriser: surprisers/surprising: surprisingly, surprisingness, unsurprising/unsurprised: unsurprisedly/unsurprising: unsurprisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
What is surprising is that relatively large drops in RMR are quite common among individuals who lose body fat through diet or exercise.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Irsay surprised many within the league by retaining both after last season.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s just so many checks and balances, it just doesn’t surprise me that he got caught before this plane was able to leave the gate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使惊奇; 突袭; 意外发现
n. 惊喜，惊奇; 意外的事
时态：surprised, surprising, surprises
分布：惊喜(31%)，惊奇(23%)，惊讶(22%)，突然(12%)，突然袭击(7%)，使惊奇(4%)，使惊喜(1%)
→sur-,在上，-prise,抓住，缩写自 prehens,词源同 prison,comprehension.引申词义突然抓住，吃 惊，意外。
吃惊(sur突然+prise→突然被抓住→吃惊)[pris=take表示"拿住,抓住"]
v.使诧异,使惊异;奇袭n.诧异,惊异;奇袭Her visit did not cause me much surprise.她的来访并没有令我太惊讶.
US [sɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■an unexpected event, or the feeling caused by something unexpected happening 意外的事；惊讶
• Don't tell Anne we've arranged a party for her - I want it to be a surprise. 不要告诉安妮我们为她安排了一个派对——我想给她一个惊喜。
• It was a lovely/nasty, etc. surprise to get home and find the letter. 回到家就意外看到这封信，真是太好了／糟糕透了等等。
• Last night's heavy snow came as a complete surprise. 昨晚的那场大雪下得太突然了。
• You're always full of surprises (= doing unexpected things). 你总是做些出人意料的事。
• I wish you wouldn't keep springing surprises on me (= telling me unexpected things or causing unexpected things to happen). 我希望你不要总是让我感到吃惊意外。
• He looked at her in/with surprise. 他惊讶地看着她。
• To my great surprise, they agreed to all our demands. 让我非常惊讶的是，他们答应了我们的所有要求。
• They mounted a surprise attack at dawn. 他们在拂晓时分发动突然袭击。
• My uncle paid us a surprise visit yesterday. 昨天我叔叔突然来看我们。
Compare shock
UK [sə'praɪz] US [sɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
surprise, surprise
■said when someone has done something or when something has happened in a way which you expected and which you do not approve of （表示不赞同的事情在预料之中发生）真是意外啊
• "I've forgotten my keys again." "Surprise, surprise!" “我又忘记带锁匙了。”“真是意外啊！”
US said when you are telling someone about a situation in which something unexpected and pleasant has happened （表示发生了让人感到惊喜的事情）太让人意外了
• I asked him if he wanted to come to dinner with my parents, and surprise, surprise, he said yes! 我问他想不想跟我父母一起吃顿饭，结果真让人意外，他竟然答应了！
UK [sə'praɪz] US [sɚ-] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make someone feel surprise 使诧异，使惊奇，使感到意外
• The news surprised everyone. 这消息让所有人都感到意外。
• [+ that] It doesn't surprise me that their parents don't want them to get married. 他们的父母不想让他们俩结婚，我并不感到意外。
• [+ to infinitive] It will not surprise anyone to learn that the offer has been rejected. 这项提议遭到否决，谁也不会感到意外。
• [+ question word] Janet was surprised how quickly the time passed. 珍妮特惊讶地发现时间竟然过得如此快。
■to find, catch or attack someone when they are not expecting it 意外发现；当场抓获；突然袭击
• The robbers had just opened the safe when they were surprised by the police. 抢匪们刚打开保险箱就被员警当场抓获了。
• [+ -ing verb] His mother surprised him helping himself to her gin. 他偷喝母亲的杜松子酒时被母亲逮了个正着。
stun, astound, astonish, surprise, amaze, startle
这组词都有“使惊愕，使惊讶，使惊奇”的意思，其区别是：
stun: 语气最强，指极度惊讶而目瞪口呆，不知所措。
astound: 语气强，指由于事情令人难以置信或实在罕见而使人感到震惊。
astonish: 语气较强，指出乎预料，意外发生，但又无法解释而感到惊奇。
surprise: 普通用词，多指因未预料或意外的事而引起的惊奇之感。
amaze: 语气较强，指因认为不可能或极少可能发生情况的出现而感到惊讶或迷惑不解。
startle: 指因突然的惊吓或意料不到的刺激等而使人惊跳或震惊。
n. 惊奇，诧异；突然袭击
 - wonder, marvelousness
vt. 使惊奇；奇袭
 - coup de main
adj. 令人惊讶的
 - astonishing, portentous

Word: contest
Front: contest
[ˈkɒntest] (研四六雅宝 3062/3919 -K3)
Vocabulary: contest
(once / 177 pages)
nv
A contest is a struggle to determine who's tops –- you might wrestle an alligator in a contest of brute strength versus strategy. You can also enter a contest — a yodeling contest or a cake-decorating contest, depending on your talents.
If you're being sued and you respond to the court order saying "no contest," you're saying you're not going to put up a fight. When you put the accent on the second syllable, contest becomes a verb, and it means to dispute something. You lost the election for class president, but you think there was something fishy going on at the ballot box, so you contest the results and ask for a recount.
WORD FAMILY
contest: contestable, contestation, contested, contestee, contester, contesting, contests+/contestable: contestably, incontestable /contestation: contestations/ contested: uncontested/contestee: contestees/contester: contesters/ incontestable: incontestably/uncontested: uncontestedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
After graduating from Stanford, in 1950, Joyce won a contest to work in the advertising department at Mademoiselle magazine, in New York.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He also was sentenced to 18 years in prison on state child-sex charges related to the same abuse after pleading no contest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Outside of the inaugural mayoral contests, there will be elections to 34 councils in England.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 竞争，为…而奋争; 辩驳
vi. 争斗; 竞争; 争夺
时态：contested, contesting, contests
分布：比赛(74%)，竞赛(23%)，争取(1%)，奋斗(1%)，驳斥(1%)
→con-, 强调。-test, 见证，词源同attest, detest。字面意思即找人来作证的。
比赛,竞赛(con共同+test→共同测试→比赛)[test=test,tuitness,表示"测试,证据"]
n.竞争,竞赛,比赛v.竞争,比赛,争论The pretty priest protested the contest of protein test.漂亮牧师抗议蛋白质化验赛.
【记】con共同，test（v /n 测试；检验）－共同测试－比赛竞争
【参】detest（vt 厌恶；憎恨）
US [ˈkɑːn-]
COMPETITION 竞赛
 IMPROVER
■a competition to do better than other people, usually in which prizes are given 比赛；竞赛
• a dance/sports contest 舞蹈／体育比赛
• She's won a lot of beauty contests. 她多次在选美大赛中获胜。
noun countable UK [ˈkɒn.test] US [ˈkɑːn-]
ATTEMPT 努力
 ADVANCED
■an attempt, usually against difficulties, to win an election or to get power or control （为赢得选举或权力而进行的）争取，争夺
• The contest for deputy leadership of the party is gathering speed. 该党副领袖职务的竞选争夺正在加剧。
verb transitive /kənˈtest/
ARGUE 争论
■If you contest a formal statement, a claim , a judge's decision, or a legal case, you say formally that it is wrong or unfair and try to have it changed 质疑；辩驳；驳斥
• We will certainly contest any claims made against the safety of our products. 我们肯定会驳斥任何批评我们产品安全性的说法。
verb transitive /kənˈtest/
COMPETE 竞争
■to compete for something 竞争；争夺；角逐
• The medal is being keenly contested by eight gymnasts. 八名体操运动员在激烈争夺这枚金牌。
verb transitive /kənˈtest/
ATTEMPT 努力
■to attempt to win an election or to get power or control 争取，争夺（选举胜利或权力）
• She stands a good chance, since only two people are contesting the seat and the other candidate is very unpopular. 她大有希望获胜，因为只有两个人争夺这个位置，而另一个候选人很不得人心。
contend, rival, contest, compete
这组词都有“竞争”的意思，其区别是：
contend: 指为战胜或击败对手进行不懈努力，强调拼搏。也可指口头上进行有对立情绪或严重分歧的争论。
rival: 指在两方或多方的竞争或比赛中，谁都想战胜或比得上对手。
contest: 指为争夺土地、阵地、权力或荣誉等而展开的竞争。
compete: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指体育活动等活动中争取优胜的相互竞争，也可指为了自己的利益与他人竞争。
content, contrast, context, contest
content: 内容；
contrast: 对比，差异；
context: 上下文
contest: 比赛，竞赛；
contest, match, competition
这组词都有“比赛，竞争”的意思，其区别是：
contest: 多指在音乐、书法、演讲等方面所进行的比赛或竞争。其结果，由评判委员会裁决。
match: 通常指体育运动项目的比赛，隐含势均力敌意味。
competition: 多指体育运动中的各项比赛、角逐，也指知识、技巧等方面的竞赛。
vt. 争辩；提出质疑
 - argue against, chop logic
vi. 竞争；争辩
 - cope, rival
n. 竞赛；争夺；争论
 - competition, match, combat

Word: proportion
Front: proportion
[prəˈpɔ:ʃn] (研四六托雅 3063/1247 -K3)
Vocabulary: proportion
(once / 108 pages)
nv
Proportion is about balance and how things fit together harmoniously. For example "That hound dog's tiny legs look out of proportion to that big fat body."
The prefix comes from the Latin pro meaning "on behalf of, for." If you're Proportion likes portions, and for them to be the right size. The cake's sweetness is in direct proportion to how much sugar you put in. It's a compliment to tell someone he or she has just the right proportions, but you might get slapped. It can also be a part of something, as in a significant proportion of our student body has dyed their hair purple.
WORD FAMILY
proportion: disproportion, proportionable, proportional, proportioned, proportioning, proportions+/ disproportion: disproportions/disproportional: disproportionally/proportionable: proportionably/ proportional: disproportional, proportionality, proportionally, proportionals/proportioned: ill-proportioned
USAGE EXAMPLES
That was in line with the proportion of technology deals in 2015.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
China's northern Shanxi province aims to increase the proportion of days per year with good air quality to 75.4 percent, the agency said.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
It does not track what proportion of visas are issued to birth tourists.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 比，比率; [数学]比例（法）; 面积; 相称，平衡
vt. 使成比例; 使相称; 使均衡
时态：proportioned, proportioning, proportions
分布：比例(70%)，部分(15%)，均衡(5%)，使均衡(4%)，使成比例(4%)，分摊(2%)
→来自拉丁短语pro portione,根据比例，按照部分的关系，来自pro,向前，根据，按照，portione,部分，词源同part.引申诸相关词义。
比例,成分(pro前面+port+ion→成分其中一部分→[所占]比例)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
n.比例;部分;均衡,相称A large proportion of the students were sick last week.上星期大部分学生病了.
US [-'pɔ:r-] noun
AMOUNT 数量
 IMPROVER countable + singular or plural verb
■the number or amount of a group or part of something when compared to the whole 部分；份额
• Children make up a large proportion of the world's population. 孩童占世界人口的很大一部分。
• A higher proportion of women now smoke than used to be the case. 现在女性抽烟的比例比过去要高。
• The report shows that poor families spend a larger proportion of their income on food. 报告显示，贫困家庭食物支出所占其收入比例更大了。
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■the number, amount or level of one thing when compared to another 比率，比例
• The proportion of women to men at my college was about five to one. 我所在大学的男女比例大约为1：5。
• The chart shows how weight increases in proportion to height (= the increase in weight depends on the increase in height). 图表说明了体重是如何随着身高成正比上升的。
• The level of crime in an area is almost always in direct proportion to the number of unemployed. 一个地区的犯罪率几乎总是与失业人数成正比。
UK [prə'pɔ:.ʃən] US [-'pɔ:r-] noun
SIZE 大小
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the correct or most attractive relationship between the size of different parts of the same thing or between one thing and another （某物各个组成部分或一物与另一物之间的）相称，协调，均衡，匀称
• Your legs are very much in proportion to (= the right size for) the rest of your body. 你的腿和你身体的其他部位比例非常协调。
• His feet seem very small in proportion to his body. 和他的身体相比，他的脚似乎显得太小了。
• My head was much nearer the camera than the rest of me so I'm all out of proportion. 我的脑袋比身体其他部位离相机近得多，所以照片里我显得比例失调了。
proportions [plural]
■the size, shape or level of something 尺寸；大小；形状；程度
• a building of elegant proportions 造型优美的建筑物
• I'm not very good at drawing people - I can never get the proportions right. 我画人物不太在行——我从来都拿不准比例。
• humorous She's a woman of generous proportions (= she is fat). 她是个胖女人。
• A small worry in the back of your mind can for no apparent reason assume/take on massive proportions in the middle of the night. 内心深处的一点点忧虑在深夜里便会莫名其妙地无限放大。
UK [prə'pɔ:.ʃən] US [-'pɔ:r-] noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
uncountable
■used in a number of phrases to mean importance and seriousness 重要性，严重性
• You've got to keep a sense of proportion (= the ability to understand what is important and what is not). 你得会辨别轻重缓急。
• I think a certain amount of worry about work is very natural, but you've got to keep it in proportion (= judge correctly its seriousness). 我认为对工作有点担心是很自然的，但不要过分担心。
UK [prə'pɔ:.ʃən] US [-'pɔ:r-] noun
blow sth out of proportion
■to treat a particular event or problem far too seriously 对（事情或问题）小题大做
• It's ridiculous - we have a tiny disagreement and you blow the whole thing out of proportion! 太可笑了——我们只是意见有点小分歧，而你却把整件事闹得这么大！
• Of course, when the papers get hold of a story, it's blown out of all proportion. 当然了，一旦报纸知道了一则传闻，就会大肆渲染一番。
proportion, rate, ratio, percentage
proportion: （两件事物之间的）比，比例, 通常用于各种成分或分配额的比例等；
rate: 常用于表示速率，利率，出生率，死亡率，兑换率等；
ratio: （表示两个数量之间关系的）比，比例, in direct/inverse ratio to 成正比/反比
percentage: 百分比，百分率；
n. [数] 比例；部分；面积；均衡
 - ratio, area, equilibrium, scale, part
vt. 使成比例；使均衡；分摊
 - apportion

Word: guideline
Front: guideline
[ˈgaɪdlaɪn] (研雅 3064/2994 -2)
Vocabulary: guideline
(once / 1486 pages)
n
A guideline is a rule-of-thumb or suggestion that shows or tells you how to behave. If you want to stay healthy, you might want to follow the government's dietary guidelines. Sample guideline: go easy on the salt.
In the 18th century, guideline referred to an actual line that you drew on fabric before cutting. So for example, if you wanted to cut a piece of linen to make a dress, you'd draw a guideline on it first to make sure the incision would be straight. The line guided your cut; over time, the word became a metaphor for a guide to any sort of action.
WORD FAMILY
guideline: guidelines
USAGE EXAMPLES
Federal officials warned the state’s education department in a June letter that they plan to monitor more closely which states comply with the new guidelines.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Johnson said he would lobby the Illinois legislature to reform sentencing guidelines for repeat gun offenders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
While new deadlines, limits and rules will offer guidelines, the real needed change is in the culture.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 指导方针; 指导原则
分布：准则(54%)，指导方针(46%)
→来自guild和line的组合词。
n.指导路线,方针,指标Under the guideline, the output of streamlined seamless liners declines linearly.在该方针的指引下,流线型无缝班机的产量直线下降.
noun countable usually plural
 IMPROVER
■information intended to advise people on how something should be done or what something should be 指导方针；指导原则；准则
• The EU has issued guidelines on appropriate levels of pay for part-time manual workers. 欧盟已经颁布了有关兼职体力劳动者适宜的酬劳标准。

Word: rifle
Front: rifle
[ˈraɪfl] (研四六托宝 3065/5446 -2)
Vocabulary: rifle
(once / 150 pages)
1n 2v
A rifle is a long, powerful gun that is fired from the shoulder. A soldier is most often armed with a rifle.
Some hunters use rifles, which fire single bullets rather than the small pellets, or shot, that shotguns fire. A rifle can do more damage and is therefore often used in the military. The name comes from the shape of the barrel, which is grooved — or rifled, from the Old French word rifler, "to scratch or groove." Another meaning of rifle comes from the same root but means "to search through things in a hurried way."
WORD FAMILY
rifle: rifled, rifles, rifling+/rifled: unrifled/rifling: riflings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The men learn to fire a Kalashnikov rifle and Makarov pistol, apply a tourniquet and storm a room in tactical formation.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Her “aha moment” as a craftsman didn’t happen until a chance meeting eight years ago with an engraver of rifles and knives.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Morales is suspected of stealing six military rifles and 10 handguns from a U.S.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 步枪; 来福枪
vt. & vi. 快速搜寻; 匆忙翻找 ; 偷窃; 盗取
时态：rifled, rifling, rifles
分布：步枪(97%)，抢劫(2%)，洗劫(1%)
→来自古法语 rifler,掠夺，抢劫，刮，来自 Proto-Germanic*rifana,刮，抢，来自 rei,撕，砍， 抓，词源同 rive,rift.引申词义挖槽，词义来复枪缩写自 rifled pistol,槽孔火枪。-le,表反复。
n.步枪The ribbon of the rifle is fabricated with fibre.来复枪的带子是用纤维制作的.
【记】外来语：来复枪，一种具有来复口径的火器，被设计从肩膀上开枪。
noun countable
■a type of gun with a long barrel (= part shaped like a tube) , which is fired from the shoulder and is designed to be accurate at long distances 来福枪；步枪
['raɪ.fl] verb intransitive or transitive
■to search quickly through something, often in order to steal something 迅速翻查；匆忙翻找
• The safe had been rifled and the diamonds were gone. 保险柜被洗劫了，钻石不翼而飞。
• He rifled through the papers on the desk, but couldn't find the photographs. 他把桌上的一堆档翻了个遍，但是没有找到照片。
n. [军] 步枪；来复枪
 - musket
vt. 用步枪射击；抢夺；偷走
 - steal away, spirit away

Word: maintenance
Front: maintenance
[ˈmeɪntənəns] (研四六托雅宝 3067/2198 -2)
Vocabulary: maintenance
(once / 524 pages)
1n 2n
If you make sure that your house or car or even a database stays in good working condition, you are keeping up on the maintenance.
Maintain, the verb related to the noun maintenance, comes from the Latin expression manu tenere meaning literally "hold in the hand," a fitting picture for this word. As well as the upkeep of machines, maintenance can be used with things that need sustaining. The maintenance of law and order is taken care of by the police. When a couple divorces, the husband is usually required to pay maintenance — financial support — to the wife.
WORD FAMILY
maintenance: maintenances+/ maintain: maintainable, maintained, maintainer, maintaining, maintains, maintenance /maintainer: maintainers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stage Five is the “Maintenance Stage,” where we are in the middle of a strong commitment to maintaining change.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jason Klenklen, supervisor of transmission maintenance, says the drones currently are used primarily in rural areas to inspect transmission lines.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Reliability improves because of intensified repairs and maintenance under the SafeTrack program.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 维持，保持; 保养，保管; 维护; 维修
分布：维护(56%)，维修(39%)，保持(3%)，抚养费(1%)，生活费用(1%)
→来自maintain的名词形式。
维护;坚持(main+len+ance,maintain的[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
n.维修,保养,维持,保持,生活费用After maintenance the main remains and remainders are left on the domain.维修之后,主要遗骸和剩余物留在了领地上.
noun uncountable
WORK 工作
 IMPROVER
■the work needed to keep a road, building, machine, etc. in good condition 维护，保养（保持道路、建筑、机器设备等处于良好状态的工作）
• Old houses need a lot of maintenance. 老房子需要大量保养。
• There are thorough maintenance checks on each plane before take-off. 每架飞机起飞前都要经过彻底的维修检查。
• The magazine offers tips on cutting your house maintenance costs. 这本杂志教你一些降低房屋维修花费的妙计。
['meɪn.tɪ.nənts] noun uncountable
MONEY 金钱
■money that a person must pay regularly by law in order to support their child or previous marriage partner after a divorce (= official end to a marriage) （法律规定离婚后须定期支付用以供养孩子或前配偶的）抚养费，生活费
• He refused to pay maintenance for his three children. 他不肯支付三个孩子的抚养费。
['meɪn.tɪ.nənts] noun uncountable
CONTINUE TO HAVE 维持
■when something continues to exist or is not allowed to become less 维持；保持
• the maintenance of living standards 生活水准的保持
life, creature, maintenance, survival, existence
life: 生命，生活
creature: 生物，动物，人
maintenance: 保持，保养，维修，一般不指人；
survival: 在困难中的生存、幸存；
existence: 艰难或无聊的生活方式
n. 维护，维修；保持； [经] 生活费用
 - conservation, keep

Word: conviction
Front: conviction
[kənˈvɪkʃn] (研六托雅宝 3066/2840 -3)
Vocabulary: conviction
(once / 151 pages)
1n 2n
A conviction is something certain: a judgment of guilty in court and a strong belief are both convictions.
In the legal world, when a judge or jury convicts someone of a crime — finding them guilty — this is called a conviction. Prosecutors try to get convictions, and defense attorneys try to prevent them. Also, convictions are beliefs — principles. The United States was founded on many convictions, such as the belief in free speech and separation of church and state. When you have a conviction, you're certain of something.
WORD FAMILY
conviction: convictions+/ convict: convicted, convicting, conviction, convicts, reconvict/reconvict: reconvicted
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Swedish activist says he was partly driven by “middle-class guilt” but also a conviction that people should be the masters of their own destinies.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Amnesty International called the conviction "ludicrous" and the trial "farcical".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
An appeals court recently voided the convictions of 73 police officers for their participation in the killings, raising criticism from human rights groups.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 定罪; 说服; 确信; 信念
分布：定罪(64%)，坚信(22%)，信服(14%)
定罪;坚信[vict,vinc=conquer,overcome,表示"征服,克服"]
n.深信,确信;定罪,判罪;He depicted the conviction that contradicted the verdict.他描绘反驳裁决的定罪.
【记】vict征服－被法律征服是定罪；被信仰征服是信念
【反】skepticism（n 怀疑论；怀疑＝dubiety）
noun
CRIME 罪行
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when someone is officially found to be guilty of a particular crime 定罪，判罪
• As it was her first conviction for stealing, she was given a less severe sentence. 由于她是初次犯盗窃罪，对她的量刑不是很重。
• He has a long record of previous convictions for similar offences. 他有多次类似罪行的犯罪记录。
• The conviction of the three demonstrators has caused public outrage locally. 三个示威者被判有罪，这激起了当地民众的愤怒。
Compare acquittal
[kən'vɪk.ʃən] noun
OPINION 观点
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a strong opinion or belief 坚定的看法；坚定的信念；坚定的信仰
• religious/moral convictions 宗教／道德信仰
• a deep/strong/lifelong conviction 深深的／坚定的／终生的信仰
• [+ that] It's my personal conviction that all rapists should be locked away for life. 我个人坚持认为所有强奸犯都应处以终生监禁。
uncountable
■a feeling of being certain about something 坚信，深信；确信
• He said he was enjoying his new job, but his voice lacked conviction. 他说他喜欢自己的新工作，但口气不怎么坚定。
belief, conviction, faith, trust, confidence, credit
这组词都有“相信，信任”的意思，其区别是：
belief: 普通用词，指单纯从主观上的相信，不着重这种相信是否有根据。
conviction: 多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的信心和相信，侧重其坚定性。
faith: 语气较强，强调完全相信；有时也能仅凭感觉产生的相信。
trust: 强调相信、信任的完全可靠。
confidence: 指对某人某事有充分信心，断定不会使人失望，因而给予信任。
credit: 语气最弱，着重以声誉为信任的基础。
certainty, assurance, conviction
这些名词均含有“确信无疑”之意。
certainty: 指在客观上和主观上都无一丝一毫的怀疑。
assurance: 侧重依靠个人力量、本能、方法或对其他人或事的完全信任，强调有信心。
conviction: 多指在理性基础上清除了原有的疑虑或无把握，着重对证据的主观反应。
n. 定罪；确信；证明有罪
 - assurance, damningness

Word: trick
Front: trick
[trɪk] (高研四六托雅 3068/3180 -K3)
Back: n. 戏法，把戏; 计谋，诀窍; 骗局; 恶作剧
vt. 哄骗，欺骗; 打扮
adj. 弄虚作假的; 有诀窍的; 欺诈的
时态：tricked, tricking, tricks
分布：把戏(28%)，诀窍(18%)，欺骗(17%)，诡计(14%)，花招(14%)，戏弄(5%)，有阴谋的(2%)，有诡计的(2%)
→来自古法语 trichier,欺骗，诡计，来自拉丁语 tricari,逃避，回避，来自 tricae,琐碎，胡扯，混 乱，可能来自 ter,转，卷入，词源同 turn,intricate,extricate.引申词义花招，把戏等。
n.诡计,骗局;恶作剧;窍门vt.欺骗,哄骗His wicked trick is to get the kids to kick bricks and lick the cricket ticket.他的缺德恶作剧是让孩子们踢砖和舔板球门票.
noun countable
ACT OF DECEIVING 欺骗行为
 IMPROVER
■an action which is intended to deceive, either as a way of cheating someone, or as a joke or form of entertainment 骗局；诡计；恶作剧
• She played a really nasty trick on me - she put syrup in my shampoo bottle! 她对我做了一个很讨厌的恶作剧——把糖浆放进我装洗发精的瓶子里。
• My niece was showing me all the tricks that she's learned to do with her new magic set. 我侄女给我表演了她学过的用她那套新魔术道具所能变出的所有戏法。
• It's a bit of trick photography - she's meant to look like she's walking on water. 这有点特技摄影的样子——她想要看上去像在水上行走一般。
be a trick of the light
■to be a visual effect caused by the light, making something appear different 是光造成的错觉
• For a moment I thought you had a patch of grey hairs, but it's just a trick of the light. 一时间我以为你长了一撮白发，看来只是光线造成的错觉而已。
[trɪk] noun countable
METHOD 方法
 ADVANCED
■an effective or quick way of doing something 诀窍，秘诀；技巧
• What's the trick of getting this chair to fold up? 把这张椅子折叠起来有甚么诀窍？
• On page 21, twenty tricks to speed up your beauty routine. 第21页介绍了20种日常快速化妆技巧。
[trɪk] noun countable
do the trick informal
■If something does the trick, it has the necessary or wanted effect 奏效，起作用
• This sauce needs a bit of flavour - I know, some lemon juice should/ought to do the trick. 这种调味汁需要加点味——我知道了，加点柠檬汁就可以了。
[trɪk] noun countable
every trick in the book
■every possible way 所有可能的办法；浑身解数
• I've tried every trick in the book to seduce him and still no luck! 我想尽一切办法去引诱他，可还是一点机会都没有！
[trɪk] noun countable
How's tricks? informal
■How are you? 近来如何？你好吗？
• "Hi, how's tricks?" "Oh, fine, how are you doing?" “嘿，你好吗?” “哦，很好，你呢?”
[trɪk] noun countable
trick of the trade
■a clever method used by people who are experienced in a particular type of work or activity （某一行业或活动的）绝招，绝活，门道
• Newspapers often improve photographs before they print them - it's one of the tricks of the trade. 报纸在刊发照片前，往往要对照片进行修饰——这是一种行业手法。
[trɪk] verb transitive
■to deceive someone, often as a part of a plan 欺骗，诱骗，哄骗
• Dean tricked the old lady into giving him eight hundred pounds, claiming that he would invest it for her. 迪安骗了这个老妇人800英镑，说是帮她投资。
[trɪk] adjective [before noun]
DECEIVING 欺骗
■used to deceive someone, either as a joke or form of entertainment or so that they make a mistake 捉弄，戏弄；恶作剧（用于欺骗某人，或作为一个玩笑或作为一种娱乐形式，使之犯错误）
• a trick question 一个智力问题
[trɪk] adjective [before noun]
WEAK 软弱的 US describes a part of the body, especially a joint (= place where two bones are connected) , that sometimes feels weak suddenly and unexpectedly （尤指关节）有时突然发软的
• I've got a trick ankle which gives me problems if I do much running. 我的脚关节有时会突然发软，跑多了会给我带来不少麻烦。
deceive, cheat, trick, fool
这组词都有“欺骗”的意思，其区别是：
deceive: 最普通用词，指用虚假外表使人信以为真，或蓄意歪曲事实，或造成错误印象使人上当受骗。
cheat: 普通用词，指用蒙蔽他人的手段取得所需之物，尤多指在赢利的买卖中欺骗人。
trick: 指用阴谋诡计等骗得信任或得到所需之物。
fool: 指把别人当傻瓜，愚弄欺骗别人。
n. 诡计；恶作剧；窍门；花招；骗局；欺诈
 - scheme, fraud
vt. 欺骗；哄骗；装饰；打扮
 - sell, paint, hang, dress oneself, fox
vi. 哄骗；戏弄
 - kid, fool with
adj. [电影] 特技的；欺诈的；有决窍的
 - deceptive, acrobatic

Word: organic
Front: organic
[ɔ:ˈgænɪk] (研四六托雅 3070/3457 -2)
Vocabulary: organic
(once / 243 pages)
1adj 2adjn
If you take up organic farming, be sure to use organic fertilizer, not some artificial chemical. Organic describes things that are natural or related to nature.
In common usage, organic is used to mean “healthful” or “close to nature.” It can also describe foods grown without artificial pesticides or fertilizers. In other uses, organic refers to living things or material that comes from living things. In a more medical sense, organic means “relating to the organs of the body,” and in a legal sense, organic describes something that is central to an organization or a government.
WORD FAMILY
organic: inorganic, organically, organicism, organics, organism +/inorganic: inorganically/micro-organism: micro-organisms/microorganism: microorganisms/ organ: organic, organification, organist, organs/organicism: organicistic/ organism: micro-organism, microorganism, organismal, organisms/organist: organists
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the Philippines, he worked in research, advocacy and policy legislation, which led to the development of sustainable organic agriculture to feed the poor.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A crucial element is that these brands commit to buying a certain amount of organic cotton from the farmers at the beginning of the season.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It contrasts line and color, as well as organic and geometric.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 有机（体）的; 有组织的，系统的; 器官的; 根本的
分布：有机的(40%)，器官的(21%)，有机物质(18%)，根本的(12%)，有组织的(6%)，接近自然的(3%)
→来自organ,运行，器官，组织机构。即有组织运行的，后用于指生物有机体，引申词义有机的，有机物的等。
a.器官的;有机的;有机体的Liver is an organic part of human body.肝脏是人体一个有机的组成部分.
US [ɔ:r-] adjective
NO CHEMICALS 无化学品
 ADVANCED
■not using artificial chemicals in the growing of plants and animals for food and other products 有机的，不使用化肥的
• organic food/fruit/farms/farmers 有机食品／有机水果／实行有机栽培的农场／实行有机栽培的农民
UK [ɔ:'gæn.ɪk] US [ɔ:r-] adjective
LIVING 活的
■being or coming from living plants and animals 生物的；有机物的
• A quarter of the contents of an average family's dustbin is organic matter. 一个普通家庭的垃圾桶里有1／4的东西是有机物质。
Opposite inorganic formal
■(of a disease or illness) producing a physical change in the structure of an organ or part of the body （疾病）器质性的，器官的，官能的
UK [ɔ:'gæn.ɪk] US [ɔ:r-] adjective
CARBON 含碳的 specialized
■(of a chemical substance) containing carbon （化学物质）有机的，含碳的
• Organic chemicals are used in the manufacture of plastics, fibres, solvents and paints. 有机化学物用于生产塑胶、纤维、溶剂和油漆。
adj. [生物] [有化] 有机的；组织的；器官的；根本的
 - fundamental, ultimate, radical, underlying

Word: tent
Front: tent
[tent] (中高研四六 3071/4158 -K2)
Back: n. 帐篷; 帐篷状物; 塞子
vi. 住帐蓬
vt. 用帐蓬遮盖; 向…供应帐逢; 将塞条嵌进（伤口）; 观察，看护，照料
时态：tented, tenting, tents
分布：帐篷(98%)，住帐篷(1%)，宿营(1%)
→来自拉丁语 tenta,帐篷，原义为展开的，来自 tentus 的阴性格，来自 tendere 的过去分词格， 来自 tendere,拉开，张开，词源同 tend,extend.
n.帐篷The tenant is discontented with the content of the agreement for renting the tennis tent.承租人对租用网球帐篷的协议内容不满.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a shelter made of cloth, which you can fold up and carry with you and which is supported by poles and ropes 帐篷
n. 帐篷；住处；帷幕
 - residence, accommodation

Word: examination
Front: examination
[ɪgˌzæmɪˈneɪʃn] (中四六雅 3069/1531 -K3)
Vocabulary: examination
(once / 172 pages)
1n 2n
The most familiar and unpleasant meaning of examination, known to students around the world, is a test of one's knowledge in a particular area — an exam, in short.
The original meaning of examination was considerably more spiritual — a test of one's conscience rather than a test of one's knowledge of algebra or French verbs. Any form of close inspection or analysis is an examination, not just a set of questions on a piece of paper. A doctor will give you an examination of your body if you're sick, and don't, for pity's sake, buy a used car without a careful examination under the hood. Kicking the tires just won't cut it.
WORD FAMILY
examination: examinations, self-examination+/ examine: examination, examined, examinee, examiner, examines, examining, re-examine, reexamine /examinee: examinees/examiner: examiners/examining: self-examining/re-examine: re-examined, re-examining/reexamination: reexaminations/ reexamine: reexamination, reexamined, reexamines, reexamining
USAGE EXAMPLES
A post-mortem examination is to be held to investigate the unexplained death of a British woman in Australia, police say.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
These cases certainly warrant a deeper examination of state policy and practices by Inspector General Julie Rogers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
District Judge Richard Gergel ordered a psychiatric examination of Roof and set the competency hearing for Monday, a federal holiday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 检查; 考试; 询问，审问
分布：考试(70%)，检查(28%)，考查(1%)，审讯(1%)
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when someone looks at or considers something carefully in order to discover something 检查；审查；调查
• a post-mortem examination 验尸
• I had to have/undergo a medical examination when I started my pension scheme. 在启动养老金计划之前，我要进行一次体检。
• The evidence is still under examination (= being examined). 仍然在对那些证据进行调查。
• I thought it was paint at first, but on closer examination I realised it was dried blood. 一开始我以为是油漆，但仔细一看，才意识到那是干掉的血迹。
countable formal
■an exam 考试
examination, test, quiz, exam
这组词都有“考试”的意思，其区别是：
examination: 通常指为检查学生知识或能力而举行的正式考试，有时也指临时考试。
test: 多指有具体目的的临时性考试或小考。
quiz: 指时间较短，随时进行的口头或书面的非正式测验。
exam: 系examination的缩略形式，口语用词，通俗。
n. 考试；检查；查问
 - inspection, checking, monitoring

Word: publisher
Front: publisher
[ˈpʌblɪʃə(r)] (3072/2711 -3)
Vocabulary: publisher
(once / 254 pages)
n
A builder builds. A dancer dances. A publisher publishes — which is to say, oversees the printing, editing and, most importantly, the selling of books, magazines, websites, and even music.
It's a matter of debate who is more important at a magazine, the editor or the publisher, but I'm sure you could get convincing arguments for either. The editor is in charge of content, while the publisher runs the business side of things and often owns the operation, too. The publisher of a newspaper is often also the owner. When a writer wants to get their book published — printed and sold — they send it to a publishing house, which may become the book's publisher.
WORD FAMILY
publisher: publishers+/ publication: publications/ publish: publication, publishable, published, publisher, publishes, publishing, republish/publishable: unpublishable/ published: unpublished /publishing: publishings/republication: republications/republish: republication, republished, republishes, republishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Berger’s publisher, Verso Books, also tweeted in reaction to his death:
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Taiwan’s Education Ministry says high schools teach World War II history, with specific knowledge depending on which publisher’s textbooks a school picks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Much of the publishers’ unease is rooted in Google’s presentation of AMP stories, which appear as if they are Google articles.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 出版者，出版商，出版社; 公布者，发表者; 〈美〉办报者
分布：出版社(58%)，出版者(25%)，发行人(17%)
US [-ʃɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an organization which prints text or music 出版商，出版社；发行机构
■an employee of a publishing company who has responsibility for deciding what is published 出版者
n. [图情] 出版者，出版商；发行人
 - issuer, bookmaker

Word: strengthen
Front: strengthen
[ˈstreŋθn] (高研四六托雅 3074/2706 -3)
Vocabulary: strengthen
(once / 210 pages)
v
To strengthen is to make something stronger! Rarr. You can strengthen your muscles by working out, or strengthen your brain by learning new words.
Anytime you strengthen something, you're making it more resistant, vigorous, or tough. Taking vitamins can strengthen your immune system so you don't get sick. Lifting weights will strengthen your muscles. A powerful lock will strengthen a door. On computers, a reliable firewall will strengthen your virus protection. If something is weak, it needs to be strengthened. Congrats! You just strengthened your vocabulary by checking out this definition!
WORD FAMILY
strengthen: restrengthen, strengthened, strengthener, strengthening, strengthens+/restrengthen: restrengthened, restrengthening/ strength: strengthen, strengths/strengthened: strengthenedest/strengthener: strengtheners/strengthening: strengthenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The amendment seeks to strengthen each of these needs while maintaining the basic core of OCE’s functions.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Just before Christmas, Mr. Trump tweeted that the United States “must greatly strengthen and expand its nuclear capability.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Strengthening Iowa’s ignition interlock laws, which are among the weakest in the nation, according to Mothers Against Drunk Driving.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 加强，巩固; 勉励，激励; 增加…的艺术效果; （价格）上涨
vi. 变强; 变坚挺
时态：strengthened, strengthening, strengthens
分布：加强(99%)，变坚固(1%)
→strength,力量，-en,使。
v.加强,巩固The fence was strengthened with wire.这堵围栏用金属丝加固了.
【记】stre力量，ngthen－加强力量
【参】strenuous（adj 费力的；精力充沛的）；stressful（adj 产生压力的）
【反】enervate（v 削弱）；attenuate（v 削弱）
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make something stronger or more effective, or to become stronger or more effective 增强，加强；巩固
• They have been strengthening their border defences in preparation for war. 他们一直在为备战而强化边防。
• His battle against cancer has strengthened his belief in God. 他跟癌症的斗争坚定了他对上帝的信仰。
• The accident strengthens the case for better safety measures at fairgrounds. 这宗事故充分显示露天游乐场的安全防护需要加强。
• The bank loan has greatly strengthened our financial position. 银行的贷款大大加强了我们的财力。
• The organization's aim is to strengthen the cultural ties between Britain and Germany. 这个机构的宗旨是加强英德两国的文化联系。
• The rise in US interest rates caused the dollar to strengthen (= increase in value) against all the Asian currencies. 美国加息导致美元对所有亚洲货币升值。
['streŋ.θən] verb intransitive or transitive
strengthen sb's hand
■to give someone more power 加强（某人）的权力
• The police want tougher laws to strengthen their hand against drug traffickers. 警方希望有更为严厉的法律，加强打击毒贩。
enhance, cement, strengthen
enhance: 使…看起来更好；提高；美化
cement: （比喻）将…结合在一起；加强；巩固。如cement a friendship表示“加强友谊”
strengthen: 使…更强
increase, reinforce, intensify, strengthen, aggravate
这组词都有“加强”的意思，其区别是：
increase: v.指数量上的增加。
 • The number of people has been increased.   人数增加了。
reinforce: v.增援，一般用于军队或警察的行动；(以添加材料等)加固。
 • A police officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed to reinforce him.   一位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银行，用无线电话要求增援。
intensify: v.使变得更强烈、剧烈，加剧，相当于to become more intense or intensive。
 • intensify colors   加深色彩intensify hatred加深仇恨
strengthen: v.加强，巩固，增强，相当于to become stronger。
 • Exercising every day strengthens the heart.   每天锻炼可以提高心脏的功能。
 • Competition, they believe, strengthens the national character rather than corrupt it.   人们认为竞争加强了民族性而不是破坏了它。
aggravate: v.加重(负担、罪行、病情等)，使之恶化。
 • I hurt my foot, then aggravated it by trying to walk too soon.   我的脚受伤了，而过早的下地走路又加重了伤情。
magnify, strengthen
magnify: 放大，扩大
strengthen: 加强，强化
vt. 加强；巩固
 - enhance, cement, muscle, build up
vi. 变强；变坚挺
 - breeze up

Word: French
Front: French
[frentʃ] (高雅 1362/10037)
Back: n. 法国人；法语
adj. 法国的；法语的；法国人的
分布：法语(60%)，法国人(20%)，法国的(13%)，法语的(4%)，法国人的(2%)，切成细条(1%)
→来自Frank, 法兰克人。french 口交
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the language that people speak in France, Belgium, parts of Canada and other countries 法语
the French
 ESSENTIAL [plural]
■the people of France 法国人
[frentʃ] noun uncountable
Excuse/Pardon my French. old-fashioned humorous
■said when you are pretending to be sorry for saying a swear word 对不起，我讲了粗话
• That sod Wilkins, excuse my French, has taken my bloody parking space. 该死的威尔金斯——不好意思讲了粗口——他妈的占了我的停车位。
[frentʃ] adjective
 IMPROVER
■from, belonging to or relating to France 法国的；与法国有关的
• French food/culture/music 法国食品／文化／音乐
[frentʃ] adjective
■relating to France or to the French language 法国的，法语的
• We spent our holidays in a small French town. 我们在一个法国小镇里度假。
adj. 法国的；法语的；法国人的
 - Gallo
n. 法语；法国人
 - Francais

Word: proposed
Front: proposed
[prəʊ'pəʊzd] (3075/2269)
Back: adj. 被提议的，所推荐的
v. 提议，建议( propose的过去式和过去分词 ); 打算; 提供（解释）; 提出（行动，计划或供表决的方案等）
分布：被提议的(100%)
VERB
提出；建议；提议
If you propose something such as a plan or an idea, you suggest it for people to think about and decide upon.
例：Britain is about to propose changes to some institutions...英国将提议对一些机构进行改革。
例：It was George who first proposed that we dry clothes in that locker.是乔治首先提议我们把衣服挂在那个储物柜里晾干的。
VERB
打算；计划
If you propose to do something, you intend to do it.
例：It's still far from clear what action the government proposes to take over the affair...政府打算采取何种行动处理该事件仍然十分不明朗。
例：And where do you propose building such a huge thing?那么你打算在哪里建这么一个庞然大物呢？
VERB
提出（理论或解释）
If you propose a theory or an explanation, you state that it is possibly or probably true, because it fits in with the evidence that you have considered.
例：This highlights a problem faced by people proposing theories of ball lightning...这使得球状闪电理论的提出者所面临的一个问题凸显出来。
例：Newton proposed that heavenly and terrestrial motion could be unified with the idea of gravity.牛顿提出天体和地球的运动可以用万有引力来解释。
VERB
提出；提名；推荐
If you propose a motion for debate, or a candidate for election, you begin the debate or the election procedure by formally stating your support for that motion or candidate.
例：A delegate from Siberia proposed a resolution that he stand down as party chairman...一名来自西伯利亚的代表提议他辞去党主席的职务。
例：I asked Robin Balfour and Derek Haig to propose and second me.我请罗宾·鲍尔弗和德里克·黑格提名并支持我。
VERB
提议祝（酒）；提议为…干杯
If you propose a toast to someone or something, you ask people to drink a toast to them.
例：Usually the bride's father proposes a toast to the health of the bride and groom.通常新娘的父亲会提议为新郎新娘的健康干杯。
VERB
向…求婚
If you propose to someone, or propose marriage to them, you ask them to marry you.
例：He had proposed to Isabel the day after taking his seat in Parliament.当选议员的第二天，他向伊莎贝尔求婚了。
v. 提议；计划（propose的过去式和过去分词）
 - arranged, devised

Word: myth
Front: myth
[mɪθ] (研六托雅 3076/3413 -3)
Vocabulary: myth
(once / 407 pages)
n
A myth is a story that’s told again and again and serves to explain why something is the way it is. A creation myth, for example, is a story that tells how the world came into being.
You may have studied Greek or Roman myths in which gods and goddesses wage war and play tricks on each other. These myths are not necessarily true stories from the past — the main idea is that they explain certain ideas about the world and how people act. The story might be accepted as true and serve to explain some fact about the world, or it might be known to be made-up but nevertheless illustrates something about people or history.
WORD FAMILY
myth: mythic, mythical, mythicise, mythicize, myths+/mythic: mythically/mythicize: mythicized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sometimes, before sleep, he would talk to the heroes from Hawthorne’s “Greek Myths.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The Medal Myth will be broadcast on BBC One Scotland on Monday 2 January at 20:30.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
In “Mastering the Art of Quitting,” for example, Peg Streep and Alan Bernstein reject the “myth of persistence.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 神话; 神怪故事; 奇人，奇事; 虚构的人，虚构的事
v. 使神话化
分布：神话(99%)，虚构的故事(1%)
→来自希腊语mythos,想法，故事，神话，口口相传的传说，词源不详。可能来自某拟声词根mu,说话。比较其与mystery的词义区别。
n.神话;虚构的理论We don't believe the myth that racial discrimination was imposed by God.我们并不相信种族歧视是上帝加诸于人的观念.
noun
ANCIENT STORY 古代故事
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■an ancient story or set of stories, especially explaining in a literary way the early history of a group of people or about natural events and facts 神话
• ancient myths 古代神话
• The children enjoyed the stories about the gods and goddesses of Greek and Roman myth. 那些孩子都喜欢听希腊、罗马神话中诸神的故事。
• Most societies have their own creation myths. 大多数社会都有自己的创世神话。
[mɪθ] noun
FALSE IDEA 错误的看法
 ADVANCED countable + that disapproving
■a commonly believed but false idea 普遍但却错误的看法，无根据的观念
• Statistics disprove the myth that women are worse drivers than men. 统计数据证明，女人驾驶技术比男人差的观念是错误的。
n. 神话；虚构的人，虚构的事
 - fairy story, fairy tales

Word: sophisticated
Front: sophisticated
[səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd] (研四六托雅宝 3077/3019 -3)
Vocabulary: sophisticated
(once / 875 pages)
adj
If something is sophisticated, it's complicated and intricate. The inner workings of a computer are sophisticated. Sophisticated can also refer to having good taste. Either way, sophisticated things are impressive.
Sophisticated systems and objects are complex and tough to understand. High school math is a lot more sophisticated than grammar school math. Driving a car is more sophisticated than riding a bike. People are sophisticated if they have plenty of worldly experience and what is generally regarded as "good taste." Sometimes, that just means they have a lot of money and like things that are fancy. Going to a symphony is considered more sophisticated than going to a rock concert.
WORD FAMILY
sophisticated: sophisticatedly, unsophisticated+/ sophisticate: sophisticated, sophisticates, sophisticating, sophistication / sophistication: sophistications
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Communists coveted the far more sophisticated American weapons.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But none of those sophisticated earthbound films were able to attract anything close to the turnout for the top-performing weekend offerings.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Students used a sophisticated meter provided by the Hubbard Foundation to do the work.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 复杂的; 精致的; 富有经验的; 深奥微妙的
v. 使变得世故; 使迷惑; 篡改(sophisticate的过去分词形式)
分布：复杂的(71%)，精密的(17%)，老练的(10%)，久经世故的(2%)
→来自 sophisticate,诡辩，强词夺理，-ed,形容词后缀。字面意思即诡辩的，强词夺理的，后词 义由贬义转褒义，用于形容人老练的，见过世面的，或机器复杂的，先进的，精密的等。
老于世故的;精致复杂的[Soph=wise,表示"智慧,聪明"]
a.尖端的,复杂的,先进的;老练的,老于世故的The physician made a physical examination to the sophisticated philosopher and physicist.医生给世故的哲学家和物理学家作了体检.
US [-ɪd] adjective
 IMPROVER
■having a good understanding of the way people behave and/or a good knowledge of culture and fashion 精于世故的，老练的；见多识广的；很有品味的
• She was slim, svelte and sophisticated. 她身材苗条，体态娇美，处事练达。
• I don't suppose I have any books that would suit your sophisticated tastes. 我认为我没有甚么书能满足你那高雅的品味。
• He was older than me and from London and I thought him very sophisticated. 他比我大，而且来自伦敦，我觉得他为人很老练。
 ADVANCED
■clever in a complicated way and therefore able to do complicated tasks 精密的，复杂的；高级的
• I think a more sophisticated approach is needed to solve this problem. 我认为要解决这个问题需要更为高明的方法。
• These are among the most sophisticated weapons in the world. 这些属于世界上最尖端的武器。
complex, complicated, sophisticated, intricate
这组词都有“复杂的”的意思，其区别是：
complex: 侧重内在关系的复杂，需通过仔细研究与了解才能掌握和运用。
complicated: 与complex的含义接近，但语气更强，着重极其复杂，很难分析、分辨或解释。
sophisticated: 侧重指事物发展到或达到高级的程度所体现出的复杂。
intricate: 着重指错综复杂，令人迷惑理解。
adj. 复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的
 - complicated, experienced, involved, detailed, exquisite
v. 使变得世故；使迷惑；篡改（sophisticate的过去分词形式）
 - mystified

Word: cow
Front: cow
[kaʊ] (中高研四六宝 3078/2944 -K3)
Vocabulary: cow
(once / 171 pages)
1n 2n 3v
If it lives on a farm, makes a mooing sound, and produces milk, it is probably a cow.
Most people would immediately identify a cow, the large, cud-chewing female of what is known as "cattle." Cows are typically domesticated farm animals, though the females of wilder bovine relatives are also called cows. The verb form of cow, "to frighten or subdue," comes from the docile nature of most cows — they are fairly easy to intimidate, or easily cowed. The Old English root is cu, from the Indo-European gwous, which might have developed from the sound that cows make.
WORD FAMILY
cow: cowed, cowing, cows+/cows: cowses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I milked cows for I don’t know how many years by hand, then we finally got a milking machine,” she said.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Savile used his fame to gain access to children and then cow them into silence.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
Cows graze between the houses, and in the distance you can see the first of the mighty mountains of the Alps.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 奶牛，乳牛; 母兽; 雌（象，鲸等）; <侮辱>对女性的蔑称
vt. 恐吓; 吓唬; 威胁
时态：cowed, cowing, cows
分布：母牛(83%)，恐吓(10%)，雌象(3%)，雌鲸(3%)，雌犀牛(1%)
→来自gwous, 低声嚎叫，拟声词，词源同bovine.
n.母牛vt.威胁,威吓The cowardly cow vows not to tow vowels.胆怯的母牛发誓不拖元音字母.
【反】embolden（vt 使有胆量）；undaunted（adj 勇敢的）－cowed（被吓坏的）
noun
ANIMAL 动物
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a large female farm animal kept to produce meat and milk 母牛，奶牛
• a dairy cow 奶牛
countable
■Large female adult mammals such as elephants, whales and seals are also called cows （象、鲸、海豹等）雌性动物
• a cow elephant 母象
[kaʊ] noun
WOMAN 女人
countable UK offensive
■an unkind or unpleasant woman 蠢婆娘；泼妇
• You stupid cow! 你这个蠢婆娘！
[kaʊ] noun
UNPLEASANT THING 不愉快的事
only singular Australian informal
■something difficult or unpleasant 难办的事；讨厌的事情
• It's been a cow of a day. 真是令人难受的一天。
[kaʊ] noun
till / until the cows come home
■for a very long time 长时间地；很久
• I could sit here and argue with you till the cows come home, but it wouldn't solve anything. 我可以坐在这里无休止地跟你争论下去，但那样解决不了任何问题。
[kaʊ] verb transitive usually passive
■to frighten someone into doing something, using threats or violence （以威胁或暴力）使害怕，吓唬，恐吓
• The protesters refused to be cowed into submission by the army. 抗议者拒绝向军队低头。
buffalo, cow, bull, ox
这组词都有“牛”的意思，其区别是：
buffalo: 指水牛，在美国指野牛。
cow: 指任何品种的成年母牛或乳用的乳牛。
bull: 指未经阉割，通常用于配种的公牛，也指西班牙或美洲经专门饲料用作斗牛表演的公牛。引申指彪形大汉。
ox: 泛指野生或驯养的牛类，系动物学的用词，通称，也指公牛。
n. 奶牛， [畜牧] 母牛； [脊椎] 母兽
 - dairy cattle, crummie
vt. 威胁，恐吓
 - to threaten, threaten with

Word: etc
Front: etc
['etk] (3079/1290 -3)
Back: adv. 等等及其他; 诸如此类
abbr. [拉丁语]et cetera（常读作 and so forth）
分布：及其他(100%)
等等；以及其他
etc is used at the end of a list to indicate that you have mentioned only some of the items involved and have not given a full list. etc is a written abbreviation for (书面缩略=) 'et cetera'.
例：She knew all about my schoolwork, my hospital work etc.她知道有关我的学业、医院工作等所有的一切。
例：...a packed programme of events—shows, dances, coach tours, sports, etc.紧凑的活动安排——时装秀、舞蹈、四轮马车巡游、体育比赛等等
adv. 等等，及其他
 - so on and so forth

Word: standing
Front: standing
[ˈstændɪŋ] (托雅 3080/2808 -1)
Back: n. 起立，站立; 身份，地位; 持续时间
adj. 长期有效的; 直立的; 固定的
v. 站立; 坚持不变
分布：地位(39%)，直立的(29%)，持续(11%)，不流动的(9%)，永久的(4%)，不动的(4%)，动词stand的现在分词.(4%)
→stand,站立，-ing,形容词后缀。
noun uncountable
REPUTATION 声誉
 ADVANCED
■reputation, rank or position in an area of activity, system or organization 声誉，名声；级别；地位
• As a pathologist of considerable standing, his opinion will have a lot of influence. 作为具有相当声望的病理学家，他的意见举足轻重。
• A financial scandal would shake the Institute's standing in the international academic community. 一桩财务丑闻会动摇此机构在国际学术界的地位。
['stæn.dɪŋ] noun uncountable
TIME 时间 slightly formal
■the time for which something has existed 存在时间；持续时间
• One member, of twelve years' standing on the committee, resigned in protest at the changes. 一名在委员会中任职12年的委员辞职以示对变革的抗议。
⇒ See also long-standing
['stæn.dɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
■permanent, rather than formed or created when necessary 永久的，长期的；常设的
• a standing committee 常委会
• You know you have a standing invitation to come and stay anytime you're in town. 跟你说，你任何时候到城里来，都欢迎来住。
['stæn.dɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
from a standing start
■from not moving 从静止状态
• This car can reach 60mph from a standing start in six seconds. 这辆轿车能在六秒钟内从静止状态加速到每小时60哩。
adj. 长期的；直立的；固定的
 - long time, chronic, extended, vertical, settled
n. 站立；持续；身分
 - duration, condition, station, persistence
v. 站立；坚持不变；坐落于（stand的ing形式）
 - squatting

Word: asleep
Front: asleep
[əˈsli:p] (中高研四 3081/3043 -K2)
Vocabulary: asleep
(once / 138 pages)
adjadv
If you're asleep, you're not awake and reading this. A baby might find it hard to fall asleep without being held and rocked.
Some people snore when they're asleep, and others have strange, vivid dreams. In either case, their eyes are closed and they're in a state of rest that's close to being unconscious. You can also use asleep figuratively, to mean "numb," as when your leg falls asleep, or "inattentive," as when the opposing soccer team is asleep and your team beats them easily.
WORD FAMILY
asleep
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The doctor fell asleep after the operation. He thought someone else would update me.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
When she’s asleep, Surbhi and I get some time alone.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
In 2004, a caregiver at the facility pleaded guilty to neglecting two incapacitated residents after falling asleep on the job.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 睡着的; 休眠的; 麻木的; 已死的
adv. 熟睡地; 处于麻木不仁的状态; 长眠
分布：睡着(77%)，睡着的(14%)，已死的(4%)，麻木的(3%)，进入静止状态(1%)，不活跃的(1%)
→来自短语on sleep.
睡着的(a+sleep睡觉)[a-①加在单词或词根前面,表示"不,无,非"②加在单词前,表示"在…,...的"]
a.睡觉,睡着(用作表语)The baby fell asleep in her mother's arms.婴儿在母亲的手臂里睡着了.
adjective [after verb]
 ESSENTIAL
■sleeping or not awake 睡着的
• I fell asleep (= I started to sleep) as soon as my head hit the pillow. 我头一放在枕头上，就睡着了。
• I'm surprised to see you awake - ten minutes ago you were fast/sound (= completely) asleep. 真奇怪，你怎么醒了——十分钟前你还睡得很甜呢。
• I've only just got up and I'm still half asleep (= not completely awake). 我刚起床，还没完全醒呢。
■If your arm or leg is asleep, it cannot feel anything because it has been in the same position for so long that the blood supply has been cut off. （手臂或腿长时间维持一种姿势而）发麻的，麻木的
asleep, sleepy, sleeping
asleep: 睡着,熟睡,只能做表语, The baby is asleep.
sleepy: 困的,有睡意的 I'm sleepy.
sleeping: 正在睡觉, a sleeping baby
adj. 睡着的；麻木的；长眠的
 - sleeping, stupid

Word: tennis
Front: tennis
[ˈtenɪs] (中高雅 3082/2846 -3)
Back: n. 网球（运动）
分布：网球(100%)
→来自古法语 tenez,接住，来自 tenir 的命令格，来自 tenir,接住，握住，词源同 contain,tenure. 原为中世纪流行于法国骑士阶层的一种手击球游戏，后用于指网球。这种由动作过渡为名词 的词义演变，比较 temper,tempera.
n.网球The tenant is discontented with the content of the agreement for renting the tennis tent.承租人对租用网球帐篷的协议内容不满.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a game played between two or four people on a special playing area which involves hitting a small ball across a central net using a racket 网球运动

Word: nerve
Front: nerve
[nɜ:v] (研四六宝 3083/3005 -K3)
Vocabulary: nerve
(once / 66 pages)
1n 2nv
A nerve is a group of fibers that send sensation or physical feeling to the brain. Back pain can sometimes be caused by a damaged or pinched nerve.
Your body depends on your nerves for sensing pain, heat, and cold — not to mention making it possible for you to move your muscles. You can also use the word nerve to mean bravery or daring: "She didn't know if she'd have the nerve to skydive when she was finally up in the plane." In the 1500s, to nerve was "to ornament with threads." All of these come from a Latin root, nervus, "sinew, tendon, cord, or bowstring."
WORD FAMILY
nerve: nerved, nerveless, nerves, nerving, nervous, nervy, unnerve+/nerveless: nervelessly, nervelessness/ nervous: nervouser, nervously, nervousness/nervousness: nervousnesses/ nervy: nervier, nerviest, nervily/unnerve: unnerved, unnerves, unnerving / unnerving: unnervingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Farmer, who started at outside linebacker in place of the suspended Manny Bowen, said the nerves disappeared after his first collision on special teams.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But other Navy officials, who spoke on background with The Times, said nerves are on edge over Mr. Duterte’s negative posturing toward the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It just kind of struck a nerve with me,” said Kevin Cooney, a voter from The Courier Times in Bucks County, Pa.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 神经; 勇气，胆量; [植] 叶脉; 中枢
vt. 鼓励，激励; 鼓起勇气
时态：nerved, nerving, nerves
分布：神经(83%)，勇气(12%)，鼓起勇气(3%)，叶脉(1%)，敏感处(1%)
→来自拉丁语nervus,跟腱，肌筋，来自sneu,跟腱，肌筋，来自sne,缝制，编织，词源同needle,net.后用于指人体的筋脉，引申词义神经，神经质，勇气，气魄等。
n.神经;勇敢,胆量She is all nerves.她太神经过敏.
【参】neurology（n 神经学）；neurosis（n 神经症）
【反】appall（v 使胆寒）；diffidence（n 缺乏自信）
US [nɝ:v] noun
BODY 身体
 IMPROVER countable
■a group of long thin fibres (= structures like threads) that carry information or instructions between the brain and other parts of the body 神经
• the optic nerve 视神经
• a spinal nerve 脊神经
• nerve damage 神经损伤
• nerve fibres 神经纤维
UK [nɜ:v] US [nɝ:v] noun
BRAVERY 勇敢
uncountable
■bravery or confidence necessary to do something difficult, unpleasant or rude 勇气；胆量；魄力
• It takes a lot of nerve to be a bomb disposal expert. 当拆弹专家需要极大勇气。
• I wanted to ask her out, but I lost my nerve and couldn't go through with it. 我曾想约她出来，但我失去了勇气，说不出口。
• [+ to infinitive] I didn't have the nerve to tell him what I really thought of his suggestion. 我没胆量告诉他我对他的建议的真实看法。
UK [nɜ:v] US [nɝ:v] noun
WORRY 紧张
nerves [plural]
■worry or anxiety about something that is going to happen 紧张不安；提心吊胆
• I never suffer from nerves when I'm speaking in public. 我当众讲话从不紧张。
• She was a bundle of nerves (= very nervous) before the audition. 她试演之前非常紧张。
• I always have a cigarette to calm/steady my nerves (= make me less nervous) before I go on stage. 我在上台前总会抽支烟来稳定自己的情绪。
get on sb's nerves
■to annoy someone a lot 使（某人）心烦
• We really got on each other's nerves when we were living together. 我们住在一起时确实闹得不可开交。
• Please stop making that noise! It really gets on my nerves. 请不要再发出那种噪声了！它吵得我很心烦。
UK [nɜ:v] US [nɝ:v] noun
RUDENESS 粗鲁
[S or U]
■the rudeness to do something that you know will upset other people 厚颜无耻，厚脸皮
• [+ to infinitive] She's late for work every day, but she still has the nerve to lecture me about punctuality. 她天天迟到，居然还有脸教训我要准时。
• That man has such a nerve! He's always blaming me for things that are his fault. 那人真是无耻！有些事明明是他的过错，他却总来责备我。
• She drove the car into a tree and then told me it was my fault for not concentrating, of all the nerve! 她开车撞到树，却怪我精神不集中，真亏她说得出来！
UK [nɜ:v] US [nɝ:v] noun
have nerves of steel
■to be very brave 极有胆量
• You need to have nerves of steel to be a fighter pilot. 当战斗机飞行员需要有过人的胆量。
UK [nɜ:v] US [nɝ:v] noun
hit / touch a (raw) nerve
■to upset someone 触到痛处
• She touched a raw nerve when she mentioned that job he didn't get. 她提到那份他没有得到的工作，触到了他的痛处。
UK [nɜ:v] US [nɝ:v] verb
nerve yourself [R] UK to make yourself brave enough to do something 鼓足勇气
• [+ to infinitive] It took her several months before she eventually nerved herself (up) to invite him to her house. 她过了好几个月才终于鼓足勇气邀请他去自己家。
bravery, courage, nerve, backbone
这组词都有“勇气、胆量”的意思，其区别是：
bravery: 指在危险中表现出的无所畏惧精神或在逆境中仍能坚持下去的毅力。
courage: 普通用词。指面对危险或困难时无所畏惧的精神和敢于奋斗的进取心。
nerve: 侧重指面临危险或在冒险的情况下具有冷静、清醒的头脑和坚定无畏的勇气。
backbone: 指性格倔强，意志坚定，有骨气，有顽强的决心去做某事。
n. [解剖] 神经；勇气； [植] 叶脉
 - courage, heart
vt. 鼓起勇气
 - take courage, get up the courage

Word: barrel
Front: barrel
[ˈbærəl] (研四六托雅 3084/4469 -3)
Vocabulary: barrel
(once / 265 pages)
nv
A barrel is a big container used to store liquids. If you're moving a barrel, it's best to tip it on its side because its shape bulges at the center, so that it's easy to roll.
Barrels hold liquid in them — anything from wine to beer to oil. A barrel can also be the tube in a gun that a bullet travels through. You might hear the expression "stare down the barrel of a gun," which means you're looking at a gun pointed right at your face. A barrel is also used as a unit of measure or to refer to a large unit of measure. When someone says they are having "barrels of fun," they're having a really great time.
WORD FAMILY
barrel: barreled, barrelful, barreling, barrelling, barrels+/barreled: unbarreled/barrelful: barrelfuls
USAGE EXAMPLES
International Brent crude oil LCOc1 was yet to trade after closing up 68 cents at $56.82 per barrel on Friday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The 128th annual parade got started Monday with an added police presence and measures to prevent a vehicle from barreling into the route.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Businesses across the region also serve as Toy Drop Locations, filling up barrels with the Dagger’s Toy Run logo printed on them.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 桶; 一桶之量; 圆筒，活塞筒，滚筒; 圆筒
adj. 桶状的
vt. 装进桶里，放进桶里
vi. 高速行驶
时态：barrelled, barrelling, barrels
分布：桶(86%)，枪管(7%)，炮管(2%)，笔管(1%)，快速移动(1%)，大量(1%)，一桶的量(1%)，把 ... 装桶(1%)
→词源同bar, 杆，棍。指用木杆围的桶。
n.桶;枪管,炮管In the bar the barber bargained for a jar of jam, then got over the barrier of barrels.在酒巴里理发师为一罐果酱讲了价然后越过桶作的屏障.
noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
■a large container, made of wood, metal or plastic, with a flat top and bottom and curved sides that make it fatter in the middle 桶
• They drank a whole barrel of beer (= the contents of a barrel) at the party. 他们在派对上喝了整整一桶的啤酒。
■In the oil industry, a barrel of oil is equal to 159 litres. 桶（一桶石油相当于159升）
['bær.əl] noun countable
GUN PART 枪械零件
■the long part of a gun that is shaped like a tube 枪管
['bær.əl] noun countable
be a barrel of laughs/fun informal
■to be funny or enjoyable 搞笑，有趣
• "He's a bit serious isn't he?" "Yeah, not exactly a barrel of laughs." “他有点儿严肃，对吧？”“对，不怎么有趣。”
['bær.əl] noun countable
have sb over a barrel informal
■to put someone in a very difficult situation in which they have no choice about what they do 使（某人）别无选择，使（某人）听从摆布
• She knows I need the work so she's got me over a barrel in terms of what she pays me. 她知道我需要这份工作，所以就在薪水上为难我。
['bær.əl] verb intransitive [+ adv/prep] (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-) informal
■to travel somewhere very quickly 飞驰
• We were barrelling along the autobahn at 180 kph. 我们以每小时180公里的速度在高速公路上飞驰。
n. 桶； [军] 枪管，炮管
 - bucket, pail
vi. 快速移动
 - skirr

Word: bombing
Front: bombing
[ˈbɒmɪŋ] (3087/5435)
Back: n. 轰炸，投弹
v. 轰炸，投弹于( bomb的现在分词 ); 失败，不及格; 快速前进
分布：轰炸(99%)，动词bomb的现在分词形式.(1%)
US ['bɑ:.mɪŋ] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an attack or attacks on a place or area using bombs, or the activity of attacking in this way 炸弹袭击，轰炸
• Heavy bombing has gutted the city. 狂轰烂炸已将这座城市化为废墟。
• There was a wave of bombings in London. 伦敦发生了一连串的爆炸案。
v. 轰击；引爆炸弹（bomb的ing形式）
 - strafing

Word: membership
Front: membership
[ˈmembəʃɪp] (研六雅 3085/1771 -K3)
Vocabulary: membership
(once / 634 pages)
n
Use the noun membership to describe the people who together make up a group or organization. Your secret childhood club may have had a membership consisting only of you, your brother, and your best friend.
Any official group has a membership, the people who belong to it. Your high school French club has a membership, and so does the United States Congress. You can also use the word to mean "the fact of being a member," like when you brag about your membership in Mensa, the organization for people with extremely high intelligence. The root of membership is the Latin word for body part or limb, membrum.
WORD FAMILY
membership: memberships+/ dismember: dismembered, dismembering, dismemberment, dismembers/dismemberment: dismemberments/ member: dismember, memberless, members, membership, nonmember/nonmember: nonmembers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Part of the migrant deal was an acceleration of membership talks, along with €3 billion and the prospect of visa-free travel for Turks to Europe.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
My everyday needs are not unusual; that is, not any greater than what can be met with a $99 annual membership to Amazon Prime.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
It is meant as a move towards EU membership, not away from it.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 会员资格; 会员身份; 会员全体
分布：成员资格(73%)，从属关系(15%)，会员全体(12%)
→来自member,成员，会员，-ship,名词后缀。
成员资格(member成员)[-ship 1.表示某种关系或状态2.表示某种技能]
n.会员资格,成员资格He made up his mind to apply for membership in the Party.他决心申请入党.
US [-bɚ-] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the state of belonging to an organization 会员资格，会员身份，会籍
• You have to apply for membership UKof / USin the sports club. 你必须申请这家运动俱乐部的会员资格。
• a membership fee/card 会费／会员卡
• Annual membership (= the amount you have to pay to join a particular organization for one year) is £25. 每年会费为25英镑。
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■all the people who belong to an organization 全体会员
• Our membership is/are divided on the issue. 在这个问题上，我们全体会员意见不一。
• The society has a very large membership (= number of members). 这个协会会员人数很多。
n. 资格；成员资格；会员身分
 - qualification, capacity

Word: ratio
Front: ratio
[ˈreɪʃiəʊ] (研四六托雅 3088/2365 -2)
Vocabulary: ratio
(once / 653 pages)
n
A ratio is the relationship in quantity or degree between two things: “The ratio of men to women on the construction site was ten to one.” This means there were ten men present and one woman.
Use the word ratio when you want to make a comparison between two things. A ratio basically expresses a proportion. Often used in mathematics, the word ratio has many real world uses as well. This word is useful for everything from making salad dressing (an oil-to-vinegar ratio of three to one) to selecting a school for a child (consider the student-to-teacher ratio when making your decision).
WORD FAMILY
ratio: ratios
USAGE EXAMPLES
A wealth ratio is a measure of how effectively you’ve converted your lifetime income into wealth.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Brady finished the regular season with 28 touchdown passes and two interceptions, the best touchdown/interception ratio in NFL history.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It posted those returns despite an expense ratio of 1.75 percent.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 比，比率; 比例; 系数
vt. 求出比值，除，使…成比例; 将（相片）按比例放大[缩小]
分布：比率(54%)，比例(46%)
→来自拉丁语 ratio,思考，计算，部分，词源同 rate.-io,名词后缀。引申词义比率。
n.比,比率At any rate, the separation ratio is accurate.无论如何,这个分离比是精确的.
US [-oʊ] (plural ratios)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the relationship between two groups or amounts, which expresses how much bigger one is than the other 比；比例；比率
• The ratio of men to women at the conference was ten to one/10:1. 出席会议者的男女比例为10：1。
• The school is trying to improve its pupil-teacher ratio (= the number of teachers compared with the number of students). 该校正大力优化其师生间的人数比例结构。
proportion, rate, ratio, percentage
proportion: （两件事物之间的）比，比例, 通常用于各种成分或分配额的比例等；
rate: 常用于表示速率，利率，出生率，死亡率，兑换率等；
ratio: （表示两个数量之间关系的）比，比例, in direct/inverse ratio to 成正比/反比
percentage: 百分比，百分率；
n. 比率， [数] 比例
 - rate, scale

Word: menu
Front: menu
[ˈmenju:] (中高托 3086/3553 -K2)
Vocabulary: menu
(once / 1101 pages)
n
A menu is a list of the food that's available to order. If your vegan friend doesn't see anything on the restaurant's menu he can eat, you may have to ask the chef to make him something special.
A menu is a list of what's available, whether you're talking about a menu at your neighborhood cafe or the menu, or agenda, of things to do at the state fair. When you talk about a menu on your computer, you're also talking about a list — in this case, a list of options or commands on the computer screen. Menu comes from the French phrase menu de repas, "list of what's served at a meal."
WORD FAMILY
menu: menus, submenu
USAGE EXAMPLES
When was the last time you heard anyone raving about a 20-course tasting menu?
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The family restaurant chain Hanaya decided to pull eel dishes from its summer menu.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
A kid got his McAdoo costume down perfectly, from the mustache to the menu of plays.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 菜单; 菜，菜肴
分布：菜单(100%)
→来自法语menu,菜单，来自拉丁语minus,小的，细节的，词源同minus,minute,minutia.
n.菜单Let's see what is on the menu today.让我们看看今天菜单上有什么菜.
noun countable
FOOD 食物
 ESSENTIAL
■a list of the food that you can eat in a restaurant 菜单
• The waiter brought the menu and the wine list. 侍者拿来了菜单和酒单。
• What's on the menu today? 今天菜单上有甚么菜？
['men.ju:] noun countable
COMPUTING 电脑技术
 ADVANCED
■a list of choices that can be made to appear on a computer screen （电脑萤幕上显示的）功能表，选单
• Select the 'Edit' menu and then choose 'Copy'. 选择“编辑”功能表，再选择“复制”。
n. [计] 菜单
 - carte, memu

Word: controversial
Front: controversial
[ˌkɒntrəˈvɜ:ʃl] (高研六托雅宝 3090/3444 -3)
Vocabulary: controversial
(once / 823 pages)
adj
If a politician ran for office on the platform that children should be put to work from age six, his platform is likely to be controversial, meaning it will cause controversy, or a long discussion among people with opposing opinions.
Controversies are usually public disagreements about important matters. The adjective controversial is from the Latin from controversus "disputed," formed from the prefix contra- "against" plus versus, from vertere "to turn." The Latin suffix –ialis, corresponding to the English suffixes –ial and –al, means "relating to or characterized by."
WORD FAMILY
controversial: controversially, noncontroversial, uncontroversial +/controversialist: controversialists/ controversy: controversial, controversialist, controversies/ uncontroversial: uncontroversially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Israel’s main ally, for allowing the United Nations to censure his government over its controversial plans to build new settlements in the occupied West Bank.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The obvious solution for corporations is to say nothing controversial.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
She is declared the winner of the Iowa caucuses via a controversial and confusing process that, in some precincts, involves dodgeball.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 有争议的，引起争议的，被争论的; 好争论的
分布：有争议的(91%)，引起争论的(9%)
a.引起争论的,有争议的it is a controversial film.这是一场有争议的电影.
【记】contro反，vers转－跟别人反着转－引起争论的
【参】controversy（adj 争论，辩论＝quarrel＝dispute＝argument）
【反】axiomatic（adj 不言自明的）
US [ˌkɑ:n.trə'vɝ:-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■causing disagreement or discussion 有争议的；引起争议的
• a controversial issue/decision/speech/figure 有争议的问题／决议／讲话／数位
• The book was very controversial. 这本书很有争议。
adj. 有争议的；有争论的
 - disputed, questioned

Word: desperate
Front: desperate
[ˈdespərət] (高研四六托雅宝 3091/2935 -K3)
Vocabulary: desperate
(once / 113 pages)
nadj
Desperate means "having lost all hope." If you are desperate for food, it means you are starving, possibly about to die. If you are in a desperate situation, it means things are really, really bad.
Desperate, desparate, or despirate? The word desperate is misspelled often enough that it's the despair of English teachers. Both desperate and despair come from the same Latin verb as despair. Don't mix it up with disparate, a totally different word that means "distinctive, different, various."
WORD FAMILY
desperate: desperately, desperates, desperatest, desperation +/ desperation: desperations
USAGE EXAMPLES
She looked at me, looked at how desperate I was, the tears streaming from my face, and shook her finger.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
New York, not its opponent, looked like the desperate team in its 19-10 victory over Washington.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
So, why does this fightin’ team produce such uneven results until it’s in a desperate situation?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 绝望的; 由绝望而引起的; 铤而走险的，孤注一掷的; 急切的，极度渴望的
分布：绝望的(53%)，不顾一切的(38%)，极其想要的(9%)
→来自despair, 绝望。
绝望的(de去掉+sper+ate→去掉希望→绝望的)[Sper=hope,表示"希望"]
a.不顾一切的,铤而走险的;绝望的,危急的I deliberately liberated the man who was in despair and desperately struggled for liberation and liberty.我有意解放了那个拼命地争取解放和自由的绝望者.
US [-pɚ-] adjective
SERIOUS 严重的
 ADVANCED
■very serious or bad 非常严重的，非常糟糕的
• desperate poverty 赤贫
• a desperate shortage of food/supplies 食物／供应品的极度匮乏
• The situation is desperate - we have no food, very little water and no medical supplies. 形势非常严峻——我们没有食物和药物，只有很少的水。
 ADVANCED
■very great or extreme 巨大的；极端的；非常的
• The earthquake survivors are in desperate need of help. 地震幸存者极需帮助。
• He has a desperate desire to succeed. 他非常渴望成功。
• informal I'm in a desperate hurry. 我饿极了。
UK ['des.pər.ət] US [-pɚ-] adjective
WANTING 想要的
 ADVANCED [usually after verb]
■needing or wanting something very much 非常需要的；非常想要的
• They are desperate for help. 他们非常需要帮助。
• humorous I'm desperate for a drink! 我特别想喝一杯！
• [+ to infinitive] He was desperate to tell someone his good news. 他很想把自己的好消息告诉别人。
UK ['des.pər.ət] US [-pɚ-] adjective
RISKY 冒险的
 ADVANCED
■feeling that you have no hope and are ready to do anything to change the bad situation you are in （因绝望而）拼命的，不顾一切的
• The doctors made one last desperate attempt/effort to save the boy's life. 医生们为挽救男孩的生命作了最后一次努力。
• Desperate measures are needed to deal with the growing drug problem. 需要对越来越严重的毒品问题采取强而有力的措施。
• They made a desperate plea for help. 他们拼命求助。
■willing to be violent, and therefore dangerous 疯狂的，狂暴的
• This man is desperate and should not be approached as he may have a gun. 此人已是亡命之徒，可能还有枪，千万不要靠近。
desperate, hopeless
desperate: 因绝望而铤而走险
hopeless: 无任何希望；
adj. 不顾一切的；令人绝望的；极度渴望的
 - venturous, devil-may-care

Word: rate
Front: rate
[reɪt] (高研四六雅 457/297 -K5)
Vocabulary: rate
(once / 38 pages)
nv
When you pay a high rate, you pay a lot of money. When you move at a high rate of speed, you go fast. If you are a judge at a contest, you rate the contestants.
It's interesting how one word can have different origins for different meanings. For example, the noun rate, referring to amounts comes from the Latin rata, “a fixed amount.” But the verb rate seems to come from the Scandinavian rata, "to reject." If the person you are dating asks you to rate them against your previous partners, you might change the subject at a high rate of speed.
WORD FAMILY
rate: overrate, rateable, rated, rates, rating, rationed, underrate +/overrate: overrated, overrates, overrating/rateable: rateability, rateably/ rating: ratings/ underrate: underrated, underrates, underrating
USAGE EXAMPLES
Both economies are improving, with lower policy rates likely to support valuations for 2017, it added.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Their offense is rated in the top 10, and their defense in the top two, per NBA.com.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The project also seeks to correlate those outcomes with 123 social and economic factors such as government spending, proficiency in reading and rates of incarceration.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 速度; 比率; 等级; （利息等的）费率
vt. 估价; 值得; 责骂; 定级
vt. & vi. 认为，把…算作
vi. 被评价; 被认为; 被列入; 申斥
时态：rated, rating, rates
分布：速度(41%)，认为(13%)，比率(11%)，价格(9%)，等级(6%)，值得(6%)，费用(5%)，估价(4%)，责骂(3%)，定等级(1%)，怒斥(1%)
→来自拉丁语 rata,固定的，解决的，来自 reri 的过去分词，来自 reri,计算，思考，来自 rei, 计算，思考，词源同 read,reason.引申诸相关词义。
n.速率;等级;价格,费用v.估价;评级,评价At any rate, the separation ratio is accurate.无论如何,这个分离比是精确的.
noun countable
MEASURE 测量
 ESSENTIAL
■the speed at which something happens or changes, or the amount or number of times it happens or changes in a particular period 率，比率；速率；速度；进度
• Although she's recovering from her illness, her rate of progress is quite slow. 尽管病情正在好转，但她康复的速度仍很慢。
• I told my assistants to work at their own rate. 我告诉我的助手们按照他们自己的进度工作。
• The taxi was going at a tremendous rate. 计程车飞速奔驰。
• the growth/inflation/mortality/unemployment, etc. rate 增长率／通货膨胀率／死亡率／失业率等
• The drug has a high success/failure rate. 这种药物治疗疾病的成功率／失败率很高。
[reɪt] noun countable
PAYMENT 付款
 ESSENTIAL
■an amount or level of payment 价格；费用
• We agreed a rate with the painter before he started work. 开工前，我们和油漆工谈好了薪酬。
• What's the going (= standard) rate for this type of work? 这种工作一般酬金是多少？
• Do you pay your mortgage on a fixed or variable rate? 你怎样还抵押贷款，是定额偿付还是不定额偿付？
[reɪt] noun countable
TAX 税
rates [plural]
■a local tax paid in Australia, and in Britain in the past, by the owners of houses and other buildings （澳大利亚以及旧时英国的）房产税，房地产税
[reɪt] noun countable
at a rate of knots UK and Australian English
■If someone does something at a rate of knots, they do it very quickly 很快地；飞快地；迅速地
• She got through her work at a rate of knots. 她很快做完了工作。
[reɪt] noun countable
at any rate
■whatever happens 无论如何；不管怎样
• Well, I'm not going home on foot, at any rate. 哼，无论如何我都不会步行回家。
■something you say to show that you are going to say something more exactly （表示更确切地说明）不管怎样，至少
• I don't think they liked my idea. At any rate, they weren't very enthusiastic about it. 我觉得他们不喜欢我的主意，至少他们不是很热心。
[reɪt] noun countable
at this rate
■if the situation stays as it is 照此情形；如此下去
• At this rate, we won't be home till midnight. 照这样下去，我们要半夜才能到家。
[reɪt] verb transitive
JUDGE 评价
■to judge the value or character of someone or something 评估；评价；估价
• How do you rate him as a footballer? 你怎么评价他作为一个足球运动员的表现？
• She is rated very highly by the people she works for. 雇主对她的评价都很高。
• informal "What do you think of her as a singer?" "I don't really rate her (= I do not think that she is very good)." “你认为她作为一个歌手表现如何？”“我认为她不怎么样。”
• I rate cars as one of the worst polluters of the environment. 我认为汽车是污染环境的罪魁祸首之一。
• [+ obj + noun] On a scale of one to ten, I'd rate his book a five. 满分是十分的话，我给他这本书给五分。
• Car crashes are so frequent that they don't rate a mention (= are not considered to be worth reporting) in the newspaper unless a lot of people are killed. 撞车事故太频繁了，所以除非造成多人死亡，否则报纸对这样的事都不屑一提。
⇒ See also underrate;overrate
rate as sth
■to be considered to be something of a particular quality 认为是；评价为
• That rates as the worst film I've ever seen. 那是我看过的最蹩脚的电影。
[reɪt] verb transitive
TAX 税 UK In Britain in the past, a building was rated to decide how much local tax the owner should pay. （旧时英国为收房产税而）给（房屋）核定应缴税款
evaluate, rate, value, assess, estimate, appraise
这组词都有“估价，估计”的意思，其区别是：
evaluate: 与appraise相似，指使判断绝对准确，但多用于对人物的某方面的评价，很少用于评价某物的市场价值。
rate: 专指评定价值等级的高低。
value: 侧重指一般人对某物的价值或价格所作的估计。
assess: 原义指对为确定交多少税而估计，引申指通过估价以便更好利用。
estimate: 通常指由个人作出的主观估价。
appraise: 指以专家身份作了最终精确的估价。
proportion, rate, ratio, percentage
proportion: （两件事物之间的）比，比例, 通常用于各种成分或分配额的比例等；
rate: 常用于表示速率，利率，出生率，死亡率，兑换率等；
ratio: （表示两个数量之间关系的）比，比例, in direct/inverse ratio to 成正比/反比
percentage: 百分比，百分率；
pace, rate, speed, velocity
这组词都有“速度、速率”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 普通用词，指步行的速度，常引申指活动的进度或生产率。
rate: 作“速度”讲时，与speed同义，可换用。作速率解时，指相对增长的速度，也指两种相比较而得出的标准速度。
speed: 普通用词，指单位时间内行进的固定速度或速率，也指可能达到的最高速度。
velocity: 技术用词，指物体沿着一定方向运动时的速率。
n. [数] 比率，率； [力] 速度；价格；等级
 - degree, classification, coefficient, price, value
vt. 认为；估价；责骂
 - assess, count, find, guess, feel
vi. 责骂；被评价
 - hop on, tell someone off

Word: lifestyle
Front: lifestyle
[ˈlaɪfstaɪl] (雅 3093/4507 -2)
Vocabulary: lifestyle
(once / 2099 pages)
n
Your lifestyle is how you live, and it reflects who you are. You might try to look cool by adopting a rock star lifestyle of partying every night and sleeping all day, but you'd probably get pretty tired.
A lifestyle can also reflect your attitude or your personal values. For example, you might have a very conservative lifestyle, which means you don't spend money on anything trivial or unnecessary, and you don't engage in silly activities. A glamorous lifestyle means you indulge in upscale, high-profile pursuits and live luxuriously. If you've got some bad habits, your doctor might encourage you to adopt a healthier lifestyle, and get more exercise and eat more carefully.
WORD FAMILY
lifestyle: lifestyles
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, our modern, sedentary lifestyles mean that our secondary hearts tend to weaken, which permits excessive fluid pooling into the lower body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It's why he's now dedicated to a healthier, more active lifestyle and volunteering for OneLegacy — a nonprofit organ and tissue recovery organization.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Healthy living is a lifestyle change that requires constant effort.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: n. 生活方式
分布：生活方式(100%)
→life,生命，style,方式。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone's way of living; the things that a person or particular group of people usually do 生活方式；工作方式
• He doesn't have a very healthy lifestyle. 他的生活方式不太健康。
• She needs a pretty high income to support her lifestyle. 她需要相当高的收入来维持她的生活方式。
• an alternative lifestyle 另一种生活方式
['laɪf.staɪl] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  lifestyle Remember that lifestyle is usually written as one word. Don't write 'life style', write lifestyle :
✗ Young people these days have a very unhealthy life style.
n. 生活方式
 - way of life, mode of life, styles of living

Word: humor
Front: humor
['hju:mə] (研四宝 3057/49143)
Vocabulary: humor
(once / 177 pages)
1nv 2n
Humor is a word for the quality of being funny — or for appreciating comedy, as in "sense of humor."
Many movies and TV shows — comedies — are full of humor, but there might be humor in any show or even any situation. Since different people find different things funny, there are many different senses of humor and types of humor. Some like wordplay, while others might enjoy slapstick. If you're in good humor, you're in a good mood. The humors are also the liquid parts of the body (you might remember that because many people find bodily fluids humorous).
WORD FAMILY
humor: humoral, humored, humoring, humorist, humorless, humorous, humors+/humored: ill-humored/humorist: humorists/humorless: humorlessly/ humorous: humorously, humorousness, unhumorous/unhumorous: unhumorously
USAGE EXAMPLES
His sense of humor is disarming, as he pivots from comical to solemn in a split-second.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
An online humor site panned the four options and urged its readers to vote for what it considered the worst, a boring black-and-white option.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
And so each celebrity death was greeted, with black humor, as an act of prudence.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 幽默，心情，诙谐
vt. 迎合，牵就，顺应
时态：humored, humoring, humors
分布：幽默(91%)，诙谐(4%)，心情(3%)，迁就(1%)，顺应(1%)
n.(humour)幽默,诙谐He has no sense of humor.他毫无幽默感.
n. 幽默，诙谐；心情
 - breast, drollness
vt. 迎合，迁就；顺应
 - cater for, pander to

Word: loud
Front: loud
[laʊd] (中高研四 3094/3207 -K3)
Vocabulary: loud
(once / 71 pages)
1adjadv 2adj
The adjective loud describes a noise that has a very high volume, like loud music at a concert that kept your ears ringing even after you left.
The word loud comes from the Old English word hlud, which means "making noise, sonorous."Loud is most often used to describe the volume level of music, but it can also refer to voices or other sounds that are unpleasant and high-volumed. Loud can also describe a tasteless or showy fashion choice, like a loud Hawaiian shirt paired with bright orange shorts.
WORD FAMILY
loud: louden, louder, loudest, loudly, loudness, louds+/louden: loudened, loudening, loudens/loudness: loudnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Loud, inappropriate and unruly behavior is not tolerated in our luxury resorts.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Progressive voices, loud ones, will be needed to hold him accountable.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
DJs blast deafening music in each room, the beat so loud it rattles your sternum and lungs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 响亮的，大声的，高声的; 响亮的，洪亮的，高亢的; 高声的，激烈的; 刺眼的，太招摇的
adv. 大声地，高声地，响亮地
级别：louder, loudest
分布：大声地(31%)，大声的(26%)，吵闹的(24%)，响亮地(16%)，引人注目的(3%)
→来自古英语hlud,吵闹的，响亮的，来自kleu,听，词源同listen.
a.大声的,响亮的;吵闹的,喧嚣的Riding on the ridge of the bridge, the proud bride shouts loudly to the cloud.骄傲的新娘骑在桥脊上对着云大声喊.
adjective adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■making a lot of noise 吵闹的（地），大声的（地），响亮的（地）
• a loud explosion/noise/voice 巨大的爆炸声／巨大的吵闹声／洪亮的嗓音
• I heard a loud bang and then saw black smoke. 我听到砰的一声巨响，接着就看到了黑烟。
• Could you speak a little louder, please? 请你说话大声一点，好吗？
[laʊd] adjective adverb
loud and clear
■very clear and easy to understand 清晰易懂的，清楚明白的
• I can hear you loud and clear. 我能非常清楚地听到你讲话。
• The message from management came through loud and clear: things would have to change. 管理层发出的资讯非常明确：必须进行变革。
[laʊd] adjective disapproving
■(of clothes) having unpleasantly bright colours or too strong patterns, or (of a person) demanding attention and talking and laughing loudly （衣服）过于鲜艳的，花哨的；（人）惹人注目的，招摇的
• You shouldn't wear anything too loud to a job interview. 你去参加求职面试时不要穿得太花哨。
• The men at the bar were loud and obnoxious. 酒吧里的那些男人咋咋呼呼的让人作呕。
aloud, loud, loudly
这些副词均含有“高声地、大声地”之意。
aloud: 强调出声，能让人听见，无比较级。用于修饰cry, call, shout等动词时，有高声之意。
loud: 指声音响亮，高声说话，一般放在所修饰的动词后面。
loudly: 与loud含义相同，可放在动词之前或之后，用以说明声音的强度，含“喧闹”的意味。
adj. 大声的，高声的；不断的；喧吵的
 - ceaseless, unceasing
adv. 大声地，高声地，响亮地
 - aloud, ringingly

Word: glove
Front: glove
[glʌv] (中高研四六 3095/4535 -K2)
Vocabulary: glove
(once / 313 pages)
n
A glove is a piece of clothing that you wear on your hand, to protect it or keep it warm. Most people wear a pair of gloves, unless — of course — they are imitating Michael Jackson.
Cold-weather gloves are soft and warm, made from fabrics like wool, polar fleece, or leather. There are also gloves that protect the skin on your hands while you're cleaning, using chemicals, or washing dishes; and gloves that prevent the spreading of germs, worn by food handlers and health care workers. Athletes sometimes wear gloves as well, like boxing gloves or the gloves worn by hockey goalies.
WORD FAMILY
glove: gloveless, gloves
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stafford said after Sunday’s loss to Green Bay that he will continue to wear a glove to protect his hand in the playoffs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I would recommend Gore gloves and rain jacket as they are lightweight.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“Then there’s the problem of equipment and, periodically, lack of supplies like gloves, catheters, and cleaning tissues.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 手套; 棒球手套; 拳击手套
vt. 给…戴手套; 用…的手套
分布：手套(99%)，给 ... 戴手套(1%)
→来自德语。来自ge-, 强调，词源同game. *lap, 平的，手掌，可能同flat, plan.
n.手套The beloved novelist put her lovely gloves above the stove.敬爱的小说家把她美丽的手套放在火炉上方.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a piece of clothing which is worn on the hand and wrist for warmth or protection, with separate parts for each finger （分手指的）手套
• leather/woollen/rubber gloves 皮／羊毛线／橡皮手套
• a pair of gloves 一对手套
[glʌv] verb transitive US
■to put gloves on your hands 给…戴手套
• She gloved her hands to protect them from the chemicals. 她戴上手套防止受化学品的伤害。
■to catch a ball when playing baseball （棒球比赛中用戴手套的手）接（球）
• He gloved the ball, turned and threw in one motion. 他的接球、转身、投掷，动作一气呵成。
glove, mitten
这组词都有“手套”的意思，其区别是：
glove: 指普通分成5指的手套。
mitten: 指拇指分开而其余4指连在一起的手套。
n. 手套
 - mittens

Word: sufficient
Front: sufficient
[səˈfɪʃnt] (研四六托雅宝 3099/1582 -K3)
Vocabulary: sufficient
(once / 50 pages)
adj
If you have a sufficient amount of something, it's enough — not too much, not too little, just right. Goldilocks would be pleased.
Sufficient comes from a Latin verb meaning "to meet the need." If something is sufficient it has met, or satisfied, a need. Enough is often used as a synonym for sufficient, and when something is not sufficient, it is too little to take care of what's needed. Sufficient can, however, also suggest just enough and not an abundance, as in "the money was sufficient for groceries, but we needed more to fill the gas tank."
WORD FAMILY
sufficient: insufficient, self-sufficient, sufficienter, sufficientest, sufficiently +/insufficiency: insufficiencies/ insufficient: insufficiency, insufficienter, insufficiently/self-sufficient: self-sufficiency/ suffice: sufficed, suffices, sufficiency, sufficient, sufficing/ sufficiency: sufficiencies/sufficing: self-sufficing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Fourth Ohio District Court of Appeals rejected those arguments in a unanimous ruling last week, saying there was sufficient evidence to support the convictions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Hogan’s gambit that talking about Israel to Jewish audiences is sufficient to win over my community is misguided.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Clinton was unable to compensate for these demographic losses with sufficient gains among Hispanic, white and college-educated voters.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 足够的; 充足的; 充分的
分布：足够的(73%)，充分的(27%)
→suffice,使足够，足以，-ent,形容词后缀。
足够的(suf+fici做+ent→在下面先做好,用的时候→足够的)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在...下面"]
足够的,充分的(suffice+inet)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
a.(for)足够的,充分的(比enough拘谨,正式)The puffy staff's stuffy chests are stuffed with sufficient suffering.喘气的职员们闷热的胸中填满了足够的痛苦.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■enough for a particular purpose 足够的，充足的
• This recipe should be sufficient for five people. 这份食谱应该足够五个人吃。
• It was thought that he'd committed the crime but there wasn't sufficient evidence to convict him. 人们都认为他是犯罪凶手，但没有足够证据将他定罪。
Opposite insufficient
have had sufficient formal
■to have eaten enough 吃饱了
• "Would you like some more stew?" "No thanks, I've had sufficient." “你还想要一些牛排吗？”“不；谢谢！我已经吃饱了。”
adequate, enough, sufficient
这些形容词均含“足够的，充足的”之意。
adequate: 指数量上足够，质量上适当。
enough: 最普通用词，口语、书面语可用，较侧重分量或数量的足够，多指希望的满足。
sufficient: 正式用词，侧重数目或数量或程度达到某一特定要求或需要。
adj. 足够的；充分的
 - competent, plenty, wealthy

Word: narrative
Front: narrative
[ˈnærətɪv] (研六雅宝 3097/5167 -2)
Vocabulary: narrative
(once / 212 pages)
nadj
A narrative is a story that you write or tell to someone, usually in great detail. A narrative can be a work of poetry or prose, or even song, theater, or dance.
Often a narrative is meant to include the "whole story." A summary will give a few key details and then the narrative will delve into the details. "I hate to interrupt your narrative," is a polite way of stopping someone in the middle of a story. The origin of this noun is the Latin adjective narrativus, from narrare "to tell," from gnarus "knowing." It is related to our English verb know.
WORD FAMILY
narrative: narratively, narratives+/ narrate: narrated, narrates, narrating, narration, narrative, narrator / narration: narrations/ narrator: narrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, as it will be called, promises hundreds of jobs, a high-profile cultural attraction - and it’s essentially free.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, as it will be called, promises hundreds of jobs and a high-profile attraction — and it’s essentially free.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Each film builds much of its central narrative around a child’s death and how that loss affects a parent.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 记叙文; 故事; 叙述，记事; 叙述手法
adj. 叙述的，叙事体的; 善于叙述的
分布：叙述(61%)，故事(32%)，叙述的(6%)，叙述体的(1%)
→来自narrate,叙述。
a.叙述性的n.叙述Narrative makes up most of the book.这本书大部分是由记叙文组成.
US [-tˌɪv] formal
noun countable or uncountable
■a story or a description of a series of events 故事；叙述
• It's a moving narrative of wartime adventure. 这是对战时经历的感人描述。
n. 叙述；故事；讲述
 - relation, statement, story, telling, tale
adj. 叙事的，叙述的；叙事体的
 - related, descriptive

Word: photographer
Front: photographer
[fəˈtɒgrəfə(r)] (高 3098/3984 -K)
Back: n. 摄影师; 摄影家; 照相师
分布：摄影师(100%)
US [-'tɑ:.grə.fɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who takes photographs, either as a job or hobby 摄影者；摄影师
• a fashion/press/amateur photographer 时装／新闻／业余摄影师
n. 摄影师；照相师
 - cameraman, lensman

Word: helicopter
Front: helicopter
[ˈhelɪkɒptə(r)] (高研四六雅 3100/4159 -3)
Vocabulary: helicopter
(once / 1069 pages)
n
A helicopter is a flying vehicle with a system of rotors that lift and propel it. In some cities, police officers patrol in helicopters. In some suburbs, wealthy people even commute by helicopter.
Like airplanes, helicopters travel through the air — but unlike airplanes, they don't have wings. Most helicopters have a large rotor blade on top that creates lift by spinning rapidly. Smaller rotors help the helicopter move and steer. Hospitals use helicopters for transporting patients in crisis, for whom an ambulance might not move fast enough. The word comes from Greek roots, helix, "spiral," and pteron, "wing."
WORD FAMILY
helicopter: helicopters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Previous searches aided by a bloodhound and a helicopter didn’t turn up any clues.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Denver-area police agencies and volunteers searched for David on Saturday night and New Year’s Day with the help of a helicopter and a bloodhound.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A medical helicopter landed on the highway, but emergency workers couldn’t stabilize him.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 直升机，直升飞机
vt. 用直升飞机载送
vi. 乘直升飞机
分布：直升飞机(93%)，用直升飞机载送(4%)，乘直升机(3%)
→helico-,螺旋，-pter,翅膀，词源同feather,pterodactyl.比喻用法。
直升飞机(helic+opt选择螺旋上升→直升飞机)[helic=spiral,表示"螺旋"]
n.直升(飞)机The optional helicopter is adopted to help the optimistic helpless in the hell.可选用的直升飞机被用来帮助地狱里那些乐观的无助者.
US [-ˌkɑ:p.tɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a type of aircraft without wings, that has one or two sets of large blades which go round very fast on top. It can land and take off vertically and can stay in one place in the air 直升机
• The injured were ferried to hospital by helicopter. 伤者被直升机送往医院。
• a helicopter pilot 直升机驾驶员
aeroplane, airplane, aircraft, plane, jet, helicopter
这些名词均有“飞机”之意。
aeroplane: 和airplane专指普通飞机，不包括helicopter(直升飞机)。aeroplane为英国英语的拼法。
airplane: 为美国英语的用词。
aircraft: 常用作集体名词，也可指一架飞机，其含义包括直升飞机和飞艇等。
plane: 本义为“平面”，在航空专业里通常用aeroplane。plane较通俗用词。
jet: 指喷气式飞机，也用jet plane。
helicopter: 指直升飞机。
n. [航] 直升飞机
 - copter, whirlybird, verticraft

Word: Catholic
Front: Catholic
[ˈkæθlɪk] (高研六托雅宝 1757/2595 -3)
Back: adj. 包罗万象的; 广泛的普遍的; 包容一切的
分布：天主教徒(53%)，天主教的(43%)，广泛的(4%)
→cata-, 向下。-hol, 整个的，全部的，词源同holy, whole, hologram(全息图)。用于宗教术语，即无所不包的。
a.天主教的n.天主教徒In the Catholic cathedral the athlete shouted out his wrath in the athletic oath.在天主教大教堂,选手在体育誓言中喊出了他义愤.
catholic
普遍的,一般的[cathol=general(普通的)]
【记】原指天主教（Catholic，拼写一样，但第一个字母要大写），后来，天主教大有遍及世界之势头，引申为－普遍的，全人类的读：咳嗽立刻。说明传染病来了，一种普遍的病。
【反】narrow（adj 狭隘的）
['kæθ.əl.ɪk] formal
adjective
■including many different types of thing 广泛的；包罗万象的
• As a young person he had more catholic tastes than he does now. 他年轻的时候兴趣比现在要广泛得多。

Word: modest
Front: modest
[ˈmɒdɪst] (高研四六托雅宝 3101/3176 -3)
Vocabulary: modest
(once / 208 pages)
adj
A person is modest if he or she is very successful but does not call attention to this.
Modest generally means "big enough but not huge" — like a modest house or a modest income. An ambitious person will not be satisfied with modest progress. Around the turn of the 17th century, modest referred to proper or decent dress and behavior especially in women. Although this is considered dated today, modest is still used for people who are shy about showing their body. If you are modest, you might wear your t-shirt when you swim.
WORD FAMILY
modest: immodest, modester, modestest, modestly, modestness, overmodest+/ immodest: immodestest, immodestly/overmodest: overmodestly
USAGE EXAMPLES
What, besides the bloviated tweets that will accompany even the most modest ratings victory?
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
The event was more modest than last year due to the city’s recession.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
All this does not mean that modest weight loss is hopeless, experts say.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: adj. 谦虚的，谦逊的; 适度的，适中的; 端庄的; 羞怯的
分布：适度的(45%)，谦虚的(30%)，端庄的(15%)，有节制的(10%)
→来自mode,模式，方式，尺度，-est,形容词后缀。引申词义有尺度的，谦逊的，谦虚的等。比较moderate.
谦虚的(mod+est→做事有风度→礼貌的)[mod=mode,manner,表示"方式,模式,风度"]
a.谦虚的,有节制的The modest man moderately modified the model in this mode.谦虚者适度地用这种方式修改了模型.
US ['mɑ:.dɪst] adjective
NOT LARGE 不大的
 IMPROVER
■not large in size or amount, or not expensive 不大（或多、贵）的；适中的
• They live in a fairly modest house, considering their wealth. 就他们拥有的财富而言，他们的住所不大。
• There has been a modest improvement/recovery in housing conditions for the poor. 穷人的居住条件有了些许改善。
• The party made modest gains in the elections, but nothing like the huge gains that were predicted. 这个党派在选举中取得了一定成绩，但和人们预计的巨大收获相差甚远。
• Just a modest portion for me, please. 只要一小份就好，谢谢。
UK ['mɒd.ɪst] US ['mɑ:.dɪst] adjective
QUIETLY SUCCESSFUL 成功而不张扬的 approving
■not usually talking about or making obvious your own abilities and achievements 谦虚的，谦逊的
• He's very modest about his achievements. 他对自己的成就很谦虚。
UK ['mɒd.ɪst] US ['mɑ:.dɪst] adjective
CLOTHES/BEHAVIOUR 衣服／行为 old-fashioned
■describes something such as a woman's clothes or behaviour, which is intended to avoid attracting sexual interest （女子的衣着、举止等）端庄的，正派的，朴素的
• a modest walk/manner 端庄的步态／举止
humble, modest
这组词都有“谦恭的”的意思，其区别是：
humble: 指精神和行为上的谦逊。褒义指对自己或自己的成就不骄傲；贬义指过低地评价自己，对人低声下气。
modest: 含义广泛，指行为或态度等方面不自大、不虚荣、不傲慢、不武断和不自负。
adj. 谦虚的，谦逊的；适度的；端庄的；羞怯的
 - odest, inobtrusive

Word: provider
Front: provider
[prəˈvaɪdə(r)] (3103/5159)
Vocabulary: provider
(once / 713 pages)
n
A provider is a person who gives someone something they need. If your parents both have jobs so they can feed you and buy you what you need, you can call them providers.
Your mom's a provider if she works so she can care for you, put food on the table, and send you to school. There are other types of providers as well, although they all give you something you need, often a service. Your school is a provider of education, and the pharmacy around the corner is a provider of medication, makeup, and magazines. It's increasingly common to call your main doctor a "primary care provider."
WORD FAMILY
provider: providers+/improvidence: improvidences/ improvident: improvidence, improvidently/ provide: provided, provident, provider, provides, providing, provision / providence: providences, providential / provident: improvident, providence, providently/ providential: providentially/ provision: provisional, provisionary, provisioned, provisioner, provisioning, provisions / provisional: provisionally /provisioner: provisioners
USAGE EXAMPLES
To visit IU Health, the largest health care provider in Indiana, with 15 hospitals and 8,700 doctors, is to see those changes up close.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Associations representing hospitals, doctors and other health care providers are among those joining the suit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In fact, the state’s October offer to pony up more cash incensed executives at the insurance providers tasked with managing this mess.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 供应者，提供者，（尤指）维持家庭生计者
分布：供应者(72%)，赡养者(19%)，养家糊口的人(9%)
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who provides something 供应者，供应商
• an internet service provider 网际网路服务供应商
• The bank is now a major provider of financial services to industry. 银行现在是工业金融服务的主要提供者。
• Until her illness she was the main provider (= earned most of the money) in the family. 她生病前一直是家里的经济支柱。
n. 供应者；养家者
 - supplier

Word: delay
Front: delay
[dɪˈleɪ] (高研四六托雅 3105/2530 -K4)
Vocabulary: delay
(once / 99 pages)
nv
A delay is a wait or a postponement. An unexpected delay before the start of a play might make the audience restless and noisy.
During a delay, you have to wait around for things to begin. Delay is also a verb: "That burnt pizza is going to delay dinner for at least another hour." You can also delay by loitering or hanging around: "The performer always delays when he's nervous about singing in front of a crowd." Delay comes from the Old French delaiier, from the roots de-, "not," and laier, "leave."
WORD FAMILY
delay: delayed, delayer, delaying, delays+/delayer: delayers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Depending on the severity of these symptoms, patients may need to delay treatment and begin a course of steroids and or discontinue the drug immediately.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
He said the agency apologizes to travelers who were delayed getting into the country after long flights.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Navy denies there’s been any delays in port access.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 延迟，拖延; 耽搁; 被耽搁或推迟的时间
vt. 延期，推迟; 耽搁
vi. 延缓，延期
时态：delayed, delaying, delays
分布：推迟(35%)，延误(31%)，耽搁(24%)，延期(10%)
→来自法语delaie, 来自de-, 向下，离开，-laie, 留下，停留，词源同lax, 拼写受lay影响俗化，引申义延迟。
v./n.耽搁,延迟The delayed player delegation stay on the playground.被耽搁的运动员代表团停留在操场上.
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make something happen at a later time than originally planned or expected （使）延迟，（使）延误；（使）延期
• My plane was delayed by an hour. 我乘坐的飞机延误了一个小时。
• Could we delay the meeting a few days? 我们可以把会议延后几天吗？
• [+ -ing verb] I think we should delay deciding about this until next year. 我认为我们应该等到明年再决定这件事。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to cause someone or something to be slow or late 使耽误，使耽搁；使迟到
• I was delayed by traffic. 我被交通耽搁了。
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to not act quickly or immediately 行动迟缓，磨蹭
• If you delay now, the opportunity might be lost. 现在你如果不赶快行动就会失去机会。
[dɪ'leɪ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■when you have to wait longer than expected for something to happen, or the time that you have to wait 延迟，延误；延期；延迟（或延误）的时间
• This situation needs to be tackled without delay. 这种情况需要立即处理。
• Long delays are predicted on the motorway because of the accident. 由于这宗意外，预计在高速公路上会出现长时间的交通延误。
• There has been a delay in the book's publication. 该书的出版延期了。
suspend, defer, postpone, prolong, delay, put off
这组词都有“推延，延期”的意思，其区别是：
suspend: 指暂时中断以待某种条件的实现。
defer: 正式用词，语气强于postpone，多指故意拖延。
postpone: 正式用词，语气较强，多指有安排的延期，常指明延期到一定的时间。
prolong: 指把时间延长至超过正常或通常的限度。
delay: 普通用词，多指因外界原因推迟或耽误，也可指有意推迟。
put off: 口语用词，与postpone同义，但较通俗。
vi. 延期；耽搁
 - wait, hold over
vt. 延期；耽搁
 - hold over, stand over
n. 延期；耽搁；被耽搁或推迟的时间
 - raincheck, postponement

Word: agricultural
Front: agricultural
[ˌæɡrɪ'kʌltʃərəl] (高 3104/2188 -3)
Vocabulary: agricultural
(once / 340 pages)
adj
Something that's agricultural has to do with farming, either growing crops or raising farm animals.
Your interest in dairy cattle might lead you to attend an agricultural program in college, or you may decide to go ahead and start your own agricultural business instead. Midwestern wheat farmers are in the agricultural profession, and so are small family farmers who grow heirloom vegetables in Maine. The adjective agricultural comes from the noun agriculture, rooted in the Late Latin agricultura, which combines ager, "a field," and cultura, "cultivation."
WORD FAMILY
agricultural: agriculturally+/ agriculture: agricultural, agricultures, agriculturist/agriculturist: agriculturists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Agricultural runoff is the main cause of pollution in the oceans; vertical farms produce no runoff.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
That’s the way they do things at Starker Forests, the Philomath timber company founded by Oregon Agricultural College forestry professor T.J.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
In Angola, $64 million frozen by the Swiss authorities was repatriated and earmarked for mine clearance and agricultural development.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 农业的，耕种的; 农艺的，农学的
分布：农业的(100%)
US [-tʃɚ.əl] adjective
 ADVANCED
■used for farming or relating to farming 农业的
• The world's supply of agricultural land is shrinking fast. 世界农业用地面积正在迅速减少。
• She's studying agricultural science. 她正在学习农业科学。
• The country's economy is mainly agricultural (= based on farming). 农业是这个国家的经济支柱。
adj. [农] 农业的；农艺的
 - geoponic, georgic

Word: explode
Front: explode
[ɪkˈspləʊd] (高研四六托雅 3106/3934 -K3)
Vocabulary: explode
(once / 201 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
Anything and anyone can explode — that is, produce a violent, sudden and usually very loud release of energy.
Explode's two most common meanings refer to a physically destructive act, most commonly a bomb going off, or metaphorically, as in your parents' sudden fury when they see your end-of-year grades. Originally explode meant something quite different — to drive an unpleasing actor or group of performers from the stage by clapping and booing. (From the Latin words ex, meaning "out," and plaudere, "to clap one's hands.") Those ancient Greek and Roman crowds were tough.
WORD FAMILY
explode: exploded, explodes, exploding, explosion +/exploded: unexploded/ explosion: explosions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Samsung, the icon of South Korean technological prowess, suffered global humiliation with its recent recall of exploding Galaxy Note 7 smartphones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Writing that crackles off the page and explodes in the imagination.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Diners’ palates became more refined, and Washington’s restaurant scene exploded.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vi. 爆[突]发，发怒; 激增，迅速扩大
vt. （使）爆炸; 突然（发出巨响，活跃起来，迸发感情）; 推翻; 驳倒
时态：exploded, exploding, explodes
分布：爆炸(71%)，爆发(21%)，激增(3%)，使爆炸(3%)，驳倒(2%)
→ex-, 向外。-plod, 拍掌声，爆炸声，词源同implode.
爆炸(ex出+plod+e→出来大声音→爆炸)[pold=bignoise,表示"大声音"]
v.(使)爆炸,(使)爆发Bombs explode.炸弹会爆炸.
US [-'sploʊd] verb
BREAK APART 破裂
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) break up into pieces violently （使）爆炸，（使）爆破
• A bomb exploded at one of London's busiest railway stations this morning. 今早一枚炸弹在伦敦最繁忙的一个火车站爆炸。
• He was driving so fast that his car tyre exploded. 他的车开得太快导致爆胎。
Compare implode
UK [ɪk'spləʊd] US [-'sploʊd] verb
EMOTION 情感
intransitive
■to react suddenly with a strong expression of emotion （情感）突然迸发，爆发，突然发作
• [+ speech] "What on Earth do you think you're doing?" she exploded (= said angrily). “你究竟知不知道你在干甚么？”她大发雷霆。
• The children exploded into giggles (= suddenly started laughing uncontrollably). 孩子们突然咯咯地笑起来。
UK [ɪk'spləʊd] US [-'sploʊd] verb
INCREASE 增加
intransitive
■to increase very quickly 急剧扩大；激增，突增
• The population has exploded in the last ten years. 在过去十年中，人口激增。
UK [ɪk'spləʊd] US [-'sploʊd] verb
PROVE FALSE 证明错误
transitive
■to show something to be wrong 推翻；驳倒；破除
• This book finally explodes some of the myths about the origin of the universe. 这本书最终推翻了关于宇宙起源一些毫无根据的说法。
UK [ɪk'spləʊd] US [-'sploʊd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  explode into sth
■to suddenly change into something powerful or exciting 突发；迸发
• London's parks have exploded into colour (= become very colourful because many flowers have opened) in the last week. 上星期，伦敦各个公园一时之间百花怒放、姹紫嫣红。
explode, erupt, burst
这组词都有“爆炸、爆发”的意思，其区别是：
explode: 指物体爆炸而释放大量热能的一刹那。
erupt: 主要指火山的爆发，也可用作引申意义。
burst: 强调爆炸能量的突然释放和力量的突然迸发。
explode, burst, break out
explode: （炸弹）爆炸；
burst: （the ball）爆裂
break out: 爆发（战争）；
vi. 爆炸，爆发；激增
 - blow apart, burst up
vt. 使爆炸；爆炸；推翻
 - shoot, spring, blast

Word: stroke
Front: stroke
[strəʊk] (研四六托雅宝 3108/3619 -K3)
Vocabulary: stroke
(once / 154 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n 5n 6n
It's a stroke of luck, or chance event, to find a terrific parking space on a rainy day, but no one feels lucky when their grandfather has a stroke, a sudden debilitating loss of oxygen to the brain.
Stroke is a high value word — many meanings, yet rarely misunderstood in context. You can swim a certain stroke (or just doggie paddle), you can stroke a cat's fur, you can figuratively stroke your boss's ego by flattering him, or you can have a stroke of brilliance and solve world hunger. Hopefully you won't suffer a stroke and need hospitalization. Its origin as a medical term goes back to the 1500s when it was shortened from "the Stroke of God's Hand."
WORD FAMILY
stroke: stroked, strokes, stroking+/stroking: strokings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Vuarnet died of a stroke, a statement by the committee said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Vuarnet died of a stroke, a statement by the committee said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Sadeghi's mother, who was also home at the time, reportedly suffered a stroke and later died.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 一击; 击球; 划水动作; 中风
vt. 划掉; 轻抚; 轻触; 敲击
vi. 击球; 作尾桨手，指挥划桨
时态：stroked, stroking, strokes
分布：中风(90%)，轻抚(6%)，击打(2%)，意外的运气(1%)，奉承(1%)
→来自 strike 对词形式，引申词义击球，击打，笔画等。
n.击;报时的钟声;一击/划/笔;中风v.抚摸The smoke choked the joking stroker at one stroke.烟一下呛住了开玩笑的抚摩者.
【记】源于：strike（v 打击；军事进攻；铸造；敲钟；罢工）
US [stroʊk] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
 ADVANCED countable
■a sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, which can cause a loss of the ability to move particular parts of the body 中风
• She suffered/had a stroke which left her unable to speak. 她中风了，不能开口说话。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
MARK 符号
countable
■(a line or mark made by) a movement of a pen or pencil when writing or a brush when painting （书写或绘画的）一笔，一画；笔画
• a brush stroke 毛笔的笔触
• With a few bold strokes, she signed her name. 她粗粗几笔签下名字。
countable UK
■used in spoken English to mean an oblique or slash in punctuation （用于口语中）斜杠，斜线
• Please complete form D7/8 (= 'D seven stroke eight'). 请填写表格D7/8。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
HIT 击
countable
■an act of hitting a ball when playing a sport 击球
• She returned the volley with a powerful stroke to win the game. 她奋力将凌空球击回，赢得比赛的胜利。
countable slightly old-fashioned
■an act of hitting someone with a weapon （使用武器的）击，打
• The punishment was twenty strokes of the lash. 惩罚是抽20下鞭子。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
SWIMMING 游泳动作
countable
■(a particular movement which is usually repeated in) a method of swimming 泳姿；（游泳的）划水动作
• What's your best stroke when you're swimming? 你最擅长哪种泳姿？
⇒ See also backstroke;breaststroke;sidestroke
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
EVENT 事件
a stroke of luck/genius, etc.
■when something happens or succeeds suddenly by luck, intelligence, etc 幸运／高明的举动等
• By a stroke of luck, someone else was walking along the path and heard my shouts for help. 幸运的是，刚好有人从小径经过，听到我的呼救。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
WORK 工作
only singular informal
■a small amount of work 一点工作
• She's been gossiping and hasn't done a stroke (of work) all morning. 她整个上午都在闲聊，半点工作都没做。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
ACTION 行动
countable
■a quick forceful action 断然之举
• Ending negotiations was seen as a bold stroke by many commentators. 终止谈判被很多评论者视为大胆妄然之举。
• By computerizing we could, at a (single)/in one stroke, improve efficiency and reduce costs. 电脑化能使我们一下子既提高效率，又降低成本。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
CLOCK SOUND 钟表声
countable
■one of the sounds which some clocks make at particular times, especially by ringing a bell once for each number of the hour 钟声，钟鸣；（尤指）整点报时声
• How many strokes did you count? 你听见钟敲了几下？
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
TOUCH 触摸
countable
■an act of moving your hand, another part of the body or an object gently over something or someone, usually repeatedly and for pleasure 轻抚，抚摸
• Don't be frightened, just give the horse a stroke. 别怕，你去摸一摸那匹马。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
at the stroke of a pen
■describes something that is done quickly and easily by someone, as if they were writing their name on a piece of paper 轻而易举（描述某人做某事快速而容易，好像在一张纸上签名一样）
• Politicians know they cannot create a lawful society simply at the stroke of a pen. 政治家们都知道，他们无法轻而易举地创建一个法制社会。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
at/on the stroke of sth
■exactly at a particular time 刚好在…时，正当…的时候
• Fireworks started at the stroke of ten. 烟火在十点正开始燃放。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] verb transitive
TOUCH 触摸
 ADVANCED
■to move a hand, another part of the body or an object gently over something or someone, usually repeatedly and for pleasure 轻抚，抚摸
• Stroke the dog if you like, it won't bite. 想摸这条狗就摸，它不会咬人。
• She lovingly stroked Chris's face with the tips of her fingers. 她深情地用指尖抚摸着克里斯的脸庞。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] verb transitive
HIT 击
■to hit a ball 击球
• The batsman stroked the ball effortlessly to the boundary. 打击手毫不费力地将球击到边线上。
n. 中风；冲程；笔画；打击；尝试；轻抚
 - blow, shock, experiment, go, strike
vt. 抚摸；敲击；划尾桨；划掉
 - dong, daut
vi. 击球；作尾桨手；敲击键盘
 - hit the ball

Word: scope
Front: scope
[skəʊp] (研四六托宝 3107/2487 -2)
Vocabulary: scope
(once / 564 pages)
1n 2n
Business people like to use the word scope because it specifies the extent of their responsibilities. Once you know the scope of a project, you can decide if you're qualified and how much time it will take to do it.
If your boss gives you a new task and you don't want to do it, tell him or her it's not within the scope of your duties. A scope is also a device used to see something in the distance. You'll find one on shotguns, submarines, radars and the like. You can use scope as a verb meaning "to look out or around." When you and your friends go out, you probably scope out a few places to see where the action is.
WORD FAMILY
scope
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beyond defining its scope, there are competing ideas about what a convention should tackle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Acknowledging the true scale and the scope of the problem is the first step.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The throwaway scope: A way to ditch superbugs?
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （处理、研究事务的）范围; 眼界，见识; （活动或能力的）余地; 广袤，地域
v. 审视，仔细研究
分布：范围(92%)，机会(4%)，眼界(2%)，仔细研究(1%)，观看的仪器(1%)
→来自拉丁语 scopus,视野，范围，来自希腊语 skopos,观看者，观察者，置换自 spek,看， 注视，观察，词源同 spectator,inspect.
n.(活动)范围;机会,余地There's not much scope for imagination in this job.做这项工作发挥想像力的机会不太多.
US [skoʊp] noun uncountable
RANGE 范围
 ADVANCED
■the range of a subject covered by a book, programme, discussion, class, etc. 范围
• I'm afraid that problem is beyond/outside the scope of my lecture. 恐怕那个问题超出了我的课程范围。
• Oil painting does not come within the scope of a course of this kind. 油画不在这类课程范围内。
• We would now like to broaden/widen the scope of the enquiry and look at more general matters. 我们现在要扩大调查的范围，多注意一些普遍情况。
UK [skəʊp] US [skoʊp] noun uncountable
OPPORTUNITY 机遇
■the opportunity for doing something （做某件事的）余地，机会
• There is limited scope for further reductions in the workforce. 进一步裁员的余地有限。
UK [skəʊp] US [skoʊp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scope sth/sb out US informal
■to look carefully to see if something or someone is interesting or attractive 仔细观察（看某事物／某人是否有趣或具吸引力）
• We scoped out the local shops and facilities to see if it would be a good place to rent a flat. 我们仔细观察了一下附近的商店和公共设施，看那个地方是否适于租房住。
territory, scope, range, span
territory: 领土（的范围）
scope: （处理、研究事物的）范围
range: （种类或变化的）限度，范围，幅度，程度；视力或听力所达到的距离，声音所能传送的距离；（枪、炮、导弹等的）射程
span: 跨度，跨径；（某事物）自始至终的持续时间或期间
n. 范围；余地；视野；眼界；导弹射程
 - extent, boundary, region, spectrum, territory, range, area

Word: punishment
Front: punishment
[ˈpʌnɪʃmənt] (高四六 3110/3031 -K2)
Vocabulary: punishment
(once / 146 pages)
n
Punishment is the penalty you have to pay when you're caught doing something bad. A teenager's punishment for missing her curfew might be helping her dad clean the garage.
When someone is officially penalized for a mistake or a crime, that's punishment. Stealing a car could result in a punishment involving jail, while pinching your little sister might mean a punishment as mild as sitting in a chair and thinking about ways to be nicer next time. The Latin root of punishment and its related verb, punish, is punire, "punish, correct, take vengeance for, or cause pain for some offense."
WORD FAMILY
punishment: punishments, self-punishment+/ punish: punishable, punished, punishes, punishing, punishment /punishable: punishably/punished: unpunished/ punishing: punishingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Juries deciding sentences handed down punishments of life in prison about twice as often as the death penalty.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The running back’s early punishment sets up devastating play-action passes later.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This finding — that people are reflexively prone to “intergroup bias” in punishment — is consistent with what many scientists believe about humans’ evolutionary heritage.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: n. 刑罚，惩罚; 严厉对待; <口>给吃苦头
分布：惩罚(100%)
noun
CRIME 罪行
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when someone is punished 惩罚，处罚；受罚
• Many people think that the death penalty is too severe a punishment for any crime. 许多人认为对于无论何种罪行来说，死刑都过于严厉了。
• formal It was always our father who administered/meted out punishments. 予以／给予惩罚的人一直是我们的父亲。
• Drink-driving is one case where severe punishment seems to work as a deterrent. 酒后驾车是证明严惩似乎能起威慑作用的一个例子。
['pʌn.ɪʃ.mənt] noun
BAD TREATMENT 破坏
uncountable
■rough treatment 粗暴的对待，糟蹋，折磨
• These trucks are designed to take a lot of punishment. 这些卡车设计得很耐磨。
punishment, penalty
这组词都有“惩罚、处罚”的意思，其区别是：
punishment: 泛指各种惩罚，诸如法律、父母、老师以及神的惩罚等。
penalty: 一般指法律上的惩罚或体育运动比赛中的处罚。
n. [动] 惩罚；严厉对待，虐待
 - rod, payment, discipline, abuse

Word: handful
Front: handful
[ˈhændfʊl] (高研四六托 3109/4262 -2)
Vocabulary: handful
(once / 379 pages)
n
A handful is just a little of something, or the amount you can hold in your hand. It can be a literal handful, like a handful of popcorn, or it can mean just a few, like a handful of trucks.
You might find yourself eating handfuls of raspberries when you're supposed to be picking them to make jam. Another meaning of handful is "just a few," as in "There are only a handful of dogs at the dog park this morning." And a third way to use this word is to mean "incredibly difficult to handle." If your mom says, "You were a handful when you were a toddler," she means you were not easy.
WORD FAMILY
handful: handfuls+/forehand: forehandedly, forehands/ hand: forehand, handed, handful, handing, handless, hands, overhand, overhanded, underhand, underhanded, unhand/handed: forehanded, handeder, handedest, handedly, handedness/underhand: underhandedly/unhand: unhanded, unhands
USAGE EXAMPLES
A handful of other states’ petitions reached the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
So far, the technology is being built into just a few miles of highway in a handful of states, even as smartcars hit the roads.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He showered a handful of businesses with favors such as tax benefits, cheap electricity, a buy-Korea policy and the suppression of organized labor.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 少数，少量; 一把（的量）; 难以控制的人（或动物）; 棘手事
分布：少数(61%)，一把(38%)，棘手之事(1%)
一把(ahandfulofsalt一把盐)[-ful 1.表形容词"有…的"2.表名词"满,量"]
n.一把;少数;一小撮her young boy is quite a handful.她的小儿子是一个很难管教的孩子.
noun
AMOUNT 数量
 IMPROVER countable
■an amount of something that can be held in one hand 一把（之量）
• He pulled out a handful of coins from his pocket. 他从口袋里掏出一把硬币。
['hænd.fʊl] noun
A FEW 少量
only singular
■a small number of people or things 少数，少量
• She invited loads of friends to her party, but only a handful of them turned up. 她请了很多朋友参加她的派对，但只有少数几个到场。
['hænd.fʊl] noun
DIFFICULT PERSON 难对付的人
only singular
■a person, often a child, who is difficult to control 难对付的人（常指小孩）
• Her older son is fine but the little one is a bit of a handful. 她的大儿子很乖，但小儿子有点难管。
n. 少数；一把；棘手事
 - fewness, the minority

Word: badly
Front: badly
[ˈbædli] (高研四 3111/2078 -K3)
Back: adv. 非常，在很大程度上; 坏，拙劣地; 不利地，有害地
分布：严重地(55%)，恶劣地(27%)，差的(9%)，极度地(9%)
ad.非常,严重地;坏地,差地,拙劣地The worshiper thinks that the worst is the insufficient horsepower.崇拜者认为最坏的事是马力不足.
adverb (worse, worst)
UNPLEASANT 不愉快地
 ESSENTIAL
■in a severe and harmful way 严重地
• She was badly affected by the events in her childhood. 一些童年往事对她产生了严重的影响。
• Fortunately, none of the passengers were badly hurt/injured in the crash. 幸运的是，车祸中没有乘客受重伤。
• I thought he was treated very badly. 我认为他受到了虐待。
['bæd.li] adverb (worse, worst)
LOW QUALITY 品质低劣
 ESSENTIAL
■in a way that is not acceptable or of good quality 劣质的，很差的；不可接受的
• The event was very badly organized. 该场比赛规划得很不好。
• I thought he behaved very badly. 我觉得他表现得很差。
• Their children are extremely badly -behaved. 他们的那些孩子行为举止非常糟糕。
['bæd.li] adverb (worse, worst)
VERY MUCH 非常地
 ESSENTIAL
■very much 很，非常
• He needs the money really badly. 他真的非常需要这笔钱。
• They are badly in need of help. 他们非常需要帮助。
badly, bad
badly: 副词,不好,但与need, want, require连用为"很,非常" I need the book badly.
bad: 形容词, go bad
adv. 非常，很；严重地，厉害地；恶劣地
 - extremely, greatly, highly, quite, too, seriously

Word: horizon
Front: horizon
[həˈraɪzn] (研四六托雅 3113/3831 -2)
Vocabulary: horizon
(once / 228 pages)
1n 2n 3n
When you look out your window and note the furthest point you can see––the line where the sky meets the earth––that edge is called the horizon. Horizon can also mean the edge of something in a figurative sense.
When you are thinking about your life, it can be difficult to get very far beyond where you are. Teenagers have a hard time imagining beyond the horizons of young adulthood. People expecting a baby often put much of their focus on infancy––having a child who can sit up or even walk is beyond the horizons of their thinking.
WORD FAMILY
horizon: horizons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite his stubborn refusal to be alarmist, Mass admits there’s climatological drama on our horizon.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
During January, Venus will reach its peak height above the horizon, according to the Beckstrom Observatory.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
There are warning flags on Iowa’s fiscal horizon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地平线; 范围; 界限; 眼界
分布：地平线(83%)，眼界(10%)，范围(7%)
→来自希腊语horizon kyklos,分开的圈，有边界的圈，来自horizein,分开，边界。用于指地平线，引申词义视野，范围。
n.地平线;眼界,见识The sun has risen above the horizon.太阳已从地平线升起.
noun only singular
■the line at the farthest place which you can see, where the sky seems to touch the land or sea 地平线
• The moon rose slowly above the horizon. 月亮慢慢从地平线升起。
• We could see a row of camels silhouetted on the horizon. 我们能看到地平线上一队骆驼的轮廓。
[hə'raɪ.zən] noun only singular
broaden/expand/widen sb's horizons
■to increase the range of things that someone knows about or has experienced 开阔（某人）的眼界
• Travelling certainly broadens your horizons. 旅行肯定会开阔你的眼界。
[hə'raɪ.zən] noun only singular
on the horizon
■likely to happen or exist soon 即将发生
• There is no new drug on the horizon that will make this disease easier to treat. 目前还没有甚么新药能使治疗这种疾病变得更容易。
n. [天] 地平线；视野；眼界；范围
 - extent, boundary, region, spectrum, territory, area

Word: curious
Front: curious
[ˈkjʊəriəs] (高研四六托 3112/3304 -K3)
Vocabulary: curious
(once / 47 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you’re curious, you really want to know something — like the secret ingredient that makes these cookies so crunchy. You may wish you hadn’t been so curious when you find out it’s roasted crickets.
Curious describes someone who is eager to find out answers and to explore and learn. A curious student asks lots of questions. A curious little monkey, like the famous Curious George from the children’s book series, may be so curious to know how a clock works that he breaks it trying to get a closer look inside. Curious can also describe something unusual, like a house that is painted a curious shade of purple.
WORD FAMILY
curious: curiosity, curiouser, curiousest, curiously, curiousness, incurious, overcurious+/ curiosity: curiosities/ incurious: incuriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I was simply curious,” said Heike Winter after the concert.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Several curious children stopped by to see the instrument up close, and Vaughn was happy to oblige.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ditch your expectations before beginning the journey and keep an open and curious mind.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 好奇的; 好求知的; 奇妙的; 稀奇的
分布：好奇的(77%)，奇特的(23%)
→来自cure, 关心，关切。
好奇的(cur+ioys...的→关心的,好奇的)[cur=care,表示"关心"]
好奇的(cur关心+ious)[-ious表形容词"…的"]
a.好奇的,求知的,古怪的,爱挑剔的The furious obscure curer is curious to secure the curly-curved mercury curiosity.盛怒的不出名治疗者渴望弄到这种带卷曲曲线的水银珍品.
US ['kjʊr.i-] adjective
INTERESTED 感兴趣的
 ADVANCED
■interested in learning about people or things around you 好奇的；好打听的
• I was curious to know what would happen next. 我很好奇想知道接下来会发生甚么事。
• Babies are curious about everything around them. 婴儿对周围的一切都很好奇。
• "Why did you ask?" "I was just curious." “你为甚么要问？”“好奇而已。”
UK ['kjʊə.ri.əs] US ['kjʊr.i-] adjective
STRANGE 奇特的
■strange and unusual; peculiar 稀奇的，古怪的，不寻常的
• There was a curious -looking man standing outside. 外面站着个长相古怪的男人。
• A curious thing happened to me yesterday. 昨天我碰到件怪事。
• It's curious (that) Billy hasn't phoned when he promised he would. 比利说他会打电话来，可是还没打过来，真蹊跷。
eccentric, peculiar, strange, queer, curious, crazy, funny, odd, singular, quaint
这组词都有“奇怪的，奇异的，新奇的”的意思，其区别是：
eccentric: 指偏离常规的怪异或怪癖。
peculiar: 侧重令人奇怪的或独一无二的特性，也指性格特征方面显著的与众不同之处。
strange: 普通常用词，含义广泛，指陌生新奇、奇怪、奇怪或不自然的人或物。
queer: 指一种无法解释的怪诞，强调事物的奇特和不可思议。
curious: 通常指非常特别或能引起注意、研究或探索的奇特。
crazy: 多指与众不同的行为、外表或人与物本身，含荒唐可笑或神经不正常的意味。
funny: 较通俗用词，指奇怪得滑稽可笑或反常。
odd: 通常指不规律、偶尔出现的人或事物，往往令人困惑或奇怪。
singular: 通常指异常或奇特，暗含不同于一般。
quaint: 指古色古香，会人感到既奇怪又有趣。
adj. 好奇的，有求知欲的；古怪的；爱挑剔的
 - critical, odd

Word: downtown
Front: downtown
[ˌdaʊnˈtaʊn] (高研托雅 3116/18944 -2)
Back: n. 市中心区; （市中）商业区
adj. 商业区的，闹市区的
adv. 在商业（闹市）区; 到闹市区
分布：市中心(72%)，市中心的(22%)，市中心区(6%)
→通常认为该词来自早期纽约市的规划，在1830年的时候，纽约城区集中在曼哈顿岛南端，后来，随着经济的发展北扩，而up and down对应于地图上北和南。后来，downtown就作为市中心的代称，而uptown则作为居住区的代称。
ad.在城市的商业区n./a.城市商业区(的)Mr Brown owns the brown towels in the downtown tower.布朗先生拥有闹市区塔里的棕色毛巾.
[ˌdaʊn'taʊn] US
adjective [before noun] adverb
 ADVANCED
■in or to the central part of a city 在市中心（的）；朝市中心（的）
• downtown Los Angeles 洛杉矶市中心
• a downtown address 市内地址
• I work downtown, but I live in the suburbs. 我在城里上班，但住在郊区。
adj. 市中心的
 - intown, inner-city
n. 市中心区
 - urban center, inner city

Word: girlfriend
Front: girlfriend
[ˈgɜ:lfrend] (雅 3115/4601 -K2)
Back: n. 女朋友; 女性朋友
分布：女朋友(98%)，女性朋友(2%)
US ['gɝ:l-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a woman or girl who a person is having a romantic or sexual relationship with 女朋友，女情人
• I've never met his girlfriend. 我从没见过他的女友。
Compare boyfriend the female friend of a woman （男子的）女朋友，女情人；（女子的）同性朋友，女友，女伴
• Susan was going out to lunch with her girlfriends. 苏珊要和她的女伴们一起出去吃午饭。
n. 女朋友
 - bride, bonne amie

Word: prompt
Front: prompt
[prɒmpt] (研四六托雅宝 3114/3217 -K3)
Vocabulary: prompt
(once / 107 pages)
1adj 2v 3vn
If you're prompt, you're on time. Go ahead and be prompt to class. Also, to prompt is to inspire or make happen. Getting in trouble for being late should prompt you to get a better alarm clock.
The adjective prompt can mean "as scheduled," or simply "quick." When you prompt someone, you motivate them in some way: you might offer a reminder, assistance, or even inspiration to do something. For example, honking your car horn prompts your friend to get moving, and speaking up in defense of your classmate might prompt a bully to change his ways. If a director prompts an actor who's forgotten his lines, she reminds him what comes next.
WORD FAMILY
prompt: prompted, prompter, promptest, prompting, promptingly, promptly, promptness, prompts+/prompted: unprompted/prompter: prompters/prompting: promptings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lengthy delays prompted Lucas to abandon that bid in June and change strategy.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If nothing else, policymakers say, such comparisons prompt discussions across borders to learn best practices in addressing particular health problems.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Because the treatment would expose his oral structures — including the jawbone, salivary glands and teeth — to radiation, a dental evaluation was prompted.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 敏捷的; 迅速的; 立刻的; 准时的
v. 促使; 导致; 鼓励; 提示
n. 激励; 提示符; 提词; 提示
adv. 准时地
时态：prompted, prompting, prompts
分布：提示(78%)，迅速的(7%)，激起(4%)，促进(3%)，立刻的(3%)，敏捷的(2%)，推动(2%)，提示的内容(1%)
→来自中古英语prompten,使方便，提词，来自拉丁语promptus,拿到前面的，便利的，来自promere,拿到前面，-pt,过去分词格，来自pro-,向前，-em,拿，带，词源同example,exempt.后用于戏剧用语给演员提词，提醒，引申词义方便的，迅速的等。
n.提示a.迅速的v.敦促,提示The promoter promptly made a quotation for the remote control motors.发起人立刻制了一份遥控马达的报价单.
【反】check（v 检查；制止）
US [prɑ:mpt] verb transitive
CAUSE 导致
 IMPROVER
■to make something happen 引起；导致；激起
• The bishop's speech has prompted an angry response from both political parties. 主教的发言激起了两大政党的愤怒回应。
• Recent worries over the president's health have prompted speculation over his political future. 最近对总统健康状况的担忧引发了对其政治前途的猜测。
prompt sb to do sth
 ADVANCED
■to make someone decide to say or do something 促使某人决定说（或做）某事
• What prompted you to say that? 是甚么促使你那么说的？
• I don't know what prompted him to leave. 我不知道是甚么促使他离开的。
UK [prɒmpt] US [prɑ:mpt] verb transitive
HELP REMEMBER 提词
■to help someone, especially an actor, to remember what they were going to say or do （尤指）给（演员）提词
• I forgot my line and had to be prompted. 我忘词了，只好让人提词。
UK [prɒmpt] US [prɑ:mpt] adjective
■(of an action) done quickly and without delay, or (of a person) acting quickly or arriving at the arranged time 迅速的；敏捷的；及时的
• They've written back already - that was a very prompt reply. 他们已经回信了——答覆相当迅速。
• They're usually fairly prompt in dealing with enquiries. 他们回覆咨询通常都比较快。
• Try to be prompt because we'll be very short of time. 尽量快点，因为我们时间很紧迫。
UK [prɒmpt] US [prɑ:mpt] noun countable
COMPUTER 电脑
■a sign on a computer screen which shows that the computer is ready to receive your instructions （电脑萤幕上的）提示符（显示电脑已经准备好接受指令）
UK [prɒmpt] US [prɑ:mpt] noun countable
ACTOR'S HELP 协助演员的
■words which are spoken to an actor who has forgotten what he or she is going to say during the performance of a play （给演员的）提词，提白
■(also prompter)
■a person whose job is to help actors, during a performance, to remember words that they have forgotten 提词人，提白人
UK [prɒmpt] US [prɑ:mpt] adverb
■at the time stated and no later 准时，正点
• We'll be leaving at six o'clock prompt. 我们六点准时动身。
hasty, urgent, prompt, instant
hasty: 匆忙的，草率的
urgent: 紧迫的，紧急的
prompt: 快速的，及时的
instant: 立即的，指几乎察觉不到的时间段
hasty, quick, prompt, fast, instant, rapid, speedy, swift
hasty: 多指匆忙、草率或仓促的行动，着重缺乏深思熟虑。
quick: 特指瞬时动作，强调动作敏捷迅速；也指匆忙的行为，而不暗示速度很快。
prompt: 主要指动作迅速，毫不拖延，含“快得令人愉悦”的意味。
fast: 常指人或物持续地高速运动，强调运动的方式。
instant: 指某事很快发生或急待解决，含刻不容缓之意。
rapid: 比fast和quick正式，常指运动本身，侧重速度惊人。所指动作可能是短暂的，也可能是持续的。
speedy: 指人或物或其运动、活动时，着重极度的快捷，多含匆忙意味。
swift: 正式用词，强调非常迅速，往往含动作轻快敏捷之意。
immediate, prompt, momentary, instant
immediate: 目前的，当前的
prompt: （行动）立刻的，迅速的；
momentary: 瞬息间的；
instant: 即刻发生的
motivate, drive, prompt
这组词都有“促使，驱使”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: 强调驱使人们采取行动的原因或动机。
drive: 侧重外来的驱策力和内心的感情力量的驱使。
prompt: 与motivate近义，强调起因。
adj. 敏捷的，迅速的；立刻的
 - rapid, fast, fly, forward, ready
vt. [计] 提示；促进；激起；（给演员）提白
 - facilitate, boost, further
n. [计] 提示；付款期限；DOS命令：改变DOS系统提示符的风格
 - cue, noting
adv. 准时地
 - punctually

Word: cholesterol
Front: cholesterol
[kəˈlestərɒl] (3119/7417 -2)
Vocabulary: cholesterol
(once / 3353 pages)
n
Cholesterol is a naturally-occurring steroid found in animal tissues. It's important for healthy cell membranes and other functions, but its waxy makeup makes it a danger as a high concentration could build up and block arteries.
Cholesterol is a product of the liver, excreted through bile into the digestive tract. The first notice of cholesterol was in 1769, when a French researcher found it in gallstones. Then, in the early 19th Century the chemical was named "cholestrine," from the Greek words for bile (chole) and solids (stereos), plus the chemical suffix -ol. Scientists have noted the role of cholesterol in heart attacks and other health problems, a situation that can be regulated through diet or medications.
WORD FAMILY
cholesterol: cholesterols
USAGE EXAMPLES
One theory ties high cholesterol to the development of the plaque deposits in the brain that are a hallmark of the memory-destroying disease.
Washington Post(Dec 16, 2016)
His cholesterol was also a little high, something they’d discussed that day.
New York Times(Dec 08, 2016)
One of bile’s main components is bile acid, a derivative of cholesterol.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 胆固醇
分布：胆固醇(100%)
→chol, 胆囊，同gall。-ster, 固化，见sterile. -ol, 化学名词后缀，醇，见xylitol.
US [-tə.rɑ:l] noun uncountable
■a substance containing a lot of fat that is found in the body tissue and blood of all animals, and which is thought to be part of the cause of heart disease if there is too much of it 胆固醇
• an oil which is high in polyunsaturates and low in cholesterol 不饱和脂肪含量高而胆固醇含量低的食用油

Word: absorb
Front: absorb
[əbˈsɔ:b] (高研四六托雅宝 3120/2879 -K2)
Vocabulary: absorb
(once / 158 pages)
v
To absorb is to take in or suck up like a sponge. If you don't hear your mother calling because you are reading, you could say you were absorbed in the book.
If your parents buy groceries for a party you are throwing and don't make you pay, you could say that they decided to absorb the cost of the food. Young minds absorb information easily. The word, absorbent, describes something that is capable of absorbing something else. When you go swimming on a chilly day, it's best to carry an absorbent towel so that all of the water is absorbed from the surface of your skin.
WORD FAMILY
absorb: absorbable, absorbate, absorbed, absorbent, absorber, absorbing, absorbs, absorption, absorptive, reabsorb+/absorbed: absorbedly, self-absorbed/absorbency: nonabsorbency/absorbent: absorbency, absorbents, nonabsorbent/absorber: absorbers/absorbing: absorbingly/ absorption: absorptions, self-absorption/ absorptive: absorptivity, nonabsorptive/reabsorb: reabsorbed, reabsorbing, reabsorbs, reabsorption
USAGE EXAMPLES
The gas is drawn off and compressed for further use, and the amine solution is then cycled back through the system to absorb more CO2.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Feet need to be squared up; pushes need to be absorbed, not leaned into.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rookie quarterback Jared Goff, the No. 1 pick in the draft, was sacked seven times and absorbed numerous hits.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 吸收（液体、气体等）; 吸引（注意）; 吞并，合并; 忍受，承担（费用）
时态：absorbed, absorbing, absorbs
分布：吸收(94%)，承受(4%)，吞并(1%)，吸引 ... 的注意(1%)
→前缀ab-,此处用于强调义。词根sorb,吸收，吮吸，拟声词。
吸收(ab+sorb吸收→吸收掉)[ab-,abs-加在词根前,表示"相反,变坏,离去"等]
vt.吸收(水,光,蒸汽等);使全神贯注The distracted reader can't be absorbed in the abstract extract.心神纷乱的读者无法专心于抽象的节录.
【参】absorbed（adj 精神集中的）；absorbent（adj 能吸收的；n 吸收剂）
【反】emit（v 发射，喷出）；radiate（v 发射，辐射）；reflect（v 反射）；exude（v 渗出）
US [-'zɔ:rb] verb transitive
TAKE IN 吸收
 ADVANCED
■to take something in, especially gradually （尤指逐渐）吸收
• Plants absorb carbon dioxide. 植物吸收二氧化碳。
• In cold climates, houses need to have walls that will absorb heat. 在气候寒冷的地方，房屋的墙壁必须能吸收热量。
• Towels absorb moisture. 毛巾吸收水汽。
• The drug is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. 药物迅速被血液吸收流遍全身。
• Our countryside is increasingly being absorbed by/into the large cities. 我们越来越多的农村地区正被大城市蚕食掉。
■to reduce the effect of a physical force, shock or change 消减；缓解
• The barrier absorbed the main impact of the crash. 碰撞产生的大部分冲击力被防撞墙吸收了。
UK [əb'zɔ:b] US [-'zɔ:rb] verb transitive
UNDERSTAND 明白
■to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them 理解；掌握
• It's hard to absorb so much information. 掌握如此大量资讯非常困难。
UK [əb'zɔ:b] US [-'zɔ:rb] verb transitive
INTEREST VERY MUCH 很有兴趣
■If someone's work, or a book, film, etc. absorbs them, or they are absorbed in it, their attention is given completely to it （使）完全吸引住；（使）全神贯注于…
• Simon was so absorbed in his book, he didn't even notice me come in. 西蒙读书太入神了，我进来他都没有注意到。
⇒ See also self-absorbed
incorporate, absorb, suck, digest
这组词都有“吸收”的意思，其区别是：
incorporate: 指一物或多物与它物相融合，形成一整体。
absorb: 普通用词，词义广泛，既可指吸收光、热、液体等具体东西，又可指吸收知识等抽象概念的东西。
suck: 作“吸收”解时，可与absorb换用，但还可有“吮吸”之意。
digest: 侧重在消化道内改变食物的化学结构后被人体吸收。
vt. 吸收；吸引；承受；理解；使…全神贯注
 - attract, engage, see, read, seize

Word: adjustment
Front: adjustment
[əˈdʒʌstmənt] (高托 3121/3424)
Vocabulary: adjustment
(once / 774 pages)
1n 2n
The act of making an alteration or modification is an adjustment. If you buy a new pair of jeans, but they are too long, you can make a quick adjustment and hem them, have someone else hem them, or use safety pins.
The process of adapting to your environmental conditions is also called an adjustment. After you leave home for college, both you and your parents will have a period of adjustment. Some people adjust easier to change than others — you may be having a ball going to class, eating cereal for dinner, and making new friends but an adjustment your parents will have to make is that they will need to stop worrying about you.
WORD FAMILY
adjustment: adjustments+/ adjust: adjustable, adjusted, adjuster, adjusting, adjustive, adjustment, adjusts, readjust / adjustable: adjustably, unadjustable/ adjusted: unadjusted/adjuster: adjusters/ readjust: readjusted, readjusting, readjustment, readjusts/ readjustment: readjustments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Florida law requires annual adjustments to gas taxes based on changes in the consumer price index, which measures what people are paying for goods.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Those adjustments are necessary to maintain as long a pop career as Ms. Carey’s.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This minor adjustment also removes another major hurdle for some savers: affordability.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 调解，调整; 调节器; 调解，调停; （赔偿损失的）清算
分布：调整(83%)，调节(17%)
noun countable or uncountable
CHANGE 改变
 ADVANCED
■a small change 调整；调节；小改动
• She made a few minor adjustments to the focus of her camera. 她稍微调了调照相机的焦距。
[ə'dʒʌst.mənt] noun countable or uncountable
BECOME FAMILIAR 变得熟悉
■the ability to become more familiar with a new situation 适应力；顺应（度）
• He has so far failed to make the adjustment from school to work. 他到现在还没有适应从学生生活到工作的变化。
n. 调整，调节；调节器
 - restructuring, conditioning, modulation, setup, accommodation

Word: taxpayer
Front: taxpayer
[ˈtækspeɪə(r)] (3122/4636 -2)
Back: n. 纳税人，纳税的机构; 所收租金只够支付地产税的建筑物
分布：纳税人(100%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED only singular
■a person who pays tax 纳税人
the taxpayer
 ADVANCED
■all the people who pay tax to the government （一国中向政府纳税的所有）纳税人
n. 纳税人；所收租金只够支付地产税的建筑物
 - taxer

Word: eager
Front: eager
[ˈi:gə(r)] (高研四六托 3123/4501 -3)
Vocabulary: eager
(once / 63 pages)
1adj 2n
With eager, think "ready," "excited," "can't wait." An eager beaver is someone who, like the hard working beaver, is up at dawn and ready to get to work.
Eager derives from old words meaning "sharp, pungent or keen," and eager carries that sense of sharpness still. In fact, being overeager is a criticism; someone overeager is likely to make a mistake because they are moving too quickly or not thinking things through before they act.
WORD FAMILY
eager: eagerer, eagerest, eagerly, eagerness, overeager, uneager+/ eagerness: eagernesses/overeager: overeagerly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Students, and one very eager principal, will be waiting.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He’d just told me how much he’d enjoyed working with her, and how eager he was to see her again.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
And between that and other post-election sadness snacks, Duke says he put on five pounds in November that he is eager to lose.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 渴望的; 热切的，热情洋溢的; 热心的; 急切
分布：热切的(53%)，渴望的(47%)
→来自词根ac, 尖，刺，词源同acid, acumen.
a.(for)渴望的,热切的The eagle is eager to anger the tiger in danger.鹰渴望激怒处在危险中的老虎.
US [-gɚ] adjective
 IMPROVER
■wanting very much to do or have something, especially something interesting or enjoyable （尤指对于有趣的或者愉快的事情）热切的，渴望的
• the children's eager faces 孩子们那一脸渴望的神情
• [+ to infinitive] She sounded very eager to meet you. 听得出来她非常渴望见到你。
• They crowded round the spokesperson, eager for any news. 他们把发言人围了个水泄不通，渴望能得到点消息。
anxious, keen, eager
这组词都有“急切的，渴望的”的意思，其区别是：
anxious: 强调因忧虑、关注或害怕而产生的急切心情。
keen: 强调因兴趣强烈或欲望而急于做某事。
eager: 侧重于急于成功的迫切心情。
adj. 渴望的；热切的；热心的
 - hungry, desired, anxious, sick, keen

Word: principal
Front: principal
[ˈprɪnsəpl] (研四六托雅宝 3124/2225 -3)
Vocabulary: principal
(once / 84 pages)
1adjn 2n
For an adjective that points to the main or most important thing, your best choice is principal. Is your principal goal for the summer to have fun or to earn some extra money?
The word, principal, comes from the Latin principalis "first in importance" and is related to the title of prince. You can see the relation when you think about its meanings — the head of a school, the starring actor in a film, and the client of an agent. Don't confuse principal with its homophone principle, a moral rule or law of nature. If you talk about a country's principal exports, you mean the main ones.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
principal / principle
If offered a choice, would you rather have principles or principals?
A principle is a fundamental or general truth. It might also be the original (fundamental) source of something.
America's principles establish religious liberty as a fundamental right.
Microsoft principle group manager selling Issaquah 4BD
In principle refers to something in its fundamentals without all the details worked out:
After just one hearing, Arroyo's bill penalizing drunk driving and five other similar bills were approved "in principle" by the committee on transportation.
Principal, on the other hand, is the person with the highest authority in a group, such as a school principal or the principal investor in a company. It is also the original sum of money or assets invested or lent:
An Israeli high school principal has been summoned for a hearing by the country's Education Ministry.
Jan van Eck serves as a director and principal at the firm.
The FHA refinance plan for homeowners may allow for principal reductions and underwater refinancing opportunities for those who qualify.
If you remember that the principal is your pal, you'll be able to choose your words well.
WORD FAMILY
principal: principality, principally, principals, principalship+/principality: principalities/principalship: principalships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stewart, the principal, says she struggles to keep new teachers who often leave for better pay and less stress in other districts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dalrymple’s budget proposed transferring earnings to the general fund but leaving the principal untouched.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Taiwanese are starting to understand the impacts of displaying Nazi symbols, Yarden says, pointing to the presidential apology and the school principal’s resignation offer.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 最重要的; 主要的; 资本的; 本金的
n. 首长，负责人; 主要演员，主角; [法]委托人，当事人; 本金
分布：校长(54%)，主要的(17%)，本金(11%)，委托人(6%)，首要的(3%)，主犯(3%)，主角(3%)，资本(3%)
→来自古法语principal,主要的，最重要的，来自拉丁语principalis,最重要的，来自princeps,国王，统治者，酋长，词源同prince.引申词义名词词义校长，院长等。
主要的;首要的(prin主要的＋cip+al)[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
a.最重要的,主要的n.负责人,校长;资本,本金Since then the sincere princess has known the principal principle.从那时起诚实的公主就知道该主要原理.
【记】源于：prim（adj 最早的，最好的）
【区】principle（n 法则；原则）
【反】subordinate（adj 次要的）
adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■first in order of importance 最重要的
• Iraq's principal export is oil. 伊拉克最重要的出口商品是石油。
• He was principal dancer at the Dance Theatre of Harlem. 他是哈莱姆舞剧院的头号舞伶。
• That was my principal reason for moving. 那是我搬家最主要的原因。
['prɪnt.sɪ.pəl] noun
PERSON 人
countable US
■the person in charge of a school or college for children aged between approximately 11 and 18 （中小学或学院的）校长
['prɪnt.sɪ.pəl] noun
MONEY 金钱
countable usually singular specialized
■an amount of money which someone has invested in a bank or lent to a person or organization so that they will receive interest on it from the bank, person or organization 本金；可生息的资本
• She lives off the interest and tries to keep the principal intact. 她靠利息过日子，尽量不动用本金。
president, principal, headmaster
这组词都有“校长”的意思，其区别是：
president: 在美国专指大学的校长，在英国指学院院长。
principal: 在英国可指大学校长、院长以及中小学校长，但在美国仅指中小学校长。
headmaster: 在英国指对中小学校长的一般称呼，尤指私立学校的校长。
principal, leading, primary, foremost, capital, major, chief, main
这组词都有“首要的，主要的”的意思，其区别是：
principal: 用于人时，指地位优于其他人；用于物时，指该物在大小、重要性等方面优于他物。
leading: 侧重指具有影响力或凝聚力。从而有主导和引导的作用。
primary: 通常不用于人。用于物时，指在重要性方面占第一位。
foremost: 侧重指在行进或发展过程中居首位。
capital: 着重指因重要性、意义、优越或重大而名列同类之首。
major: 指同其他人或其它物、问题等相比较，显得更加重要和突出。
chief: 拽人时，表同类中职位最高，权力最大；指物时，表同类中最重要，价值最高。
main: 通常只用于物。指在一定范围内，某物的重要性、体积或力量等超过其它物。
n. 校长；委托人，当事人；资本；主犯
 - president, client, party, headmaster
adj. 首要的；最重要的
 - supreme, main, lead

Word: detailed
Front: detailed
[ˈdi:teɪld] (雅 3125/1557 -K3)
Vocabulary: detailed
(once / 426 pages)
adj
Use the adjective detailed when you're talking about something that's full of specific points or facts. A detailed weather report includes temperature, cloud cover, and the possibility of rain.
Something that's detailed is focused on the fine points or small aspects — a detailed portrait of your grandmother includes every wisp of hair and subtle shade of skin. Detailed explanations take some time, because the person doing the explaining isn't leaving any detail out. The literal Old French meaning of the noun detail is "a cutting in pieces," and it's used to mean "small piece or quantity."
WORD FAMILY
detailed: detailedly+/ detail: detailed, detailing, details/detailing: detailings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Interest waned when, in lieu of detailed spending plans, Trump allies suggested the stimulus would consist of tax breaks.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But Trump’s questions about the primary process struck Priebus as unusually detailed and pointed: How did the Iowa caucuses work?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
It refers to high dynamic range, which allows images to appear more vibrant and detailed - especially in scenes containing both glints of light and shadows.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 详细的，明细的; 精细的; 复杂的; 详尽的
v. 详细说明(detail的过去分词)
分布：详细的(100%)
US [-'-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■giving a lot of information with many details 详尽的，详细的
• A witness gave a detailed description of the man. 一位目击者详细描述了那个人的体貌特征。
adj. 详细的，精细的；复杂的，详尽的
 - complicated, strict, particular, specific, involved
v. 详细说明（detail的过去分词）
 - specified

Word: motivation
Front: motivation
[ˌməʊtɪ'veɪʃn] (高托雅 3126/3870 -2)
Vocabulary: motivation
(once / 2600 pages)
n
People often need motivation to do tasks they'd prefer not to do. Do you work? Your motivation is your paycheck. Lost something? Finding it may provide motivation to tidy the house.
At the root of the word motivation is the word motive, which is similarly defined as the reason for a particular action. Although the words are synonyms, when it comes to criminal behavior, people generally ask about the motives leading to the criminal acts, not the motivation behind them. Other synonyms for motivation include inspiration and enthusiasm, so people tend to associate motivation with positive acts.
WORD FAMILY
motivation: motivational, motivations+/ motivate: motivated, motivates, motivating, motivation, motivator/ motivated: unmotivated / motivational: motivationally/motivator: motivators/ motive: motivate, motiveless, motively, motives, motivity/motiveless: motivelessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the days leading up to the game, Watson said returning to the title game was “a big motivation.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“I use my parents and siblings as my motivation,” he said.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It’s not where either team thought it would be but the Tigers and Cardinals say there is plenty of motivation to finish the season strong.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 动机; 动力; 诱因
分布：动机(56%)，动力(35%)，积极性(6%)，刺激(3%)
US [ˌmoʊ.tˌɪ-] noun
ENTHUSIASM 热情
uncountable
■enthusiasm for doing something 积极性；干劲
• He's a bright enough student - he just lacks motivation. 他是个很聪明的学生，只是不够积极。
• There seems to be a lack of motivation among the staff. 员工似乎都缺乏干劲。
UK [ˌməʊ.tɪ'veɪ.ʃən] US [ˌmoʊ.tˌɪ-] noun
REASON 动机
countable
■the need or reason for doing something 动机，诱因
• What was the motivation for the attack? 这次袭击的动机是甚么？
• The motivation behind the decision is the desire to improve our service to our customers. 我们作出这项决定，目的在于改善我们的顾客服务。
n. 动机；积极性；推动
 - incentive, reason, boost

Word: assignment
Front: assignment
[əˈsaɪnmənt] (研四六托雅 3128/3817 -2)
Vocabulary: assignment
(once / 1129 pages)
n
Whether you’re an international spy with a new mission or a high school student with math homework — when you get an assignment, you’d better do it! An assignment is a task that someone in authority has asked you to do.
The word assignment is just the noun form of the common verb assign, which you use when you want to give someone a duty or a job. When you assign something, that something is called an assignment. The word can also refer to the act of distributing something. If you are distributing new office furniture at work, you might say, “Assignment of the new chairs will begin tomorrow.”
WORD FAMILY
assignment: assignments+/ assign: assignable, assignation, assigned, assignee, assigning, assignment, assigns, reassign /assignable: unassignable/ assignation: assignations/assigned: unassigned /assignee: assignees/ reassign: reassigned, reassigning, reassignment, reassigns/reassignment: reassignments/unassignable: unassignably
USAGE EXAMPLES
If his players weren’t at practice, meals, or meetings, he wanted them resting, visualizing their assignments on the field.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Hawks: F Mike Scott was assigned to the Long Island Nets of the NBA Development League, his third D-League assignment of the season.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
I recently visited Tokyo for the first time while working on an assignment for The Washington Post Magazine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 分给，分配; 任务，工作，（课外）作业; <美>任命; 指定，委派
分布：任务(53%)，分配(42%)，功课(3%)，委派(2%)
分配;指定(assign+ment)[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
n.分配,指派;(指定的)作业,(分派的)任务The resigned designer is designated to an assignment of reigning the foreigners.辞职的设计者被指派了一个去统治外国人的任务.
noun
countable
■a piece of work given to someone, typically as part of their studies or job （尤指学业或工作方面的）任务，功课
• a freelance/photo assignment 自由职业／摄影任务
• I have a lot of reading assignments to complete before the end of term. 期末前我有大量阅读功课要完成。
countable
■a job that someone is sent somewhere to do （被派遣到某地做的）工作
• a foreign/diplomatic assignment 外交任命
on assignment
■Someone who is on assignment is doing a particular job or piece of work, usually in a specified place where they have been sent for a period of time. 执行任务；（通常指被派遣到特定地点，在一段时间内从事的）工作
• Both journalists were killed by terrorists whilst on assignment in Colombia. 两名记者均在哥伦比亚执行采访任务时被恐怖分子杀害。
uncountable
■the process of giving a particular job or piece of work to someone, or of sending people to chosen places to do jobs 分配（任务）；指派（人员）
• assignment of the various tasks 各种任务的分配
assignment, task, profession, job
assignment: 指分派做的特定任务，也指长期性工作
task: 被派或自愿承担工作，尤指困难、辛劳的工作
profession: 指从事脑力劳动，经过特殊培训的“职业”，如老师
job: 常指短期任务
n. 分配；任务；作业；功课
 - allocation, distribution, role, mission, task

Word: restriction
Front: restriction
[rɪˈstrɪkʃn] (高四六托 3127/2226 -K)
Vocabulary: restriction
(once / 478 pages)
n
A restriction is a limitation or a restraint, like when a size restriction keeps you from jumping on a toddler trampoline and bouncing the smaller kids a mile up in the air.
Usually a restriction is in place because a limit needs to be set. Common sense would keep you from putting a bowling ball in a paper bag; you wouldn’t need a restriction to tell you not to do it. Sometimes a restriction is the result of doing something bad or misusing a privilege, as when your parents put a restriction on video gaming to limit your time in front of the TV.
WORD FAMILY
restriction: restrictions+/ restrict: derestrict, restricted, restricting, restriction, restrictive, restricts/ restricted: restrictedly, unrestricted / restrictive: nonrestrictive, restrictively, restrictiveness, unrestrictive / unrestricted: unrestrictedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The no-burn restrictions for New Year’s Day were ordered by environmental regulators because pollution levels are expected to exceed federal health standards.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Restrictions remain during the summer months between the two holidays.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Christy said the monument designation and restrictions on its land raise the bar on fully developing resources on the trust’s parcels.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 限制，限定; 拘束，束缚; 管制
分布：限制(86%)，约束(14%)
限制[stirain,striet,string=tighten,表示"拉紧"]
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an official limit on something 受（尤指官方）限制的，受约束的
• import/export/currency restrictions 进口／出口／货币限制
• speed/parking restrictions 速度／停车限制
• At the turn of the century, Congress imposed/placed a height restriction of 13 storeys on all buildings in Washington. 在世纪之交，国会对华盛顿的建筑实行了不得超过13层的高度限制。
• The president urged other countries to lift the trade restrictions. 总统敦促其他国家取消贸易限制。
n. 限制；约束；束缚
 - limitation, qualification, chain, constraint

Word: across
Front: across
[əˈkrɒs] (中高 377/448 -K5)
Vocabulary: across
(once / 29 pages)
1adv 2adv
Across describes something that's situated on the opposite side or the direction you have to go to get from one side to another.
Thinking about swimming across the English Channel? It's 23.7 miles across from England to France, so you might want to take a boat instead. The phrase "across the board" means that all parts of something are affected. But it originally came from horse racing, to describe when someone bet equal amounts of money on a horse to come in first, second, or third place. The "board" was the blackboard where bookmakers chalked up the odds for each horse.
WORD FAMILY
across: acrosss
USAGE EXAMPLES
The sluggishness is expected to spread across the U.S., hitting markets from Nashville, Tenn., and Dallas to Los Angeles and Atlanta.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Who is talking about it: It won an award for the best apps across Africa in November.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In response, governments are trying to impose their laws across the whole of cyberspace.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: prep. 穿过; 横穿，横过; 与…交叉; 在…对面
adv. 横过，越过; 在对面; 交叉; 斜对面
分布：穿过(57%)，横过(25%)，在对面(12%)，朝向特定的方向(2%)，在…各处(2%)，横写地(2%)
prep.横过,越过;在的对面ad.横过,穿过Let's go for a run across the fields.咱们去跑步,跑过那片田野吧.
US [-'krɑ:s] adverb preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■from one side to the other of something with clear limits, such as an area of land, a road or river 从一边到另一边；穿过；横过
• She walked across the field/road. 她穿过田野／横过马路。
• They're building a new bridge across the river. 他们正在河上修建新桥。
• When I reached the river, I simply swam across. 到河边后，我便直接游了过去。
UK [ə'krɒs] US [-'krɑ:s] preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■on the opposite side of 在…的另一边；在…的对面
• The library is just across the road. 图书馆就在马路对面。
 IMPROVER
■in every part of a particular place or country 在…各处；在整个…；遍及
• Voting took place peacefully across most of the country. 在这个国家大部分地区，选举进行得井然有序。
over, through, along, across
这组词都有“横过、穿过”的意思，其区别是：
over: 常和动态动词连用，指“从……上面越过”或“横越”；表静态时，指“在彼处”。
through: 侧重从一端穿到另一端。
along: 指沿着一条直线在水平方向上运动。一般表动态，有时也与静态动词连用。
across: 指“从……的一边到另一边”，强调横过，多与动态动词连用。
prep. 穿过；横穿
 - through
adv. 横过；在对面
 - opposite

Word: laboratory
Front: laboratory
[ləˈbɒrətri] (中四六托雅 3132/2316 -K3)
Vocabulary: laboratory
(once / 458 pages)
n
A laboratory is a place where experiments happen, usually scientific experiments involving chemicals and lab coats, but there are creative and athletic laboratories too, where people experiment with writing and footballs.
When you think of a laboratory, you might see men and women wearing face masks pouring colorful liquids into test tubes, and you’d be correct. Any place that is a testing ground for new ideas is a laboratory, like a class full of people thinking up new ways to make paper airplanes. The Latin verb laborare means “to labor,” so remember that a laboratory is a place of hard work: you can’t spell laboratory without labor in it.
WORD FAMILY
laboratory: laboratories
USAGE EXAMPLES
As new research from our laboratory suggests, implicit bias is grounded in a basic human tendency to divide the social world into groups.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
For sheer saturation, there is no greater laboratory for the concept than San Diego.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
He started working in Witschi’s laboratory, first as an animal caretaker and then as a lab technician, before enrolling in medical school in 1955.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 实验室; 实验课; 研究室; 药厂
分布：实验室(100%)
→来自拉丁语labor,劳作，努力，辛劳，引申词义实验室。
实验室(labor+atory地方→劳动之地→实验室)[labor=labor,表示"劳动"]
实验室(labor劳动)[-atory 1.表形容词"有…性质的"2.表名词"场所,地点"]
US ['læb.rə.tɔ:r.i] (informal lab)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a room or building with scientific equipment for doing scientific tests or for teaching science, or a place where chemicals or medicines are produced 实验室；实验大楼
• research laboratories 研究实验室
• a computer laboratory 电脑实验室
• Laboratory tests suggest that the new drug may be used to treat cancer. 实验室测试显示这种新药可用于治疗癌症。
n. [试验] [临床] 实验室，研究室
 - lab

Word: workshop
Front: workshop
[ˈwɜ:kʃɒp] (研四六雅 3130/2587 -2)
Vocabulary: workshop
(once / 884 pages)
1n 2n
A workshop is a somewhere you go to work on something — something physical like a construction project or it could be something mental like working on your leadership skills.
Workshops are for making and fixing things, whether they're wooden furniture, cars, or mysterious inventions in your dad's basement workshop. A shorthand way to refer to a workshop is shop, as in the shop class offered in many high schools, which usually meets in a workshop. The noun workshop also means a course or meeting at which a work in progress — often a story, poem, or script — is discussed by a group of writers.
WORD FAMILY
workshop: workshops
USAGE EXAMPLES
Four years ago, Ms. Bower and her husband built a 3,000-square-foot facility to house their workshops and a gallery where they sell their creations.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The Florida Senate’s Health Policy committee held a workshop in early December to hear concerns from all parties.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
During a transition workshop, Winchester said he was told to write down his job duties and skills he performed as a sergeant.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 车间; 专题讨论会，研究会; 创作室; 实习班，实验班
分布：车间(65%)，研讨会(23%)，工场(7%)，讲习班(5%)
→work,工作，shop,工厂，车间。引申义研讨会。
n.车间,工场,修理厂;研讨会,讲习班In the cork workshop, the workers fork the pork.在软木车间,工人们用叉子叉猪肉.
US ['wɝ:k.ʃɑ:p] noun countable
ROOM 房间
■a room or building where things are made or repaired using machines and/or tools 车间，厂房，作坊
• a carpenter's/printer's workshop 木工作坊／印刷厂房
• an engineering workshop 机械加工车间
UK ['wɜ:k.ʃɒp] US ['wɝ:k.ʃɑ:p] noun countable
MEETING 会议
■a meeting of people to discuss and/or perform practical work in a subject or activity 研讨会，讨论会
• a drama/poetry/training workshop 戏剧／诗歌／训练研讨会
• The local council runs a stress-management workshop. 当地政务委员会举办了关于应对压力问题的研讨会。
• a workshop session/production 研讨会会期／成果
n. [工业] 车间；研讨会； [工经] 工场；讲习班
 - plant, proseminar

Word: differently
Front: differently
['dɪfrəntlɪ] (3133/4263 -K)
Back: adv. 不同地，相异地
分布：不同地(100%)
ADJ-GRADED
有差别的;不同的
If two people or things are different, they are not like each other in one or more ways.
例：London was different from most European capitals...伦敦同大多数欧洲国家的首都都有所不同。
例：If he'd attended music school, how might things have been different?...如果他上过音乐学校，事情会有怎样的不同呢？
ADJ
分别的;个别的;各种的
You use different to indicate that you are talking about two or more separate and distinct things of the same kind.
例：Different countries specialised in different products...不同国家专门生产不同的产品。
例：The number of calories in different brands of drinks varies enormously.不同牌子的饮料所含的卡路里数大不相同。
ADJ-GRADED
不同寻常的;与众不同的
You can describe something as different when it is unusual and not like others of the same kind.
例：This recipe is certainly interesting and different.这种烹饪法的确很有意思而且与众不同。
adv. 不同地；差异；各种
 - variously, dissimilarly

Word: auto
Front: auto
[ˈɔ:təʊ] (研四 3134/11945 -3)
Vocabulary: auto
(once / 423 pages)
n
An auto is a car. If you drive your auto too fast, you might get a speeding ticket.
The word auto is an informal, shortened form of automobile. You're most likely to hear the word auto when someone's talking about insurance, auto parts, or the auto industry. Automobile was originally a French word, formed from the Greek autos, or "self," and the French mobile, "moving."
WORD FAMILY
auto: autos
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Pearl Auto is a great example of the creativity and innovation driving the iPhone ecosystem,” said Josh Rosenstock, an Apple spokesman.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s a series of auto races, car shows and related events.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Expected strong December auto sales may paint two portraits of the industry.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. <美>汽车
vi. 乘汽车
分布：汽车(96%)，乘汽车(2%)，自动的(2%)
n.(automobile)(口语)汽车What brand is your new auto?你的新轿车是什么牌子的?
US ['ɑ:.tˌoʊ] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■relating to cars 汽车的
• auto insurance/mechanics/engineers 汽车保险／修理工人／工程师
• the auto industry/market/business 汽车工业／市场／行业
UK ['ɔ:.təʊ] US ['ɑ:.tˌoʊ] noun countable (plural autos) US old-fashioned
■a car 汽车
n. 汽车（等于automobile）；自动
 - car, motor
vi. 乘汽车
 - motor

Word: romantic
Front: romantic
[rəʊˈmæntɪk] (研四六 3135/3436 -K3)
Vocabulary: romantic
(once / 233 pages)
1adjn 2adjn
If something is romantic, it isn't very practical, like the librarian's romantic dream of convincing every person in town to read a book a week for life — a great idea that probably isn't possible.
To be romantic about something can mean that you overlook its flaws and shortcomings. If your romantic ideal is growing all of your own food on a secluded farm, you are probably ignoring the tremendous amount of hard work it will require. Or, if you are romantic about love, you believe the perfect person is out there and in finding one another, all the problems and difficulties of life will melt away.
WORD FAMILY
romantic: romantically, romanticise, romanticism, romanticize, romantics, unromantic+/ romance: romanced, romances, romancing, romantic /romanticise: romanticisation, romanticised, romanticises, romanticising/ romanticism: neoromanticism, romanticist, romanticistic/romanticist: romanticists/ romanticize: romanticization, romanticized, romanticizes, romanticizing/unromantic: unromantically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The appeal of the outdoor game lies in the sport's roots, anchored by romantic nostalgia and wintery charm.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
The sheer range of musical expression is astonishing: pastoral reveries, woodland scenes, romantic arias, heroic dramas, historical legends and visions of spiritual strife.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Dancing for the audiences of avant-garde Paris offers young Lucia an outlet, while her father’s friend Samuel Beckett offers romantic promise.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 浪漫的，谈情说爱的，多情的，风流的，香艳的; 空想的，虚构的，怪诞的，想入非非的，不实际的，难实行的（计划等）; 传奇（式）的，小说般的，情节离奇的; 浪漫主义的
n. 富于浪漫气息的人; 浪漫主义作家[画家等]，浪漫派诗人[艺术家]; 浪漫思想[行为]
分布：浪漫的(90%)，浪漫的人(6%)，不切实际的(4%)
→来自 romance,浪漫，-itic,形容词后缀。
浪漫的(roman浪漫)[-tic表形容词,通常放在一个名词前,"与…相关的,...的"]
a.浪漫的,传奇式的;不切实际的,好幻想的He is very romantic.他充满着幻想.
US [roʊ'mæn.tˌɪk] adjective
 IMPROVER
■relating to love or a close loving relationship 爱情的，情爱的
• a romantic novel/comedy 言情小说／爱情喜剧
• You used to be so romantic, but now you never tell me that you love me. 你以前是那么多情，可现在你从来就不对我说你爱我。
• I suppose he is quite romantic - he sends me flowers on my birthday and tells me I'm looking beautiful and so on. 我猜他是个很浪漫的人－－他在我的生日送花给我，又说我看起来很漂亮等等。
■exciting and mysterious and having a strong effect on your emotions 富于浪漫色彩的；充满传奇色彩的；惊险的
• We thought that Egypt was an incredibly romantic country. 我们以前认为埃及是个充满传奇色彩的国家。
■slightly disapproving
■not practical and having a lot of ideas which are not related to real life 不切实际的；空想的；幻想的
• She has a romantic idea of what it's like to be a struggling young artist. 她不切实际地想像着做一个挣扎求生的年轻艺术家是如何浪漫。
UK [rəʊ'mæn.tɪk] US [roʊ'mæn.tˌɪk] noun countable mainly disapproving
■someone who is not practical and has ideas which are not related to real life 耽于幻想的人；满脑子浪漫想法的人；浪漫主义者
• You're a hopeless/incurable romantic. 你是个不可救药的幻想家。
adj. 浪漫的；多情的；空想的
 - fantastic, amorous

Word: cotton
Front: cotton
[ˈkɒtn] (中高研四托雅 3136/3222 -K3)
Vocabulary: cotton
(once / 178 pages)
1n 2v
Cotton is a plant that grows the soft, fluffy fibers that are used to make the fabric also known as cotton. Cotton grows best in very warm climates.
Cotton is a hugely important fiber, since it's used to make all kinds of clothing, bedding, and other things we use regularly. Your t-shirt, jeans, underwear, and socks are probably all made, at least in part, from cotton, and so is your bath towel, pillow case, and the curtains on your windows. If you use cotton as a verb, it's an informal way to say "take a liking to." This meaning has a Welsh root, cytuno, "agree."
WORD FAMILY
cotton: cottoned, cottoning, cottons, cottony
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some fans thought Western’s record deserved even more recognition than a top 15 spot and a Cotton Bowl berth.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I top it off with a High Cotton ESB, a local brew.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Then he returned to picking cotton in the fields of southern Arizona, where the summer sun pounded like a hammer on his back.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 棉; 棉线; 棉织物; （其他植物所生的绒毛状的）棉状物
vi. 喜欢; 赞成; 一致; 交往
时态：cottoned, cottoning, cottons
分布：棉花(82%)，棉布(16%)，棉制品(2%)
→来自阿拉伯语。
n.棉花;棉线,棉纱;棉制品The bottle is hidden in the bottom of a ton of cotton the cottage.瓶子被藏在农舍里一吨棉花的底部.
US ['kɑ:.tˌən] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the threads which grow around the seeds of a tall plant which is grown especially in the US, China and South Asia 棉，棉花
• a bale of cotton 一大包棉花
 IMPROVER
■thread or cloth made from the fibres of the cotton plant 棉线；棉布
• a shirt made of pure cotton 纯棉衬衫
• She looked pretty in a simple cotton dress. 她穿着朴素的棉布连衣裙，看上去很漂亮。
• UK a reel of cotton (= thread) 一卷棉线
US for * cotton wool
UK ['kɒt.ən] US ['kɑ:.tˌən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  cotton on informal
■to begin to understand a situation or fact 明白，领会
• I'd only just cottoned on to the fact that they were having a relationship. 我那时才明白他们在谈恋爱。
n. 棉花； [纺] 棉布；棉线
 - algodon, Baumwolle
vi. 一致；理解；和谐；亲近
 - square, identify, coincide

Word: motor
Front: motor
[ˈməʊtə(r)] (高研四六 3138/1895 -K4)
Vocabulary: motor
(once / 191 pages)
nadjv
A motor runs your car, whizzes the blender and gets your golf cart going: it's simply a machine that converts energy into motion.
Coming to us from a Latin word that means "to move," motor is certainly connected to the world of motion. Without the innovation of Ford motors, most of America wouldn't be able to get anywhere today. These days the motor is undergoing some serious revisions, as engineers look for a way to power things with less gasoline and more sunshine.
WORD FAMILY
motor: motored, motoring, motorise, motorist, motorize, motorized, motorless, motors+/motored: bimotored/motorise: motorisation, motorised/motorised: unmotorised/motorist: motorists/ motorize: motorization, motorizing/motorized: unmotorized
USAGE EXAMPLES
He cut the use of personal state vehicles in half by creating the state motor pool to share cars among state agencies.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All kinds of companies, including century-old industrial stalwarts like General Motors and General Electric, are among the corporate giants acquiring tech start-ups of late.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And the Highway Patrol said security footage caught two people splattering motor oil on the sidewalk and Capitol building on Halloween night.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 马达，发动机，[火箭]助推器; 原动者，原动力; 汽车; [解]运动肌，运动神经
vi. 开[乘]汽车
vt. 用汽车运送
adj. 有引擎的; 由发动机推动的; 机动车的; 肌肉运动的
时态：motored, motoring, motors
分布：马达(52%)，发动机(24%)，机动车(12%)，汽车的(7%)，机动的(3%)，运动神经的(2%)
→来自拉丁语motor,移动者，运动者，词源同move.引申词义发动机，马达，汽车等。
n.发动机,电动机The promoter promptly made a quotation for the remote control motors.发起人立刻制了一份遥控马达的报价单.
US ['moʊ.tˌɚ] noun countable
DEVICE 装置
 IMPROVER
■a device that changes electricity or fuel into movement and makes a machine work 发动机，引擎；电动机，马达
• The pump is powered by a small electric motor. 这个泵是由一个小马达提供动力的。
• Our washing machine needs a new motor. 我们的洗衣机需要换个新马达。
• mainly US I've had a new motor (= engine) put in my car. 我请人在我的车里安装了一个新引擎。
UK ['məʊ.tər] US ['moʊ.tˌɚ] noun countable
CAR 汽车 mainly UK old-fashioned
■a car 汽车
• Do you know anyone who's looking for a second-hand motor? 你知道有谁想买二手车吗？
UK ['məʊ.tər] US ['moʊ.tˌɚ] adjective [before noun]
CAR 汽车 mainly UK connected with cars or other vehicles which have engines and use roads 汽车的
• This has been a difficult year for the motor industry/trade. 今年是汽车工业／贸易不景气的一年。
• motor insurance 汽车保险
UK ['məʊ.tər] US ['moʊ.tˌɚ] adjective [before noun]
MUSCLES 肌肉的 specialized
■relating to muscles that produce movement, or the nerves and parts of the brain that control these muscles 肌肉运动的；运动神经的
• He has poor motor control/functions. 他的运动神经的控制力／功能较差。
UK ['məʊ.tər] US ['moʊ.tˌɚ] verb intransitive UK old-fashioned
■to drive 驾驶汽车
• I was just motoring along , minding my own business, when suddenly I was stopped by the police. 我正开着车，想着自己的事，突然被员警拦住了。
■informal
■to move or increase very quickly 快速移动；迅速增加
• Shares have motored ahead as profits have risen. 随着利润上升，股价也迅速攀升。
machinery, engine, motor, apparatus, mechanism, machine
这组词都有“机器，装置”的意思，其区别是：
machinery: 指机器的总称。
engine: 既可泛指或大或小、简单或复杂的机械、机器，又可指产生动力的发动机或引擎。
motor: 通常指小型或轻型马达、发动机。
apparatus: 指具有特殊用途的装置。
mechanism: 指运行系统，简单的机械装置。
machine: 普通用词，泛指一切机器。
n. [动力] [电] 发动机，马达；汽车
 - engine, automobile, car
adj. 汽车的；机动的
 - automotive, mobile
vi. 乘汽车
 - auto

Word: sue
Front: sue
[su:] (研六托雅 3137/4092 -2)
Vocabulary: sue
(once / 592 pages)
v
If you sue someone, you're accusing them (in court) of doing something wrong or illegal and demanding that they pay for it. Almost every time someone sues, they're looking for money.
One of the last things you want to hear is "I'll sue you!" People sue for a lot of reasons. If you slipped on the ice, you could sue the sidewalk owner for not putting salt down. If you were in a car accident, you could sue the other driver. Years ago, someone sued McDonald's for scalding themselves on a cup of coffee they said was too hot. Sometimes it seems like people will find any reason to sue.
WORD FAMILY
sue: sued, suer, sues, suing+/ suer: suers
USAGE EXAMPLES
In September a university student sued the education ministry over homophobic textbooks.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
His group is suing the state over the unwieldy shape of six state Senate and five state House of Delegates districts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Shumlin wants to appoint a successor before he leaves office Thursday, but Republicans sued.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 控告，控诉，和…打官司; 请求; 起诉; 提起（诉讼）要求判决
时态：sued, suing, sues
分布：起诉(55%)，控告(31%)，请求(14%)
→来自古法语 suir,追踪，跟随，起诉，来自通俗拉丁语*sequere,跟随，来自拉丁语 sequi,跟随， 词源同 suit,sequence,pursue.后词义限定为控告，起诉。
控告;向...求婚[secut,sequ=follow表示"跟随"]
v.控告,对...提出诉讼,起诉She sued her husband for a divorce.她为求离婚而控告丈夫; 她控告丈夫要求离婚.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to take legal action against a person or organization, especially by making a legal claim for money because of some harm that they have caused you 控告，对…提起诉讼（尤指要求赔偿）
• He was so furious about the accusations in the letter that he threatened to sue. 他对信里的指控愤怒至极，扬言要控告对方。
• She sued the paper for (= in order to get) damages after they wrongly described her as a prostitute. 因为该报纸诽谤她是妓女，她提起诉讼要求赔偿损失。
• She is suing her husband for (= in order to get a) divorce. 她正在和丈夫打官司要求离婚。
sue, accuse, charge
sue: 常与for 搭配。如：Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.
accuse: 指责，指控，常与of 搭配。如：His boss accused him of carelessness.
charge: 常与with搭配。如：The police charged the driver with reckless driving.
vt. 控告；请求
 - law, accuse sb. of sth.
vi. 控告；提出请求
 - law, bring charge against

Word: flavor
Front: flavor
['fleɪvə] (研托 3118/-)
Vocabulary: flavor
(once / 537 pages)
1nv 2n
Flavor is the way something tastes. If an ice cream shop offers 50 flavors, each one of them will taste different.
The flavor of your soup can be adjusted by adding salt — and when you add ingredients to change a food's taste, you can say you flavor it. From the flavor of food comes the sense of flavor meaning "atmosphere" or "feeling." You could say, for example, that you're not crazy about a particular clothing shop because it has such a glitzy, expensive flavor. Flavor initially meant "smell," from the Vulgar Latin flator, "odor."
WORD FAMILY
flavor: flavored, flavorer, flavorful, flavoring, flavorless, flavorous, flavors, flavorsome+/flavored: nonflavored, unflavored/flavorer: flavorers/flavorful: flavorfully/flavoring: flavorings/flavorless: flavorlessness/flavorsome: flavorsomely, flavorsomeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
One such advertisement declared unagi “the irresistible flavor of summer.”
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Flavor Flav, whose son attended the school, showed up to watch.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
It is vegan, and it tastes like tapioca flavored with coconut.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 味; 韵味; 特点; 香料
vt. 给…调味; 给…增添风趣
时态：flavored, flavoring, flavors
分布：风味(87%)，风格(7%)，调味品(3%)，给...添加情趣(1%)，加调料于...(1%)，特殊的滋味(1%)
n.(flavour)情味;风味;滋味v.给...调味A year ago I could go without the foregoing favorite flavor.一年前没有先前最喜爱的风味我也能过.
n. 情味，风味；香料；滋味
 - sapor, palatability

Word: overlook
Front: overlook
[ˌəʊvəˈlʊk] (高研四六托雅宝 3139/3391 -2)
Vocabulary: overlook
(once / 287 pages)
1vn 2v
To overlook something is to fail to see it. When planning a party, it's best to write out a to-do list so that you don't overlook any details.
The verb overlook literally means to look over the top of. The word has come to refer to the act of neglecting something, usually because your focus is aimed elsewhere. You might overlook the cost of car insurance if you’re busy calculating the cost of buying the car and paying for gas and parking. As a noun, an overlook is a space high above ground. You might overlook your curfew if you're busy enjoying an overlook with your date.
WORD FAMILY
overlook: overlooked, overlooking, overlooks+/ look: looked, looker, looking, looks, overlook /looker: lookers/looking: lookingly, lookings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Iowa Natural Resources Department says the man fell about 60 feet from an overlook off Lost Lake Trail around 11:15 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The address is set for the evening of Jan. 10 at McCormick Place, a hulking convention center overlooking Lake Michigan.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In pro sports, never overlook the importance of hate.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 忽视，忽略; 瞭望; 检查; 远眺
n. 从高处眺望到的景色; 忽视，忽略; 可眺望四周的高地
时态：overlooked, overlooking, overlooks
分布：忽视(76%)，俯瞰(16%)，远眺(7%)，没注意到(1%)
→over-,在上，超过，过度，look,看。即在上面看，俯视，眺望。同时也用于否定词义，即看过头，忽略，忽视。比较oversight.
俯视;疏忽(over+look看→在上面看→俯视,z上申为疏忽)[over-①表示"过度,过分"②表示"在……之上"③表示"翻转"]
v.看漏,忽略;俯瞰,眺望;宽容,放任Moreover, the new government overlooked the governor over the oven.而且,新政府忽视了炉子上方的州长.
US [ˌoʊ.və˞-]
VIEW 景色
 ADVANCED
■to provide a view of, especially from above 眺望；（尤指）俯瞰，俯视
• Our hotel room overlooked the harbour. 从我们饭店的房间可眺望港口。
• The house is surrounded by trees, so it's not overlooked at all (= it cannot be seen from any other buildings). 这栋房子四周绿树环绕，所以从其他建筑处根本看不到它。
verb transitive UK [ˌəʊ.vəˈlʊk] US [ˌoʊ.və˞-]
NOT NOTICE 没注意
■to fail to notice or consider something 忽视；忽略，没注意到
• I think there is one key fact that you have overlooked. 我认为你忽略了一个重要的事实。
• No one will be overlooked in the selection of the team. 在组队时不会忽略任何人。
verb transitive UK [ˌəʊ.vəˈlʊk] US [ˌoʊ.və˞-]
FORGIVE 原谅
■to forgive or pretend not to notice something 宽恕，不计较；姑息，对…视而不见
• I'm prepared to overlook his behaviour this time. 这次我打算对他的行为不予计较。
noun countable UK [ˈəʊ.və.lʊk] US [ˈoʊ.və˞-] US a viewpoint
• There are lots of scenic overlooks along the road from New York to Montreal. 从纽约到蒙特利尔的公路沿线有很多美景。
overlook, disregard, omit, neglect, forget, ignore
这组词都有“疏忽，忽略”的意思，其区别是：
overlook: 指因匆忙而疏忽或视而不见。
disregard: 多指有意或自觉地不顾某事。
omit: 指有意或无意地忘记做某事，也指删去被视作不重要、不合意的东西。
neglect: 侧重指有意的忽略或忽视，也可指粗心与疏忽。
forget: 普通用词，侧重某事不重要或太复杂而未能记住，也指有意疏忽或忘掉。
ignore: 通常指有意不顾，或不理显而易见的事物。
pardon, overlook, forgive, excuse
这组词都有“原谅”的意思，其区别是：
pardon: 比excuse正式，指原谅或宽恕严重的过失或法律上的犯罪行为；在社会交场合则指对打搅他人表示歉意。
overlook: 语气较弱，指宽容或不计较无关大局的过失。
forgive: 侧重从心里宽恕某人，暗示放弃一切愤恨和要求报偿的权利。
excuse: 口语常用词，语气较轻。指原谅轻微的过错、疏忽或过失。
vt. 忽略；俯瞰；远眺；检查；高耸于…之上
 - forget, examine, survey, review, inspect
n. 忽视；眺望
 - inobservancy, negligence

Word: float
Front: float
[fləʊt] (高研四六托雅 3140/3498 -K3)
Vocabulary: float
(once / 127 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4v 5v 6n 7n 8n 9n
Float is what you do when you're lying on the water. Hopefully you know how to swim, so you can float suspended on the surface of the water, rather than sinking straight to the bottom.
We typically think of the verb float as something you do on the surface of an ocean or pool, but it's possible to float in mid-air too. You just need to be attached to a parachute so you don't come crashing down to the ground. You can also "float on air" in a more figurative sense. For example, if the person you're in love with suddenly gives you flowers, you could float around for hours feeling like your feet aren't touching the ground.
WORD FAMILY
float: floatation, floated, floater, floating, floats, floaty, flotation, refloat+/floatation: floatations/ floater: floaters/floating: floatingly, floatings/flotation: flotations/refloat: refloated, refloating, refloats
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many floats honored the natural world and the benefits of science.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Three survivors of that attack were on the float titled “To Honor and Remember Orlando.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Or sit on a sailboat and just float around.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）浮动; （使）漂浮; 自由浮动
vi. 游荡
vt. 提出，提请考虑; （股票）上市
n. 彩车; 漂浮物; 浮板; 浮有冰淇淋的饮料
时态：floated, floating, floats
分布：漂浮(67%)，提出(9%)，浮标(8%)，浮现(7%)，飘动(5%)，漂浮物(4%)
→来自pleu, 浮动，飘动，词源同fleet, float, pluvial. 同时用于经济学名词股票发行等。
n.飘浮;漂流物v.浮动;漂浮;传播;动摇When the boat floats through the throat, the goat in overcoat goes to the goal.当船漂过狭口时,穿大衣的山羊朝目标走去.
US [floʊt] verb
NOT SINK 不下沉
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to stay on the surface of a liquid and not sink 漂浮
• An empty bottle will float. 空瓶子能浮起来。
• You can float very easily in/on the Dead Sea because it's so salty. 因为死海含盐量很高，人可以轻松浮在水面上。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
MOVE 移动
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause to) move easily through, or along the surface of a liquid, or to (cause to) move easily through air （使）漂流；（使）浮动；（使）飘动；（使）飘移
• We spent a lazy afternoon floating down/along the river. 我们沿河漂流而下，懒洋洋的渡过了一个下午。
• He tossed the bottle into the waves and watched it float out to sea. 他把瓶子扔到浪中，看着它漂向大海。
• The children enjoy floating their boats on the pond in the park. 孩子们喜欢把玩具船放在公园的池塘里玩。
• Fluffy white clouds were floating across the sky. 绒毛似的白云在天空中飘过。
• figurative The sound of piano-playing floated out through the open window. 从开着的窗户中飘出弹钢琴的声音。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition literary
■to move smoothly and attractively 优雅地移动，飘然移动
• She sort of floats around, like a ballet dancer. 她像个芭蕾舞演员，步态轻盈。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move or act without purpose 漂泊；游荡
• Since he lost his job, he's just floated around/about doing nothing. 自从失业后，他就四处游荡，无所事事。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
SUGGEST 建议
transitive
■to suggest a plan or an idea to be considered 提出，提请考虑（计划或想法）
• Ian has floated the idea that we should think about expanding into Europe next year. 伊恩提议，我们应该考虑明年拓展打入欧洲市场。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
CHANGE VALUE 改变价值
intransitive or transitive specialized
■to allow the value of a country's money to change according to the value of other countries' money （使）（货币）实现汇率自由浮动
• The government has decided to float the pound. 政府决定让英镑汇率自由浮动。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
BUSINESS 企业
transitive
■to start selling shares in a business or company for the first time （公司或企业）首次发行（股票）上市
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
be floating on air mainly UK
■to be very happy 非常高兴，飘飘然
• When he got his exam results he was floating on air. 他得知考试成绩后便飘飘然了。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
float sb's boat informal
■to be what somebody likes or is interested in 是某人喜欢或感兴趣的东西
• Motor racing doesn't really float my boat. 我并不是真的喜欢飙摩托车。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  float around/about informal
OBJECT
■You say that an object is floating around when you think it is not far away but you cannot see exactly where 就在附近
• I can't find my purse, but it must be floating around here somewhere. 我找不到我的钱包了，但是它肯定就在这里附近。
IDEA
■If an idea or story floats around, it is discussed or repeated by a lot of people （想法或故事）流传，传播
• rumours floating around 四处流传的谣言
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] noun
MONEY 钱
only singular UK
■a small sum of money, available before any money is received for goods sold, which is used for giving customers change (= money) （货款到手之前用于给顾客找零的）备用零钱
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
countable
■a large vehicle with a flat surface which is decorated and used in festivals 彩车，花车
• carnival floats 狂欢节彩车
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] noun
NOT SINK 不下沉
countable
■a piece of wood or other light material that stays on the surface of water 浮板；漂浮物；浮子
• Fishing nets are often held in position by floats. 渔网常常用浮子固定。
UK [fləʊt] US [floʊt] noun
DRINK 饮品
countable
■a drink with ice cream on the top 加霜淇淋的饮品
• I'll have a root beer float, please. 请给我来一杯加霜淇淋的麦根沙士。
drift, float
这组词都有“漂流，漂浮”的意思，其区别是：
drift: 多指随风或顺水飘荡，表示动态。
float: 可与drift换用，但侧重指因有液体或气体所支持而不下沉，可表动态或静态。
vt. 使漂浮；实行
 - execute, to put into practice
vi. 浮动；飘动，散播；摇摆；付诸实施
 - fan, swing
n. 彩车，花车；漂流物；浮舟；浮萍
 - drift, caroche

Word: undergo
Front: undergo
[ˌʌndəˈgəʊ] (研四六托雅 3141/3059 -2)
Vocabulary: undergo
(once / 294 pages)
v
Undergo means "endure until something is complete." You might undergo testing to check your hearing or undergo special training if you want to volunteer at a homeless shelter.
The verb undergo means "experience" or "undertake." It is often used to describe medical procedures, such as, an injured quarterback who will undergo shoulder surgery. The word implies that it is something that has to happen so that a positive change occurs, like healing in the case of the quarterback or greater communication skills for a hot-tempered person who undergoes anger management training.
WORD FAMILY
undergo: undergoing, undergone, underwent
USAGE EXAMPLES
His seizures became more severe, and he underwent a tracheotomy to help him breathe.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
McGloin underwent an MRI on Monday after being roughed in the second quarter by Jared Crick.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rollins still needs to undergo more tests, but “everything is progressing in a positive manner,” McCarthy said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 经历，经验; 遭受，承受
时态：underwent, undergone, undergoing, undergoes
分布：经历(63%)，经受(26%)，遭受(11%)
vt.遭受,经历,承受The blunder made the underground instrument undergo an undermining of the thunderbolt.这个失策让地下仪器经受了一次雷电的破坏.
US [-dɚ'goʊ] (undergoing, underwent, undergone)
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to experience something which is unpleasant or which involves a change 经历，经受（令人不快的事或变化）
• She underwent an operation on a tumour in her left lung last year. 她在去年做了一次左肺肿瘤切除手术。
• Cinema in Britain is undergoing a revival of popularity. 英国的电影院正经历着一场复兴。
withstand, undergo, experience, encounter
withstand: 经受，忍受
undergo: 经历（考验、苦难）
experience: 亲身体验
encounter: 遭遇，遇到遭遇或碰上棘手的事
undergo, overcome, overthrow, withhold
undergo: 经受、经历、遭受
overcome: 克服、战胜；
overthrow: 推翻、颠覆；
withhold: 压住、制住、抑制；
sustain, undergo, suffer, experience
这组词都有“经历，经受，遭受”的意思，其区别是：
sustain: 指遭受痛苦或承受负担。
undergo: 多指经受艰难、痛苦、不愉快或危险等事。
suffer: 常可与sustain通用，尤指受到损害或伤害。
experience: 指亲身经受或体验某事。
vt. 经历，经受；忍受
 - experience, stand, stomach, tough, abide

Word: sequence
Front: sequence
[ˈsi:kwəns] (研四六托雅 3143/1691 -2)
Vocabulary: sequence
(once / 722 pages)
nv
When things come in sequence, they come in a specific order. It could be a chronological sequence, a sequence following a pattern (red-blue-brown, red-blue-brown), or a cause-and-effect sequence.
Sequence can also be a verb. When you sequence something, you put it in order. The prom committee had the task of sequencing dance music––even if playing "Celebrate" as the final dance and not the first felt out of sequence to the DJ, it was their call.
WORD FAMILY
sequence: sequenced, sequencer, sequences, sequencing, sequential +/sequencer: sequencers/ sequential: sequentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sequencing is only the first step in what doctors call the “diagnostic odyssey.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“Almost every career trajectory entails a complex sequence of steps, each of which depends on those preceding it,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Later, a stylized dream sequence recalls Gene Kelly’s pursuit of Leslie Caron in the ballet that closes “An American in Paris.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. [数]数列，序列; 顺序; 连续; 片断插曲
vt. 使按顺序排列，安排顺序; [生化]确定…的顺序，确定…的化学结构序列
时态：sequenced, sequencing, sequences
分布：顺序(62%)，一系列(17%)，次序(10%)，连续(8%)，按顺序排好(3%)
→来自拉丁语 sequi,追随，按顺序，词源同 second,pursue.-ence,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
连续(sequ+ence→跟随→连续)[secut,sequ=follow表示"跟随"]
n.先后,次序;连续,数列Subsequently the eloquent man frequently asked the consequence of quenching in sequence.其后雄辩者频繁地询问顺序灭火的结果.
noun
ORDERED SERIES 顺序
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a series of related things or events, or the order in which they follow each other 一连串；一系列；顺序，次序
• The first chapter describes the strange sequence of events that lead to his death. 第一章描述了造成他死亡的一连串奇特事件。
• Is there a particular sequence in which you have to perform these tasks? 你是否得按一定的顺序完成这些任务？
• For the sake of convenience the photographs are shown in chronological sequence (= in the order in which they were taken). 为方便起见，照片按时间顺序展示。
['si:.kwənts] noun
FILM PART 影片的一部分
countable
■a part of a film that shows a particular event or a related series of events （影片中的）一组镜头
• The film's opening sequence is of a very unpleasant murder. 影片开头的一组镜头呈现的是一次令人很不愉快的谋杀。
succession, series, progression, sequence
这组词都有“连续，顺序”的意思，其区别是：
succession: 侧重一些类似的东西或事件一个接一个连续不断。
series: 指按照性质类似或基本相同的关系而安排的一系列事物。
progression: 指向前推进的行为过程或状态的连续。
sequence: 多指时间、空间或事件等有规律、合乎逻辑的连续。
n. [数] [计] 序列；顺序；续发事件
 - order, consecutiveness

Word: demonstration
Front: demonstration
[ˌdemənˈstreɪʃn] (托雅 3142/2547 -3)
Vocabulary: demonstration
(once / 333 pages)
n
A demonstration is a show, or display. If you are against war, you might go to an anti-war demonstration in front of the White House. You might need to see a demonstration of napkin folding before you take a job as a waitress.
Dressing well for a job interview and showing up on time is considered a demonstration of your seriousness about the job. Crying is a demonstration of your feelings. If you sell website design you can make a demonstration site, or demo, so clients can see what they would get if they hired you.
WORD FAMILY
demonstration: counterdemonstration, demonstrations+/counterdemonstration: counterdemonstrations/counterdemonstrator: counterdemonstrators/ demonstrable: demonstrability, demonstrably/ demonstrate: demonstrable, demonstrated, demonstrates, demonstrating, demonstration, demonstrative, demonstrator /demonstrated: demonstratedly/ demonstrative: demonstratively, demonstrativeness, demonstratives, undemonstrative/ demonstrator: counterdemonstrator, demonstrators/undemonstrative: undemonstratively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Harriott and George F. Smith, St. Thomas’s athletic director, learned about the robots through an alumni parent, and asked for a demonstration.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The signing of the agreement in April set off the largest demonstrations of el-Sissi’s two-year rule.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The demonstration starts at 11 a.m. on the upscale shopping district along Michigan Avenue.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 游行示威; 示范; 证明; 表露
分布：示范(60%)，实证(20%)，示威游行(18%)，表达(2%)
→来自demonstrate, 展示，示范。用来指流行示威等。
证明;示威游行[monstr=show,表示"显示"]
noun
SHOW 展示
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you show someone how to do something, or how something works 演示，示范
• This disaster is a clear demonstration of the need for tighter controls. 这场灾难清楚表明需要进一步加强管理。
• Let me give you a demonstration of how the camera works. 让我来给你示范一下照相机的工作原理。
• She told us how easy it was to use the computer, then by way of demonstration simply pressed a few keys on the keyboard. 她告诉我们使用电脑非常容易，然后在键盘上敲击了几个键给我们作了示范。
• We're going to a cookery demonstration tonight. 今天晚上我们要去看烹饪表演。
[ˌdem.ən'streɪ.ʃən] noun
MARCH 行进
 ADVANCED countable (informal demo)
■when a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someone 游行，示威
• The students are holding a demonstration to protest against the increase in their fees. 学生们举行游行示威，抗议学费上涨。
• Protesters staged an anti-war demonstration in front of the US embassy. 抗议者在美国使馆前举行反战示威活动。
[ˌdem.ən'streɪ.ʃən] noun
EXPRESSION 表达
countable or uncountable
■a way of expressing a feeling or a quality 表示；表达；表现；表明
• Huge crowds followed the funeral procession in a public demonstration of grief. 大批群众跟在葬礼队伍的后面，公开表达他们的悲痛。
• There has been little demonstration of support for the proposal so far. 到目前为止，很少有人对这个提案表示支持。
exhibition, demonstration
exhibition: 展示，展览
demonstration: 示范，证实
procession, parade, demonstration
这组词都有“游行”的意思，其区别是：
procession: 指举行庆祝活动或盛大仪式时庄严行进的有秩序的游行队伍或行列。
parade: 多指盛大和正式的游行，有检阅等活动。
demonstration: 侧重指抗议的示威性游行。
n. 示范；证明；示威游行
 - authentication, certification, proof, evidence, march

Word: jet
Front: jet
[dʒet] (高研四六 3144/3846 -3)
Vocabulary: jet
(once / 294 pages)
1nadj 2nv 3nv 4n
A jet is an airplane that can rapidly travel long distances. To jet is the act of getting somewhere quickly, by jet or any other way, as in, "Do you see what time it is? We better jet!"
A jet is an aircraft that gets its power from jet engines rather than propellers. Jets are fast — that's probably why as a verb, jet means "to move quickly," either by taking a jet, like the celebrities who jet around the world, or the more ordinary "if I don't jet, I'll be late for school." Dishwashers and certain kinds of tubs have jets, tiny openings that push water out with great force. The streams of water are also called, you guessed it, jets.
WORD FAMILY
jet: jets, jetted, jetting
USAGE EXAMPLES
A minute into a monitoring round on recent morning, the shadowy shapes of six turtles jetted across a reef.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Airport officials say the landing gear on the Hawker Jet collapsed on landing Monday afternoon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After a 5-11 season, changes will be demanded of the Jets.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 喷嘴，喷雾; 喷气式飞机; 喷射流; 煤玉
vi. 乘喷气式飞机; 射出
adj. 黑玉制的或黑玉似的; 象炭一般黑的
vt. 喷射，喷出
时态：jetted, jetting, jets
分布：喷射(43%)，喷气式飞机(34%)，喷口(8%)，喷气式发动机(7%)，喷出(7%)，搭乘喷射式飞机(1%)
→来自中古法语jeter,扔，投掷，来自拉丁语jactare,来自jacere,扔，投掷，词源同project,eject.引申词义水流，喷水嘴，喷气，喷气式飞机等。jet 煤玉，黑玉，黑色大理石
n.喷气发动机,喷气式飞机;喷口v.喷出,喷射The wet pet in the net hasn't got on the jet plane yet.网中的湿宠物还没有登上喷气飞机.
verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-tt-) informal
■to travel somewhere by plane 搭飞机旅行
• I'm jetting off to New Zealand next week. 我下周要搭飞机到纽西兰。
[dʒet] noun
AIRCRAFT 飞机
 IMPROVER countable
■an aircraft with a jet engine , which is able to fly very fast 喷射机
• a jet plane 喷射机
• a private jet 私人喷射机
• We flew to New York by jet. 我们搭喷射机到了纽约。
⇒ See also jetliner
[dʒet] noun
STREAM 流
countable
■a thin stream of something, such as water or gas, which is forced out of a small hole （水、气体等的）喷射流
• She turned on the hose and a jet of water sprayed across the garden. 她打开水管，一股水流向花园喷洒而去。
countable
■a small hole in a piece of equipment through which gas or another fuel is forced before it is burned 喷嘴，喷射口
• I think the gas jet must be blocked, because the oven won't light. 我想煤气喷嘴一定是堵住了，因为炉子点不着。
[dʒet] noun
STONE 石头
uncountable
■a hard black stone which shines when it is rubbed and is used to make jewellery and other decorative objects 煤玉，黑色大理石，黑玉
aeroplane, airplane, aircraft, plane, jet, helicopter
这些名词均有“飞机”之意。
aeroplane: 和airplane专指普通飞机，不包括helicopter(直升飞机)。aeroplane为英国英语的拼法。
airplane: 为美国英语的用词。
aircraft: 常用作集体名词，也可指一架飞机，其含义包括直升飞机和飞艇等。
plane: 本义为“平面”，在航空专业里通常用aeroplane。plane较通俗用词。
jet: 指喷气式飞机，也用jet plane。
helicopter: 指直升飞机。
n. [流] 喷射， [机] 喷嘴； [航] 喷气式飞机；黑玉
 - emission, ejection nozzle
adj. 墨黑的
 - coal-black, jet-black
vt. 射出
 - shoot out, send up
vi. 射出； [航] 乘喷气式飞机
 - shoot out, send up

Word: orange
Front: orange
[ˈɒrɪndʒ] (中高 3145/3959 -K3)
Vocabulary: orange
(once / 473 pages)
1n 2nadj
An orange is a citrus tree that produces sweet-smelling white blossoms, and eventually, oranges. Orange, as in the bright color, comes from the name of the fruit and tends to be used for items we need to notice: like road construction signs and prison jumpsuits.
Oranges grow in warm places like Florida, California, and Brazil, where they are harvested to be eaten and made into juice and other products. The color of the orange, in varying hues, is also orange, a warm, sunny shade that falls between red and yellow on the color spectrum. The first orange trees probably grew in India, and the word itself has its roots in the Sanskrit naranga-s, "orange tree."
WORD FAMILY
orange: orange-colored, orangeness, orangery, oranges+/orangery: orangeries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau on Monday extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Monday, the Beijing government maintained its orange alert for heavy pollution and continued a ban on heavy-duty construction trucks from using the roads.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 桔子，橙子; [植]桔树; 橙色; 桔色
adj. 橙色的; 橘色的; 桔红色的
分布：橙色的(86%)，橙黄色(14%)
→来自古法语orange,来自拉丁语pomum de orenge,来自意大利语narancia,最终来自梵语naranga,橘树，本主为芳香的，散发香味的。
n.柑,桔,橙In the exchange the oranges are arranged into strange ranges.在交易所里橙子被排成奇怪的行.
US ['ɔ:r-] adjective noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(of) a colour between red and yellow 橙色（的），橘黄色（的）
• The setting sun filled the sky with a deep orange glow. 落日的余晖将天空染成了橙红色。
UK ['ɒr.ɪndʒ] US ['ɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a round sweet fruit which has a thick orange skin and an orange centre divided into many parts 橙；橘；柑
• a glass of orange juice 一杯橙汁
adj. 橙色的；橘色的
 - aurantia
n. [园艺] 橙；橙色；桔子
 - aurantium

Word: consumption
Front: consumption
[kənˈsʌmpʃn] (研四六托雅 3146/2561 -2)
Vocabulary: consumption
(once / 347 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Consumption means using, buying or eating something. If we don't reduce our energy consumption, we will run out of fuel. Conspicuous consumption is buying something to show off.
Consumption is related to the verb consume, which means to eat, use, or buy. You will often read about consumption in terms of rate––how fast we are using up a particular resource. If you consume ten cookies in an hour, your rate of consumption is ten cookies an hour. Sustainable? Let's hope not.
WORD FAMILY
consumption: consumptions+/ consume: consumable, consumed, consumer, consumes, consuming, consumption, consumptive/consumed: unconsumed/ consumer: consumerism, consumers/ consuming: consumingly/consumptive: consumptively, consumptives/unconsumed: unconsumedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
My female GP changed my condition to non-morbid obesity after I complained that the previous label, obesity due to excess food consumption, was inaccurate.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
This is a common-sense effect: Increased oil supply leads to increased oil consumption.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The financial center also remains an important transit and consumption hub for illegal ivory to China and the rest of Asia.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 消费; 肺病; 耗尽; [医学]消耗性疾病
分布：消费(72%)，消耗(26%)，肺痨(2%)
→来自consume, 消费，消耗。
n.消费(量),消耗The nation's consumption of coal decreased continuously last year.去年全国耗煤量继续下降.
noun uncountable
USE 使用
 ADVANCED
■the amount used or eaten 消费量；消耗量
• As a nation, our consumption of junk food is horrifying. 我们整个国家对垃圾食品的消费量十分惊人。
• We need to cut down on our fuel consumption by having fewer cars on the road. 我们需要透过减少路上行驶的车辆以降低燃料消耗。
■when someone uses, eats, or drinks something 食用；消费；消耗
• The meat was clearly unfit for human consumption (= not suitable for people to eat). 这肉显然不适合供人食用。
• These products are not for national consumption, but for export. 这些产品只供出口不供国内消费。
■when information, entertainment, etc. is intended for a particular group of people （资讯、娱乐等供某类人的）专用
• This memo is for internal consumption only. 这份备忘录仅供内部使用。
• The movie was not intended for public consumption. 这出电影不打算公开放映。
[kən'sʌmp.ʃən] noun uncountable
DISEASE 疾病 old-fashioned for
■ tuberculosis (= a serious disease of the lungs) 结核病
n. [经] 消费；消耗；肺痨
 - expense, depletion

Word: assert
Front: assert
[əˈsɜ:t] (研六托雅宝 3147/3438 -2)
Vocabulary: assert
(once / 109 pages)
v
Asserting is all about standing up for what you believe. You might assert an opinion, your innocence, or even your authority over someone else.
The verb assert can be used for both opinions and for oneself. When asked, you can politely assert your desire to go to the amusement park for your birthday. If no one listens to you, you can assert yourself and forcefully state that you really want to go the amusement park for your birthday. If that fails, you should just take yourself to the amusement park for your birthday. And get better friends.
WORD FAMILY
assert: assertable, asserted, asserter, asserting, assertion, assertive, asserts, reassert +/asserted: assertedly/asserter: asserters/asserting: assertingly, self-asserting/ assertion: assertions, self-assertion / assertive: assertively, assertiveness, nonassertive, self-assertive, unassertive/assertiveness: self-assertiveness/ reassert: reasserted, reasserting, reassertion, reasserts/reassertion: reassertions/unassertive: unassertively, unassertiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he did assert that some recent published reports about him contained factual errors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While on his annual vacation in Oahu, Obama asserted himself forcefully on two foreign policy issues that put him in direct conflict with Trump.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Organisers say the US election proved a “catalyst for a grassroots movement of women to assert the positive values that the politics of fear denies”.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 声称，断言; 维护，坚持; 坚持自己的主张; 生效
时态：asserted, asserting, asserts
分布：断言(73%)，维护(21%)，生效(6%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. 词根ser, 连结，见series. 原指把手放在奴隶头上，宣称对奴隶所有权。 -t, 过去分词格。
断言;主张(as+sert→强行插入观点→断言)[sert=join,insert表示"加入,插入"]
vt.断言,宣称;坚持;主张(权利,权威等)The assessor asserts that he inserted the deserted desserts in the desert with alert.估价人认定他用警惕把被抛弃的甜点心插入沙漠中.
【记】as一再，sert参与－一再参与（讨论）－断言，主张
US [-'sɝ:t] verb transitive
assert yourself
 ADVANCED
■to behave in a way which expresses your confidence, importance or power and earns you respect from others 坚持自己的主张；表现坚定
• I really must assert myself more in meetings. 我在会议上确实必须立场更坚定一些。
■formal
■to say that something is certainly true 断言；肯定地说
• [+ that] He asserts that she stole money from him. 他一口咬定她偷了他的钱。
■to do something to show that you have power 主张；维护；坚持
• Throughout the Cold War, the Allies asserted their right to move freely between the two Berlins. 冷战期间，盟国自始至终坚持其在东西柏林之间自由来往的权利。
• She very rarely asserts her authority over the children. 她很少摆出大人的权威来管教孩子。
allege, testify, affirm, maintain, assert, claim
这组词都有“断言，声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: 多指无真凭实据，不提供证据的断言或宣称。
testify: 多指在法庭作证，庄严地宣称自己所说属实。
affirm: 侧重在作出断言时表现出的坚定与不可动摇的态度。
maintain: 与assert近义，但前者指坚决维护某种主张或观点。
assert: 主观意味强，指自认为某事就是如此，而不管事实如何。
claim: 可与assert换用，但语气弱一些，侧重指行为自己的权利提出要求他人承认。
allege, affirm, announce, proclaim, assert, claim
这组词都有“声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。
 • The suspect alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at the time of the crime.   嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。
affirm: v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是deny的反义词。
 • He affirmed his love for her.   他发誓爱她。
announce: v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主张或态度，常常带有预告的意味。
 • The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of knowledge.   印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。
proclaim: v.宣布；宣告(成立)。指经过深思熟虑后向大众宣布一个明确的决定或判断，尤其指重大事件的宣布，多用于官方场合。
 • The president proclaimed an emergency when the war came.   当战争来临的时候总统宣布进入紧急状态。
assert: v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个情况为事实。
 • She asserted that she was innocent .   她宣称自己是无辜的。
claim: v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。
 • They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city.   他们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。
vt. 维护，坚持；断言；主张；声称
 - maintain, say, submit, stay, advocate

Word: blade
Front: blade
[bleɪd] (研四六托宝 3148/4000 -K2)
Vocabulary: blade
(once / 341 pages)
1n 2n
A blade is a very sharp metal edge of a tool. A good cooking knife should have its blade sharpened regularly.
Knives, swords, and razors have blades, metal edges so fine and thin that they can cut and slice. The shoulder bone is sometimes called a "shoulder blade," and a piece of grass is also a blade. In fact, the original meaning of the Old English blæd was "leaf," and then "something resembling a leaf." In the 14th century, the word was applied to swords, based on their shape — similar to a leaf or blade of grass.
WORD FAMILY
blade: bladelike, blades
USAGE EXAMPLES
The tip of the blade should be parallel to the dominant shoulder.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say troopers on an investigative team searched the home in Blades on Thursday.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The new year might end up being a banner year for the director of the original Blade Runner, Ridley Scott.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 刀片，剑; （壳、草等的）叶片; 桨叶; 浮华少年
分布：叶片(62%)，刀刃(20%)，刀锋(10%)，桨叶(8%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，生长，繁茂，同blow. 原指生长的叶子，叶片，后指刀片。
n.刀刃,刀片;桨叶;草叶,叶片The academic topic is why the blade of the spade is still sharp after decades' decay.学术话题是为什么铁锨刃口经过几十年的腐烂之后仍然锋利.
noun countable
FLAT PART 平面
 IMPROVER
■the flat part on a knife or similar tool or weapon, with a very thin edge used for cutting 刀身；刀片；刀刃
• a sword with a steel blade 钢剑
• a packet of razor blades 一包剃须刀片
■a wide flat part on a tool or machine, used to push back water or air （机器上推动水或空气的）桨叶，桨身
• a propeller blade 螺旋桨
• windscreen wiper blades 挡风玻璃水拨；雨刷
■used in the names of other objects which are flat, thin and sometimes long, like a blade 叶片状物
• a shoulder blade 肩胛骨
• a blade of grass 草叶
[bleɪd] noun countable
MAN 人 old use
■an attractive and confident young man 有吸引力、自信的年轻男子
• a dashing young blade 一个精神抖擞，潇洒自若的年轻人
n. [植] [脊椎] 叶片； [机] 刀片，刀锋；剑
 - sword, vane

Word: temporary
Front: temporary
[ˈtemprəri] (高研四六托雅 3150/2302 -K3)
Vocabulary: temporary
(once / 184 pages)
adjn
Use the adjective temporary to describe something that is not permanent. "Oh my goodness! That's a tattoo," your mother might shriek. You might tell her not to worry, since it's only temporary, and will wear off in a few days.
The adjective temporary is used to describe something that isn't permanent or lasts only a short time. Its roots are in the Latin word tempus, meaning "time or season." An employee who isn't a permanent addition to the staff is temporary and in this use, the word is often shortened to temp. The lull in the wind and rain is only temporary, because you know you are in the eye of the storm.
WORD FAMILY
temporary: temporaries, temporarily, temporariness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Fiji government imposed a temporary ban on turtle harvesting in 1995 to halt the decline.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The teams play mostly in conventional gyms set up with temporary barriers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The temporary closure blocked all traffic except residents and lift ticket holders at the resort about 40 miles from Las Vegas.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 临时的，暂时的; 短暂的
n. 临时工，临时雇员
分布：暂时的(43%)，临时的(29%)，临时工(28%)
→来自 temporal,时间的，-ary,形容词后缀。原义为持续一段时间的，后引申词义临时的，暂时 的。
临时的(tempor+ary→有时间性的→临时的)[temper,tempor=time,表示"时间"或时间引起的现象]
短暂的(tempor时间)[-ary 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,场所,物"]
a.暂时的,临时的I got a temporary job.我找到一份临时工作.
US [-pə.rer.i] adjective
 IMPROVER
■not lasting or needed for very long 短暂的；暂时的，临时的
• The ceasefire will only provide a temporary solution to the crisis. 停火只能暂时解决危机。
• temporary staff 临时工作人员
Compare permanent
transient, temporary, momentary
这组词都有“短暂的，瞬息的”的意思，其区别是：
transient: 指停留或延续的时间很短。
temporary: 普通用词，其反义是permanent。指持续有限的可计时间，着重暂时的存在、应用或效应。
momentary: 指瞬时即逝的，也表明间很短的。
adj. 暂时的，临时的
 - extraordinary, odd, interim
n. 临时工，临时雇员
 - super, casual laborer

Word: medication
Front: medication
[ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃn] (3149/8710 -2)
Vocabulary: medication
(once / 1906 pages)
n
If your doctor prescribes something for you to take, it's medication. Medication is another way to say "medicine" or "drug." Your poison ivy rash might be so bad that you need to take medication to stop the itching.
People need medication for all sorts of illnesses and disorders throughout their lives, from headache medication to medication for cancer treatment. In the fifteenth century, the word meant "medical treatment of a disease or wound," from the Latin medicationem, "healing or cure," with its root in medicus, which means both "healing" and "physician."
WORD FAMILY
medication: medications+/ medicate: medicated, medicates, medicating, medication, medicative/medicative: unmedicative
USAGE EXAMPLES
As he developed tolerance, the pain medications became increasingly ineffective.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
They tally the number of medication errors, the number of patients injured in falls and the number who develop infections after certain types of surgery.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Spurning the American tendency to treat every ailment with medication, he instead explored the body’s ability to heal itself.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 药物，药剂; 药物治疗; 药物处理; 加入药物
分布：药物(76%)，药物治疗(22%)，医药(2%)
→来自medicate,用药物治疗。引申词义药，药物。
noun countable or uncountable
■a medicine, or a set of medicines or drugs used to improve a particular condition or illness 药物，药剂
• He is currently on/taking medication for his heart. 目前他正在服用治疗心脏病的药物。
• In the study, patients were taken off their usual medications. 在这项研究中，病人不再服用他们惯服的药物。
medication, remedy, chemical, medicine, cure, drug
这组词都有“药”的意思，其区别是：
medication: 指医生开给病人用的一切药物，从最简单的阿斯匹林到最复杂的药物。
remedy: 普通用词，侧重指对恢复健康有效的药品或治疗方法。
chemical: 多指工业或化学中的药品，有时也指医药中的药品。
medicine: 普通用词，可指药物的总称，也指一切有利于健康的东西。
cure: 比remedy更强调使身体恢复健康的疗法或良药。
drug: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指任何用于预防或治疗肉体上或精神上疾病的药品。用复数形式，多指毒品。
n. 药物；药物治疗；药物处理
 - drugs, pharmaceutical

Word: cabin
Front: cabin
[ˈkæbɪn] (研四六托雅 3152/4831 -2)
Vocabulary: cabin
(once / 129 pages)
nv
A small wooden hut or cottage can be called a cabin, especially if it's in a remote or wooded place. Your grandfather's cabin on a lake might be your favorite place to visit in the summer.
You might dream of living in a cabin deep in the forest, or on the edge of a mountain. Another kind of cabin is a small compartment or room, particularly one on a ship or an airplane. If you have "cabin fever," it means you're restless and cranky after being stuck in a small space for too long. The word comes from a Late Latin root, capanna, "hut."
WORD FAMILY
cabin: cabined, cabining, cabins
USAGE EXAMPLES
In one case, he was chided for spending $127,000 in public funds for a special sleeping cabin on a flight to London.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition, book an oceanview cabin or one in a higher category and receive free WiFi.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Air rage is more common on flights with a first-class cabin.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. <美>小木屋; 客舱; （轮船上工作或生活的）隔间
vt. 把…关在小屋里; 使受拘束
vi. 住在小屋里
时态：cabined, cabining, cabins
分布：机舱(38%)，小木屋(30%)，船舱(29%)，抑制(2%)，住在小屋(1%)
→来自拉丁词capanna, 棚屋。
n.客舱,机舱;小(木)屋They rented a cabin for their vacation.他们为度假租了一间小屋.
noun countable
HOUSE 房子
■a small, simple house made of wood 小木屋；小棚屋
• a log cabin 原木小屋
['kæb.ɪn] noun countable
SHIP 船
■a small room where you sleep in a ship 船舱
['kæb.ɪn] noun countable
AIRCRAFT 飞机
■the area where passengers sit in an aircraft 座舱
shed, cabin, but, cottage
这组词都有“小屋”的意思，其区别是：
shed: 一般指四壁没有完全封闭，供牲畜用或储藏东西、停放车辆等的简易棚屋。
cabin: 多指建造粗糙的简陋小木屋，也指旅客或船员住的船舱。现在也指节假日游游者的简便住房。
but: 多指供居住或遮避风雨的简易小屋。
cottage: 指穷苦人住的乡间小茅屋。现在也指雅致的小住宅，在美国可指别墅。
n. 小屋； [船] 客舱；船舱
 - shed, cottage

Word: bite
Front: bite
[baɪt] (高研四托雅 3153/3294 -K5)
Back: vt. & vi. 咬; 叮
n. 咬; 咬伤; 疼痛; 受骗
vi. 刺痛; 咬饵; 有咬（或叮）的习性; （人）上当
vt. （辣椒，胡椒等）刺激; （齿轮，螺丝，钳子，锚等）咬住; （利器等）刺进; （寒风等）刺骨
abbr. 机内测试设备(Built-In Test Equipment)
时态：bit, biting, bites
分布：咬(81%)，叮(9%)，一口(9%)，蜇(1%)
→来自PIE *bheid, 咬，撕，词源同bit, boat.
v./n.咬,叮n.一口I feel a bit of bitterness for his ambitious exhibition.我为他雄心勃勃的展览感到一点点触痛.
verb (bit, bitten)
USE TEETH 咬
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to use your teeth to cut into something or someone 咬；叮；螫
• He bit into the apple. 他咬了一口苹果。
• An insect bit me on the arm. 有一只小虫子叮了我的手臂。
• He bites his fingernails. 他咬指甲。
intransitive
■When a fish bites, it swallows the food on the hook (= curved piece of wire) at the end of a fishing line （鱼）上钩，上钓，吞饵
• The fish aren't biting today. 今天鱼不上钓。
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
AFFECT BADLY 不良影响
intransitive
■to have a bad or unpleasant effect 产生不良影响，起不良作用
• Higher mortgage rates are beginning to bite. 较高的贷款利率现在开始出现不良后果了。
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
SHOW INTEREST 感兴趣
intransitive
■to show interest in buying something 对于买…感兴趣
• The new service is now available but clients don't seem to be biting. 现在有了这种新服务，但客户好像不怎么感兴趣。
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
bite sb's head off informal
■to speak to someone in a quick angry way, for no good reason 无缘无故地对（某人）发火，莫名其妙地对（某人）发脾气
• I only asked if I could help - there's no need to bite my head off! 我只是问一下我能否帮上忙——没必要无缘无故地对我发火！
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
bite your lip
■to prevent yourself from showing your reaction to something by speaking or laughing 忍住话；抑制情感流露
• I really wanted to laugh - I had to bite my lip. 我真的想笑——但我只能忍住。
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
bite your tongue
■to stop yourself from saying something which you would really like to say 缄口不语
• I wanted to tell him exactly what I thought of him, but I had to bite my tongue. 我本想明确告诉他我对他的看法，但我不得不保持沉默。
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
Bite me! offensive US
■used to say to someone that they have made you feel angry or embarrassed 少跟我来这一套！
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
bite off more than you can chew informal
■to try to do something which is too difficult for you 承担力所不及的事；不自量力
• Clinton conceded, "We bit off more than we could chew in our original health care reform proposals." 克林顿承认：“我们最初的医疗改革计划超出了能力。”
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
bite the bullet
■to force yourself to do something unpleasant or difficult, or to be brave in a difficult situation 咬紧牙关应付，硬着头皮应付；勇敢地面对
• I hate going to the dentist, but I suppose I'll just have to bite the bullet. 我不愿去看牙医，但看来我不得不硬着头皮去。
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
bite the dust
■to fall so that your body hits the ground heavily 重重倒在地上
• As they came round the bend several riders bit the dust. 几个车手在转弯时摔倒了。
■* to die
■* to end in failure 失败，完蛋
• His career bit the dust when he lost his job. 失业后，他的事业也以失败告终。
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
bite the hand that feeds you
■to act badly towards the person who is helping or has helped you 恩将仇报，忘恩负义
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
come back to bite you
■If something will come back to bite you, it will become a bigger problem in the future because you have not dealt with it. 得到报应
• If I don't do something now, the issue might come back to bite me. 如果我现在不采取措施，将来可能会受到这件事的拖累。
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
sb/sth won't bite humorous
■you do not need to be frightened of a particular person or thing …不用害怕
• Just go and ask her - she won't bite. 你去问问她——别怕，她不会咬你的。
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bite sth back UK
■to stop yourself from saying something or from expressing an emotion 忍住（话），抑制（情感）
• bite back tears/laughter 忍住眼泪／笑声
[baɪt] verb (bit, bitten)
  Phrasal Verbs  bite into sth
■to reduce something valuable 使…贬值
• People are worried about inflation biting into their savings and investments. 人们担心通货膨胀使自己的储蓄和投资贬值。
[baɪt] noun
USE TEETH 咬
countable
■when you bite something 咬，叮
• He took a bite (= bit a piece) out of the apple. 他咬了一口苹果。
• He had two bites of apple. 他咬了两口苹果。
countable
■a sore place or injury where an animal or insect has bitten you 咬伤；叮痕
only singular
■when a fish bites the hook (= curved piece of wire) on the end of a fishing line and is caught （鱼的）吞饵
have a bite to eat (also have a quick bite) informal
■to eat some food or a small meal 吃点儿东西
[baɪt] noun
STRONG TASTE 强烈味道
uncountable
■If food has bite, it has a sharp or strong taste 强烈的味道，辛辣的味道
• I like mustard with a bit of bite. 我喜好味道稍微辛辣的芥末。
[baɪt] noun
STRONG EFFECT 强烈影响
uncountable
■a powerful effect 强烈的影响
• This satire has (real) bite. 这篇讽刺作品很有感染力。
[baɪt] noun
another /a second bite of the cherry
■another opportunity to do something 做…的第二次机会
• He missed a medal in the 100m, but will get a second bite of the cherry in the 400m. 他失去了100米赛跑的金牌，不过在400米赛跑中仍有机会。
bite, snap, gnaw, chew
这组词都有“咬、啃”的意思，其区别是：
bite: 指用牙齿钳住或切断，或咬一口。
snap: 指突然猛咬。
gnaw: 指连续不断用齿咬。
chew: 指用牙磨碎。
vt. 咬；刺痛
 - cut, gnaw at
n. 咬；一口；咬伤；刺痛
 - smart, mouthful
vi. 咬；刺痛
 - smart, gnaw at

Word: edition
Front: edition
[ɪˈdɪʃn] (高研四六雅 3155/2537 -K4)
Vocabulary: edition
(once / 104 pages)
1n 2n
An edition is a particular version of a publication. A book collector will pay a lot of money for a first edition of an important work (but that probably doesn’t include any of the paperbacks on your shelf).
Edition can also refer to a book’s format. If you really enjoy reading a particular book, you might want to purchase a leather-bound, gilded-edge edition of it. In addition, edition can designate a particular issue of a newspaper. If you're a fan of crossword puzzles, you know that the toughest puzzle usually appears in the weekend edition.
WORD FAMILY
edition: editions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Golf Digest will unveil the latest edition of America's 100 Greatest Golf Courses later this week.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Lagavulin is launching a single cask edition of 522 bottles of its single malt to raise funds for local projects.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
That’s why the Rose Bowl is on Jan. 2 for just the 14th time in its 103 editions.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 版次，版本; （报纸、杂志的）一份; （广播、电视节目的）一期; （书、报、杂志等的）一版印刷总数
分布：版(78%)，版本(22%)
→来自edit, 编辑。
n.版,版本,版次It's incredible that the editor's editorial in this edition is edible.本版中的编辑社论可以食用让人难以置信.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a particular form in which a book, magazine or newspaper is published 版本
• the paperback / hardback edition of the dictionary 该词典的平装／精装本
• The regional editions of the paper contain specific information for that area. 该报地方版刊登一些针对当地读者的内容。
 IMPROVER
■a single broadcast of a series of radio or television programmes （广播电视节目的）一期，一辑
• This morning's edition of 'Women's Hour' is at the earlier time of a quarter to ten. 今天上午的《妇女时光》节目将提前到九点四十五分播出
 IMPROVER
■the total number of copies of a particular book, newspaper, etc. that are published at the same time 一版印刷总数；版次
• She collects first editions of nineteenth century authors. 她收藏19世纪作家著作的初版本。
■US
■one of a series of repeated events （一系列重复进行的事件中的）一次，一回，一届
• The 77th edition of the Indianapolis 500 was held before an estimated 450 000 fans. 第77届印弟安纳波里斯500英里汽车赛吸引了大约45万车迷观看。
edition, issue/number, version, copy
edition: 版数；
issue/number: 期数；
version: 译本，版本
copy: 册数；
n. [图情] 版本
 - version

Word: valley
Front: valley
[ˈvæli] (高研四六雅 2793/1795 -K3)
Vocabulary: valley
(once / 67 pages)
n
If you live in a valley, you probably get more fog than they do up in the hills around you. Fog tends to be more common down in the valley, the low area that often forms near a river.
If you're into fishing, swimming, and tubing, then a valley is the place for you, because valleys usually have rivers or other streams running through them. The Napa Valley is an area in northern California that is famous for its good wine and food, though technically it's not all a valley; parts of it are quite hilly. Another famous valley, the San Fernando, lies at the foot of the hills of Los Angeles. You might have heard of the infamous "Valley Girl." In movies, Valley girls are usually blonde and say "like" and "totally" a lot. "Like, oh, my God! That low, flat stretch of terrain, is like, totally a valley!"
WORD FAMILY
valley: valleys
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Frenchman won Olympic gold in the downhill at the 1960 winter games in Squaw Valley, California.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In central Mexico’s Mezquital Valley, new pick-up trucks bounce along unpaved roads and U.S.-style houses are springing up alongside cornfields.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Air Force, the Federal Aviation Administration and industry experts — found “buckles,” or valleys, in the vessels’ inner liners.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 山谷，溪谷，峡谷，谷地，深谷; 流域; [建筑]屋顶排水沟，屋面斜沟
分布：山谷(90%)，流域(6%)，溪谷(4%)
→来自拉丁语vallis,山谷，词源同vale.
n.(山)谷;流域A gallon of gasoline and the nylon overalls fall into the valley.一加仑汽油和尼龙工作裤落进了山谷.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an area of low land between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it 谷；山谷，溪谷
• the Nile Valley 尼罗河谷
• the Thames valley 泰晤士河流域
• There was snow on the hill tops but not in the valley. 山顶上有雪，但山谷里没有。
n. [地理] 山谷；流域；溪谷
 - hollow, hill and dale

Word: yours
Front: yours
[jɔ:z] (中高 3156/2133 -K3)
Back: pron. 你（们）的东西; 你的责任[义务]; 你的家属; 来信，尊函
adj. 你（们）的（东西）; 信末署名前用语
分布：你的(85%)，你们的(15%)
pron.[you的物主代词]你(们)的(所有物)All good wishes to you and yours.祝你及你的家人安好.
US [jʊrz] pronoun
PERSON/PEOPLE ADDRESSED 所称呼的一个人／多个人
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that something belongs to or is connected with the person or group of people being spoken or written to 你的；您的；你们的
• Is this pen yours? 这支钢笔是你的吗？
• Unfortunately my legs aren't as long as yours. 可惜我的腿不如你的长。
• I've got something of yours (= that belongs to you). 我有一些你的东西。
 ESSENTIAL
■used at the beginning of some phrases written at the end of a letter, before giving a name （用于信末署名前的客套语）
• Yours, Jack 你的，杰克
• UK Yours faithfully/sincerely , K. Maxwell. 你忠实的／真诚的，K.马克斯韦尔。
UK [jɔ:z] US [jʊrz] pronoun
PEOPLE GENERALLY 泛指人
■used to show that something belongs to or is connected with people generally （用于泛指）你的，任何人的
• Other people's children always seem to be better behaved than yours. 别人的孩子总是看起来比自己的更乖。
UK [jɔ:z] US [jʊrz] pronoun
yours truly informal
■used to mean the person who is speaking or writing, often when they are talking about something they have done unwillingly （常用于谈论勉强所做的事时）本人，鄙人
• She didn't have any money, so yours truly ended up having to lend her some. 她身无分文，最后鄙人只好借给她一些。

Word: pitch
Front: pitch
[pɪtʃ] (研四六托雅宝 3157/2652 -K3)
Vocabulary: pitch
(once / 109 pages)
1nv 2nv 3vn 4nv 5nv 6nv 7nv 8v 9n
In baseball, the ball is pitched (thrown). Elsewhere, writers, salesmen, and other folks make pitches (proposals).
There's a long list of pitches, both nouns and verbs. A salesman can give you a sales pitch, when he tells you all the reasons you should buy what he's selling. A high, short golf shot is a pitch. If you are singing the right notes to a song then you are on pitch. A rocking boat is pitching. The only way to know which pitch is meant is to look at the situation and who's using the word.
WORD FAMILY
pitch: pitched, pitcher, pitches, pitching, pitchy+/pitcher: pitcherful, pitchers/pitcherful: pitcherfuls/pitching: pitchings/pitchy: pitchiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Internet Governance Forum, a series of events sponsored by the UN, offers a place for all “stakeholders” to pitch in.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Snell pitched in the minor leagues for five years before being called up to the Rays in June.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
At the other end of the pitch, the two keepers with the best shots-to-saves record do not belong to a top-six club.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 场地; 最高点; 音高; 说教
vt. 用沥青涂; 扔，投; 树起，搭起; 定位于
vi. 抛，扔; [棒球]当投手; 搭帐篷; 向前跌或冲
时态：pitched, pitching, pitches
分布：球场(30%)，投(24%)，沥青(14%)，推销(9%)，音调(7%)，程度(5%)，树脂(3%)，颠簸(3%)，投掷(3%)，搭帐篷(1%)，松脂(1%)
→来自中古英语pikken,刺，插，词源同peck,pike.引申词义扔，抛，投球，球场，倾斜等诸多词义。插入字母t,比较bake,batch,piece,patch.pitch 沥青，柏油
n.沥青;掷v.用沥青覆盖;投掷,扔The pitch made me itch. I pitched the switch into the ditch around the kitchen.沥青使我发痒.我把开关抛进围绕厨房的水沟里.
【记】pit小坑，ch吃：把路上的小坑吃了，用沥青填上就行了。
【反】off-key（走调的）－at the proper pitch（音调合适的）
noun
SPORTS FIELD 运动场
 IMPROVER countable UK (US field)
■an area painted with lines for playing particular sports, especially football 运动场地；（尤指）足球场
• a football/hockey/cricket pitch 足球／曲棍球／板球场
• Supporters invaded (= ran onto) the pitch. 球迷都跑进了球场。
[pɪtʃ] noun
LEVEL 水准
countable or uncountable
■the level or degree of something 水准；程度
• The piano and organ were tuned to the same pitch (= note). 钢琴和风琴被调校到同一音调上。
• If you teach children and adults in the same class, it's difficult to get the pitch (= level of difficulty or interest) right. 如果你把孩子和成人放在同一个班里教，就很难完全找出适合学生的难度和他们的兴趣。
only singular
■the level of a feeling （感觉的）程度
• By this time their disagreement had reached such a pitch that there was no hope of an amicable conclusion. 此时，他们的歧见已大得不可能善罢甘休。
• The children were at fever pitch (= very excited) the day before the party. 派对的前一天孩子都特别兴奋。
[pɪtʃ] noun
PERSUASION 说服
countable
■a speech or act which attempts to persuade someone to buy or do something 推销用语；推销
• The man in the shop gave me his (sales) pitch about quality and reliability. 商店里的那个男人向我大谈最高品质，信誉可靠之类的推销行话。
• She made a pitch for the job but she didn't get it. 她竭力争取这份工作，但没有成功。
• [+ to infinitive] The city made a pitch to stage the Olympics. 该市竭力争取主办奥运会。
countable UK
■a place in a public area where a person regularly sells goods or performs 摊位
• The flower seller was at his usual pitch outside the station. 那个卖花人就在车站外他平时的摊位上。
[pɪtʃ] noun
SLOPE 斜坡
only singular
■the amount of slope, especially of a roof （尤指屋顶的）坡度
• This roof has a very steep/high/gentle/low pitch. 这个屋顶很陡／坡度很大／相当平缓／坡度很小。
[pɪtʃ] noun
BLACK SUBSTANCE 黑色物质
uncountable
■a thick black substance which was used in the past to make wooden ships and buildings waterproof 沥青，柏油
[pɪtʃ] noun
BASEBALL 棒球
countable
■a throw in a baseball game 投球
• a good/bad pitch 好／差的投球
[pɪtʃ] noun
TENT 帐篷
countable UK (US site)
■the piece of ground on which you can put up a tent 露营地
• We chose a large level grassy pitch for our caravan. 我们选了一片大而平坦的草地停下我们的旅行拖车。
[pɪtʃ] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to move or be moved suddenly, especially by throwing （使）突然移动；（尤指）投，扔
• She pitched the stone into the river. 她把石头扔到河里。
• He pitched the ball too short and the batsman hit it for six. 他把球投得太近，让打击手击出了一个六分球。
• The ball pitched (= landed) short. 球投到了不远处。
• The bike hit a rut and I was pitched (forward) onto the road. 脚踏车卡进地上的车辙凹痕，我重重地（向前）摔在路上。
• The ship pitched up and down/from side to side in the rough seas. 船在汹涌的海浪里上下／左右颠簸。
[pɪtʃ] verb
BASEBALL 棒球
intransitive or transitive
■in baseball, to throw a ball towards the player with the bat in order for them to try to hit it 投（球）
• Who will be pitching first for the White Sox this evening? 今晚谁是白袜队的第一个投球手？
[pɪtʃ] verb
TENT 帐篷
transitive
■to put up a tent and fix it into position 支，搭（帐篷）
• We pitched camp/our tent in the shade. 我们在阴凉处扎营／搭起帐篷。
[pɪtʃ] verb
LEVEL 水准
transitive
■to express or set something at a particular level 调校至某一水准
• The tune was pitched (= the notes in it were) too high for me to reach the top notes. 调定得太高，我唱不上去。
• A teacher's got to pitch a lesson at the right level for the students. 老师必须把课程的难易度定得与学生的水准相符。
[pɪtʃ] verb
PERSUADE 劝说
intransitive or transitive mainly US
■to try to persuade someone to do something 竭力劝说
• She pitched her idea to me over a business lunch. 她在一次吃商业午餐时竭力游说我接受她的想法。
• They are pitching for business at the moment. 目前他们正在招揽生意。
[pɪtʃ] verb
SLOPE 斜坡
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to slope 倾斜
[pɪtʃ] verb
be pitched into sth
■to suddenly experience a bad feeling 突然有（某种不好的感觉）
• He was pitched (headlong) into despair by what happened to him in his final year at college. 大学最后一年发生的事使他一下子绝望了。
[pɪtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pitch in informal
■to start to do something as part of a group, especially something helpful 投入；参与；（尤指）支援
• If we all pitch in together, it shouldn't take too long. 如果我们齐心协力，那并不需要很长时间。
• [+ to infinitive] When I bought this house, all my friends pitched in to help fix it up. 我买下这栋房子时，所有的朋友都来帮忙整理。
• My brother pitched in with an offer of transport. 我弟弟主动提议要负责运输。
• After we had seen the video everyone started pitching in with comments on its faults. 看完录影后，我们大家都纷纷评论其不足之处。
[pɪtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pitch into sb/sth informal
■to criticize or attack someone or something forcefully 批评，攻击，大骂
• He pitched into me as soon as I arrived, asking where the work was. 我一到他劈头就对我大骂，问我作品在哪里。
[pɪtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pitch up informal
■to arrive in a place 到达
• Gerald finally pitched up two hours late. 杰拉德终于到达，比原定时间晚了两个小时。
fling, throw, cast, heave, toss, hurl, pitch
这组词都有“抛、投、掷”的意思，其区别是：
fling: 指用力投掷，或因感情激动而粗暴地或漫无目的地扔东西。
throw: 普通用词，使用广泛，仅指用力抛掷，不涉及动作方式或感情色彩。
cast: 常可与throw互换，指迅速扔出一个重量较轻的物体。
heave: 指把重物举起后扔出。
toss: 指无什么目的地、轻轻地、随意地掷或扔，所扔掷的东西一般都比较轻。
hurl: 通常指用力投掷，动作迅猛，所投掷的距离也较远。
pitch: 指随意地、轻轻地掷或扔，侧重方向性和有明确的目标。
vi. 倾斜；投掷；搭帐篷；坠落
 - slope, throw, lean
vt. 投；掷；定位于；用沥青涂；扎营；向前倾跌
 - throw, cast, camp
n. 沥青；音高；程度； [松脂] 树脂；倾斜；投掷
 - extent, degree, resin, putting, measure

Word: pine
Front: pine
[paɪn] (高研四六托雅宝 3158/5081 -2)
Vocabulary: pine
(once / 180 pages)
1n 2v
If you pine for someone, you desperately want to see them, be with them, or perhaps smother them with kisses. If you're texting your ex-boyfriend over 50 times a day, there's a pretty good chance that you still pine for him.
In Old English, pine meant "to torture or cause to experience pain," which seems quite fitting if you've known what it's like to pine for something or someone. The verb pine should not be confused with the noun pine, as in the evergreen tree. If you are from the Northeast and find yourself living in the Caribbean, you may pine for the sight of a pine tree, but the lovely weather should ease the pain.
WORD FAMILY
pine: pined, pines, pining+/pining: pinings
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the songwriters strummed guitars and punched lyrics into their phones, Pine’s children splashed in a swimming pool and a chef prepared brick-oven pizzas.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For instance, there are 9 acres on the college property that contain loblolly pine trees that are beginning to fail from old age.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Seattle police described the victim’s wound as non-life-threatening after the New Year’s Eve incident at Third and Pine.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 松树; 松木; 凤梨，菠萝
vi. 憔悴; 痛苦; 渴望
vt. 为…悲哀; 哀悼; 消瘦; 渴望，渴慕
adj. 似松的; 松木的
时态：pined, pining, pines
分布：松树(70%)，松木(20%)，渴望(6%)，消瘦(4%)
→来自拉丁语pinus,松树，松果，松脂，来自peie,肥的，脂肪，汁液，词源同fat,pitch.pine 难过，悲伤
n.松树The sugared vinegar is refined from the sugarcane and pine.加糖的醋是从甘蔗和松木中精炼出来的.
【记】pin大头针，e饿：饿得像大头针－消瘦；叶子像大头针－松树
【反】become invigorated（变得有活力）
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable (also pine tree)
■an evergreen (= never losing its leaves) tree that grows in cooler areas of the world 松树
• a plantation of pines 人工松林
• a pine forest 松林
uncountable
■the wood of pine trees, which is usually pale in colour 松木
• pine furniture 松木家俱
• Pine is a softwood. 松木是一种软木。
[paɪn] verb intransitive
■to become increasingly thin and weak because of unhappiness, especially after the death of a loved person （尤指因深爱的人死去而）形容枯槁，憔悴
• Carter died in 1904 after an accident and Leno pined away and died in London six months later. 1904年卡特死于非命，莱诺日渐憔悴，六个月后死于伦敦。
[paɪn] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  pine for sth/sb
■to want something or someone very much, usually when it is impossible to have them, or when they have gone away 渴望得到…；苦苦思念（某人）
• He's still pining for his ex-girlfriend. 他还在苦苦思念着他的前女友。
vi. 渴望，痛苦；憔悴
 - rare, aspire
n. [林] 松树；凤梨，菠萝
 - ananas
vt. 为…悲哀；哀悼
 - regret, grieve over

Word: brilliant
Front: brilliant
[ˈbrɪliənt] (高研四雅 3159/2429 -K3)
Vocabulary: brilliant
(once / 97 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adj
Brilliant describes something super bright, like intense lights at a football stadium, a super sparkly diamond, or the student who graduates from Harvard at age 13.
Brilliant comes from the Italian word brillare, to "sparkle" like those bright lights, diamonds, and brainiac kid. British people love to say things are "Brilliant!" in the same way Americans say "Awesome!" Brilliant describes anything sparkly, fabulous, or full of light. A bright color is brilliant, too, like the brilliant orange of a setting sun.
WORD FAMILY
brilliant: brilliance, brilliancy, brillianter, brilliantest, brilliantly+/brilliance: brilliances/brilliancy: brilliancies
USAGE EXAMPLES
And township residents, in a brilliant deal with Port Huron over the Black River Canal, got resident passes to Lakeside Park.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She is a brilliant, wonderful human being in a fat body.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
On Broadway, lights were dimmed in memory of Brian Bedford, Tammy Grimes and Anne Jackson, all brilliant in their day.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 明亮的; <非正式>美好的; 闪耀的; 才华横溢的
n. 宝石; 钻石
分布：灿烂的(34%)，杰出的(25%)，卓越的(18%)，才华横溢的(12%)，宝石(9%)，美妙的(2%)
→来自beryl, 绿宝石。拼写受bright 影响。
a.光辉的,灿烂的;卓越的,有才华的The driller filled the grill with brilliant film.钻孔者在烤架上填满辉煌的胶片.
【记】brilli闪耀，发光，ant蚂蚁－发光的蚂蚁－才华横溢的
【参】brilliance（n 光辉灿烂＝brightness；才华横溢＝intelligence）
adjective
VERY GOOD 出色的
 IMPROVER UK informal
■very good 非常好的，出色的
• "Did you like the film?" "I thought it was brilliant." “你喜欢这部电影吗?”“我觉得它非常棒。”
• She's got a brilliant sense of humour. 他极富幽默感。
• Oh, brilliant! My parcel's arrived. 噢，太棒了！我的包裹到了。
['brɪl.i.ənt] adjective
CLEVER 聪明的
■extremely clever or skilled 颇有才气的，聪颖的；技艺高超的
• Her mother was a brilliant scientist. 她母亲是一位才华横溢的科学家。
• He gave a brilliant performance. 他的表演非常出色。
• The idea was quite brilliant. 这个想法太高明了。
• She seemed to have a brilliant career ahead of her (= was likely to be extremely successful). 她似乎前途灿烂。
['brɪl.i.ənt] adjective
SHINING 闪光的
■full of light, shining or bright in colour 光明的，明亮的；（颜色）鲜艳的
• The sky was a brilliant, cloudless blue. 天空晴朗无云，一片蔚蓝。
• I was dazzled by a brilliant light. 明亮的灯光晃花了我的眼睛。
radiant, bright, brilliant, glowing, luminous
这组词都有“明亮的”的意思，其区别是：
radiant: 侧重光线的射击，也可指像太阳或星星一样发光的东西。
bright: 常用词，与昏暗相对应，侧重形容光线的强度，指一切自身发光明亮或反射光的事物。
brilliant: 指非常亮或亮得引人注目，多含闪耀或反光闪烁之意。
glowing: 指稳定光源发出的明亮持久的光，或燃烧最后阶段产生的红光。
luminous: 着重指发出持续稳定的亮光；可指在黑暗中的发光物。
intelligent, bright, wise, ingenious, brilliant, clever, smart, shrewd
这组词都有“聪明的”的意思，其区别是：
intelligent: 正式用词，指在理解新的、抽象东西或处理解决问题时，智力超过一般常人。
bright: 口语常用词，多指年轻人，尤指小孩思路敏捷，理解力强，机灵等。
wise: 侧重不是一般的聪明伶俐，而是有远见，有智慧，能明智地处理问题。
ingenious: 指思路敏捷，并暗示有创造与发明的才能和技巧。
brilliant: 指人的才华出众，思路敏捷，常令人赞叹不已。
clever: 强调头脑灵活，接受新事物快，有智有谋，但不一定暗示全面妥当地考虑问题。
smart: 普通用词，与bright和clever的意思很相近，但更强调机灵。
shrewd: 指精明老练，有头脑，善于判断，把握有利机会。
adj. 灿烂的，闪耀的；杰出的；有才气的
 - excellent, prominent, outstanding, splendid, gorgeous

Word: versus
Front: versus
[ˈvɜ:səs] (研六雅 3160/5680 -2)
Back: prep. （表示两队或双方对阵）对; （比较两种不同想法、选择等）与…相对; 对抗
分布：对抗(100%)
→来自拉丁语versus,转，来自wer,转，弯，词源converse,toward。引申词义转向对方的，相对，相比。
prep.(vs.)...对...(在诉讼,比赛等);与...相对On the anniversary the versatile poet wrote an adverse verse Virtue versus Evil.在周年纪念日上,多用途诗人写信告诉不利的句美德对邪恶.
US ['vɝ:-] preposition
 ADVANCED (written abbreviation v) (or vs)
■used to say that one team or person is competing against another 以…为对手；对
• Tomorrow's game is Newcastle versus Arsenal. 明天的比赛是纽卡素队对阿仙奴队。
■(written abbreviation v) (or vs)
■used in legal cases to show who a person is fighting against （诉讼案中）诉
• Abortion was legalized nationally in the United States following the Roe versus Wade case. 在罗诉韦德案后，堕胎在美国全国变得合法化。
■used to compare two things or ideas, especially when you have to choose between them （尤指进行选择时）与…相比
• private education versus state education 私立教育与公营教育相比
prep. 对；与...相对；对抗
 - in the teeth of

Word: manufacturing
Front: manufacturing
[ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərɪŋ] (3161/2140 -K)
Vocabulary: manufacturing
(once / 442 pages)
n
Use the noun manufacturing when you talk about the process of building or assembling something, especially in a factory.
Manufacturing means "making" or "building," but it's most often used to refer to an automated process of putting something together from parts. For example, your uncle might work in automobile manufacturing — in other words, at a car factory. The noun manufacturing comes from the verb manufacture, or "make," which has a Middle French root, from the Latin manu, "hand," and factura, "a working."
WORD FAMILY
manufacture: manufactured, manufacturer, manufactures, manufacturing +/ manufacturer: manufacturers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
When authorities issue red alerts, some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the country is now facing the limits of that model amid slowing growth, toxic pollution and the shift of manufacturing work to less-developed nations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 制造业，工业
adj. 制造业的，制造的
v. （大规模）制造( manufacture的现在分词 ); 捏造; 加工; 粗制滥造（文学作品）
分布：制造业(72%)，制造业的(28%)
US [-tʃɚ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the business of producing goods in large numbers 制造业（生产大批商品的行业）
• car manufacturing 汽车制造
• the manufacturing of military equipment 军事装备的生产
adj. [工业] 制造的；制造业的
 - fabricating
n. [工业] 制造业；工业
 - industry, secondary sector
v. [工业] 制造；生产（manufacture的ing形式）
 - producing, breeding

Word: risk
Front: risk
[rɪsk] (中高研四六托 650/781 -K4)
Vocabulary: risk
(once / 73 pages)
nv
A risk is an action that holds a chance of danger or failure. Although it's fun jump around on glaciers, the risk of falling down a crack into a freezing lake might deter you from ice climbing.
Risk comes from the French for danger. As nouns, risk and danger are close synonyms. The verb risk means to run a danger, in hopes of reward. So risk is similar to gamble. If you're very ill, you might risk a dangerous surgery. We also use risk for money or security. You can risk your good health by working with infected patients without sterile equipment. Or you can risk your life savings on the stock market.
WORD FAMILY
risk: risked, risking, riskless, risks, risky+/riskless: risklessly, risklessness/risky: riskier, riskiest, riskily, riskiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
To reduce the risk of pneumonia, two vaccines are recommended for people age 65 and older: Prevnar 13 first, followed by Pneumovax a year later.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Did his artificial hips put him at risk of infection when he saw the dentist?
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
This would be a dangerous combination even if America was not in transition and other governments were capable of pulling together to manage the risks.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 危险，冒险; 保险额; 被保险人或物
vt. 冒…的危险; 使…冒风险（或面临危险）
时态：risked, risking, risks
分布：风险(75%)，危险(24%)，投资报酬的风险(1%)
→来自法语 risque,危险的，风险的，来自意大利语 riscare,进入危险，面临危险，词源同 risque.
v.冒...的危险n.冒险;风险The rising risk arises from the surprised fund raiser's praise of the appraisal.上升的风险起因于受惊的资金聚集者对评估的赞美.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the possibility of something bad happening 风险；危险
• In this business, the risks and the rewards are high. 这个行业的风险和回报都很高。
• There's a high risk of another accident happening in this fog. 这样大的雾，很有可能再次出事故。
• [+ (that)] The risk (that) we might fail made us work twice as hard. 我们可能会失败，这种忧患意识使得我们加倍努力工作。
• [+ -ing verb] It's always a risk starting up a new business. 创立一间新公司总是有风险的。
• The company is quite a good risk (= safe to lend money to). 贷款给这间公司风险很小。
• We want clean rivers and lakes, where you can swim without risk to your health. 我们需要干净清洁的河流湖泊，使我们游泳时不会危及健康。
• It's a low/high- risk strategy (= one that is safe/not safe). 这种策略风险很低／高。
 IMPROVER countable
■something bad that might happen 潜在危险；隐患
• This wire is a safety/fire risk. 这根电线是个安全／火灾隐患。
• His employers thought he was a security risk (= he might tell their secrets to a competitor). 雇主认为他是个会泄露商业机密的危险分子。
at risk
 IMPROVER
■in a dangerous situation 处境危险，冒风险
• All houses within 100 metres of the seas are at risk of flooding. 所有离海岸不足100米的房子都有被洪水袭击的危险。
at your own risk
■used to mean that you are responsible for any damage, loss or difficulty 自担风险；责任自负
• Owners are reminded that they leave their cars here at their own risk. 车主受到提示说在此停车风险自负。
run/take a risk
■to do something you know might be dangerous 冒风险；做冒险的事情
• Don't take any risks - just ring the police. 不要冒险行事——给员警打电话吧。
[rɪsk] noun
at the risk of doing sth
■used before you say something that may seem offensive or stupid （表示自己说的话可能造成冒犯或听起来很蠢）冒着…的风险
• At the risk of seeming rude, I'm afraid I have to leave now. 恕我失礼，恐怕我现在必须得走了。
• At the risk of sounding stupid, how do I send this email? 问一个傻问题，我怎么发出这封电子邮件呢？
[rɪsk] noun
run the risk of doing sth
■to do something although something bad might happen because of it 冒…的危险；冒险做…
• If you tell him the truth, you run the risk of hurting his feelings. 你要是告诉他真相就太冒险了，可能会伤害他的感情。
[rɪsk] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to do something although there is a chance of a bad result 担…的风险，冒险做
• "It's dangerous to cross here." "I'll just have to risk it." “从这里穿行很危险。”“我不得不冒这个险。”
• [+ -ing verb] He risked losing his house when his company went bankrupt. 他的公司破产时，他差点连自己家的房子都保不住了。
 IMPROVER
■If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it 使遭受危险
• I'm not risking my life/ informalneck in that old car. 我不会拿我的性命冒险去坐那辆旧车。
• He risked life and limb to get the cat down from the tree. 他冒着生命危险爬到树上去把猫救下来。
• She was prepared to risk everything on a last throw of the dice. 她准备不惜牺牲一切，作最后的一搏。
risk, hazard, venture, chance, dare
这组词都有“敢于冒险”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指不顾个人安危去干某事，侧重主动承担风险。
hazard: 主要指冒险作出某个选择，隐含碰运气意味。
venture: 指冒风险试一试，或指有礼貌的反抗或反对。
chance: 指碰运气、冒风险试试。
dare: 可与venture换用，但语气较强，着重挑战或违抗。
risk, danger, threat, menace, hazard, peril
这组词都有“危险、威胁”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指有可能发生的危险，尤指主动进行某种活动或去碰运气而冒的危险。
danger: 含义广，普通用词，指能够造成伤害、损害或不利的任何情况。
threat: 普通用词，语气弱于menace，指任何公开侵犯对方的言行，给对方构成危险或威胁。
menace: 所指的危险性最严重，表示使用暴力或造成破坏性的可能。
hazard: 比risk正式，多指偶然发生的或无法控制的危险，常含较严重或有一定风险的意味。
peril: 指迫在眉睫很有可能发生的严重危险。
n. 风险； [保险] 危险；冒险
 - venture, throw
vt. 冒…的危险
 - hazard

Word: Christian
Front: Christian
['krɪstʃən] (高研四六托雅 1271/22058 -4)
Vocabulary: Christian
(once / 44 pages)
nadj
A Christian is someone whose religious beliefs are based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. A Christian often attends church on Sundays and reads the Bible.
People who describe themselves as Christian can have many differing beliefs and ways of living a spiritual life. What every Christian has in common is a belief that Jesus Christ is the Messiah, or savior of humans. The earliest form of the word Christian was the Old English Cristen, which comes from the Greek word khristos, or "the anointed," itself a translation of the Hebrew mashiah, or "messiah."
WORD FAMILY
Christian: Christianise, Christianity, Christianize, Christians, pre-Christian+/Christ: Christian, Christs, christian, christlike, christly/Christianise: Christianisation, Christianised, Christianises, Christianising/Christianity: Christianities/Christianization: Christianizations/Christianize: Christianization, Christianized, Christianizes, Christianizing/christian: christianly, nonchristian, unchristian/christianly: unchristianly/christlike: unchristlike
USAGE EXAMPLES
Christian Weiss, who supervises the coin and bank-note collection at the Swiss National Museum, said the Swiss favor cash even when traveling abroad.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Leicester, which is in 14th place, missed opportunities from Leonardo Ulloa and Christian Fuchs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Tanoe, also a Chinese Indonesia Christian, said the country was ready for a leader of any background.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 基督徒，信徒
adj. 基督教的；信基督教的
分布：基督徒(63%)，基督教的(26%)，基督徒的(11%)
n.基督教徒a.基督教徒的On the Christmas the Christian's assistant fisted Pistol Piston and twisted his wrist.在圣诞节,基督徒的助手拳击了"手枪活塞"并扭了他的手腕.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■of or belonging to the religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ 基督教的
• a Christian charity/organization 基督教慈善团体／机构
• the Christian faith 基督教信仰
■describes a person or action that is good, kind, helpful, etc. 仁慈的；友好的；乐善好施的
['krɪs.tʃən] [-ti.ən] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who believes in and follows the teachings of Jesus Christ 基督徒

Word: complex
Front: complex
[ˈkɒmpleks] (高研四六托雅 1598/1339 -K4)
Vocabulary: complex
(once / 227 pages)
1adjn 2n
People who are really good at math can handle complex math problems. The rest of us are all set with simple stuff like the times tables. Use complex to refer to something that is not simple.
Something complex has two or more related parts, or is not simple in its structure. As a noun, a complex is a group of units, often a group of buildings. The adjective is stressed on the second syllable, but the noun is stressed on the first syllable. Complex is from Latin complexus, from complecti "to encircle or embrace."
WORD FAMILY
complex: complexedly, complexes, complexity, complexly, complexness+/ complexity: complexities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kubiak was back in the hospital, this time diagnosed with a complex migraine headache.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
School funding is a complex mix of federal, state and local money.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In a separate incident, a man was shot at a Tulsa apartment complex on New Year’s Day.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 复杂的; 难懂的; 复合的
n. 建筑群; 相关联的一组事物; 情结; 不正常的忧虑
分布：复杂的(89%)，复合体(4%)，综合体(3%)，复合的(2%)，合成的(2%)
→com-, 强调。-plect, 编织，组成，词源apply,implicate.即多成分的，复杂的。
复杂的(com共同+plex→全部重叠→复杂的)[plex=fold,表示"重叠"]
a.复杂的;合成的,综合的n.联合体I'm perplexed by the flexible complex index of sex and age.我被灵活复杂的性别与年龄索引迷惑住了.
US [ˈkɑːm-]
 ESSENTIAL
■involving a lot of different but related parts 由许多相关的不同部分组成的；构造复杂的
• a complex molecule/carbohydrate 复杂的分子／碳水化合物
• a complex network of roads 错综复杂的道路网
• a complex procedure 复杂的程式
• The company has a complex organizational structure. 公司组织结构非常复杂。
 ESSENTIAL
■difficult to understand or find an answer to because of having many different parts 难懂的，费解的；错综复杂的
• It's a very complex issue to which there is no straightforward answer. 这个问题错综复杂，没有简单直接的答案。
• The film's plot was so complex that I couldn't follow it. 这部电影的情节太复杂，我看不懂。
noun countable UK [ˈkɒm.pleks] US [ˈkɑːm-]
BUILDING 建筑物
 ADVANCED
■a large building with various connected rooms or a related group of buildings 综合大楼；建筑群
• a shopping/sports and leisure complex 购物／运动休闲中心
• US They live in a large apartment complex. 他们住在一幢大型的公寓楼里。
noun countable UK [ˈkɒm.pleks] US [ˈkɑːm-]
BAD FEELING 不好的感觉
■a particular anxiety or unconscious fear which a person has, especially as a result of an unpleasant experience that they have had in the past or because they have a low opinion of their own worth, and which influences their behaviour （尤指由过去的不快经历或自我评价不高造成的）情结，心理负担，病态心理
• an inferiority complex 自卑情结
• I think he's got a complex about being bald. 我觉得他因秃头而有心理负担。
• Don't go on about her weight - you'll give her a complex! 别再没完没了地谈她的体重了——你会让她有心理负担的！
complex, complicated, sophisticated, intricate
这组词都有“复杂的”的意思，其区别是：
complex: 侧重内在关系的复杂，需通过仔细研究与了解才能掌握和运用。
complicated: 与complex的含义接近，但语气更强，着重极其复杂，很难分析、分辨或解释。
sophisticated: 侧重指事物发展到或达到高级的程度所体现出的复杂。
intricate: 着重指错综复杂，令人迷惑理解。
complex, complementary, comprehensive, compensating
complex: 复杂的；
complementary: 补充的；
comprehensive: 综合的；
compensating: 补偿的
adj. 复杂的；合成的
 - sophisticated, involved, synthetic, detailed, intricate

Word: absolute
Front: absolute
[ˈæbsəlu:t] (高研四六托宝 3165/2420 -K3)
Vocabulary: absolute
(once / 64 pages)
adjn
Use absolute as a noun or an adjective when you're so sure of something that you know it will never change. For example, a devout person's belief in life after death is an absolute; that person has absolute faith in the afterlife.
Absolute can also mean "without any doubt," as in the case of an absolute beauty — such as a glamorous movie star or a supermodel — or "without limits," such as a dictator who has absolute power over the people. Or, absolute can describe a final demand that must be met, such as the absolute conditions a person buying a home might present to its seller — it's the last step and can make or break the sale.
WORD FAMILY
absolute: absolutely, absoluteness, absolutes, absolutism +/ absolutism: absolutisms, absolutist, absolutistic/ absolutist: absolutists/absolutistic: absolutistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
They agreed that claims of the “absolute character” of scientific truth, and the supposed triumph of Enlightenment reason, needed to be challenged.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State Department on Sunday warned U.S. citizens in Istanbul to limit movements “to an absolute minimum” while the search for the assailant continues.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Consulate General in Istanbul on Sunday warned American citizens to keep their movements in the city “to an absolute minimum,” The Associated Press reported.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 绝对的，完全的; 不受任何限制[约束]的; 无条件的; 有无上权力或权威的
n. 绝对; 绝对事物
分布：绝对的(57%)，完全的(15%)，独立的(11%)，专制的(10%)，无限制的(3%)，确实的(3%)，绝对的事物(1%)
→absolve的过去分词形式。词义发生了微妙的变化。
绝对的;无限制的(ab不+solute→决不松开→绝对的)[Solv,solu,solut=loosen,表示"松开"]
a.绝对的,完全的;确实的,肯定的The contribution distributor thinks the microcomputer pollution is absolutely beyond dispute.捐款分配者认为微机污染是绝对不容置疑的.
【反】qualified（adj 受限制的）
adjective
VERY GREAT 极不寻常的
 ADVANCED
■very great or to the largest degree possible 完全的；全部的；绝对的；毋庸置疑的
• a man of absolute integrity/discretion 正直不阿／极度审慎的人
• I have absolute faith in her judgment. 我完全相信她的判断。
• There was no absolute proof of fraud. 没有确凿的证据能证明是诈骗行为。
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■used when expressing a strong opinion （用于强调看法）道地的，十足的
• He's an absolute idiot! 他是个十足的白痴！
• That's absolute rubbish! 那完全是一派胡言！
['æb.sə.lu:t] [--'-] adjective
NOT CHANGING 不变的
[before noun]
■not depending on anything else; true, right, or the same in all situations 绝对的；不会更改的；独立的；不受制于外部条件的
• an absolute law/principle/doctrine 放之四海而皆准的法则／原则／学说
• Do you think there's such a thing as absolute truth/beauty? 你认为绝对真理／的美存在吗？
• Her contribution was better than most, but in absolute terms (= without comparing it with anything else) it was still rather poor. 她的稿件比大部分人的都好，但就它本身而言还很差。
['æb.sə.lu:t] [--'-] adjective
POWERFUL 权力大的
■describes a ruler who has unlimited power 不受任何限制（或约束）的；专制独裁的
• an absolute monarch 专制君主
adj. [数] 绝对的；完全的；专制的
 - strict, complete, full, positive, total

Word: chef
Front: chef
[ʃef] (高研托宝 3164/6149 -2)
Vocabulary: chef
(once / 1187 pages)
n
Someone whose job is cooking food and planning menus at a restaurant is a chef. Many chefs graduate from cooking school, while others learn cooking techniques by observing and working with experienced chefs..
The word chef often specifies someone who cooks fancy or expensive food — in contrast, you might call a man who fries burgers at a fast food place or a woman who makes grilled cheese sandwiches at a diner simply cooks. The chef is generally at the top of the food chain in a restaurant kitchen, the boss of the other workers. Chef is French, short for chef de cuisine, or "head of the kitchen."
WORD FAMILY
chef: chefs
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the songwriters strummed guitars and punched lyrics into their phones, Pine’s children splashed in a swimming pool and a chef prepared brick-oven pizzas.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He is one of several local celebrities portrayed in the artwork, including chef Daniel Boulud.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
"Growing up I told my parents I wanted to be a chef," Ms Chow tells the BBC.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 厨师，大师傅
分布：厨师(84%)，主厨(16%)
→来自chief, 主要的。
n.(餐馆等的)厨师长,厨师
【记】拼：车夫－车夫和厨师都是有技术的劳动人民。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a skilled and trained cook who works in a hotel or restaurant, especially the most important cook （饭店或餐馆的）厨师；（尤指）厨师长，大厨，主厨
• He is one of the top chefs in Britain. 他是英国的顶级厨师之一。
• She is head- chef at the Waldorf-Astoria. 她是华道夫－阿斯多里亚餐厅的首席厨师。
n. 厨师，大师傅
 - cook, kitchener

Word: discrimination
Front: discrimination
[dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn] (高研四六托 3167/3592 -2)
Vocabulary: discrimination
(once / 840 pages)
n
Discrimination means distinguishing between two or more people or things. Usually, discrimination means an unfair system that treats one group of people worse than another.
Discrimination isn't always a bad thing. You have to use discrimination to tell a good restaurant from a bad one, or a good idea from a bad one. However, this word is very tarnished by its main use these days: as a word for unfair treatment of people, based on racism, sexism, homophobia, or another prejudice. There is a huge history of discrimination in the United States.
WORD FAMILY
discrimination: discriminations, non-discrimination+/ discriminate: discriminable, discriminated, discriminately, discriminates, discriminating, discriminatingly, discrimination, discriminative, discriminator, discriminatory, indiscriminate / discriminating: indiscriminating, undiscriminating/discriminative: discriminatively/discriminator: discriminators/discriminatory: discriminatorily/ indiscriminate: indiscriminately, indiscriminatingly/undiscriminating: undiscriminatingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is why the current job discrimination situation is so grim.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In December, the Justice Department sued Culpeper County, alleging discrimination after the county denied a request for a permit to build a mosque there.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
A Texas judge temporarily halted Obama administration rules that are intended to ban discrimination by doctors and hospitals against transgender persons.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 歧视; 辨别，区别; 辨别力，识别力; 不公平的待遇
分布：歧视(94%)，辨别(5%)，鉴赏力(1%)
→来自discriminate, 区分，歧视。
【参】discriminating（adj 有差别的；有识别力的）＝discerningdiscriminatory（adj 差别对待的；有辨别力的）
【反】equitable（adj 公平的）－discriminatory
noun uncountable
DIFFERENT TREATMENT 不同的待遇
 ADVANCED
■treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin colour, religion, sex, etc. 歧视；区别对待
• racial/sex/age discrimination 种族／性别歧视
• Until 1986 most companies would not even allow women to take the examinations, but such blatant discrimination is now disappearing. 直至1986年大多数公司甚至还不允许女性参加这种考试，但目前这种明目张胆的歧视做法正在消失。
[dɪˌskrɪm.ɪ'neɪ.ʃən] noun uncountable
SEEING A DIFFERENCE 区分 formal
■the ability to see the difference between two things or people 区分能力，区别能力；分辨能力；辨别能力
discrimination, judgement, sense
这组词都有“识别力，判断”的意思，其区别是：
discrimination: 指辨别精微的能力，甚至平时观察不到的也可识别出来。
judgement: 指经过训练或磨练或凭经历而得到辨别或判断事物的能力或品质。
sense: 指不带幻想或感情、偏见地观察事物，并能作出明智、公平的选择与决定。
difference, distinction, discrimination, discrepancy
这组词都有“差别，区别”的意思，其区别是：
difference: 普通用词，可指事物本质上的差异或数量上的差额，也可指事物在某一方面的差别，还可指人们之间的不同意见。
distinction: 较正式用词，除指事物在本质上的差别外，还指在某一方面或某一细节上的区分，要在认真观察、研究后才易觉察。
discrimination: 侧重指在判断、见识方面的差别，也可指待遇上的区别。
discrepancy: 多用于言论和记述方面，指两物之间缺乏使之相似或平衡的协调。
n. 歧视；区别，辨别；识别力
 - distinction, differentiation

Word: offensive
Front: offensive
[əˈfensɪv] (研六托宝 3168/5947 -K3)
Vocabulary: offensive
(once / 247 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adjn
Offensive describes rude or hurtful behavior, or a military or sports incursion into on opponent's territory. In any context, "on the offensive" means on the attack.
Although offense and defense are opposites, offensive and defensive aren't always. Defensive can mean anxiously challenging of all criticism. Offensive can mean not just attacking someone or something, but belching, insulting people, or otherwise not respecting common standards of behavior.
WORD FAMILY
offensive: counteroffensive, inoffensive, offensively, offensiveness, offensives+/counteroffensive: counteroffensives/ inoffensive: inoffensively/ offend: offended, offender, offending, offends, offensive / offended: offendedly/ offender: offenders/offending: unoffending/unoffending: unoffendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He’d decided to remain in Baltimore as the offensive coordinator of the Ravens.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Gordon followed with a layup from an offensive rebound, and the Rockets comfortably led by 10 near the final minute.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The last and most common argument against Prescott for MVP—as well as Elliott for MVP—is that outstanding Dallas offensive line.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 无礼的，冒犯的，唐突的; 讨厌的，令人不快的; 进攻（性）的，攻击的，攻势的
n. 进攻，攻势
分布：攻势(49%)，攻击(38%)，冒犯的(6%)，令人不快的(6%)，与进攻有关的(1%)
→来自offend,进攻，冒犯。
冒犯的(of+fens+ive)[fend,fens=strke,表示"打击"]
a.冒犯的,攻击的n.攻势,进攻The offensive offender defended himself with the fence.那个讨厌的触犯者用篱笆自卫.
adjective
UPSETTING 冒犯
 IMPROVER
■causing offence 冒犯的；令人不快的，讨厌的
• This programme contains language that some viewers might find offensive. 这个节目使用了某些观众可能觉得不快的语言。
• He told some really offensive sexist jokes. 他讲了一些极令人不快的性别歧视的笑话。
Opposite inoffensive unpleasant 讨厌的；令人不愉快的
• offensive smells 难闻的味道
[ə'fent.sɪv] adjective
ATTACKING 进攻
■used for attacking 进攻（性）的；攻击的
• Since the other side had taken offensive action (= attacked) , we had no choice but to defend ourselves. 既然对方已经采取了攻势，我们除了自卫别无选择。
• Knives of any sort are classed as offensive weapons. 任何刀具都属于攻击性武器。
[ə'fent.sɪv] noun countable
■a planned military attack （军事）进攻，攻势
• They launched the land offensive in the middle of the night. 他们在午夜发动了地面进攻。
• UN troops have gone on the offensive (= started to attack). 联合国军队已经开始进攻。
take the offensive
■to attack first 率先攻击；先发制人
aggression, invasion, assault, attack, offensive
这些名词均有“进攻、侵略”之意。
aggression: 词义宽泛，既可指武装入侵别国领土，又可指文化、经济等方面的侵略。侧重敌意行动和征服的企图。
invasion: 多指具体的侵入或侵犯别国领土，也可用于指抽象事件。
assault: 主要指突然而猛烈的进攻。
attack: 普通用词，含义广，指事先不发警告，主动地向对方发起武力进攻或对言论等进行抨击。
offensive: 多指进攻的态势，常指大规模的协同军事行动。
adj. 攻击的；冒犯的；无礼的；讨厌的
 - evil, rank
n. 攻势；攻击
 - attack, attempt, push

Word: German
Front: German
[ˈdʒɜ:mən] (高四六雅 1823/1017)
Back: adj. 德国的; 德国人/语的; 德国文化的
n. 德国人，德语
分布：德语(53%)，德国的(19%)，德国人(16%)，德语的(6%)，德国人的(6%)
→来自拉丁语Germanus, 最早来自古罗马执政官凯撒的使用。
US ['dʒɝ:-] noun
uncountable
■the language of Germany, Austria and parts of Switzerland 德语（德国、奥地利和瑞士部分地区的语言） See table of Geographical names.
countable
■a person from Germany 德国人
• We have a group of Germans staying at the hotel. 我们饭店住了一群德国人。
See table of Geographical names.
UK ['dʒɜ:.mən] US ['dʒɝ:-] adjective
■of or relating to Germany 德国的；德国式的 See table of Geographical names.

Word: suit
Front: suit
[su:t] (高研四六托雅 1411/2119 -K4)
Vocabulary: suit
(once / 54 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5v
Among many other meanings, a suit is a jacket and pants that match — formalwear for men. Suits are well-suited (appropriate) for some jobs and formal events, like a funeral.
A suit is also short for a lawsuit — like when you file a suit against a doctor who removed the wrong kidney. A suit is also an appeal to someone who has something you want — like money or affection. In cards, the suits are hearts, diamonds, spades and clubs. If a hat looks good on you, it suits you. In fact, you can say of just about anything you like, "That suits me." Like a well-fitting suit, when something suits you, you enjoy it and feel comfortable with it.
WORD FAMILY
suit: countersuit, suitable, suited, suiting, suits+/countersuit: countersuits/ suitable: suitability, suitableness, suitabler, suitablest, suitably, unsuitable /suitableness: suitablenesses/suited: suiteder, unsuited/suiting: suitings/unsuitability: unsuitabilities/ unsuitable: unsuitability, unsuitableness, unsuitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once the resolution is passed by the Senate, the House is quickly expected to follow suit.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Floral patterns abound, on stunning floor-length gowns and crisp suit jackets.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With only themselves and their appetites as a guide, they bypass any information that doesn’t suit their predisposition and worldview.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 一套外衣; 西装，套装; 诉讼; 恳求
vt. 适合于（某人）; 尤指服装、颜色等相配; 合身; 适宜
vi. 合适，相称
时态：suited, suiting, suits
分布：适合(63%)，套装(13%)，诉讼(11%)，满足(10%)，方便(2%)，请求(1%)
→来自盎格鲁法语 suit,跟随，来自古法语 suite,跟随，来自通俗拉丁语*sequita,来自拉丁语 sequi, 追随，跟随，词源同 sue,sequence.原指跟随的一群人，追随者，随从，后指配备给随从的统 一的制服，最后演变成现在的套装，西服，以及相关词义匹配，适宜等。
v.合适,适合;相配,适应n.一套西服;诉讼With a dim triumph, she trims the swimming-suit rim at the swimming-pool brim.她带着暗淡的喜悦在泳池边整理泳装的边缘.
US [su:t] noun
SET OF CLOTHES 一套衣服
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a jacket and trousers or a jacket and skirt that are made from the same material 一套衣服，套装
• All the businessmen were wearing pinstripe suits. 所有商人都穿着细条纹套装。
• She wore a dark blue suit. 她穿着一套深蓝色的衣服。
 IMPROVER countable
■a set of clothes or a piece of clothing to be worn in a particular situation or while doing a particular activity （特殊用途的）套装，服装
• a diving/protective/ski, etc. suit 潜水衣／防护衣／滑雪衣等
• a swimsuit 泳装
• a spacesuit 太空衣
• a suit of armour 甲胄，盔甲
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] noun
LEGAL PROBLEM 法律问题
countable (also lawsuit)
■a problem taken to a court of law, by an ordinary person or an organization rather than the police, for a legal decision （由普通人或警方以外的机构提起的）诉讼，讼案
• He brought / mainly USfiled a $12 million libel suit against the newspaper, claiming his professional reputation had been damaged by the paper's stories. 他对这家报纸提出名誉侵权诉讼，称其报导损害了自己的职业声誉，要求索赔1200万美元。
• a malpractice/negligence/paternity suit 渎职／过失／生父确认诉讼
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] noun
PLAYING CARDS 纸牌
countable
■any of the four types of card in a set of playing cards, each having a different shape printed on it 同花色的一组纸牌
• The four suits in a pack of cards are hearts, spades, clubs and diamonds. 一副纸牌中的四种花色为红桃、黑桃、梅花和方块。
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] noun
PERSON 人
countable often plural informal mainly disapproving
■a man who works in an office and wears a suit, especially a man with a high position in a company who is considered not to have human feelings and good ideas 穿西装的办公室男职员，（尤指没有人情味、缺乏思想的）公司高级管理人员
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] verb transitive
BE RIGHT 适合
 IMPROVER
■to be right for a particular person, situation or occasion 适合，适宜于
• Corn is grown a lot in this area - the soil seems to suit it very well. 这个地方种了很多玉米——看来这里的土壤非常适合玉米生长。
• The city lifestyle seems to suit her - she's certainly looking very well. 城市的生活方式似乎很适合她——她显然看起来气色非常好。
 ADVANCED
■(usually of a colour or style of clothes) to make someone look more attractive （通常指颜色或衣服式样）适合，与…相称
• You should wear more red - it suits you. 你应该多穿红色的衣服——这个颜色很适合你。
• Short skirts don't really suit me - I haven't got the legs for them. 我不太适合穿短裙——我的腿不好看。
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] verb transitive
BE CONVENIENT 方便
 ADVANCED
■to be convenient and cause the least difficulty for someone 对…方便
• We could go now or this afternoon - whatever time suits you best. 我们可以现在去或者下午去——看你甚么时候最方便。
• "How about eight o'clock outside the cinema?" "That suits me fine." “八点钟在电影院外面见怎么样?”“我没问题。”
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] verb transitive
suit yourself ! informal
■an expression used either humorously or angrily to mean 'do what you want to do' （表示幽默或生气）随你的便！你想怎么样就怎么样吧！
• "I don't think I'll come to the party tonight." "All right, suit yourself!" “我想我今晚不会去参加聚会。”“好的，随你的便吧！”
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] verb transitive
suit sb (right) down to the ground
■If something suits someone down to the ground, it suits them perfectly, usually because it is convenient for them 非常合适（某人）；通常指对（某人）非常方便
• Part-time work would suit me right down to the ground. 兼职工作非常适合我。
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  suit Remember that suit is not followed by a preposition. Don't say 'suit to/for someone' or 'suit to/for something', say suit someone/something :
✗ We need to find a solution that suits to everyone. We need to find a solution that suits everyone.
fit, accommodate, conform, suit, adjust, adapt
这组词都有“使适合，适应”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 含义广，指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。
accommodate: 书面用词，指以外部条件标准改变自己或某事以求得适应，着重改变或调节的有利。
conform: 多指与某模式或规则相符，也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。
suit: 指适合要求，从而使人满意愉快。
adjust: 与adapt含义很接近，但adjust所改变的幅度要小一些，侧重过程，主要用于调整角度、高度、光点等。
adapt: 指人或物在原有情况下作某些改变以适应新的环境或不同的条件，强调改变的目的和重要性。
uniform, clothing, clothes, dress, garment, suit, costume, gown, robe, coat
这组词都有“衣服、服装”的意思，其区别是：
uniform: 指某团体或组织统一做的制服，如军服、校服等。
clothing: 常用词，集合名词，是衣服的总称。
clothes: 普通用词，多指包括上衣、内衣或裤子等具体的一件件衣服。
dress: 多指正式场合或为某些特定用途而穿的服装，也指童装或女性穿的连衣裙。
garment: 语气庄重，正式用词，复数形式可与clothes换用，指身上全部穿着。单数形式指单件衣服，尤指长袍、外套等外面的衣服。
suit: 指一套服装，一般有几件配成一套的套装。
costume: 指流行某一地区或某一时代的服装，也指演员的戏装。
gown: 指女人穿的长服，尤指教士、法官、教授等的礼服或妇女的睡衣等，也指长袍。
robe: 指长袍，也指浴衣、晨衣。
coat: 指上衣、外衣、大衣、外套及女式上装。
vt. 适合；使适应
 - become, condition, season, adapt to something
n. 诉讼；组；套装；恳求
 - litigation, group, team, lawsuit, law
vi. 合适；相称
 - balance, be in order

Word: boom
Front: boom
[bu:m] (高研托雅宝 3171/3920 -3)
Vocabulary: boom
(once / 292 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A boom is a very loud, deep sound that echoes. The distant boom of fireworks might spook your nervous dog.
Guns, thunder, drums, deep voices — all of these are capable of a pretty loud boom. When they make the sound, you can also say that they boom: "I saw the flash of lightning and got ready for the thunder to boom." Another kind of boom is a prosperous period, like an oil boom or an economic boom. The long pole that holds a microphone or the sail on a boat is yet another type of boom.
WORD FAMILY
boom: boomed, boomer, booming, booms+/boomer: boomers/booming: boomingest, boomingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But she seemed to find some form and confidence in the third game which included a booming winner from a crosscourt forehand.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Choice period detail: A story about the boom in skiing attributes the sport’s popularity to innovations in “metal skis and stretch pants.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Wearable tech, although still in its infancy, is booming, and companies are hunting for advancements.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
Back: vi. 发出隆隆声; 快速发展; 暴涨
vt. 以低沉而有回响的声音发出; 使繁荣; 使迅速发展
n. 隆隆声; 繁荣; 激增
时态：boomed, booming, booms
分布：繁荣(79%)，激增(6%)，兴旺(4%)，吊杆(4%)，促进(1%)，尾桁(1%)，帆杠(1%)，支臂(1%)，水栅(1%)，使兴旺(1%)，发出低沉声(1%)
→拟声词。
v.迅速发展,兴旺;发出隆隆声Business is booming.商业正日趋繁荣.
【记】读音是一种噪音的象声词
noun
SOUND 声音
countable
■a deep and loud hollow sound 低沉有回响的声音；隆隆声
[bu:m] noun
PERIOD OF GROWTH 增长期
countable or uncountable
■a period of sudden economic growth, especially one that results in a lot of money being made （经济上的）繁荣，迅速发展
• This year has seen a boom in book sales. 今年图书销售激增。
• The insurance business suffered from a vicious cycle of boom and bust. 保险业经历了繁荣和萧条的恶性循环。
• the property boom 房地产业的繁荣
[bu:m] noun
BOAT 船
countable specialized
■(on a boat) a long pole that moves and that has a sail fastened to it 帆桁；张帆杆
[bu:m] noun
FILMING 拍摄
countable
■a long pole with a microphone on one end, used in television or film-making, which is held above the actors so that it records their voices but cannot be seen by the viewers （电视或电影制作中的）话筒吊杆
[bu:m] verb
MAKE A SOUND 发声
intransitive or transitive
■to make a very deep and loud hollow sound 发出低沉有力的声音；发出隆隆声，轰鸣
• The cannons boomed (out) in the night. 大炮在晚上隆隆作响。
• He boomed (out) an order to the soldiers. 他低沉有力地向士兵们发出命令。
[bu:m] verb
GROW 发展
intransitive
■to increase or become successful and produce a lot of money very quickly 繁荣，迅速发展
• OFTEN in continuous tenses The leisure industry is booming. 休闲产业正在蓬勃发展。
n. 繁荣； [机] 吊杆；隆隆声
 - prosperity, up, speed

Word: register
Front: register
[ˈredʒɪstə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3173/2430 -K3)
Vocabulary: register
(once / 130 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5nv 6v 7v
Register has several meanings, but one of the most common is to write down or record officially. Like registering your car with the DMV and registering for classes at the beginning of a semester.
Someone needs to register all the ways you can use the word register: As a noun it means the actual book that you record things in. But a register is also the range of sound your voice can make, and that thing the checkout lady uses to ring up your grocery bill. As a verb, register means to mark down officially or sign up, but also to show emotion: if cats and dogs rain from the sky, your face will likely register a look of disbelief.
WORD FAMILY
register: registered, registering, registers, registrant, registration, registry+/registered: unregistered/registrant: registrants/ registration: registrations/registry: registries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Johnson, who registers patients when they arrive for neurology appointments at IU Health Methodist Hospital in Indianapolis, was not helping.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mascher later successfully got the building added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s when The Des Moines Register got its hands on internal memos and emails between state officials and the insurers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 登记，注册; 记录; 登记簿; 自动记录器
vt. 登记，注册; （仪表等）指示; 表示，表达; （感情）流露
vi. 登记，注册; 留下印象; 完全符合; [印刷]对齐
时态：registered, registering, registers
分布：注册(50%)，登记(35%)，记录(6%)，挂号(4%)，登记簿(3%)，暂存器(2%)
→来自拉丁语 regerere,登记，记录，-st,过去分词格，来自 re-,向后，往回，-ger,携带，承载， 词源同 gesture,belligerent.
登记,注册(re再次+gister→再次带来→[学员]注册,登记)[gest,gister=carry,bring,表示"带来,产生"]
n./v.登记,注册v.(仪表等)指示,(邮件)挂号In the Administration, this minister is in charge of registering regional religions.在内阁中这个部长负责登记区域宗教.
US [-stɚ] verb
LIST 列入
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to put information, especially your name, into an official list or record （尤指把姓名）登记，注册，记录
• I registered the car in my name. 注册时，我把车登记在我的名下。
• Within two weeks of arrival all foreigners had to register with the local police. 所有外国人在到达后两周内必须在当地警察局登记。
• Students have to register for the new course by the end of April. 选修这门新课程的学生必须在四月底之前注册。
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] verb
SHOW 显示
intransitive or transitive
■to record, show or express something 显示；指示；表达
• The Geiger counter registered a dangerous level of radioactivity. 盖氏计算器显示辐射强度达到了危险级别。
• The earthquake was too small to register on the Richter scale. 地震太弱了，无法用里氏震级显示。
• formal His face registered extreme disapproval of what he had witnessed. 他的神情显示出他对所看到的一切极不赞成。
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] verb
REALISE 意识到的
intransitive or transitive informal
■If something registers, someone realises it and if someone registers something, they realise it （事物）受到注意，被意识到；（人）注意到，意识到
• I did mention the address but I'm not sure that it registered (with him). 我确实提到过地址，但是（他）听没听进去，我就没有把握了。
• I scarcely registered the fact that he was there. 我几乎没有注意到他在那里。
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] verb
MAIL 邮件
transitive
■When you register a letter or parcel, you send it using a special postal service, so that it will be dealt with in a special way and not be lost 挂号邮寄
• a registered letter 挂号信
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun
LIST 列入
countable
■a book or record containing a list of names 花名册；登记簿；注册表
• Guests write their names in the (hotel) register. 客人们在（饭店）登记簿上登记。
• Is your name on the register of voters? 选民册上有你的名字吗？
countable
■a book used to record whether a child is present at school 学校点名册
• If a child is absent, the teacher notes it down in the (class)register. 如果哪个孩子没有来，老师会在（班级）点名册上记下来。
uncountable
■in school, the period at the start of the morning and afternoon when a teacher records on an official list which children are present （老师在上、下午开始时对学生的）点名登记
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun
LANGUAGE STYLE 语言风格
countable or uncountable specialized
■the style of language, grammar and words used for particular situations 语域，语体风格
• People chatting at a party will usually be talking in (an) informal register. 人们在派对上聊天通常都是用非正式语体。
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun
SOUNDS 声音
countable
■all the notes that a musical instrument or a person's voice can produce, from the highest to the lowest （乐器或人的）音区，声区
• music written mainly for the lower/higher register of the clarinet 主要为单簧管低／高音区演奏而谱的乐曲
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun
MONEY 钱
countable US for
■ till (MONEY DRAWER)
• a cash register 现金出纳机，收银机
vt. 登记； [专利] 注册；记录；挂号邮寄；把…挂号；正式提出
 - book in, book down
vi. 登记； [专利] 注册；挂号
 - book in, book down
n. 登记； [专利] 注册；记录；寄存器；登记簿
 - entry, page, enrollment

Word: appoint
Front: appoint
[əˈpɔɪnt] (高研四六托宝 3172/1272 -K3)
Vocabulary: appoint
(once / 59 pages)
1v 2v
The President can appoint someone as ambassador to another county; that means to give them the job or recommend them for it.
It must be nice to be appointed. Usually, people who want a job have to send in applications, do interviews, and jump through lots of hoops. Appointing is different: someone with the power to appoint can usually just give you the job. In some cases, appointing isn't a sure thing and means something closer to "recommending" — but it still beats filling out all those applications. It takes power to appoint people, which is why world leaders are often the ones appointing.
WORD FAMILY
appoint: appointed, appointee, appointing, appointive, appointment, appoints+/ appointed: appointedly, self-appointed/appointee: appointees/appointive: nonappointive/ appointment: appointments
USAGE EXAMPLES
A commission appointed to study the issue in 2015 suggested more money be tied to individual students’ background.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He refused to let intermittent monsoons derail his appointed rounds.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
With the party finally back in power in 1997, after 18 years in opposition, he was appointed parliamentary private secretary to Foreign Secretary Robin Cook.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 任命，委派; 约定，指定; 装设，布置
时态：appointed, appointing, appoints
分布：任命(58%)，指定(30%)，委派(8%)，约定(4%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. point, 点，指出。
指定,任命(ap+point指→指定)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
任命,指派(ap加强动作+point→指定某人)[point,punct=point,make sharp,表示"点,变尖"]
vt.任命,委派;指定,约定(时间,地点等)The time appointed for the meeting was 8 sharp.约定的开会时间是八点整.
verb
CHOOSE 选择
 IMPROVER transitive
■to choose someone officially for a job or responsibility 任命；委任
• We've appointed three new teachers this year. 我们今年已经任用了三名新教师。
• He's just been appointed (as) director of the publishing division. 他刚刚被任命为出版部主任。
• [+ to infinitive] A commission has just been appointed to investigate fraud claims. 刚委任了一个委员会去调查诈骗的说法是否属实。
[ə'pɔɪnt] verb
ARRANGE 安排
transitive usually passive formal
■to arrange a date or time when a meeting or other event will happen 约定，安排（日期、时间）
• A date has been appointed for the election. 选举日期已定。
assign, designate, name, appoint, nominate
这组词都有“任命，委派”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 常指给一群人或个人分配、分派、指派或委派任务。
designate: 书面用语，侧重当权者或机构的选拔或任命，有时含强行指定的意味。
name: 普通用词，着重任命的结果，而不是过程。
appoint: 通常指不经过选择的官方委任。
nominate: 通常指为某一公职选择候选人，并将其提交给有决定权的人作最后决定。
vt. 任命；指定；约定
 - install, constitute, name, place, specify
vi. 任命；委派
 - nominate sb to, institute to

Word: heritage
Front: heritage
[ˈherɪtɪdʒ] (研六托雅 3175/3573 -2)
Vocabulary: heritage
(once / 743 pages)
n
Heritage can refer to practices or characteristics that are passed down through the years, from one generation to the next. Researching your family tree would help you gain a sense of your personal heritage.
Heritage is often used to discuss a cultural aspect or tradition that has been passed down through generations. For example, one might speak of an area’s "rich musical heritage.” Heritage can also refer to a person's ethnic or cultural background. In a legal sense, heritage is property that you inherit, like a silver teapot your great aunt Sally left to you.
WORD FAMILY
heritage: heritages
USAGE EXAMPLES
Partners for Sacred Places hosted the event and created the report through a grant secured by the Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The speakers at Heritage that day differed in the degree of optimism they allowed themselves.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
This finding — that people are reflexively prone to “intergroup bias” in punishment — is consistent with what many scientists believe about humans’ evolutionary heritage.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: n. 遗产; 继承物; 传统; 文化遗产
分布：遗产(95%)，继承物(5%)
→词源同heredity,遗产。
遗产(herit继承)[-age名词反缀1.表示"状态,总称"2.表示"场所,物品"3.表示"费用"]
n.遗产,继承物;传统Chinese have a great cultural heritage.中国人有伟大的文化遗产.
US [-tˌɪdʒ] noun uncountable
■features belonging to the culture of a particular society, such as traditions, languages or buildings, which still exist from the past and which have a historical importance 遗产（指过去流传下来的具有历史意义的传统、语言、建筑等）
• These monuments are a vital part of the cultural heritage of South America. 这些纪念碑是南美文化遗产的重要部分。
structure, system, heritage
structure: 结构
system: 系统
heritage: 遗产
n. 遗产；传统；继承物；继承权
 - tradition, succession, inheritance, legacy

Word: God
Front: God
[gɒd] (中高研四 2809/492 -K4)
Back: n. 上帝，造物主; 被极度崇敬的人[物]; 男神; 戏院顶层楼座观众
vt. 膜拜; 崇拜
分布：神(95%)，偶像(4%)，天呐(1%)
→来自gheu, 涌出，倾泻，祭酒，词源同gush, gust. 即祭酒来召唤神灵。
n.上帝(小写god泛指所有的"神,神像")Whether the weather is good or bad, neither father nor I am going to the gathering.无论天气是好是坏,父亲和我都不去参加那个聚会.
US [gɑ:d] noun countable
SPIRIT 神灵
 IMPROVER
■a spirit or being believed to control some part of the universe or life and often worshipped for doing so, or a representation of this spirit or being （主宰某个领域的）神；神像
• the ancient Greek gods and goddesses 古希腊的男女众神
UK [gɒd] US [gɑ:d] noun countable
ADMIRED PERSON 尊崇的人
 IMPROVER
■someone who is very important to you, who you admire very much, and who strongly influences you （对某人来说）被极度尊崇的人，被崇拜的偶像
• His most devoted fans think of Elvis Presley as a sort of god. 在大多数忠实的崇拜者心目中，艾维斯．普里斯莱（猫王）就像是一个神。
UK [gɒd] US [gɑ:d] noun countable
THEATRE 剧院
the gods [plural] UK informal
■the seats in a theatre which are at the highest level and the furthest distance from the stage （剧院中的）顶层楼座，最高楼座
UK [gɒd] US [gɑ:d] noun countable
Those whom the gods love die young. literary saying
■sometimes said when someone has died young 英年早逝

Word: dominant
Front: dominant
[ˈdɒmɪnənt] (研六托雅宝 3174/2719 -3)
Vocabulary: dominant
(once / 521 pages)
1adj 2n 3nadj
Dominant means to be in control. In a wolf pack, one male wolf fights the others, wins, and is considered the dominant, or alpha male. The other wolves in the pack do what he tells them.
Dominant derives from the Latin dominus which means "lord or master." If you grew up with a Latin mass, you will recognize this as one of many words for God. If you're dominant, it means you treat others as if you're their master. You can also use dominant to describe something frequent or common. For example, when cell phones first came out, their dominant use was for making calls. Now cells phone do so much more, some people hardly make calls on them at all.
WORD FAMILY
dominant: dominance, dominantly, dominants, subdominant+/ dominance: dominances
USAGE EXAMPLES
The league continues to evolve, with the passing game becoming more dominant.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With no great, dominant team, the path is wide open.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The tip of the blade should be parallel to the dominant shoulder.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 占优势的; 统治的，支配的; [生]显性的; 高耸的
n. [生]显性性状，显性基因; 优势物种; [乐]全阶第五音; 主因，要素
分布：主要的(42%)，显性基因(21%)，显性的(21%)，占优势的(11%)，主宰者(5%)
a.支配的,统治的,占优势的The dominant candidate is nominally nominated for president.占优势的候选人名义上被任命为总统.
【反】recessive（adj [遗]隐性的）
US ['dɑ:.mə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■more important, strong or noticeable than anything else of the same type 主要的；主导的；占优势的
• a dominant military power 主要军事力量
• Unemployment will be a dominant issue at the next election. 失业将成为下届选举中的主要辩论问题。
dominant gene specialized
■a gene which always produces a particular characteristic in a person, plant or animal 显性基因
sovereign, predominant, dominant
这组词都有“占优势的，支配其它的”的意思，其区别是：
sovereign: 侧重指其他事物都从属于或低于它的。
predominant: 侧重指影响与新近的优势。
dominant: 强调权威。
adj. 显性的； [生物] 占优势的； [数] 支配的，统治的
 - ruling, predominant

Word: successfully
Front: successfully
[sək'sesfəlɪ] (四六 3176/2498 -K)
Vocabulary: successfully
(once / 333 pages)
adv
Use the adverb successfully to describe something that ends up having the outcome you desired. If you successfully snowboard down a mountain without falling, it means you've achieved something you set out to do.
If you attempt something and achieve it, you've done it successfully. You could successfully finish a term paper in time to have your friend proofread it, or successfully decorate your brother's birthday cake to look like the Empire State Building. When it comes out well, it's been done successfully. Spelling successfully can be tricky; it can be helpful to remember that there are two c's, two s's, and two l's.
WORD FAMILY
successful: successfulest, successfully, successfulness, unsuccessful+/ success: successes, successful /unsuccessful: unsuccessfulest, unsuccessfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
There will continue to be speculation about Elway rolling the dice on another seasoned star, the way he did so successfully with Peyton Manning.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mascher later successfully got the building added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We are working, and working successfully, and we are achieving much,” Putin said in the nationally broadcast address.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 顺利地; 成功地
分布：副词(99%)，名词(1%)
ADJ-GRADED
达到目的的;有成效的;成功的
Something that is successful achieves what it was intended to achieve. Someone who is successful achieves what they intended to achieve.
例：How successful will this new treatment be?...这一新的疗法会有多大成效？
例：I am looking forward to a long and successful partnership with him...我期盼着能与他建立长期而有成效的合作关系。
ADJ-GRADED
获得成功的;受欢迎的;获利匪浅的
Something that is successful is popular or makes a lot of money.
例：...the hugely successful movie that brought Robert Redford an Oscar for his directing...让罗伯特·雷德福拿到了奥斯卡最佳导演奖的大受欢迎的影片
例：One of the keys to successful business is careful planning.打造成功企业的关键之一就是要精心策划。
ADJ-GRADED
(人)成功的，有成就的
Someone who is successful achieves a high position in what they do, for example in business or politics.
例：Women do not necessarily have to imitate men to be successful in business...女性不见得非要模仿男性才能在商界叱咤风云。
例：She is a successful lawyer.她是个成功的律师。
adv. 成功地；顺利地
 - triumphantly, resoundingly

Word: shit
Front: shit
[ʃɪt] (3178/3766)
Vocabulary: shit
(once / 6025 pages)
vn
Shit is one of the most commonly used slang words that mean "poop" or "crap." Or it's used as an emphatic exclamation roughly meaning "oh no!" Despite its commonness, shit is still considered inappropriate.
When you stub your toe or cut yourself, it's pretty hard not to say "Shit!" Still, you'd better try to avoid it in most settings, because shit is an obscenity that many people do not want to hear. It's probably a bad word because poop is generally considered pretty disgusting. So even though we all shit, and we all probably say shit, we need to be careful who we're saying it around.
WORD FAMILY
shit: shat, shitless, shits, shitter, shitting, shitty+/shitter: shitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
“That scared the shit out of me,” Patrick said.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Shit happens 😩 Have a happy and healthy new year everybody!🎉
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
“They were not cool with that shit at all, at least not when I was a kid,” says Kevin.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 屎，粪便; 拉屎，排便; 胡说八道; 不幸或麻烦
vi. 大便，拉屎
vt. 拉屎弄脏（某物），排便于…; 取笑; 欺骗，哄骗; 对…胡扯
int. 胡扯！放屁！讨厌！[用以表示厌恶、轻蔑、失望、愤怒等]
时态：shitted, shitting, shits
分布：大便(51%)，拉屎(27%)，胡说(10%)，可鄙的人(10%)，表示愤怒、厌恶等的感叹词(2%)
→来自古英语 scitan,屎，粪便，来自 Proto-Germanic*skitana,排便，来自 skei,切，分开，词源 同 shed,sheath,science.词源比较 turd.
noun
uncountable offensive
■the solid waste which is released from the bowels of a person or animal; excrement 屎，粪便
• There's so much dog shit on the pavement. 人行道上有许多狗屎。
⇒ See also bullshit;shite
only singular offensive
■the act of releasing solid waste from the bowels 拉屎
• I need to have/ UStake a shit. 我要去拉屎。
the shits [plural] offensive
■ diarrhoea (= a medical condition in which the contents of the bowels are passed out of the body too often) 拉肚子，腹泻
• Something I ate has given me the shits. 我吃的某种东西让我拉肚子了。
countable or uncountable offensive
■someone or something you do not like, especially because they are unpleasant or of low quality 讨厌的人（或物）；劣质货
• She talks a load of shit. 她说的全是屁话。
• The man's a complete shit. 那个人完全是堆狗屎。
uncountable offensive
■insults, criticism or unkind or unfair treatment 侮辱；责难；不公平待遇
• Ben gets a lot of shit from his parents about the way he dresses. 班常因自己的穿着打扮而受到父母的臭骂。
• Jackie doesn't take (any) shit from anyone (= does not allow anyone to treat her badly). 杰基从不愿受任何人的气。
uncountable US offensive
■used in negatives to mean 'anything' （用于否定句）任何东西（都不）
• He doesn't know shit about what's going on. 他一点都不知道发生了甚么事。
[ʃɪt] noun
give sb the shits Australian offensive
■to annoy someone 激怒某人，惹（某人）生气
[ʃɪt] noun
have shit for brains US offensive
■to be extremely stupid 脑子进水；极端愚蠢
• Don't ask Jack to do anything - he's got shit for brains. 任何事情也不要找杰克做－－他脑子有水（极端愚蠢）。
[ʃɪt] noun
have/get your shit together mainly US offensive
■to be or become effective, organized and skilful 变得熟练，得心应手
• One of these days I'll get my shit together. 总有一天，我会他妈驾轻就熟的。
[ʃɪt] noun
No shit! offensive
■an expression of surprise about information you have just heard （表示对刚听到的话感到惊讶）不会吧
• "Richard's got the job in New York!" "No shit!" “理查得到了在纽约的那份工作！”“不会吧！”
[ʃɪt] noun
not give a shit offensive
■to not be interested in or worried about something or someone （对…）丝毫不感兴趣；（对…）毫不在意
• I don't give a shit what Nigel thinks. 我毫不在意奈杰尔怎么想。
[ʃɪt] noun
(the) shit hits the fan (also the shit flies) offensive
■When the shit hits the fan or when the shit flies, a situation suddenly causes a lot of trouble for someone 麻烦到来，灾难来临
• I don't want to be here when the shit hits the fan. 大难临头时我可不想待在这里。
[ʃɪt] noun
the shit out of sb/sth offensive
■used to emphasize the degree of force of an action which you are describing （用于强调所描述的动作的程度）
• His dad would beat/knock/kick the shit out of him if he disobeyed. 如果他不听话，他爸爸就会把他打得屁滚尿流。
• Don't creep up on me like that - you scared the shit out of me. 别那么蹑手蹑脚地靠近我——你把我吓死了。
[ʃɪt] verb (shitting, shit or shat or shitted, shit or shat or shitted) offensive
intransitive
■to pass solid waste from the bowels 拉屎
• That dog had better not shit in the house again! 那只狗最好别再在屋子里拉屎了！
• mainly US I need to shit real bad. 我得去拉屎，快憋死了。
shit yourself [R]
■to be extremely frightened 极度害怕
• She was shitting herself, especially when he pulled out a gun. 她吓得魂不附体，尤其是当他掏出枪的时候。
[ʃɪt] verb (shitting, shit or shat or shitted, shit or shat or shitted) offensive
shit a brick (also shit bricks) mainly US offensive
■to become very frightened 非常惊骇
• We were all shitting bricks as the truck missed the car by inches. 当那个卡车差点撞上汽车时，我们都非常惊骇。
[ʃɪt] verb (shitting, shit or shat or shitted, shit or shat or shitted) offensive
  Phrasal Verbs  shit on sb
■to treat someone very badly and unkindly 苛刻地对待（某人）
• He was whinging that the boss had shat on him by not giving him a day off. 他气愤地抱怨说，老板连一天假都不让他请，对他真是太刻薄了。
[ʃɪt] exclamation offensive
■used to express anger or surprise （用于表示恼怒或惊讶）该死！妈的！
• Oh shit, we're going to be late! 哦，该死，我们要迟到了！
• Shit - the damn thing's broken! 妈的——这该死的东西打碎了！
n. 屎；粪
 - turd, ordure
vi. 拉屎
 - make a mess
vt. 欺骗；在…拉屎
 - sell, fox, kid
int. 狗屁；呸
 - bah, foh

Word: lemon
Front: lemon
[ˈlemən] (高研四雅 3179/4583 -K2)
Vocabulary: lemon
(once / 550 pages)
1n 2n
A lemon is a sour yellow fruit. Squeeze one to make lemonade or add flavor to hot tea. Lemon is also what people call something that doesn’t work well, like a bum car.
You can use the word lemon for the evergreen tree whose blossoms become bright yellow fruit, or for the fruit itself — or even the color of the fruit. Lemons are originally from Asia, but they also grow well in the Mediterranean, Florida, and California. They like sunny places. Informally, you can also use lemon to mean "an unsatisfactory or poorly made example of something," so you could say, "Most Volvos are great, but this car is a lemon."
WORD FAMILY
lemon: lemonlike, lemons, lemony
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here, he drinks a cocktail called the Hudson Duster — rye, lemon juice, amaretto — and contemplates the cadence of the average Drynuary.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He seasons the brodo with fresh thyme stalks, lemon juice and salt.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Place the mixture in a bowl along with the oil, orange juice, vinegar and lemon juice.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 柠檬; 柠檬树; 柠檬黄
adj. 柠檬色的
分布：柠檬(97%)，柠檬色(2%)，令人讨厌的人(1%)
→来自波斯语limun,桔子，柠檬，词源同lime.
n.柠檬I like lemon in my tea.我喜欢红茶加柠檬.
noun
FRUIT 水果
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■an oval fruit which has a thick yellow skin and sour juice 柠檬
• For this recipe you need the juice of two lemons. 按照这份食谱，你需要两个柠檬的果汁。
• Would you like a slice of lemon in your tea? 你的茶里要放一片柠檬吗？
• lemon juice 柠檬汁
uncountable
■the juice of a lemon or a drink made from this juice 柠檬汁；柠檬饮料
['lem.ən] noun
COLOUR 颜色
uncountable
■a pale yellow colour 淡黄色，柠檬色
['lem.ən] noun
STUPID PERSON/THING 傻人或事
countable UK informal
■a very silly person 傻瓜
• I felt such a lemon when I discovered I'd missed my appointment. 我发现错过了约会时间，觉得自己真是太傻了。
countable mainly US informal
■something that does not work 有毛病的东西；不成功的东西
• Only one of his inventions turned out to be a lemon. 在他的几项发明中只有一项没有获得成功。
adj. 柠檬色的
 - citreous
n. [园艺] 柠檬
 - citrus limon

Word: hungry
Front: hungry
[ˈhʌŋgri] (中高 3181/3683 -K2)
Vocabulary: hungry
(once / 178 pages)
adj
Are you hungry? If your stomach is growling, you're probably hungry, which is how you’d describe that uncomfortable feeling in your gut when you go too long without eating food.
Feeling hungry is a gnawing sensation that can be fixed by eating something. For some people, getting food isn’t so easy, and you’ll see poor folk on the street with a hungry look in their eyes. If your hunger has a particular food in mind, you could say that you are "hungry for” that food, like being hungry for macaroni right after seeing a commercial about macaroni.
WORD FAMILY
hungry: hungrier, hungriest, hungrily, hungriness+/ hunger: hungered, hungering, hungers, hungry
USAGE EXAMPLES
So, hopefully, a lot of guys will be a lot more hungry.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Billboards, TV and radio adverts all portrayed him as the face of a state hungry for success and growth.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“We were very hungry,” said Oritz, who moved in November.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 饥饿的; 渴望的，渴望得到; （统称）饥民; 荒年的，不毛的
级别：hungrier, hungriest
分布：饥饿的(90%)，渴望的(10%)
→来自hunger,饥饿，-y,形容词后缀。
a.饥饿的,渴望的The hungry drunk plunged a trunk of lungs into the tunnel under the channel.饥饿的醉汉把一大箱肺投进了水渠下面的隧道.
adjective
NEEDING FOOD 需要食物的
 ESSENTIAL
■wanting or needing food 饥饿的
• By four o'clock I felt/was really hungry. 到四点钟的时候我觉得肚子非常饿。
• Digging the garden is hungry work (= makes you feel hunger). 在园里挖土真是一件令人容易饥饿的活动。
• The children are always hungry (= want something to eat) when they get home from school. 孩子们放学回家时总是饥肠辘辘。
• There are too many hungry people (= people without enough to eat) in the world. 世界上有太多人在挨饿。
• She often goes hungry herself (= does not eat) so that her children can have enough to eat. 为了令孩子们有足够食物，她自己经常挨饿。
['hʌŋ.gri] adjective
WANTING 想要的
■having a strong wish or desire for something 渴望的；想要的
• She was so hungry for success that she'd do anything to achieve it. 她如此渴望成功，愿意为之做任何事。
• Journalists were hungry for details. 新闻记者非常渴望得知细节。
adj. 饥饿的；渴望的；荒年的；不毛的
 - eager, desired, anxious, sick, keen

Word: sense
Front: sense
[sens] (中高研四六雅 407/417 -K5)
Vocabulary: sense
(once / 17 pages)
nv
When you sense something, you know it intuitively, like when you can tell your mother is angry not by her words but by the tone of her voice.
Sense has many shades of meaning, all involving understanding or becoming aware of something. You can use sense to describe something perceived with your senses, like when you sense your dog is near because of the smell. Sense also refers to the unconscious process of figuring something out, like when you sense that someone is cheating at cards. If you have common sense you don't do foolish things. The sense of a word is how it's used.
WORD FAMILY
sense: nonsense, sensation, sensed, senseless, senses, sensible, sensing, sensitive, sensor, sensorial, sensuous +/desensitise: desensitisation, desensitising/ desensitize: desensitization, desensitized, desensitizes, desensitizing/hypersensitive: hypersensitively, hypersensitivity/insensibility: insensibilities/ insensible: insensibility, insensibly/ insensitive: insensitively, insensitiveness, insensitivity/insensitivity: insensitivities/ nonsense: nonsenses, nonsensical / nonsensical: nonsensicalest, nonsensicality, nonsensically/oversensitive: oversensitively, oversensitiveness/ sensation: aftersensation, sensational, sensations/ sensational: sensationalism, sensationally, unsensational/sensationalism: sensationalisms, sensationalist, sensationalistic/sensationalist: sensationalists/senseless: senselessly, senselessness/ sensibility: sensibilities/ sensible: insensible, sensibilise, sensibility, sensibilize, sensibleness, sensibler, sensiblest, sensibly/sensitise: desensitise, sensitisation, sensitised, sensitiser, sensitising/sensitised: hypersensitised, supersensitised/sensitiser: sensitisers/ sensitive: hypersensitive, insensitive, nonsensitive, oversensitive, sensitise, sensitively, sensitiveness, sensitives, sensitivity, sensitize, supersensitive/sensitiveness: sensitivenesses/ sensitivity: sensitivities/sensitize: desensitize, sensitization, sensitized, sensitizer, sensitizes, sensitizing/sensitized: hypersensitized, supersensitized/sensitizer: sensitizers/sensor: sensors/sensorial: sensorially/ sensuous: sensuously, sensuousness/supersensitive: supersensitively/unsensational: unsensationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Others conclude that this sense of homelessness is rooted in human nature but corresponds to nothing real in the world.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He said that he was motivated by a sense of instability because of the threat of terrorism and the conflict in Ukraine.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin says the final stages of his three-week stint in a secret jail were among the hardest, even though he sensed his release was imminent.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 感觉，官能; 意识，观念; 理性; 识别力
vt. 感到; 理解，领会; 检测出
时态：sensed, sensing, senses
分布：感觉(42%)，意义(20%)，意识(12%)，理解(5%)，意识到(5%)，检测(4%)，道理(4%)，见识(3%)，理智(2%)，感官(2%)，鉴赏力(1%)
→来自古法语 sens,感觉，知觉，理解，五种感官的功能，来自拉丁语 sensus,感觉的，知觉的， 感知的，过去分词格于 sentire,感觉，感知，知晓，来自 sent,感觉，可能来自 sent, 走，离开，送出，词源同 send.其逻辑关系可能为摸着石头过河，根据感觉找路。引申诸相 关词义。
感觉[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
n.感官;感觉;判断力;意义v.觉得,意识到She has no sense of time.她没有时间观念.
noun
ABILITY 能力
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an ability to understand, recognize, value or react to something, especially any of the five physical abilities to see, hear, smell, taste and feel 官能；感觉；知觉（尤指视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉）
• With her keen sense of smell, she could tell if you were a smoker from the other side of the room. 她嗅觉灵敏，在房间的另一端就能知道你是否抽烟。
• My cold is so bad I've lost my sense of smell/taste (= I can't smell/taste anything). 我感冒很严重，闻不到任何气味了／尝不出任何味道了。
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a general feeling or understanding 整体感觉；领悟；理解
• Did you get any sense of how they might react? 你预感他们会作何反应？
• The helicopters hovering overhead added to the sense of urgency. 在头顶盘桓的直升机加重了紧迫感。
sense of fun
■the ability to enjoy life and not be too serious 轻松快乐的天性
• Don't be angry - it was just a joke - where's your sense of fun? 别生气——只是个笑话——你乐观的天性哪里去了？
sense of humour
■your ability to understand funny things 幽默感
• She has a really good sense of humour. 她真的很有幽默感。
• We have the same sense of humour. 我们有同样的幽默感。
• Come on, lighten up! Where's your sense of humour? 好了，放轻松点！你的幽默感哪里去了？
sense of occasion UK
■the feeling people have when there is a very important event or celebration 隆重的气氛；节庆的气氛
• The decorations, flowers and crowds gave the town a real sense of occasion. 灯彩、鲜花和人群给小镇带来了十足的节庆氛围。
[sents] noun
GOOD JUDGMENT 好的判断力
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the characteristic of having good judgment, especially when it is based on practical ideas or understanding （尤指基于切实的想法或理解的）理智，明智
• [+ to infinitive] I hope they'll have the (good) sense] have enough sense to shut the windows before they leave. 我希望他们走的时候会想到要关窗户。
• It makes (good) sense to buy a large packet because it works out cheaper in the end. 买大包的更划算，因为最终算下来更便宜。
• [+ -ing verb] There 's no sense in waiting (= It is not practical to wait) - the next train isn't for two hours. 继续等下去是不明智的——要过两个小时下一趟火车才会来。
• Where's/What's the sense (= What is the advantage) in paying someone when you could get a volunteer? 既然你可以找一个志愿者，何必花钱请人呢？
• Planning so far ahead makes no sense - so many things will have changed by next year. 提前这么久就计划并不明智——到明年，许多事情都会发生变化。
senses [plural]
■the ability to use good judgment 理智；良好的判断能力
• Have you taken leave of your senses (= Have you lost your ability to make a good judgment) ? 你疯了吧？
• It's time you came to your senses (= started to use your good judgment) and realized that they are not going to help you. 你该醒醒了，你该明白他们是不会帮你的。
• The accident brought him to his senses (= caused him to use his good judgment again) and made him stop drinking. 这个意外使他醒悟过来，不再喝酒了。
[sents] noun
MEANING 意义
 ESSENTIAL countable
■one of the possible meanings of a word or phrase 含意，意义
• They are not immigrants, at least not in any sense that I understand. 至少就我所理解的意义上来说，他们不是移民。
• The packaging is green - in both senses of the word (= it is green in colour and it is good for the environment). 包装是绿色的——这个“绿色”有两层含义。
• Security defined in the broad/broadest sense of the term means getting at the root causes of trouble and helping to reduce regional conflicts. 广义上说，安全工作是指找出危险的根本原因并帮助减少地区冲突。
• This passage doesn't make (any) sense (= the meaning is not clear). 这篇文章意义不明确。
• I've read the letter twice, but I can't make (any) sense of it (= I can't understand it). 我把信读了两遍，但还是不解其意。
in every sense
■in every way or feature 从任何意义上看
• It's a book which is, in every sense, about different ways of seeing the world. 从任何意义上说，这都是一本以不同角度看世界的书。
in a sense (also in one sense)
■thinking about something in one way, but not in every way 从某种意义上讲
• She claims that the system is at fault and she's right, in a sense (= she is partly right) , it could be improved. 她主张现行制度有问题，从某种意义上说，她是对的，现行制度确有改进的空间。
in no sense
■not at all 根本不；绝对不
• We are in no sense obliged to agree to this. 我们绝不是非得同意这件事。
[sents] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to feel or experience something without being able to explain exactly how 意识到；感觉到
• Although she said nothing, I could sense her anger 尽管她甚么都没说，但我能感觉到她的愤怒。
• He sensed something was about to happen. 他感觉到有事情要发生。
• [+ (that)] He sensed (that) his guests were bored, although they were listening politely. 尽管客人们在礼貌地听着，但他意识到他们有些厌烦。
• [+ question word] Could you sense wh at was likely to happen? 你能感觉到可能会发生甚么事情吗？
sensation, feeling, perception, sense
这组词都有“感觉”的意思，其区别是：
sensation: 系较严密的科学用词，指听觉、味觉、视觉、嗅觉或触觉；还可指引起激动或轰动的事物。
feeling: 最普通用词，既可指身体上的感觉，如冷暖、饥饿、疼痛等，又可指精神上的感觉，如喜、怒、哀、乐、失望等。
perception: 侧重对外界刺激的反应和对产生感觉的物体的辨别。
sense: 主要指人或动物身体上的感觉。复数形式指人的知觉。
discrimination, judgement, sense
这组词都有“识别力，判断”的意思，其区别是：
discrimination: 指辨别精微的能力，甚至平时观察不到的也可识别出来。
judgement: 指经过训练或磨练或凭经历而得到辨别或判断事物的能力或品质。
sense: 指不带幻想或感情、偏见地观察事物，并能作出明智、公平的选择与决定。
implication, sense, meaning
这组词都有“含义，意义，意思”的意思，其区别是：
implication: 指暗含的意思。
sense: 特指词、短语或句子的某种特定意思。也常指多种解释的一种。
meaning: 普通用词，使用广泛。既可指语言表达的意思，又可指手势、符号、表情或艺术品或抽象概念所含的意义。
n. [生理] 感觉，官能；观念；道理；理智
 - concept, consciousness, perception, feel, mind

Word: dry
Front: dry
[draɪ] (中高 1561/1665 -K4)
Vocabulary: dry
(once / 54 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3adjn 4adj 5adj 6adj
Things that are dry lack moisture. A desert or a dessert can be dry. If your eyes are dry, you’ve stopped crying. It’s also a flavor that means the opposite of sweet.
The Sahara Desert and crumbly chocolate cake are both dry. Dry is also a verb — when you paint your kitchen, you have to wait for the first coat to dry before you can add another. If someone says you have a dry sense of humor, they mean that you have a subtle style, keeping a straight face even when you say something outrageous.
WORD FAMILY
dry: dried, drier, dries, driest, drily, dryed, dryer, dryest, drying, dryly, dryness, drys, semi-dry+/ dried: undried/drier: driers/dryer: dryers/dryness: drynesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“So remove dry cleaning bags and hang only one item per hanger.”
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
The general rule of thumb is that areas which are currently dry will become more dry.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
They say the contract was awarded competitively and will pay for replacement of part of dry dock number 3 at the shipyard.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 干的干燥的，干旱的; 干旱的，口渴的; 干咳的; 无趣味的，枯燥的
vt. 从…去掉水分，使…变干; 脱水保存（如肉或其它食物）
vi. 变干
n. 干涸; [复数] drys [非正式用语]主张禁酒的人
时态：dried, drying, dries
分布：干燥的(45%)，干的(28%)，干旱的(18%)，口渴的(6%)，枯燥的(3%)
→来自dhergh, 干燥，巩固，来自dher, 坚固，支撑，词源同firm.
a.干(旱)的;干渴的;枯燥vt.使干燥,晒干The crying boy tries to fry the dry crystal.哭喊的男孩试图用油炸干晶体.
adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
NOT WET 不湿的
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something that has no water or other liquid in, on, or around it 干的，干燥的
• I hung his wet trousers on the radiator, but they're not dry yet. 我把他的湿裤子挂在散热器上了，但现在还没干呢。
• These plants grow well in dry soil/a dry climate. 这些植物适宜在干旱的土壤里／气候条件下生长。
• This cake's a bit dry - I think I overcooked it. 这个蛋糕有点干——估计是给我烤过头了。
run dry
■If a river or other area of water runs dry, the water gradually disappears from it （河流等）干涸，干枯
• By this time all the wells had run dry. 到这个时候所有的井都已经干枯了。
■describes hair or skin that does not have enough of the natural oils that make it soft and smooth （头发或皮肤）干燥的，干性的
• a shampoo for dry hair 适用于干性发质的洗发水
■describes bread when it is plain, without butter, jam, etc. （面包）无奶油（或果酱）的
• All I was offered was a piece of dry bread and an apple! 他们只给了我一块没有奶油的面包和一个苹果。
[draɪ] adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
BORING 单调的 disapproving
■If a book, talk, subject, etc. is dry, it is not interesting. 枯燥乏味的，干巴巴的
[draɪ] adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
NO ALCOHOL 无酒精的
■without alcoholic drinks 无酒精饮料的
• a dry wedding 不喝酒的婚礼
• a dry bar 无酒精酒吧
• a dry state (= a part of a country which does not allow alcohol) 禁酒的州
[draɪ] adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
NOT SWEET 不甜的
■If wine or another alcoholic drink is dry, it does not taste sweet （葡萄酒等酒精饮料）无甜味的，干的
• dry cider/martini/sherry/wine 干苹果／马天尼／雪利／葡萄酒
• On the whole, I prefer dry wines to sweet ones. 总的来讲，我更喜欢干葡萄酒，不喜欢甜葡萄酒。
[draɪ] adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
HUMOUR 幽默 approving
■Dry humour is very funny in a way which is clever and not loud or obvious 机敏的；不形于色的，不露声色的
• a dry sense of humour 不露声色的幽默感
• a dry wit 假装正经的诙谐
[draɪ] adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
as dry as a bone (also bone-dry)
■extremely dry 非常干燥的，干透了的
• I don't think he's been watering these plants - the soil is as dry as a bone. 我想他没给这些植物浇水——土都干透了。
[draɪ] adjective (drier, driest or dryer, dryest)
There wasn't a dry eye in the house.
■used to mean that all the people at a particular place felt very emotional about what they had seen or heard and many of them were crying 在场的人都被感动得落泪。
[draɪ] noun
the dry
 ADVANCED UK
■a place where the conditions are not wet, especially when compared to somewhere where the conditions are wet 干爽的地方，干燥的地方
• You're soaked - come into the dry. 你都湿透了——快到干爽的地方来。
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to become dry, or to make something become dry （使）变干，（使）干燥；晾干，烘干
• Will this paint dry by tomorrow? 明天油漆会干吗？
• Hang the clothes up to dry. 把衣服挂起来晾干。
• The fruit is dried in the sun. 水果在阳光照射下变得干巴巴的。
dry the dishes (UK also dry up (the dishes)) (UK do the drying (up))
■to dry plates, knives, forks, etc. after they have been washed 弄干食具
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
dry your eyes
■to stop crying 别哭了
• Come on, Rosie, dry your eyes and we'll go and find Daddy. 好了，罗西，别哭了，我们找爸爸去。
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dry (sb/sth) off
■to make someone or something dry, or to become dry, especially on the surface （使）变干；弄干（尤指表面）
• I dried myself off and got dressed. 我擦干身体穿上衣服。
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  dry (sth) out
■to make something dry, or to become dry （使）变干，（使）干透
• If you don't keep food covered, it dries out. 如果不把食物盖好，它就会失去水份。
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  dry out informal
■Someone who dries out stops being dependent on (= unable to stop drinking) alcohol 戒酒
• He went to a clinic in Arizona to dry out. 他到亚利桑那州的一个诊所接受戒酒治疗。
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dry sth up mainly UK
■to dry plates, cups, etc. with a cloth after they have been washed 擦干（食具）
[draɪ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  dry up
WATER
■If a river, lake, etc. dries up, the water in it disappears. （河流、湖泊等）干涸
END
■If a supply of something dries up, it ends （供给品）中断
• His main source of work had dried up, leaving him short of money. 他的主要订单来源中断了，造成他资金短缺。
adj. [木] 干的；口渴的；枯燥无味的；禁酒的
 - exsuccous, thirsty
vi. 变干
 - desiccate, exsiccate
n. 干涸
 - dryout

Word: wander
Front: wander
[ˈwɒndə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3183/3027 -K2)
Vocabulary: wander
(once / 88 pages)
v
The verb wander describes something that has lost track. If you're watching a boring movie, your mind might begin to wander. If you don't have a clear goal, you could wander too — meaning you drift aimlessly.
When you wander mentally, your thoughts get lost. And when you wander physically, you don't have a destination, so it's also possible to lose your bearings and not know where you are — or how to get back. That's why wander is also used to describe someone who drifts from place to place or job to job without a sense of direction or purpose.
WORD FAMILY
wander: wandered, wanderer, wandering, wanders+/wanderer: wanderers/wandering: wanderingly, wanderings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wolf McLellan stumbled into the facility after a day of wandering the streets.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
No one was left alone to wander the store.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
If you notice that your mind has wandered, bring your attention back to the warmth of the water.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 漫步，漫游
vi. 游荡，漫游，闲逛，慢走，漫步; 离开原路，离群，失散; （道路或河流）蜿蜒曲折; （人的思想等）走神，胡思乱想
n. 游荡; 溜达; 闲逛; 失散
时态：wandered, wandering, wanders
分布：徘徊(32%)，漫步(25%)，闲逛(16%)，漫游(13%)，迷路(7%)，蜿蜒(4%)，漫步于(3%)
→来自wendh,弯，转，词源同vine,wend,went。引申词义漫无目的的行走，漫游。
v.漫步,徘徊;迷路,迷失方向;离题The wandering band abandoned her bandaged husband on Swan Island.流浪的乐队把她那位打着绷带的丈夫遗弃在天鹅岛上.
US ['wɑ:n.dɚ] verb
WALK 行走
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to walk around slowly in a relaxed way or without any clear purpose or direction 漫步；闲逛；游荡
• We spent the morning wandering around the old part of the city. 我们整个上午都在老城区闲逛。
• She was found several hours later, wandering the streets , lost. 几个小时后她被找到了，正在街上徘徊，迷路了。
• He was here a moment ago but he's wandered off somewhere. 他刚才还在这里，现在已经闲逛到别的甚么地方去了。
UK ['wɒn.dər] US ['wɑ:n.dɚ] verb
SUBJECT 主题
intransitive
■to start talking about a different subject from the one you were originally discussing 离题
• We've wandered off/from the point somewhat. 我们有点离题了。
intransitive
■If your mind or your thoughts wander, you stop thinking about the subject that you should be giving your attention to and start thinking about other matters 走神，心不在焉；开小差
• Halfway through the meeting my mind started to wander. 会开到一半时我就开始心不在焉了。
intransitive
■If you say that an old person's mind is beginning to wander, you mean that they are starting to get very confused because of their age （因年老而）神志恍惚，精神错乱
• Her mind is beginning to wander and she doesn't always know who I am. 她的神志开始恍惚，有时认不出我是谁。
wander, linger
wander: 指毫无目的地来回走动 wander about a place ：漫游某处
linger: 指“想在呆一会儿，留恋不舍而逗留徘徊”，linger about a place在某处留恋不舍
wander, stroll, roam, ramble
这组词都有“徘徊、漫游”的意思，其区别是：
wander: 指无目的地到处徘徊或闲荡。
stroll: 常指无明确目的他悠闲而缓慢地漫游。
roam: 常指在广阔地方以自得其乐的愉快心情作无固定目标的漫游。
ramble: 一般指走走停停，心情愉快，步履轻松。
vi. 徘徊；漫步；迷路；离题
 - lose oneself, hang about
vt. 游荡，漫游
 - range, louse around

Word: submit
Front: submit
[səbˈmɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 3184/2259 -2)
Vocabulary: submit
(once / 101 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To submit to something means to undergo or accept it. You must submit to a search if the police have a warrant.
Many of the senses of submit are variations on that first meaning of acceptance. When you submit an application, you formally hand it in to be judged. Similarly, if you put something before an organized group, you submit it. Often websites will have an e-mail address where you can submit questions, comments and suggestions. If you want to paint your room black and your parents submit, they give in to your wish.
WORD FAMILY
submit: resubmit, submission, submissive, submits, submitted, submitter, submitting+/resubmit: resubmits, resubmitted, resubmitting/ submission: submissions/ submissive: submissively, submissiveness, unsubmissive/submitter: submitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maryland’s other five casinos submit monthly compliance reports detailing incidents such as robberies, police responses, underage drinking and the number of people evicted.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For one thing, both firms submit to the requirement in New York City, and Uber also does so in Houston.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The motion that prompted Monday’s hearing was submitted under seal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 顺从，服从; 甘受，忍受
vt. 使服从，使顺从; 提交，呈送; [法]主张，建议
时态：submitted, submitting, submits
分布：提交(76%)，递交(14%)，使服从(3%)，认为(3%)，使屈服(2%)，屈从(2%)
→sub-,在下，-mit,送出，放置，词源同 emit,mission,surmise.即放在下面的，引申比喻义屈服， 投降，及引申义提交，递呈供上级决定等。
使屈服;提出(sub下面＋mit→送下去→屈服)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
v.(to)使服从,屈服;(to)呈送,提交The submitted submarine on the magic magazine is shining and magnificent.魔术杂志上那艘提交的潜艇闪亮而壮观.
[səb'mɪt] (-tt-)
verb
GIVE 给
 ADVANCED transitive
■to give or offer something for a decision to be made by others 提交；呈递
• You must submit your application before January 1st. 申请须于1月1日前提交。
• The developers submitted building plans to the council for approval. 开发商向市政会提交待批准的建筑规划。
transitive + that formal
■to suggest 建议；主张
• In conclusion, I submit that the proposal will not work without some major changes. 最后，我认为这项提案必须进行重大修改方能实施。
[səb'mɪt] (-tt-)
verb
ALLOW 允许
   intransitive or transitive
■to allow another person or group to have power or authority over you, or to accept something unwillingly 顺从，屈服；不得以接受
• We protested about the changes for a long time, but in the end we had to submit. 我们对这些变动抗议了很长时间，但最终不得不屈服。
• [R] She decided to resign from the party rather than submit herself to the new rules. 她不愿遵守新的规定，决定退党。
submit, yield, surrender
这组词都有“让步，屈服”的意思，其区别是：
submit: 表示“甘心忍受”，作及物动词时，宾语为反身代词，但一般为不及物动词，后接介词to 。
yield: “投降”，与surrender 大致同义，但是指“温和的让步”。
surrender: “投降”，强调“被迫投降，压力很大”，是不及物动词，后接介词to；用作及物动词时，表因战败或被迫“交出”，“放弃”某些事物。
obey, submit, comply
这组词都有“服从、听从”的意思，其区别是：
obey: 一般用词，指服从或接受某种权威，或遵循某种原则而行事。
submit: 指顺从或屈服于自己不能进一步抵制或抵抗的人或事物。
comply: 指同意依从他人的愿望或请求，或遵守某种规则或顺应某种环境条件。
replace, submit, substitute, place
replace: 强调某种永久性的取代
submit: 呈交（hand in）
substitute: 强调暂时性的替代
place: 放置
vt. 使服从；主张；呈递
 - maintain, advocate
vi. [计] 提交；服从
 - put in, hand in

Word: economics
Front: economics
[ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪks] (研四六托雅 3186/2785 -4)
Vocabulary: economics
(once / 667 pages)
n
Economics studies the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management. People get jobs, they make things, they sell those things, they get paid, they use that money to buy other things. Economics makes the world go round.
Economics is a branch of social science. Like dueling political parties, economists also support different theories about how to best regulate the economy with government policies. Since it relates to the financial health of countries and how countries interact through trade, the relevance of economics is enormous and often the subject of the evening news. "Home Economics" is the somewhat antiquated yet still relevant notion of the management of money, food, laundry, and cleaning that keep a house running smoothly.
WORD FAMILY
economics: econometrist, microeconomics+/microeconomics: microeconomist/microeconomist: microeconomists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was the product of a system of economics in which I did not believe, and I wanted no part.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“Businesses simply haven’t adjusted to a world of low interest rates,” said Paul Ashworth, chief North American economist for Capital Economics Ltd., a research firm.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Uniquely, too, this is a book whose subject is economics but whose message is geopolitical.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 经济学; 经济，国家的经济状况
分布：经济学(100%)
经济学(economy经济+ics)[-ics表名词、,"学科,学术"]
n.经济学,经济情况He has written three books in economics.他已写了三本经济学方面的书.
US [-'nɑ:.mɪks] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the way in which trade, industry or money is organized, or the study of this 经济状况；经济因素；经济学
• Their ideas sound fine in principle but they haven't worked out the economics behind the policies. 他们的计划理论上听起来不错，但是他们没有搞清楚这些政策背后的经济因素。
• She's in her third year of economics at York University. 她在约克大学主修经济学，现在上大三。
n. [经] 经济学；国家的经济状况
 - plutonomy

Word: naked
Front: naked
[ˈneɪkɪd] (研四六托雅 3185/3507 -K2)
Vocabulary: naked
(once / 219 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you have no clothes on, you're naked. Likewise, things that are uncovered or unhidden, like a bare tree, are also naked.
Naked people are nude, and naked animals are missing their hair or fur. When piles of snow melt in the spring, they leave naked fields and sidewalks. If your white walls don't have any pictures or mirrors hanging on them, they'll look naked too. If you don't try to hide your sorrow, you'll show naked emotio. And, finally, to see without the aid of glasses or a microscope is called using "the naked eye."
WORD FAMILY
naked: nakeder, nakedest, nakedly, nakedness+/nakedness: nakednesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is uncomfortable to be naked and helpless, with our humanness showing.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
I saw a freestyle you recorded for SB:TV where you said you'd been told to "get naked and wear thongs" to sell records.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
We did the whole thing naked under white sheets.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 裸体的，裸露的; 率直的，赤裸裸的; 缺乏保护; 不加掩饰的
分布：裸体的(62%)，无覆盖的(16%)，明白的(12%)，无掩饰的(10%)
→来自nogw,裸体的，词源同nude,gymnasium.
a.裸体的,无遮敝的,无掩饰的The cake maker shakes a naked snake with the quaking rake without sake.蛋糕制造者无缘无故地用抖动的耙子摇一条赤裸的蛇.
adjective
NOT COVERED 无遮盖的
 ESSENTIAL
■not covered by clothes 未穿衣的，裸体的
• a naked man 赤裸身体的男子
• naked bodies 赤裸的身体
• stark naked (= completely naked) 一丝不挂
• US informal buck/butt naked (= completely naked) 一丝不挂
• He was naked to the waist (= not wearing clothes above his waist). 他上身赤裸。
• The children were half naked (= partly naked). 孩子们半裸着身体。
• They stripped naked (= took off their clothes) and ran into the sea. 他们脱光衣服，奔向大海。
 IMPROVER
■Something that is naked does not have its usual covering 无遮盖的；光秃秃的
• a naked flame/light bulb (= one with nothing surrounding or covering it) 明火／无罩灯泡
• a naked hillside (= one without trees or plants) 光秃秃的山坡
['neɪ.kɪd] adjective
NOT HIDDEN 毫不掩饰的
[before noun]
■A naked feeling or quality is not hidden, although it is bad （感觉或特质）毫不掩饰的，显而易见的，赤裸裸的
• naked aggression/greed 赤裸裸的侵略／贪婪
['neɪ.kɪd] adjective
the naked eye
■If something can be seen with the naked eye, it can be seen without the help of an instrument 肉眼
• This organism is too small to be seen with the naked eye. 这种生物太小，用肉眼观察不到。
• The police found traces of blood on his jacket that were invisible to the naked eye. 警方在他的外套上发现了肉眼观察不到的血迹。
barren, naked, bald, bare
这组词都有“裸露的”的意思，其区别是：
barren: 着重缺少肥力或生活能力，无草无木，荒瘠不毛。
naked: 指全身一丝不挂，暴露无遗。
bald: 指头上无发，山坡无树无草，树顶无叶。
bare: 指缺少必要的遮盖物。用于人时，多指身体的部分裸露。
adj. [生物] 裸体的；无装饰的；无证据的；直率的
 - explicit, frank

Word: anticipate
Front: anticipate
[ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt] (研四六托雅宝 3187/3106 -K2)
Vocabulary: anticipate
(once / 164 pages)
v
To anticipate something is to be expecting it. Your dog might be waiting by the door, anticipating his next walk or squirrel chase.
"Anticipating something" also often implies that you are preparing to take some action because of your expectations — like when you anticipate your chess opponent's next move and plan a counterattack. The word anticipate can also mean "to come beforehand" — as in a certain musical trend anticipating another.
WORD FAMILY
anticipate: anticipated, anticipates, anticipating, anticipation, anticipative, anticipator, anticipatory +/ anticipated: unanticipated / anticipation: anticipations/anticipative: anticipatively/anticipator: anticipators/ anticipatory: anticipatorily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bowles would not comment on his coaching staff, although changes are anticipated there as well.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What we did not anticipate was the reaction of other countries and the complexity of history.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Fans in Denver, anticipating his departure, chanted “Kooooobes” with less than a minute left in the game.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 预感; 预见; 预料; 先于…行动
vi. 过早地提出; 过早地考虑（或说、做）一件事; （在口头或用文字）预言; 预测
时态：anticipated, anticipating, anticipates
分布：预期(81%)，提前使用(10%)，预言(7%)，抢 ... 前(2%)
→前缀ante-, 在前。词根cip, 同cap, 拿，抓，见capture.
预料;预期的(anti前＋cip抓＋ent→开始抓→开始的)[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
vt.预料;期望;预先考虑;抢先;提前使用Mum tried to anticipate all my needs.母亲设法将我需要的东西预先准备好.
【记】anti前，cip落下，ate吃的过去式－前面落下吃的－天上掉馅饼－每个人期待的事情
【参】incipient（adj 初始的）；emancipate（vt 解放）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to imagine or expect that something will happen, sometimes taking action in preparation for it happening 预期，预料；期望，盼望；预见（并做准备）
• We don't anticipate any trouble. 我们不希望出现任何问题。
• We had one or two difficulties along the way that we didn't anticipate. 在进行的过程中，我们遇到一两个没有预料到的难题。
• Are you anticipating a lot of people at the party tonight? 你预计今晚的聚会会有很多人来吗？
• [+ -ing verb] They anticipate having several applicants for the job. 他们预计会有几个人来应征这份工作。
• [+ that] They anticipate that they will have several applicants for the job 他们预计会有几个人来应征这份工作。
• It's always best to anticipate a problem before it arises. 防患于未然永远都是最明智之举。
• [+ question word] At this stage we can't really anticipate wh at will happen. 在这个阶段我们真的无法预料会发生甚么。
• The anticipated inflation figure is lower than last month's. 预计中的通货膨胀数字低于上月。
• The army anticipated (= took action in preparation for) the explosion by evacuating the town. 这支军队预料该镇会发生爆炸，已疏散了居民。
expect, anticipate
expect: 怀着确信之心来期待；
anticipate: 怀着喜悦或痛苦之心来预想
await, anticipate, hope
这组词都有“希望，期待”的意思，其区别是：
await: 书面用词，指对将要或预料要发生的事怍于期待状态。
anticipate: 指对未来的期望，一般是对好事的期待。
hope: 指希望得到积极、有利的结果，所期待的可能实现，也可能不会实现。
vt. 预期，期望；占先，抢先；提前使用
 - hope, presume upon

Word: nut
Front: nut
[nʌt] (高研四六 3188/4276 -K2)
Vocabulary: nut
(once / 325 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n
A nut is a kind of fruit made of a large, edible seed with a very hard shell around it. The nuts that squirrels typically gather (sometimes storing them temporarily in their cheek pouches) are acorns.
It might seem strange that a nut is a fruit, since until they've been cracked open, most nuts are as hard and inedible as rocks. Think of the meat of a walnut or almond that hides inside — this is the edible seed within the fruit. If someone calls you a nut, or describes you as nuts or nutty, they think you're crazy or wacky, and when you refer to "a tough nut to crack," you're talking about a tricky problem.
WORD FAMILY
nut: nutlike, nuts, nutted, nutting, nutty+/nutty: nuttier, nuttiest, nuttily
USAGE EXAMPLES
But “I really went nuts with anxiety,” she said, worrying about a recurrence.
Washington Post(Dec 01, 2016)
The world went nuts for “The Hunger Games” and slightly less so for “The Maze Runner” franchise and the “Divergent” films.
Salon(Nov 30, 2016)
At issue are warnings such as “may contain traces of nuts” in a food that shouldn’t have any.
Seattle Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 螺母，螺帽; 坚果，坚果果仁; 难对付的人; [乐]弓根
v. 采坚果; 拾坚果
时态：nutted, nutting, nuts
分布：螺母(49%)，坚果(28%)，螺帽(16%)，果仁(5%)，采坚果(2%)
→来自拉丁语nux,坚果，果仁，词源同nuclear,nucleus.俚语义睾丸，头，疯子。
n.坚果;螺母,螺帽Shut in the hut, I'm puzzled how to cut down the output of nuts.关在茅棚里,我为削减坚果的产量犯难.
noun
FOOD 食物
 IMPROVER countable
■the dry fruit of particular trees which grows in a hard shell and can often be eaten 坚果
• a Brazil/cashew nut 巴西坚果／腰果
• Sprinkle some roasted chopped nuts on top. 往表面撒些烤过的碎果仁。
[nʌt] noun
METAL OBJECT 金属制品
countable
■a small piece of metal with a hole in it which a bolt can be screwed into 螺母，螺帽
• Nuts and bolts are used to hold pieces of machinery together. 螺帽和螺栓用来把机器零件装拼在一起。
[nʌt] noun
PERSON 人
countable informal
■a person who is mentally ill or who behaves in a very silly or stupid or strange way 疯子；傻瓜；怪人
• What kind of nut would leave a car on a railway track? 哪个疯子会把车停在铁轨上？
countable informal
■someone who is extremely enthusiastic about a particular activity or thing 对…入迷的人
• Ian's a tennis nut - he plays every day. 伊恩是个网球迷——他每天都打网球。
⇒ See also nuts
[nʌt] noun
HEAD 头
countable slang
■a person's head 脑袋
• Come on, use your nut (= think clearly) ! 好啦，动动你的脑子！
[nʌt] noun
MONEY 钱
uncountable US informal
■the amount of money necessary to operate a business or cover your costs 营运经费，开销
• With two houses, three cars and child-support payments, he just couldn't meet his nut, even with a second job. 他有两栋房子、三辆要保养的车，还要支付孩子的抚养费。开支这样庞大，尽管他有两份工作也难以为继。
[nʌt] noun
be off your nut slang
■to be very silly or stupid 愚蠢万分
• You can't do that! Are you off your nut? 你不能那样做！你傻了吗？
[nʌt] noun
do your nut UK slang
■to become extremely angry 大发雷霆
• She'll do her nut when she sees the mess. 她要是看到这一团糟的话，定会气得火冒三丈的。
[nʌt] noun
a hard / tough nut to crack
■a problem that is very difficult to solve or a person who is very difficult to understand 棘手的问题；难以理喻的怪人
[nʌt] noun
the nuts and bolts
■the practical facts about a particular thing, rather than theoretical ideas about it 实质性内容
• When it came to the nuts and bolts of running a business, he was clearly unable to cope. 当涉及到企业经营的实质性问题时，他显然应付不来。
[nʌt] noun
a tough/hard nut
■someone who is very unpleasant and difficult to deal with 讨厌的家伙；难对付的人
• As a teenager, Jack was a real hard nut, always getting into fights. 十几岁的杰克很难管教，总是跟人打架。
[nʌt] verb transitive informal
■to hit someone or something with your head 用头撞
• The guy turned round and nutted him. 那人转过身来，一头向他撞去。
n. 螺母，螺帽；坚果；难对付的人，难解的问题
 - nutsert, female screw

Word: legacy
Front: legacy
[ˈlegəsi] (研六托宝 3189/5067 -2)
Vocabulary: legacy
(once / 681 pages)
n
Use the word, legacy, for something handed down from one generation to the next. A retiring company president might leave a legacy of honesty and integrity.
Legacy comes from the Latin verb, legare "to appoint by a last will, send as an ambassador." Originally, the noun meant "ambassador" or "envoy" but soon shifted to mean the money and property a person leaves behind in his will. Many university scholarships are funded by the legacies of former students. In recent usage, political leaders are said to be concerned with their legacies, the historically significant achievements of their tenure in office.
WORD FAMILY
legacy: legacies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The ordeal causes issues between Nova and her boyfriend, a white police officer whose career is part of his family’s legacy.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Many at the time saw Mr Yadav's move as his way of securing his legacy in Indian politics.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It may be impossible to draw a single thread through every performance to neatly cinch together a great actress’s legacy.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 遗产; 遗赠
分布：遗赠物(60%)，先人或过去遗留下来的东西(40%)
→来自拉丁语legatus,大使，使节，词源同legate,来自leg,读，说，词源同legible.引申词义指定，任命。后词义发生变化，用于指遗嘱，遗赠。比较legate,legatee.
n.遗产,遗赠;先人(或过去)留下的东西My farm is a legacy from my grandfather.Part of my legacy from my parents is an album of family photographs.
【记】读：来个死。死了以后就可以领到遗产了！
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■money or property that you receive from someone after they die 遗产，遗赠
• An elderly cousin had left her a small legacy. 一位堂兄留给她一小笔遗产。
 ADVANCED
■something that is a part of your history or which stays from an earlier time 历史遗产，遗留物
• The Greeks have a rich legacy of literature. 希腊人有丰富的文学遗产。
• The war has left a legacy of hatred. 那场战争给人们留下了仇恨。
inheritance, legacy
inheritance: 遗留下来的物品，偏重于具体的东西
legacy: 遗产，偏于精神方面等；
n. 遗赠， [法] 遗产
 - heritage, inheritance

Word: extension
Front: extension
[ɪkˈstenʃn] (高研四六托雅 3190/2123 -K2)
Vocabulary: extension
(once / 392 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
An extension is the act of getting more time, space, or length, like an extension of a deadline that gives you one more day to turn in a paper, or extensions that make your hair look longer.
The noun extension comes from the Latin word extendere, meaning “stretch out.” If you’re a great gymnast, you probably have amazing extension — flexible and long-reaching limbs. If someone meets your sister and assumes you will be exactly like her, you might say, "That's a stretch," meaning this person has, by extension, drawn conclusions about you which are somewhat true but not completely accurate.
WORD FAMILY
extension: coextension, extensional, extensions+/coextensive: coextensively/ extend: extendable, extended, extendible, extending, extends, extensible, extension, extensive, extensor, hyperextend, overextend/ extended: extendedly, unextended/extensible: inextensible/ extensive: coextensive, extensively, extensiveness/extensor: extensors/hyperextend: hyperextension/overextend: overextended, overextending, overextends
USAGE EXAMPLES
Second Avenue line – technically a four-stop extension of the Q – is a substantial achievement for the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In 1906, Mark Twain, dressed in his signature white suit, addressed the Senate patents committee as he argued for the extension of copyright protection.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
For now, Blake receives Spinraza free because she is enrolled in an extension study of the drug.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 伸展，扩大; 延长，延期; [医]牵引; 电话分机
分布：延长(50%)，延期(19%)，电话分机(14%)，伸展(11%)，扩充(3%)，特别课程(1%)，观念发展(1%)，增强(1%)
→来自extend, 延长。
延展,扩张;延期(ex+tens+ion)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
n.延长;扩大;范围;大小;尺寸;电话分机May I have Extension 63, please?请接分机 63 号.
noun
REACH 达到
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when something reaches, stretches or continues; when you add to something in order to make it bigger or longer 伸展；延伸
• Martin Luther King, Jr, campaigned for the extension of civil rights to (= for them to include) black people. 小马丁‧路德‧金发起了为黑人争取公民权利的运动。
• The extension (= increasing) of police powers in the province has been heavily criticized. 在该省增加警力的做法遭到严厉的抨击。
• His report contained serious criticisms of the finance director, and, by extension (= therefore) , of the entire board of management. 他的报告对财务总监进行了严厉批评，进而又扩及到整个管理委员会。
• The article is an extension of (= takes further) the ideas Professor Fox developed in an earlier book. 这篇文章进一步伸展了福克斯教授在先前出版的著作中阐述的观点。
• I've applied for an extension to my visa (= asked for it to last longer). 我已经申请将签证延期。
• They are hoping to get an extension of their loan (= to be given a longer period of time in which to pay it back). 他们希望能够将贷款期限延长。
[ɪk'sten.tʃən] noun
BUILDING 建筑物
countable UK (US addition)
■a new part added to a house or other building 扩建部分
• We're building an extension to/on our house. 我们正在对房屋进行扩建。
[ɪk'sten.tʃən] noun
TELEPHONE 电话
countable
■any of two or more telephones in the same house which share the same number, or any of a number of telephones connected to a switchboard in a large building such as an office （共用一个号码的）电话分机；（号码不同的）电话分机
• We have an extension in our bedroom. 我们在卧室装了一部分机。
• When you call, ask for extension 3276. 当你打电话时，请总机转入分机3276。
[ɪk'sten.tʃən] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
countable
■the last part of the name of a computer file, which comes after a (.), and shows what type of file it is 副档名（电脑档案名称的最后一部分，用于区分档案种类）
n. 延长； [经] 延期；扩大；伸展；电话分机
 - delay, spread

Word: shrug
Front: shrug
[ʃrʌg] (研四六雅宝 3191/2865 -2)
Back: vt. 耸肩（以表示冷淡，怀疑等）
vi. 耸肩，提高肩膀
n. 耸肩; 女式短茄克衫或前开襟毛线衫
时态：shrugged, shrugging, shrugs
分布：耸肩(97%)，不理会(3%)
→词源不详，可能最终来自 sker,弯，转，收缩，词源同 ring,curve,scrimp.
vt./n.耸肩(表示冷淡,怀疑,无奈,不满等)The smuggler shrugged to the bugler hugging the bug in the tugboat.走私者对在拖船中拥抱臭虫的号手耸耸肩.
【记】sh屎，rug地毯：你们家的地毯上有你的狗拉的sh，你只能对此表示毫无办法－耸肩
verb intransitive or transitive (-gg-)
 ADVANCED
■to raise your shoulders and then lower them in order to say you do not know or are not interested （表示不知道或不感兴趣）耸（肩）
• "Where's Dad?" "How should I know?" replied my brother, shrugging. “爸爸在哪里？”“我怎么知道？”哥哥耸了耸肩，答道。
• He shrugged his shoulders as if to say that there was nothing he could do about it. 他耸了耸肩，好像在说他对此无能为力。
• figurative Thousands of people are starving to death while the world shrugs its shoulders (= shows no interest or care). 成千上万的人濒于饿死，世人却无动于衷。
[ʃrʌg] verb intransitive or transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shrug sth off
NOT WORRY
■to treat something as if it is not important or not a problem 对…满不在乎；对…不予理睬
• The stock market shrugged off the economic gloom and rose by 1.5%. 股市没有受到经济不景气的影响，上涨了1.5%。
• You're a father and you can't simply shrug off your responsibility for your children. 你是一位父亲，不能推卸对孩子们的责任。
NOT KEEP
■to get rid of something unpleasant that you do not want 摆脱
• I hope I can shrug off this cold before I go on holiday. 我希望我在渡假之前能摆脱这次感冒（即希望感冒能好）。
• The city is trying to shrug off its industrial image and promote itself as a tourist centre. 这个城市正在努力摆脱其工业城市形象，力求提升其旅游中心的地位。
⇒ See also shake off at shake
[ʃrʌg] noun countable
SHOULDER MOVEMENT 肩动作
■when you shrug your shoulders to express something 耸肩
• "I'm afraid there's nothing I can do about your problem, " she said with a shrug. “恐怕我对你的问题无能为力，”她耸了耸肩说道。
• "Well, I suppose we'll just have to do what he says, " said Kim with a shrug of resignation. “哦，我想我们只能按他说的去做，”金说着，无可奈何地耸了耸肩。
[ʃrʌg] noun countable
CLOTHES 衣服
■a short cardigan for women （女式）短套领衫（一种女式短羊毛衫）
vt. 耸肩，耸肩表示
 - hunch

Word: fly
Front: fly
[flaɪ] (中高雅 943/1106 -K5)
Vocabulary: fly
(once / 37 pages)
1v 2n 3nv 4v 5n 6adj
Fly describes moving through the air, like birds that fly in the sky, or getting something accepted, like your silly excuse that's not going to fly with your history teacher.
Fly means "move through the air with wings," and it describes the movement of birds, airplanes, kites, and other things that float or move of their own accord above the ground. There are many other meanings of fly, including a buzzing insect with wings, a baseball hit high across a field, and the zipper on a pair of pants. As an adjective, fly means cool, though there's no guarantee it's still fly to use it.
WORD FAMILY
fly: flew, flied, flier, flies, flown, flyer, flying, flyingly, overfly+/ flier: fliers/ flyer: flyers/flying: flyings/overfly: overflew, overflies, overflying
USAGE EXAMPLES
The company is also under contract to fly cargo and, eventually, astronauts to the International Space Station.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“They fly a good bit, and it’s amazing how good these guys are,” Dowdy said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
It was the only time the team flew to a game that year.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 飞; 飞行; （旗）飘荡; 过得快
vt. & vi. 乘（…的）飞机; 驾驶（飞机等）
vt. 驾驶; 空运; 使飞翔; 操作
n. 苍蝇; （作钓饵的）苍蝇; （裤子的）前裆开口; 门帘
时态：flew, flown, flying, flies
分布：飞(68%)，苍蝇(17%)，飞行(11%)，驾驶(3%)，坐飞机(1%)
→来自pleu, 流动，漂浮，词源同float, fleet. 由飘动引申词义在空中浮动，飞翔，飞行等。同时，用来指小昆虫等。
n.飞行;苍蝇v飞行;飘杨a.机敏的The bright fighter is frightened and flies upright in straight line from the right.那架明亮的战斗机受到惊吓后呈直线地从右边垂直飞起来.
verb (flew, flown)
TRAVEL 旅行
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■When a bird, insect or aircraft flies, it moves through the air （鸟、昆虫或飞机）飞，飞行
• The poor bird couldn't fly because it had a broken wing. 这只可怜的鸟飞不起来了，因为它的翅膀断了。
• As soon as it saw us, the bird flew away/off. 鸟一看到我们就飞走了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to travel by aircraft, or to go somewhere or cross something in an aircraft （乘飞机）飞行，航行；乘飞机去；乘飞机穿过
• We flew to Paris. 我们乘飞机去巴黎。
• We fly from/out from/out of Heathrow, but fly back (in)to Gatwick. 我们从希思路机场起飞，但返航时在格域机场降落。
• We are flying at a height of 9 000 metres. 我们正在9000公尺的高空飞行。
• She has to fly thousands of miles every year for her job. 她每年因为工作要飞行上千英里。
• Who was the first person to fly (across) the Atlantic? 谁是飞越大西洋的第一人？
transitive
■to use a particular company to travel by aircraft 搭乘（某公司航班）
• I usually fly Lufthansa/Japan Airlines/El Al. 我通常搭乘汉莎航空公司／日本航空公司／以色列航空公司的航班。
transitive
■to transport people or goods by aircraft 空运（乘客或货物）
• The restaurant flies its fish in daily from Scotland. 这间餐厅每天从苏格兰空运鱼。
• We will be flying 100 badly wounded civilians out of the battle zone tonight. 今晚我们将空运100名受重伤的平民离开战区。
intransitive or transitive
■to control an aircraft 驾驶（飞机）
• I learned to fly when I was in Australia. 我在澳大利亚时学会了开飞机。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to move or go quickly 快速移动；疾行
• With the explosion, glass flew across the room. 随着一声爆炸，房间内玻璃碎片四处横飞。
• Cathy flew by/past me in the corridor. 在走廊里，凯茜从我身边飞奔而过。
• My holiday seems to have flown (by) (= passed very quickly) this year. 今年我的假期好像飞一般地就过去了。
• The door/window suddenly flew open. 门／窗户猛地打开了。
• informal Anyway, I must fly (= leave quickly) - I didn't realize how late it was! 无论如何，我必须走了——我都没意识到有多晚了！
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
WAVE 舞动
intransitive or transitive
■to wave or move about in the air while being fixed at one end 挥舞；飘扬；放飞
• The ship was flying the Spanish flag. 这艘船挂着西班牙国旗。
• The flag was flying at half-mast (= lowered to a point half way down the pole) to mark the death of the President. 降了半旗为总统逝世致哀。
• There isn't really enough wind to fly a kite today. 今天风确实不大，放不起风筝。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
be flying high
■If a person or a company is flying high, they are very successful 平步青云；非常成功
• The company was flying high as a maker of personal computers. 作为个人电脑的制造商，这家公司非常成功。
US informal
■to be very excited or happy, often because of the effect of drugs （因药物作用）异常兴奋或高兴
• The guy was on drugs - flying high and scaring everyone around him. 这个家伙嗑了药。他异常兴奋，吓怕了所有周围的人。
• When the winter Olympics came to Canada, the whole country was flying high. 当加拿大成为冬季奥运会的主办国时，整个国家都兴奋极了。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
fly in the face of sth
■not to obey something, or not to act in a way that agrees with something 违抗；违背
• This is an argument that seems to fly in the face of common sense. 这个论点似乎与常识相悖。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
fly into a rage (UK also fly into a temper/fury)
■to suddenly become very angry 勃然大怒
• I asked to speak to her boss and she just flew into a rage. 我要求跟她的老板谈话，结果她勃然大怒。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
fly off the handle
■to react in a very angry way to something that someone says or does 大发雷霆
• He's extremely irritable - he flies off the handle at the slightest thing. 他极容易发火——芝麻大的小事都能让他大发雷霆。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
go fly a kite mainly US informal
■used to tell someone who is being annoying to go away 走开，别烦我
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
go/send sth/sb flying informal
■to fall, or to cause something or someone to fall or move through the air, suddenly and by accident （使）猛然跌倒；（使）飞出去
• I tripped going up the stairs and I/my books went flying. 我上楼梯时绊了一下，摔倒了／我的书掉到了地上。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
with flying colours
■If you do something such as pass an examination with flying colours, you do it very successfully. 成绩优异地；出色地
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
  Phrasal Verbs  fly about/around informal
■If ideas, remarks, or accusations are flying about/around, they are passed quickly from one person to another and cause excitement （看法、评论、谴责等）满天飞，四下飞速传播
• All kinds of rumours are flying around about the school closing. 有关学校关闭的各种流言满天飞。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
  Phrasal Verbs  fly at sb/sth
■to attack another person or animal suddenly 突然攻击，扑向（人或动物）
• He flew at his brother like a mad thing. 他疯了似的扑向他哥哥。
[flaɪ] noun countable
INSECT 昆虫
 ADVANCED
■a small insect with two wings 蝇；苍蝇
[flaɪ] noun countable
TROUSERS 长裤 (UK also flies)
■the opening at the front of a pair of trousers （裤子的）前裆开口，拉锁盖，扭扣盖
• Hey Chris, your fly's undone! 嗨，克里斯，你裤子拉链开着呢！
[flaɪ] noun countable
FISHING 钓鱼
■a hook (= curved piece of wire) with coloured threads fastened to it, fixed to the end of a fishing line to attract fish （作钓饵的）假蝇钓钩
[flaɪ] noun countable
TENT 帐篷 mainly US for flysheet
[flaɪ] noun countable
drop like flies informal
■If people are dropping like flies they are dying or falling down in large numbers 大批死去；成批倒下
• The heat was overwhelming and people were dropping like flies. 酷暑难当，人们纷纷病倒。
■to stop doing an activity in large numbers 纷纷停止做（某事）
• There used to be over twenty of us in our aerobics class but they're dropping like flies. 过去我们的有氧健身班有20多个人，但是现在很多人都退出了。
[flaɪ] noun countable
fly in the ointment informal
■a single thing or person that is spoiling a situation which could have been very positive or enjoyable 美中不足之处；令人扫兴的东西（或人）
• I'm looking forward to Sunday, the only fly in the ointment being the fact that I shall have to sit next to my mother-in-law. 我期待着星期日的到来，唯一令人不快的是，到时我必须坐在岳母旁边。
[flaɪ] noun countable
fly on the wall
■If you say that you would like to be a fly on the wall on an occasion, you mean that you would like to hear what will be said or see what will happen while not being noticed 暗中偷听者；暗中观察者
• I'd love to be a fly on the wall when those two get home! 我想暗中听听那两人回到家说些甚么！
⇒ See also fly-on-the-wall
[flaɪ] noun countable
no flies on sb
■If you say there are no flies on someone, you mean that they cannot easily be deceived. （某人）很精明，不会轻易上当受骗
[flaɪ] noun countable
wouldn't harm/hurt a fly informal
■If you say that someone wouldn't harm/hurt a fly, you mean they are gentle and would not do anything to injure or offend anyone. 连一只苍蝇都不肯伤害；心地善良
flee, fly, get away, run away, escape
这组词都有“逃跑、逃脱”的意思，其区别是：
flee: 书面用词，侧重指逃跑时动作匆忙，多含惧怕之意。
fly: 含义与flee相同，但系非正式用词。
get away: 口语用语。侧重指犯罪分子从现场逃跑或被捕时逃走。
run away: 口语用语，强调动作迅速。
escape: 侧重逃跑的结果，不强调逃跑时的匆忙或危险情况。
vi. 飞；驾驶飞机；飘扬
 - flow, stream, dance
vt. 飞行；飞越；使飘扬
 - overfly
n. 飞行；苍蝇；两翼昆虫
 - flight, volation
adj. 敏捷的
 - sharp, keen, prompt, quick, smart

Word: battery
Front: battery
[ˈbætri] (高研四六托雅 3193/3400 -K2)
Vocabulary: battery
(once / 197 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Battery is (among other things) physical attack or assault: “He was arrested for battery after he hit his manager several times on the head with a large flashlight.”
When you think of a battery, you probably envision the electrical devices that allow you to power everything in your life — from your car to your cell phone. However, battery has a whole host of meanings. In addition to beating someone as in "assault and battery," it also refers to a collection of artillery or guns: “He’s collected a battery of weapons; we hope he doesn’t intend to use them." Beyond guns, a battery can also refer to any group or collection of similar things: “She was subjected to a battery of tests, designed to determine whether she was a genius or just plain smart.”
WORD FAMILY
battery: batteries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The officer was arrested on charges including battery.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The mining companies tied to these problems supply some of the largest manufacturers of lithium-ion batteries, The Post found.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
One night they got down to the last 5% of battery life.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. [电]电池，蓄电池; [军]炮台，炮位; 一组; [法]殴打
分布：电池(97%)，炮兵连(1%)，排炮(1%)，一系列(1%)
→词源同beat, 击，打。-er, 表反复。形容电池放电过程中的电流的持续运动。
n.电池(组);(器具等的)一组,一套;炮兵连The pattern of the battery doesn't matter to the battle against the little brittle cattle.电池的式样对与脆小牛作战无关要紧.
US ['bætˌ.ɚ.i] noun
ELECTRICAL DEVICE 发电装置
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a device that produces electricity to provide power for radios, cars, etc. 电池，电芯
• a rechargeable battery 充电电池
• a battery-operated hair dryer 电池式吹风机
• This alarm clock takes two medium-sized batteries. 这个闹钟需要装上两枚中号电池。
• I think the battery is dead/gone (UKespecially of a car battery) flat (= has lost its power). 我认为电池用完了。
UK ['bæt.ər.i] US ['bætˌ.ɚ.i] noun
LARGE NUMBER 大量
a battery of sth
■a number of things of a similar type 一组，一套，一连串（同类事物）
• In the kitchen an impressive battery of stainless steel utensils hangs on the wall. 厨房的墙上挂着一套不锈钢厨具，非常显眼。
UK ['bæt.ər.i] US ['bætˌ.ɚ.i] noun
GUNS 枪炮
countable
■a number of large guns and similar weapons operating together in the same place 炮组，排炮
• The shore battery opened fire. 岸边的炮阵开火了。
UK ['bæt.ər.i] US ['bætˌ.ɚ.i] noun
ATTACK 袭击
uncountable
■ assault and battery 暴力行为，殴打
UK ['bæt.ər.i] US ['bætˌ.ɚ.i] adjective [before noun]
■using a system of producing a large number of eggs cheaply by keeping a lot of chickens in rows of small cages (= boxes made of wire) 层架式养鸡法
• battery farming 层架式家禽饲养法
• battery hens/eggs 在层架式鸡笼里饲养的母鸡
n. [电] 电池，蓄电池
 - electric cell, electric element

Word: arrival
Front: arrival
[əˈraɪvl] (高研四雅 3194/2281 -K3)
Vocabulary: arrival
(once / 109 pages)
1n 2n
An arrival is an entrance or an appearance — the act of showing up somewhere. Your arrival at your grandparents' house will no doubt be marked by great enthusiasm and many hugs.
The process of arriving, or first getting to your destination, is arrival. Your sister's arrival at the airport might be delayed by bad weather, and your new kitten's arrival will be an exciting event for your whole family. Another kind of arrival is a person who's just arrived: "I easily picked her out from all the bus station arrivals."
WORD FAMILY
arrival: arrivals+/ arrive: arrival, arrived, arriver, arrives, arriving/arriver: arrivers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Under most antitrust analysis, such a deal would be dead on arrival.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Directed by Lee Sunday Evans, the show puts us in a neighborhood bar as the arrival of a new face shakes up the regulars.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ahead of their arrival, Mr Netanyahu again denied any wrongdoing.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 到达，抵达; 出现，登场; 新生婴儿; 到达者
分布：到达(80%)，到达者(12%)，新生儿(4%)，达到(4%)
n.到达,到来;到达者,到达物The rival's arrival gives him a forgivable chance.对手的到来给他一个可原谅的机会.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when someone or something arrives somewhere 到达；到来；来临
• Hundreds gathered to await the boxer's arrival at the airport. 数百人聚集在机场等候拳击手的到来。
• On arrival at the police station, they were taken to an interview room. 一到警察局，他们就被带到一间问讯室。
• We regret the late arrival of Flight 237. 237航班延误，我们对此表示歉意。
• New arrivals (= people who have just come to a place) were being housed in refugee camps. 新到的人员被安置在难民营中。
• Sue and Michael are delighted to announce the arrival (= birth) of Emily, born on August 21. 苏和麦克于8月21日喜得爱女艾蜜莉，特告亲友。
• The arrival (= introduction) of satellite television changed the face of broadcasting. 卫星电视的问世改变了广播的面貌。
countable informal
■a baby which has recently been born 新生婴儿
• Their new arrival was keeping them busy. 宝宝出生后，他们一直忙得不可开交。
n. 到来；到达；到达者
 - coming, advent

Word: legitimate
Front: legitimate
[lɪˈdʒɪtɪmət] (研六雅宝 3195/4329 -2)
Vocabulary: legitimate
(once / 286 pages)
1adjv 2adjv
Something legitimate is the real deal — according to the law.
Legitimate has other variations of meaning. To legitimate something is to make it legal, either by passing a law or publicly recognizing it as in accordance with the law. A government can be legitimized by being invited to world talks, or a movie by winning a prestigious award.
WORD FAMILY
legitimate: illegitimate, legitimacy, legitimated, legitimately, legitimates, legitimating, legitimation, legitimatise, legitimatize, legitimise, legitimize +/illegitimacy: illegitimacies/ illegitimate: illegitimacy, illegitimately, illegitimates/ legitimacy: legitimacies/legitimatise: legitimatised, legitimatises, legitimatising/legitimatize: legitimatized, legitimatizes, legitimatizing/legitimise: legitimised, legitimises, legitimising/ legitimize: legitimized, legitimizes, legitimizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
My point is, we need to accept the results as legitimate.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
There is a legitimate other side here, though.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Some of us would like assurances that the election results are legitimate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 合法的，合理的; 正规的; 合法婚姻所生的; 真正的，真实的
vt. 使合法; 给予合法的地位; 通过法律手段给（私生子）以合法地位; 正式批准，授权
时态：legitimated, legitimating, legitimates
分布：合法的(56%)，合理的(23%)，正当的(11%)，授权(4%)，使合法(3%)，婚生的(2%)，世袭的(1%)
→来自拉丁语legis,法律，词源同legal.
a.合法的;合理的,合乎逻辑的vt.使合法He is the legitimate heir to the property.他是这宗财产的合法继承人.
【记】leg腿，iti，mate交配：用腿mate需要合法化。
US [-'dʒɪtˌ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■allowed by law 合法的，正当的，法律允许的
• The army must give power back to the legitimate government. 军队必须将权力交还给合法政府。
 ADVANCED
■reasonable and acceptable 合理的，可接受的，得到认可的
• He claimed that the restaurant bill was a legitimate business expense. 他声称饭店帐单是一笔合理的业务开支。
 ADVANCED
■A legitimate child is one whose parents are legally married at the time of his or her birth. （子女）合法婚生的
legal, legitimate, lawful
legal: a. 法律所允许的任何行为都是legal（合法的） b. 与法律有关的，the legal profession；
legitimate: 指为法律、习俗和一般信仰所接受，译为“合法的，正当的”，the legitimate government
lawful: “根据法律而存在的”，并含有该法律具有道德和宗教约束力的意思 a lawful marriage；
adj. 合法的；正当的；合理的；正统的
 - legal, reasonable, valid, logical, rational

Word: orientation
Front: orientation
[ˌɔ:riənˈteɪʃn] (研六托雅 3196/5179 -1)
Vocabulary: orientation
(once / 4819 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Orientation is all about the direction you're facing. A house can have an east-facing orientation. Freshman orientation starts you off in a good direction. Your political orientation means your political outlook.
Orientation is a relatively new word that was derived in the 19th century from orient, which means to point yourself in a specific direction. Hiking with map and compass is sometimes called orienteering, referring to hikers' use of those tools to orient themselves.
WORD FAMILY
orientation: orientations+/disorient: disorientation, disoriented, disorienting, disorients/disorientation: disorientations/ disorienting: disorientingly/ orient: disorient, oriental, orientated, orientation, oriented, orienting, orients, reorient /oriental: orientalise, orientalism, orientalist, orientalize, orientally/orientalise: orientalised, orientalising/orientalism: orientalisms/orientalist: orientalists/orientalize: orientalized, orientalizing/ oriented: unoriented/ reorient: reorientation, reoriented, reorienting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Note: Does not include additional $1 million appropriated for appointee orientation.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
He remembers seeing a clock once, during a group orientation.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Kennedy was in Washington on Wednesday for Senate orientation.
Washington Times(Dec 14, 2016)
Back: n. 方向，定位，取向，排列方向; 任职培训; （外交等的）方针[态度]的确定; 环境判定
分布：定位(71%)，倾向(13%)，适应(8%)，情况介绍(5%)，信仰(3%)
→来自orientate,朝向，定位。引申词义定位，方向，职前培训等。
定向,定位(orient东方+ation→向东方→定位)[ori,orig=rise,begin,表示"升起,开始"]
n.方向,方位,定位,倾向性,向东方The traveller found his orientation with the aid of a good map.旅行者借助一幅好地图得知自己的方向.
US [ˌɔ:r.i-] noun uncountable
PREFERENCES 取向性
■the particular preferences, tendencies, beliefs or opinions that a person has 一个人特别的喜好，价值取向；信仰观念等
• We employ people without regard to their political or sexual orientation. 我们聘请员工时并不考虑其政治或性取向。
UK [ˌɔ:.ri.en'teɪ.ʃən] US [ˌɔ:r.i-] noun uncountable
AIMS 瞄准
■the particular interests, activities or aims of an organization, business or project 兴趣；取向；目标
• the company's new eco-friendly orientation 公司保护生态环境的新定位
UK [ˌɔ:.ri.en'teɪ.ʃən] US [ˌɔ:r.i-] noun uncountable
TRAINING 训练
■training or preparation for a new job or activity （对新工作、新活动的）培训或准备
• The department has arranged an orientation session. 系里安排了一次迎新活动。
UK [ˌɔ:.ri.en'teɪ.ʃən] US [ˌɔ:r.i-] noun uncountable
ARRANGEMENT 安排 formal
■arrangement or direction 安排；方向
• The building has an east-west orientation (= It is built on a line between east and west). 这幢大楼是东西向的。
n. 方向； [测] 定向；适应；情况介绍；向东方
 - aspect, way, quarter, guiding, adaptation

Word: inflation
Front: inflation
[ɪnˈfleɪʃn] (研六托雅 3197/2030 -4)
Vocabulary: inflation
(once / 322 pages)
n
Think of inflation as expansion, usually from being filled with air, like a balloon. This also refers to rising prices.
Think of a balloon puffing up, getting fuller and fuller — that's inflation. The word has a bunch of related meanings. We can say people a little too full of themselves are suffering from inflation: they are full of hot air. When the cost of living is ballooning, that's economic inflation. When the universe was born in the big bang, there was a huge inflation, as matter spread out, creating galaxies, stars, and planets.
WORD FAMILY
inflation: disinflation, inflationary, inflations+/ inflate: inflatable, inflated, inflater, inflates, inflating, inflation, inflator/ inflated: inflatedly/inflator: inflators
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the streets below, ordinary citizens wrestle with 41% inflation and chronic shortages of staples such as sugar, cooking oil and medicine.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Gas prices will now fluctuate, something that hasn't been seen in Mexico since the government started fixing prices in 1992, ostensibly to control inflation.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In 2019 and beyond the minimum wage will be tied to the rate of inflation.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 膨胀; 通货膨胀; 夸张; 自命不凡
分布：膨胀(51%)，通货膨胀(49%)
→来自inflate,膨胀。用于经济学术语通货膨胀。
充气;通货膨胀[flat=blow,表示"吹"]
通货膨胀(inflate充气,膨胀;in+flate气)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
n.通货膨胀The inflated balloon indicates a latent inflation on the plateau.膨胀的气球对高原指示潜在的通货膨胀.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a general, continuous increase in prices 通货膨胀
• high/low inflation 高／低通货膨胀
• the rate of inflation 通货膨胀率
• 3% inflation 3%的通货膨胀率
Compare deflation
n. 膨胀； [金融] 通货膨胀；夸张；自命不凡
 - expansion, bulking

Word: cope
Front: cope
[kəʊp] (研四六托 3198/1779 -K3)
Vocabulary: cope
(once / 646 pages)
1v 2n 3n
If you are able to cope with something, you are able to deal with it. If you can cope with waiting in long lines, you'll get the best seats. If you can cope with the stress, you will be excellent at defusing bombs.
From the Old French couper, cope means “come to blows with." Coping can imply struggle, but it’s usually met with success or at the very least, not failure. Another word to describe the balancing act of a mother who takes care of three children while also working part-time and pursuing a graduate degree is coping. “Understanding does not cure evil, but it is a definite help, inasmuch as one can cope with a comprehensible darkness,” warns Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung.
WORD FAMILY
cope: coped, copes, coping+/coping: copings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In December, Roraima’s governor declared a state of emergency and appealed for federal assistance to cope with the crush of border-crossers.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Negative emotions may be easier to cope with when channelled into words spoken to ourselves.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
I introduced mindfulness meditation into my life to help cope with a history of high blood pressure and depression.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 成功地应付，对付; 对抗
n. 长袍; 斗篷状覆盖物; 墙帽
vt. 笼罩; 给…盖墙压顶
时态：coped, coping, copes
分布：应付(82%)，对抗(5%)，笼罩(5%)，长袍(3%)，妥善处理(2%)，盖上斗篷(2%)，斗篷状物(1%)
→来自拉丁词colp, 击，打，来自skel, 砍，劈，词源同scissor, cleave. 词义由击，打到对付，处理。
v.(with)竞争,对抗;(with)对付,妥善处理I hope to make copper copies of the telescope and microscope for hobby in the lobby.我希望制作望远镜和显微镜的铜质复制品.
US [koʊp] verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to deal successfully with a difficult situation （成功地）对付，应付，处理
• It must be difficult to cope with three small children and a job. 要照顾三个小孩还要工作肯定不容易。
• The tyres on my car don't cope very well on wet roads. 我的车轮在湿滑的路面上总打滑。
• He had so much pressure on him in his job that eventually he just couldn't cope. 他工作压力太大，最后便扛不住了。
vi. 处理；对付；竞争
 - manage, contest
n. 长袍
 - gown, robe

Word: flame
Front: flame
[fleɪm] (高研四六托雅 3199/3195 -K2)
Vocabulary: flame
(once / 77 pages)
nv
The flame of a fire produces light and heat and often flickers or dances. As a verb, to flame is to be on fire or to flare up.
On the Internet, flame has a different meaning: to post or send aggressive, negative, or insulting messages in a public electronic forum. "Flame wars" are exchanges of such messages between individuals or parties and often occur behind a veil of anonymity. It's an appropriate term, given that inflammatory, which takes flame as its root, describes speech or action that tends to incite a heightened and negative response.
WORD FAMILY
flame: flame-colored, flamed, flames, flaming, inflame +/flaming: flamingest, flamingly, flamings/ inflame: inflamed, inflames, inflaming, inflammation, inflammatory /inflamed: inflamedly/inflaming: inflamings/ inflammation: inflammations/ inflammatory: anti-inflammatory, inflammatorily, noninflammatory, pro-inflammatory
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, we keep seeing the same vague flashes of flames and shadowy figures.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
State police say Purcell’s home was engulfed in flames when firefighters got there Monday afternoon.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Flames swept through the Ghost Ship, an illegally converted warehouse in Oakland where a concert was underway.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 火焰; 热情，激情; 〈俚〉爱人，情人; 激动
vi. 燃烧，发出火焰; 面红; 闪光
vt. 烧; 激起，激怒
时态：flamed, flaming, flames
分布：火焰(69%)，燃烧(18%)，情人(6%)，热情(5%)，面红(1%)，爆发(1%)
→来自bhel, 燃烧，闪光，词源同blank, blaze.
火焰[flam,flagr=blaze,表示"火焰"]
n.火焰,火苗;热情;光辉v.发火焰,燃烧The shameless lame man is to blame for the flaming frame.无耻的跛子应为燃烧的框架负责.
noun
FIRE 火
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■burning gas (from something on fire) which produces usually yellow light 火焰；火舌
• The flames grew larger as the fire spread. 火势蔓延，火焰越来越高。
• The car flipped over and burst into flames (= started burning immediately). 汽车翻了，顿时起火烧了起来。
• When the fire engine arrived the house was already in flames (= burning). 消防车赶到时，房屋已是一片火海。
[fleɪm] noun
EMOTION 情感
countable literary
■a powerful feeling 强烈的感情；激情
• Flames of passion swept through both of them. 他们俩一时间激情澎湃。
⇒ See also old flame
[fleɪm] noun
COMPUTING 使用电脑
countable slang
■an angry or offensive email 含辱骂内容的电子邮件；无礼邮件
• flame wars 电子邮件辱骂大战
[fleɪm] noun
go up in flames
■to burn or be destroyed by fire 燃起大火；毁于大火中
• The factory went up in flames. 工厂毁于大火之中。
■to be damaged or destroyed 毁于一旦，受到重创
• His career went up in flames when he was jailed for theft. 他因为偷窃而被判入狱，事业受到了重创。
[fleɪm] verb
BURN 燃烧
intransitive literary
■to burn (more) brightly （更明亮地）燃烧
• The fire flamed cozily in the hearth. 壁炉里的火暖烘烘地燃烧着。
• The fire suddenly flamed (up). 突然火着起来了。
[fleɪm] verb
EMOTION 情感
intransitive literary
■If an emotion flames, you feel it suddenly and strongly （感情）爆发
• Seeing the damage made hatred flame within her. 看到损毁的情况，她心头燃起了仇恨之火。
intransitive literary
■to suddenly become hot and red with emotion （因激动而）变红
• His face flamed (red) with anger. 他气得脸通红。
[fleɪm] verb
COMPUTING 使用电脑
transitive slang
■to send an angry or insulting email 发送辱骂资讯
• Please don't flame me if you disagree with this message. 如果您不同意此资讯的内容，也请不要给我发送恶意回信。
flash, glare, blaze, glow, flare, light, twinkle, glitter, flame
这组词都有“火焰、烈火、光”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出而随即消失的闪光。
glare: 指眩目的光。
blaze: 指猛烈燃烧所发生强烈的光。
glow: 指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。
flare: 指摇曳的火焰。
light: 普通用词，指日、月、星或灯等的光。
twinkle: 指如星光等的闪烁。
glitter: 指连续发出闪烁不定的光。
flame: 指一条或多条火舌，多用复数形式，指由许多火舌构成的大火。
n. [化工] 火焰；热情；光辉
 - passion, fire, warmth
v. 焚烧；泛红
 - set on fire

Word: cluster
Front: cluster
[ˈklʌstə(r)] (研六托雅宝 3200/4369 -2)
Vocabulary: cluster
(once / 347 pages)
nv
A cluster is a small group of people or things. When you and your friends huddle awkwardly around the snack table at a party, whispering and trying to muster enough nerve to hit the dance floor, you’ve formed a cluster.
Cluster comes to us from the Old English word clyster, meaning bunch. Nowadays, you can use cluster as either a noun or a verb. When we were kids, we would stand in a cluster (noun) on the street corner, eagerly awaiting the appearance of the Good Humor truck every afternoon. Then we would cluster (verb) eagerly around the driver, demanding ice cream. Virtually anything can form a cluster — flowers, cells, stars, human beings, and even events.
WORD FAMILY
cluster: clustered, clustering, clusters+/clustering: clusterings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then the class breaks into groups: Newcomers in a small cluster, returning fighters in a larger circle, brandishing their weapons.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rubin’s thesis in 1954 showed that galaxies are not distributed uniformly throughout the universe, but tend to cluster and rotate around one another.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The sewing companies cluster in several dilapidated neighborhoods around downtown Los Angeles.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 丛; 簇，串; 群; [语言]辅音群
vi. 丛生; 群聚
vt. 使密集，使聚集
时态：clustered, clustering, clusters
分布：群(60%)，群集(27%)，簇(6%)，丛(2%)，串(2%)，丛生(2%)，使成群(1%)
→词源同clod,clot.即大块形状。
n.丛,群,串v.群集,丛生The freezing children were clustered together.快冻僵的小孩子们缩在一块.
【记】源于clot（v 凝成块）
US [-tɚ] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of similar things that are close together, sometimes surrounding something （同类物聚集的）串，丛，束，群
• Have a look at the cluster of galaxies in this photograph. 看看这张照片上的星系群。
• There was a cluster of fans around him, asking for autographs. 一大群仰慕者围着他，找他签名。
n. 群； [植] 簇；丛；串
 - gang, bunch, qun
vi. 群聚；丛生
 - bush
vt. 使聚集；聚集在某人的周围
 - converge

Word: host
Front: host
[həʊst] (高研四六雅 1840/2542 -K5)
Vocabulary: host
(once / 150 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
If you've invited people over, offered to entertain, or let someone crash on your couch, then you're a host. Throw a fabulous party and you’ll be everyone’s favorite host. Do it when you're also hosting pneumonia germs, and your guests won't be so grateful.
The noun host refers to a person who receives and entertains guests. But hosting also has an ickier side: In biology, a host is an animal, plant or person that provides a home for another organism — like a parasite. Host also functions as a noun, meaning a multitude, horde, or great number. As in, "You will pick up a host of funky germs from drinking the water in rural India."
WORD FAMILY
host: hosted, hosting, hosts
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a result, scientists who study the compound must follow a host of restrictive rules.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The country shares long borders with Syria and Iraq, both destabilized by years of war and hosting thousands of militants.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Her desk hosts an ever-expanding array of pens, pencils and markers.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [计算机]主机; 主人，东道主; 节目主持人; 酒店业主
vt. 当主人; 主办宴会，主持节目; 款待，做东
vi. 做主人，做东道主
时态：hosted, hosting, hosts
分布：主机(37%)，主人(22%)，主办(14%)，主持(12%)，寄主(6%)，主持人(4%)，大量(3%)，做东(1%)，主办方(1%)
→来自古法语hoste,客人，招待客人的人，主人，来自拉丁语hospes,客人，来自ghostis,外来人，词源同guest.引申词义东道主，招待，寄主等。
n.主人;旅店老板;节目主持人;一大群,许多Most hosts are hostile to the foremost ghost hostage almost to the utmost.大多数主人对最前面的幽灵人质的敌对态度几乎到了极顶.
US [hoʊst] noun
PERSON WITH GUESTS 主人，东道主
 ADVANCED countable (female also hostess)
■someone who has guests 主人，东道主
• We thanked our hosts for the lovely evening. 我们感谢主人家让我们渡过了一个愉快的夜晚。
• The local language school is advertising for host families (= families with whom people stay when they are visiting another country). 当地的语言学校正在招募能接待外国访客的家庭。
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] noun
ON TELEVISION 电视节目
countable (female also hostess)
■a person who introduces guests and performers, especially on television or radio （电视或广播节目的）主持人
• Our host for tonight's show is Terry Wogan. 我们今晚节目的主持人是泰瑞‧沃根。
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] noun
FOR AN EVENT 事件
countable
■a place or organization that provides the space and other necessary things for a special event 主办方，东道主
• Japan is playing host to the next international conference. 日本将主办下一次国际会议。
• the host nation for the next World Cup 下届世界杯的主办国
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] noun
ANIMAL/PLANT 动物
countable specialized
■a plant or animal that another plant or animal lives on as a parasite 寄主，宿主
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] noun
A LOT 大量
a host of
■a large number of something 许多，大量
• There's a whole host of reasons why he didn't get the job. 有一大堆理由可以解释他为甚么没有得到那份工作。
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] noun
CHURCH 教堂
the host only singular specialized
■the holy bread which is eaten at Communion (= a Christian religious ceremony) 圣体（基督教圣餐仪式中用的面饼）
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] noun
INTERNET 网路
countable
■a company which hosts a website on the Internet 在网路上维护网页的公司（主机）
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] verb transitive
EVENT 事件
■to provide the space and other things necessary for a special event 主办（为一活动提供举办场所和其他必需品）
• Which country is hosting the next Olympic Games? 哪个国家将主办下届奥运会？
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] verb transitive
TELEVISION SHOW 电视节目
■to be the host of television or radio programme （电视或广播节目的）主持人
• to host a show/programme 主持节目
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] verb transitive
INTERNET 网路
■to provide the computer hardware and software which allows a website to exist on the Internet 为（网站）提供软硬体支援
• I've written my website, now I just need to find a company to host it. 我已经写好自己网站的内容，现在只需找一家公司为它提供软硬体的支援。
opponent, host, agencies, advocate
opponent: 反对者
host: 主任，主持人
agencies: 代理，机关
advocate: 提倡者，鼓吹者
n. [计] 主机；主人；主持人；许多
 - lots of, sea, hundred, master, thousands of
vt. 主持；当主人招待
 - to chair, preside over
vi. 群集；做主人
 - pack, troop

Word: wound
Front: wound
[waʊnd] (中高研四六 3202/3399 -K4)
Vocabulary: wound
(once / 47 pages)
1nv 2adj
A wound is a serious injury, especially a deep cut through the skin. But things like pride and feelings can also get wounded.
Wounds are serious: we're talking a lot worse than just a scrape or booboo. Just about all the meanings of this word have to do with being hurt. If you got stabbed, you got a stab wound. Soldiers in battle get a lot of wounds from enemies. If someone told you to shut up, they might wound your feelings. If you slipped in a puddle in front of your friends, that might wound your pride.
WORD FAMILY
wound: wounded, woundedly, wounding, woundingly, wounds+/wounded: unwounded, woundedest, woundeds/wounding: woundings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My thoughts,” said the poet and priest George Herbert, “are all a case of knives / Wounding my heart.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The five explosions wounded 49 people, they added.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A booby-trapped drone launched by Islamic State militants killed two Kurdish Peshmerga fighters and wounded two French soldiers in October near Mosul.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 创伤; 伤口; 伤害
v. 伤; 伤害; “wind”的过去式和过去分词
时态：wounded, wounding, wounds
分布：伤(54%)，伤口(38%)，伤害(5%)，创伤(3%)
→来自wen,击，打，伤口，可能来自wel的鼻音形式，撕，扯，词源同vulture,svelte.
n.创伤,伤口v.伤,伤害The wounded founder bought a pound of compound.受伤的奠基人买了一磅化合物.
noun countable
INJURY 受伤
 ADVANCED
■a damaged area of the body, such as a cut or hole in the skin or flesh made by a weapon （身体上的）伤，伤口
• a gunshot wound 枪伤
• a chest/leg wound 胸部／腿部的伤口
• a flesh (= not deep) wound 皮肉伤
• He died from multiple stab wounds to the neck and upper body. 他死于颈部和上半身的多处刺伤。
[wu:nd] noun countable
UPSET 麻烦
■a problem or great unhappiness 问题；痛苦；创伤
• She refuses to talk about the incident, saying it would only reopen old wounds (= make her remember unhappy past experiences). 她拒绝谈起那场事故，说那样只会揭开旧伤疤。
[wu:nd] verb transitive usually passive
HURT 受伤
 ADVANCED
■to damage an area of the body, especially by making a cut or hole in the skin （身体上的）伤，伤口
• Flying glass wounded her in the face and neck. 飞溅的玻璃刮伤她的脸和颈部。
• The police chief was badly wounded in the explosion. 警长在爆炸中受了重伤。
[wu:nd] verb transitive usually passive
UPSET 麻烦
■to make someone feel upset 使受创伤；伤害
• He was deeply wounded by her fierce criticism. 她尖刻的批评深深伤害了他。
[waʊnd] verb past simple and past participle of
■ wind (TURN) and wind (WRAP AROUND) 包扎（伤口）
bruise, scar, cut, wound
这组词都有“伤口，损伤”的意思，其区别是：
bruise: 指表皮下面的组织受损，但没有破裂。但由于血流进组织，因而出现紫块。普通用词。
scar: 主要指伤口愈合而留下的伤疤。
cut: 指因尖利的器械的刺或割而造成的或深或浅的伤口。
wound: 通常指尖锐锋利的工具所致的伤口，多深及到表皮组织以下。可用作引申指打击或伤害。
harm, hurt, damage, disable, injure, wound
这组词都有“损害，伤害”的意思，其区别是：
harm: 主要用于有生命的东西，语气略强于injure，指引起严重的痛苦和损伤；有时也用于抽象事物，指造成任何不良后果。
hurt: 普通用词，较口语化，侧重指给有生命的东西造成机体上或精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。
damage: 通常指对无生命物体的损害，并有降低其价值，破坏其功能等的后果。
disable: 强调使伤残。
injure: 较hurt正式，多用于有生命的事物。既可指伤害别人的事物。即可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等，又可指使别人受伤或东西受损，同时含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失功能的意味。
wound: 专指对身体的重伤，尤指在战斗中受的伤，强调外部创伤；也可指精神方面的伤害。
n. 创伤，伤口
 - trauma, cut, vulnus
vt. 使受伤
 - hurt
vi. 受伤，伤害
 - get hurt, get injured

Word: dependent
Front: dependent
[dɪˈpendənt] (研四六托雅 3201/2356)
Vocabulary: dependent
(once / 59 pages)
nadj
Being dependent means relying on something. Many people are dependent on coffee in the morning, while a dependent is someone who relies on you for financial support. In grammar-land, a dependent clause can’t stand alone because it’s a fragment.
Dependent comes from pendant, the French word for "hanging.” If you break your leg, you will be dependent, or hanging, on crutches to get around. Kids are dependents of their parents, since they rely on them for food and shelter. A drug addict is dependent on drugs. And if a decision is dependent on your mood, that means it depends on or will be decided by how you feel.
WORD FAMILY
dependent: dependence, dependency, dependently, dependents, independent +/ depend: dependable, dependant, depended, dependent, depending, depends, interdepend/ dependable: dependability, dependableness, dependably, undependable/ dependant: dependants/ dependence: dependences/ dependency: dependencies/ independence: independences/independency: independencies/ independent: independence, independency, independently, independents/interdepend: interdependent / interdependence: interdependences/interdependency: interdependencies/ interdependent: interdependence, interdependency, interdependently/undependable: undependability, undependableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Metabolic activity is dependent on oxygen delivery to the tissues of the body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The defense is too dependent on Clay Matthews to generate a pass rush, so when he’s not 100% the drop-off is significant.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Coburn attributes that to a broken system abused by those who don’t truly deserve it, yet grow dependent on government benefits.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 依靠的; 依赖的; 取决于…的; 有瘾的
n. 受抚养人; 受赡养者; 依赖他人者; 扈从，侍从
分布：依赖的(48%)，从属的(27%)，依靠的(25%)
依赖的(de+pend+ent)[pend,pens=hang,表示"悬挂"]
a.依靠的,依赖的,从属的;随...而定的The dependent dependant can't live independently.依靠别人的被赡养者不能独立生活.
adjective
NEEDING HELP 需要协助
 ADVANCED
■needing the support of something or someone in order to continue existing or operating 需要供养的，需要照料的；依赖的
• He has three dependent children. 他有三个需要照顾的孩子。
• It's very easy to become dependent on sleeping pills. 人很容易对安眠药产生依赖性。
[dɪ'pen.dənt] adjective
DECIDED BY 取决于
dependent on/upon sth
 ADVANCED
■influenced or decided by something 取决于，由…来决定
• Whether I go to university or not is dependent on what exam grades I get. 我能不能上大学要看我能考多少分。
[dɪ'pen.dənt] adjective
GRAMMAR 文法
■describes a grammatical clause which cannot form a separate sentence but can form a sentence when it is joined to a main clause 从句
independent, dependent
independent: 不依靠的，独立的(of)。如：John was independent of his parents when he was still a child.
dependent: 依赖的，依靠的(on, upon)。如：Success is dependent on your hard work.
adj. 依靠的；从属的；取决于…的
 - under, servient

Word: shower
Front: shower
[ˈʃaʊə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 3204/3712 -K2)
Back: n. 阵雨; 淋浴; 淋浴器; 一大批
vi. 下阵雨; 似阵雨般降落; 洒落; 纷纷降落
vt. 大量地给予; 抛洒，使纷纷降落
时态：showered, showering, showers
分布：淋浴(72%)，阵雨(21%)，送礼会(6%)，倾注(1%)
→来自古英语 scur,阵风，阵雪，暴风雪，来自 Proto-Germanic*skuro,风暴，暴风雪，来自 skewer,北方，冷风，词源同拉丁语 caurus,东方风。拼写比较 tower,turret.引申词义淋浴， 沐浴。
n.阵雨;沐浴;(一)阵/大批v.下阵雨,倾注The answer is: Owing to a shower, the powerful powder is no longer on show.答案是：由于一场阵雨,这种强有力的火药不再展览了.
US [ʃaʊr] noun
WASHING DEVICE 洗浴设备
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a device which releases drops of water through a lot of very small holes and which you stand under to wash your whole body 淋浴器
• The shower is broken - you'll have to have a bath. 淋浴器坏了——你得用浴缸洗澡了。
• Many British homes have a shower attachment fixed to the bath taps. 英国的许多家庭都在浴缸龙头上安装了淋浴器。
• a shower curtain/cap 浴帘／浴帽
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a wash using such a device 淋浴
• Have I got time to (UK)have/(US)take a shower before we go out? 我们出去之前我还有时间冲个澡吗?
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a place, usually in a bathroom, where a shower is situated 淋浴间，淋浴室
• He's in the shower at the moment. Would you like him to phone you back? 他现在正在冲澡。请他回电话给你好吗?
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] noun
RAIN 雨
 ADVANCED countable
■a short period of rain or snow 阵雨；阵雪
• showers of rain, hail and sleet 一阵阵的雨、冰雹和雨夹雪
• You're soaked! Did you get caught in the shower? 你都湿透了！你遇上那场雨了吗?
• There will be thundery/wintry showers over many parts of the country. 全国大部分地区将有雷阵雨／寒冷的阵雨。
• Snow showers are expected at the end of the week. 周末将有阵雪。
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] noun
MASS 大量
a shower of sth
■a lot of small objects or drops of liquid coming through the air 一大批，一连串（从天而降的小颗粒物或液滴）
• There was a bang and a shower of sparks. 一声巨响，闪过一片火花。
• The pipe burst, sending out a shower of water. 管道爆裂了，喷出一阵水花。
■a large amount of something 大量的
• She received a shower of praise from her colleagues. 她的同事都向她说了一大堆赞美的话。
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] noun
PARTY 派对
countable US
■a party held for a woman just before she gets married or gives birth to a child, when she is given presents for her future home or baby （为即将结婚或分娩的妇女举行的）送礼会
• I bought the cutest baby clothes to take to Jacey's baby shower. 我买了最漂亮的婴儿服去参加杰西孩子的送礼会。
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] noun
take / need a cold shower humorous
■an expression used when someone needs to calm themselves when something has made them feel sexually excited 洗个冷水澡（一种措辞，当某人因某事而性兴奋时需要冷静下来）
• Did you see the dress she was wearing? I think I'd better go and take a cold shower! 你看到她穿的裙子吗？我最好回家冲个冷水澡。
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] verb
FALL 落下
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to fall down or come out in a shower 像阵雨般降落或抛洒
• I heard a massive explosion, and seconds later fragments of glass were showering (= falling) down on us. 我听到了巨大的爆炸声，几秒钟后，玻璃碎片纷纷散落在我们身上。
• She shook the bottle violently and showered us with champagne. 她用力晃动酒瓶，向我们喷洒香槟。
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] verb
WASH 洗浴
intransitive
■to take a shower 冲澡
• I shower every morning. 我每天早上都要冲个澡。
UK [ʃaʊər] US [ʃaʊr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  shower sb with sth (also shower sth on sb)
■to give someone a lot of presents or praise 大量给予（某人）（礼物或赞美）
• She only sees her niece occasionally, so she showers her with presents when she does. 她只能偶尔见到自己的侄女，因此见面时，她都送给她很多礼物。
• His boss showered him with praise. 他的老板对他大加赞赏。
n. 淋浴；（倾泻般出现的）一阵，一大批； [气象] 阵雨
 - blast, flood
vi. 淋浴； [气象] 下阵雨
 - have a bath

Word: institutional
Front: institutional
[ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃənl] (3206/3604 -2)
Vocabulary: institutional
(once / 2681 pages)
adj
Something institutional is what you'd expect from a big entity like a college or corporation, such as the institutional cinder-block dorm room walls or the institutional policy of giving employees 10 sick days per year.
Accent the third syllable in institutional: "in-stih-TOO-shun-ul." The word institutional can be used to describe something related to an organization or a corporation, like institutional reform or institutional policies. Something that's institutional is often thought of as bland or boring, like the institutional food served to hospital patients. Institutional things often share, for better or worse, a certain sameness.
WORD FAMILY
institutional: institutionally, noninstitutional+/ institute: instituted, institutes, instituting, institution / institution: institutional, institutionalise, institutionalize, institutions/institutionalise: institutionalised/institutionalised: noninstitutionalised/ institutionalize: institutionalized, institutionalizes, institutionalizing/institutionalized: noninstitutionalized
USAGE EXAMPLES
But how about the more insidious institutional prejudice?
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Years of violence, civil war and assassinations ensued before the country stabilized under an “institutional” revolutionary party, which grew progressively more hierarchical and autocratic.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
“It was an institutional conspiracy,” said the acting director general of Russia’s national antidoping agency.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 由来已久的; 习以为常的; 公共机构的; 慈善机构的
分布：机构的(44%)，制度上的(37%)，学会的(11%)，惯例的(8%)
→来自institution,机构，慈善机构。
US [-'tu:-] mainly disapproving
adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to an institution 收容机构的
• The hospital provides typically awful institutional food. 医院供应的是公共机构常见的那种难吃的食物。
institutional, instrumental, universal, fundamental
institutional: 制度上的，公共机构的
instrumental: 起作用的，有助于
universal: 全体的，普及的，大众的
fundamental: 基础的，根本的，必要的

Word: depict
Front: depict
[dɪˈpɪkt] (研六托雅宝 3205/4373 -2)
Vocabulary: depict
(once / 574 pages)
v
When you depict something, you draw a picture of it, describe it, or show what it looks like. So grab a crayon, a paint brush, or even an Etch-A-Sketch and start depicting.
From the Latin depictus, meaning “to portray, paint, sketch, describe,” depict is a way to communicate what you see. To explain to an alien what a banana is, you can either depict it with drawings, describe it in words, or both. But be careful. Writes author Joyce Maynard, "The painter who feels obligated to depict his subjects as uniformly beautiful or handsome and without flaws will fall short of making art."
WORD FAMILY
depict: depicted, depicting, depiction, depictive, depicts+/ depiction: depictions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The reality is closer to the latter: The Baltimore artist depicts discarded plants, left to wither.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The animals were two of the 31 figures depicting the birth of Jesus that were painstakingly restored by volunteers over the past year.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
She thought it a relic, scrapped after it was depicted as an instrument of torture in the 1975 movie “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 描绘，描画; 描述
时态：depicted, depicting, depicts
分布：描述(39%)，描绘(33%)，画(28%)
→de-, 向下。-pict, 画，词源同paint, picture. 即画，描绘。
描绘(de+pict图画→成为图画→描绘)[de-①表示"去掉,变坏,离开,变慢,向下"等②表示"使…成为,加强"等]
描述,描绘(de加强+pict→加强描画→描绘)[Pict=paint,表示"描画"]
v.描绘;描写,描述He depicted the conviction that contradicted the verdict.他描绘反驳裁决的定罪.
【记】de加强语义，pict画一加强画一描绘pic是picture的缩写
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to represent or show something in a picture or story 描绘，描述，描写
• Her paintings depict the lives of ordinary people in the last century. 她的油画反映了上个世纪普通人的生活。
• In the book, he depicts his father as a tyrant. 在那本书里，他把自己的父亲描写成了一个暴君。
• [+ -ing verb] People were shocked by the advertisement which depicted a woman beating her husband. 人们对那个女人殴打丈夫的广告感到非常震惊。
vt. 描述；描画
 - bewrite, describe v. say what is like

Word: operating
Front: operating
['ɒpəreɪtɪŋ] (3207/2648)
Back: adj. 操作的; 营运的; 业务上的; 外科手术的
v. 操作( operate的现在分词); 运转; 管理; 做外科手术
分布：操作的(64%)，手术的(28%)，动词operate的现在分词形式.(8%)
ADJ
经营的；业务上的；营业上的
Operating profits and costs are the money that a company earns and spends in carrying out its ordinary trading activities, in contrast to such things as interest and investment.
例：The group made operating profits of £80m before interest.该集团创造了 8,000万英镑的息前营业利润。
adj. 操作的； [外科] 外科手术的
 - handling, working

Word: flesh
Front: flesh
[fleʃ] (高研四雅 3209/3036 -K2)
Vocabulary: flesh
(once / 115 pages)
1nv 2n
Flesh is the part of a body that's made of muscles and fat. If you grab the flesh of your little brother's arm to keep him from running into the street, you're holding the soft part of his arm.
We often use the word flesh to talk about the tissues of an animal's body — in other words, the fat and muscle that most humans consider to be food, or meat. But you'll also hear people say "flesh and bone" or "flesh and blood" when they're describing the physical parts of a human. The Old English root is flæsc, "flesh or meat."
WORD FAMILY
flesh: flesh-colored, fleshed, fleshes, fleshing, fleshy+/fleshy: fleshier, fleshiest, fleshily, fleshiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
If the skin burns before the flesh is tender, lower the flame slightly.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
"From this time he began to lose flesh and sink gradually, his breathing more and more difficult," the notes continued.
BBC(Dec 25, 2016)
He said he’s tested the box himself “dozens of times,” even putting a tomato inside the box one time to simulate flesh.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 肉; 肉体; 果肉; 皮肤
v. 用肉喂养; 长胖
时态：fleshed, fleshing, fleshes
分布：肉(80%)，肉体(15%)，充实(2%)，人类(2%)，变胖(1%)
→可能来自pleik, 撕，剥，词源同flay. 即剥皮，肉体。比较carnal, corium.
n.肉,肌肉The fresh flesh on the mesh refreshed the dog.网格上的新鲜肉使狗恢复了体力.
noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the soft part of the body of a person or animal which is between the skin and the bones, or the soft inside part of a fruit or vegetable （人或动物的）肉；果肉；蔬菜的可食部分
• The thorn went deep into the flesh of my hand. 刺深深扎进了我的手。
• The flesh of the fruit is white. 这种水果的果肉是白色的。
• Vegetarians don't eat animal flesh (= meat). 素食者不吃肉。
the flesh only singular literary
■the physical body and not the mind or the soul 肉体
• This left him plenty of time to indulge in the pleasures of the flesh (= physical pleasures, such as sex or eating). 这使他有了充足的时间沉溺于肉体的欢愉中。
⇒ See also fleshpot
[fleʃ] noun
be (only) flesh and blood
■to have normal human limits, needs, etc 只是血肉之躯，只是凡人
• Of course I find pretty young women attractive - I'm only flesh and blood. 我当然觉得年轻漂亮的女人很有吸引力——我只是个凡人。
[fleʃ] noun
be sb's own flesh and blood
■to be someone's relation 是（某人）的亲人
• I couldn't send him away - he's my own flesh and blood. 我不能把他送走——他是我的亲人。
[fleʃ] noun
in the flesh
■in real life, and not on TV, in a film, in a picture, etc 当面；活生生地
• I've seen her perform on television, but never in the flesh. 我见过她在电视上表演，但从来没见过本人。
[fleʃ] noun
make your flesh crawl/creep
■to make someone very worried or frightened 使非常担忧；使非常害怕；使起鸡皮疙瘩
• I don't mind spiders but worms make my flesh crawl. 我不怕蜘蛛，但是虫子让我浑身起鸡皮疙瘩。
[fleʃ] noun
put flesh on (the bones of) sth
■to add more details to a plan, idea, argument, etc. to make it better or more complete 充实；加细节于
[fleʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] flesh sth out
■to add more details or information to something 以细节（或资讯）充实
• These plans need to be fleshed out with some more figures. 这些计划需要更多的数位元加以充实。
flesh, meat
这组词都有“肉”的意思，其区别是：
flesh: 主要指人体或动物身上的肌肉组织，是从生理角度着眼的。也指动物的肉食。
meat: 是肉类的总称，指食用的肉，但不包括鱼类的肉。
n. [食品] [组织] 肉；肉体
 - meat, clay
vi. 长胖
 - fat up

Word: garage
Front: garage
[ˈgærɑ:ʒ] (高研四六雅 3208/3113 -K2)
Vocabulary: garage
(once / 1350 pages)
nv
A garage is a building that's meant for keeping cars or other vehicles in. Some houses have attached garages with automated doors.
You might have your own garage, or you might pay to park your car in a large public garage down the street. The two buildings are very different — one large enough for one or two cars, and the other possibly accommodating hundreds — but they're both garages. You can also use the word garage for a car repair shop: "I have to take my car to the garage because it's making a weird noise."
WORD FAMILY
garage: garaged, garages, garaging
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the early hours of Monday 4 January a convoy of police vehicles pulled up in the ground-floor garage of the U-shaped installation.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Detroit police spokesman Dan Donakowski says tenants of the home told officers they never entered the garage because the landlord prohibited it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Arriving at their Stewartville home for the first time, Fischer opened the garage door to park the van.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 车库; 汽车修理站; 飞机库
vt. 把…送入车库; 把（汽车）开进车库
时态：garaged, garaging, garages
分布：车库(89%)，汽车修理厂(10%)，把 ... 放入车库(1%)
→来自wer, 遮盖，保护，词源同weir, warrant.
n.车库,飞机库;修车厂If you carry the cabinet of cabbage garbage to the garage, you'll get an average wage.如果你把这橱柜包菜垃圾扛进了汽车库,你将获得一份平均工资.
UK [-ɪdʒ] US [gə'rɑ:ʒ] noun
CARS 车
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a building where a car is kept, which is built next to or as part of a house 车库，汽车房
• Did you put the car in the garage? 你把车停到车库里了吗？
 IMPROVER countable
■a place where cars are repaired 汽车修理厂
• The car's still at the garage getting fixed. 车还在汽车修理厂维修呢。
 IMPROVER countable UK (US gas station)
■a place where fuel is sold for cars and other vehicles 加油站
countable UK
■a place where cars are sold 销售汽车的地方
UK ['gær.ɑ:ʒ] UK [-ɪdʒ] US [gə'rɑ:ʒ] noun
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable
■fast, electronic dance music with a strong beat, keyboards and singing 车库乐（一种键盘乐器伴奏演唱的快节奏电子舞曲）
UK ['gær.ɑ:ʒ] UK [-ɪdʒ] US [gə'rɑ:ʒ] verb transitive
■to put or keep a vehicle in a garage 把车送入车库或修理厂
• If your car is garaged, you get much cheaper insurance. 如果你把车停放在车库里，你买汽车保险时就能省很多钱。
n. [车辆] 车库；汽车修理厂；飞机库
 - carbarn, carport

Word: operator
Front: operator
[ˈɒpəreɪtə(r)] (高研四六托 3210/2700 -3)
Vocabulary: operator
(once / 427 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
An operator is a person who runs a machine, equipment, or a vehicle. If you want to be a jackhammer operator some day, you might hope to work on a road crew of for a construction company.
An operator operates, or controls, something. You could be a radio operator, a heavy machinery operator, or even a telephone operator — or you can be the operator, or manager, of a business. If you start your own dog walking company, you can call yourself an "owner-operator." The Latin root of both operator and operate is operari, "to work," and "to cause."
WORD FAMILY
operator: operators+/ inoperable: inoperably/interoperable: interoperability/ operable: inoperable, interoperable/ operate: operable, operated, operates, operating, operation, operative, operator / operation: operational, operations/ operational: nonoperational, operationalism, operationally/operationalism: operationalist/ operative: inoperative, operatively, operatives, postoperative, preoperative /postoperative: postoperatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bank Stadium operator SMG said in a statement that they apparently climbed over a guard rail to access the ridge truss.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rangitsch, owner and operator of Aspen Dental in Marion, began collecting vinyl records about a year and a half ago.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Paul Plummer is the chief executive of the Rail Delivery Group which represents train operators and Network Rail.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 经营者; 操作员; 电话接线员; 运算符
→来自operate,运作，操作。
n.操作人员,(电话)接线员The rational operator started a new era of opera cooperation in AD 2000.理性的操作者在公元2000年开创了一个歌剧合作的新时代.
US ['ɑ:.pə.reɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone whose job is to use and control a machine or vehicle 操作员，业务员；驾驶员
• a computer operator 电脑操作员
 ADVANCED
■a company that does a particular type of business 经营公司；专业公司
• a tour operator 旅行社
 ADVANCED
■a person who helps to connect people on a telephone system （电话）接线生
smooth/clever, etc. operator
■a person who deals with people or problems cleverly, especially for their own advantage 圆滑的／精明的人等（尤指善于牟取私利的人）
• He has shown himself to be a canny operator in wage negotiations. 他在薪酬谈判过程中表现得精明老练。
n. [经管] 经营者； [计] 操作员； [通信] 话务员；行家
 - expert, proprietor

Word: instructor
Front: instructor
[ɪnˈstrʌktə(r)] (六 3211/6056 -2)
Vocabulary: instructor
(once / 835 pages)
n
An instructor is a teacher. One can be an instructor of just about anything, but it usually applies to teaching hands-on skills, like a water-skiing instructor or the instructor of the knitting class held at the community center.
When you instruct, or teach, other people how to do something, you are their instructor. At a college, you might hear some of the people who teach classes referred to as instructors and others as professors. An instructor might teach only part-time, or be a graduate student, or, for the moment at least, not be on the path to receiving the title of professor. Still, instructors are teachers: they have their own classes and students.
WORD FAMILY
instructor: instructors, instructorship+/ instruct: instructed, instructing, instruction, instructive, instructor, instructs/instructed: uninstructed/ instruction: instructional, instructions / instructive: instructively, uninstructive/instructorship: instructorships/uninstructive: uninstructively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The instructors still pay attention to you, even when there are more people at the beginning of the year.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She was among 2,700 instructors considered for the national honor.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Norm Yeager, a flight instructor at the airport, said Smith is a terrific pilot.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 指导者，教师
分布：讲师(89%)，指导书(11%)
→来自instruct,指示。引申词义指导者，导师。
教师,讲师[struct=build,表示"建立"]
US [-tɚ] noun countable
■a person whose job is to teach people a practical skill 教练
• an aerobics instructor 有氧健身操教练
• a driving/ski/swimming instructor 驾驶／滑雪／游泳教练
■US
■a teacher of a college or university subject, who usually teaches a limited number of classes 大学讲师
• a history/science/sociology instructor. 历史／科学／社会学讲师
n. 指导书；教员；指导者
 - mentor, guider

Word: collapse
Front: collapse
[kəˈlæps] (研四六托雅宝 3212/3094 -K4)
Vocabulary: collapse
(once / 311 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4n
To collapse means to fall over, cave in, or totally crumple. After finding out that the stock market has collapsed and your investments along with it, you'd probably collapse to the ground and sob uncontrollably.
From the Latin collapsus, meaning “fall together," comes our English collapse, a word that functions as both noun and verb. Empires collapse after revolutions, and your dog will eventually collapse from exhaustion if he keeps chasing his tail in circles. But if a company falls apart after the boss retires, or you have a total breakdown cramming for exams, that's a kind of collapse, too.
WORD FAMILY
collapse: collapsable, collapsed, collapses, collapsible, collapsing+/collapsable: noncollapsable/ collapsible: noncollapsible
USAGE EXAMPLES
Airport officials say the landing gear on the Hawker Jet collapsed on landing Monday afternoon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park said Monday no one was injured when the lava delta collapsed and sent showers of volcanic rock into the air.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Herzog said Monday by hospital telephone that he is being treated for a collapsed lung.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 折叠; 倒塌; 崩溃; （尤指工作劳累后）坐下
vt. 使倒塌; 使坍塌; 使瓦解
n. 垮台; （身体的）衰弱
时态：collapsed, collapsing, collapses
分布：崩溃(65%)，倒塌(18%)，折叠(9%)，暴跌(8%)
→col-, 强调。-lapse, 滑落。
倒塌(col+lapse滑倒→全部滑倒→倒塌)[col-,cor在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"]
倒坍;崩溃(col共同+lapse→全部滑下+倒塌)[laps=slip,表示"滑,滑走"]
v./n.倒塌;崩溃;(价格)暴跌;倒闭,破产With time elapsing, the flaps collapse up on his clapper's lap.随着时间流逝,袋盖在拍手者的膝上堆叠起来.
【记】col共同，lapse滑－共同滑倒－倒塌
verb
FALL 倒下
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support （由于压力、无力或缺乏支持而）倒塌，坍塌，崩溃，垮掉
• Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake. 数以千计的建筑物在地震中倒塌了。
• The chair collapsed under her weight. 椅子承受不了她的重量散架了。
• figurative He thought his whole world had collapsed when his wife died. 妻子去世后他觉得自己的整个世界都坍塌了。
 IMPROVER intransitive
■If someone collapses, they fall down because they are ill or weak （因疾病或虚弱而）倒下，昏倒
• He collapsed and died of a heart attack. 他心脏病发作，倒地而亡。
intransitive or transitive
■to fold something into a smaller shape, usually so it can be stored, or (especially of furniture) to fold in this way （使）折叠（尤指家俱）
• All chairs collapse for easy storage. 所有的椅子折叠起来以便存放。
[kə'læps] verb
FAIL 失败
 IMPROVER intransitive
■(of people and business) to suddenly be unable to continue or work correctly （人或企业）崩溃，垮掉，失败
• Lots of people lost their jobs when the property market collapsed. 房地产市场崩溃后，许多人丢了工作。
• Talks between management and unions have collapsed. 劳资谈判彻底破裂。
• Share prices collapsed (= became lower suddenly) after news of poor trading. 贸易不景气的消息传出后股价暴跌。
[kə'læps] noun
FAILURE 失败
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the sudden failure of a system, organization, business, etc. （系统、组织、企业等的）崩溃，瓦解，失败
• I don't know what caused the collapse of her marriage. 我不知道她婚姻失败的原因是甚么。
• A poor economy has caused the collapse of thousands of small businesses. 经济萧条导致数以千计的小型企业破产。
• Negotiations between the two countries are on the brink/verge of collapse (= very soon going to fail). 两国的谈判濒临破裂。
• He suffered a mental/nervous collapse after ten years' teaching. 执教十年后，他的精神／神经崩溃了。
[kə'læps] noun
FALL 倒下
[S or U]
■when a person or structure becomes too weak to stand and suddenly falls 昏倒，昏迷；（建筑物的）倒塌，坍塌
• He was taken to hospital after his collapse on the pitch. 他昏倒在球场后被送往医院。
• the collapse of a tower block during the earthquake 地震中一座塔楼的倒塌
disaster, dilemma, collapse, epidemic
disaster: 灾难
dilemma: 窘境，困境
collapse: 崩溃
epidemic: 流行病
fall, collapse
这组词都有“倒塌”的意思，其区别是：
fall: 一般指由于失去平衡等原因而倒塌，也可作引申用。
collapse: 通常指房屋等突然倒塌。
vi. 倒塌；瓦解；暴跌
 - founder, fall in
vt. 使倒塌，使崩溃；使萎陷
 - crumple up
n. 倒塌；失败；衰竭
 - failure, loss, losing, defeat, reverse

Word: borrow
Front: borrow
[ˈbɒrəʊ] (中高 3214/2639 -K3)
Vocabulary: borrow
(once / 151 pages)
v
The word borrow means to take something and use it temporarily. You can borrow a book from the library, or borrow twenty bucks from your mom, or even borrow an idea from your friend.
Usually , borrow implies taking something temporarily and returning it later. However, you can borrow non-physical things and adopt them as your own. For example, the English language has borrowed many words from other languages — such as Latin and Greek — but those words were never "given back." If you're subtracting numbers, you might have to borrow from the tens column to complete the problem.
WORD FAMILY
borrow: borrowed, borrower, borrowing, borrows+/borrower: borrowers/borrowing: borrowings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some, like General Motors Co. and railroad CSX Corp., borrowed to prop up pension plans.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A 1934 American novel, about the eventual suicide of the fictional character Julian English, was also inspired by the tale and borrowed its title.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The fund helps pay off principal and interest on certificates of participation, a type of public borrowing with shorter terms than most bond issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 借入; 借钱，借用; [数]由上位借; 抄袭
n. 借，借用; 担保物，抵押; [英史]什一税
时态：borrowed, borrowing, borrows
分布：借(98%)，借鉴(1%)，抄袭(1%)
→来自PIE *bhergh(1), 保护。词源同harbor, 港口。来自旧时借东西需提供抵押品作为担保。
vt.借,借入;(思想,文字等)采用,抄袭"Sorry, I'll borrow the lorry tomorrow," the sorrowful man said with worry in the corridor."对不起,明天我要借用这辆卡车."那个悲伤的人在走廊里担心地说.
US ['bɑ:r.oʊ] verb
RECEIVE 接受
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to get or receive something from someone with the intention of giving it back after a period of time 借，借入
• Could I borrow your bike from (not standard off)you until next week? 我能借你的脚踏车用到下周吗？
• She used to borrow money and not bother to pay it back. 她过去常借钱不还。
• He borrowed a novel from the library. 他从图书馆里借了一本小说。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to take money from a bank or financial organization and pay it back over a period of time （向…）借贷
• Like so many companies at that time, we had to borrow heavily to survive. 像那时众多公司一样，我们不得不靠大量借贷维持生存。
• We could always borrow some money from the bank. 我们可以随时向银行借点钱。
transitive
■to take and use a word or idea from another language or piece of work 引入，借用（词汇或想法）
• English has borrowed many words from French. 英语从法语中借用了大量的词汇。
UK ['bɒr.əʊ] US ['bɑ:r.oʊ] verb
MATHEMATICS 数学
transitive
■to put a number into a different column when doing subtraction （演算减法时）借（位）
UK ['bɒr.əʊ] US ['bɑ:r.oʊ] verb
live on borrowed time
■to continue living after a point at which you might easily have died 活过寿限
• Since his cancer was diagnosed, he feels as if he's living on borrowed time. 自从他的癌症确诊后，他感觉自己活的日子仿佛都是赚来的。
■to continue to exist longer than expected 在预期期限之后继续存在
• It is unlikely that serious decisions will be taken by a minority government living on borrowed time. 一个苟延残喘的代表少数人的政府不大可能作出重大决定。
loan, lend, borrow
这组词都有“借”的意思，其区别是：
loan: 指通过正式的手续，借数目较大的贷款。在美国也可指借出东西。
lend: 指将自己的东西借出给别人，也可用于借喻意义。
borrow: 指从某人或某处借来某物，也可用作比喻。
vt. 借；借用
 - loan, scunge

Word: furthermore
Front: furthermore
[ˌfɜ:ðəˈmɔ:(r)] (研四六 3213/2799 -2)
Vocabulary: furthermore
(once / 736 pages)
adv
Just when you think your friend has finished her long list of complaints, she begins a new sentence with, “Furthermore…” a word that signals she has even more to complain about.
Furthermore is a useful word when you have an additional point to make in an argument or explanation. It is often used at the beginning of a sentence and followed by a comma. You might tell your parents why you think you should go on a Hawaiian vacation and then add, “Furthermore, volcanic ash is excellent for the complexion.” For variety, you can also use words like moreover or additionally in the same way.
WORD FAMILY
furthermore
USAGE EXAMPLES
Furthermore, owners must test 10 percent of their elk post-slaughter, and all of the elk that die unexpectedly.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Furthermore, the analysis appears to be a re-release of an earlier report that was distributed confidentially in October, and contains no newer information.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Furthermore, patients in hospitals are treated by teams of physicians, not individual doctors, a very important point.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 此外; 而且; 与此同时; 再者
分布：而且(50%)，此外(50%)
ad.而且,此外He is lazy, and furthermore, he has no sense of responsibility.他很懒惰, 而且没有丝毫责任感.
UK ['---] US ['fɝ:.ðɚ.mɔ:r] adverb formal
■in addition; more importantly 此外；而且
• I suggest we use Barkers as our main suppliers - they're good and furthermore they're cheap. 我建议选巴克斯作为我们的主要供应商——因为他们的货品物美价廉。
UK [ˌfɜ:.ðə'mɔ:r] UK ['---] US ['fɝ:.ðɚ.mɔ:r] adverb formal
  Common Learner Errors  furthermore Remember that furthermore is written as one word: Don't write 'further more', write furthermore.
adv. 此外；而且
 - moreover, besides, again, also, additionally

Word: comedy
Front: comedy
[ˈkɒmədi] (高研四六托雅 3216/4172 -K3)
Vocabulary: comedy
(once / 178 pages)
n
A comedy is funny business — it can be an amusing play or movie with a happy ending, or something that happened that made you laugh.
A comedy tries to entertain through honest depictions of life, unlike burlesque, which aims to please its audience through satire, or farce, which relies on absurdity. Charlie Chaplin observed, “Life is a tragedy when seen in close-up, but a comedy in long-shot.” In other words (of disputed origin), "Tragedy plus time equals comedy." When you slipped on that banana peel and broke your nose? Tragedy! But once you got better, you realized it was actually kind of funny.
WORD FAMILY
comedy: comedian, comedies, comical +/ comedian: comedians/comic: comedy, comics/ comical: comicalest, comicality, comically /comicality: comicalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
That this might be less a comedy and more a peep into how coercive control operates isn’t dwelled upon in these articles.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
On the plus side, Comedy Central got a “great director” for the pilot and Proksch thinks the pilot got a great production.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The comedy returns Thursday, Jan. 5, on IFC.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 喜剧; 喜剧性; 喜剧体裁; 有趣的事情
分布：喜剧(96%)，滑稽(3%)，幽默事件(1%)
→com, 缩写自希腊文komos, 欢乐，伴侣，来自com-, 强调 ，一起，-it, 走，即走到一起，聚会。 -edy, 词源同ode, 颂诗，颂歌。
喜剧(com+edy表名词→像宴会一样热闹→喜剧)[com=banquet,表示"宴会"]
n.喜剧;喜剧性事件One of his new comedies is to be on TV soon.他的一个新喜剧即将上演.
US ['kɑ:.mə-] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a (type of) film, play or book which is intentionally funny either in its characters or its action 喜剧；喜剧片
• His latest film is described as a 'romantic comedy'. 他的最新影片被描述为一部“浪漫喜剧”。
• I prefer Shakespeare's comedies to his tragedies. 我喜欢莎士比亚的喜剧胜过他的悲剧。
uncountable
■the humorous part of a situation 喜剧成分；好笑之处
• The vicar's forgetting his lines in the middle of the speech provided some good comedy. 牧师讲到一半忘了词这件事提供了很不错的笑料。
comedy of manners
■a type of comedy in which the social behaviour of a particular group of people is made to appear silly （讽刺某一群体的）风俗喜剧

Word: mortgage
Front: mortgage
[ˈmɔ:gɪdʒ] (研六雅宝 3215/2483 -4)
Vocabulary: mortgage
(once / 330 pages)
nv
A mortgage is a loan in which the lender may use your property as payment if you don't pay back the loan. Offer your friend a mortgage for the $20 he wants . . . with his bike as security.
Most people obtain a mortgage when they buy a house. The bank extends the loan because of the guarantee that the house will be the bank’s to sell if the debt isn’t repaid. When you make this deal, you have mortgaged your house — the word mortgage can be used as a noun or a verb.
WORD FAMILY
mortgage: mortgaged, mortgagee, mortgager, mortgages, mortgaging, mortgagor+/mortgaged: unmortgaged/mortgagee: mortgagees/mortgager: mortgagers/mortgagor: mortgagors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many of the program’s early problems reflect its complexity, said Justin Wiseman, director of loan administration policy at the Mortgage Bankers Association, an industry group.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Mortgage Bankers Association did not release its mortgage applications data this week because of the holiday.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Under the programme, borrowers were able to get a mortgage with just a 5% deposit.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 抵押; 抵押单据，抵押证明; 抵押权，债权
vt. 抵押
时态：mortgaged, mortgaging, mortgages
分布：抵押(56%)，抵押贷款(27%)，按揭(17%)
→来自古法语mort gage,死亡承诺，来自mort,死亡，词源同mortal,gage,承诺，词源同engage,wage.比喻用法，即直到死亡也会履行的承诺。用于指古代的抵押资产以换取借款的经济行为，即现代意义上的按揭。
抵押(品)(mort+gage抵押品→抵押品不能动,像死一样)[mort=death,表示"死"]
n./v.抵押(借款)The immortal man's mortgage can be a shortcut to resolve the food shortage.不朽之人的抵押可以作为解决食品短缺的捷径.
【记】mortgage源于mort死和gage抵押。这与抵押人是否能偿还债务的不确定性有关。如果借款人未偿还债物，那么抵押给贷款人作为债务安全保证的地产将从他那儿被永远剥夺，因此对他来说在一定条件下失去了全部意义。如果他确实还了债务，那么抵押对于贷款人也失去了全部意义。
US ['mɔ:r-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an agreement which allows you to borrow money from a bank or similar organization, especially in order to buy a house or apartment, or the amount of money itself （尤指购房的）按揭，抵押贷款
• They took out a £40 000 mortgage (= They borrowed £40 000) to buy the house. 他们借了四万英镑的按揭贷款来买房子。
• a monthly mortgage payment 每月偿付的按揭贷款
UK ['mɔ:.gɪdʒ] US ['mɔ:r-] verb transitive
■to borrow money to buy a house or apartment （房屋）做按揭贷款
• The house was mortgaged up to the hilt (= The full value of the house had been borrowed). 那所房子被完全抵押出去了。
vt. [经] 抵押
 - hold in pledge, hypothecate
n. [经] 抵押
 - hypothecation, pledge

Word: sanction
Front: sanction
[ˈsæŋkʃn] (研六托雅宝 3217/4228 -4)
Vocabulary: sanction
(once / 301 pages)
1nv 2nv
Sanction has two nearly opposite meanings: to sanction can be to approve of something, but it can also mean to punish, or speak harshly to. Likewise, a sanction can be a punishment or approval. Very confusing––the person who invented this word should be publicly sanctioned!
See if you can guess the meaning of sanction in the following contexts. Before invading Iraq, the US and its allies first imposed sanctions on the country, refusing to supply the country with much-needed trade items. Did you guess sanction=punishment? You were right! But by trading with China at the same time, the US quietly sanctioned that nation's known instances of human rights abuses. Did you guess sanction=approval? You're right again!
WORD FAMILY
sanction: sanctioned, sanctioning, sanctions+/ sanctioned: unsanctioned
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ten years later, Capucci led a delegation of clerics and intellectuals to Iraq in a show of solidarity against UN sanctions.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Security Council imposed sanctions for its nuclear tests and long-range rocket launches dating back to 2006.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
On Thursday, Mr. Obama announced a series of sanctions against Russia for its attempts to disrupt the November election.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 制裁，处罚; 批准，认可; 约束力; 鼓励
vt. 批准; 鼓励，容忍
时态：sanctioned, sanctioning, sanctions
分布：批准(44%)，处罚(24%)，支持(19%)，约束力(13%)
→sanct-,神圣的，-ion,名词后缀。即神圣的存在，封神，祝圣，引申正面词义批准，反面词义 处罚。
批准,授权(给予神圣的权利)[anct=holy,表示"神圣"]
n./v.批准,同意,支持,认可n.处罚,制裁The United States has taken sanctions against Iraq for 10 years.美国制裁伊拉克已经10年了.
【记】读：三颗（人）参，想得到官方的批准，需要贿赂三颗人参。
【反】proscribe（v 禁止）；dismiss（v 解散；解职）
noun
ORDER 命令
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■an official order, such as the stopping of trade, which is taken against a country in order to make it obey international law 制裁
• Many nations have imposed sanctions on the country because of its attacks on its own people. 由于该国发生了对本国人民施暴，许多国家都对它进行制裁。
• Trade/economic sanctions will only be lifted (= stopped) when the aggressor nation withdraws its troops. 只有侵略国撤军，贸易／经济制裁才会解除。
 IMPROVER countable
■a strong action taken in order to make people obey a law or rule, or a punishment given when they do not obey （为维护法律或规定而采取的）强硬措施；（对违反法律或规定者进行的）惩罚，处罚
• Without realistic sanctions, some teachers have difficulty keeping order in the classroom. 没有切实可行的处罚措施，有些教师难以维持课堂秩序。
['sæŋk.ʃən] noun
APPROVAL 赞成
uncountable
■approval or permission, especially formal or legal （尤指正式或法律认可的）批准，许可
• They tried to get official sanction for the scheme. 他们想使计划获得正式批准。
['sæŋk.ʃən] verb transitive
■to formally give permission for something 批准，认可，准许
• The government was reluctant to sanction intervention in the crisis. 政府不愿意批准对危机加以干预。
sanitation, sanction
sanitation: n.公共卫生，环境卫生，卫生设备。
 • Strict sanitation is used in businesses such as barber shops and restaurants.   在理发店和餐馆等营业场所执行严格的公共卫生制度。
sanction: n.认可，准许，批准。
 • I need my parents' sanction to stay out late.   我晚回家需要得到父母的批准。
approve, sanction, confirm
这组词都有“批准”的意思，其区别是：
approve: 普通用词，常指正式的或官方的批准。
sanction: 语气最强，多指官方的同意或批准，是书面用词。
confirm: 强调按法律程序提请确认或批准。
n. 制裁，处罚；认可；支持
 - approval, penalty, holding, support, adhesion
vt. 制裁，处罚；批准；鼓励
 - encourage, confirm, heart, uphold

Word: civilian
Front: civilian
[səˈvɪliən] (高研四六托雅宝 3219/5055 -3)
Vocabulary: civilian
(once / 360 pages)
nadj
The most common meaning for civilian is simply someone who is not in the military. It can also refer to any object that is not military in origin — e.g., "civilian clothes" or "civilian life."
The meaning of civilian as a non military person is a relatively new one, dating from the early 19th century. Before that it referred to the code of law that governed non-military life. In fact for hundreds of years a civilian was somebody who was a judge or otherwise an expert on the law that applied outside military courts. Because it comes originally from a French word, remember to spell it with only one "l," even though it sounds like it should have two.
WORD FAMILY
civilian: civilians+/ civil: civiler, civilest, civilian, civilise, civility, civilize, civilly, uncivil/civilisation: civilisations/civilise: civilisation, civilised, civilises, civilising/civilised: noncivilised, uncivilised/ civility: civilities, incivility / civilization: civilizations/ civilize: civilization, civilized, civilizes, civilizing/ civilized: noncivilized, uncivilized/ incivility: incivilities/uncivil: uncivilly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Several smaller bombings elsewhere in the city on Monday killed at least 20 civilians and wounded at least 70, according to medics and police officials.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
First, though, Congress must pass a law allowing the former military man to serve in a civilian post.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We are determined to annihilate terrorism and we are able to shorten its age,” he said, calling on security forces and civilians to remain vigilant.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 平民，百姓; 市民; 文官; 民法学者
adj. 民用的; 平民的
分布：平民(87%)，平民的(12%)，罗马法专家(1%)
民众,平民(civil+ian)[civ=citizen,表示"公民"]
平民(civil人民的)[-an表名词和形容词"…地方,...人]
平民(civil公民的+ian)[-ian 1.表名词"某种人"2.表形容词"…国家的"]
n.平民a.平民的;民用的The pious man is dubious about the vicious civilian's vivid description of his vicinity to his wife.虔诚的男子对邪恶的平民生动的描述他与其妻子的密切(关系)半信半疑.
【记】civil＝citizen（n 市民）－市民的，平民
【参】civilization（n 文明，教化；一个著名游戏的名称）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who is not a member of the police or the armed forces 平民；老百姓
• The bomb killed four soldiers and three civilians. 炸弹炸死四名士兵及三名平民。
citizen, native, civilian, resident, inhabitant
这组词都有“居民，公民”的意思，其区别是：
citizen: 指拥有某国国籍或有某地区合法身份的人，即公民。
native: 指土生土长的本地居民。
civilian: 指相对于军人或官员的平民百姓。
resident: 多指长期居住或暂时居住的民民，有时也指旅居者。
inhabitant: 最普通用词，一般指常住居民。
adj. 民用的；百姓的，平民的
 - many-headed
n. 平民，百姓
 - populace, common man

Word: twelve
Front: twelve
[twelv] (中高 3218/1447 -5)
Back: num. 十二; 十二个; 十二点钟; 十二岁
adj. 十二的; 十二个的
n. 十二；十二个
分布：十二(100%)
→来自古英语 twelf,十二，字面意思即剩下两个，来自 Proto-Germanic*twa-lif,十二，来自 dwo,二，词源同 two,leip,停留，留下，词源同 leave.比较 eleven.
num.十二pron./a.十二(个,只...)Be here by twelve o'clock at the latest.最迟十二点来到这儿.
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 12 （数字）12
• ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen 10，11，12，13
• a twelve-seater minibus 12座的小巴
⇒ See also dozen
n. 十二；十二个
 - dozen
adj. 十二的；十二个的
 - duodenary

Word: weekly
Front: weekly
[ˈwi:kli] (高研四六雅 3220/3186 -K3)
Back: adj. 一周一次的[地]，每周的; 周刊的
n. 周刊，周报
adv. 一星期一次，每周
分布：每周(75%)，周刊(9%)，每周的(8%)，周报(6%)，周刊的(1%)，一周一次的(1%)
每周的(week周)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
a.每星期的,一周的ad.每周一次n.周刊,周报My weekly allowance is 50 yuan.我每月的津贴是50元.
adjective adverb
 IMPROVER
■happening once a week or every week 每周一次的（地）
• a weekly magazine/report 周刊／周报告
• a twice-weekly meeting 每周两次的会议
• The fire alarm has a weekly test/is tested weekly. 每周都要对火警系统进行检测。
['wi:.kli] noun countable
■a newspaper or magazine which is published once every week 周报，周刊
n. [图情] 周刊
 - newsweekly

Word: habitat
Front: habitat
[ˈhæbɪtæt] (研托宝 3221/4609 -2)
Vocabulary: habitat
(once / 1732 pages)
n
Your habitat is the environment you are accustomed to living in. Zoos usually try to mimic the habitats of the animals they keep, housing bats in a nocturnal house and monkeys in a cage with trees to climb and swing from.
The origins of habitat aren't exactly what you would expect. The word goes back to the Latin habitare meaning "to live or dwell," which itself goes back to habere meaning "to have or own." It seems logical that if you own a place, it is your home. Habitat is usually used with animals and plants that live in and are adapted to a specific environment. In nature, orchids and banana plants live in a warm, humid habitat.
WORD FAMILY
habitat: habitats
USAGE EXAMPLES
Threats include illegal hunting, international trade in skins and habitat loss.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Landowners who allow access to their properties receive a “minimal” lease payment and help with habitat restoration.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Sage grouse live in 11 Western states, but their numbers are down significantly because of habitat loss.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （动物的）栖息地，住处; 产地; 经常发现某种事物的地方
分布：栖息地(90%)，产地(10%)
→词源同habitable,适宜居住的。
(动植物)居住地(habit+at表示地方→住的地方)[habit=dwell,表示"居住"]
n.(动物的)栖息地,(植物的)产地That country is the habitat of heroin.那个国家是海洛因的产地.
noun countable or uncountable
■the natural environment in which an animal or plant usually lives （动植物的）生长地，栖息地
• With so many areas of woodland being cut down, a lot of wildlife is losing its natural habitat. 大片林地被砍伐，很多野生动物在失去它们的天然栖息地。
n. [生态] 栖息地， [经] 产地
 - home, production place

Word: grain
Front: grain
[greɪn] (高研四六托雅宝 3222/3226 -K3)
Vocabulary: grain
(once / 177 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4nv
When carpenters sand a piece of wood, they "go with the grain." Grain is the texture on piece of wood, which often forms long patterns that show the direction in which the tree grew.
You may have heard someone say "there's a grain of truth to that" when referring to an outrageous story that has a tiny bit of truth to it. A grain can also be a speck or a particle — the tiniest bit of something. Don't confuse this with another definition of grain, the kind you find in your bread — wheat, oats, alfalfa, and so on. Check out all the grains in the ten-grain bread next time you're in the bakery!
WORD FAMILY
grain: grained, graining, grains, grainy +/graining: grainings/ grainy: grainier, graininess
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lots of vegetables, which are cheap; lots of grains and beans.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The facility will be able to receive two separate lanes of grain shipments at a pace of 30,000 bushels an hour.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
About 150 slaves worked the land, growing tobacco and grains.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 谷物，粮食; （沙，金，盐等的）颗粒; 谷粒，籽粒; （木材，大理石等的）纹理
vt. 把…作成细粒; 把…漆[画]成木纹; 染透; 刮去（皮上的）毛
vi. 成谷粒
时态：grained, graining, grains
分布：谷物(52%)，颗粒(18%)，纹理(11%)，谷类(11%)，格令(6%)，微量(2%)
→来自gre-no, 生长，词源同grass, corn. 后指谷物。
n.谷物,谷类;颗粒,细粒The gained grain drained away with the rain, all the pains were in vain again.收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费.
【参】granary（n 壳仓）grain，ary表示场所
noun
SEED 种子
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(a) seed from a plant, especially a plant like a grass such as rice or wheat （尤指像谷谷、小麦等像草一样的植物的）谷粒，颖果，谷（物）
• grains of wheat/rice 麦／米粒
• Grain (= the crop from food plants like grasses) is one of the main exports of the American Midwest. 谷物是美国中西部地区主要的出口商品。
⇒ See also wholegrain
[greɪn] noun
SMALL PIECE 小块
countable
■a very small piece of a hard substance 细粒；颗粒
• grains of sand 沙粒
only singular
■a very small amount of a particular quality 一点儿；微量，少量
• There wasn't a grain of truth in anything she said. 她无论说甚么都没有半句实话在里面。
• Anyone with a grain of common sense would have known what to do. 稍微有一点常识的人都会知道应该做甚么。
[greɪn] noun
PHOTOGRAPH 相片
countable or uncountable
■the pattern of extremely small spots of black and white or colour, or any of the separate spots, which form a photographic or film image （照片、底片的）显影颗粒
• fine/coarse-grain film 显影颗粒细（粗）的胶卷
[greɪn] noun
WOOD/CLOTH 木头和织物
the grain only singular
■the natural patterns of lines in the surface of wood or cloth （木头和织物等的）纹理
• to cut something along/against the grain 顺着纹理／横对着纹路切开某物
[greɪn] noun
WEIGHT 重量
countable old-fashioned
■a unit of mass, equal to 0.0648 grams 格令（质量单位，等于0.0648克）
[greɪn] noun
go against the grain
■If something goes against the grain, you would not usually do it because it would be unusual or morally wrong 违反常理；与…格格不入；不正常
• These days it goes against the grain to show respect for authority. 如今尊重权威反而不正常了。
particle, atom, grain, speck, molecule
这组词都有“粒，微粒”的意思，其区别是：
particle: 指任何物质的微粒，引申指任何小的部分。
atom: 指元素的最小粒子，其体积比molecule小。
grain: 通常指能为肉眼清楚看到的颗粒，比上述几个词所表“粒”的体积大。
speck: 一般指“微点”或“微粒”，可引申指“斑点、污点”。
molecule: 指物质中保持原物质的一切化学性质，能独立存在的最小微粒，即分子。
grain, crop, corn
这组词都有“谷物”的意思，其区别是：
grain: 指稻、麦等谷类及其粒子。
crop: 指谷物或果类等一年或一季的收成，也可指地里的农业作物或谷物。
corn: 主要指大麦、小麦、燕麦、裸麦、玉蜀黍这5种谷物及其粒子。
n. [粮食] 粮食； [摄] 颗粒； [作物] 谷物； [木] [纺] [岩] 纹理
 - particle, texture, corn, commissariat

Word: brush
Front: brush
[brʌʃ] (中高 3223/3418 -K3)
Vocabulary: brush
(once / 170 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
Use the noun brush when you want to refer to a quick, light touch. If you are comforting someone you don't know well, you can give their arm a quick brush to show sympathy.
The noun brush can refer to a thick growth of scrub vegetation. You'll have to clear away the brush if you want to plant a garden there. As a verb, brush can mean to sweep, either literally or metaphorically. You can brush the dirt from the floor, but you can't just brush away your past misdeeds. The verb also means to touch lightly. If you are baking and you brush your hand across your cheek, chances are you'll leave a trail of flour there.
WORD FAMILY
brush: brushed, brushes, brushing, brushlike, brushy, underbrush+/brushed: unbrushed/brushing: brushings/underbrush: underbrushes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, the scopes are brushed and washed with disinfectants in preparation for the next patient.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Brushing aside quibbles about costs, he once advised a colleague: “A few million dollars are lost in the sands of time.”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
He painted the border in a rich red and put down his brush.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 刷子，画笔; 灌木丛; 小冲突
vt. 刷; 掠过; 擦; 轻触
vi. 刷; 擦过
时态：brushed, brushing, brushes
分布：刷(60%)，刷子(13%)，画笔(9%)，擦(6%)，掠过(3%)，灌木丛(3%)，掸(2%)，轻触(1%)，轻擦(1%)，小冲突(1%)，争吵(1%)
→词源同bristle, 刺毛，broom, 金雀花，扫帚。指用灌木枝扎的刷子。
n.刷(子),毛刷;画笔v.刷,擦,掸,拂;掠过I pushed aside the crushed cushion in a rush and saw a bushy brush.我急忙推开压皱的软垫子,看见一把浓密的刷子.
noun
TOOL 工具
 IMPROVER countable
■an object with short pieces of stiff hair, plastic or wire fixed into a usually wooden or plastic base or handle, which is used for cleaning, tidying the hair or painting 刷子；画笔
• I can't find my brush, but I still have my comb. 我找不到发刷，不过我还有梳子。
• You'll need a stiff brush to scrape off the rust. 你需要用硬刷子把锈迹刷掉。
• a clothes brush 衣服刷
• a nail brush 指甲刷
• a scrubbing UK/scrub USbrush 硬毛刷
• a pastry brush 软毛刷
 IMPROVER countable
■used as a combining form （用作构词成分）
• a hairbrush 发刷
• a toothbrush 牙刷
• a paintbrush 油漆刷
only singular mainly UK
■an act of cleaning with a brush 刷
• These shoes need a good brush. 这些鞋子需要好好刷一下。
• Don't forget to give your hair a brush before you go out. 出门前别忘了梳一下头发。
[brʌʃ] noun
TOUCH 触
countable usually singular
■a quick light touch 轻擦，轻碰
• He felt the brush of her hand on his. 他感觉到她的手轻擦过自己的手。
a brush with sth
■when you experience something, or almost experience something, especially something unpleasant 和…的小冲突；与…的摩擦
• Jim had a brush with death (= was nearly killed) on the motorway. 吉姆在高速公路上差点丧命。
• Was that your first brush with the law (= experience of being in trouble with the police) ? 那是你第一次和员警打交道吗？
[brʌʃ] noun
BUSHES 灌木丛
uncountable US
■small low bushes or the rough land they grow on, or brushwood 灌木丛
• We spotted a jackrabbit hidden in the brush. 我们看见一只长耳大野兔躲在灌木丛中。
• The dry weather has increased the risk of brush fires. 干旱的天气增加了灌木丛着火的危险。
[brʌʃ] noun
TAIL 尾巴
countable
■the tail of a fox 狐狸尾巴
[brʌʃ] verb
TOUCH 触
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to touch (something) quickly and lightly or carelessly 轻轻地碰；轻触
• Charlotte brushed against him (= touched him quickly and lightly with her arm or body) as she left the room. 夏洛蒂离开房间时轻轻碰了他一下。
• His lips gently brushed her cheek and he was gone. 他的嘴唇轻触了一下她的脸颊后便离去了。
 ADVANCED transitive + adverb or preposition
■to move something somewhere using a brush or your hand （用刷子或手）拂，掸，擦掉
• Jackie brushed the hair out of her eyes. 积奇把头发从她眼睛上拨开。
• He brushed away a tear. 他拭去一滴泪水。
• She stood up and brushed the wrinkles from her dress. 她站起来，拉了拉弄皱了的裙子。
[brʌʃ] verb
CLEAN 清洁
transitive
■to clean something or make something smooth with a brush 刷；刷净；刷平顺
• When did he last brush his teeth , she wondered. 她想知道他上次是甚么时候刷的牙。
• She brushed her hair with long, regular strokes. 她一下一下有规律地梳着头。
• [+ obj + adj] My trousers got covered in mud, but luckily I was able to brush them clean. 我的裤子上沾满了泥，不过幸运的是我能够把它们刷干净。
[brʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] brush sb/sth aside
■to refuse to consider something seriously because you feel that it is not important 对…置之不理；漠视
• She brushed their objections aside, saying "Leave it to me." 她对他们的反对置之不理，说道：“交给我吧。”
[brʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] brush sb/sth off
■to remove dust or dirt from someone or something by using your hands or a brush （用手或刷子）把…刷干净，把…掸净；刷掉，掸去
• He brushed the snow off his coat. 他掸去大衣上的雪。
[brʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] brush sth off
■to refuse to listen to what someone says, or to refuse to think about something seriously 漠视，不理睬
• He just brushed off all their criticisms. 他对他们的一切批评都置之不理。
[brʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  brush past sb
■to walk quickly past someone, usually because you do not want to speak to them 从（某人）身边径直走过
• Ignoring their protests, Newman brushed past waiting journalists. 纽曼不顾守候记者的抗议，从他们身边径直走过。
[brʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  brush up on sth
■to improve your knowledge of something already learned but partly forgotten 温习，复习
• I thought I'd brush up on my French before going to Paris. 我想应该在去巴黎之前温习一下法语。
n. 刷子；画笔；毛笔；争吵
 - argument, dispute
vt. 刷；画
 - draw, picture
vi. 刷；擦过；掠过
 - glance off, skate over

Word: consciousness
Front: consciousness
[ˈkɒnʃəsnəs] (四六托 3224/2985 -3)
Vocabulary: consciousness
(once / 167 pages)
n
When you are awake and aware of your surroundings, that's consciousness. There are different types of consciousness, including social consciousness, being aware of injustices in society.
The early Latin word conscius meant "with knowing," but it meant a shared knowledge, a meaning that was retained through the 16th Century. John Locke was the first to describe consciousness in relation to the individual, referring to it as “the perception of what passes in a man’s own mind." If you lose consciousness during the performance, we'll wake you up with some smelling salts!
WORD FAMILY
consciousness: consciousnesses+/ conscious: consciously, consciousness, nonconscious, self-conscious, semiconscious, subconscious, unconscious / self-conscious: self-consciously, self-consciousness/semiconscious: semiconsciously, semiconsciousness/ subconscious: subconsciouses, subconsciously, subconsciousness/ unconscious: unconsciously, unconsciousness/unconsciousness: unconsciousnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later still, a new cohort of scholars, influenced by postmodernism and cultural studies, looked at how human consciousness is shaped by language.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The poem’s emphasis on Odysseus’ cunning starts to seem like the celebration of the emergence of a new kind of consciousness.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Belief in the unseen is palpable, a collective consciousness powerful and present.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 意识，观念; 知觉; 觉悟; 感觉
分布：意识(78%)，知觉(16%)，觉悟(4%)，自觉(2%)
【记】con共同，sci知道，ious多：什么都知道－清醒
US ['kɑ:n-] noun uncountable
UNDERSTANDING 意识
 ADVANCED
■the state of understanding and realising something 意识；感觉；觉悟
• [+ that] Her consciousness that she's different makes her feel uneasy. 意识到自已与众不同，她感到很不自在。
• Working in an unemployment office had helped to raise his political consciousness. 在失业救济办公室工作帮助他提高了政治意识。
UK ['kɒn.tʃə.snəs] US ['kɑ:n-] noun uncountable
AWAKE 清醒
■the state of being awake, thinking and knowing what is happening around you 有意识的；神志清醒的；有知觉的
• He lost consciousness after his accident and never recovered/regained it. 事故发生后他便失去了知觉，再也没有苏醒过来。
n. [心理] 意识；知觉；觉悟；感觉
 - feel, aesthesia

Word: devote
Front: devote
[dɪˈvəʊt] (高研四六托雅 3225/3407 -K2)
Vocabulary: devote
(once / 64 pages)
v
Devote means to give to. If you devote yourself to jump-roping, you might be found in your driveway every free moment of the day practicing.
Nuns and priests are said to devote their lives to God. A knight in shining armor devotes himself to his lady. If you devote as much energy to your school work as you do to your hair, your grades should improve. If our country devoted to education even half of the resources we pour into defense, we could eliminate poverty.
WORD FAMILY
devote: devoted, devotee, devotes, devoting, devotion +/ devoted: devotedest, devotedly, devotedness/ devotee: devotees/ devotion: devotional, devotions/devotional: devotionally, devotionals
USAGE EXAMPLES
She devoted herself to her job at the Brinkmann cigarette factory.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Christopher devoted much of his life offscreen to caring for his autistic son, Ned, and to championing for the developmentally disabled and their families.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It's also why he's devoted his life to keeping the memory of his donor, Jason Gosnell, alive.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 把…奉献（给），把…专用（于）; 奉献
时态：devoted, devoting, devotes
分布：致力于(74%)，奉献给(23%)，把...专用于(3%)
→de-, 强调，整个的。-vot, 说，发愿，词源同vow, vote,voice. 引申义发下宏愿的，虔诚的。
投身于,献身(de加强+vote→拼命发誓→献身)[vot=vow,表示"发誓"]
v.(to)奉献,致力In the hot hotel the devoted voter did not notice the noticeable notebook.在炎热的旅馆里,热心的投票者没有注意到显而易见的笔记本.
US [-'voʊt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  devote sth to sth/sb
 ADVANCED
■to give all of something, especially your time, effort or love, or yourself, to something you believe in or to a person 将…贡献给，把…奉献给
• He left government to devote more time to his family. 为了能有更多时间陪伴家人，他离开了政府部门。
• She has devoted all her energies/life to the care of homeless people. 她为照料无家可归者倾注了全部心血／奉献了一生。
• [R] At the age of 25, he decided to devote him self to God. 他25岁时决定献身上帝。
[passive]
■to use a space, area, time, etc. for a particular purpose 将…用于
• Over half his speech was devoted to the issue of unemployment. 他那篇演讲用了一半多的篇幅讨论失业问题。
• The report recommends that more resources be devoted to teaching four year olds. 该报告建议投入更多的资源用于四岁儿童的教育。
dedicate, devote
这组词都有“奉献”的意思，其区别是：
dedicate: 正式用词，指献身于某一崇高事业或目的，也可指把著作题献给他人。
devote: 普通用词，指决心把全部身心、精力、时间等献给某一目标，某一个人或致力于某一事业。
vt. 致力于；奉献
 - commit oneself to, bend oneself to

Word: measurement
Front: measurement
[ˈmeʒəmənt] (四六雅 3227/2667 -K2)
Vocabulary: measurement
(once / 883 pages)
n
Taking a measurement involves figuring out how long something is or what it weighs or how fast it is. Measurements usually require something like a ruler or a stop watch.
When you step on the scale to check your weight, you're getting a measurement. When you pull out a ruler and measure a piece of paper, you're making a measurement. Astronomers make measurements of how far away other planets and stars are. In the Olympics, a timer does a measurement of who's fastest, to see who won a race. Anytime you're using a measuring device to come up with a number for something, you're taking a measurement.
WORD FAMILY
measurement: measurements+/countermeasure: countermeasures/ immeasurable: immeasurablest, immeasurably/measurable: immeasurable, measurability, measurably, unmeasurable/ measure: countermeasure, measurable, measured, measureless, measurement, measurer, measures, measuring/ measured: measuredly, unmeasured/measureless: measurelessly/measurer: measurers/measuring: measurings/unmeasurable: unmeasurably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He questioned, though, whether the measurements six years later were accurate.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
But the measurement of antihydrogen's light spectrum was about 100,000 times less precise than the best measurements of the spectrum for regular hydrogen.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 量度; 份量，尺寸; 测量法; （量得的）尺寸
分布：衡量(60%)，大小(40%)
→来自measure,测量，度量，-ment,名词后缀。
US [-ɚ-] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the act or process of measuring 丈量，测量
• The test is based on the measurement of blood levels. 这项化验以测量血液中各成分浓度为基础。
• The machine makes thousands of measurements every day. 这台机器每天测量上千次。
 ADVANCED countable
■the size, shape, quality, etc. of something, which you discover by measuring it （量得的）尺寸，大小，品质
• The measurements of both rooms were identical. 两个房间的大小是相同的。
• What is your inside leg measurement? 你裤腿内缝尺寸是多少？
measurements [plural]
■Your measurements are the sizes of various parts of your body, especially your chest, waist and hips, which you refer to when you want to buy clothes. 尺码（尤指三围）
n. [测] 测量； [计量] 度量；尺寸；量度制
 - survey, dimension, size

Word: province
Front: province
[ˈprɒvɪns] (高研四六托 3228/2565 -3)
Vocabulary: province
(once / 77 pages)
n
A province is a region within a country. If you travel to Canada, you'll have to decide whether you want to go to the province of Quebec, or Saskatchewan, or one of the other 8 provinces in that enormous country.
Many countries are divided into provinces. In the U.S. we don't have official provinces; we have states and counties. But we can use province in its other meaning, which is "the sphere of one's activities." If you manage a coffee shop and sit there reading and drinking coffee even when you're not working, then that shop is your province.
WORD FAMILY
province: provinces, provincial +/ provincial: provincialism, provincially, provincials/ provincialism: provincialisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Specialist surgeons flew from Hanoi to assist at the operation in Thai Nguyen Province in the north of the country.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The readings exceeded 400 by Monday afternoon in several cities in the northern province of Hebei.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Frederick Ross Johnson was born on Dec. 13, 1931, in Winnipeg, the largest city in Canada’s Manitoba province.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 省份; 大行政区; 范围; 职责
分布：省(100%)
→来自拉丁语provincia,行省，特指古罗马统治下意大利之外的领土，来自pro-,向前，-vinc,胜利，占领，词源同victor,victory.
n.省;领域,范围,本分The pop group is now touring the provinces.那个流行乐队现在在外省巡回演出.
US ['prɑ:.vɪnts] noun
REGION 地区
 ADVANCED countable
■an area which is governed as part of a country or an empire 省
• the Canadian province of Alberta 加拿大的阿尔比省
the provinces [plural]
■the parts of a country that are not the capital city 外省，外地（指首都以外的地区）
UK ['prɒv.ɪnts] US ['prɑ:.vɪnts] noun
SUBJECT 学科
sb's province slightly formal
■a subject or activity of special interest, knowledge or responsibility （某人的兴趣或知识的）范围，领域；职责范围
• Renaissance art is not really his province - he specializes in the modern period. 文艺复兴时期的艺术并不是他的研究领域——他的专业是现代艺术。
• Marketing is within the province of the sales department. 市场行销属于销售部的职责范围。
field, territory, province, domain, sphere
这组词都有“范围，领域”的意思，其区别是：
field: 主要指经选定在一段时间内作专题研究的方面或领域，含夸张意味。
territory: 指科学知识、活动等的领域或范围。
province: 即可指科学、艺术、学问的领域或范围，又可指个人或机关职权的管辖范围。
domain: 指知识艺术、兴趣或人类活动的领域。
sphere: 指有明显分界线的范围或领域，强调彼此不会干扰、跨越，各不相关。
n. 省；领域；职权
 - domain, territory, world, universe, kingdom

Word: ease
Front: ease
[i:z] (高研四六雅 3229/3093 -K3)
Vocabulary: ease
(once / 120 pages)
1nv 2v
Ease means to lessen or release, often making something possible in the meantime. When you put someone at their ease, you lessen their discomfort. When you ease into a chair, you gently release yourself into it.
A life of ease means you do not have to struggle to make money. Your dad might be mad if you pierce your nose, but eventually, with time, his anger will ease and he will ease up on you. Your older siblings' behavior will ease the way for you to do things that frighten your parents without their overreacting.
WORD FAMILY
ease: eased, easement, eases, easing, unease+/ easement: easements/easing: easings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new nod to modernity in French laws eases the rules for people who want to divorce.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He is 6 feet 1 and rawboned, with a preternatural ease on the court.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
From its inception, the Second Avenue subway was intended to ease congestion on the East Side of Manhattan.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 轻松，舒适; 容易; 安逸; 不拘束，自在
vt. 解除痛苦; 减轻; 延缓; 松弛
vi. 缓解，减少; 轻松前进
时态：eased, easing, eases
分布：减轻(32%)，放松(17%)，缓和(14%)，自在(13%)，容易(12%)，安逸(7%)，悠闲(4%)，缓慢移动(1%)
→词源不详。
v.减轻;使舒适,使安心n.容易;舒适,悠闲The old couple lived a life of ease.这对老夫妇过着安逸的生活.
verb
MAKE LESS 使变少
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to make or become less severe, difficult, unpleasant, painful, etc 减轻；减低；缓解
• To ease the problem of overcrowding, new prisons will be built. 为了缓解监狱里人满为患的情况，将修建新的监狱。
• These pills should ease the pain. 这些药丸能缓解疼痛。
• After the arrival of the United Nations soldiers, tension in the area began to ease. 联合国维和士兵到达后，这个地区的紧张局势开始得到缓解。
[i:z] verb
MOVE 移动
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to move or to make something move slowly and carefully in a particular direction or into a particular position （使）小心缓慢地移动；（使）缓缓移动
• She eased the key into the lock, anxious not to wake anyone. 她小心翼翼地把锁匙插入锁孔，生怕惊醒任何人。
• I eased myself out of the chair. 我慢慢地从椅子上站起身。
[i:z] verb
ease your mind
■to stop you from worrying 使（某人）安心；宽慰（某人）
• If it will ease your mind, I'll have a word with Charlotte for you. 要是你觉得这样便能安心的话，我去跟夏绿蒂谈一谈。
[i:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ease up/off
STOP
■to gradually stop or become less 逐渐停止；减少，减轻
• At last the rain began to ease off. 最后雨势开始减弱了。
WORK LESS
■to start to work less or do things with less energy 放松；缓和；变得悠闲
• As he got older, he started to ease up a little. 随着年岁增长，他工作起来就不再那么拼命了。
TREAT LESS SEVERELY
■to start to treat someone less severely 不再为难；（对某人）不再如此苛刻
• I wish his supervisor would ease up on him a bit. 我希望他的上司能对他宽厚一些。
[i:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ease sb out
■to make someone leave a job or powerful position 把（某人）打发走；使（某人）离职
• The head teacher was eased out of his job after teachers and parents accused him of being autocratic. 老师和家长都指责这位校长太独断专行，于是他被迫离职。
[i:z] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you experience no difficulty, effort, pain, etc 容易，不费力；舒适，安逸，自在
• She won the 400m race with ease. 她轻松赢得了400米赛跑的冠军。
• The doors are extra-wide for ease of access (= so that people can get in without difficulty). 门都是加宽的，出入方便。
at (your) ease
■relaxed 不拘束的；放松的
• He felt completely at ease. 他感到全身放松。
• She soon put/set me at ease (= made me relaxed). 她很快消除了我的紧张情绪
at ease (also standing at ease)
■If someone, especially a soldier, is at ease, they are standing with their feet apart and their hands behind their back. 稍息（姿势）
comfort, ease, leisure, rest, relaxation, relief
这组词都有“舒适，安逸、悠闲”的意思，其区别是：
comfort: 通常指在摆脱烦人、痛苦的事情，或在要求、愿望得到满足后所感到的舒适。
ease: 指因没有担心和忧虑而轻松。
leisure: 专指闲暇时间或悠闲状态。
rest: 与work相对，强调水分除身心痛劳，不着重休息方式。
relaxation: 强调消除肌肉疲劳或思想的紧张状态，使身心松弛，得到休息。
relief: 侧重有消除痛苦、不适或困难的负担，常暗含不利因素已不存在的意味。
relieve, console, soothe, comfort, ease
这组词都有“给人以帮助以减轻痛苦或悲伤”的意思，其区别是：
relieve: 指解除或缓解某人的病痛、担心或忧虑等，常用被动态。
console: 较正式用词，侧重缓和或减轻别人的痛苦或悲伤。
soothe: 着重以安慰减轻悲痛、愤怒或激动，使人理智地平静下来。也可指药物等减轻病痛。
comfort: 普通用词，指用语言或行动对痛苦者给予鼓励、勇气和力量，从而减轻其痛苦或悲伤，得到安慰。
ease: 正式用词，指减轻身心的痛苦、不安和忧虑。
vt. 减轻，缓和；使安心
 - moderate, relax
n. 轻松，舒适；安逸，悠闲
 - comfort, leisure
vi. 减轻，缓和；放松；灵活地移动
 - relax, to alleviate

Word: seize
Front: seize
[si:z] (高研四六托 3230/2974 -3)
Vocabulary: seize
(once / 64 pages)
v
Infomercial salesmen constantly tell you to seize the opportunity to buy their product while you still can. Supplies are limited! After all, everyone will want that solar-powered puppy petter, so you'd better grab the opportunity and buy two!
You can seize all kinds of things. Seize the day if you are taking advantage of the present circumstances and enjoying life to the fullest. Seize the castle, if you are a feudal lord fighting with your neighbor. Seize the inspiration if you want to tell a moving story. Seize authority if you are overthrowing a small country. Avoid, at all costs, being seized if you are under zombie attack.
WORD FAMILY
seize: seized, seizer, seizes, seizing, seizure +/seizer: seizers/seizing: seizings/ seizure: seizures
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Russian leader seized Crimea from Ukraine and now holds portions of Ukraine itself.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
City held off Burnley with 10 men and seized the lead in the second half through Gael Clichy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They also seized 12 employees of Umanizzare, a private contractor that operates prisons in the Amazon.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 抓住; 逮捕; 捉拿; 俘获
vt. 夺取; 占领; 起获; 没收
时态：seized, seizing, seizes
分布：抓住(75%)，夺取(12%)，利用(8%)，没收(5%)
→来自中古英语 seisen,占据，夺取，来自古法语 seisir,占据，夺取，来自拉丁语 sacire,声称， 要求，借自 Proto-Germanic*sakana,要求，寻求，诉求，来自 sag,要求，寻求，词源同 seek,sake.
v.抓住,逮住;夺取,占领;没收,查封I recognized the large-sized prize and seized it.我认出了大号奖品并将它占有.
verb
 IMPROVER transitive
■to take something quickly and keep or hold it 抓住；夺过
• I seized his arm and made him turn to look at me. 我抓住他的手臂，使他转身看着我。
• He seized the chance/opportunity of a free flight with both hands (= with eagerness or enthusiasm). 他急切地紧抓住搭乘免费航班的机会。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to take using sudden force 夺取；攫取；抓获
• The rebels have seized ten soldiers to use as hostages. 叛乱者俘获了十名士兵作为人质。
• Political instability helped the army to seize power. 政治动荡使军队攫取了权力。
• Troops yesterday seized control of the broadcasting station. 昨天部队夺取了广播电台的控制权。
 ADVANCED transitive
■If the police or other officials seize something, they take possession of it with legal authority 没收；查获
• Customs officers at Heathrow have seized 60 kilos of heroin. 希思洛机场的海关官员查获了60公斤海洛因。
[usually passive]
■If a strong emotion or pain seizes you, you feel it suddenly （强烈情感或剧痛）突然侵袭
• I was suddenly seized by/with a feeling of great insecurity and loneliness. 我突然感到很没有安全感，很孤独。
[si:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  seize on/upon sth
■to use, accept or take advantage of something quickly or enthusiastically 抓住；揪住；大加利用
• The story was seized on by the tabloid press, who printed it under huge headlines. 那件事被小报紧抓着不放，并用巨大标题刊载。
[si:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  seize up informal
■to stop being able to move or work in the normal way 动弹不得；故障；失灵
• The washing machine totally seized up on Thursday. 星期四的时候洗衣机彻底坏掉了。
• The traffic had seized up for miles because of the roadworks. 由于道路施工，车辆堵了好几哩。
grasp, grab, clasp, seize, take, clutch, grip, snatch
这组词都有“抓住，握紧”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 指紧紧抓住、抓牢。
grab: 指粗暴而急迫的抓住。
clasp: 指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。
seize: 指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。
take: 最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或控制某物。
clutch: 强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。
grip: 语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。
snatch: 指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。
arrest, seize, catch, capture, trap
这组词都有“抓住，捕捉”的意思，其区别是：
arrest: 指根据法律或命令进行逮捕并予以监禁或拘留。
seize: 侧重指以突然、有力地动作迅速抓住或捉住。
catch: 普通用词，指捉住跑动或隐藏中的人或动物，一般指活捉。
capture: 指通过武力或计谋等，战胜抵抗而捉住敌人或动物。
trap: 多指诱捕。
vt. 抓住；夺取；理解；逮捕
 - grasp, absorb, see, read, noble
vi. 抓住；利用；（机器）卡住
 - lock, do with

Word: ethics
Front: ethics
['eθɪks] (六托宝 3231/6077)
Vocabulary: ethics
(once / 340 pages)
n
When discussing a code of morals, choose the noun ethics. You might call a politician who uses taxpayer money for wild parties a little "ethics-challenged."
Ethics can mean the study of morality — what's right and wrong. When discussing this branch of philosophy, treat the word as singular, despite the "-s": "Ethics is no longer widely taught." But in the sense of "moral correctness" or "a moral code," treat it as plural: "The ethics of capital punishment are complex." Don't confuse it with ethos, which means "the characteristic spirit of a culture." (Both words come from Greek ethos, "moral character.")
WORD FAMILY
ethics: ethical, ethicism+/ ethic: ethics / ethical: ethically, unethical /ethicism: ethicist/ethicist: ethicists/ unethical: unethically
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Evidently, ethics are the first casualty of the new Republican Congress," Pelosi said in a statement.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“Evidently, ethics are the first casualty of the new Republican Congress.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Beyond education efforts, Brewer created by executive order the first state Ethics Commission.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 道德准则; 伦理标准
分布：伦理学(57%)，道德规范(28%)，道德标准(15%)
【记】ethic（n 道德规范；伦理）
N-PLURAL
道德规范;伦理
Ethics are moral beliefs and rules about right and wrong.
例：Its members are bound by a rigid code of ethics which includes confidentiality...它的成员受到包括保密在内的一套严格的伦理规范的约束。
例：Refugee workers said such action was a violation of medical ethics.难民工作者说那种行为是对医德的亵渎。
N-PLURAL
（个人信奉的）道德原则
Someone's ethics are the moral principles about right and wrong behaviour which they believe in.
例：It is common to distinguish between personal and social ethics...个人道德准则和社会道德准则常常不一致。
例：He told the police that he had thought honestly about the ethics of what he was doing.他告诉警方说他确实考虑过自己所作所为依据的道德原则。
N-UNCOUNT
伦理学
Ethics is the study of questions about what is morally right and wrong.
例：...the teaching of ethics and moral philosophy.伦理学和道德哲学的教学
N-SING
道德规范；伦理标准
An ethic of a particular kind is an idea or moral belief that influences the behaviour, attitudes, and philosophy of a group of people.
例：...the ethic of public service.公共服务的道德标准
例：...an indomitable work ethic and determination to succeed.坚定的职业道德观和争取成功的决心
morals, morality, ethics
这些名词均含“道德”之意。
morals: 多用于实践方面，指按习惯或社会公认的道德标准，尤指男女之间关系的道德。
morality: 指符合道德标准的行为，或用道德标准衡量某事，既指社会的又指个人的道德。
ethics: 多用于伦理方面，指符合于伦理学中所指的好的行为，常指公平正真地对人对事的品德。
n. 伦理学；伦理观；道德标准
 - moral philosophy, moral standards

Word: nomination
Front: nomination
[ˌnɒmɪˈneɪʃn] (3232/6206)
Back: n. 任命; 提名; 被提名
分布：提名(90%)，任命(9%)，提名权(1%)
US [ˌnɑ:.mə-] noun countable or uncountable
SUGGESTION 建议
 ADVANCED
■an official suggestion of someone to do something 提名，推荐
• There have been two nominations for the new job. 这项新工作有两位提名人选。
UK [ˌnɒm.ɪ'neɪ.ʃən] US [ˌnɑ:.mə-] noun countable or uncountable
CHOICE 选择
■when someone is officially chosen for a job or position 任命；指定
• The nomination of Judge Watkins as head of the inquiry was a surprise. 任命沃特金斯法官为调查组组长有些出人意料。
n. 任命，提名；提名权
 - appointment, ordination

Word: permission
Front: permission
[pəˈmɪʃn] (高研四六托 3233/2468 -K3)
Vocabulary: permission
(once / 182 pages)
n
If you give someone approval to do something, you are giving them permission. Think of the permission slip your parents sign to let you go on a field trip––they are approving your going on the trip.
Permission has the same Latin root word as permit. They both come from permittere, which means to allow to go or pass through. Permission can be given in writing, it can be given orally, or it can be assumed or unspoken––by passing the box of cookies around the room you're giving everyone tacit permission to help themselves.
WORD FAMILY
permission: permissions+/ impermissible: impermissibility, impermissibly/ permissible: impermissible, permissibility, permissibly/ permissive: permissively, permissiveness, unpermissive/ permit: permissible, permission, permissive, permiting, permits, permitted, permitting/unpermissive: unpermissively, unpermissiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wells opened up millions of accounts without the permission of its customers, just to goose internal numbers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Her breakthrough video, Station, was shot, without permission, at a local railway station, with Nadia dancing nonchalantly on the tracks as a train pulled in.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The National Trust refused the firm permission to conduct surveys in Clumber Park, a few miles to the north of the forest.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 允许; 批准，正式认可，认可
分布：允许(45%)，许可(41%)，同意(14%)
→来自permit,许可，-ss,过去分词格。
允许(per始终＋miss＋ion→始终放入→允许)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
n.允许,同意You must ask permission if you want to leave early.如果你想早走的话,必须得到允许.
US [pɚ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■If someone is given permission to do something, they are allowed to do it 允许，许可，准许
• [+ to infinitive] You will need permission from the council to extend your garage. 扩建车库必须得到市议会的批准。
• Official permission has been granted for more building near the river. 在这条河附近建造更多房子的做法已获得官方许可。
• The authorities have refused permission for the demonstration to take place. 官方拒绝批准游行示威。
• Planning permission was refused for the hypermarket after a three-week inquiry. 经过三周的调查，兴建特大型超市的规划被否决了。
approval, permission
approval: 赞同，许可
permission: 批准
n. 允许，许可
 - allows, liberty, leave

Word: wise
Front: wise
[waɪz] (中高研四六雅 3234/3087 -K3)
Vocabulary: wise
(once / 52 pages)
1adj 2n
The adjective wise describes someone who has experience and a deep understanding. Your wise older sister always gives the best advice.
When you make a decision based on careful thought and good judgment, you've made a wise choice. If someone calls you a wise guy, though, it's not a compliment: it's likely to be a criticism of your joke at someone else's expense or your rudeness. To wise off (or sometimes, to be wise), has a similar meaning: to talk back or be disrespectful.
WORD FAMILY
wise: unwise, wisdom, wisely, wiseness, wiser, wises, wisest+/unwise: unwisely, unwiseness, unwiser, unwisest/ wisdom: wisdoms
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s enough positive to believe the franchise would be wise to value continuity.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Burr is “more cunning than wise . . . inferior in real ability to Jefferson,” Hamilton wrote.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Her high-pitched, schoolgirl’s voice belies a rush of reflections that sound wise beyond her years.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: adj. 聪明的，有智慧的; 博学的，博识的; 明白的; 像智者的
vt. 使知道，使懂得; 教导; 指点
vi. 了解，知道
级别：wiser, wisest
分布：明智的(64%)，聪明的(27%)，有智慧的(8%)，有见识的(1%)
→来自weid,看，知道，词源同visit,video,引申词义智慧。
a.有智慧的,聪明的The wise man used his wisdom in the vertical advertisement device.聪明人把智慧用在垂直的广告装置上.
adjective
 IMPROVER approving
■having or showing the ability to make good judgments, based on a deep understanding and experience of life 明智的；英明的；聪明的
• I think you made a wise choice. 我认为你作了一个明智的选择。
• "I never drink more than three glasses of wine." "How wise." “我喝葡萄酒从未超过三杯。”“你真明智。”
• Looking at the weather, I think we made a wise decision not to go to the coast this weekend. 看看天气，我觉得我们决定本周末不去海滨是很明智的。
• I think it would be wiser to wait and see how much money you've got left before you make any decisions. 我认为弄清楚自己还剩多少钱再作决定比较明智。
• I never used to save money but now I'm a little older and wiser I can see the sense in it. 我以前从不存钱，可现在年纪大了些，也更明智了，于是就能看出其中的意义。
• Was it Thomas More who said that the wise man learns from the experience of others? 是托马斯‧莫尔说过聪明人会吸取别人的经验教训吗？
wise to sth informal
■understanding a dishonest situation or way of doing something 学会钻空子；懂得奥妙
• I used to be scrupulously honest then I got wise to the system. 过去我非常诚实，可后来就学会钻这个系统的漏洞了。
[waɪz] adjective
be none the wiser
■to still be confused about something even after it has been explained to you （解释后）依然不明白
• I've read the instructions twice and I'm still none the wiser. 我已经读过两遍说明书，可还是不明白。
[waɪz] adjective
It's easy to be wise after the event. mainly UK saying
■used to mean that it is easy to understand what you could have done to prevent something bad from happening after it has happened 事后聪明很容易；放马后炮很容易
• In retrospect, we should have insisted on checking his calculations, but it's easy to be wise after the event. 回想起来，我们本该坚持检查他的计算结果，不过事后聪明倒是容易。
[waɪz] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  wise up mainly US informal
■to start to understand a situation or fact and believe what you hear about it, even if it is difficult or unpleasant 想通；看透；醒悟
• Those who think this is a harmless recreational drug should wise up. 那些认为这是一种无害休闲毒品的人应该醒醒了。
• It's about time employers wised up to the fact that staff who are happy work more efficiently. 雇主们该看清这一点，即快乐的员工工作起来效率会更高。
intelligent, bright, wise, ingenious, brilliant, clever, smart, shrewd
这组词都有“聪明的”的意思，其区别是：
intelligent: 正式用词，指在理解新的、抽象东西或处理解决问题时，智力超过一般常人。
bright: 口语常用词，多指年轻人，尤指小孩思路敏捷，理解力强，机灵等。
wise: 侧重不是一般的聪明伶俐，而是有远见，有智慧，能明智地处理问题。
ingenious: 指思路敏捷，并暗示有创造与发明的才能和技巧。
brilliant: 指人的才华出众，思路敏捷，常令人赞叹不已。
clever: 强调头脑灵活，接受新事物快，有智有谋，但不一定暗示全面妥当地考虑问题。
smart: 普通用词，与bright和clever的意思很相近，但更强调机灵。
shrewd: 指精明老练，有头脑，善于判断，把握有利机会。
adj. 明智的；聪明的；博学的
 - intelligent, learned, knowing, bright, clever
vt. 使知道；教导
 - enlighten, indoctrinate
vi. 了解
 - know about, learn about, get to know, make sth of

Word: actress
Front: actress
[ˈæktrəs] (高研四 3236/4829 -3)
Back: n. 女演员; 女表演者
分布：女演员(100%)
女演员(actor演员)[-ress 1.表名词,指"女性"2.表名词,指"物品"]
n.女演员Actually the actor and actress reacted actively to the activity.实际上男演员和女演员对这个活动作出了积极的反应.
noun countable
■a female actor 女演员
• She's the highest-paid actress in Hollywood. 她是好莱坞片酬最高的女演员。
['æk.trəs] noun countable
as the actress said to the bishop humorous
■used to show that someone has said something that could have another meaning connected to sex 诙谐地暗示前者的言语有情色意味
• It slides right into the hole, as the actress said to the bishop. “它不偏不倚地滑进洞里，”这话很暧昧。

Word: summit
Front: summit
[ˈsʌmɪt] (研四六托雅 3235/2909 -4)
Vocabulary: summit
(once / 211 pages)
nv
What better place for the mountain-climbing summit than on the summit of the mountain. A summit can mean either a meeting between people who are interested in the same subject or the peak of the mountain.
Although originally meant to describe a meeting between the heads of state, summit can be used to describe any gathering of people who care deeply about the same topic. If, for example, you are the captain of your chess club, you might attend the upcoming Chess Club Summit, at which new rules of the tournament will be discussed. Moreover, while summit also means the very top of a mountain, summit can be used metaphorically to mean a variety of heights, such as the summit of a career, an industry, or any kind of major effort.
WORD FAMILY
summit: summited, summiting, summits, summitted
USAGE EXAMPLES
The depth of talent at golf’s summit means Woods will always be overawed and outplayed in such environments now.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Those goals were reiterated in Beijing in June during a summit between the United States and China that addressed economic and strategic issues.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Good Counsel placed third in the Pat Summit bracket with a 64-56 win over National Christian.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 顶点; 高层会议; 最高阶层
adj. 最高级的; 政府首脑的
分布：顶点(78%)，最高阶层(22%)
顶峰(summ+it表名词→山的顶峰像数量总和→一样→最高数量→最高峰)[sum,summ=addup,表示"总,加"]
n.顶,最高点;颠峰,高峰;最高级会议His quarrel with his father brought matters to a summit.他与他父亲的争吵使得事态发展到了顶点.
【反】nadir（n 天底;最低点）
noun countable
MEETING 会议
 ADVANCED
■an important formal meeting between leaders of governments from two or more countries 高峰会，领袖会议，最高级会议
• a summit meeting 高峰会议
• World leaders will meet next week for their annual economic summit. 世界各国领袖将在下周齐聚一堂，参加一年一度的经济高峰会。
['sʌm.ɪt] noun countable
HIGHEST POINT 最高点
■the highest point of a mountain 山顶，顶峰
• On this day in 1784, Dr Michel Paccard and Jacques Balmat reached the summit of Mont Blanc. 1784年的今天，麦克‧帕卡德医生和雅克‧巴尔马特登上了勃朗峰的顶峰。
the summit
■the highest, most successful or most important point in something 顶峰，极点，巅峰
• I certainly haven't reached the summit of my career. 当然，我还没有达到事业的巅峰。
n. 顶点；最高级会议；最高阶层
 - height, sky, peak, apex, crown
adj. 最高级的；政府首脑的
 - first-chop, ritzy

Word: acid
Front: acid
[ˈæsɪd] (高研四六托雅 3238/1597 -K3)
Vocabulary: acid
(once / 217 pages)
1nadj 2n
In technical terms, acid is a substance that can react with a base to make a salt. In practical terms, acid is the stuff you want to keep off your hands, or any part of you, because it will eat away your skin.
Not all acids will eat skin away. The citric acid in oranges and other citrus fruits gives them their tasty tang. There is a hallucinogenic street drug called acid that eats away at the user’s sense of reality. Words sometimes have the qualities of acid. In acidic speech, words feel corrosive to the listener’s sensibilities. This one’s perhaps the most frequent and most destructive of all.
WORD FAMILY
acid: acidify, acidity, acidly, acids, antiacid, subacid+/ acidify: acidification, acidified, acidifying/acidity: acidities, hyperacidity
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of bile’s main components is bile acid, a derivative of cholesterol.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
An intriguing tension between acid and fat, sour and sweet, crisp and creamy is often at play.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
To measure adherence, participants must complete dietary questionnaires and have routine blood tests to measure their levels of salt, fatty acids and other nutrients.
Nature(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 酸味的; 尖刻的; 酸的; 酸性的
n. <化>酸; 酸味物质
分布：酸(87%)，酸的(10%)，酸性的(1%)，酸性物质(1%)，尖酸的(1%)
→来自词根ac, 尖，酸。
酸的[acid,acri,acrid,acu=sour,sharp,表示"尖,酸,锐利"]
n.酸,酸性物质a.酸的,酸味的;尖刻的The decisive decimal point made the acid man decide to suicide.决定性的小数点使刻薄之人决定自杀.
adjective
CHEMICAL 化学的 (also acidic)
■containing acid, or having similar qualities to an acid 酸的；酸性的；酸味的
• an acid taste/smell 酸的味道／气味
• acidic soil 酸性土壤
['æs.ɪd] adjective
UNKIND 刻薄
■describes a remark or way of speaking that is cruel or criticizes something in an unkind way 尖酸的；尖刻的，刻薄的
• her acid wit 她的尖酸谐谑
• When she spoke her tone was acid. 她说话时，语气尖酸刻薄。
['æs.ɪd] noun
CHEMICAL 化学的
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■any of various usually liquid substances which can react chemically with and sometimes dissolve other materials 酸
• acetic/hydrochloric/lactic acid 醋酸／盐酸／乳酸
• Vinegar is an acid. 醋是一种酸。
['æs.ɪd] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable slang for
■ LSD (= an illegal drug which makes people see things that do not exist) 迷幻药
n. [化学] 酸；迷幻药
 - acerbity
adj. [食品] 酸的；讽刺的；刻薄的
 - sour, vinegary

Word: odds
Front: odds
[ɒdz] (研托雅宝 3239/4266 -2)
Vocabulary: odds
(once / 489 pages)
n
The odds are the chances that something will happen. If you flip a coin, the odds are 50-50 you'll get heads.
When we talk about odds, we're talking about probabilities, specifically, how likely it is that something will happen. Is there a 5% chance? Is there a 95% chances? If there's a 95% chance, then the odds are great. We can talk about the odds of anything happening, as long as it hasn't happened yet. Anyone predicting the weather is telling the odds of rain or snow — they don't know for sure. If something strange happens people often say, "What were the odds of that?", which means: "I can't believe that happened. The odds were against it."
WORD FAMILY
odds
USAGE EXAMPLES
Leaving him with a mouthful of condemned teeth that would likely deteriorate merely stacked the odds against him.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
And unless there’s some seismic improvement, Miami’s NBA draft lottery odds might look pretty good as well.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The odds on getting anybody nearly as good, or with a comparable ceiling, are lousy.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 希望，可能性; 几率，胜算; 掣肘的事情; 逆境
分布：可能性(53%)，机率(15%)，让步(9%)，优势(8%)，投注赔率(8%)，差别(7%)
→来自odd,偶然发生的，此处形容词做名词，-s,复数后缀。原用于赌博赔率，引申词义机会，可能性。
n.不平等,差异;机会That makes no odds.那没有多大差别.
US [ɑ:dz] plural noun
 ADVANCED
■the probability that a particular thing will or will not happen 可能性，机会；几率，概率
• If you drive a car all your life, the odds are that you'll have an accident at some point. 如果你一辈子开车的话，你有可能在某一时刻发生车祸。
• There are heavy odds against people succeeding in such a bad economic climate. 在如此恶劣的经济环境下人们成功的可能性很小。
• What are the odds on him being (= Do you think he will be) re-elected? 他再次当选的几率有多大？
• The odds are stacked against a woman succeeding (= it is not likely that a woman will succeed) in the business. 女性在生意场上成功的可能性不大。
 ADVANCED
■the probability expressed as a number when risking money guessing the result of something 投注赔率
• The odds against my horse winning (= that it will not win) [ on my horse winning (= that it will win) are a hundred to one. 我下注的那匹赛马的赔率是100比1。
• The odds that the US entrant will win the race are ten to one. 赌美国选手在这次比赛中获胜的赔率是10比1。
UK [ɒdz] US [ɑ:dz] plural noun
against (all) the odds/against all odds
■If you do or achieve something against (all) the odds/against all odds, you do or achieve it although there were a lot of problems and you were not likely to succeed 尽管困难重重；在极为不利的情况下
• Against all the odds, he recovered. 他克服一切不利病况康复了。
UK [ɒdz] US [ɑ:dz] plural noun
be at odds
■to disagree 与…不合；与…意见不一致；与…相矛盾
• They're at odds over the funding of the project. 他们在向该项企划案提供资金方面存在分歧。
• Her version of events was at odds with (= very different from) the police report. 她对事情的描述跟警方报告有出入。
UK [ɒdz] US [ɑ:dz] plural noun
make no odds mainly UK informal
■to not be important, or to not change a situation or result 无关紧要；没多大区别；无所谓
• I don't mind whether you come or not - it makes no odds to me. 我不在乎你来不来——对我来说没甚么关系。
UK [ɒdz] US [ɑ:dz] plural noun
over the odds UK informal
■more than something is really worth （价钱）超出所值的
• It's a nice enough car but I'm sure she paid over the odds for it. 这汽车确实很漂亮，但我敢肯定她买贵了。
n. 几率；胜算；不平等；差别
 - distinction, differential, contrast

Word: gifted
Front: gifted
[ˈgɪftɪd] (高托 3237/8603 -1)
Vocabulary: gifted
(once / 627 pages)
adj
If someone calls you gifted, smile. It means you're talented.
You might be gifted at dancing, or a gifted mathematician — you can also call your best friend a gifted actor, or feel envious that she's such a gifted French speaker. In any of these examples, it's as if nature or fate bestowed a gift on a lucky person. Gifted, in fact, comes from gift and its Old Norse root, gipt or gift, which means both "gift" and "good luck."
WORD FAMILY
gifted: giftedly+/ gift: gifted, gifting, gifts
USAGE EXAMPLES
His editor on The World at One, Dame Jenny Abramsky, remembered him as a "gifted broadcaster" with "genuine warmth".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But on a team with scads of gifted receivers, why are you targeting Harris near the goal line?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“I was not genetically gifted enough to hang around with the Kansas City Chiefs.”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 有天赋的; 有才华的
分布：有天赋的(80%)，有才华的(20%)
adjective
■having special ability in a particular subject or activity 有天才的，有天赋的
• a gifted dancer/musician 天才舞蹈员／音乐家
■clever, or having a special ability 聪慧的；有特长的
• Schools often fail to cater for the needs of gifted children. 学校常常不能满足资优学生的发展要求。
adj. 有天赋的；有才华的
 - capable
v. 给予（gift的过去分词）
 - shown, given

Word: frustration
Front: frustration
[frʌˈstreɪʃn] (托 3240/3925)
Vocabulary: frustration
(once / 1278 pages)
n
Frustration is a feeling of annoyance that occurs when something doesn't go as you expect. There are few things more likely to cause frustration for an impatient driver than rush hour traffic.
When you can't get what you want, or you're stuck in some way, you'll experience frustration. A spelling bee competitor who almost wins will feel frustration. The thing that causes you to feel this way can also be called a frustration — like your moody sister, the frustration of your home life. Frustration comes from the Latin frustrationem, "a deception or a disappointment."
WORD FAMILY
frustration: frustrations+/ frustrate: frustrated, frustrates, frustrating, frustration, frustrative/ frustrated: frustratedly/ frustrating: frustratingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s not so much frustration,” Heat forward Justise Winslow said, talking about the team’s collective mood.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Frustrations among Chinese were sharpened last year by a stock market crash, widely seen as badly handled by authorities.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“Frustration set in and confidence maybe dropped, whether it was in himself or just the whole package.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 挫折; 失败; 挫败; 失意
分布：挫折(85%)，失败(14%)，令人沮丧的东西(1%)
noun
FEELING 感觉
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you feel annoyed or less confident because you cannot achieve what you want; something that makes you feel like this （因不能满足需求而）沮丧或不自信；令人沮丧或不自信的事物
• I could sense his frustration at not being able to help. 我可以感觉到他因无力帮忙而心感沮丧。
• This job has more than its fair share of frustrations. 做这份工作本不该有如此多的挫折。
[frʌs'treɪ.ʃən] noun
PREVENTION
uncountable
■when something prevents plans or efforts from being achieved 阻止计划实现；防碍某人投入努力
n. [心理] 挫折
 - setback, clawback

Word: medium
Front: medium
[ˈmi:diəm] (高研四六托雅宝 3241/951 -K3)
Vocabulary: medium
(once / 106 pages)
1n 2nadj 3n 4n 5n
Think of the word medium as something in between. In clothing, we have small, medium, and large; in communications, it's what signals travel through from broadcast to receiver; and in spiritual terms, it’s a person who converses with the dead.
The word medium — from the Latin adjective medius, "middle" — has several meanings that all center on the idea of being in between. From the air that carries the broadcast signal, to the person who transmits messages from the dead, to the measurement of the "doneness" of your steak, medium means something that lies between two other points, people, or levels.
WORD FAMILY
medium: media, mediumly, mediums+/media: multimedia
USAGE EXAMPLES
Local media outlets reported that emergency officials advised residents to stay in their homes and assess damage in the morning.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He hates but accepts the constant criticism from media and fans.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Let me start with a much-maligned sector that is near and dear to my heart: the news media.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 中等的，中级的; 普通的; 平均的; 半生熟的
n. 媒介物，媒质; 中间，中庸，[生]培养基，培养液，颜料溶解液，[数]中数，平均，[逻]中名辞; 手段，方法; 中间物
分布：媒介(50%)，媒体(27%)，手段(10%)，中等的(10%)，适中的(3%)
→来自拉丁语medius,中间的，词源同middle,-um,表中性。引申词义中间物，媒介，媒体等。
媒介物(med+ium→中间物,媒介)[med=middle,表示"中间"]
n.(pl.media)媒体,方法,媒介,介质a.中等的In the cinema the medicine immediately remedied the medium.在电影院里这种药立刻拯救了中间人.
adjective
MIDDLE 中间的
 ESSENTIAL
■being in the middle between an upper and lower amount, size, degree or value 中间的；中等的；适中的
• a girl of medium height 中等身材的女孩
• a medium-sized book 中等开本的书
['mi:.di.əm] adjective
MEAT 肉
■(of meat) cooked so that it is no longer red in the middle （肉）煮得适中的，中等熟度的
• Would you like your steak rare, medium, or well-done? 你的牛排要嫩的、半熟的还是熟透的？
['mi:.di.əm] noun countable
METHOD 方法 (plural media or mediums)
■a method or way of expressing something 媒介；方法，手段
• the broadcasting/print medium 广播／印刷媒介
• They told the story through the medium of dance. 他们用舞蹈的形式来讲述这个故事。
['mi:.di.əm] noun countable
PERSON 人 (plural mediums)
■a person who says that they can receive messages from people who are dead 灵媒，巫师
['mi:.di.əm] noun countable
SUBSTANCE 物质
■a substance that something grows in, lives in, or moves through 媒介
measure, means, method, medium
measure: 结论，步骤
means: 方法
method: 方法
medium: 媒介，阶段
methods, measure, means, medium
methods: 指做某事的具体步骤或程序
measure: 手段，策略，为达到目的采取的行动
means: 标示借以成就某事达到某目的的某人或物
medium: （标示或传播）的媒介
medium, median, average
这些形容词均含“中等的，平均的，适中的”之意。
medium: 指按照某种标准来说是适中或中等的。这种标准可以是通过仪器测量而来，也可能是凭经验而得出。
mediam: 指中间位置的，统计学上指处于中间位置的一个数的。
average: 通常用来形容优劣难分的平庸或折衷情况，也指理论上的平均标准。
mediam, average, medium
这组词都有“中等的，平均的，适中的”的意思，其区别是：
mediam: 指中间位置的，统计学上指处于中间位置的一个数的。
average: 通常用来形容优劣难分的平庸或折衷情况，也指理论上的平均标准。
medium: 指按照某种标准来说是适中或中等的。这种标准可以是通过仪器测量而来，也可能是凭经验而得出。
adj. 中间的，中等的；半生熟的
 - mid, intermediary, middle, secondary, moderate
n. 方法；媒体；媒介；中间物
 - method, approach, way, system, how

Word: function
Front: function
[ˈfʌŋkʃn] (高研四六雅 1442/782 -K4)
Vocabulary: function
(once / 149 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
In the old "Schoolhouse Rock" song, "Conjunction junction, what's your function?," the word function means, "What does a conjunction do?" The famous design dictum "form follows function" tells us that an object's design should reflect what it does.
Function is one of those words that gets used a lot and means lots of different things. It means what something does, but also what a person does, whether something or someone is doing what they should, and crazily enough, a big party. "Your function is to bring the senator coffee at the political function. He cannot function without it."
WORD FAMILY
function: disfunction, functional, functionary, functioned, functioning, functions, misfunction+/ functional: functionalism, functionality, functionally, nonfunctional, unfunctional/functionalism: functionalist/functionalist: functionalists/functionality: functionalities/ functionary: functionaries/ functioning: functionings/misfunction: misfunctioned, misfunctioning
USAGE EXAMPLES
Louis is not the first celebrity with an app, and the sales and communication functions of his app are not particularly unique.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
These complex processes may pass unnoticed by the driver, but their uninterrupted functioning is crucial.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s absurd how many cars and trucks are driving with only one functioning headlight.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 功能，作用; 应变量，函数; 职务; 重大聚会
vi. 有或起作用; 行使职责
时态：functioned, functioning, functions
分布：函数(55%)，功能(39%)，运行(3%)，重大聚会(1%)，起作用(1%)，职务(1%)
→来自拉丁语functio, 履行，执行。
功能[funct=perform,表示"活动"]
n.功能,作用;(pl.)职务;函数v.起作用The fundamental fund functions punctually in conjunction with abundant capital.这笔重要基金与充裕的资本一起准时发挥作用.
noun
PURPOSE 目的
 IMPROVER countable
■the natural purpose (of something) or the duty (of a person) 功能，用途；职责
• The function of the veins is to carry blood to the heart. 静脉的功能是将血液输送回心脏。
• I'm not quite sure what my function is within the company. 我拿不太准自己在公司里有甚么职责。
• A thermostat performs the function of controlling temperature. 自动调温器的功用是控制温度。
['fʌŋk.ʃən] noun
CEREMONY 仪式
countable
■an official ceremony or a formal social event, such as a party or a special meal, at which a lot of people are usually present 典礼；仪式；社交聚会
• As a mayor, he has a lot of official functions to attend. 作为市长，他要参加很多官方活动。
• I see her two or three times a year, usually at social functions. 我一年能见她两三次，通常都是在社交聚会上。
['fʌŋk.ʃən] noun
WORK 运行
uncountable
■the way in which something works or operates 工作，运行
• It's a disease which affects the function of the nervous system. 这是一种影响神经系统功能的疾病。
• Studies suggest that regular intake of the vitamin significantly improves brain function. 研究显示定期服用维生素会显著增强大脑功能。
['fʌŋk.ʃən] noun
RESULT 结果
a function of sth formal
■something which results from something else, or which is as it is because of something else …的结果
• His success is a function of his having worked so hard. 他的成功是辛勤工作的结果。
• The low temperatures here are a function of the terrain as much as of the climate. 这里的低温是地形与气候同时作用的结果。
['fʌŋk.ʃən] noun
VALUE 值
countable specialized
■(in mathematics) a value which depends on and varies with another value （数学中的）函数，应变数
• x is a function of y. x是y的函数。
['fʌŋk.ʃən] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to work or operate 运作；工作；起作用
• You'll soon learn how the office functions. 你很快就会了解办事处的运作了。
• The television was functioning normally until yesterday. 一直到昨天电视机还一切正常。
• I'm so tired today, I can barely function. 我今天太累了，简直动不了了。
['fʌŋk.ʃən] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  function as sth/sb
■to perform the purpose of a particular thing or the duties of a particular person 充当；当作；起…的作用
• We have a spare bedroom which also functions as a study. 我们有一间空卧室可以当书房用。
obligation, duty, function, responsibility
这组词都有“义务”的意思，其区别是：
obligation: 指道义上或法律上对他人的义务，强调强制性。也指因作出承诺而被迫履行的某种义务。
duty: 指按道德和法律的标准，一个人永远要尽的义务，强调自觉性。
function: 指因职务或职业关系去履行某种职责。
responsibility: 指任何义务、职责、责任或职务上所尽的本分，强调对他人的责任。
n. [计] 功能； [数] 函数； [管理] 职责；盛大的集会
 - action, obligation, fn
vi. 运行；活动；行使职责
 - exercise one's activity

Word: physically
Front: physically
[ˈfɪzɪkli] (六雅 3243/3486 -K)
Back: adv. 体格上，身体上; 物理上; <非正>完全地
分布：身体上地(50%)，实际上(50%)
→来自physical,肉体的。
adverb
BODY 身体
 IMPROVER
■in a way that relates to the body or someone's appearance 肉体地，身体上地
• Physically I find him very attractive. 我觉得他的相貌很迷人。
• The protestors had to be physically removed from the room (= they were taken away). 抗议人士不得不被强行赶出房间。
• The work is physically demanding (= you have to work hard in a way that makes your body tired). 这项工作非常耗费体力。
• Special holidays are available for physically handicapped/disabled people (= those lacking the full use of part of their body). 身体残障的人享有特殊假期。
['fɪz.ɪ.kli] adverb
REAL 真实的
■in a way that relates to things you can see or touch or the laws of nature 按自然规律；根本上，实际上
• No one could have climbed that wall - it's physically impossible. 没有人能爬过那道墙，那是人力所办不到的。

Word: grant
Front: grant
[grɑ:nt] (研四六雅宝 1907/1395 -K4)
Vocabulary: grant
(once / 80 pages)
1vn 2v
You can grant anything from a permanent restraining order to a request for time off, or, if you’re a genie, seven wishes. When you grant something you are letting someone have or do something that they are asking for.
When you grant something, you’re typically fulfilling a request that is not an automatic entitlement. For example, if you order a plate of spaghetti with tomato sauce in a restaurant, when the meal arrives, you wouldn’t say that the chef has been kind enough to grant you the meal; it’s an order that’s been fulfilled. If you ask the chef to make it a vegan dish that doesn’t include chicken stock, however, then you’re making a request that it’s up to the chef to grant — or not.
WORD FAMILY
grant: granted, grantee, granter, granting, grantor, grants+/grantee: grantees/granter: granters/grantor: grantors
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also granted Roof's request for an extra day to prepare for his case.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here’s a doozy: How about the possibility that Mr. Trump will grant Edward J. Snowden clemency as part of a handover with Putin?
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She acknowledged that there were grants available to the UK tech sector, but added that they were difficult to qualify for.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 承认; 同意; 准许; 授予
n. 拨款; 补助金; 授给物（如财产、授地、专有权、补助、拨款等）
vi. 同意
时态：granted, granting, grants
分布：授予(38%)，同意(16%)，承认(14%)，补助金(13%)，给予(13%)，认为(2%)，财产转让(2%)，授予物(2%)
→来自拉丁文credentem, 相信，信任，词源同heart, credit, credible.
v.同意,准予;授予n.授予物;津贴;转让证书The merciful merchant wants to grant some merchandise to the panting immigrants.仁慈的商人要给喘气的移民们一些商品.
【反】concede（vt 勉强；退让）－refuse to grant；withhold（vt 使停止；保留；抑制）
US [grænt] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a sum of money given especially by the government to a person or organization for a special purpose （尤指政府为特殊目的给予个人或组织的）拨款，补助金
• a student/research grant 助学金／研究拨款
• a local authority/government grant 当地行政机构／政府拨款
• [+ to infinitive] They gave/awarded her a grant to study abroad for one year. 他们给／授予她一笔奖学金供她出国留学一年。
UK [grɑ:nt] US [grænt] verb
GIVE 给予
 IMPROVER transitive
■to give or allow someone something, usually in an official way （通常指官方）同意，准予，授予
• [+ two objects] They granted her an entry visa. 他们发给她入境签证。
• He was granted asylum. 他的避难请求被接受了。
• formal She granted their request/wish. 她答应了他们的请求／满足了他们的愿望。
UK [grɑ:nt] US [grænt] verb
ACCEPT 承认
 ADVANCED [T + (that)]
■to accept that something is true, often before expressing an opposite opinion （常指在表达相反的意见之前表示让步）承认，同意
• I grant that it must have been upsetting but even so I think she made a bit of a fuss. 我承认这事肯定很让人心烦，但即使是这样，我觉得她也有点小题大做。
• I grant you (= It is true that) , it's a difficult situation but I feel sure he could have handled it more sensitively. 没错，这种局面是很棘手，但我确实觉得他本来可以更加理智地来处理。
take sth for granted
■to believe something to be the truth without even thinking about it 认为…是理所当然的
• I didn't realize that Melanie hadn't been to college - I suppose I just took it for granted. 我不知道梅兰妮没上大学——我只是理所当然地认为她上过。
take sth or sb for granted
■If you take situations or people for granted, you do not realise or show that you are grateful for how much you get from them 视…为理所当然（而不去表示感激）；（认为理所当然而）不去重视…
• One of the problems with relationships is that after a while you just take each other for granted. 恋爱中会遇到的一个问题是，相处一段时间后，双方就都把对方为自己所做的一切视为理所当然。
allow, grant, permit
allow: （一般意义上）允许
grant: （由于慷慨、仁慈）给予某物，(通常是上对下、官方正式地)允许
permit: (法律上、制度上)允许
confer, present, endow, grant, give, award, accord, bestow
这组词都有“给予，赠给”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 通常指授予称号或学位等。
present: 指正式地给予或授予，通常伴有仪式进行。
endow: 指捐赠大量的钱作基金，也可指给予非物质的东西。
grant: 多指出于慷慨、怜悯或正义感而给予，并且通常是在被请求下给予。
give: 最普通用词，泛指将自己的东西给予他人，所给予的东西，物质或非物质的均可。
award: 通常暗示所给予的东西是接受者应得的，而且给予者往往是具有裁判权力的。
accord: 侧重所给予的是应得的或是恰当的，或是因某种原因而适于接受的。
bestow: 正式用词，指把某物作为礼物赠送于某人，也可作引申用。
grant, restrain, bind
grant: 由于慷慨、仁慈而给予某物，通常是应请求人或根据权力要求的人（通常指下级）以某一要求所给予的东西
restrain: 抑制的，遏制的，可指彻底阻止也可指将……纳入控制、约束之中，强迫意味，可表示自我抑制vt
bind: 有约束力的
grant, allow, preach, fund
grant: （正式或法律上）同意，准许，允许（某人提出的要求）；
allow: 允许，准许（某事）；
preach: 布道，宣讲（讲义，生活方式等）；
fund: 为…提供资金，拨款给
vt. [法] [专利] 授予；允许；承认
 - award, let, accept, recognize, agree
vi. 同意
 - accept, see with, to agree with, agree on/upon, be agreeable to
n. 拨款； [法] [专利] 授予物
 - appropriation

Word: distinguish
Front: distinguish
[dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ] (高研四六托雅 3246/2265 -K2)
Vocabulary: distinguish
(once / 73 pages)
v
To distinguish means to tell apart. If you win the lottery, you’re going to need to learn to distinguish between people who really like you and people who like your money.
To distinguish is to discern, which means to perceive or recognize the way something differs from what’s around it. It takes discerning taste buds to distinguish between Coke and Pepsi. Distinguish also means to separate yourself out from the pack, usually in a good way. You might distinguish yourself at a Comics Convention with your encyclopedic knowledge of Krazy Kat.
WORD FAMILY
distinguish: distinguishable, distinguished, distinguishes, distinguishing+/ distinguishable: distinguishably, indistinguishable, undistinguishable/ distinguished: distinguishedly, undistinguished/ indistinguishable: indistinguishability, indistinguishably/undistinguishable: undistinguishably
USAGE EXAMPLES
She said that distinguishes the brand from standard wine advertising, which involves bottles “in the kitchen with cheese.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Of course, there's a lot of crud too - the challenge is to distinguish the potential hits from the glitch-ridden flops.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Many great football coaches are distinguished by specific philosophical bents.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 区分，辨别，分清; 辨别是非
vt. 区分，辨别，分清; 辨别出，识别; 引人注目，有别于; 使杰出，使著名
时态：distinguished, distinguishing, distinguishes
分布：区别(83%)，辨认(9%)，使显著(8%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-sting, 刺，做标记，词源同sting, stick. 即分开标记的，区分清楚的。
区别;辩出(dis分开+stingu[=sting]+ish→把刺分开→区别)[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
v.(from)区别,辨别;辨认出;使杰出In this district I can strictly distinguish the distinct distinctions of bees' stings by instinct.在该地区我能靠直觉严格分辨蜜蜂刺的明显特征.
【记】dis分开，sting刺－以刺眼的记号明白分开－区分
【参】distinguished（adj 著名的；高贵的）＝celebrated＝eminentinstigate（v 鼓动）；extinguish（vt 熄灭；压制）
【反】eminent（adj 杰出的）－undistinguished（adj 平凡普通的）
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [not continuous]
■to notice or understand the difference between two things, or to make one person or thing seem different from another 区分，分辨；使有所区别
• He's colour-blind and can't distinguish (the difference) between red and green easily. 他是色盲，很难分清红色和绿色（的不同）。
• I sometimes have difficulty distinguishing Spanish from Portuguese. 我有时很难分清西班牙语和葡萄牙语。
• It's important to distinguish between business and pleasure. 分清哪是正事、哪是娱乐非常重要。
• It's not the beauty so much as the range of his voice that distinguishes him from other tenors. 他与其他男高音大不相同，并非因为他那华美的声音，而是他宽广的音域。
distinguish yourself [R]
■to do something so well that you are admired and praised for it 使自己出类拔萃，表现突出
• He distinguished himself in British theatre at a very early age. 他很小时就在英国戏剧界崭露头角。
discriminate, discern, distinguish
这组词都有“区别、辨别”的意思，其区别是：
discriminate: 语气强，指从十分相似的事物中辨出差异，尤其把好坏区分开来。
discern: 语义较笼统，着重精深与准确的观察力，不一定有能分辨关系密切的各项事物的含义。
distinguish: 普通用词，指辨别者的能力或实际观察到的区别，强调辨别所需的技巧。
vt. 区分；辨别；使杰出，使表现突出
 - tell apart, differentiate
vi. 区别，区分；辨别
 - differentiate, tell from

Word: shore
Front: shore
[ʃɔ:(r)] (高研四六托 3244/3519 -3)
Vocabulary: shore
(once / 57 pages)
1nv 2vn
The land right at the edge of a lake, river, or ocean is called the shore. Even the bravest swimmers will head for the shore when they hear someone yell "Shark!"
The verb shore means "prop up or support," so you might shore up a house that's tilting on its foundation or shore up a failing company with an investment of money. The water's-edge shore has a Germanic root that means "cut," and experts believe that the noun shore grew either from a sense of "division between land and water," or possibly "land cut off from the mainland by marshes."
WORD FAMILY
shore: foreshore, shored, shores, shoring+/foreshore: foreshores/shoring: shorings
USAGE EXAMPLES
"I was very alarmed and sad to see such a graceful and giant rare creature lying dead on our shores," said Mr Chandran.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Five boats and a helicopter are looking for the plane that disappeared over Lake Erie near Cleveland’s shores three days ago.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Yet even here, and in Shore’s broader role creating the musical personality of the sketch-comedy giant, is evidence of the composer’s seriousness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 岸; 滨; 国家（尤指濒海国家）; 支柱
vt. 支撑; 支持
时态：shored, shoring, shores
分布：岸(94%)，滨(6%)
→可能来自中古低地德语 schor,海岸，海滨，来自 Proto-Germanic*skur,切，分开，来自 sker, 切，分开，词源同 shear,share.
n.海滨,湖滨We walked along the sea shore.我们沿着海岸走.
US [ʃɔ:r] noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the land along the edge of a sea, lake or wide river （海、湖或大河的）滨，岸
• You can walk for miles along the shore. 你可以沿着海岸走上好几哩。
• The boat was about a mile from/off (the) shore when the engine suddenly died. 船离岸边还有一哩左右时引擎突然熄火了。
⇒ See also onshore;offshore
on shore
■on the land and not in a ship 在岸上
• We waited until we were on shore before repairing the sails. 我们等到上了岸才开始修帆。
shores [plural] literary
■a country or continent with a coast 临海国家（或大陆）
• In 1992, Britain played host to the first multi-racial South African team to visit these shores. 1992年，英国作为东道主邀请第一支多种族南非球队访问该国。
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃɔ:r] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shore sth up
■to stop a wall or a building from falling down by supporting it with building materials such as wood or metal 支撑
• Boundary walls have had to be shored up. 边界墙须用支柱支撑。
■to strengthen or improve an organization, agreement or system that is not working effectively or that is likely to fail 改善，提高
• The new public relations manager has the difficult task of shoring up the company's troubled image. 新任公关经理面临了改善公司不良形象的艰钜任务。
shore, bank, seaside, beach, coast
这组词都有“岸”的意思，其区别是：
shore: 指紧靠大湖泊或海洋的陆地边缘或靠海的休养地。
bank: 多指有一定坡度的河岸、湖岸或堤岸。
seaside: 尤指疗养地、游览地区的海边。
beach: 指倾斜度小，被海、湖或河水冲刷而有沙或卵石积存的地方。
coast: 地理学上的名词，专指被视为边界的沿海陆地的尽头。
vt. 支撑，使稳住；用支柱撑住
 - support, uphold, sustain
n. 海滨；支柱
 - leg, backbone, stay

Word: repeatedly
Front: repeatedly
[rɪ'pi:tɪdlɪ] (研四六 3245/4718 -K)
Vocabulary: repeatedly
(once / 413 pages)
adv
To do something repeatedly means to do it over and over again. If you text your friend repeatedly during her geometry test, she'll probably get annoyed and turn her phone off.
If a teacher tells a student, "I've told you repeatedly that you need to raise your hand before you speak," it means that the teacher has said this many times. This adverb implies an ongoing or even constant kind of activity. At the heart of repeatedly is the verb repeat, which has the Latin root repetere, "do or say again," or "attack again."
WORD FAMILY
repeated: repeatedly +/ repeat: repeatable, repeated, repeater, repeating, repeats, repetition, repetitive /repeatable: unrepeatable/repeater: repeaters/repeating: repeatings/ repetition: repetitions, repetitious / repetitious: repetitiously, repetitiousness/ repetitive: nonrepetitive, repetitively, repetitiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
They repeatedly tried to work in evidence about Roof’s mental state, but U.S.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The group repeatedly struck at Turkish cities in 2016 in retaliation for Ankara’s support for international efforts to suppress its activities in Syria and Iraq.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Police say he was then stabbed with a box cutter and repeatedly kicked.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 反复地，重复地; 再三地; 屡次地; 不停地
分布：重复地(58%)，再三地(42%)
ad.重复地,再三地He repeatedly repeats, "Eat meat."他再三重复说:"吃肉."
US [-tˌɪd-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■many times 一再；再三；多次地
• He telephoned repeatedly, begging her to return. 他一次又一次地打电话求她回来。
regularly, often, usually, repeatedly, always, frequently
这些副词均表示频度。
regularly: 用于修饰经常而有规律性的动作。
often: 经常，语气弱于always,侧重动作发生的次数具有经常性，具体时间意味不强。
usually: 通常，通例地，指习惯性动作，频度仅次于always，较often大，偶尔有间隔。
repeatedly: 屡次，强调次数多，但反复的频率不一定均匀。
always: 总是，永远。语气最强，指在一切时候，没有例外。
frequently: 时常，经常，与often同义，可通用，但较正式，强调次数频繁。
adv. 反复地；再三地；屡次地
 - again and again, iteratively

Word: lung
Front: lung
[lʌŋ] (高研四六托 3247/3808 -K2)
Vocabulary: lung
(once / 377 pages)
n
A lung is an internal organ that makes it possible for you to breathe. Your lungs remove carbon dioxide from your body while sending oxygen into your blood stream.
All vertebrates — animals with a spinal column — have lungs. Humans have two of them, and they're what makes your chest rise and fall as you breathe in and out. They're also the organs that keep you breathing, and therefore alive. Lung, by way of the Old English lungen, comes from an Indo-European root that literally means "the light organ."
WORD FAMILY
lung: lung-like, lungs
USAGE EXAMPLES
One reason is that the detritus from an infection of the lung is hard to clear.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
His parents and nurses pound on his chest to help him clear his lungs several times a day.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
She was sent home two days later, diagnosed with a tumor in her left lung that measured almost 9 centimeters.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 肺; 呼吸器官; [医]辅助呼吸的装置; 〈英〉可供呼吸新鲜空气的地方
分布：肺(99%)，呼吸器官(1%)
→来自古英语lungen(复数)，肺，来自legwh,轻的，词源同light,levity.因相比于心，胃等其它内脏器官而言，肺较轻，且能在水中浮起来，因而得名。
n.肺The hungry drunk plunged a trunk of lungs into the tunnel under the channel.饥饿的醉汉把一大箱肺投进了水渠下面的隧道.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■either of the two organs in the chest with which people and some animals breathe 肺，肺部
• lung cancer 肺癌
[lʌŋ] noun countable
have a good / healthy pair of lungs
■You say that a baby has a good/healthy pair of lungs when it cries loudly. （婴儿）哭声响亮
n. [解剖] 肺；呼吸器
 - breathing apparatus, respirator

Word: firm
Front: firm
[fɜ:m] (高研四六托雅 902/607 -K5)
Vocabulary: firm
(once / 43 pages)
1adjv 2adjadv 3n
The adjective firm describes something that's strong and unwavering. If your great Aunt Martha had a firm belief that children should be seen and not heard, you and your siblings might have spent your childhood driving her crazy.
Something that is solid can also be described as firm. When you take a stick of butter out of the fridge, it's firm, and it needs to soften before you cream it with sugar. Another definition for the adjective firm is unwavering or loyal. You might be a firm supporter of your favorite baseball team, even though they haven't made it to a World Series in more than twenty years.
WORD FAMILY
firm: firmed, firmer, firmest, firming, firmly, firmness, firms, infirm, unfirm+/firmness: firmnesses/ infirm: infirmer, infirmity, infirmly/ infirmity: infirmities
USAGE EXAMPLES
This year, as usual, the firm invited alumni, including me, to its holiday party at the Plaza Hotel.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The firm defines luxury buildings as those that command rents in the top 20% of the market.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The chief of one British firm at the Las Vegas event said the criticism was well-founded.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 坚固的，坚牢的; 坚定的，坚决的; 严格的; 确定的
vt. & vi. 使坚固; 使坚实
n. 商号，商行; 公司; 企业; 工作集体
adv. 坚定地，稳固地
vt. 使坚定，使牢固
vi. 变坚实，变稳固
时态：firmed, firming, firms
分布：公司(81%)，坚定的(6%)，商行(5%)，坚固的(2%)，坚定地(2%)，确定(1%)，严格的(1%)，稳固地(1%)，结实的(1%)
→来自dher, 支撑，握住，坚硬，词源同dharma,throne. 后用来指公司，商行。
a.坚固的;坚决的,坚定的n.公司,商号The firm fireman first overcame thirst desire.坚定的消防员首先克服口渴欲望.
US [fɝ:m] adjective
HARD 坚硬的
 ADVANCED
■not soft but not completely hard 结实的；坚固的
• I'd rather sleep on a firm mattress than a soft one. 我宁愿睡硬床垫，也不要软的。
• These pears are still too firm to eat. 这些梨还太硬，没法吃。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] adjective
FIXED 牢固的
 ADVANCED
■well fixed in place or position 牢固的；稳固的
• The bridge provided a firm platform for the bungee jumpers. 这座桥为高空弹跳者提供了稳固的平台。
 ADVANCED
■fixed at the same level or opinion and not changing 坚定的；坚决的；坚定不移的
• The government remains firm in its opposition to tax reform. 政府仍坚决反对税收改革。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] adjective
STRONG 有力的
 ADVANCED
■strong and tight 强而有力的；坚决的
• a firm handshake 强而有力的握手
• Keep a firm hold of the handrail as you go down. 下去时要牢牢抓住扶手。
• figurative No one seems to have a firm grip on the company at the moment. 目前似乎没有人能牢牢掌控公司。
• figurative You need a firm grasp of mathematics to become an astronaut. 要成为太空人，数学知识必须非常扎实。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] adjective
CERTAIN 确定的
 ADVANCED
■certain and not likely to change; definite 确定的；坚定不移的
• He is a firm believer in traditional family values. 他坚信应遵循传统的家庭价值观念。
• Some people still claim that there is no firm evidence linking smoking with lung cancer. 有人仍声称没有确凿的证据证明吸烟与肺癌有关。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] adjective
FORCEFUL 强而有力的
■forceful and making people do what you want 严格的，强硬的
• I was always very firm with my children - they knew the rules and I made sure they kept to them. 我对孩子总是很严格——他们知道规矩，我则监督他们守规矩。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] adjective
a firm hand
■strong control 牢固控制；铁腕
• Reforming these young offenders will require a firm hand. 对这些少年犯进行改造需要严格的管教手段。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] adjective
hold/stand firm
■to remain in the same place or at the same level 呆在原地；坚持不动；保持不变
• The protesters stood firm as the police tried to disperse them. 员警试图驱散示威者，但他们坚守阵地，一动不动。
• The pound held firm against the Deutschmark today. 今天英镑稳住了对德国马克的汇价。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a company or business 公司；商号
• He works for a law firm called Neil and Vigliano. 他在一家名为尼尔和维利亚诺的律师事务所工作。
• He's just started working for an accountancy firm/a firm of accountants in Cambridge. 他刚刚开始在剑桥的一家会计师事务所工作。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] verb
MAKE HARD 使坚实
transitive
■to make soil harder by pressing on it 使（土）变硬；使（土）坚实
• Firm the soil around the cuttings and water them in. 把插条四周的土压实，再浇上水。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] verb
STOP CHANGING 不变
intransitive specialized
■to stop changing or to remain at the same level, amount, etc 稳定下来；保持不变
• After a turbulent week on the markets, share prices firmed today. 经过一周的市场动荡，股票价格今天稳定了下来。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] firm sth up
■to make something more definite or less likely to change 落实；敲定
• Could we have a meeting so we can firm up the details of our agreement? 我们能不能开个会，把协议细节确定下来？
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] firm (sth) up
■to make a part of your body have less fat and more muscle by doing exercise （透过锻炼）（使）（身体部位）结实，（使）紧实
• Cycling is one of the best ways to firm up your thighs. 想让大腿变得结实，骑自行车是最好的方法之一。
• My stomach has begun to firm up since I started exercising. 自从做运动以来，我的腹部开始结实起来了。
firm, stable, steady
这组词都有“稳固的”的意思，其区别是：
firm: 指牢固不可动摇或意志、信仰的坚定。
stable: 多指根基牢固，平衡良好，也指性格或位置等的稳定，不可移动或改变。
steady: 指保持平衡不动摇。用于有形物时，指没有根基的稳固，也指动中的稳。
firm, company, corporation
这组词都有“公司”的意思，其区别是：
firm: 含义广泛，可指公司、商行或商号。规模可大可小，经营、管理的人员可多可少。
company: 多指生产或销售产品的公司、商号，也可指经办服务性项目的公司。
corporation: 多指一个人拥有或多人联办的大公司，也指在其它地区或国家拥有分公司的公司。
solid, firm, hard
这组词都有“坚定的，结实的”的意思，其区别是：
solid: 着重质地紧密、坚实和无间隙，含有在外部压力下仍可保持原有形状的意味。
firm: 侧重指质地坚硬、不易切割或有弹性，一旦变形会很快恢复原形。
hard: 侧重有抗拒压力或拉力的性质，但不一定有弹性。
adj. 坚定的；牢固的；严格的；结实的
 - committed, strict, precise, rigid, confirmed
vt. 使坚定；使牢固
 - steady
adv. 稳固地
 - steadily
n. 公司；商号
 - corporation, establishment, company, incorporation

Word: running
Front: running
[ˈrʌnɪŋ] (高 3252/3269 -K4)
Back: n. 跑步; 运转; 流出
adj. 跑着的; 流动的; 连续的; 操作中的，运转着的
v. 跑; 运转(run的ing形式)
分布：运转(41%)，跑步(21%)，管理(19%)，连续地(19%)
adjective [after noun]
 IMPROVER
■happening on a particular number of regular occasions 连续的；持续的
• You've been late three days running. 你已经连续三天迟到了。
• They won the trophy for the third year running. 他们连续三年赢得此奖杯。
['rʌn.ɪŋ] adjective [after noun]
running battle
■an argument that lasts over several different occasions 争执不下；持续的争吵；不断的吵架
• I've had a running battle with the neighbours over whose responsibility that fence is. 就谁该负责那围栏的事，我和邻取们争执不下。
['rʌn.ɪŋ] adjective [after noun]
(go and) take a running jump UK informal
■said to someone when you want them to go away and stop annoying you 走开，一边歇着去
• He kept following me around, so I just told him to go and take a running jump. 他老是跟在我屁股后面转，所以我毫不客气地让他一边歇着去。
['rʌn.ɪŋ] noun uncountable
GOING QUICKLY 奔跑
■the activity of going somewhere quickly on foot, as a sport or for fun 跑步
• running shoes/shorts 跑鞋／跑步穿的短裤
['rʌn.ɪŋ] noun uncountable
OPERATION 经营
■the activity of controlling or looking after something 管理；经营；照管
• She has control of the day-to-day running of the business. 她主管公司的日常经营。
['rʌn.ɪŋ] noun uncountable
in/out of the running
■having/not having a reasonable chance of winning 有／没有希望获胜；有／没有成功的机会
['rʌn.ɪŋ] noun uncountable
make (all) the running UK
■to do the best and most work 率先；带头；做榜样
• British companies have often made all the running in developing new ideas, but have then failed to market them. 在发展新的理念上，英国公司常常是领头羊，但是却不能将它们率先推向市场。
n. 运转；赛跑；流出
 - movement, issue, flux
adj. 连续的；流动的；跑着的；运转着的
 - continuing, floating, fluid, straight, endless
v. 跑；运转（run的ing形式）；行驶
 - going

Word: correct
Front: correct
[kəˈrekt] (中高研四托 1794/1580 -K4)
Vocabulary: correct
(once / 73 pages)
1adjv 2v 3v 4v
When something is true, legitimate or right, you can say it's correct, using the word as an adjective. It can also be a verb; to correct wrong answers is to adjust them to make them right.
The origin of correct can be found in the Latin word regere, "to guide," which became correctus as the past participle of corrigere, meaning "to straighten." When you correct your posture, you sit up straight. Sometimes when your cell phone tries to correct your spelling you can end up with some amusing sentences.
WORD FAMILY
correct: correctable, corrected, correctedly, correcting, correctingly, correction, corrective, correctly, correctness, corrects, incorrect +/correctable: uncorrectable/corrected: uncorrected/ correction: correctional, corrections/correctional: correctionally/corrective: correctively, correctives/correctness: correctnesses/ incorrect: incorrectly, incorrectness/incorrectness: incorrectnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’ve avoided trying to correct people, but I also don’t want to really get into it, so I just end up shrugging my shoulders.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The corrected record, he hopes, will lead to better job prospects.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Now that I am past 45...I realize how correct he was.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: adj. 正确的; 合适的; 符合公认准则的; 得体的
v. 改正; 批改; 指出错误
时态：corrected, correcting, corrects
分布：正确的(55%)，纠正(22%)，改正(21%)，得体的(2%)
→cor-, 强调。-rect, 直，正确，词源同erect, right .
改正,纠正(cor+rect正→全部改正→纠正)[col-,cor在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"]
正确的(cor全部+rect→全部很正→正确的)[rect=stright,right,表示"正,直"]
a.正确的,恰当的,端正的v.改正,纠正,矫正Would you help me correct my pronunciation?你能帮我矫正发音吗?
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■right and not wrong; in agreement with the true facts or with what is generally accepted 正确的，无误的，对的
• a correct answer 正确答案
• "Is that the correct spelling?" "I don't know - look it up in a dictionary." “那个拼写对吗？”“不知道——查查词典吧。”
• It 's not correct to describe them as 'students'. 把他们说成学生不确切。
• formal "Your name is Angela Black?" "That is correct." “你叫安杰拉．布莱克？” “没错。”
Opposite incorrect taking or showing great care to behave or speak in a way that is generally accepted and approved of （言谈举止）考究的，得体的
• He's very correct in his dress/speech/manner, isn't he? 他穿着／谈吐／举止很得体，是不是？
[kə'rekt] verb transitive
■to show or tell someone that something is wrong and to make it right 改正；更正；纠正
• Students said it was helpful if the teacher corrected their pronunciation. 学生们说老师纠正他们的发音错误会对他们很有帮助。
• I've got thirty exam papers to correct. 我有30份试卷要阅改。
■If a medical treatment corrects a particular condition, it cures the condition or makes it easier to manage （医疗）矫正
• glasses to correct poor vision 矫正视力的眼镜
• a chair which corrects bad posture 矫正不良坐姿的椅子
correct me if I'm wrong but...
■said as a polite and slightly formal way of disagreeing with someone 如果我没说错的话（委婉地表示不同意）
• Correct me if I'm wrong, but I think we arranged the meeting for the 12th of December. 如果我没记错的话，我想我们是把会议安排在了12月12日。
remedy, correct, rectify, revise, amend
这组词都有“纠正，改正”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 正式用词，通常指在局部范围内进行纠正，尤指对困难或棘手问题的解决。
correct: 指纠正或改正不正确、不真实或有缺点的东西。
rectify: 正式用词，意义较抽象，侧重指彻底改正偏离子正确标准或规则的东西。
revise: 指通过仔细阅读、反复思考后而进行改正、订正或修订，使趋于完善。
amend: 书面语用词。指进行更正或改变，使之更好，符合更高的要求。
correct, accurate, exact, true, right, precise
这组词都有“准确的，正确的”的意思，其区别是：
correct: 最常用词，主要指按一定标准或规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或无缺点错误。
accurate: 指通过谨慎的努力达到符合事实或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性，与事实无出入。
exact: 着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比accurate强。
true: 暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件丝毫不差。
right: 使用广泛，可与这些词中的correct换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动等方面的正确。
precise: 侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确无误。
vt. 改正；告诫
 - rectify, admonish
vi. 调整；纠正错误
 - adjust, adapt for
adj. 正确的；恰当的；端正的
 - right, true, just

Word: distinct
Front: distinct
[dɪˈstɪŋkt] (研四六托雅宝 3254/2609 -2)
Vocabulary: distinct
(once / 80 pages)
adj
When something is distinct, it is easily identifiable or set apart from others of its kind. An eighth-grader who is six feet tall has a distinct advantage over the other kids on the basketball court.
A thing can be distinct if it is easy to see, either because it is different in some way from the things around it or if it is more clear and visible, as in: “The license number of the getaway car was more distinct once I cleaned my glasses.” The word distinct comes from “to distinguish,” which is when a person or thing is set apart from the pack: “The research that she did was distinct in its attention to detail.”
WORD FAMILY
distinct: distincter, distinctest, distinctive, distinctly, distinctness, indistinct +/ distinctive: distinctively, distinctiveness/ indistinct: indistinctest, indistinctly, indistinctness
USAGE EXAMPLES
A landmark research study identifies distinct stages in the process of changing one’s life.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More notably, 2017 is the smallest whole number whose cube root begins with ten distinct digits:
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He argued that several thousand years ago, at the time the Iliad was written, our brains were “bicameral,” composed of two distinct chambers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 明显的，清楚的; 卓越的，不寻常的; 有区别的; 确切的
分布：不同的(55%)，明显的(30%)，独特的(13%)，清晰的(2%)
→词源同distinguish, 区分，分开。
清楚的;明显的(dis分开+stinct→把刺分开→与众不同的→明显的)[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
a.清楚的,明显的;(from)截然不同的In this district I can strictly distinguish the distinct distinctions of bees' stings by instinct.在该地区我能靠直觉严格分辨蜜蜂刺的明显特征.
【记】在拉丁语中原是distinguish（v 区别；辨别）的过去分词
【反】nebulous（adj 星云的；朦胧的）；undifferential（难区别的）；indistinct－easily visible（容易分辨的）
adjective
NOTICEABLE 显著的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■clearly noticeable; that certainly exists 显著的，明显的；确实的
• There's a distinct smell of cigarettes in here. 这里确实有一股烟味儿。
[dɪ'stɪŋkt] adjective
DIFFERENT 不同的
■clearly separate and different (from something else) 明显不同的，差别明显的
• The two concepts are quite distinct (from each other). 这两个概念（之间）有显著的差别。
• There are two distinct factions within the one political party. 在同一政党内有两个不同的派系。
as distinct from
■rather than 而不是
• She's a personal assistant as distinct from a secretary. 她是私人助理而不是秘书。
clear, obvious, evident, apparent, manifest, definite, plain, distinct
这组词都有“清楚的，明白的，明显的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 普通用词，侧重清楚明白。
obvious: 语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。
evident: 指根据事实成为显然的。
apparent: 强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。
manifest: 语义较强，书面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。
definite: 语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。
plain: 普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。
distinct: 较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。
adj. 明显的；独特的；清楚的；有区别的
 - obvious, visible, unique, evident, individual

Word: artistic
Front: artistic
[ɑ:ˈtɪstɪk] (研四六雅 3249/4141 -K2)
Vocabulary: artistic
(once / 284 pages)
adj
The adjective artistic describes people who are creative or creations called "art." While you might not consider the sculptor Oldenburg's inflatable toilet as "art," recreating something ordinary in a unique way is very artistic.
Artistic often describes something pleasing to look at, but you don't have to like everything called artistic. If you make paintings, clay figures, or computer drawings, you're being artistic, because you're creating works of art. If you're creative in a less structured way — say, you arrange everything on your desk by shape and color so it looks nice and you enjoy doing it — that's artistic too. It may not always be "art," but it's still artistic creation.
WORD FAMILY
artistic: artistically, inartistic, unartistic+/ art: artist, artless, arts, arty/ artist: artistic, artistry, artists/ artistry: artistries/ artless: artlessly, artlessness/artlessness: artlessnesses/arty: artier, artiest, artily/inartistic: inartistically/unartistic: unartistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
She will be the third artistic director in the history of PS122, which was founded in 1980, and is its first female leader.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Producing a game involves software development, creative and artistic skills, project management and marketing, to name a few.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Herskovitz said he and Zwick want to bring that kind of artistic collaboration to the screen as part of the new “Nashville.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 艺术的; 有美感的; 风雅的; （尤指）有美术才能的
分布：艺术的(100%)
艺术的(art艺术)[-istic表形容词,由-ist+ic构成,表示"…的"]
a.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的The articulate man's artistic cartoon startled the charterer.发音清晰者的艺术卡通使包租人大吃一惊.
US [ɑ:r-] adjective
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■relating to art 艺术的；美术的
• the artistic director of the theatre 剧院美术指导
• artistic endeavours 艺术探索
• a work of artistic merit 有艺术价值的作品
 ADVANCED
■able to create or enjoy art 有艺术天赋的；有艺术鉴赏力的
• His friends are all artistic - they're painters, musicians and writers. 他的朋友们都很有艺术造诣——他们尽是些画家、音乐家和作家。
■skilfully and attractively made 富有艺术性的；精美的，精彩的
• That's a very artistic flower arrangement you have there. 你那篮插花太精美了！
adj. 艺术的；风雅的；有美感的
 - art

Word: discourse
Front: discourse
[ˈdɪskɔ:s] (研六托宝 3253/2919 -1)
Vocabulary: discourse
(once / 230 pages)
nv
If you use the word discourse, you are describing a formal and intense discussion or debate.
The noun discourse comes from the Latin discursus to mean "an argument." But luckily, that kind of argument does not mean people fighting or coming to blows. The argument in discourse refers to an exchange of ideas — sometimes heated — that often follows a kind of order and give-and-take between the participants. It's the kind of argument and discussion that teachers love, so discourse away!
WORD FAMILY
discourse: discoursed, discourses, discoursing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The populist revolt highlights the need to rejuvenate democratic public discourse, to address the big questions people care about, including moral and cultural issues.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Yes, 2016 was a terrible year — for politics, civility, discourse, death.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Immigrants and minorities are fearful, bigots are emboldened, discourse is coarsened.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 论述，交谈; 正式的讨论
vi. 演说; 谈论
vt. 叙述; 讨论
时态：discoursed, discoursing, discourses
分布：讨论(41%)，谈话(35%)，叙述(12%)，讲述(12%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。course, 跑，跑道。原指谈话，全面的了解，后用来指论文，演讲。比较discuss, dissertation.
n.论文;演说;谈话;话语vi.讲述,著述The scholar discoursed on the poetic style of John Keats.那位学者讲述了约翰·济慈的诗歌风格.
【记】dis离开，course跑，课程－离开课程需要毕业演讲
【参】concourse（n 集合；合流；中央广场）
US [-kɔ:rs] formal
noun
uncountable
■communication in speech or writing 对话；交流
countable
■a speech or piece of writing about a particular, usually serious, subject 演讲，演说；论文，文章
• a discourse on/upon the nature of life after death 关于来世之实质的文章
n. 论述；谈话；演讲
 - speech, talk, address, lecture, treatise
vi. 演说；谈论；讲述
 - orate, speechify
vt. 说出；演奏出
 - come out with, give voice to

Word: basket
Front: basket
[ˈbɑ:skɪt] (中高 3255/3828 -2)
Vocabulary: basket
(once / 198 pages)
1n 2n
A basket is a container made of woven straw or other material. You might keep your dirty clothes in a plastic laundry basket.
There are many different types of baskets, from the shopping basket you carry in a grocery store to the basket you aim for when you throw a basketball. There are figurative baskets, too, like the basket you add items to when you're shopping online. What's known about the origin of basket is that it comes from the Anglo-French bascat — beyond that, it's a mystery.
WORD FAMILY
basket: basketeer, basketful, baskets+/basketeer: basketeers/basketful: basketfuls
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Laundry baskets” of letters arrived for him daily, Leah said.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The game featured 20 lead changes and eight ties, until Hayward tipped in a missed basket to put Utah ahead for good.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But the Raiders clamped down on defense and allowed two baskets over the ensuing five minutes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 篮; 一篮; （篮球运动的）篮; 投篮得分
v. 把…装入篮内; 把…丢入字纸篓里
分布：篮(80%)，筐(10%)，篓(9%)，投篮得分(1%)
→来自词根fasc, 编织，捆，词源同basin , fascism.
n.筐,篮,篓The man in mask asked me for a task; I let him put the basket on the desk in the dusk.戴面具的人向我要任务,我让他在黄昏时把篮子放到桌子上.
US ['bæs.kɪt] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
 ESSENTIAL
■a light container, often with a handle, which is made of thin strips of wood, metal or plastic woven together and is used for carrying or storing things 篮；笼；篓，筐
• a shopping/picnic basket 购物／野餐篮
• a wicker basket 柳条筐
• a laundry/clothes basket 洗衣篮
■* the contents of a basket
• We picked lots of strawberries, but we'd eaten half the basket by the time we got home. 我们摘了很的草莓，但在到家时已经吃掉了半筐。
UK ['bɑ:.skɪt] US ['bæs.kɪt] noun countable
INTERNET 购物篮（网路）
■a place on a website where you collect things you plan to buy from the site 指网上购物时将欲购物品集中的地方
• There are 4 items in your basket. 你的线上购物篮中有四件商品。
UK ['bɑ:.skɪt] US ['bæs.kɪt] noun countable
BASKETBALL 篮球
■In the game of basketball, a basket is an open net hanging from a metal ring through which the players try to throw the ball to score points for their team, or the successful throwing of the ball through the ring. （篮球运动中的）篮；投篮得分
UK ['bɑ:.skɪt] US ['bæs.kɪt] noun countable
GROUP 组
■a group of related things 一组相关物
• the value of the pound against a basket of world currencies 英镑对世界上其他货币的汇率

Word: ah
Front: ah
[ɑ:] (3256/1012)
Back: int. 啊
分布：啊(76%)，哈(19%)，=aah.(5%)
(also aah)
exclamation
■used to express understanding, pleasure, pain, surprise or the fact that you have noticed something （表示理解、愉快、痛苦、惊奇或注意到某事物）啊
• Ah, I see. 啊，我明白了。
• Why has the train stopped? Ah, now we're off again. 火车怎么停了？啊，现在又开了。
• Ah, Jessica, how wonderful to see you! 啊，杰西卡，见到你真是太好了！
• Ah, what a lovely baby! 啊，多可爱的宝宝啊！
int. 啊；呀
 - eh, ugh

Word: fighting
Front: fighting
['faɪtɪŋ] (3257/3401 -K)
Back: adj. 战斗的; 好战的; 作战用的; 适于打斗的
n. 战斗; 斗志; 宣战言论; 微小但值得一搏的机会
v. 战斗( fight的现在分词 ); 斗争; 打架; 吵架
分布：打架(49%)，战斗的(31%)，有勇气的(10%)，对抗(10%)
US [-tˌɪŋ] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when people fight, especially in a war （尤指战争中的）战斗，搏斗
• Fierce fighting has continued all day on the outskirts of the town. 激烈的战斗已经在市郊持续了一整天。
adj. 战斗的；好战的；适于格斗的
 - combat, bellicose
n. 战斗，搏斗
 - action, combat
v. 奋斗（fight的ing形式）；打仗；与…进行拳击
 - striving

Word: impressive
Front: impressive
[ɪmˈpresɪv] (研四六托雅 3258/2680 -K3)
Vocabulary: impressive
(once / 309 pages)
adj
Something that is impressive stands out because it is really good. Some of the most impressive college application essays are those that reflect on past events that shaped who the writer is today.
When you impress someone, you show that you are special or that what you did is praiseworthy. So something that's impressive does just that, like the impressive feat of running a marathon every week for a year. The earliest meaning of impressive was "capable of being easily impressed," from the Latin word impressus, "imprint or stamp." By around 1775, the meaning had changed to "making a strong impression on."
WORD FAMILY
impressive: impressively, impressiveness, unimpressive+/ impress: impressed, impresses, impressible, impressing, impression, impressive, impressment/ impressed: unimpressed/impressible: impressibly/ impression: impressionable, impressionistic, impressions/ impressionable: unimpressionable/ impressionistic: impressionistically/impressment: impressments/unimpressive: unimpressively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prescott appears born to do this, and his football team now embodies his impressive calm.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Matthews accomplishing the feat might be more impressive.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Will a solid finish be impressive enough for the Jags to keep Marrone in charge?
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 给人印象深刻的，感人的; 引人注目的; 可观的; 显赫
分布：给人深刻印象的(100%)
→来自impress,留下印象。
给人深刻印象的(impress+ive)[press=press表示"挤压"]
a.给人深刻印象的,感人的Her smile was very impressive.她的微笑给人很深刻的印象.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■If an object or achievement is impressive, you admire or respect it, usually because it is special, important or very large 给人深刻印象的；令人钦佩的
• That was an impressive performance from such a young tennis player. 这么年轻的网球选手居然打得那么好。
• an impressive collection of modern paintings 令人赞叹的现代绘画收藏品
• There are some very impressive buildings in the town. 镇上有一些非常雄伟的建筑物。
Opposite unimpressive
 IMPROVER
■An impressive person causes you to admire or respect them for their special skills or abilities （因具备特殊技能）令人钦佩的
• She's a very impressive public speaker. 她是个不同凡响的演说家。
adj. 感人的；令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的
 - affecting, heart-warming

Word: competitor
Front: competitor
[kəmˈpetɪtə(r)] (高六 3259/3328 -3)
Vocabulary: competitor
(once / 539 pages)
n
Competitors are rivals or contenders for the same thing. Two boxers in a ring are competitors, and so are restaurants located on the same block.
When people compete (in sports, business, or elsewhere), they're trying to achieve the same goal and are therefore considered competitors. Two teams in the same sports division are competitors. Two politicians running for the same office are competitors. And even two guys courting the same gal are considered competitors. Competitors are out to win.
WORD FAMILY
competitor: competitors+/ compete: competed, competes, competing, competition, competitive, competitor / competition: competitions/ competitive: competitively, competitiveness, noncompetitive, uncompetitive/noncompetitive: noncompetitively/uncompetitive: uncompetitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
It added there is a chance Chung, an equestrian competitor who trained in Germany, may choose to return to South Korea voluntarily.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
He also won the race’s Hard Charge Award for passing more competitors than all but the winner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The other competitors – Paris and Budapest – are more appealing choices.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 竞争者; 对手
分布：对手(68%)，竞争者(32%)
比赛者(com共同+pet追求)[-itor表名词"人"]
US [-'petˌ.ɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person, team or company that is competing against others 竞争者；参赛者
• Their prices are better than any of their competitors. 他们的价格比所有竞争对手的都要优惠。
• How many competitors took part in the race? 有多少选手参加了赛跑？
opponent, competitor, enemy, foe, rival
这些名词均有“对手，敌手”之意。
opponent: 最常用词，通常指在争论、辩论、竞选或竞赛以及其它各种矛盾冲突中站在对立面的“对手”或“敌手”。
competitor: 指为同一目标或目的竞争者，一般无感情色彩。
enemy: 多指充满敌意的仇敌。
foe: 语气较强，多用于书面文字和诗歌中。指不仅敌对，而且很危险，怀有很深的敌意。
rival: 指与某人目标一致而想赶上或超过他的人，匹敌者。
n. [劳经] 竞争者，对手
 - equal, opponent, rival, match, contestant

Word: ugly
Front: ugly
[ˈʌgli] (中高研四六雅宝 3262/4485 -K2)
Vocabulary: ugly
(once / 196 pages)
adj
Ugly means "extremely unattractive." On Halloween, some people wear ugly masks as part of their scary costumes.
Anything that looks or feels quite unpleasant is ugly. The adjective ugly can describe the way something or someone looks, but it can also describe behavior or actions — the ugly scene your little brother made at the toy store when he didn't get what he wanted or the ugly breakup of a friendship. Remember that when ugly becomes uglier and ugliest, the y becomes an i.
WORD FAMILY
ugly: uglier, ugliest, uglily, ugliness+/ugliness: uglinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was amid that heated and ugly rhetoric that the center announced its expansion plans — and promptly ran into a wall of opposition.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Some of these high points are bad and some are downright ugly.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
There was no sentimentality Saturday in a game that turned ugly late.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 难看的; 丑陋的; 有敌意的; 不祥的
n. 丑陋的人（东西）
级别：uglier, ugliest
分布：丑陋的(68%)，难看的(30%)，令人困窘的(1%)，令人不愉快的(1%)
→来自egh, 恐惧，害怕，引申词义丑陋，-ly, 形容词后缀。比较其同源词awe, 敬畏。
a.丑陋的,难看的;丑恶的,讨厌的The ugly druggist gauged the huge plug in the refugee's rug.丑陋的药剂师测量了难民毛毯中的巨大插头.
adjective
NOT ATTRACTIVE 不吸引人的
■unpleasant to look at; not attractive 丑陋的，难看的
• I find a lot of modern architecture very ugly. 我发现很多现代建筑都非常难看。
• Yesterday in town I saw the ugliest baby I've ever seen in my life. 昨天在城里我看见了有生以来见过的最丑的婴儿。
• I feel really fat and ugly today. 今天我感觉自己真是又胖又丑。
• He was a really unpleasant man and as ugly as sin (= very ugly). 他是一个非常讨厌的人，而且丑得要命。
['ʌg.li] adjective
THREATENING 威胁的
■unpleasant and threatening or violent 讨厌的；危险的；暴力的
• There were ugly scenes outside the stadium. 体育场外发生了暴力事件。
• The demonstration turned ugly when a group of protesters started to throw bottles at the police. 一群示威者开始向员警投掷瓶子，示威游行于是演变成了暴力事件。
adj. 丑陋的；邪恶的；令人厌恶的
 - evil, ill, black, wicked

Word: worried
Front: worried
[ˈwʌrid] (高 3261/2284 -K3)
Vocabulary: worried
(once / 301 pages)
adj
The adjective worried describes someone who's uneasy or troubled about something. Imagine worried parents, up late, waiting for their teenager to arrive home from a party.
Someone with a worried frown on his face always seems concerned. A worried email to your cousin who's traveling in the Middle East expresses your concern for her safety. The root of worried is the Old English word wyrgan, or strangle. It wasn't until the late 1800s that worried was used to describe feeling anxiety.
WORD FAMILY
worried: unworried, worriedly+/unworried: unworriedly/worrier: worriers/worriment: worriments/worrisome: worrisomely/ worry: worried, worrier, worries, worriment, worrisome, worrying/worrying: worryingly, worryings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some environmentalists are not too worried: they think economics may drive India's clean energy revolution.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Dear Amy: I appreciated your advice to “Worried Future Mother-in-Law,” whose daughter was marrying a guy whose mother was belligerent when drunk.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
The White House is warning Trump officials not to reverse course and says Cubans are worried about the next administration’s intentions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 困恼的，为难的; 担心的
v. 担心( worry的过去式和过去分词)
分布：担心的(84%)，烦恼的(13%)，动词worry的过去式和过去分词.(3%)
US ['wɝ:-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■unhappy because you are thinking about problems or unpleasant things that might happen 担心；忧虑；发愁
• She was sitting behind her desk with a worried expression/look on her face. 她坐在桌子后面，神色焦急。
• They don't seem particularly worried about the situation. 他们看起来对这种局面并不十分担心。
• You had me worried (= You made me feel anxious) for a moment back there - I thought you wouldn't be able to stop in time. 你刚才让我担心了一阵——我以为你不能及时停下来。
• He was worried sick (= extremely worried) when he heard that there had been an accident. 他听到有事故发生之后担心得要命。
adj. 担心的
 - afraid, fraught

Word: portray
Front: portray
[pɔ:ˈtreɪ] (研六托雅宝 3263/7017 -2)
Vocabulary: portray
(once / 511 pages)
v
When you paint a picture of someone, either in words or in paint, you portray them. Actors portray characters too.
Whether you're talking about acting or another art form, the idea is the same: representing a person and bringing to light their most important qualities. To portray a person is to show who that person is, giving a sense of their personality or character. Often, famous people don't like how they're portrayed. For example, Presidents usually hate how they're portrayed in editorial cartoons. When you portray someone, you can be positive or negative, accurate or inaccurate. It's up to you.
WORD FAMILY
portray: portraitist, portraiture, portrayal, portrayed, portrayer, portraying, portrays+/portraitist: portraitists/portraiture: portraitures/ portrayal: portrayals/portrayer: portrayers/portraying: portrayings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Billboards, TV and radio adverts all portrayed him as the face of a state hungry for success and growth.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He is one of several local celebrities portrayed in the artwork, including chef Daniel Boulud.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The American Beverage Institute portrayed it as “criminalizing perfectly responsible behavior.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 画像; 描述; 描绘; 描画
时态：portrayed, portraying, portrays
分布：描绘(84%)，描写(10%)，饰演(6%)
→来自古法语portraire,描绘，描画，来自por-,向前，traire,拉，来自拉丁语trahere,拉，词源同draw,drawing,tract.字面意思即向前拉，延展，引申词义描绘，描画等。拼写可能受tray影响俗化。
v.描写,描述;画(人物,景象等)It is difficult to portray feelings in words.感情很难用言语来描写.
US [pɔ:r-] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to represent or describe someone or something in a painting, film, book or other artistic work 描绘，描述，描写
• The painting portrays a beautiful young woman in a blue dress. 这幅画描绘的是一位身穿蓝色连衣裙的美丽少妇。
• The writer portrays life in a small village at the turn of the century. 作家描写了世纪之交一个小村庄的生活。
portray sb as sth
■If a person in a film, book, etc. is portrayed as a particular type of character, they are represented in that way 把（某人）刻画成，将（某人）塑造成
• The father in the film is portrayed as a fairly unpleasant character. 影片中的父亲被塑造成一个很不讨人喜欢的角色。
vt. 描绘；扮演
 - represent, play, trace, figure

Word: powder
Front: powder
[ˈpaʊdə(r)] (高研四六托 3260/4272 -K2)
Back: n. 粉，粉末; 粉状物质
vt. 在…搽粉
vi. 涂粉，变成粉末
时态：powdered, powdering, powders
分布：粉(73%)，粉末(21%)，火药(5%)，涂粉(1%)
→来自古法语poudre,粉尘，粉末，粉状物质，来自pouldre,来自拉丁语pulvis,粉尘，粉末，词源同pollen,pulverize.字母l软化成u,后俗化为w,插入字母d.
n.粉末,药粉;火药,炸药The answer is: Owing to a shower, the powerful powder is no longer on show.答案是：由于一场阵雨,这种强有力的火药不再展览了.
US [-dɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a solid substance that consists of extremely small pieces, is soft and easy to divide, and often has the same shape as the container that it is in 粉，粉末
• curry/chilli powder 咖哩／辣椒粉
• talcum powder 滑石粉
• A packet of white powder was found and police scientists are analysing it. 发现了一包白色粉末，刑侦专家正在对其进行分析。
• You'll get more flavour from the spices if you grind them into a powder. 你把香料磨成粉的话味道会更香浓。
• UK Why are there so many adverts for washing powders on TV? 为甚么电视里有这么多洗衣粉的广告？
• You can buy milk in powder form. 你可以买奶粉。
⇒ See also gunpowder
uncountable
■a soft dry substance which is spread over the skin of the face, in order to stop the skin from looking oily 化妆用粉，扑面粉
• face powder 扑面粉
• Dust the face lightly with powder. 在脸上轻扑些粉。
uncountable
■fallen snow that is loose and dry and has not begun to melt 粉状雪，干细雪
• I love skiing in deep powder. 我喜欢在厚厚的雪上滑雪。
UK ['paʊ.dər] US [-dɚ] verb transitive
■to put powder on someone's skin 往…上擦粉
• Powder the baby's bottom to stop it chafing. 给婴儿的屁股上擦点粉以防发炎。
UK ['paʊ.dər] US [-dɚ] verb transitive
powder your nose
■a polite or humorous way of saying that you are going to go to the toilet 如厕的婉转说法补妆，洗手
• Would you get me another drink while I go and powder my nose? 我去补补妆，你能不能再帮我要杯酒？
n. [材] 粉；粉末； [化工] [军] 火药；尘土
 - dust, dirt
vt. 使成粉末；撒粉；搽粉于
 - pulverize

Word: ghost
Front: ghost
[gəʊst] (研四 3266/3541 -2)
Vocabulary: ghost
(once / 133 pages)
1nv 2nv
A ghost is the spirit of a person who's died. In most stories and myths, ghosts are pale, translucent, and wispy.
Throughout history, the idea that a person's soul or spirit can remain visible after her death has been common. Some of us long to see the ghost of a loved relative, while others are terrified of the very idea. From this main idea, the word ghost has also come to mean the hint or shade of something: "The ghost of a smile remained on her lips." The Old English root is gast, "spirit," and also "breath."
WORD FAMILY
ghost: ghosted, ghosting, ghostlike, ghostly, ghosts+/ ghostly: ghostlier, ghostliest, ghostlily, ghostliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
For many Taiwanese, the Republic of China, Taiwan’s official name, is a figleaf for independence; Sun is an old ineffectual ghost.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
As 2017 dawns, the ghost of Lord Balfour still haunts us.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Flames swept through the Ghost Ship, an illegally converted warehouse in Oakland where a concert was underway.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 鬼，幽灵; （尤指可怕事物的）记忆; 隐约的一点点; （电视屏幕上的）重影
vt. 悄悄地行进
vi. 替人代笔
时态：ghosted, ghosting, ghosts
分布：鬼魂(52%)，幽灵(48%)
→来自gheis, 兴奋，恐惧，臆想，词源同ghastly, zeitgeist.
n.鬼魂,幽灵Most hosts are hostile to the foremost ghost hostage almost to the utmost.大多数主人对最前面的幽灵人质的敌对态度几乎到了极顶.
US [goʊst] noun
SPIRIT 鬼魂
 ADVANCED countable
■the spirit of a dead person, sometimes represented as a pale, almost transparent image of that person, which some people believe appears to people who are alive 鬼，幽灵
• Do you believe in ghosts? 你相信有鬼吗？
• The gardens are said to be haunted by the ghost of a child who drowned in the river. 据说一个溺死在河中的孩子的幽灵经常在这些花园出现。
UK [gəʊst] US [goʊst] noun
MEMORY 记忆
only singular literary
■a memory, usually of something or someone bad （通常指对不好的事或人的）记忆，回忆；摆脱不掉的往事
• The ghost of the old dictator still lingers on. 那个老独裁者在人们的记忆中阴魂不散。
UK [gəʊst] US [goʊst] noun
give up the ghost
■to die 死 humorous
■If a machine gives up the ghost, it stops working （机器）坏了，不能运作，完蛋
• We've had the same TV for over ten years and it's just given up the ghost. 我们一台电视用了十年多，刚刚才坏了。
■to stop trying to do something because you know that you will not succeed 放弃…；对…绝望
• All I'd cherished from early childhood had been denied me, so I simply gave up the ghost. 我自童年起所珍惜的一切都被夺走了，我只好放弃。
UK [gəʊst] US [goʊst] noun
look like/as though you've seen a ghost
■to look very shocked （某人）看上去非常震惊
• Whatever's the matter? You look as though you've just seen a ghost! 到底怎么啦，看你一副惊魂未定的样子！
UK [gəʊst] US [goʊst] noun
not have a/the ghost of a chance informal
■to have no chance at all 毫无机会
• They haven't got a ghost of a chance of winning. 他们毫无胜算。
UK [gəʊst] US [goʊst] verb transitive (also ghost-write)
■to write a book or article etc. for another person, so that they can pretend it is their own or use it themselves 为…代笔，给…做枪手，替…当捉刀人
• His autobiography was ghosted. 他的自传是别人代写的。
soul, spirit, ghost
这组词都有“灵魂，心灵”的意思，其区别是：
soul: 指超越身体之外，永远存在的无形的东西，即所谓灵魂，亦可作人解。
spirit: 当指与body相对而言的所谓灵魂时，可与soul互换使用，但强调人的精神素质，也指神仙、精灵等。
ghost: 普通用词，主要指死者的灵魂。
n. 鬼，幽灵
 - shadow, jumbie

Word: persuade
Front: persuade
[pəˈsweɪd] (高研四六托 3265/1776 -K3)
Vocabulary: persuade
(once / 100 pages)
v
If you get talked into something, you've been persuaded. If your friends try to persuade you to swan-dive into a dangerous ravine, it's time to find some new friends.
To persuade is to get your way — win the argument, convince the group to see your favorite movie, get your parents to let you borrow the car. You persuade with language, with a carefully constructed argument, and with the strength of your conviction. The word is sometimes used tongue-in-cheek to describe the very opposite of a carefully worded argument. A movie gangster might "persuade" people with the gun he keeps tucked in his pocket.
WORD FAMILY
persuade: persuadable, persuaded, persuader, persuades, persuading, persuasible, persuasion, persuasive +/persuadable: unpersuadable/persuaded: unpersuaded/persuader: persuaders/ persuasion: persuasions/ persuasive: persuasively, persuasiveness, persuasivest, unpersuasive/unpersuasive: unpersuasively, unpersuasiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Haber discovered that was necessary as a catalyst to break the bonds between air's nitrogen atoms and persuade them to bond with hydrogen instead.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
When the government ended tuition aid for inmates, she helped persuade local colleges to offer affordable courses.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
I worked all my life to become young — no, you can’t persuade me to get old I will die twenty seven —
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 说服; 劝说; 使相信; 使信服
时态：persuaded, persuading, persuades
分布：说服(84%)，劝说(16%)
→per-,完全的，-suad,甜的，词源同sweet,dissuade.引申词义劝说，劝服。
劝说(per+suade劝→一直劝→劝说)[per-①表示"贯穿,自始至终"②表示"假,坏"]
v.说服,劝说;(of)使相信That person personally persuaded the personnel with persuasive words.那个人用有说服力的话亲自说服了人事部门.
【记】suade力劝，敦促
【参】dissuasion（n 劝阻）
【反】inveigle（v 诱骗）
US [pɚ-] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to them and making them believe it 劝服；说服
• If she doesn't want to go, nothing you can say will persuade her. 如果她不想去，你是说甚么也劝不动她的。
• [+ (that)] It's no use trying to persuade him (that) you're innocent. 试图让他相信你的无辜是徒劳的。
• [+ to infinitive] He is trying to persuade local and foreign businesses to invest in the project. 他正在努力说服国内外商人投资该专案计划。
• Using a bunch of bananas, the zoo-keeper persuaded the monkey back into its cage. 动物园管理员用一串香蕉诱使猴子回到笼子里。
• formal The first priority is to persuade the management of the urgency of this matter. 当务之急是要让管理阶层了解到事情的紧迫性。
• Her legal advisers persuaded her into/out of mentioning (= to mention/not to mention) the names of the people involved in the robbery. 她的法律顾问劝她说出／不要说出涉入抢劫的人的名字。
persuade, advise, convince
这组词都有“劝说”的意思，其区别是：
persuade: 指用感情说服某人去做某事。如：I persuaded him to go back to work. (我说服他回去工作了。)
advise: 表建议，规劝某人应该做某事或如何做。如：He advised me to put my money in the bank. (他劝我把钱存入银行。)
convince: 指向某人陈述事实，运用推理或逻辑证明使某人信服。如：We convinced Smith to go by train rather than plane. (我们说服了史密斯乘火车而不乘飞机前往。)
persuade, advise, suggest
persuade: 劝说（并使之听从）
advise: 劝说（但不一定说服）
suggest: 建议，提议
coax, urge, persuade, induce, counsel, convince
这组词都有“劝说，劝导，劝诱”的意思，其区别是：
coax: 指用好话善意或耐心劝诱、哄骗某人做某事。
urge: 语气强，指不断地热情地规劝诱导。
persuade: 普通用词，指通过劝说、感情交流等而使对方做劝说者所希望的事。
induce: 指用讲道理来使某人做某事。
counsel: 较正式用词，指对一些较重大事情所提出的劝告。有时也用于非正式场合，但仍强调严肃的一面。
convince: 指凭行动、事实或言语使他人从思想感情上信服。
vt. 说服，劝说；使某人相信；劝某人做（不做）某事
 - satisfy, convince, argue
vi. 说服；被说服
 - talk around, win over
adj. 空闲的，有闲的
 - available, leisure, off

Word: moderate
Front: moderate
[ˈmɒdərət] (研四六托雅 3264/4567 -3)
Vocabulary: moderate
(once / 149 pages)
1adjnv 2v
A moderate voter is someone who is politically speaking, in the center. In other words, they are not quite left or right, but somewhere in the middle.
Moderate comes from the Latin for "medium sized," and as a noun and an adjective it means "middle, medium." If you get moderate rainfall, it's not too much and not too little. Goldilocks was known for her moderate tastes. As a verb, it means "to temper," or "to reduce from the extreme." If you moderate your speed while driving, you slow down a bit. If you moderate a discussion, you help two or more people have a reasonable conversation.
WORD FAMILY
moderate: immoderate, moderated, moderately, moderateness, moderates, moderating, moderation, moderatism, moderator+/ immoderate: immoderately, immoderateness, immoderation/moderated: unmoderated/ moderation: moderationism, moderationist, moderations/moderator: moderators, moderatorship
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brewer criticized school busing, as did foes of desegregation, but he appeared moderate on race when compared with Wallace.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hopefully they'll be able to listen - and then start to moderate.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Austin says three other people in his car and the SUV driver were hospitalized with moderate to severe injuries.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有节制的; 稳健的，温和的; 适度的，中等的; <美俚>慢吞吞的
vt. 使和缓; 主持; 节制
vi. 变缓和; 作主持人
时态：moderated, moderating, moderates
分布：温和的(43%)，适度的(27%)，节制(13%)，中等的(10%)，稳健的(6%)，稳健的人(1%)
→来自mode,模式，方式，尺度。引申词义适度的，适中的。
适度的,适中的(moder[=mod]+ate→做事有风度→适度的)[mod=mode,manner,表示"方式,模式,风度"]
有节制的(moder模,规矩)[-ate 1.表动词"做,造成"2.表形容词"具有…的"3.表名词"人或地位"]
a.有节制的,中等的,适度的,温和的,稳健的The modest man moderately modified the model in this mode.谦虚者适度地用这种方式修改了模型.
【参】moderator（n 缓和剂；调解人）；modest（adj 谦虚的；适度的）；moiety（n 二分之一；一部分）
US [ˈmɑː.də˞-]
MEDIUM-SIZED 中等的
 ADVANCED
■neither small nor large but between the two; clearly within the limits of a range of possibilities 中等的；不过分的，适度的
• moderate growth/inflation 适度的增长／通货膨胀
• He's a moderate drinker. 他是个饮酒有节制的人。
• The cabin is of moderate size - just right for a small family. 这间小屋中等大小——正适合一个小家庭。
• Imposing sanctions is a moderate action when you consider that the alternative is military intervention. 如果考虑到另一选择是军事干预的话，你就会发现实施制裁并不是过分的举措。
adjective UK [ˈmɒd.ər.ət] US [ˈmɑː.də˞-]
SLIGHT 轻微的
■slight or limited; not as great as hoped for 有限的；不大的
• There has been a moderate improvement in her health since she began the treatment. 开始治疗后，她的健康状况稍有好转。
• We have had moderate success in changing people's attitudes. 我们在改变人们的态度方面有一点成果。
adjective UK [ˈmɒd.ər.ət] US [ˈmɑː.də˞-]
OPINIONS 意见
■describes opinions, especially political ones, that are not extreme and are therefore acceptable to a large number of people （尤指政见）温和的，不激烈的，不偏激的
• The party leader is an extreme left-winger, but her deputy is more moderate in her views. 那个党的领导人是极左分子，但她的副手观点较温和。
noun countable UK [ˈmɒd.ər.ət] US [ˈmɑː.də˞-/
■a person whose opinions, especially their political ones, are not extreme and are therefore acceptable to a large number of people （尤指政见）温和派，稳健派
• He is well-known as a moderate in the party. 他是这个党派中出名的温和派。
verb intransitive or transitive UK [ˈmɒd.ər.eɪt] US [ˈmɑː.də.reɪt/
■to (cause to) become less in size, strength, or force; to reduce something （使）缓和；（使）适中；减轻，减弱；节制
• There have been repeated calls for the president to moderate his stance on contraception. 人们反覆要求总统在避孕问题上采取较为温和的立场。
• Weather conditions have moderated, making a rescue attempt possible. 天气条件转好，令当局有可能尝试展开营救。
gentle, moderate, tender, mild, soft
这组词都有“温和的，柔和的”的意思，其区别是：
gentle: 指温柔、亲切、优雅。常含有节制和意味。
moderate: 中性词，指温和稳健，有节制，不走极端。
tender: 和gentle意思很接近。指人的感情细腻、温情慈爱和有同情心，侧重心理素质。也可指物的柔嫩等。
mild: 用于人时，指天性温顺，脾气好，不放肆粗野；用于物时，主要指适度，程度上相当缓和给人以愉快感觉。
soft: 侧重柔软或安稳、光滑，使人不感到粗糙或严酷。
adj. 稳健的，温和的；适度的，中等的；有节制的
 - pacific, medium, secondary, soft, middle
vi. 变缓和，变弱
 - weaken
vt. 节制；减轻
 - deny oneself, allay

Word: subsequent
Front: subsequent
[ˈsʌbsɪkwənt] (研四六托雅宝 3267/2113 -3)
Vocabulary: subsequent
(once / 166 pages)
adj
For something that comes after something else in time or order, choose the adjective subsequent. If the entire class fails an exam, the teacher will hopefully make subsequent ones a little easier.
Subsequent comes from the Latin subsequi "to follow closely" and means just that - following or coming after. If you say, "in 1990 and subsequent years," it includes 1990, whereas "the years subsequent to 1990" do not include it. When you mention a car crash and subsequent traffic jam or a scandal and subsequent investigation, one follows the other in order but a cause and effect relationship is implied too.
WORD FAMILY
subsequent: subsequence, subsequently, subsequentness+/subsequence: subsequences
USAGE EXAMPLES
My patient completed his course of radiation and chemotherapy, and his subsequent scans showed no evidence of residual disease.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But what looked like a potentially game-winning subsequent drive for Washington ended on Cousins’s second interception, with Rodgers-Cromartie playing the villain again.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
None of these boded well for investor sentiment or subsequent returns.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 后来的; 随后的; 作为结果而发生的; 附随的
分布：随后的(66%)，后来的(34%)
→sub-,在下，在后，-seq,跟随，词源同 sequence,consequent.
a.随后的,后来的This will be discussed in subsequent chapters.这个问题将在后面几章详细讨论.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■happening after something else 随后的，接着的
• The book discusses his illness and subsequent resignation from the government. 书中讲述了他患病及随后辞去政府职务的事。
• Those explosions must have been subsequent to our departure, because we didn't hear anything. 那些爆炸一定是在我们离开后发生的，因为我们甚么也没听到。
adj. [地质] 后来的，随后的
 - succeeding, pursuant

Word: continued
Front: continued
[kənˈtɪnju:d] (3268/3423)
Vocabulary: continued
(once / 36 pages)
adj
Continued means "ongoing." You might ask your friends for their continued help with the movie you're shooting in your neighborhood, even as filming goes long into the night.
Use the adjective continued to describe something that has staying power, or that goes on for some time without pausing. A continued flow of water from a city fire hydrant just keeps on spurting, and your continued support for a politician means you keep on voting for her year after year. The Latin root of continued is continuare, "join together or connect."
WORD FAMILY
continue: continuance, continuation, continued, continues, continuing, discontinue +/continuance: continuances/continuation: continuations/ continuing: continuingly/discontinuance: discontinuances/discontinuation: discontinuations/ discontinue: discontinuance, discontinuation, discontinued, discontinues, discontinuing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was there that Mr. Qarau realized future generations might never see or taste a turtle if harvesting continued.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But United continued to look like a team gathering some genuine momentum.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Robert Griffin III continued to show sparks of promise as he threw for 232 yards and two touchdowns and ran for 32 more yards.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 继续的，延续的
v. 继续，连续( continue的过去式和过去分词 ); 持续; 逗留; 停留
分布：继续的(63%)，延续的(25%)，动词continue的过去式和过去分词.(12%)
adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED (also continuing)
■still happening, existing or done 连续的，持续的，无间断的
• Continued fighting in the city is causing great concern. 城市里战火不断，十分令人担忧。
■(written abbreviation cont.)
■often used at the bottom of a page to show that the story, article, etc. is not finished （常用于页底）未完待续
• continued on page 7 下接第七页
adj. 继续的；持久的
 - sustained, lasting

Word: cookie
Front: cookie
[ˈkʊki] (高 3269/21236 -K1)
Vocabulary: cookie
(once / 5445 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A cookie is a round, sweet baked good that's often eaten with a glass of milk. You might bake three dozen cookies to sell at your swim team's bake sale.
In Britain, it's a biscuit, and in the US it's a cookie. In both cases, it's a small cake that's baked on a cookie sheet. Your favorite cookies might be chocolate chip — or maybe you're more of an oatmeal raisin cookie type. When you see cookie in the context of computers, it means a bit of data that's sent from a website to your browser. This type of cookie helps your computer remember passwords and web pages it's visited.
WORD FAMILY
cookie
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last winter they perfected an edible cookie dough now on the menu.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Her signature item is the best-selling oatmeal marshmallow cookie — soft oatmeal cookies sandwiching a generous dollop of fluff.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
In the District, even a holiday cookie decorating event in Chevy Chase and a 5K “Ugly Sweater Run” were not spared.
Washington Post(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: n. 饼干; 小甜点; 吸引人的年轻妇女; 甜面包
分布：饼干(100%)
→cook, 同cake, 糕点。
noun countable
BISCUIT 饼干
 IMPROVER (also cooky) mainly US
■a sweet biscuit 小甜饼，曲奇饼
• chocolate-chip cookies 巧克力甜饼
['kʊk.i] noun countable
TYPE OF PERSON 某类人 US informal
■a person of the type mentioned …样的人
• She's a smart/tough cookie. 她是个聪明／顽强的人。
['kʊk.i] noun countable
COMPUTING 电脑 specialized
■a piece of information stored on your computer which contains information about all the internet documents that you have looked at “甜饼”记忆块，魔块，网路跟踪器（记录上网用户资讯的文件）
['kʊk.i] noun countable
That's the way the cookie crumbles. saying
■said when something slightly unlucky has happened but it could not have been prevented and so must be accepted 生米已成熟饭；事已定局，无可变更
n. 饼干；小甜点
 - bicky, biscuit

Word: carrier
Front: carrier
['kæriə(r)] (高研四六雅 3271/3636 -3)
Vocabulary: carrier
(once / 421 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
In medicine, a person is a carrier if they test positive for a pathogen or a genetic defect without showing any symptoms. This person can unwittingly spread the illness to others without ever knowing he or she is the source.
If your job involves carrying things or people, you work as a carrier. If you deliver newspapers, you are a newspaper carrier. If the job is to transport household items or people, your business is as a common carrier, such as a moving company or an airline. But if you deliver aircraft, you are not an aircraft carrier — that would be a large, flat-decked, military ship where planes can land or take off at sea.
WORD FAMILY
carrier: carriers+/ carriage: carriages, undercarriage/ carry: carriage, carried, carrier, carries, carrying, miscarry/ miscarriage: miscarriages/miscarry: miscarriage, miscarried, miscarries, miscarrying/undercarriage: undercarriages
USAGE EXAMPLES
The aircraft was operated by Sunwing Airlines, a low-cost carrier based in Toronto.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Companies such as Carrier will remain subject to the regulations if they export their products into the United States.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The aircraft was part of the Rossiya airline's special flight detachment group - the carrier for the president of Russia and other government officials.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 搬运人; 运输公司; 搬运器; [医学]带菌者
分布：航空母舰(57%)，带菌者(15%)，行李架(10%)，客运公司(7%)，运送者(4%)，运输工具(4%)，电信公司(3%)
n.搬运人;载体The married man carried the scarred car and carriage onto the carrier.已婚男子把有疤痕的汽车和马车带到了航母上.
US ['ker.i.ɚ] noun countable
TRANSPORT 运输工具
■a person or thing that carries something 搬运人，运送人；运输工具
■a company which operates aircraft 航空公司
■used as a combining form, especially in phrases which refer to military vehicles of a type which carry other vehicles or groups of soldiers （用作构词成分，尤用于表示军事运输工具的短语中）运载工具
• an armoured troop-carrier 装甲运兵车
• a freight carrier 运输舰
informal for * aircraft carrier
UK ['kær.i.ər] US ['ker.i.ɚ] noun countable
BAG (also carrier bag) UK (US shopping bag)
■a large plastic or paper bag with handles, used to put your shopping in 购物袋
UK ['kær.i.ər] US ['ker.i.ɚ] noun countable
SPREAD 传播
■someone who does not suffer from a disease but has the infection or genetic fault that causes it and can give the disease to someone else 带菌者；病毒携带者；带原者
• There are an estimated 1.5 million HIV carriers in the country. 据估计，这个国家有150万 HIV 病毒带原者。
n. [化学] 载体；运送者； [遗] [医] 带菌者；货架
 - vector, conveyor

Word: cooking
Front: cooking
[ˈkʊkɪŋ] (雅 3270/4137 -K3)
Back: n. 烹饪术; 如火如荼地进行; 热火朝天; 在干什么
adj. 烹调用的（水果，锅，炉等）
v. 烹调( cook的现在分词); 编造; 篡改; 密谋
分布：烹饪(95%)，烹饪的(4%)，动词cook的现在分词.(1%)
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■preparing or cooking food 烹饪，做饭
• My mother always hated cooking. 我妈妈总是很讨厌做饭。
• Who does the cooking in your house? 你们家谁做饭？
• I love my dad's cooking (= the food that he cooks). 我喜欢我爸爸做的饭。
['kʊk.ɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
■suitable for cooking with 适合用于烹饪的
• cooking apples 烹饪用的苹果
• cooking oil 烹饪用油
n. 烹饪
 - cuisine
adj. 烹调用的
 - culinary
v. 烹调；筹划（cook的ing形式）
 - mapping

Word: frequent
Front: frequent
[ˈfri:kwənt] (高研四六托雅宝 3272/3109 -K4)
Vocabulary: frequent
(once / 52 pages)
adjv
Use the adjective frequent to describe something done often and at regular intervals. If your family likes to read, you may be a frequent visitor to the library. You may also have frequent arguments with your family about who gets to read a book first.
The adjective form of frequent also means regularly and often encountered. If you live on the windward side of Oahu, Hawaii, you may experience frequent rain showers. As a verb, frequent means to be a regular visitor or to patronize. You can frequent the trails of the National Parks. You may prefer to frequent locally-owned businesses.
WORD FAMILY
frequent: frequence, frequency, frequentative, frequented, frequenter, frequenting, frequently, frequents, infrequent +/frequence: frequences/ frequency: frequencies/frequentative: frequentatives/frequented: unfrequented/frequenter: frequenters/ infrequent: infrequency, infrequenter, infrequently/unfrequented: unfrequentedest, unfrequentedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Overcrowding is a serious problem and violent riots are frequent.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Sun’s portrait still hangs in schools and government offices, and looks serenely down on the frequent fisticuffs in Taiwan’s parliament.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
That summer, Erik completed an intensive treatment program that included frequent drug testing.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 频繁的，时常发生的，常见的; （脉搏等）急促的，快的
时态：frequented, frequenting, frequents
分布：频繁的(58%)，常去(21%)，常到(11%)，经常的(10%)
→来自拉丁语frequens, 反复的，拥挤的，硬塞的。可能来自ger, 围，转，包围，词源同cram, crowd, group.
a.时常发生的,频繁的Subsequently the eloquent man frequently asked the consequence of quenching in sequence.其后雄辩者频繁地询问顺序灭火的结果.
【反】visit rarely（很少拜访）；shun『avoid』有争议：shun侧重故意避开危险、真理、社交等＝avoid deliberately；avoid可指避开任何东西，人，事。它们的区别就在于deliberately，但是没有字典指出frequent是否有故意的含义。但是我会选avoid，有例句表明avoid可以用来避免一个地方。（仅供参考）
US [ˈfriː.kwənt] formal
■to be in or visit a particular place often 常去，常到（某处）
• a bar frequented by criminals 犯罪分子经常光顾的酒吧
constant, continual, consist, frequent
constant: 恒久不变的
continual: 多次重复的，不间断的
consist: 由…组成
frequent: 日常的，频繁的
adj. 频繁的；时常发生的；惯常的
 - confirmed, continual
vt. 常到，常去；时常出入于
 - resort to

Word: ban
Front: ban
[bæn] (高研四六托雅宝 3273/2824 -K4)
Vocabulary: ban
(once / 355 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
The verb to ban means to forbid something from being or happening. The word can also be used as a noun. A school board might put a ban on all books that refer to Jefferson's mistress if they don't want anyone reading about her.
If your parents are upset by how much time you spend online, they might ban computers in the house. But if you're smart, you can just use your phone or laptop at school. To ban something is to put a ban on it. Something with a ban on it is said to be banned. A ban can vary from your grandmother's ban on people wearing shoes in her house to a government's ban on printing certain stories in the newspaper.
WORD FAMILY
ban: bani, banned, banning, bans+/banning: bannings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though ridiculed in some quarters as a ban on work-related email after hours, it is not quite that.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Banning Ranch Conservancy lawsuit was filed in Superior Court soon after the council's decision in 2012.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
He quickly convened an inquiry into the death, which led to courts-martial, and banned the harsh techniques used at the prison.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 禁止，下令禁止; 剥夺权利; [古]诅咒
n. 禁止，禁令; 谴责; 诅咒，诅骂; 革出教门
时态：banned, banning, bans
分布：禁止(65%)，禁令(34%)，剥夺权利(1%)
→来自词根ban, 说话，命令，词源同phone. 此处指规范行为，禁止做某事。
禁止;禁令[ban=prohibit,表示"禁止"]
v.取缔,查禁;(from)禁止n.禁止,禁令Swimming is banned in this pond.禁止在这个池塘中游泳.
verb transitive usually passive (-nn-)
 IMPROVER
■to forbid (= refuse to allow) , especially officially （尤指官方）禁止
• The film was banned (= the government prevented it from being shown) in several countries. 有几个国家都禁止播放这部电影。
• [+ from + -ing verb] She was banned from driving for two years. 她被禁止驾驶两年。
[bæn] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an official order that prevents something from happening （尤指官方）禁止，取缔
• There should be a ban on talking loudly in cinemas. 戏院里应该禁止大声交谈。
ban, forbid, prohibit
这组词都有“禁止”的意思，其区别是：
ban: 语气最强，指权威机关明文取消或禁止严重危害公众利益的事或行为，隐含道义上的谴责意味。
forbid: 通俗用语，指直接地、面对面吩咐不许他人采取某种行动。
prohibit: 正式用词，多指通过法律手段或制订规则加以禁止。
vt. 禁止， [法] 取缔
 - bar, inhibit, forbid
n. 禁令，禁忌
 - restraining order, injunction

Word: awful
Front: awful
[ˈɔ:fl] (高研四六雅 3276/2660 -K3)
Vocabulary: awful
(once / 107 pages)
1adjadv 2adj
Describe something that is exceptionally bad as awful, but be careful: Saying your mom's cooking is awful may be truthful, but it's also likely to get you a frying pan upside the head.
In addition to meaning exceptionally bad, the adjective awful can also mean exceedingly large or extreme in degree. That new car costs an awful lot of money, for example. Perhaps you should think about a bus pass or bicycle instead! As an adverb, awful is used as an intensifier, meaning very. As in, "It's taking you an awful long time to finish that paper. Stop procrastinating."
WORD FAMILY
awful: awfuler, awfulest, awfully, awfulness, awfuls+/ awfully: awfullys
USAGE EXAMPLES
Michael Harley, a team captain, reminded them of the Bishop Gorman game: did they remember how awful it felt to lose?
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“They started screaming and crying about how awful the gum was,” Mary said.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Miami won with such awful statistics because of other numbers.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 糟糕的; 可怕的; 非常的; 极坏的
adv. 非常，极
分布：可怕的(60%)，糟糕的(30%)，极其(5%)，难受的(4%)，充满敬畏的(1%)
→来自PIE *agh, 害怕。
a.极度的,极坏的;威严的,可怕的The awfully awkward warship is warned not to be awarded war reward.那艘非常拙劣的军舰受到不给予战争报酬的警告.
US ['ɑ:-] adjective
BAD 糟糕的
 IMPROVER
■extremely bad or unpleasant 极坏的；恶劣的；糟糕的；令人极不愉快的
• He suffered awful injuries in the crash. 他在车祸中受了重伤。
• We had awful weather. 我们碰上了糟糕的天气。
• She's got an awful boss. 她的老板极难相处。
• What an awful thing to say! 说出这种话，太不像话了！
• Would life be so awful without a car? 没有车，日子就那难过吗？
• The food was awful. 这食物糟糕透顶。
• She'd been ill and she looked awful. 她一直在生病，面色极差。
UK ['ɔ:.fəl] US ['ɑ:-] adjective
VERY GREAT 非常大的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■very great 极大的；很多的
• I don't know an awful lot (= very much) about art, but I'm learning. 我对艺术知道的不是特别多，但是我正在学习。
• Fortunately it won't make an awful lot of difference if I don't pass the test. 幸好，我就是过不了考试也没有太大的关系。
• It was an awful risk to take. 那样做太冒险了。
appalling, afraid, frightful, terrible, terrific, fearful, horrible, dreadful, awful
这组词都有“害怕的、可怕的”的意思，其区别是：
appalling: 指既令害怕又使人惊异、胆寒。
afraid: 指由于胆小或怯懦而不敢说或做某事。
frightful: 指使人陷入短暂的惊恐或产生毛骨悚然的感觉。
terrible: 侧重指给人以长久的惊骇，极端的恐怖，令人难以忍受。
terrific: 多指外表、形状或力量等的可怕。
fearful: 普通用词，既指外界情况变化而引起的恐惧，又指来自内心的害怕与焦虑。
horrible: 指因骇人听闻的丑恶而令人毛骨悚然，着重厌恶的成分多于害怕。
dreadful: 指使人非常恐惧，毛骨悚然，也使人感到讨厌而退缩。
awful: 指威严得令人害怕或敬畏，有一定的感情色彩。
adj. 可怕的，吓人的；糟糕的，糟透的（口语）；庄严的，威严的
 - terrible, august, horrible, awesome, fearful
adv. 十分，极其
 - extremely, full, most, rare

Word: admire
Front: admire
[ədˈmaɪə(r)] (高研四托宝 3277/3283 -K3)
Vocabulary: admire
(once / 48 pages)
v
If you hold someone in high esteem or look up to someone, you admire that person. If you ask four-year-olds who they most admire, they are likely to list their mom, dad, and grandparents — or superheroes and comic book characters.
The verb admire also means to look at with wonder and pleasure. She stood on the balcony of her hotel for a long time, simply to admire the view of the ocean and the surf as it crashed against the rocks below. I admire the way she volunteers to help at the school and with other charities because she is willing to give her time to good causes.
WORD FAMILY
admire: admirable, admiration, admired, admirer, admires, admiring+/ admirable: admirability, admirableness, admirablest, admirably/ admiration: admirations/ admirer: admirers/admiring: admiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mills “carries low, like a woman carrying a baby low,” July told me, admiringly.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The footballer is widely admired in the town, and the county generally, for supporting local projects and promoting his native town.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But he became much admired for developing a style that combined fingerpicking precision on the one hand with a commanding slide on the other.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 赞赏; 称赞; 欣赏; <美口>想要
时态：admired, admiring, admires
分布：钦佩(40%)，欣赏(29%)，羡慕(22%)，赞美(9%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根mire, 惊叹，感叹，同miracle,奇迹，词源同smile, 惊奇的笑。此处字母s脱落，字母r,l流音音变。
羡慕(ad+mire惊奇→惊喜;羡慕)[ad-加在在单词或词根前,表示"做…,加强..."]
羡慕;赞美(ad一再＋mire→一再让人惊喜→羡慕)[mir=wonder,look,表示"惊奇,看"]
vt.钦佩,赞赏,羡慕;称赞,夸奖The hired admirer inspired his desire for the wire.雇佣钦佩者激发了他对铁丝的渴望.
【记】ad一再，mire惊奇，看－一再让人惊喜－羡慕
【参】mirage（n 海市蜃楼）；miraculous（adj 奇迹般的）
【反】abhor（vt 憎恶）
US [-'maɪr] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to respect and approve of someone or their behaviour, or to find someone or something attractive and pleasant to look at 钦佩；羡慕；赞赏；欣赏
• I admired him for his determination. 我很欣赏他那坚毅的性格。
• I really admire people who can work in such difficult conditions. 我实在是很钦佩那些能在如此艰苦的条件下工作的人。
• We stood for a few moments, admiring the view. 我们驻足了一会儿，欣赏美丽的景色。
• I was just admiring your jacket, Delia. 我只是在欣赏你的夹克衫，迪莉娅，如此而已。
honour, esteem, regard, admire, respect
这组词都有“尊重、钦佩”的意思，其区别是：
honour: 侧重指对某人或某物表示极大的敬意。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，含义不很明确，一般需用修饰语加强或明确其意。
admire: 侧重指对某人或某物的仰慕、钦佩，并含欣赏爱慕之情。
respect: 指对人的行为、品德、才华或成就等的仰慕尊重。尤指对年长或地位高的人的尊敬。
vt. 钦佩；赞美
 - praise, celebrate, bless
vi. 钦佩；称赞
 - speak well of, think the world of

Word: pet
Front: pet
[pet] (中高研四六托雅 3278/3686 -K3)
Vocabulary: pet
(once / 436 pages)
1nadjv 2n
A pet is an animal you keep as a companion, usually in your house. People love to pet, or touch, their pets. A pet is also a favorite. A teacher’s pet is the teacher’s fave student. No barking required.
Your pet might be a hamster in a cage or a big dog that sleeps in your bed. Farm animals, like cows and goats, aren't usually considered to be pets, but that’s how the word started. Pet comes from Scottish dialect and used to refer to a favorite animal that got to come live inside, like Wilbur the pig in Charlotte’s Web. Pet is also a creepy form of endearment. When pet is a verb, it means “to stroke or caress.”
WORD FAMILY
pet: pets, petted, petter, petting, pettish+/petter: petters/petting: pettings/pettish: pettishly, pettishness/pettishness: pettishnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Pet” plays with the power dynamic inherent in this scenario, imagining a situation where the prey might be more dangerous than the predator.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
But Anki says it will evolve; in December it will be able to recognize pets and learn new words.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
THE majority of Americans see their pets as family members, surveys show.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 宠物; 宠儿; 受宠的人; 生气
adj. 宠爱的，溺爱的; 表示亲昵的
vt. 宠爱; 爱抚，亲抚
vi. <非正>亲吻; 爱抚
时态：petted, petting, pets
分布：宠物(94%)，宠爱的(2%)，爱抚(2%)，亲抚(1%)，受宠的人(1%)
→可能来自petty的回构词，由小的引申词义精巧的，可爱的，后用于指宠物，宠儿。
n.爱畜,宠儿a.宠爱的,表示亲昵的The wet pet in the net hasn't got on the jet plane yet.网中的湿宠物还没有登上喷气飞机.
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 IMPROVER
■an animal which is kept in the home as a companion and treated kindly 宠物
• They have several pets - a dog, two rabbits and a guinea pig. 他们有好几只宠物：一只狗、两只兔子和一只天竺鼠。
• a pet snake 宠物蛇
[pet] noun countable
PERSON 人
be sb's pet disapproving
■to be the person that someone in authority likes best and treats better than anyone else 是（某人的）宠儿
• The other children hated her because she was the teacher's pet. 别的孩子都讨厌她，因为她是老师的宠儿。
■informal approving
■a kind person who is easy to like 讨人喜欢的人
• He's always sending me flowers - he's a real pet! 他总是送花给我——他真讨人喜欢！
■UK informal
■a friendly way of talking to someone, especially a woman or a child 宝贝，乖乖（尤用于称呼女性或孩子）
• Thank you, pet. 谢谢你，宝贝。
[pet] verb (-tt-)
transitive
■If you pet an animal, child, etc., you touch them gently and kindly with your hands 抚摸，爱抚，轻按
• Our dog loves to be petted and tickled behind the ears. 我们的狗喜欢人在它耳后抚摸、呵痒。
intransitive informal
■If two people are petting, they are kissing and touching each other in a sexual way. （男女间）亲吻，爱抚
⇒ See also heavy petting
[pet] adjective
pet theory/subject/hate, etc.
■a theory/subject/hate, etc. that is special and important to you 特别喜爱的理论／话题／特别讨厌的事物等
• Football is one of her pet hates. 足球是她最讨厌的东西之一。
• US My pet peeve (= pet hate) is cleaning the bathroom. 我最讨厌怨恨的事情就是打扫浴室。
n. 宠物；生气；受宠爱的人
 - vitality, animation
vt. 宠爱
 - dote on, cosset
vi. 生气；爱抚
 - take offense, take offence
adj. 宠爱的
 - favorite, fond

Word: miracle
Front: miracle
[ˈmɪrəkl] (研四六托雅宝 3279/4110 -2)
Vocabulary: miracle
(once / 159 pages)
n
A miracle is an event so marvelous that it seems like it was sent from above. Catching that foul ball from the stands at the World Series? A miracle!
Miracle, a noun meaning “amazing or wonderful occurrence," comes from the Latin miraculum “object of wonder." Dig way back and the word derives from smeiros, meaning "to smile," which is exactly what you do when a miracle happens. To quote the American-French author Anais Nin, “The dream was always running ahead of me. To catch up, to live for a moment in unison with it, that was the miracle.” Just ask any rock star.
WORD FAMILY
miracle: miracles, miraculous +/ miraculous: miraculously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My life is full of miracles. Energy is everything,” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Immunotherapy is the newest way to treat cancer - and it’s working miracles right here in Charleston.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“I felt like it was a miracle to get in there to begin with,” Bright said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 奇迹，圣迹，神迹; 令人惊奇的人（或事）
分布：奇迹(100%)
→来自拉丁语miraculum,令人惊奇之物，上帝创造的鬼斧神工之物，来自mirari,惊讶，惊奇，来自smei,笑，惊叹，词源同marvel,mirror,smile.引申词义奇迹，圣迹。
奇迹(mir＋acle东西→让人惊奇的东西)[mir=wonder,look,表示"惊奇,看"]
奇迹(mir惊奇;参考:mirror镜子)[-acle表名词"…物品,状态"]
n.奇迹,令人惊奇的人(或事)The miracle mirrors a horrible error made by the terrorists in the terrible territory.这件奇事反映了恐怖分子在这一可怕地区犯的可怕错误.
【记】mir惊奇，acle东西：令人惊奇的东西－奇迹
【反】ordinary（adj 平凡的）；miraculous（adj 奇迹的）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an unusual and mysterious event that is thought to have been caused by a god, or any very surprising and unexpected event 奇迹；奇事，令人惊叹的事
• [+ (that)] Looking at the state of his car, it's a miracle (that) he wasn't killed! 看看他的车的情况，他没死真是个奇迹！
• I can't promise a miracle cure , but I think we can improve things. 我无法承诺会有奇迹般的解决办法，但我认为我们可以改善情况。
['mɪr.ɪ.kl] noun countable
perform/work miracles/a miracle informal
■to be extremely effective in improving a situation 创造奇迹；有奇效
• You've performed a miracle on this kitchen - I've never seen it so clean! 你真是创造了奇迹——我从没见过这个厨房如此干净过！
phenomenon, miracle, marvel, wonder
这组词都有“奇迹”的意思，其区别是：
phenomenon: 指罕见的现象或奇人、奇事。
miracle: 一般指被认为是人力所办不到的奇异之事。
marvel: 侧重异乎寻常，奇怪，从而使人好奇。
wonder: 通常指使人惊奇的事迹、人物或景观，主要指人创造的奇迹。
n. 奇迹，奇迹般的人或物；惊人的事例
 - phenomenon, wonder

Word: exceed
Front: exceed
[ɪkˈsi:d] (研四六托雅宝 3281/2718 -2)
Vocabulary: exceed
(once / 81 pages)
v
To exceed is to go beyond expectations, or to go too far. If you exceed the speed limit, you might get a speeding ticket.
Exceed and excess share the Latin root excedere meaning to "go beyond." An excess is too much of something, like the piles of candy after Halloween, and exceed means the action of going too far in a good or bad way. You exceed in school when you get straight A's. When Dr. Jekyll transforms into Mr. Hyde, he experiences "a grinding in the bones, deadly nausea, and a horror of the spirit that cannot be exceeded at the hour of birth or death." No thanks! It helps to remember that like speed, exceed ends with -eed.
WORD FAMILY
exceed: exceeded, exceeding, exceeds, excessive +/exceeded: unexceeded/ exceeding: exceedingly / exceedingly: exceedinglys/ excessive: excessively, excessiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say the efforts threaten the quality of care and exceed the authority of the agency overseeing Medicare by requiring doctors and hospitals to participate.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All oversize trucks exceeding 11 feet wide must use the posted detour route, which bypasses 11 miles of interstate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sideline grins may not exceed an upturn of more than 0.3 centimeters.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 超过; 超越; 胜过; 越过…的界限
vi. 突出，领先
时态：exceeded, exceeding, exceeds
分布：超过(86%)，超出(13%)，领先(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-ceed, 走，离开，词源同access, proceed.
超过,超出(ex+ceed走→走出→超出)[ex-①表示"出,出去"②表示"前面的,前任的"]
v.超过,胜过;越出I exceed the excellent student who has excessive excellence.我胜过那个有过多优点的优秀学生.
【记】ex出，ceed走－走出去到美国学习－超过一般人
【参】proceed（vi 进行；继续下去；发生）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to be greater than a number or amount, or to go past an allowed limit 超过，超出（数量）；超越（规定的范围）
• The final cost should not exceed $5000. 最终的费用不应超出5000美元。
• The success of our campaign has exceeded our wildest expectations. 我们发起的运动获得了意想不到的成功。
• She was found guilty on three charges of exceeding the speed limit. 她被指控三次超速驾驶，并被判有罪。
surpass, exceed, excel
这组词都有“超过、胜过”的意思，其区别是：
surpass: 多用以强调优点、长处、技能或质量等方面的超过。
exceed: 既可指超出权利、权力的限度、管辖范围，或超过规定的时间范围，又可指在数量、程度或大小等方面的超过。
excel: 指在成绩、成就或学识上胜过他人。
surpass, transcend, exceed
这组词都有“超过”的意思，其区别是：
surpass: v.优于或超过某人(某物)。
 • The runner surpassed his old record by 10 seconds.   跑步运动员比他过去的记录提高了10秒。
transcend: v.超出或超越，一般指超越经验、常识、普通能力等，强调难以为大众理解。
 • The nature of God transcends of human comprehension.   上帝的本质难以为人们所理解
exceed: v.多于，大于，超过，多指数量或允许的限度。
 • Sales of the new product exceeded our estimates.   新产品的销售超出了我们的预计。
vt. 超过；胜过
 - better than, overcome, top, cap, outdo

Word: rhythm
Front: rhythm
[ˈrɪðəm] (研四六托雅 3280/3420 -K3)
Vocabulary: rhythm
(once / 419 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Use the noun rhythm to refer to the regular pattern of something in a cycle or the beat in a song. In the summer, your life takes on a different rhythm than during the school year.
Rhythm comes from the Greek rhythmos "measured movement, flow." The beat of a song or the meter of a poem is its rhythm. You can also describe the cycle of things that happen in life or nature like the ocean tide or the passing of the seasons as a rhythm. If you have no rhythm, you're not very good at dancing. And once your favorite basketball team has found its rhythm, you know it's going to win.
WORD FAMILY
rhythm: rhythmic, rhythmical, rhythms+/rhythmic: nonrhythmic, rhythmicity, unrhythmic/rhythmical: rhythmically, unrhythmical/unrhythmic: unrhythmically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The disrupted circadian rhythms caused by working shifts or crossing time zones also seem to induce the disease.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Colorado: It was a tough outing for the Buffaloes, who never seemed to find their offensive rhythm.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Rhythm and rhyme Age 5 and younger, an interactive musical experience incorporating the use of musical instruments.
Washington Post(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: n. [诗]节奏，韵律; [医]节律，规律; [乐]节拍; [艺]调和
分布：节奏(81%)，节律(19%)
→来自拉丁语 rhythmus,来自希腊语 rhythmos,节奏，韵律，来自 rhein,流动，来自 sreu,*ser, 流动，词源同 serum,rheum.
n.节奏,韵律With rhythm, the arithmetic teacher put the artist's artificial articles on the vehicle.算术老师把艺术家的人造物品有节奏地放到运载工具里.
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a strong pattern of sounds, words or musical notes which is used in music, poetry and dancing （音乐、诗歌和舞蹈的）节奏，韵律，节律
• He beat out a jazz rhythm on the drums. 他击出爵士乐节奏的鼓点。
• I've got no sense of rhythm, so I'm a terrible dancer. 我根本没有节奏感，所以舞跳得很差劲。
countable or uncountable
■a regular movement or pattern of movements 规则的运动；（动作的）节奏；律动
• She was lulled to sleep by the gentle rhythm of the boat in the water. 船在水中有节奏地轻轻摇动，使她昏昏入睡。
• She hit the ball so hard that her opponent had no chance to establish any rhythm in her game. 她凌厉的击球让对手根本没有机会找到比赛的节奏。
countable
■a regular pattern of change, especially one which happens in nature （尤指自然界中的）规则变化，规律，节律
• the rhythm of the seasons 四季的交替
• Breathing and sleeping are examples of biological rhythms in humans. 呼吸和睡眠是人体生物节奏的例证。
n. 节奏；韵律
 - meter, cadence

Word: widespread
Front: widespread
[ˈwaɪdspred] (高研四六托 3282/2621 -3)
Vocabulary: widespread
(once / 699 pages)
adj
Widespread means far-reaching. For years, email was used only by computer programmers and technophiles. It was hard to imagine, back them, how widespread the phenomenon of digital communication would become.
An idea that's widespread, is believed by many people, even if it's not true. A person such as Oprah, or Gandhi, or Michael Jackson, who has widespread popularity, is loved by many far and wide. A widespread disease is one that many people have––the flu epidemic of 1919 was deadly and widespread, killing between 50 and 100 million people in every corner of the world.
WORD FAMILY
widespread
USAGE EXAMPLES
Longhorned beetles are a widespread family called Cerambycinae, characterized by antennae often as long as or longer than the beetle’s body.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But efforts to build a clean-energy infrastructure are not yet widespread.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
In September, a 5.8 magnitude earthquake struck Pawnee and caused widespread property damage.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 分布广的; 普遍的; 广泛应用; 普及的
分布：普遍的(100%)
a.分布广泛的,普遍的Computers are now widespread ion China.如今,计算机在中国被广泛应用.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■existing or happening in many places and/or among many people 广泛的；普遍的；遍布的
• There are reports of widespread flooding in northern France. 有报道说法国北部到处洪水泛滥。
• Malnutrition in the region is widespread - affecting up to 78% of children under five years old. 这个地区营养不良的现象十分普遍——五岁以下的儿童中78%营养不良。
• The campaign has received widespread support. 这场运动得到广泛支持。
adj. 普遍的，广泛的；分布广的
 - extensive, universal, comprehensive, ruling, generalized

Word: killing
Front: killing
[ˈkɪlɪŋ] (3283/4165 -K3)
Back: n. 谋杀，杀人; 猎物; 暴利
adj. 致死的，致命的; 令人精疲力尽的
adv. 吸引人地
v. 杀死( kill的现在分词); 使停止[结束，失败]; 破坏，减弱，抵消; 使痛苦，使受折磨
分布：杀戮(41%)，谋杀(38%)，迷人的(15%)，动词kill的现在分词.(3%)，使人疲乏的(3%)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■when a person is murdered 谋杀
• a series of brutal killings 一连串残忍的谋杀
['kɪl.ɪŋ] noun countable
make a killing informal
■to earn a lot of money in a short time and with little effort （短时间内轻易地）获得暴利，发大财
• They made a killing with the sale of their London house. 他们将伦敦的房子卖掉，赚了一大笔钱。
['kɪl.ɪŋ] adjective
EFFORT 尽力的 informal
■making you feel extremely tired 令人筋疲力竭的
• We had to do some killing stomach exercises last night. 昨晚我们不得不做一些极为累人的腹部运动。
['kɪl.ɪŋ] adjective
FUNNY 滑稽的 old-fashioned
■extremely funny 极其滑稽可笑的
• She told us a killing story about her driving test. 她告诉我们一件关于她考驾驶执照的滑稽趣事。
adj. 杀害的；迷人的；使人筋疲力尽的
 - taking, charming
n. 杀戮；谋杀；猎获物
 - bag, murder

Word: lovely
Front: lovely
[ˈlʌvli] (中高 3284/1496 -K3)
Vocabulary: lovely
(once / 91 pages)
adjn
You've probably heard the adjective lovely to describe something good looking, but did you know that, as a noun, lovely refers, specifically, to a beautiful girl employed as a photographer’s model?
From the Old English luflic “affectionate, loveable,” comes lovely, an adjective that describes a person’s or thing’s attractiveness. Find the word love in there — it's something so attractive you can't help but love it. Lovely can also refer to something delightful. For example, a pretty selection of cakes and pastries arranged on a doily could be described as lovely. Anything from your girlfriend to a fresh coat of red paint on your motorcycle can be lovely.
WORD FAMILY
lovely: lovelier, lovelies, loveliest, lovelily, loveliness, unlovely+/loveliness: lovelinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first scenario seems realistic, whereas the second seems like a lovely daydream.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
It was really lovely to be able to do something as special and as life-changing as that in my own living room.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
But our lovely fourth-floor “Cosy” room — the middle price class — was serene with two tall windows overlooking the peaceful canal.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 可爱的; 令人愉快的; 亲切友好的; 慷慨大方的
n. 美女，美人，佳人; 漂亮的东西
级别：lovelier, loveliest
分布：可爱的(89%)，令人愉快的(8%)，好看的(3%)
→love,爱，-ly,形容词后缀。
a.可爱的,好看的;令人愉快的,美好的The beloved novelist put her lovely gloves above the stove.敬爱的小说家把她美丽的手套放在火炉上方.
adjective
ENJOYABLE 愉快的
 ESSENTIAL mainly UK
■pleasant or enjoyable 快乐的，愉快的
• a lovely meal/evening 愉快的晚餐／晚上
• We had a lovely time with them. 我们和他们在一起渡过了一段快乐的时光。
['lʌv.li] adjective
BEAUTIFUL 漂亮的
 ADVANCED mainly UK
■beautiful 漂亮的，美丽的
• She has lovely eyes. 她的眼睛很漂亮。
• You look lovely in that dress. 你穿那条裙子很好看。
• Thank you for the lovely present. 谢谢你送我这么漂亮的礼物。
['lʌv.li] adjective
KIND 和蔼的
■describes a person who is kind, friendly and pleasant to be with 和蔼的，友善的，和善的
• He's a lovely bloke. 他是个很友善的人。
['lʌv.li] noun countable old-fashioned
■a sexually attractive woman 佳人，漂亮女人，美女
• Simon was there with the usual bevy of lovelies. 西蒙在那里，身边还是那群美女。
beautiful, lovely, handsome, fine, pretty, fair
这组词都有“美丽的，漂亮的”的意思，其区别是：
beautiful: 普通用词，含义广泛，语气最强，指优美和谐，是一种几乎接近完美的美。指人时通常形容女人或小孩，很少用于描写男子。
lovely: 普通用词，描写人时，主要指女人和小孩的相貌，语气不如beautiful强。
handsome: 多用于描写男性的英俊潇洒。有时也形容女人，指其五官端正，体态秀丽。
fine: 指在容貌、身材或风度等方面令人感到可爱。用于事物时，强调形式或内容的优美。
pretty: 普通用词，语气比beautiful弱，多用于描写妇女、儿童以及小巧玲珑，精美可爱之物。
fair: 正式用词，多用于文学中，形容女子和儿童，侧重外表的美。
adj. 可爱的；令人愉快的
 - pleasant, pretty, taking, grateful, cute

Word: sin
Front: sin
[sɪn] (研四六托 3285/3651 -2)
Vocabulary: sin
(once / 78 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
You might not want to be the one at the party who takes the last piece of cake, but then again, it would be a sin to let it sit there, uneaten. A sin is a deeply regrettable action.
The most common definition of sin is religious: it's an immoral act against God or divine law. Any serious offense, even if it's not religious, can be called a sin, and so can something less serious if you're talking about it in a joking way, as in, "You've got to buy those shoes — it would be an absolute sin not to." In math, sin is the abbreviation of sine, the trigonometric function.
WORD FAMILY
sin: sinful, sinless, sinned, sinner, sinning, sins+/sinful: sinfulest, sinfully, sinfulness/sinfulness: sinfulnesses/sinless: sinlessly, sinlessness/sinner: sinners/sinning: sinnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It is a sin that shames us,” the pope wrote.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Certainly it is rare to hear of parents apologising for the sins of their children globally.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The experience was unknown and therefore was sin.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 违背宗教[道德原则]的恶行; 罪恶，罪孽; 过错，罪过; 愚蠢的事，可耻的事
vi. 犯罪，犯过错
vt. 犯罪
时态：sinned, sinning, sins
分布：犯罪(76%)，原罪(24%)
→来 自 古 英 语 sinn, 伤 害 ， 有 罪 ， 罪 行 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*sundijo, 罪 ， 罪 行 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*sunjo,真实，事实，来自 sent,真实的，存在的，来自 es,是，存在， 词源同 is,essence,sooth.
n.罪,罪恶v.犯罪The sinful single singer's finger skin is singular.有罪的单身歌手的手指皮肤独特.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the offence of breaking, or the breaking of, a religious or moral law （违反宗教戒律或道德规范的）罪，罪过
• to commit/confess a sin 犯罪／忏悔罪过
• He thinks a lot about sin. 他对罪孽有很多思考。
• [+ to infinitive] informal I think it 's a sin (= is morally wrong) to waste food, when so many people in the world are hungry. 我认为浪费食物是一种罪过，因为世界上还有那么多人在挨饿。
• humorous For my sins (= As if it were a punishment) , I'm organizing the office party this year. 真是活该，今年将由我来安排办公室派对。
[sɪn] noun countable or uncountable
as guilty/miserable/ugly as sin informal
■very guilty, miserable or ugly 非常惭愧／不幸／丑陋
[sɪn]
■written abbreviation for * sine
[sɪn] verb intransitive (-nn-)
■to break a religious or moral law 犯戒律；犯过失
violation, sin, crime, offence, guilt
这组词都有“犯法，犯罪，罪恶”的意思，其区别是：
violation: 指违背誓言、条约、规则以及良心等，也指侵犯权利。
sin: 主要指违反道德原则或违反宗教戒律的过失或罪过行为。
crime: 指严重的违法行为或罪行。
offence: 使用广，可泛指对任何规则、道德标准、法律、纪律等的违反与触犯，其罪行可重可轻。
guilt: 多用于指违反道德或社会标准的不法行为，含应予惩办之意。这种惩办是以证据为根据的。
n. 罪恶；罪孽；过失
 - error, evil, crime, mistake, blame
vi. 犯罪；犯过失
 - commit a crime, offend against
vt. 犯罪
 - commit a crime, offend against

Word: charity
Front: charity
[ˈtʃærəti] (研四六托雅宝 3287/2008 -K3)
Vocabulary: charity
(once / 140 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Charity is the donation of something, like money, to a cause or person in need. Before offering charity to someone, make sure he is, in fact, needy, and not just some fashion fiend dressed like a homeless person!
Charity comes in many forms including monetary donation, volunteering, or providing clothes and food for those less fortunate. The Greek poet Homer said, “The charity that is a trifle to us can be precious to others.” Think of charity, then, as something that may cost you a little, but can benefit someone else greatly. Charity also refers to a nice way to treat people, an organization that helps people, or a plant with blue and white flowers.
WORD FAMILY
charity: charitable, charities+/ charitable: charitableness, charitablest, charitably, uncharitable/uncharitable: uncharitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
In June the Kenyan company won awards from the clean energy charity Ashden, reports the Guardian.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
I was raising money for a charity called Operation South America and the thought of them got me through my darkest days.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In costume, they visit hospitals and raise money for charity.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 慈善（行为）; 施舍，捐助; 慈善机关; 仁爱，宽容
分布：慈善(96%)，仁慈(2%)，宽厚(2%)
→来自karo, 珍爱，爱，词源同caress, whore. 后指对穷人的仁爱或善举。
慈爱(char+ity)[car,char=dear,表示"可爱的"]
n.慈善(团体),仁慈,施舍The deputy chairman of the charity clarified the importance of clarity and purity.慈善的副会长验证明了和纯洁的重要性.
【记】char茶，ity状态－请喝茶的状态－施舍－仁慈
【参】charitable（adj 仁慈宽厚的＝forgiving＝lenient＝philanthropic）
US ['tʃer.ɪ.tˌi] noun
GIVING 慈善
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a system of giving money, food or help free to those who are in need because they are ill, poor or have no home, or any organization which has the purpose of providing money or helping in this way 慈善事业；慈善组织，慈善机构
• She does a lot of work for charity. 她做了很多慈善工作。
• People tend to give to (= give money to) charity at Christmas time. 人们往往在圣诞节向慈善组织捐钱。
• Proceeds from the sale of these cards will go to (= be given to) local charities. 卖这些贺卡所得的收益将捐献给地方慈善组织。
• UNICEF is an international charity. 联合国儿童基金会是国际性慈善组织。
• They did a charity performance on the first night, to raise money for AIDS research. 他们的首晚演出是慈善义演，为爱滋病研究募集资金。
UK ['tʃær.ɪ.ti] US ['tʃer.ɪ.tˌi] noun
KIND 仁慈
uncountable formal
■the quality of being kind to people and not judging them in a severe way 仁慈，宽容，宽厚
UK ['tʃær.ɪ.ti] US ['tʃer.ɪ.tˌi] noun
Charity begins at home. saying
■You should take care of your family and other people who live close to you before helping people who are living further away or in another country. 博爱始于家门；施舍先及亲友
n. 慈善；施舍；慈善团体；宽容；施舍物
 - tolerance, mercy

Word: script
Front: script
[skrɪpt] (研六雅宝 3286/4130 -3)
Vocabulary: script
(once / 488 pages)
nv
A script is a written version of a play or movie. If you're auditioning for a movie, you'll get the script to practice a scene or two.
Script comes from the Latin scrībĕre, meaning "to write," and all its meanings have to do with something written. Your handwriting is your script. The written version of what you're supposed to say, whether for a wedding toast or a play, is a script. And if you were feeling old-fashioned you could call the grocery list you just wrote a script. It's also a verb. You can script a play.
WORD FAMILY
script: postscript, prescript, rescript, scripted, scripting, scripts, scriptural, subscript+/ postscript: postscripts/prescript: prescripts/rescript: rescripts/scripted: unscripted/scriptural: scripturally/subscript: subscripts
USAGE EXAMPLES
His one noticeable zinger, “You guys are ducking more questions than Congress,” sounded scripted.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But just like in any good TV script, a twist was in store.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Every Christmas season the two Hallmark Channels release or replay a familiar holiday script.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 脚本，手迹; 书写体铅字; 剧本、广播稿或者电影剧本
vt. 为电影（或戏剧等）写剧本; 编造
时态：scripted, scripting, scripts
分布：脚本(80%)，剧本(15%)，手迹(2%)，手稿(1%)，字体(1%)，考卷(1%)
→来自 scribe,写，-pt,过去分词格。词性由形容词作名词使用，引申诸相关词义。
原本,脚本[scrib,script=write,表示"写"]
n.剧本(原稿);手稿,原稿;笔迹,手迹His script was unintelligible.他的笔迹实在看不懂.
【参】manuscript（n 手稿）
noun
TEXT 文本
 ADVANCED countable
■the words of a film, play, broadcast or speech 电影剧本；剧本；广播稿；讲稿
• Bruce Robinson wrote the script for 'The Killing Fields'. 布鲁斯‧罗宾逊为《战火屠城》写了剧本。
countable Australian * prescription
[skrɪpt] noun
EXAMINATION 考试
countable UK
■an answer paper written by a student in an examination （考生的）笔试答案卷
[skrɪpt] noun
WRITING 书写
uncountable
■a set of letters used for writing a particular language 文字；字母
• Arabic/Cyrillic/Roman script 阿拉伯／西里尔／罗马字母
countable or uncountable
■writing, especially when well-formed （尤指漂亮的）书写，字迹
• The invitation was written in beautiful italic script. 邀请函是用漂亮的斜体字写成的。
[skrɪpt] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
countable or uncountable specialized
■a type of language for programming computers, that is used for finding and showing websites on the Internet 脚本语言（电脑程式设计的一种语言，用于网际网路上寻找和显示网页）
letter, alphabet, script, character
这组词都有“字母”的意思，其区别是：
letter: 指单个的字母。
alphabet: 指整个字母系统或一种语言的字母表，不表单个字母。
script: 指书写或印刷的字母。
character: 通常指汉语的方块字，也指字符。
n. 脚本； [图情] 手迹；书写用的字母
 - play book

Word: tactic
Front: tactic
[ˈtæktɪk] (研雅宝 3288/3824 -3)
Vocabulary: tactic
(once / 387 pages)
n
Tactic is another word for maneuver or method. Looking for a way to get something done? Then you better find a tactic.
English-speakers have been talking about tactics since at least 1640, when this word was first recorded. A tactic is just a way to do something, a plan, or an approach. Generals have to have a good grasp on military tactics to win a battle; football teams have to use strong defensive tactics to keep the other guys from scoring. One time-tested tactic for winning over a teacher? Always turn your homework in on time!
WORD FAMILY
tactic: tactics +/ tactical: tactically/ tactician: tacticians/ tactics: tactical, tactician
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the Baltic states, cyberhacking is only one of many tactics that Russia uses for malign influence.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Security officers used a variety of coercion tactics.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She tried to disappear, a tactic that included sequestering herself from fans and media during fight week.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 手段; 策略; 战术; 战略
adj. 按顺序的; 依次排列的
分布：策略(82%)，战略(18%)
→来自拉丁语 tactica,安排，词源同 tact.引申词义战术，策略。
n.(tactics)策略,战术Encirclement is a customary tactic.
noun
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■a planned way of doing something 策略，手法
• These bomb attacks represent a change of tactics by the terrorists. 这些炸弹袭击事件表明恐怖分子改变了策略。
tactics [plural]
■the arrangement and use of soldiers and equipment in war 战术
n. 策略，战略
 - strategy, device

Word: identification
Front: identification
[aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 3289/3230 -1)
Vocabulary: identification
(once / 1218 pages)
1n 2n
Identification is what you show when someone wants proof of who you are. When you get pulled over by a cop for speeding, you better have your driver’s license on you as your form of identification!
Identification isn’t just the card or passport you carry around in your wallet to prove who you are to others. You can also have an identification with a person if you share common beliefs, traditions, or values; then you can say that you identify with that person. Identification can also mean the process of recognizing or identifying something. You may have to wait to adopt that stray dog until the pound has put the pooch through an identification process, trying to see if he already belongs to another family.
WORD FAMILY
identification: identifications+/ identifiable: identifiably, unidentifiable /identified: unidentified/identifier: identifiers/ identify: identifiable, identification, identified, identifier, identifies, identifying, misidentify/misidentify: misidentified, misidentifying/ unidentifiable: unidentifiably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Twenty bodies that were found inside the vessel were burned beyond recognition and were transferred to a police hospital for identification, said Col.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And there were emotional scenes in front of a city morgue where those shot dead were brought for identification.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Of the 92 brokers she identified that accepted opt-outs, 65 of them required her to submit a form of identification such as a driver’s license.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 鉴定，识别; 验明; 身份证明; 认同
分布：识别(52%)，鉴定(41%)，确认(6%)，身份的证明(1%)
→来自identify,确认，辨认。
n.识别,鉴别;证件;认同Have you any identification?你有身份证明吗?
【记】iden相同的事物－识别；参：identical（adj 同一的；同样的）
US [-tˌə-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you recognize and can name someone or something 识别；辨认
• Most of the bodies were badly burned, making identification almost impossible. 大部分尸体都严重烧焦，几乎无法辨认。
 ADVANCED (also ID)
■an official document that shows or proves who you are 身份证（明）
• We were asked to show some identification before the security guards would let us in. 保安人员要我们出示身分证明文件才让我们进去。
n. 鉴定， [计] 识别；认同；身份证明
 - authentication, recognition

Word: transformation
Front: transformation
[ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn] (四六托 3290/3415)
Vocabulary: transformation
(once / 698 pages)
n
A transformation is a dramatic change in form or appearance. An important event like getting your driver’s license, going to college, or getting married can cause a transformation in your life.
A transformation is an extreme, radical change. A simple haircut won't cause a transformation in your appearance, but if you dyed your hair purple and got a tattoo across your forehead, that would be another story. When a transformation occurs, we often use the phrase "undergo a transformation" in reference to the person or thing who has changed. So, if you do opt for the new hair color and tattoo, you will certainly have "undergone a transformation."
WORD FAMILY
transformation: transformations+/ transform: transformable, transformation, transformed, transformer, transforming, transforms/ transformer: transformers
USAGE EXAMPLES
These days it’s populated mainly by seagulls, boarded-up barracks, some art studios and old warehouses, but officials hope the museum triggers its transformation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Before the transformation was complete we moved our store back to our original stomping grounds in North Oakland.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Goff the leader seems more than ready to oversee that transformation.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 变化; <核>转换; <语>转换; <电>变换
分布：转化(38%)，转型(35%)，改造(27%)
转变,变形(transform+ation)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
US [-fɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a complete change in the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that they are improved 彻底改观；大变样
• Local people have mixed feelings about the planned transformation of their town into a regional capital. 当地人对于要把他们的小镇变成地区中心城市的计划喜忧参半。
• I'd never seen Carlo in smart evening clothes before - it was quite a transformation. 我之前从没见过卡洛穿漂亮的晚装——这可真是个天大的变化。
transfer, transaction, transition, transmission, transformation
这是一组在考研和CET-6中经常出现的形近易混词。
transfer: n.转移，转让；(工作的)调动；(旅途中的)换乘，改变路线。
 • The club's goalkeeper isn't happy here, and has asked a transfer.   这个足球俱乐部的守门员在此过得不愉快，已经要求转会到其他俱乐部。
transaction: n.交易行为，处理。
 • Transactions of shares on the stock exchange were up today.   今天证券交易所的股票成交额上升了。
transition: n. (从一种情况到另一种的)过渡，更替。
 • The transition from high school to college can be difficult for students.   对于学生来说，从中学到大学的过渡会是困难的。
transmission: n.传播(比如疾病)；广播。
 • The transmission of germs can occur by contact, breathing, and eating.   细菌通过接触、呼吸和饮食传播。
transformation: n. (外观或性质的)改变，改观，转变。
 • His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marrige.   他结婚之后性格判若两人。
n. [遗] 转化；转换；改革；变形
 - conversion, deformation, reform, distortion, switching

Word: everyday
Front: everyday
[ˈevrideɪ] (中高研四 3291/3381 -2)
Vocabulary: everyday
(once / 983 pages)
adj
Something routine or ordinary is called everyday. Your everyday chores, your everyday clothes, your everyday activities — these things make up everyday life.
The adjective everyday describes the common things that you generally do as part of a regular day — doing the dishes in an everyday task — but it can also have the sense of “ordinary,” like the casual everyday clothes you wear when you’re not doing anything special. Make sure you spell everyday as one word: everyday. Every day, which carries the more literal sense of something that’s done every day, is spelled as two words.
WORD FAMILY
everyday: everydayness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In our everyday lives, we rely on our ability to navigate and remember.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He saw his fellow-citizens as being naturally bathetic—striving for spiritual grandeur while ultimately mired in everyday, material concerns.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Perhaps a section of upscale goods like goji berries, bison burgers and recycled toilet paper alongside a more down-home selection of everyday staples.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 日常的，平常的; 普通的; 每天的; 经常
分布：日常的(63%)，平常的(37%)
adj.每日的,日常的They met everyday.他们每天都见面.
adjective
■ordinary, typical or usual 日常的；通常的；普通的
• the everyday lives of ordinary Russian citizens 普通俄国人的日常生活
• Death was an everyday occurrence during the Civil War. 在内战期间，死亡是很普遍的事。
['ev.ri.deɪ] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  everydayRemember: everyday is an adjective and is usually used before a noun. To describe how regularly something is repeated, don't write 'everyday', write every day : I try to read English newspapers every day.
everyday, daily
这组词都有“每天的，日常的”的意思，其区别是：
everyday: 一般日常用词，指日常发生的、无须特别关心的。
daily: 普通用词，特指每天发生一次的，也可指按日计的。
every day, everyday
every day: 每天(作状语)。如：She gets up early every day.
everyday: 每日的，日常的(作定语)。如：This morning exercise has become my everyday routine.
adj. 每天的，日常的
 - daily, household, routine
n. 平时；寻常日子
 - peacetime

Word: headline
Front: headline
[ˈhedlaɪn] (高研四六 3293/4488 -3)
Vocabulary: headline
(once / 553 pages)
nv
A headline is the title of a newspaper story. You'll know the headline, because it's printed in the largest font on the front of the paper.
Printed newspapers have headlines, and online journals, magazines, and newspapers also use headlines. A headline is the title of a story in the paper, and it's usually easy to spot by its large, bold letters. Sometimes television and radio news also use the word headline to mean the biggest, most important news stories of the day. The word was originally a printer's term for the title and page number, and by 1890 it meant "newspaper title."
WORD FAMILY
headline: headlined, headliner, headlines, headlining+/ headliner: headliners
USAGE EXAMPLES
The theme of the Rose Parade that year was "Headlines in Flowers."
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Capucci remained in the headlines following his release, attempting to mediate in the Iran hostage crisis.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Nightly visions appear to us in the form of bold, 72-point type headlines.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 大字标题; 新闻提要; 头条新闻
vt. 给…加标题; 担任主角
时态：headlined, headlining, headlines
分布：头条新闻(51%)，大字标题(29%)，加标题于(7%)，新闻提要(7%)，宣扬(3%)，作主角(3%)
→head,头，line,线。引申词义标题。
标题(head+line字行→头一行字→标题)[head=head,表示"头"]
n.大字标题,新闻标题The heading is "Headline of Headlong Pleadings".标题为"仓促答辩状的摘要".
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a line of words printed in large letters as the title of a story in a newspaper, or the main points of the news that are broadcast on television or radio （报纸的）标题；（电视或广播的）内容提要
• The news of his death was splashed in headlines across all the newspapers. 所有报纸均以显著的标题刊登了他死亡的消息。
• the eight o'clock headlines 八点钟的新闻提要
Compare by-line
['hed.laɪn] verb transitive + object + noun
■to have something as a headline or as the main story 以…为标题；以…为主要故事
• The story was headlined 'Killer dogs on the loose'. 这篇报道的标题是：“杀人恶犬肆意逞凶”。
■to be the main performer at an entertainment event （在娱乐活动中）扮演主角，充当主角
• The band's headlining appearance at the Reading Festival could be their last. 这支乐队在雷丁音乐节上担纲演出，但这可能是他们的最后一次表演了。
n. 大标题；内容提要；栏外标题；头版头条新闻
 - argument, spreadhead

Word: venture
Front: venture
[ˈventʃə(r)] (研四六托雅 3294/2888 -K3)
Vocabulary: venture
(once / 98 pages)
nv
A venture is a risky undertaking. If your latest venture is a dog food store, you hope there are some hungry dogs around. Also, to venture is to go somewhere possibly dangerous, like if you venture out into a snowstorm.
Venture is a shortened form of adventure. This happened sometime between 1100 AD and 1400 AD during the time that Middle English was spoken. While the two words are similar in meaning, when you subtract the "ad," you lose a teaspoon or two of fun, and add a heaping tablespoon of risk.
WORD FAMILY
venture: ventured, venturer, ventures, venturesome, venturing, venturous +/venturer: venturers/ venturesome: venturesomely, venturesomeness/ venturous: venturously
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is the first Trump venture in the Arab world.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Expect the unexpected,” said Sabine Kaiser, founder of SKadvisory, which advises family offices on venture capital and private equity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And he partnered with a Syngenta executive in a consulting venture, emails obtained by The New York Times show.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 冒险事业; 冒险; 冒险行动; 商业冒险
vt. 冒…的危险; 拿…冒险; 用…进行投机; 以…做赌注
vi. 冒险前进，冒险行事; 猜测（常与at连用）
时态：ventured, venturing, ventures
分布：企业(38%)，风险(34%)，冒险(22%)，投机(4%)，敢于(1%)，冒昧地说(1%)
→缩写自adventure,风险。
冒险,冒险做(vent+ure来到[危险]→冒险)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
v.冒险,拼;大胆表示n.冒险事业,拼,闯The ventilator inventor's adventure prevented him from venturing revenge.通风机发明家的奇遇阻止了他冒险复仇.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a new activity, usually in business, which involves risk or uncertainty （有风险的）企业；投机活动；商业冒险
• She advised us to look abroad for more lucrative business ventures. 她建议我们去国外寻找更有利可图的商业机会。
• There are many joint ventures between American and Japanese companies. 有许多美日合资企业。
UK ['ven.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive formal
 ADVANCED
■to risk going somewhere or doing something that might be dangerous or unpleasant, or to risk saying something that might be criticized 冒险去（或做）；冒昧地说
• She rarely ventured outside , except when she went to stock up on groceries at the corner shop. 她极少冒险外出，除非要去街角的商店采购杂货。
• As we set off into the forest, we felt as though we were venturing (forth) into the unknown. 当我们动身进入那片森林时，感觉自己似乎正在冒险进入一个未知的世界。
• She tentatively ventured the opinion that the project would be too expensive to complete, but the boss ignored her. 她有些犹豫但还是斗胆进言，认为完成那个专案计划花费太高，但老板不予理睬。
UK ['ven.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive formal
Nothing ventured, nothing gained. saying
■You have to take a risk in order to get something good. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
UK ['ven.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive formal
  Phrasal Verbs  venture on/upon sth
■to try to do something difficult or dangerous 冒险做…
• The wind was so strong that when we did finally venture on a walk, we were nearly swept away. 风太大了，当我们最后终于硬着头皮走出去的时候，人都快被吹走了。
risk, hazard, venture, chance, dare
这组词都有“敢于冒险”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指不顾个人安危去干某事，侧重主动承担风险。
hazard: 主要指冒险作出某个选择，隐含碰运气意味。
venture: 指冒风险试一试，或指有礼貌的反抗或反对。
chance: 指碰运气、冒风险试试。
dare: 可与venture换用，但语气较强，着重挑战或违抗。
vt. 敢于
 - dare to, be bold to
vi. 冒险；投机
 - adventure, take a risk
n. 企业；风险；冒险
 - enterprise, risk, undertaking, throw

Word: invasion
Front: invasion
[ɪnˈveɪʒn] (研四六托 3295/3416 -3)
Vocabulary: invasion
(once / 299 pages)
n
An invasion is the movement of an army into a region, usually in a hostile attack that's part of a war or conflict. World history is full of descriptions of invasions.
One country's army plundering or taking over a city or piece of land in another country is an invasion. You can call other mass movements invasions as well, like a horrifying invasion of your kitchen by cockroaches, or the invasion of a stadium by excited soccer fans. A common phrase is "invasion of privacy," which means an unfair intrusion into someone's personal space or private information.
WORD FAMILY
invasion: invasions+/ invade: invaded, invader, invades, invading, invasion, invasive /invader: invaders/invading: invadingly/ invasive: invasively, noninvasive/noninvasive: noninvasively
USAGE EXAMPLES
This did not stop him from rushing back to Washington on the eve of the invasion and speaking to the American people.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
These include such evils as copyright infringement, cybercrime, the invasion of privacy, hate speech, espionage—and perhaps cyberwar.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
In 1990, he travelled to Saddam Hussein's Iraq to help secure freedom for 68 Italians prevented from leaving following the invasion of Kuwait.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 入侵，侵略; 侵害，侵犯; 侵袭; [医]发病
分布：侵略(77%)，侵入(23%)
→来自invade,入侵，侵犯。
侵略[vadvas=go,表示"走"]
n.入侵,侵略,侵犯She was annoyed at his invasion.她对他的不招自来感到不快.
【记】invade（v （以武力）侵犯；（有害的东西大批）侵入）in进入，vade走一走进来－侵略
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when an army or country uses force to enter and take control of another country 入侵，侵略
• They were planning to mount an invasion of the north of the country. 他们正计划发动对该国北部的侵略。
■when a large number of people or things come to a place in an annoying and unwanted way （通常为了谋财或搞破坏而不受欢迎地）涌入，蜂拥而至
• the annual invasion of foreign tourists 每年外国游客的涌入
■an action or process which affects someone's life in an unpleasant and unwanted way 侵犯，侵扰
• an invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私
aggression, invasion, assault, attack, offensive
这些名词均有“进攻、侵略”之意。
aggression: 词义宽泛，既可指武装入侵别国领土，又可指文化、经济等方面的侵略。侧重敌意行动和征服的企图。
invasion: 多指具体的侵入或侵犯别国领土，也可用于指抽象事件。
assault: 主要指突然而猛烈的进攻。
attack: 普通用词，含义广，指事先不发警告，主动地向对方发起武力进攻或对言论等进行抨击。
offensive: 多指进攻的态势，常指大规模的协同军事行动。
n. 入侵，侵略； [医] 侵袭；侵犯
 - violence, aggression, infringement

Word: military
Front: military
[ˈmɪlətri] (研四六托 474/922 -K5)
Vocabulary: military
(once / 44 pages)
nadj
Ten, hut! So you'd like the definition of military? Yes, Sir! The adjective military is used to describe anything related to the armed forces or soldiers.
Stemming from the Latin word for "soldier," military is a word that goes hand in hand with war. It's the military that protects a country's interests, lead by generals and powered by brave soldiers. When used as an adjective, military describes anything that's related to, well, the military: salutes, campaigns, uniforms, etc.
WORD FAMILY
military: militaries, militarily, militarise, militarism, militarize, nonmilitary, unmilitary+/demilitarise: demilitarised/demilitarize: demilitarized, demilitarizes, demilitarizing/militarise: demilitarise, militarisation, militarised, remilitarise/ militarism: militarisms, militarist, militaristic/militarist: militarists/militaristic: militaristically/militarize: demilitarize, militarization, militarized, militarizes, militarizing, remilitarize/remilitarise: remilitarisation/remilitarize: remilitarization, remilitarized, remilitarizes, remilitarizing/unmilitary: unmilitarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, Islamic State militants launched an attack on the main road from Baghdad to Mosul, a key military supply route.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“The military training is the only part of their activities that is still really active,” Verkhovsky said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s military conquered the West Bank in a matter of days 50 years ago this June in a war against neighboring Arab states.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 军事的; 军用的; 讨厌的; 好战的
n. 军人; 军队; 武装力量
分布：军队(83%)，军事的(17%)
→来自拉丁语militaris,战士的，战争的，来自miles,战士，可能来自希腊语homilos,集会人群，队伍，来自sem,一，一起，词源同same,assembly.
军人的,军队的(milit+ary)[milit=soldier,表示"兵"]
a.军事的,军用的,军队的In the library, arbitrary the librarian wrote the auxiliary diary about military literature.在图书馆,武断的图书管理员写下了有关军事文学的辅助日记.
【记】mili米粒，吃米粒长大的人－军人
【参】militia（n 民兵）
US [-ter.i] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to or belonging to the armed forces 军事的；军用的
• foreign military intervention 外国军事干预
• military targets/forces 军事目标／力量
• military uniform 军装
 ESSENTIAL
■describes a characteristic that is typical of the armed forces 富有军队特点的
• military precision 军事行动般的精确
UK ['mɪl.ɪ.tri] US [-ter.i] noun
the military
 IMPROVER
■the armed forces 武装部队；军方
• The military has opposed any cuts in defence spending. 军方反对任何裁减国防开支的举措。
adj. 军事的；军人的；适于战争的
 - martial, soldierly
n. 军队；军人
 - force, soldier, battalion

Word: nonetheless
Front: nonetheless
[ˌnʌnðəˈles] (研六托 3298/4823 -2)
Vocabulary: nonetheless
(once / 1132 pages)
adv
This is a word that people don't usually stop and define. They use it to link two seemingly contradictory thoughts. Nonetheless, it does have a definition. It means "in spite of."
Break this word up to examine its meaning: None-the-less means that the statement you've just made does not diminish or make less what comes next. We are not at all prepared to climb this mountain, nonetheless we are going to try.
WORD FAMILY
nonetheless: nonethelesss
USAGE EXAMPLES
Not a fancy car, mind you—a fifteen-year old Civic with 170,000 miles on it—but a car nonetheless.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
While they understand the challenges, Republicans are nonetheless jubilant at their enviable position.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nonetheless, that poll — and all but one Michigan poll conducted in 2016 — pointed to a Clinton victory that never happened.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 虽然如此，但是
分布：副词(100%)
→来自none the less,尽管。比较nevertheless,despite.
ad.[nevertheless]虽然如此,但是
[ˌnʌn.ðə'les] (also nevertheless)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■despite what has just been said or done 然而，但是；尽管
• There are serious problems in our country. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time to return. 我们国家存在严重问题。但尽管如此，我们仍然觉得这是归国的好时机。
adv. 尽管如此，但是
 - yet
conj. 尽管如此，但是
 - and, granted, but, yet, only

Word: adequate
Front: adequate
[ˈædɪkwət] (高研四六托雅宝 3297/2398 -K3)
Vocabulary: adequate
(once / 218 pages)
adj
When you want to say that something is enough or good enough for a particular need, use the adjective adequate. You might have an adequate amount of flour for a batch of pancakes, but not a lot extra.
Adequate can also describe something that is acceptable or satisfactory, but not any better than that. You might say that a student's grades are adequate but need improvement. This word is from Latin adaequāre"to make equal," from the prefix ad- plus aequare "to equal."
WORD FAMILY
adequate: adequacy, adequately, adequateness, inadequate +/ adequacy: adequacies, inadequacy / inadequacy: inadequacies/ inadequate: inadequately, inadequateness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The lawsuit over school funding looks at two main questions- whether the funding is equitable and whether it is adequate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“So far, we think it’s adequate,” she said, adding that the idea of any limit on cash payments in Switzerland became “quite a touchy subject.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The act defines homeless children and youths as “individuals who lack a fixed, regular and adequate nighttime residence.”
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 足够的; 适当的，恰当的; 差强人意的; 胜任的
分布：足够的(69%)，适当的(30%)，能胜任的(1%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根equ, 等同,见equal, 相等的。此处指足够多的。
adj.充足的,足够的;适当的,胜任的Qualified quality and adequate quantity are equally important.合格的质量和足够的数量同等重要.
【记】ad朝向，equate使平等－足够的
【参】equable（adj 平静的；脾气温和的）；equation（n 方程式）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■enough or satisfactory for a particular purpose 足够的；合格的；合乎需要的
• Have we got adequate food for twenty guests? 我们的食物够招待20位客人吗？
• I didn't have adequate time to prepare. 我没有充足的时间来准备。
• It's not by any means a brilliant salary but it's adequate for our needs. 薪资一点也谈不上优厚，但足以满足我们的需要了。
• The council's provision for the elderly is barely adequate (= is not enough). 地方议会给长者提供的保障不足。
• [+ to infinitive] Will future oil supplies be adequate to meet world needs? 未来的石油供应能满足世界的需要吗？
Opposite inadequate
adequate, enough, sufficient
这些形容词均含“足够的，充足的”之意。
adequate: 指数量上足够，质量上适当。
enough: 最普通用词，口语、书面语可用，较侧重分量或数量的足够，多指希望的满足。
sufficient: 正式用词，侧重数目或数量或程度达到某一特定要求或需要。
adj. 充足的；适当的；胜任的
 - suitable, competent, appropriate, proper, becoming

Word: piano
Front: piano
[piˈænəʊ] (中高雅宝 3299/3449 -K2)
Vocabulary: piano
(once / 229 pages)
nadvadj
A piano is a large musical instrument that you play by pressing black and white keys on a keyboard. Most people play a piano with their fingers, but Jerry Lee Lewis played with his fingers, feet, elbows, and, ahem, backside.
A piano makes a sound when each key moves a small hammer that strikes a metal string. The inside of a piano looks kind of like a harp. Pianos are vital in many kinds of music, from classical to pop, and in the case of Lewis, boogie-woogie. Piano comes from the original Italian name for the instrument: piano e forte, "soft and loud." Piano is also the musical notation that tells the player that something should be played quietly.
WORD FAMILY
piano: pianism, pianist, pianistic, pianos+/pianist: pianists/pianistic: pianistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The turntable, the Technics SL-1200, may not enjoy the name recognition of, say, Fender electric guitars or Steinway pianos.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The gentle piano music starts as the doorbell chimes.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Small stages display his purple Yamaha piano and a collection of vintage costumes.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 钢琴; <美俚>囚犯工作席; 轻奏乐段
分布：钢琴(99%)，轻柔地(1%)
→缩写自pianoforte.
钢琴(pian轻柔＋o)[-o 1.表名词"人,物或状态"2.表名词,用于音乐术语]
n.钢琴The typist plays Typhoon on the piano in a typical style.打字员以典型的风格在钢琴上演奏"台风".
【反】forte（adj 强音的）
US [-oʊ] (plural pianos)
noun countable or uncountable IMPROVER
■a large musical instrument with a row of black and white keys which are pressed to play notes 钢琴
• We're buying a new piano. 我们准备买一架新钢琴。
• I play the piano. 我会弹钢琴。
• mainly US or specialized She used to play piano in a jazz band. 她以前在一支爵士乐队演奏钢琴。
• The music was written for piano. 这首乐曲是为钢琴谱写的。
• We all joined in the song, with Pat at the piano] on piano. 我们合唱了那首歌，派特用钢琴伴奏。

Word: grocery
Front: grocery
[ˈgrəʊsəri] (四六 3301/9714 -K)
Back: n. 食品杂货店; 食品杂货业
分布：杂货店(99%)，杂货的(1%)
US ['groʊ.sɚ-] noun
SHOP 商店
countable (UK also grocery shop) (US also grocery store) old-fashioned
■a grocer's 杂货店
UK ['grəʊ.sər.i] US ['groʊ.sɚ-] noun
FOOD 食物
groceries
[plural]
■the food that you buy in a grocer's shop or supermarket 食品杂货

Word: intensity
Front: intensity
[ɪnˈtensəti] (研四六 3300/4017)
Vocabulary: intensity
(once / 434 pages)
1n 2n
The way he stared deep into her eyes was making her uncomfortable. For a first date, this was too much intensity. Intensity is the degree, volume, or magnitude of a thing, such as fire, emotion, weather, work, or passion.
Intensity is a word sometimes associated with passion, fire, and violence. It's used when discussing the level of such things as a love affair or, perhaps, a flame. For example, the intensity of the relationship between Bergman and Bogart in Casablanca was very high. Likewise, meteorologists measure the intensity of tornados on the Fujita Scale. Some things are meant to show intensity, such as performance by a great musician. Other things, such as, say, a blanket...not so much.
WORD FAMILY
intensity: intensities+/ intense: intensely, intenser, intensest, intensity, intensively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The soleus muscles are deep postural muscles and so require training of long duration and low intensity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The first 25 games or so are ruled by the passion and intensity of a nascent season.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At different growth stages, the plants require light in different intensities, and algorithms controlling the L.E.D. arrays adjust for that.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 强烈; （感情的）强烈程度; 强度; 烈度
分布：强度(86%)，强烈(9%)，紧张(5%)
→来自intense,剧烈的，强烈的。
n.强烈,剧烈;强度I was surprised by the intensity of his anxiety.我对他的极度焦虑感到吃惊.
【反】palliate（v 减轻）
US [-sə.tˌi] noun
uncountable
■the quality of being felt strongly or having a very strong effect 强烈；剧烈
• The explosion was of such intensity that it was heard five miles away. 爆炸的巨响五英里以外都能听见。
countable or uncountable
■the strength of something which can be measured such as light, sound, etc. （光、声音等的）强度
• measures of light intensity 光强度的测量
uncountable
■the quality of being very serious and having strong emotions or opinions （感情或看法的）强烈；认真；全情投入
• The intensity of their relationship was causing problems. 他们关系中所牵涉的感情强烈得引发了问题。
n. [物] 强度；强烈； [电子] 亮度；紧张
 - stress, tension, brightness

Word: exhibit
Front: exhibit
[ɪgˈzɪbɪt] (研四六托 3303/3872 -K2)
Vocabulary: exhibit
(once / 95 pages)
1vn 2n 3v
An exhibit is an item that is shown off for the public, such as a painting on display at a gallery or a historical document shown under glass at a museum.
The main thing to remember about an exhibit is that it refers to something presented formally and in a public setting. For example, if you put an action figure on a side table in your apartment and your friends come by and notice it, well, it’s just an action figure on a side table. Put that same action figure on a pedestal in a fancy gallery, arrange it just so, and voilà! It’s an exhibit. People may even look it over and discuss its meaning in hushed tones. Students of law — or people who watch a lot of TV — will know that when used in a legal context, the word exhibit can also refer to an item presented as evidence in a legal court.
WORD FAMILY
exhibit: exhibited, exhibiting, exhibition, exhibitor, exhibits+/ exhibition: exhibitioner, exhibitionism, exhibitions/exhibitioner: exhibitioners/ exhibitionism: exhibitionisms, exhibitionist, exhibitionistic/ exhibitionist: exhibitionists/exhibitor: exhibitors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nebraska State Tax Commissioner Tony Fulton said Amazon is “exhibiting responsible corporate citizenship. “The tax is owed,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And she’s not opposed to using technology in museum exhibits, as long as interactive screens and other bells and whistles enhance the interpretation for visitors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
California: Rabb set the tone early before fouls slowed him up and showed some range with his jumper he hadn’t previously exhibited.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 陈列，展览; 呈现; 证明; [法]提交证据
vi. 公开展览某物; 展出
n. 展览，陈列; 展览品; 公开展示; [法]证据
时态：exhibited, exhibiting, exhibits
分布：展览(48%)，展示(19%)，表现(19%)，展品(9%)，陈列(5%)
→ex-, 向外。-hibit, 持，握，词源同habit, prohibit. 即把握住的展开，展览。
展览;显示(ex出+hibit→拿来→展览)[hibit=hold,表示"拿住"]
v.展出,陈列n.展览品,陈列品I feel a bit of bitterness for his ambitious exhibition.我为他雄心勃勃的展览感到一点点触痛.
【记】ex出，hibit坚持－坚持拿出来－展览
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to show something publicly 展出，展览；展示
• He frequently exhibits at the art gallery. 他经常在艺廊展出作品。
• In the summer the academy will exhibit several prints which are rarely seen. 该学会将于今年夏天对外展出几幅罕见的版画作品。
• He exhibited great self-control considering her rudeness. 她那么无礼，他表现得如此克制已经很好了。
[ɪg'zɪb.ɪt] noun countable
■an object such as a painting that is shown to the public 展品；展出物；陈列品
• The museum has a fascinating collection of exhibits ranging from Iron Age pottery to Inuit clothing. 这个博物馆收藏的展品，从铁器时代的陶器，到因努伊特人的衣物，丰富多彩，令人称奇。
■legal
■a thing used as evidence (= proof that something is true) in a trial （法庭上出示的）证据，物证
• Is exhibit C the weapon which you say was used? 物证C是不是你说的所使用的武器？
exposition, display, show, exhibition, fair, exhibit
这组词都有“展览”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 多指大型博览会或国际博览会。
display: 指展销会，商店橱窗或柜台上的陈列品。
show: 指艺术品、农产品、工业品或商品等的任何形式的公开展览。
exhibition: 一般指较正规的展览会。
fair: 侧重指为促销商品而举办的展览会或商品交易会。
exhibit: 多指个人或团体陈列的展览品，规模可大可小。
demonstrate, manifest, display, show, exhibit
这组词都有“显示、显露、展现”的意思，其区别是：
demonstrate: 指明显地表露感情。也指用实例、实验推理等手段表演证明，或论证某一问题。
manifest: 书面正式用词，指明确地表明。
display: 多指将某物陈列在显眼之处以便让发现其优点，侧重有意识地显示。
show: 最普通用词，泛指任何有意或无意地把东西给别人看的行为。
exhibit: 指公开或正式地展示，以便引人注目或让人检查。
vt. 展览；显示；提出（证据等）
 - introduce, reveal, prove, make clear, prefer
n. [贸易] 展览品；证据；展示会
 - proof, witness

Word: high
Front: high
[haɪ] (中高 141/152 -K5)
Vocabulary: high
(once / 10 pages)
1adjnadv 2adjnadv 3adj 4adjn 5n 6adj
Use the adjective high to describe something with a great elevation. If you want to see a really high mountain, you should visit Mount Everest.
You can also use high to describe a sound or musical note that is elevated in pitch. Some stores use a high-pitched buzzing sound to keep teenagers from loitering. The noise drives teens crazy, but it doesn't bother their parents, because adults can't hear the high frequency. High also means a state of euphoria. After you win a first place medal at the swim meet, you might be on a high for days.
WORD FAMILY
high: height, higher, highest, highly, highness, highs+/ height: heights/highness: highnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was just two really good football teams playing at the highest level and competing until the absolute, very end,” USC coach Clay Helton said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Advocates say that this limits options for children who may find relief with higher levels of THC.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Sharfstein said statewide efforts also lowered Maryland’s relatively high infant mortality rate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 高的; 高尚的，崇高的; 高音调的; 高级的，高等的
adv. （程度等）高地; 高价地; 奢侈地
n. 高处，高位; [气象学]高气压; 高压地带; 高水平
级别：higher, highest
分布：高(86%)，高的(12%)，高水平(1%)，高尚的(1%)
→来自古英语heah,高的，高耸的，来自Proto-Germanic*hauhaz,高的，来自keuk,*keu,弯，转，词源同cubicle,cubit.由弯，转引申词义起伏的，高的。词义演变比较hump,vertex.
a.高的,高度的,高级的,高尚的ad.高高地I highly appreciate the preceding man's precious precise exercise.我高度欣赏前面那个人可贵的精确演练.
adjective
DISTANCE 距离
 ESSENTIAL
■(especially of things that are not living) being a large distance from top to bottom or a long way above the ground, or having the stated distance from top to bottom （尤指无生命的东西）高的，有…高的
• a high building/mountain 高楼／高山
• high ceilings 高高的天花板
• It's two and a half metres high and one metre wide. 它有两公尺半高，一公尺宽。
• The corn grew waist-high (= as high as a person's waist) in the fields. 田里的玉米长到了及腰的高度。
[haɪ] adjective
ABOVE AVERAGE 超过平均水准
 ESSENTIAL
■greater than the usual level or amount （比通常水准）高的，多的
• The job demands a high level of concentration. 这项工作需要高度集中精神
• He suffers from high blood pressure. 他患有高血压。
• Antique furniture fetches very high prices these days. 这段时间古董家俱的价位很高。
• She got very high marks in her geography exam. 她的地理考试分数很高。
• It's very dangerous to drive at high speed when the roads are wet. 在潮湿的路面上高速驾驶是很危险的。
• He's in a high-security prison. 他被关在一处戒备森严的监狱中。
high standards/principles
 IMPROVER
■very good or very moral standards 高标准／高度的道德标准
• She was a woman of high principles. 她是一位道德高尚的女士。
• She demands very high standards from the people who work for her. 她对底下工作的人要求很高。
high winds
■fast, strong wind 大风，强风
• High winds caused delays on the ferries. 大风导致渡轮延误。
[haɪ] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 IMPROVER
■having power, an important position, or great influence （权位）重要的，高级的
• an officer of high rank 高级军官
[haɪ] adjective
SOUND 声音
■near or at the top of the range of sounds 高音的，声音尖锐的
• I can't reach the high notes. 这些高音我唱不上去。
[haɪ] adjective
BAD 坏的 UK (of food) smelling bad and no longer good to eat （食物）腐坏的，变质的
• This meat is rather high - shall I throw it out? 这块肉已经腐坏了——我要不要把它丢掉？
[haɪ] adjective
MENTAL STATE 精神状态
■not thinking or behaving normally because of taking drugs （因吸毒而）极度亢奋的
• He was high on heroin at the time. 他当时正因吸了海洛因而飘飘欲仙。
[haɪ] adjective
be as high as a kite informal
■to behave in a silly or excited way because you have taken drugs or drunk a lot of alcohol （吸毒或大量饮酒后）极度兴奋，神情恍惚
• I tried to talk to her after the party, but she was as high as a kite. 我想在聚会之后跟她谈谈，但她喝酒喝得神情恍惚。
■to feel very happy and excited 非常高兴；异常激动
• I was a high as a kite when I'd heard I'd got the job. 当得知我得到那份工作时，我高兴极了。
[haɪ] adjective
come/get (down) off your high horse
■to stop talking as if you were better or more clever than other people 别再自以为是
• It's time you came down off your high horse and admitted you were wrong. 现在该是你停止批评别人、承认自己错误的时候了。
[haɪ] adjective
get on your high horse
■to start talking angrily about something bad that someone else has done as if you feel you are better or more clever than they are 自以为是，自命不凡
[haɪ] adjective
have it on the highest authority formal
■to have been told something by someone who knows the truth 据知情人士透露
• I have it on the highest authority that they are getting a divorce. 我听知情人士说他们正要离婚。
[haɪ] adjective
high and mighty disapproving
■Someone who is high and mighty behaves as if they are more important than other people. 盛气凌人的；趾高气昂的
[haɪ] adjective
hunt / search high and low
■to search everywhere for something 到处找
• I've been hunting high and low for that certificate and I still can't find it! 我到处找那张证书，但还是找不到！
[haɪ] adjective
leave sb high and dry informal
■to do something which is not at all convenient for someone and put them in a very difficult situation 给（某人）带来麻烦；使（某人）陷入困境
• They pulled out of the deal at the last minute leaving us high and dry. 他们在最后一刻退出了交易，使我们陷入困境。
[haɪ] adjective
live high on / off the hog US informal often disapproving
■to live in great comfort with a lot of money 过奢华的生活
[haɪ] adjective
on high old use
■in heaven 在天上
• God looked down from on high. 上帝在天上看着我们。
mainly humorous
■If an order comes from on high, it comes from someone in a position of authority （命令）由上级下达的，来自高层的
• Instructions came from on high to reduce our travel expenses. 上级指示要缩减我们的差旅费用。
[haɪ] noun
ABOVE AVERAGE 超过平均水准
 IMPROVER countable
■a higher level than has ever been reached previously 最高水准，高潮
• Interest rates have reached an all-time/record high. 利率达到了历史最高点／创纪录的高水准。
[haɪ] noun
MENTAL STATE 精神状态
countable usually singular
■a period of extreme excitement or happiness when you feel full of energy, often caused by a feeling of success, or by drugs or alcohol or a religious experience （因获得成功带来的）极度兴奋；（毒品、酒精或宗教体验引起的）快感，极乐
• Exercise gives you a high. 运动使人兴奋。
• She's been on a high ever since she got her article published. 自从她的文章发表以来，她情绪一直非常高涨。
• There are lots of highs and lows in this job. 这份工作中有很多快乐，也有许多沮丧。
[haɪ] noun
EDUCATION 教育
only singular US informal for
■ high school (when used in the name of a school) （用于中学名称中）
• I go to Santa Ana High. 我念圣安娜高中。
[haɪ] adverb
 IMPROVER
■at or to a large distance from the ground 在高处；高高地
• You'll have to hit the ball quite high to get it over that net. 你必须把球打得相当高，这样它才能越过那网。
• Concorde flew much higher than most aeroplanes. 协和式喷射机飞得比大多数飞机都高很多。
highly, high
highly: 抽象的高,高度的 think highly of
high: 具体的高,
lofty, high, tall
这组词都有“高的”的意思，其区别是：
lofty: 书面用词，指外观宏伟壮丽的高耸物；用于指思想或目的时，表示崇高。贬义指 态高傲。
high: 普通用词，指本身高出地面之上，与low相对，不用于人。也可指程度、地位、声音等的高，还可作引申用。
tall: 仅指人或物的高度，指物的“高”时，可与high换用。
adj. 高的；高级的；崇高的；高音调的
 - tall, senior, advanced, lofty
n. 高水平；天空；由麻醉品引起的快感；高压地带
 - heaven, sky, air
adv. 高；奢侈地
 - luxuriously, sumptuously

Word: blanket
Front: blanket
[ˈblæŋkɪt] (高研四托雅 3306/3938 -2)
Vocabulary: blanket
(once / 244 pages)
1nv 2adj
A blanket is a large piece of material that keeps you warm when you're in bed or taking a nap on the couch. Many small children have a favorite blanket that provides not just warmth, but comfort.
There is the knitted blanket on your bed, and then there's the blanket of snow that covers your yard in January. Any heavy layer can be described this way: "After a windy day, there was suddenly a blanket of leaves outside." You can use it as a verb, too: "The fog descended and began to blanket the whole town." The Old French root is blanchet, "light wool or flannel cloth," from blanc, "white" or "white cloth."
WORD FAMILY
blanket: blanketed, blanketing, blanketly, blankets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cervantes, wearing a Santa hat with a blanket draped over her, passed.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the back of the building, under hangers strewn with blouses, pants, wedding dresses and blankets, I talked with Amy and Mark about stains.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The need for food is increasing along with non-food items, such as blankets.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 毛毯，毯子; 毯状物; 厚的覆盖层
adj. 总括的; 全体的; 无大差别的
vt. 用毯覆盖; 覆盖，掩盖; （规则等）适用于
时态：blanketed, blanketing, blankets
分布：毛毯(66%)，覆盖(16%)，扑灭(6%)，挡风(3%)，使包含(2%)，包含所有的(2%)，用毯子裹(2%)，覆盖物(1%)，排字版(1%)，适用于所有情形的(1%)
→blank, 白的。-et, 小词后缀。原指一块白布，后指白毯子，毯子。
毯子(blank+et→白色[织物]→靴子)[blanc=white表示"白"]
n.毯子(可数);厚厚一层(可数)vt.铺上一层The frank man put the first-rank blank blanket into the tan tank.直率的男子将一流空白毛毯放进黝黑的大容器
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a flat cover made of wool or similar warm material, usually used on a bed 毛毯，毯子
['blæŋ.kɪt] noun countable
a blanket of sth
■a thick covering layer of something 一层厚厚的…
• The ground was covered by a thick blanket of snow. 地上覆盖着一层厚厚的雪。
['blæŋ.kɪt] adjective [before noun]
■including or affecting everything, everyone, or all cases, in a large group or area 适用于任何情况的；总括的，综合的
• a blanket ban 全面禁止
• 'Man', as a blanket term for both men and women, is now considered sexist. man 用作一个广义词来指代男人和女人，现在被认为有性别歧视色彩。
['blæŋ.kɪt] verb transitive often passive literary
■to cover something completely with a thick layer 以厚层覆盖
• Outside the fields were blanketed in fog. 外面，田野被浓雾笼罩着。
blanket, rug, carpet
这组词都有“毛毯，地毯”的意思，其区别是：
blanket: 指厚实的棉、毛织品，用于铺床或披在身上保暖的毛毯。
rug: 指小地毯或旅行用的小毛毯。
carpet: 指用来铺地板或楼梯的厚实的棉、毛地毯。
n. 毛毯，毯子；毯状物，覆盖层
 - soogan, sugan
adj. [经] 总括的，全体的；没有限制的
 - entire, corporate, overall, universal
vt. 覆盖， [电子] 掩盖；用毯覆盖
 - invest, house, sheet, roof, cap

Word: margin
Front: margin
[ˈmɑ:dʒɪn] (研四六托雅宝 3308/2962 -3)
Vocabulary: margin
(once / 270 pages)
n
An amount beyond the minimum necessary is called the margin. If you sell craft items, you need to build in a profit margin so that you actually make money on the sale. You'll go broke if you sell mittens for $10 that cost you $15 to make.
The blank space around the edges of a sheet of paper — as with the page of a book — that surrounds the text is called the margin. It serves a few purposes: (1) The paper can be bound into a book without covering up the words; (2) If you are a teacher, student, or editor, you can make comments or notes in the margin. (3) If you're bored in class, you can doodle there.
WORD FAMILY
margin: marginal, margins+/ marginal: marginalise, marginality, marginalize, marginally/marginalise: marginalisation, marginalised/ marginalize: marginalization, marginalized, marginalizes, marginalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Senate’s margin is 34 Republicans and 16 Democrats.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
He decided in 2004 to run for the state Senate, challenging incumbent John Hawkins, who won the race by a narrow margin.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many of her grown adopted children, now off on their own, continue to struggle with mental illness and homelessness, living on society’s margins.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 边缘，范围; 极限; 利润，盈余; （版心外）的空白
vt. 留边; 成为…的边; 加边于，围绕; 为…加旁注
分布：利润(38%)，边缘(32%)，幅度(9%)，余地(7%)，页边空白(4%)，差额(4%)，加边于(3%)，定金(2%)，为…付保证金(1%)
→来自拉丁语marginem,边缘，边界，来自merg,记号，标记，边界，词源同mark,march.引申词义湖边，河边，页边等。
n.页边空白;边缘;余地;幅度Pandas are on the margin of extinction.大熊猫已濒临绝种.
【参】marginal（adj 记在页边的；不重要的）
US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
DIFFERENCE 差额
 ADVANCED
■the amount by which one thing is different from another 差数，差额
• The Senate approved the use of military force by a margin of 52 votes to 47. 参议院以52票对47票通过了使用武力的提议。
• The poll shows that the government is leading by the narrowest of margins. 民意调查显示，政府以极其微弱的优势领先。
UK ['mɑ:.dʒɪn] US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
OUTER PART 远离中心的部分
 ADVANCED
■the empty space to the side of the text on a page, sometimes separated from the rest of the page by a vertical line 页边空白，白边
• If I have any comments to make, I'll write them in the margin. 如果我有评语，就会写在页边的空白处。
■the outer edge of an area 边，缘，边缘
• The plant tends to grow in the lighter margins of woodland areas. 这种植物往往生长在植被较稀疏的林地边缘。
on the margins of sth
■If someone is on the margins of a group of people, they are part of that group, but they are different in important ways, and if someone is on the margins of an activity, they are only slightly involved （某人）处于…的边缘，对…稍有涉足
• He spent the 1980s on the margins of British politics. 20世纪80年代他曾稍稍涉足英国政治。
• The government needs to reach out to those on the margins of society. 政府需要关注处于社会边缘的人。
verge, edge, brim, margin, border, fringe, rim
这组词都有“边，边缘”的意思，其区别是：
verge: 指明显地标志一个表在或一广阔空间的边界，或终端线，也指极狭窄的空间。常用作比喻。
edge: 普通用词，指较窄的边沿。
brim: 指深容器的内边或河、湖等水域的最高线。
margin: 指物体的空白边，一般较宽。
border: 侧重刚好在界线内的一部分表面上，指较宽的边缘，也可指边缘本身。
fringe: 指地毯的须边、围巾的花边、烫发的卷边或人群的边缘。
rim: 指圆形或有曲线的物体的边缘。
n. [心理] 边缘； [会计] 利润，余裕； [印刷] 页边的空白
 - profit, gain, brink, suburb

Word: quarterback
Front: quarterback
[ˈkwɔ:təbæk] (3302/28399)
Vocabulary: quarterback
(once / 667 pages)
nv
In American football, the quarterback is in charge of the team's offense. When football players huddle in a circle to plan their plays, the quarterback usually decides which strategy to use.
In many ways, a quarterback is a team's leader, although ultimately the coach is in charge. When an NFL team wins the Super Bowl, the quarterback accepts the winning trophy. As a verb, to quarterback either means, literally, to play the position of quarterback, or to lead a team or project: "The teacher asked me to quarterback the class Halloween party." Quarterback comes from the starting field position, between the center and the halfback.
WORD FAMILY
quarterback: quarterbacked, quarterbacking, quarterbacks
USAGE EXAMPLES
They fought with jabs from a kid quarterback, roundhouses from acrobatic receivers and knockdowns by giant linemen.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Oakland already was without its quarterback and league MVP candidate, Derek Carr, after he suffered a broken bone in his leg.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s not exactly, “I want to be the quarterback of this team until I retire.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （美式足球）（指挥进攻的）四分卫，枢纽前卫
vi. （美式足球）打四分卫，担任枢纽前卫
vt. 指挥，组织
分布：担任四分卫(85%)，指挥...的行动(15%)
→quarter,四分之一，back,后面。用于指足球比赛或其它运动的四分位，多为组织位。
US ['kwɑ:.tˌɚ-] mainly US
noun countable
■(in American football) the player who receives the ball at the start of every play and tries to move it along the field （橄榄球比赛中发动进攻的）四分卫
vt. （以四分卫）指挥进攻；领导；操纵
 - lead, man, guide

Word: mouse
Front: mouse
[maʊs] (中高研四六 3305/2845 -K2)
Vocabulary: mouse
(once / 297 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A small rodent with a pointy face, rounded ears, and a long tail is called a mouse. A mouse may be kept as a pet, or it may be an uninvited guest in your home.
A person who is timid and shy can also be called a mouse. In computer terms, a mouse is a corded or wireless device that moves your computer's cursor while you move the mouse. In most cases, the plural of mouse is "mice," but more than one computer mouse can also be called "mouses." Mouse can also be a verb in this context, like when you mouse over an icon to select a link.
WORD FAMILY
mouse: mice, mouse-colored, moused, mouselike, mouses, mousey, mousing, mousy +/ mousy: mousiest, mousily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fish are much cheaper than the mice traditionally used in such experiments.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Basically you sew together an obese mouse that is missing leptin with a slim mouse, surgically attaching their circulatory systems.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
A new study with mice fills in one piece of that puzzle.
New York Times(Jun 15, 2016)
Back: n. 老鼠; 鼠标; 羞怯[胆小]的人; [非正式用语] 眼部青肿
vi. 捕鼠; 窥探，偷偷地寻找
时态：moused, mousing, mouses
分布：鼠标(55%)，老鼠(42%)，捕鼠(2%)，胆小如鼠的人(1%)
→来自mus,老鼠，词源同muscle,mussel.引申词义鼠标。
n.(pl.mice)鼠,耗子The mouse's tearing the blouse and trousers aroused the housewife's anger.老鼠撕咬短衫和裤子激起了主妇的怒火.
noun (plural mice)
ANIMAL 动物
 IMPROVER countable
■a small mammal with short fur, a pointed face, and a long tail 鼠
• a field mouse 田鼠
• a pet mouse 宠物鼠
[maʊs] noun (plural mice)
COMPUTER 电脑
 IMPROVER countable
■a small device which you move across a surface in order to move a cursor on your computer screen （电脑的）滑鼠
[maʊs] noun (plural mice)
PERSON 人
countable usually singular
■a shy, quiet, nervous person 腼腆害羞的人
mouse, rat
这组词都有“老鼠，耗子”的意思，其区别是：
mouse: 一般指体形较小的家鼠。
rat: 一般指生活在室外体形较大的一种老鼠。
n. [计] 鼠标；老鼠；胆小羞怯的人
 - ratton
vi. 捕鼠；窥探
 - rat, pry about

Word: rope
Front: rope
[rəʊp] (中高研四六托 3309/3336 -K2)
Back: n. 粗绳; 绳索; 一串; 学会决窍，知道决窍
vt. （用绳子）捆; 用绳子系牢; 捆紧; 用套索抓捕（动物）
vi. 成索状或绳状
时态：roped, roping, ropes
分布：绳索(71%)，一串(13%)，绞刑(9%)，捆绑(7%)
→来自古英语 rap,绳子，绳索，来自 Proto-Germanic*raipaz,绳子，绳索，可能来自 sker, 弯，转，编织，词源同 ring,cradle.
n.绳,索The rope is proper property to the prospering rope maker.绳子对成功的制绳者来说是真正的财产.
US [roʊp] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(a piece of) strong, thick string made of long twisted threads 粗绳；缆绳；绳索
• A sailor threw a rope ashore and we tied the boat to a post. 一个水手将一条缆绳扔到岸上，我们就把船拴到了一根柱子上。
• a coil of rope 一卷绳子
countable
■several of one type of object connected together on a string （串在一起的）（一）串，（一）条
• a rope of garlic 一辫大蒜
• a rope of pearls 一串珍珠
the ropes [plural]
■thick rope which surrounds an area used for boxing (= sport in which two people hit each other) or wrestling 围绳（围绕拳击或摔跤场所的粗绳；拳击运动是两个人在场上对打的运动）
• The middleweight boxing champion had his opponent up against the ropes. 那个中量级拳击冠军将对手逼到了拳击台的护栏上。
UK [rəʊp] US [roʊp] noun
learn/know the ropes
■to learn/know how to do a job or activity 知道诀窍；懂行，在行
UK [rəʊp] US [roʊp] noun
on the ropes informal
■doing badly and likely to fail 处于困境；即将失败，即将完蛋
• I think the business is finally on the ropes. 我觉得这家企业最终还是要垮掉。
UK [rəʊp] US [roʊp] noun
show/teach sb the ropes
■to show someone how to do a job or activity 给（某人）指点窍门；教（某人）如何工作
• Lynn spent an afternoon showing the new girl the ropes. 林恩花了一下午的时间教那个新来的年轻女职员入门。
UK [rəʊp] US [roʊp] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to tie things together with rope （用绳索）捆，绑，系
• I'll rope my horse to your car and pull you out of the ditch. 我把我的马套在你的汽车上把你从沟里拉出来。
• The climbers roped themselves together. 登山者用绳索把他们自己都连在一起。
UK [rəʊp] US [roʊp] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rope sb in informal
■to persuade someone to do something for you 劝说（某人）帮忙；说服（某人）加入
• At the last minute, we roped in a couple of spectators to complete the team. 在最后关头，我们说服几位观看的人加入，凑足了比赛人数。
UK [rəʊp] US [roʊp] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rope sth/somewhere off
■to surround an area or place with ropes in order to keep people out 用绳围起；用绳索圈起
• The police roped off the scene of the crime. 员警用绳子将犯罪现场围了起来。
rope, wire, thread, string, line, cord
这组词都有“线”的意思，其区别是：
rope: 指用于捆绑大物件的粗壮而坚固的绳子，一般用绵、毛、麻、金属或其它材料制成。
wire: 专指用金属制成的线。
thread: 普通用词，指用棉、毛、丝或纤维等纹成的很细的线，通常用于缝纫、纺织等。
string: 普通用词，指捆绑小件物品的细绳或细带子。
line: 普通用词，含义广泛，指任何一种线，常作引申用。
cord: 指比string粗，比rope细，较牢固，通常用于捆扎较小物品的线或绳。用作引申当约束讲。
n. 绳，绳索
 - line, cord
vt. 捆，绑
 - bundle, colligate

Word: concrete
Front: concrete
[ˈkɒŋkri:t] (高研四六托雅宝 3310/3840 -K3)
Vocabulary: concrete
(once / 423 pages)
1adj 2nadjv
Concrete is that pourable mix of cement, water, sand, and gravel that hardens into a super-strong building material. Sidewalks, foundations, and highways are all made of concrete.
Though people use the words cement and concrete as if they were the same, they're not. Concrete has cement in it, but also includes other materials; cement is what binds concrete together. Construction workers hate when kids write their names in concrete before it hardens: once concrete hardens, it's going to be solid for a long time. When used as an adjective, concrete also means solid. If you've got concrete plans for Saturday, then you have a definite plan.
WORD FAMILY
concrete: concreted, concretely, concreteness, concretes, concreting, concretion, concretise, concretism, concretize+/concreteness: concretenesses/concretion: concretions/concretise: concretised/concretism: concretistic/concretize: concretized, concretizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police said that a search of his apartment turned up no evidence of any concrete danger to New Year’s Eve celebrations.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It will also pay for repairs to the concrete entrance structures of the dry dock.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Movements are born in the moments when abstract principles become concrete concerns.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 具体的，有形的，实在的，实际的; 固结成的，混凝土制的; 图案诗歌的
n. 混凝土; 具体物; （图案式）有形诗; 〔建〕钢筋混凝土
vt. 使凝固; 用混凝土修筑; 萃取
vi. 凝固; 固结; 变坚固; 使用混凝土
时态：concreted, concreting, concretes
分布：混凝土(71%)，水泥(10%)，具体的(9%)，混凝土的(6%)，具体物(1%)，结合(1%)，凝结(1%)，实质性的(1%)
→con-, 强调。-cre, 生长，创造，词源同create, crescent. 即长到一起的，聚合成块的。
具体的n.混凝土(con共同+crete[=cre制造]→共同制造→混凝土)[cre,creas=grow,make,表示"增长,产生"]
a.具体的,实质性的n.混凝土v.用混凝土修筑He created the great creature with concrete for recreation.他用混凝土创造了这个伟大的创造物作消遣.
【记】con共同，crete＝create（v 创造）－共同创造的东西是具体的，如果是抽象无形的东西，就太浪费劳动力了。
【反】conceptual（adj 概念上的）
US ['kɑ:n-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a very hard building material made by mixing together cement , sand, small stones and water 混凝土
• reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土
• a concrete floor/path 混凝土地面／道路
• a grey concrete building 灰色的混凝土建筑物
UK ['kɒŋ.kri:t] US ['kɑ:n-] verb transitive
■to cover something in concrete 用混凝土覆盖
• Why did you concrete over that nice garden? 你为甚么把那个漂亮的花园铺上混凝土？
UK ['kɒŋ.kri:t] US ['kɑ:n-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■clear and certain, or real and existing in a form that can be seen or felt 确定的；确实的；具体的；有形的；实在的
• They think she killed her husband, but they've no concrete evidence. 他们认为她杀死了自己的丈夫，但是他们没有确凿的证据。
• We've got a general idea of what we want, but nothing concrete at the moment. 我们对需要甚么有个大致的想法，可是具体的东西目前还没有想好。
specific, concrete
这组词都有“具体的”的意思，其区别是：
specific: 侧重指具体的细节，是与general(一般)，vague(模糊)相对的具体。
concrete: 指通过感官能看到、听到、触到的具体东西。其反义词是abstract。
adj. [建] 混凝土的；实在的，具体的；有形的
 - honest, effective, real
vi. 凝结
 - to freeze, clot
n. 具体物；凝结物
 - coagulation

Word: prescription
Front: prescription
[prɪˈskrɪpʃn] (高研六托雅宝 3311/5595 -2)
Vocabulary: prescription
(once / 902 pages)
nadj
A prescription is an order written by a doctor for someone to get a drug that is not available without this permission. If you get a bad ear infection, you'll need a prescription for antibiotics.
When your doctor writes a prescription, she's advising you to take a medication that you can only get from a pharmacist. You can refer to the paper with the drug's name and the doctor's signature and the bottle of medicine as a prescription. Sometimes prescription is used in a non-medical way to simply mean a suggestion or recommendation, like laughter and friends — a great prescription for chasing away the blues.
WORD FAMILY
prescription: nonprescription, prescriptions+/ prescribe: prescribed, prescribes, prescribing, prescription, prescriptive / prescriptive: prescriptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prescription treatments might include a topical anti-inflammatory cream or an oral antibiotic for more-severe inflammation and redness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There are also several agents dedicated to working pharmaceutical diversion cases in which people are doctor shopping or prescriptions are being forged.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“The major things are refilling prescriptions without doctors’ orders,” Ray said about one of the more typical mistakes by a pharmacy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [医]药方，处方; 处方药; 训令，指示; 法规
分布：处方(77%)，药方(22%)，对策(1%)
→来自describe,开药，-pt,过去分词格。
处方;命令(pre+script+ion)[scrib,script=write,表示"写"]
n.药方,处方The subtle subscriber found the prescription manuscript.敏锐的认购者找到处方原稿.
【记】源于：prescribe（v 指示；开处方），pre前，scribe（v 描述）
noun
MEDICINE 药物
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of paper on which a doctor writes the details of the medicine or drugs that someone needs 处方，药方；处方上开的药
• a doctor's prescription 医生的处方
• a prescription for sedatives 镇静剂的处方
• UK The doctor should give you a repeat prescription (= another piece of paper allowing more of the same medicine to be given, often without the person seeing the doctor again). 医生应该给你开个重复处方。
• These drugs are only available on prescription (= with a prescription from a doctor). 这些药只能凭处方购买。
• Prescription charges (= the standard amount of money you pay for any medicine prescribed by a doctor) are rising in June. 六月份处方药费在上涨。
[prɪ'skrɪp.ʃən] noun
RULE 规定
countable or uncountable formal
■when someone says what someone else must have or do 建议；秘诀
• So what is his prescription for success? 那么他认为成功的诀窍是甚么？
n. [医] 药方；指示；惯例
 - tradition, instruction, convention, usage, pointing

Word: African-American
Front: African-American
['æfrikən ə'merikən] None
Back: 非洲裔美国人（指美国黑人）
N-COUNT
非裔美国人；美国黑人
African-Americans are black people living in the United States who are descended from families that originally came from Africa.
例：Today African-Americans are 12 percent of the population.如今非裔美国人占总人口的12%。

Word: chase
Front: chase
[tʃeɪs] (研四六雅宝 3312/3378 -K3)
Vocabulary: chase
(once / 230 pages)
1vn 2v 3n
To chase is to follow or go after someone or something you want. This activity is called a chase. Dogs chase cats, cats chase mice, and mice are in big trouble.
The word chase tried to run away from the Old French word chacier for "to hunt or strive for,” but we caught it. Any time you’re trying to get something that’s trying to get away from you, you chase it. Police officers chase criminals, and kids playing tag chase each other all over the yard. You can also chase things that aren't physical, like a dream or a goal. This activity itself is called a chase.
WORD FAMILY
chase: chased, chaser, chases, chasing+/chaser: chasers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Iraqi “led them on a wild goose chase of grave sites saying that he knew where Troy was,” Ginger’s husband Jim says.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
The crime Saturday at Plaza Frontenac resulted in a police chase that ended 60 miles away in Illinois.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“Someday,” he wrote, “my wish will be granted and I'll join a village like this and spend my days chasing sheep across Syria's hills.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 追捕; 追求; 追寻; 镂刻
n. 追捕; 打猎; 猎物（指鸟兽等）; 槽
vi. 追逐，追赶; 追寻; 追求（常与after连用）; [口语] 奔跑
时态：chased, chasing, chases
分布：追赶(33%)，追求(26%)，追捕(23%)，奔跑(10%)，试图赢得(4%)，狩猎(3%)，争取(1%)
→来自拉丁词captare, 抓，拿，catch的同源对词，词源同capture, captive.
v./n.追逐,追求She chased the children from her garden.她把那些孩子赶出花园.
【记】读：沉思。雕镂之前要沉思一下，用什么图案。
【参】chafe（v 擦痛）读：重复
verb
FOLLOW 跟随
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to hurry after someone or something in order to catch them 追赶，追逐；追捕
• The police car was going so fast, it must have been chasing someone. 警车开得这么快，一定是在追捕甚么人。
• She was chasing (after) a man who had snatched her bag. 她在追赶一个抢走她的手提包的男子。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to hurry or run in various directions 跑来跑去；匆忙赶往
• She couldn't study with the children chasing around the house. 孩子在房子里跑来跑去，她没法温习。
[tʃeɪs] verb
TRY TO GET 争取
transitive
■to try to get something that is difficult to get or achieve 追求，努力争取
• It's depressing how many people there are chasing so few jobs. 这么多人在争夺这么少的几份工作，真是让人沮丧。
• After years of chasing her dreams , she finally got a part in a film. 追逐自己的梦想这么多年，她终于在一部电影中得到了一个角色。
intransitive or transitive
■to try very hard to persuade someone to have a relationship with you 追求，（向某人）求爱
• She's always chasing (after) men. 她总是追求男人。
[tʃeɪs] verb
GET RID OF 除掉
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to run after a person or an animal in a threatening way in order to make them leave 驱逐；赶走，撵走
• He used to chase the children away from his apple trees. 他过去常把孩子从他的苹果树旁赶走。
• She's always chasing cats out of the garden to protect her precious birds. 她总是把猫赶出花园，以保护她那些珍贵的小鸟。
[tʃeɪs] verb
be chasing your tail
■to be busy doing a lot of things but achieving very little 瞎忙活，白忙，徒劳无功
[tʃeɪs] verb
chase the dragon slang
■to take the drug heroin , by smoking it 吸食海洛因
[tʃeɪs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chase sb up informal
■to ask someone to do something that they have said they would do but that they have not yet done 催促，提醒（某人实践诺言）
• If you don't hear from the builders this week, make sure you chase them up. 要是你这个星期还没有从施工人员那里得到消息，一定要催催他们。
• I must chase my flatmate up about those bills and see if she paid them. 我一定要找我的室友问问那些帐单的事，看看她是否付了帐。
[tʃeɪs] noun countable
■when you go after someone or something very quickly in order to catch them 追赶，追逐；追捕
• a tedious film with endless car/police chases 充斥着没完没了追车／员警追捕场面的乏味电影
the chase
■the sport of hunting animals 打猎
• Asked why he went fox-hunting, he replied that he loved the thrill of the chase. 问到他为甚么去猎狐时，他回答说喜欢打猎的刺激。
[tʃeɪs] noun countable
give chase
■to go after a criminal quickly in order to catch them 追逐罪犯
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
vt. 追逐；追捕；试图赢得；雕镂
 - go after, track down
vi. 追逐；追赶；奔跑
 - pursue, go after
n. 追逐；追赶；追击
 - pursuit, hunting

Word: document
Front: document
[ˈdɒkjumənt] (高研四六托宝 1389/1052 -K4)
Vocabulary: document
(once / 125 pages)
nv
A document is a piece of paper that contains official information. Don't you wish you had a document saying that the bank owed you $5 million?
Document comes from the Latin verb meaning "to teach," so a document instructs you with the information it contains. Legal documents such as contracts contain instructions on how the people signing it will act. Passports, driver’s licenses and birth certificates are all official documents. As a verb, document means "to record in detail," or "offer supporting evidence for." If you call a company to complain about something, make sure to document your phone calls by noting the date you called, who you spoke to and what was said.
WORD FAMILY
document: documental, documentary, documentation, documented, documenting, documents+/documental: documentally/ documentary: documentaries, documentarily/ documentation: documentations/ documented: undocumented
USAGE EXAMPLES
It features a man in an undisclosed location handing over documents to an official.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof also documented his hate in his journal, found in his car when he was arrested.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last year, with all this in mind, Salemi began travelling across Iran to document the changing climate.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （计算机）文档，证件; 公文
vt. 证明; 记录; 为…提供证明
时态：documented, documenting, documents
分布：文件(51%)，文档(44%)，公文(4%)，记载(1%)
→来自词根doc, 教，教导，词源同doctor.词义引申为文件，文献。
文件;证书(docu[=doc教]+ment→用来教的东西→文件)[doc,doct=toteach,表示"教"]
n.文档,文件,公文vt.证明They are arguing about the document of the monumental instrument.他们在辩论关于那件不朽乐器的文献.
【参】documentary（n 记录片adj 文件的）；documentation（n 文件）
US [ˈdɑː.kjʊ-]
 ESSENTIAL
■a paper or set of papers with written or printed information, especially of an official type （尤指正式的）文件，公文
• official/confidential/legal documents 正式／机密／法律档
• They are charged with using forged documents. 他们被控使用伪造的档。
 ESSENTIAL
■a text that is written and stored on a computer （电脑）文件，文档
• I'll send you the document by email. 我会用电子邮件把文件发给你。
verb transitive UK [ˈdɒk.jʊ.mənt/
    UK [-ment] US [ˈdɑː.kjʊ-/
■to record the details of an event, a process, etc. 记录，记载
• His interest in cricket has been well- documented (= recorded and written about) by the media. 他对板球的兴趣在媒体的报道中都有详细的记载。
record, document, file
record: 记录；
document: 文件，文献
file: 档案，文件；
document, paper
这组词都有“文件”的意思，其区别是：
document: 即可指法律性文件，也可指用作证明或消息来源的文件或记录等。
paper: 普通用词，泛指成册供将来参考或使用的任何文件或公文等。
n. 文件，公文； [计] 文档； [管理] 证件
 - file, paper

Word: brick
Front: brick
[brɪk] (高研四托 3315/2814 -K2)
Back: n. 砖，砖块; 砖块状物体; 一砖的厚度; 〈口〉大好人
vt. 用砖建造、砌或铺; 用砖围住或堵住
adj. 用砖做的; 似砖的
分布：砖(93%)，砖块(6%)，砖状物(1%)
→词源同break, 原指碎石片。
n.砖块,砖;v.用砖围砌,用砖填补His wicked trick is to get the kids to kick bricks and lick the cricket ticket.他的缺德恶作剧是让孩子们踢砖和舔板球门票.
noun
BUILDING BLOCK 砖
 IMPROVER countable
■a rectangular block of hard material used for building walls and houses 砖
• The chimney was made of bricks. 烟囱是用砖砌的。
• We lived in a Victorian terrace of red -brick houses. 我们住在维多利亚式的红砖房连排屋中。
• He was so embarrassed - his face went brick -red (= a dark red). 他尴尬极了，脸涨得紫红紫红的。
⇒ See also airbrick;redbrick
[brɪk] noun
GOOD PERSON 好人
countable usually singular old-fashioned or humorous
■a very helpful and kind person who can be trusted 好心人；可靠的人
• Thanks for bringing all that food along to the party, Tony, you're a brick! 东尼，谢谢你带那些食物来参加聚会，你真是个好心人！
[brɪk] noun
bricks and clicks (also clicks and bricks)
■when a company uses both shops and the Internet to sell products （公司采用的）实物交易与网上交易并存的做法
• Traditional supermarkets are now pursuing a bricks and clicks strategy. 传统的超级市场现正采取实物交易与网上交易并用的做法。
[brɪk] noun
bricks and mortar
■property in the form of buildings usually when considered as an investment 房产；有形资产
• I was nearly forty when I finally invested in bricks and mortar. 我快40了才置下一处房产。
[brɪk] noun
You can't make bricks without straw. UK saying
■used to say that you cannot make something without the necessary materials 巧妇难为无米之炊。
[brɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] brick up sth
■to build a wall of bricks around something, or to fill something with bricks 用砖砌墙围住；用砖堵住
• The doors and windows had been bricked up to prevent squatters from getting in. 门窗都用砖堵上了，为的是防止擅自占住空屋者进入。

Word: recruit
Front: recruit
[rɪˈkru:t] (研四六托雅宝 3314/3496 -3)
Vocabulary: recruit
(once / 290 pages)
vn
To recruit means to get someone to join something. You might recruit people for the navy or you might recruit members for your quilting group.
The verb recruit often refers to formally joining an organization or a group, such as the military or a corporation. It can also be used more broadly to refer to getting someone to participate in a cause, formal or otherwise, like when you recruit your friend to help paint your room. As a noun, recruit means "a person who has been recruited." If you just joined the Army, you're a new recruit.
WORD FAMILY
recruit: recruited, recruiter, recruiting, recruitment, recruits+/ recruiter: recruiters/ recruitment: recruitments
USAGE EXAMPLES
He started the Alabama Development Office to recruit industry to the state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State officials say it’s been hard to plan long term and recruit and train candidates in off-election years due to inconsistent funding from the DNC.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It plans to recruit younger writers and spend an additional $100 million on shows.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 新兵; （机构中的）新成员; 新学生
vt. 招聘，征募; 吸收某人为新成员; 动员…（提供帮助）; 雇用
vi. 征募新兵; 得到补充，得到补偿; 恢复健康
时态：recruited, recruiting, recruits
分布：招聘(66%)，新兵(21%)，新成员(12%)，征兵(1%)
→re-,再，重新，-cru,生长，成长，词源同 crescent,crew.引申词义吸收，招募新成员。
新兵(re再+cru成长+it;参考:accrue增长)[-it 1.表名词,通常是抽象名词2.表名词"…的"]
v.征募(新兵),吸收;补充n.新成员,新兵The recruit made the current circulate in the circuit on the circumference.新兵使电流在周长上在电路内循环.
【记】re反复，cruit＝create创造一反复创造新兵
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to persuade someone to work for a company or become a new member of an organization, especially the army 招聘，吸收；（尤指军队）征募新兵
• Charities such as Oxfam are always trying to recruit volunteers to help in their work. 诸如牛津饥荒救济委员会这样的慈善组织总是在尽力吸收志愿者来帮助他们工作。
• Even young boys are now being recruited into the army. 就连很小的男孩子都被征召入伍了。
• an army recruiting centre/officer 新兵征募中心／军官
[rɪ'kru:t] noun countable
■a new member of an organization, especially the army 新成员，新来的人；（尤指）新兵
• Raw recruits (= completely new soldiers) were trained for six months and then sent to the war front. 刚入伍的新兵接受了六个月的训练后就被送往战争前线。
n. 招聘；新兵；新成员
 - hands wanted, big john
vt. 补充；聘用；征募；使…恢复健康
 - supply, to replenish
vi. 复原；征募新兵；得到补充；恢复健康
 - be cured of, pull round

Word: patch
Front: patch
[pætʃ] (研四六托雅宝 3316/3039 -2)
Vocabulary: patch
(once / 238 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
When you patch something, you repair it, like when you patch a hole in the knee of your favorite jeans or when road crews use asphalt to patch a pothole in the street.
The verb patch describes fixing by filling in a weak spot or by replacing missing material. You might patch a wall, for example, to fill in a hole before you paint it, or even “patch things up” after a disagreement with a friend. As a noun, patch describes a period of time, like a "rough path," the material used for fixing, like the patch you sew over a hole in fabric, or even a small piece of land, like a garden patch.
WORD FAMILY
patch: patched, patches, patching, patchy +/patching: patchings/ patchy: patchier, patchily, patchiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is what creates the red patches and silvery scales of psoriasis, and it also explains why “cures” are elusive.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The products include glasses, hats, T-shirts, patches, wallets and other items.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Eyewear, hats, T-shirts, wallets and patches are among the items referenced, some of which are said to use the Run-D.M.C. trademark.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 补丁，补片; 眼罩; 斑点; 小块
vt. 修补，拼凑; 暂时遮掩一下; 修理，平息（吵架等）; 用美人斑装饰（脸）
vi. 打补丁
时态：patched, patching, patches
分布：补丁(48%)，修补(31%)，眼罩(9%)，解决(9%)，补缀(1%)，小片(1%)，掩饰(1%)
→来自古法语pieche,来自piece方言变体，引申词义小块，斑点，补丁等。插入字母t,比较bake,batch.
n.补丁,斑点,碎片小块v.补,修补,掩饰I scratched a match and saw my watch catching a patch.我划了一根火柴发现我的手表钩着了一块补丁.
noun countable
AREA 地区
 ADVANCED
■a small area which is different in some way from the area that surrounds it （与周围不同的）斑，小块
• Our dog has a black patch on his back. 我们的狗背上有块黑斑。
• The hotel walls were covered in damp patches. 饭店的墙壁上满是湿渍。
• There were lots of icy patches on the road this morning. 今天早上路上有多处地方结了冰。
• This story is good in patches (= some parts are good) , but I wouldn't really recommend it. 这本小说有些部分写得不错，但我不是很想推荐它。
■informal
■a local area within which someone works 工作地
• He's been working as a policeman on the same patch for twenty years. 他已经在同一个管区当了20年的员警。
[pætʃ] noun countable
PIECE OF MATERIAL 一块布料
■a small piece of material fixed over something to cover it 补钉，补片
• I'll have to sew a patch onto these jeans - they're ripped at the knee. 我要在这条牛仔裤上缝个补钉——膝盖处撕破了。
■a small piece of material which can be stuck to the skin, from which particular substances can be absorbed into the body 膏药，贴布
• Some people wear nicotine patches to help them give up smoking. 有些人贴尼古丁戒烟贴片来帮助自己戒烟。
■* an eye-patch
[pætʃ] noun countable
COMPUTER 电脑
■a small computer program that can be added to an existing program in order to make the existing program work as it should （用来完善已有程式的）程式补钉，修补程式
• I downloaded a patch from their website. 我从他们的网站上下载了一个程式补钉。
Compare plugin
[pætʃ] noun countable
go through a bad/difficult/rough/sticky patch informal
■to experience a lot of problems in a period in your life 倒楣，不走运
• Andy's going through a bit of a rough patch at the moment - his wife wants a divorce. 安迪目前处境有点困难——他老婆要跟他离婚。
[pætʃ] noun countable
not be a patch on sth UK informal
■to be much less good than something 远比不上，远不如
• This new washing machine isn't a patch on our old one. 这台新洗衣机远不如我们那台旧的。
[pætʃ] verb
CONNECT 连接
transitive usually + adverb or preposition specialized
■to connect electronic or telephone equipment to a system 接通，连接（电子设备或电话）
[pætʃ] verb
PIECE OF MATERIAL 一块布料
transitive
■to put a patch on something 缝补；修补
[pætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] patch sth together
■to arrange something very quickly but not very carefully 仓促拼合，草草拼凑
• There is much disagreement, but the group of countries is trying to patch together a treaty on defence. 尽管存在很多分歧，这几个国家还是试图草拟出一份防御条约。
[pætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] patch sth up
■to try to improve a relationship after there have been problems 弥合（关系），和解
• Jackie and Bill are still trying to patch up their marriage. 杰基和比尔仍在设法修补他们的婚姻。
• Did you manage to patch things up with Jackie after your row? 你们争吵过后，你有没有设法和杰基言归于好？
■to repair something, especially in a basic and temporary way 修理；（尤指）临时草草修补
[pætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  patch sb/sth up
■to give basic medical care to someone that helps them temporarily 为…提供基本（或临时）的治疗，为…草草包扎
• If you've cut your hand, the first aider will patch you up. 如果你割破了手，急救员会为你处理的。
fix, mend, repair, patch
这组词都有“修理，修复”的意思，其区别是：
fix: 多用于美语，仅用于指带有安装固定性质的修理。
mend: 通常指较简单的修复过程，一般不需要专门技术或特殊工具。
repair: 可与mend换用，但一般指需要较高的职业技能和使用较复杂的工具进行修理。
patch: 通常指用类似材料修补破洞、裂缝或磨损的地方。
n. 眼罩；斑点；碎片；小块土地
 - spot, chip, debris
vt. 修补；解决；掩饰
 - decide, settle

Word: consensus
Front: consensus
[kənˈsensəs] (高研六托雅宝 3317/3897 -2)
Vocabulary: consensus
(once / 1391 pages)
n
When there's a consensus, everyone agrees on something. If you're going to a movie with friends, you need to reach a consensus about which movie everyone wants to see.
Ever notice how people disagree about just about everything, from who's the best baseball player to how high taxes should be? Whenever there's disagreement, there's no consensus: consensus means everyone is on the same page. When you're talking about all the people in the world, it's hard to find a consensus on anything. There are just too many opinions. However, in a smaller group, reaching a consensus is possible.
WORD FAMILY
consensus: consensual, consensuses+/ consensual: consensually
USAGE EXAMPLES
Finding consensus on technical problems, where one solution often is clearly better than another, is easier than on legal and political matters.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Editorials reflect the consensus of the Telegraph Herald Editorial Board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Yet there was still a consensus in favour of Giggs.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 一致; 舆论; 一致同意，合意
分布：共识(58%)，一致(38%)，同意(4%)
→con-, 强调。-sens, 感觉，词源同sense, sentiment.
一致意见(con共同+sens+us→感觉一致)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
n.(意见等的)一致,一致同意,共识The senseless senator's pretense of consensus caused a sensation.愚蠢参议员的舆论借口引起了轰动.
【记】con共同，sens感觉，us我们－我们有共同的感觉－意见一致
【参】consent（v /n 同意）
noun [S or U]
 ADVANCED
■a generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people 一致的意见；共识
• The general consensus in the office is that he's useless at his job. 办公室成员一致认为他在工作中碌碌无为。
• Could we reach a consensus on this matter? Let's take a vote. 我们能在这件事上达成共识吗？我们来表决吧。
n. 一致；舆论；合意
 - accordance, unity, agreement, identity, keeping

Word: horror
Front: horror
[ˈhɒrə(r)] (研四六托 3318/2937 -K3)
Vocabulary: horror
(once / 112 pages)
n
The noun horror means intense fear, so you can use it when you describe the horror you felt when you dreamed you were flying on a bumpy airplane with a bunch of clowns.
Horror is a powerful word that refers to a powerful feeling, either of terror, disgust, or shock. You might reel back from the horror of a smelly locker room, or gasp in horror at a gory scene in a movie. Horror can also be used to describe the genre of film that might make you gasp: a horror movie. The Latin word horror means "bristling, roughness, rudeness, shaking, or trembling."
WORD FAMILY
horror: horrify, horrors+/horrified: horrifiedly/ horrify: horrified, horrifies, horrifying / horrifying: horrifyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Culture Secretary Karen Bradley said it was important to remember the "horrors" of the Ypres battlefields, and honour the memories of the many who died.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The film progresses from that to the horrors of mass criminalisation and the prison industry.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think we created something new, something of a twist on horror movies on the independent scale that we haven’t seen yet.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 恐怖，可怕的事物; 嫌恶，痛恨; 讨厌的人或事; 〈口〉非常丑恶
分布：恐怖(78%)，恐怖的(9%)，震惊(6%)，厌恶(4%)，战栗(3%)
→来自拉丁语horrere,因恐惧而毛发竖立，颤抖，来自ghers,竖立的毛发，硬毛，词源同hair.引申词义厌恶，恐惧。
n.恐怖,战栗He was filled with horror at the sight.他看见那种情景吓得发抖.
US ['hɔ:r.ɚ] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■an extremely strong feeling of fear and shock, or the frightening and shocking character of something 恐惧；震惊；（…的）震惊性，恐怖性
• The crowd cried out in horror as the car burst into flames. 当汽车突然起火时，人群发出一阵惊恐的叫声。
• The thought of speaking in front of so many people fills me with horror. 一想到要在那么多人面前讲话，我心里就不由得一阵害怕。
• I then realized to my absolute horror, that I had forgotten the present. 那时我惊恐地意识到，我把礼物给忘了。
• What the book does convey very successfully is the horror of war. 那本书的确成功描绘出战争的恐怖。
horrors [plural]
■things that are very shocking or frightening 威胁；令人震惊的事
• The population now faces the horrors of starvation. 人们现在正面临着饥饿的威胁。
• Nuclear war is one of the horrors that face the modern world. 核子战争是当今世介面临的几大威胁之一。
countable UK informal
■a child who behaves very badly 淘气鬼，捣蛋鬼
• Her youngest boy is a little horror. 她最小的儿子是个小淘气。
UK ['hɒr.ər] US ['hɔ:r.ɚ] noun
have a horror of sth
■to hate something very much or be very frightened of something 憎恨；非常害怕
• It may be childish but I have a horror of worms. 这可能有些孩子气，可是我真是非常害怕虫子。
UK ['hɒr.ər] US ['hɔ:r.ɚ] noun
horror of horrors UK humorous
■said when you are telling someone about a very bad or embarrassing situation 极其糟糕
• Then I went to the toilets and, horror of horrors, discovered that my zip had been undone. 最糟糕的是，当我上厕所的时候发现裤子的拉链一直开着。
alarm, fear, fright, horror, panic, terror, dread
这些名词均含“恐惧、惧怕、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 强调突然意识到有危险而产生的恐惧心理。
fear: 普通用词，侧重指面临危险或灾祸时内心所引起的恐惧心情。
fright: 通常指一阵突然的、令人震惊的短暂恐惧，有时含夸张意味。
horror: 侧重指因看到令人讨厌或危险的东西或情景而引起的厌恶情绪、极度恐惧心情或战栗的动作。
panic: 常指因突如其来的外界威胁使人群出现惊慌、恐惧或混乱。
terror: 指极大的恐惧和惊骇，语气最强。
dread: 可与fear换用，着重害怕的心理，但dread常指胆怯和丧失勇气。
n. 惊骇；惨状；极端厌恶；令人恐怖的事物
 - fright, naupathia

Word: recording
Front: recording
[rɪˈkɔ:dɪŋ] (托雅 3319/2437 -K3)
Vocabulary: recording
(once / 618 pages)
n
A recording is the recorded audio that's stored on a tape or an electronic device. If you make a recording of your history class lecture, you'll be able to listen to it later when you study for the midterm exam (or when you want to nod off to sleep).
The business of making and selling popular songs can be called "the recording industry," and you can also talk about a recording of your favorite jazz album. In addition to audio recordings, there are also video recordings, like the one you take of your little brother's dance recital or soccer game. Recording comes from the verb record, which we can trace back to the Latin recordari, "remember, call to mind, or be mindful of."
WORD FAMILY
recording: recordings+/prerecord: prerecorded, prerecording/ record: prerecord, recorded, recorder, recording, records/ recorded: unrecorded/ recorder: recorders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bharambe, for his part, argues that Mumbai’s collision statistics look worse than other Indian cities because the Mumbai police are better at recording accidents.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The Tigers limited Ohio State to seven first downs — not counting penalties — and set up camp in the Buckeyes’ backfield, recording 11 tackles for loss.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It was a rare meltdown on national television by one of the top-selling recording artists of all time.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 记录，录音; 唱片; 录了音的磁带; 录音的节目
adj. 记录的，录音的，录影的; 自记的; 记录用的
v. 记录，录音，拍摄( record的现在分词); 显示，自动记下; 标明; 发表正式（或法律方面的）声明
分布：录音(99%)，动词record的现在分词.(1%)
【记】源于：record（v 记录；录音）
US [-'kɔ:r-] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a record, disc or tape on which you can hear speech or music or watch moving pictures 音像录制品，唱片；录音；录影
• I bought a recording of Maria Callas singing Verdi. 我买了一张玛丽亚．卡拉斯演唱威尔第歌剧的唱片。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the process or business of putting sounds, especially music, onto records or magnetic tapes using electronic equipment （尤指音乐的）录制，唱片录制业
• a recording studio 录制工作室
n. 录音；唱片
 - disk, disc
adj. 记录的；记录用的
 - documentary
v. 录音；记录；录像（record的ing形式）
 - noting

Word: changing
Front: changing
['tʃeɪndʒɪŋ] (3320/3099)
Vocabulary: changing
(once / 217 pages)
adj
Use the adjective changing to describe something that doesn't stay the same, but continually alters or changes with time.
When you talk about the changing seasons, you're referring to the dynamic movement from fall to winter and winter to spring — along with all the differences between one season and the next. You could also describe the changing population of your city, in flux and undergoing constant shifts and variations. Changing comes from the verb change, with its Old French root changier, "to alter, exchange, or switch," and ultimately from the Latin cambire, "to exchange or barter."
WORD FAMILY
changing: changingly, unchanging+/ change: changeable, changed, changeful, changeless, changer, changes, changing, counterchange, interchange /changeable: changeability, changeableness, changeablest, changeably, unchangeable/changed: unchanged/changeful: changefully, changefulness/changeless: changelessly, changelessness/changer: changers/counterchange: counterchanged, counterchanges, counterchanging/ interchange: interchangeable, interchanged, interchanges, interchanging/ interchangeable: interchangeability, interchangeableness, interchangeably, noninterchangeable/unchangeable: unchangeability, unchangeableness, unchangeably/unchanged: unchangedly/unchanging: unchangingly, unchangingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In a rapidly changing climate, they may get it.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This trend, of course, reflects how new technology is radically changing many traditional businesses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last year, with all this in mind, Salemi began travelling across Iran to document the changing climate.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 替换; 变换; 转换; 变化
分布：换车(43%)，变更(36%)，兑换(21%)
正在变化的(change变化)[-ing 1.表名词"状态"2.表名词"行业"3.表形容词"正…的","令人…的"]
adjective
 IMPROVER
■in a state of becoming different 变化中的；改变中的
• the rapidly changing world of politics 正在迅速变化的政治世界
• changing attitudes towards childcare 对儿童保育不断变化的看法
• changing circumstances 变化中的情况
v. 改变（change的ing形式）；交换；兑换
 - trading, varying
n. 改变；转换；替换
 - conversion, modification, transformation, switching, alteration
adj. 变化的；发展的
 - growing, developmental, sliding, varying, metabolic

Word: painter
Front: painter
[ˈpeɪntə(r)] (高研四 3322/3579 -K2)
Back: n. 画家，着色者; 油漆匠; （系船的）缆绳; 破诡计
分布：画家(96%)，油漆匠(4%)
n.漆工,画家He is a painter in water colours.他是位水彩画家.
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who paints pictures 画家，绘画者
 ADVANCED
■someone whose job is to paint surfaces, such as walls and doors 油漆工
n. 画家；油漆匠
 - limner, penman

Word: colonial
Front: colonial
[kəˈləʊniəl] (研六托雅 3321/4415 -2)
Vocabulary: colonial
(once / 380 pages)
adjn
The colonial period of United States history occurred before 1776, when America was still 13 colonies under British rule.
You can use the word colonial to describe an inhabitant of a colony ruled by another country, but you wouldn’t call a painter living in an artists' colony a colonial. On the other hand, ants, which live in ant colonies, are colonial insects. British colonial is a style of furniture the British favored for their houses and tents in India or on safari in Africa — when India and parts of Africa were British colonies.
WORD FAMILY
colonial: colonialism, colonially, colonials+/ colonialism: colonialisms, colonialist, neocolonialism /colonialist: colonialists/colonisation: colonisations, decolonisation/colonise: colonisation, colonised, coloniser, colonises, colonising, decolonise/coloniser: colonisers/ colonist: colonists/ colonization: colonizations/colonize: colonization, colonized, colonizer, colonizes, colonizing, decolonize/colonizer: colonizers/ colony: colonial, colonies, colonise, colonist, colonize/decolonize: decolonization, decolonized, decolonizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, this is not just about Israel’s metastasizing colonial settlement project, important though that is.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
I much admired two books about indigenous peoples and colonial histories.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
There is a large Malian community in France, the former colonial power, which supports their relatives back home by sending money.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)

Word: pie
Front: pie
[paɪ] (中高研四雅 3323/4186)
Vocabulary: pie
(once / 1013 pages)
n
A pie is a baked dessert with a pastry crust. If your favorite kind of pie is apple, you might order it with a scoop of vanilla ice cream on top.
Most pie is sweet, but there are also meat and vegetable pies, often called "pot pies." Like dessert pies, these savory dishes are often topped with pastry. Other pies have a bottom crust and an open top, while some have both a top and bottom pastry crust. If something is described as "easy as pie," it's very easy — though it's arguable whether it's really all that easy to make a pie.
WORD FAMILY
pie: pies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The intelligence assessments in the PDB, however, are just one slice of a very large pie.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Pasquale Jones is also home to one of the best clam pies in town.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
“Oh, I would like that very much,” she said and then fell about laughing when we told her it was called shepherd’s pie.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 馅饼，派; 爱说话的人; [动]喜鹊; <美俚>容易得到的称心东西，容易的工作
vt. 使杂乱; 弄乱（铅字，版面）
分布：馅饼(85%)，饼图(12%)，喜鹊(3%)
→来自古法语pie,来自拉丁语pica,来自picus,喜鹊，啄木鸟，-a,表阴性，来自speik,啄，词源同spike.
n.馅饼My niece sacredly sacrificed a piece of pie to the God.侄女郑重地给神供上一块馅饼.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a type of food made with meat, vegetables or fruit covered in pastry and baked 馅饼，派
• Would you like some more pork pie? 你想再要点猪肉馅饼吗？
• a pecan pie 大胡桃馅饼
[paɪ] noun countable or uncountable
pie in the sky
■something that you hope will happen but which is very unlikely to happen 渺茫的希望；不大可能实现的计划
• Their plans to set up their own business are just pie in the sky. 他们自行创业的计划只不过是空想罢了。
n. 馅饼；饼图；爱说话的人
 - pastie, talkee-talkee
vt. 使杂乱
 - clutter up

Word: sake
Front: sake
[seɪk] (研四六托雅 3325/2534 -3)
Vocabulary: sake
(once / 81 pages)
1n 2n
Sake means the purpose for doing something. You might run a fund-raising marathon for the sake of sick children.
Sake comes from the old English term for "affair," or "cause of guilt." We usually use sake to talk about the motivating cause of something we do. You might study hard for the sake of your grades. But then again, you might blow off your studies for the sake of having fun. Spelled the same way, but pronounced SAH-key, sake is also the name of a Japanese alcoholic drink made from fermented rice.
WORD FAMILY
sake: sakes
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 2017, for my own sake, it’s time to silently block and move on.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“We need to avoid the temptation of just saying ‘no’ for the sake of saying ‘no,’” Mock said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Also for the sake of balance we should note that throughout June Donald Trump continues to emit a steady stream of truly idiotic statements.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 缘故; 理由; 日本米酒; 目的
分布：缘故(49%)，利益(28%)，目的(17%)，理由(6%)
→来自古英语 sacu,诉讼，争辩，来自 Proto-Germanic*sako,起诉，事件，事情，来自 sag,sake 日本清酒
n.缘故,理由The cake maker shakes a naked snake with the quaking rake without sake.蛋糕制造者无缘无故地用抖动的耙子摇一条赤裸的蛇.
noun
HELP 帮助
for the sake of sb /for sb's sake
 IMPROVER
■in order to help or bring advantage to someone 为了（某人）的利益；为了帮助（某人）
• Please do it, for David's sake. 为了戴维，请做这件事。
• Their parents only stayed together for the sake of the children. 他们的父母仅仅是为了孩子才没有分居。
• I hope for both our sakes that you're right! 为了你我着想，我希望你是对的！
[seɪk] noun
REASON 原因
for the sake of sth /for sth's sake
■because of, or for the purpose of something 因为；为了
• Let's not disagree for the sake of (= because of) a few pounds. 我们不要因为几英镑闹别扭。
• Let's say, just for the sake of argument/for argument's sake (= for the purpose of this discussion) , that prices rise by 3 per cent this year. 为了便于讨论，我们假设今年的价格上涨3％。
• You're only arguing for the sake of arguing (= because you like arguing). 你只是为争论而争论。
[seɪk] noun
EMPHASIS 强调
for goodness'/God's/Pete's/heaven's, etc. sake
■used to emphasize requests or orders when you are angry or have lost patience 做做好事吧，看在上帝份上，看在老天份上
• For goodness' sake don't let her know I told you! 行行好，千万别让她知道是我告诉你的！
(also saki) ['sɑ:.ki] noun countable or uncountable
■a Japanese alcoholic drink made from rice and usually drunk warm 日本清酒
n. 目的；利益；理由；日本米酒
 - goals, intention, purpose, behalf, objective

Word: gaze
Front: gaze
[geɪz] (研四六托宝 3327/3258 -2)
Vocabulary: gaze
(once / 64 pages)
nv
When someone lays eyes on you and keeps looking, it is a gaze or a stare. You can gaze back or just say, "Take a picture; it lasts longer."
Gaze is both a verb and a noun. When people daydream, they often gaze off into the distance without focusing on anything. Another type of gaze, though, is to look very intently at something, as when you gaze at the sky making pictures out of clouds. A contest to see who will blink first means taking a long gaze into someone's eyes, and this type of gaze (the noun) will leave your eyes in a bit of a haze when you're done.
WORD FAMILY
gaze: gazed, gazes, gazing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“They just sat there in silence, gazing at the barren canyon walls,” Mr. Lattin wrote in “The Harvard Psychedelic Club.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She held my new baby’s hand and, as little Robbie gazed at this woman 91 years his senior, there was an almost breathtaking connection.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The mother is a singular star to her baby, whose gaze follows her around the room with the watchfulness of an obsessive fan.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 凝视，注视
n. 凝视，端详
时态：gazed, gazing, gazes
分布：凝视(100%)
→来自古诺斯语ga, 凝视。
v./n.凝视,注视The crazy jazzman gazed at the blaze on the razor with amazement.疯狂的爵士音乐演奏者惊愕地盯着剃刀上的白斑.
【参】gazelle（n 瞪羚）
verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
 ADVANCED
■to look at something or someone for a long time, especially in surprise, admiration or because you are thinking about something else （尤指因为惊奇、羡慕或心不在焉而）凝视，注视，盯着看
• Annette gazed admiringly at Warren as he spoke. 沃伦说话时，安妮特一脸崇拜地注视着他。
• He spends hours gazing out of the window when he should be working. 他在本应工作的时候一连几个小时盯着窗外发呆。
[geɪz] noun only singular
 ADVANCED
■a long look, usually of a particular kind
• a steady gaze 目不转睛地凝视
• an innocent/ admiring gaze 天真地／羡慕地盯着看
• literary As I looked out, my gaze fell on a small child by the road. 我看看窗外，目光落到了路边一个小孩身上。
peer, peep, gape, glance, stare, gaze, glare, glimpse
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
peer: v.指眯起眼睛仔细看，尤指看不清楚的情况下；费力地看，凝视。
 • Being somewhat short-sighted, she has the habit of peering at people.   因为有点近视，她有眯着眼睛看人的习惯。
peep: v.窥视，偷看。
 • The mother peeped into the bedroom to see if her child was asleep.   母亲偷偷向卧室看了一下，看她的孩子是否睡着了。
gape: v. (张着嘴、瞪大眼睛)呆看，强调一种吃惊的状态。
 • The children gaped at the big elephant in the zoo.   在动物园，孩子们张大了嘴巴呆呆地看着大象。
glance: v. (粗略地、随便地)一瞥，看一眼。
 • He glanced over the letter he had just received.   他把刚收到的那封信粗略地看了一遍。
stare: v.凝视，盯着，指由于好奇、惊讶、赞叹等原因而瞪大眼睛长时间地、直接地注视，常常含有粗鲁无礼的意思。
 • I told my son to stop staring at that fat woman; it wasn't nice.   我告诉儿子不要盯着那个胖女人，那样看人不礼貌。
gaze: v.凝视，注视，指由于好奇、感叹、长时间目不转睛地看。
 • She gazed at her beautiful new diamond ring.   她凝视着自己的这颗美丽崭新的钻戒。
glare: v.怒目而视，强调怀有敌意或在气愤的情绪下看；眩目地照射。
 • The woman glared at the man after he shouted rudely at her.   那男人粗暴地冲她大声喊叫，她也怒目而视。
glimpse: v.与glance意思相近，短促地看一眼，一瞥。
vi. 凝视；注视
 - watch, regard
n. 凝视；注视
 - regard, immediate attention

Word: courage
Front: courage
[ˈkʌrɪdʒ] (中高研四六 3324/3640 -K3)
Vocabulary: courage
(once / 42 pages)
n
Someone with courage is bold and brave, unafraid to face tough challenges. Unlike the Cowardly Lion, who went all the way to the Emerald City to see if the Wizard had any courage to spare.
In Middle English, courage referred to “what is in one’s mind or thoughts." Today, anyone with courage has only fearless feats and courageous acts in mind. Having courage means acting when others are afraid of the danger, or simply acting without fear of failure. As the American poet Robert Frost advised, “Have courage and a little willingness to venture and be defeated.”
WORD FAMILY
courage: courageous, courages, encourage +/ courageous: courageously, courageousness/ encourage: encouraged, encouragement, encourages, encouraging / encouragement: encouragements/ encouraging: encouragingly, unencouraging/unencouraging: unencouragingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Is there an award for last minute lame-duck presidential courage?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mason did not lead after the first few minutes, but amid youthful mistakes and a big rebounding disadvantage, it played with courage.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
With themes of courage and teamwork, this epic animated adventure is set in an alternative fantasy Japan.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 勇气; 胆量; 魄力; 肝胆
分布：勇气(94%)，胆量(6%)
→来自词根cor, 心，词源同heart, cardiologist.
n.勇气,胆量Of course the man's courage encouraged the discouraged tourists in the courtyard.自然那个勇敢男子的勇气鼓舞了院子里泄气的游客们.
US ['kɝ:-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the ability to control your fear in a dangerous or difficult situation 勇气，胆量；勇敢
• They showed great courage when they found out about their baby's disability. 发现自己的婴儿身有残疾时，他们表现出了巨大的勇气。
• [+ to infinitive] People should have the courage to stand up for their beliefs. 人们应该有勇气坚持自己的信仰。
• It took me ages to summon/pluck up the courage to ask for a promotion. 过了很久我才鼓足勇气要求升职。
have the courage of your convictions
■to be brave and confident enough to do what you believe in 有勇气按照自己的信念去做，有勇气做自己认为正确的事情
• Although many of his policies were unpopular, he had the courage of his convictions to see them through. 尽管他的许多政策不受欢迎，但他仍然有勇气按照自己的信念去贯彻。
bravery, courage, nerve, backbone
这组词都有“勇气、胆量”的意思，其区别是：
bravery: 指在危险中表现出的无所畏惧精神或在逆境中仍能坚持下去的毅力。
courage: 普通用词。指面对危险或困难时无所畏惧的精神和敢于奋斗的进取心。
nerve: 侧重指面临危险或在冒险的情况下具有冷静、清醒的头脑和坚定无畏的勇气。
backbone: 指性格倔强，意志坚定，有骨气，有顽强的决心去做某事。
n. 勇气；胆量
 - nerve, heart

Word: pregnancy
Front: pregnancy
[ˈpregnənsi] (六 3328/3813)
Vocabulary: pregnancy
(once / 1246 pages)
n
Pregnancy is the state of being pregnant, the time a woman grows a baby in her belly. For humans, pregnancy lasts about nine months, during which time the mother might want a chocolate chip and pickle sandwich. Get her one.
Before a mother bear gives birth to a cub, or a mother cat has kittens, she goes through pregnancy. In humans, pregnancy is a time to prepare for a new baby while the mother-to-be does things like take special vitamins and choose a doctor or midwife to assist with the upcoming birth. Bears and cats just go for it. Pregnancy comes from the Latin praegnans, "with child" or "before birth," from prae-, "before," and gnasci, "be born."
WORD FAMILY
pregnancy: pregnancies+/ pregnant: nonpregnant, pregnancy, pregnantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Symptoms include fever, nasal secretions, poor balance, anorexia and aborted pregnancies.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ayala’s success was the product, above all, of her own determination to get an education, a resolution she traces to her pregnancy at age 15.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Symptoms include fever, nasal secretions, trouble with balance and anorexia, as well as aborted pregnancies.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 怀孕，妊娠; 丰富，多产; 意义深长
分布：怀孕(49%)，妊娠(48%)，丰富(2%)，含蓄(1%)
怀孕(pregn余+ancy...拿住孩子...怀孕)[-ancy=ance,表示"性质,状况"]
怀孕(pregnant怀孕的)[-cy表名词,也作-acy,"性质,状态"]
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the state of being pregnant 怀孕
• Most women feel sick in the mornings during their first months of pregnancy. 大多数女性在怀孕初期早上都会感到恶心。
• My first pregnancy was very straightforward - there were no complications. 我第一次怀孕很顺利——没有并发症。
n. 怀孕；丰富，多产；意义深长
 - conception, abundance, plenty, amplitude, enrichment

Word: swear
Front: swear
[sweə(r)] (高研四六雅宝 3330/3224 -K2)
Vocabulary: swear
(once / 132 pages)
v
When you take an oath about something, you swear to it, affirming its truth. Ironically, if you utter an oath, such as a curse word or obscenity, you also swear. Do you swear to put a quarter in this jar for every time you swear?
The two separate meanings of swear come from branches of the same etymological tree. Both meanings have ties to Old Norse sverja, but sometime in the Middle English, the word became on one hand sweren with the meaning "to promise," while another version, swerian, became "to curse." Both might come from the idea of an oath being connected to a deity, but while one referred to truth, the other went to the dark side, negatively invoking a sacred name.
WORD FAMILY
swear: foreswear, swearer, swearing, swears, swore+/foreswear: foreswearing, foreswears/swearer: swearers/swearing: swearings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The day is full-fledged production, complete with corsages for lawmakers, prayers and judges swearing them in.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Nevertheless, the singer railed against police officers who appear in the background of one of Songz’s videos, unfazed as the artist swears at them.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The media spent the better part of a decade swearing they wouldn’t be fooled again by intelligence assessments the way they were before 2003.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 发誓; 咒骂
n. 发誓，宣誓; 咒骂
时态：swore, sworn, swearing, swears
分布：发誓(76%)，宣誓(13%)，咒骂(9%)，誓言(2%)
→来自古英语 swerian,发誓，来自 Proto-Germanic*swarjana,说，发誓，来自 swer,说，讲。 引申词义咒骂，诅咒。
v.(at)诅咒,骂人;宣誓,发誓She swears to wear the pearls that appear to be pears.她发誓要戴那些看起来像梨子的珍珠.
US [swer] (swore, sworn)
verb
USE RUDE WORDS 使用粗话
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to use words that are rude or offensive as a way of emphasizing what you mean or as a way of insulting someone or something 诅咒，咒骂
• It was a real shock, the first time I heard my mother swear. 我第一次听见母亲骂人时，觉得非常震惊。
• When the taxi driver started to swear at him, he walked off. 当计程车司机开口骂他时，他干脆走开。
UK [sweər] US [swer] (swore, sworn)
verb
PROMISE 允诺
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to state or promise that you are telling the truth or that you will do something or behave in a particular way 发（誓）；宣（誓）
• I don't know anything about what happened, I swear (it). 我发誓我对所发生的事一无所知。
• [+ (that)] You might find it difficult to believe, but I swear (that) the guy just came up to me and gave me the money. 你可能觉得这难以置信，但我发誓，那个人确实走过来把这些钱给了我。
• informal She swore blind (= promised definitely) (that) she didn't know what had happened to the money. 她信誓旦旦地说不知道钱哪里去了。
• [+ to infinitive] New gang members must swear to obey the gang leaders at all times. 新的帮会成员必须发誓在任何时候都服从帮会头目。
• In some countries, witnesses in court have to swear on the Bible. 在有些国家，出庭证人必须手按《圣经》宣誓。
• I swore an oath to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. 我发誓我说的都是实情，绝对没有半点谎言。
• A few of us knew what was going to happen, but we were sworn to secrecy (= we were made to promise that we would keep it a secret). 我们几个人都知道会发生甚么事，但我们已发过誓要对此保密。
• I think his birthday is on the 5th, but I wouldn't/couldn't swear to it (= I am not completely certain about it). 我想他的生日是五号，但并不完全肯定。
UK [sweər] US [swer] (swore, sworn)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [not continuous] swear by sth informal
■to believe strongly that something is effective or useful 非常相信（某物有效或有用）
• My dad swears by these vitamin pills. 我爸爸很相信这些维他命丸。
UK [sweər] US [swer] (swore, sworn)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] swear sb in legal
■When someone is sworn in, they make a formal promise to be honest or loyal, either because they are in a law court or because they are starting a new official job 使（某人）在法庭上宣誓；使（某人）宣誓就职
• The next witness was sworn in. 下一位证人也已经宣誓了。
• Clinton was sworn in as President. 克林顿宣誓就任总统。
swearing-in
    UK [ˌsweə.rɪŋˈɪn] US [ˌswer.ɪŋ-] noun only singular
• She had a good seat at the President's swearing-in ceremony. 她在总统宣誓就职仪式上占了个好座位。
UK [sweər] US [swer] (swore, sworn)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  swear off sth
■to make a decision to stop doing, using or being involved with something harmful, such as drugs or alcohol, or something that is not good or helpful 发誓不做，保证放弃，下决心戒除
• After years of addiction, he swore off drugs completely. 上瘾几年后，他发誓彻底戒毒。
vt. 发誓；咒骂
 - plight one's troth, cross my heart
vi. 发誓，宣誓；诅咒
 - plight one's troth, take an oath
n. 宣誓；诅咒
 - juration, oath

Word: defeat
Front: defeat
[dɪˈfi:t] (高研四六托雅 3326/2560 -K4)
Vocabulary: defeat
(once / 102 pages)
nv
Defeat is the opposite of victory. When you lose, you suffer defeat. When you win, you defeat your enemy.
This is a word that's all about losing. In World War II, America and the Allies defeated the Axis powers: we beat them. In basketball, Michael Jordan usually defeated his opponents. Any loss can be called a defeat. When you're disappointed or think that nothing is going right, you feel defeated. If you're determined to win, you could say, "I won't accept defeat!" Some people are so stubborn that even though they've obviously been defeated, they won't admit defeat.
WORD FAMILY
defeat: defeated, defeating, defeatism, defeats+/defeated: defeatedly, undefeated/defeating: self-defeating/defeatism: defeatist / defeatist: defeatists
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1966, he was elected lieutenant governor, defeating three opponents in the Democratic primary without a runoff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Del Rio sees no reason for Oakland’s confidence to be shattered despite the loss of Carr and the lopsided defeat.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But after resounding defeat in elections early this year, the KMT struggles for relevance on an island that is proud of its separateness from China.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: vt. 击败，战胜; 挫败; [法]宣告无效，作废
n. 战胜; 失败; [法]废除
时态：defeated, defeating, defeats
分布：击败(49%)，战胜(35%)，挫败(10%)，败北(5%)，使...不能实现(1%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。feat, 功绩。引申义战胜。
打败,摧毁(de向下+feat→做下去→打下去)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.击败,战胜,失败v.击败,战胜;使失败We beat (defeated) the cheat who heated the wheat.我们打败了给小麦加热的骗子.
【记】de使变坏，feat（n 功绩）－使没有功绩－击败
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to win a victory over someone in a fight, war or competition 击败，打败，战胜
• Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington at the battle of Waterloo. 拿破伦在滑铁卢战役中被威灵顿公爵击败。
• If we can defeat the Italian team, we'll be through to the final. 如果我们能打败义大利队，我们将晋身决赛。
⇒ See also self-defeating
 ESSENTIAL
■to cause someone or something to fail 使失败，使落空
• The proposal to change the rules was narrowly (= only just) defeated by 201 votes to 196. 变更规则的提案仅以196票对201票的微弱劣势未获通过。
• Our ambitions for this tournament have been defeated by the weather. 天气使我们赢得锦标赛的雄心壮志落空了。
• I'm afraid anything that involves language learning has always defeated me (= I have been unable to do it). 恐怕凡是与学语言沾边的事都会把我给难倒。
[dɪ'fi:t] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone loses against someone else in a fight or competition, or when someone or something is made to fail 失败；战败；落败
• At the last General Election, they suffered a crushing/humiliating defeat. 在上次大选中，他们一败涂地。
• After their defeat in battle, the soldiers surrendered. 士兵们在战斗中被打败后就投降了。
• She admitted/conceded defeat well before all the votes had been counted. 选票尚未统计完毕，她就承认竞选失败了。
Compare victory
admit defeat
■to accept that you cannot do something 承认失败
• I thought I could mend the radio myself, but I've had to admit defeat. 本以为自己可以修好收音机，但是我不得不承认自己不行。
defeat, beat, overcome, conquer, subdue, overthrow
这组词都有“征服，战胜”的意思，其区别是：
defeat: 普通用词，多指在战争、比赛、竞选或辩论中战胜对手，侧重胜利的暂时性。
beat: 口笔语均可用，可与defeat换用。
overcome: 多指战胜或克服非物质的东西，如困难和不良习惯等。语气较弱也可指在斗争或竞争中战胜或压倒对方。
conquer: 侧重战胜和控制。书面用词。
subdue: 正式用词，与conquer同义，但强调失败后的臣服状态；也可用作借喻，表克制、压抑感情、欲望等。
overthrow: 指彻底击败对手，使其丧失力量和地位。
vt. 击败，战胜；挫败；使…失败
 - down, get the best of
n. 失败；战胜
 - failure, loss, losing, reverse, collapse

Word: clue
Front: clue
[klu:] (研四六托雅 3331/3489 -2)
Vocabulary: clue
(once / 549 pages)
1n 2v
A clue is a piece of evidence that helps solve a problem, or it's a slight hint. When you’re in the dark about the surprise party your friends are planning, they'll say, “She doesn’t have a clue!”
When you first join the police force, you’re mostly just walking the beat. But when you’re promoted to detective, your job is to look for that big clue that will help you solve the case. The original Middle English word was clew, which meant “a ball of thread.” If you were trapped in a labyrinth, you could follow the clew to help find your way out.
WORD FAMILY
clue: clued, clueless, clues, cluing+/ clueless: cluelessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Previous searches aided by a bloodhound and a helicopter didn’t turn up any clues.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That will be a clue to the agency’s direction for the next four years.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But maybe the dish being prepared offers a clue?
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 线索; 提示; （帮助警方破案的）线索; （纵横填字谜、游戏或问题的）提示词语
vt. <非正>为…提供最新情况（消息等）
时态：clued, cluing, clues
分布：线索(90%)，提示(10%)
→来自clew 的拼写变体，来自glei,黏，聚集成块，词源同clay,cling.原指球团，线团。线 索词义来自古希腊神话英雄Theseus 在迷宫中杀为非做歹的神牛的故事，因迷宫难行，克里 特公主给了Theseus 一个线团，以便他完成使命后原路返回，因此该词就有了线索之义。
n.线索,暗示The police haven't got a clear clue up to now.到目前为止警察局还没有一条明确的线索.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a sign or some information which helps you to find the answer to a problem, question or mystery 线索；迹象；提示
• Police are still looking for clues in their search for the missing girl. 警方仍在寻找能帮助搜索失踪女孩的线索。
• I'm never going to guess the answer if you don't give me a clue. 要是你不给我一点提示，我永远也猜不到答案。
[klu:] noun countable
not have a clue informal ADVANCED
■to be completely unable to guess, understand, or deal with something 毫无头绪；毫不理解；一无所知
• "Who invented algebra?" "I haven't a clue." “代数是谁发明的？”“我一点头绪也没有。”
• Don't ask your father which key to press - he hasn't got a clue about computers. 别问你父亲该按哪个键——他对电脑一窍不通。
[klu:] verb (clueing, clued, clued)
[klu:] verb (clueing, clued, clued)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clue sb in US (UK clue sb up)
■to give someone information that is necessary or new 给（某人）提供线索；使（某人）了解
• He'd been out of the country for weeks, so I clued him in on all that's been happening. 他好几个星期都不在国内，因此我把发生的事情全都告诉了他。
n. 线索；（故事等的）情节
 - action, plot, scenario

Word: reinforce
Front: reinforce
[ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:s] (研四六托雅宝 3329/2839 -2)
Vocabulary: reinforce
(once / 391 pages)
v
To reinforce means to make stronger. You can reinforce your roof by putting some extra supports under it.
Besides a physical structure, there are many things you can reinforce. If you want to reinforce a message, you can say it louder, rephrase and repeat it or give examples of what you expect. You use dog biscuits to reinforce certain behaviors in your dog. Bad experiences will reinforce your fears, good ones your hopes. And when military leaders reinforce their troops, they send additional soldiers to the front.
TASTY MORSELS
Joseph Gordon-Levitt "Reinforces" Word Meaning
When he's not singing "High Hopes" with Daniel Radcliffe at the Oscars, you can find Joseph Gordon-Levitt exploring the meaning of reinforce with the muppet Murray Monster on "Sesame Street."
Have fun watching. And remember: thinking about a word's meaning, or creating a visual like this one, is a great word-learning technique. That's why we've created explanatory "word blurbs" for the words you're learning on Vocabulary.com.
Sometimes our blurbs will give you a visual image, like Gordon-Levitt does when he reinforces the padding around his watch with bubble wrap. Other times our blurbs will introduce a memory trick, or give you an etymological insight, or break the word into parts that reveal meaning. The blurbs are written to sound like a friend or your favorite English teacher is speaking to you, but if it helps to imagine Gordon-Levitt in the room with you instead, go for it!
(You can also check out Casey Affleck on careful, Colin Farrell on investigate, Jerry O'Connell on observe, and Mark Ruffalo on empathy.)
WORD FAMILY
reinforce: reinforced, reinforcement, reinforcer, reinforces, reinforcing+/ reinforcement: reinforcements/reinforcer: reinforcers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Williams said Pickens’ comments about the fired employees “not fitting in” reinforces a long history of African-Americans not being allowed into elite, private-club settings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The temptation will be, once again, to defend liberal values by reinforcing the institutions of liberalism.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
First, these policies are aimed at creating reinforcing feedback loops that will further empower progressive policymaking.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 加固; 强化; 增援
vi. 求援; 得到增援; 给予更多的支持
n. 加强; 加固物; 加固材料
时态：reinforced, reinforcing, reinforces
分布：加强(64%)，加固(21%)，增强(13%)，使更具说服力(1%)，得到加强(1%)
→re-,再，重新，in-,进入，使，force,力量。
加强,巩固(re再次＋in＋force→再次增加力量)[fore,fort=storng,表示"强大,力量"]
v.增援,加强The enforced law reinforced that forced divorce is forbidden.实施的法律强化了禁止强迫离婚.
【记】re再，in进入，force（n 力量）
【反】undermine（v 暗中破坏）；subvert（v 暗中破坏）
US [-'fɔ:rs] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make something stronger 加固；使更结实
• The pockets on my jeans are reinforced with double stitching. 我牛仔裤的裤兜缝了两道线，很结实。
 ADVANCED
■If something reinforces an idea or opinion, it provides more proof or support for it and makes it seem true 强化，加深，进一步证实（观点、看法等）
• The final technical report into the accident reinforces the findings of initial investigations. 对事故作出的最终的技术性报告进一步证实了最初的调查结果。
• His behaviour merely reinforced my dislike of him. 他的行为只能使我更讨厌他。
■to provide an army with more soldiers or weapons to make it stronger 增援；加强…的力量；给…增强装备
• The garrison is to be reinforced with/by another two battalions of soldiers. 守备部队将得到另外两个营的增援。
increase, reinforce, intensify, strengthen, aggravate
这组词都有“加强”的意思，其区别是：
increase: v.指数量上的增加。
 • The number of people has been increased.   人数增加了。
reinforce: v.增援，一般用于军队或警察的行动；(以添加材料等)加固。
 • A police officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed to reinforce him.   一位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银行，用无线电话要求增援。
intensify: v.使变得更强烈、剧烈，加剧，相当于to become more intense or intensive。
 • intensify colors   加深色彩intensify hatred加深仇恨
strengthen: v.加强，巩固，增强，相当于to become stronger。
 • Exercising every day strengthens the heart.   每天锻炼可以提高心脏的功能。
 • Competition, they believe, strengthens the national character rather than corrupt it.   人们认为竞争加强了民族性而不是破坏了它。
aggravate: v.加重(负担、罪行、病情等)，使之恶化。
 • I hurt my foot, then aggravated it by trying to walk too soon.   我的脚受伤了，而过早的下地走路又加重了伤情。
enlarge, stretch, expand, reinforce, magnify, amplify
enlarge: v.扩大，多指具体物品如相片的放大。
 • enlarge photograph   放大照片enlarge a house扩建房屋
stretch: v. (有弹性地)伸展，延伸，并有可能超过限度；伸长、伸出(身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)。
 • The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.   这件套头毛衣我穿了几次之后就撑大了。
 • Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, stretching themselves.   完成了早间工作之后，职员们站到桌子后面伸伸懒腰。
expand: v.指范围、体积的扩大、增大，也可以指内容或细节的充实。
 • The balloon expanded, then exploded.   气球先是膨胀，然后就爆破了。
reinforce: v.增援，加固。
magnify: v.放大，指用透镜或显微镜使物体看上去大一些。
 • His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.   他借助眼睛把字放大以便能够阅读。
amplify: v.扩大，增加，尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声音扩大；补充叙述(故事、事件等)。
 • We must ask you to amplify your statement.   我们得请你对你的说法作进一步的说明。
vt. 加强，加固；强化；补充
 - enhance, cement, muscle, supply, build up
n. 加强；加固物；加固材料
 - strengthening, armoure

Word: win
Front: win
[wɪn] (中高研四六 361/388 -K5)
Back: vt. & vi. （在…中）获胜，赢; 战胜（对手）
vt. （通过努力等）赢得; 说服; 达到（目的、要求等）; 获得…
n. （体育比赛中）胜利，赢; [常用复数]赢得物; 收益
vi. 顺利到达，成功
时态：won, winning, wins
分布：赢(46%)，赢得(23%)，胜利(16%)，获胜(8%)，获得(7%)
→来自wen,努力，奋斗，争取，词源同Venus,virile。其原义为劳作，斗争，见breadwinner,后引申词义赢，战胜，并成为其主要词义。
vi.获胜,赢vt.赢得;在...中获胜n.胜利Twice the twin king wins the winter swinging under the wing of the plane.孪生国王两次赢得冬季机翼下的荡秋千赛.
verb (winning, won, won)
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to achieve first position and/or get a prize in a competition or competitive situation 获胜；赢
• Which year was it that Italy won the World Cup? 义大利是哪一年赢得世界杯的？
• He won first prize/a bottle of gin in the raffle. 他在抽彩中赢得了头奖／一瓶杜松子酒。
• Who's winning? 谁会取胜？
• This is the third medal she's won this season. 这是本赛季她赢得的第三面奖牌。
• Who won the men's finals in the tennis? 谁赢了男子网球决赛？
• They won the war, although it cost them millions of lives. 尽管牺牲了数百万人的生命，但他们赢得了战争的胜利。
• If this government win the next election, I'm leaving the country. 如果这个政府在下次选举中获胜，我就离开这个国家。
• Everyone likes winning an argument. 每个人都希望在争论中取胜。
• [+ two objects] It was his goal that won us the match/won the match for us. 是他的进球使我们赢得了比赛。
• Her firm have just won (= beaten other companies to get) a cleaning contract worth £3 million. 她的公司刚刚赢得一份价值300万英镑的清洁合约。
transitive
■to receive something positive, such as approval, loyalty, or love because you have earned it 获得，赢得（赞同、忠诚、好感、爱情等）
• Her plans have won the support of many local people. 她的计划赢得了很多当地民众的支持。
• This is Jamie, the four-year old who won the hearts of the nation (= made everyone love him and/or feel sympathy for him). 这就是杰米，一位受到全国人民关爱的四岁孩子。
• She would do anything to win his love. 为了获得他的爱，她甚么都愿意做。
• Winning back his trust was the hardest part. 重新赢得他的信任是最难的部分。
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
sb can't win informal
■used to say that nothing someone does in a situation will succeed or please people （某人）无论怎样做都不能成功（或都不讨好）
• Whatever I do seems to annoy her - I can't win. 无论我做甚么都会惹她生气——真是怎么做都不讨好。
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
win hands down
■to win very easily 轻松取胜
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
win the day
■to persuade people to support your ideas or opinions 成功获得支持
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
You can't win 'em all. (also You win some, you lose some.) informal
■something that you say which means it is not possible to succeed at everything you do 不可能凡事都成功；有得必有失
• I'd have liked the job but I suppose you can't win 'em all. 我喜欢那份工作，但我认为有得必有失。
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
(Okay) you win!
■something you say to someone who has persuaded you to do something that you did not intend to do, especially when they have used force and you are angry （好吧）你赢了！（用于表示被说服，尤指对方使用强制办法时）
• Okay, you win, I can't stand to hear one more complaint from you - we'll go home tomorrow! 好了，你赢了！我再也受不了多听你一句抱怨了——我们明天就回家！
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] win sb over/round
■to persuade someone to support you or agree with you, often when they were opposed to you before 说服（某人）；把（某人）争取过来
• He's not sure about the idea at the moment, but I'm sure we'll win him over in the end. 他现在对这想法还拿不定主意，不过我肯定最后我们能说服他。
• They've won over a lot of the electorate since she's been leader of the party. 自她成为了该党的领袖后，他们已经争取过来了很多选民。
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
  Phrasal Verbs  win through UK
■to finally succeed after trying hard to achieve something 最终成功
• Most people are fairly confident that the workers will win through in the end. 大部分人很有把握地认为最后劳方会取得胜利。
[wɪn] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone wins a game or competition 胜利；赢；第一名
• It was United's sixth consecutive win this season. 这是联队在本赛季取得的第六场连胜。
• Everyone was predicting a Republican win at the last election and look what happened. 所有人都预测共和党会在上届大选中获胜，看看发生了甚么。
acquire, obtain, get, secure, win, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得、取得、得到”的意思，其区别是：
acquire: 强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
obtain: 较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
get: 普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
secure: 强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。
win: 主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
earn: 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
gain: 侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
beat, win
beat: 后接sb. beat them
win: 后接sth.,反义词为lose, win the game,
vt. 赢得；在…中获胜；劝诱
 - purchase, bear off
vi. 赢；获胜；成功
 - arrive, make good
n. 赢；胜利
 - victory, success

Word: confusion
Front: confusion
[kənˈfju:ʒn] (研四六托雅 3335/2692 -K2)
Vocabulary: confusion
(once / 152 pages)
n
If things are a little hazy and you're not quite sure what's going on, you're in a state of confusion.
Confusion involves disorder, whether it's mixed up thoughts or plain old chaos. If everyone is screaming and running around, there's a lot of confusion. If you don't understand a math problem, you could be in a state of confusion. Mixing up two people who look alike is another type of confusion. If someone wants to make something very clear, they might say, "Let me clear up any confusion."
WORD FAMILY
confusion: confusions+/ confuse: confusable, confused, confuses, confusing, confusion / confused: confusedly, confusedness, unconfused/ confusing: confusingly/unconfused: unconfusedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
While there is wide support for the concept of buffers, county officials contend there is confusion and questions about the law.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Eyewitnesses described panic and confusion as the attack unfolded.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Farah’s main concern in the interview was confusion surrounding his case.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 混乱; 混淆; 困惑
分布：混乱(73%)，混淆(24%)，惶惑(2%)，不确定状态(1%)
混乱(confuse+ion)[fus=pour,表示"流,泻"]
n.困惑,糊涂;混淆;混乱,骚乱I refuse to accuse Fuse of diffusing confusion.我拒绝控告导火索散播混乱.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when people do not understand what is happening, what they should do or who someone or something is 困惑，糊涂；迷惑不解；混淆
• There seems to be some confusion over who is actually giving the talk. 好像不是很清楚到底是谁在作报告。
• To avoid confusion, the twins never wore the same clothes. 为了避免混淆，这对双胞胎从不穿一样的衣服。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a situation, often with a lot of activity and noise, in which people do not know what to do 混乱状态
• In the confusion after the bomb blast, I lost my bag and wasn't able to stop and look for it. 在爆炸发生后的一片混乱中，我丢了袋子，也无法停下来寻找它。
chaos, disturbance, disordr, mess, confusion
这些名词均表示事物的混乱状态。
chaos: 着重指令人无能为力或感到绝望的混乱状态。突出没有很好的组织。
disturbance: 主要指社会中政治性的动乱、骚乱；也可指个人或少数人的闹事。
disordr: 正式用词，含义广泛。指事物因失去原有的秩序而造成混乱；也可指社会中的动乱或骚乱。
mess: 语气强，口语中较常用的非正式用词。指既混乱又肮脏，尤指人思想混乱或外表不整洁。
confusion: 指东西搅混在一起，凌乱得难以辨认；也可指思想混乱，以致无法进行正常的思维活动。
n. 混淆，混乱；困惑
 - chaos, disorder, involvement, mix, turmoil

Word: slice
Front: slice
[slaɪs] (高研四六托雅宝 3333/4346 -K3)
Back: vt. 切成片; 切下; 划分
n. 薄片; 一部分; （因失误而打出的）曲线球
vi. 斜击
时态：sliced, slicing, slices
分布：部分(41%)，薄片(21%)，割(14%)，切开(12%)，切成薄片(9%)，曲球(3%)
→来自辅音丛 sl-,砍，劈，分开，比较 slab,slip,slat,slit,slot.引申诸相关词义。
n.薄片,切片;一份;部分切(片)She had only a slice of bread and butter for breakfast.她早餐只吃了一片奶油面包.
noun
PIECE 片
 IMPROVER countable
■a flat, often thin, piece of food that has been cut from a larger piece （切下的食物）薄片
• a slice of bread/cake 一片面包／蛋糕
• cucumber/lemon slices 黄瓜／柠檬片
• Would you like another slice of ham/beef? 要不要再来一片火腿／牛肉?
 ADVANCED only singular
■a part of something, such as an amount of money （钱等的）份额，部分
• We agreed before we did the deal that we'd both take an equal slice of the profit. 成交前，我们说定双方各拿利润的一半。
• The film presents us with a fascinating slice of history. 这部电影向我们展示了一个非常有趣的历史片段。
countable
■a kitchen utensil with a wide blade which is used for serving pieces of food 餐刀；（餐桌用的）小铲
• a cake/fish slice 蛋糕刀／煎鱼铲
[slaɪs] noun
HIT 击打
countable
■in tennis, when you hit the bottom of the ball so that it does not bounce very high when it hits the ground （网球运动中）切（球）
• That wonderful backhand slice of Ben's sends the ball where his opponent just can't reach it. 班那一记漂亮的反手切球刚好把球打到了对手构不到的地方。
■in the sports of golf and baseball, when you hit a ball so that it goes to one side rather than straight in front （高尔夫球和棒球运动中）斜切（球），削（球）
[slaɪs] noun
a slice of life
■A film, piece of literature or a play might be described as a slice of life if it describes or shows the ordinary details of real life. 现实生活的写照，反映现实生活的电影（或文学作品、戏剧）
[slaɪs] noun
slice of the cake Australian informal
■If you want a slice of the cake, you want a share of any money that is being made from an activity. 收益（或好处）的一份
[slaɪs] verb
CUT 切
 ADVANCED transitive
■to cut something into thin, flat pieces 把…切成薄片
• Slice the mushrooms thinly and fry in butter. 把蘑菇切成薄片，用奶油煎一下。
• [+ two objects] Could you slice me a very thin piece of cake/slice a very thin piece of cake for me? 你能帮我切一薄片蛋糕吗?
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to easily cut into or through something with a sharp knife 切，割；切开；割破
• He screamed as the blade sliced into his leg. 刀片划入他的腿时，他发出一声尖叫。
• figurative She watched his slim strong body as it sliced effortlessly through the water. 她看着他细长结实的身材毫不费力地划水前进。
[slaɪs] verb
HIT 击打
transitive
■in the sports of golf and baseball, to hit a ball so that it goes to one side rather than straight in front （高尔夫球和棒球运动中）斜切（球），削球
• Sara sliced the ball, sending it a hundred metres or so to the left. 莎拉打了一个斜切球，将球向左送了100公尺左右。
transitive
■If you slice the ball in a game of tennis, you hit the bottom of the ball so that it does not bounce very high when it hits the ground. （网球运动中）切（球）
[slaɪs] verb
any way you slice it (also no matter how you slice it) mainly US informal
■in whatever way the matter is considered 不管从哪方面考虑
• He shouldn't have hit her, any way you slice it. 无论如何他都不应该动手打她。
[slaɪs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] slice sth off
■to remove an amount of something, or to move between or in something 切下，切除
• She sliced off a piece of sausage. 她切下了一段香肠。
• He accidentally sliced the top off his finger while he was cutting vegetables. 他切菜时不小心削掉了手指尖。
• Amit won the race, slicing three seconds off his previous best time. 阿米特赢得了赛跑，将他的最好成绩缩短了三秒。
bit, scrap, slice, fragment, sheet, piece
这组词都有“片、块、段”的意思，其区别是：
bit: 侧重指微小，一点点，小碎片。
scrap: 侧重指废弃的零碎之物。
slice: 多指切得很薄的一片食物。
fragment: 指破裂的，不完整的，不可完整的碎片。
sheet: 侧重指平整很薄的一张或一片。
piece: 最普通用词，多指从整体上分割下来的东西，可大可小。
n. 薄片；部分；菜刀，火铲
 - proportion, part, portion, percent, integral
vt. 切下；把…分成部分；将…切成薄片
 - chip off, chip out
vi. 切开；割破
 - cut open, to cut

Word: occupation
Front: occupation
[ˌɒkjuˈpeɪʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 3334/2591 -3)
Vocabulary: occupation
(once / 173 pages)
1n 2n
An occupation is a physical takeover. Your student group's occupation of the college building made news when your demands became known. In exchange for leaving, you wanted the college to grant a tuition freeze.
The occupation of a building can refer to the rightful habitation by its residents or the takeover of a building, as in a protest. The occupation of a country, however, always refers to the takeover and control of one country by another, as in the German occupation of France during WWII. The noun occupation can also mean your line of work or anything that occupies your time. Some people have unusual occupations, such as alligator wrangler or golf ball retriever.
WORD FAMILY
occupation: occupational, occupations+/ occupancy: occupancies/ occupant: occupants/ occupational: occupationally/ occupied: occupiedly, unoccupied/ occupier: occupiers/ occupy: occupancy, occupant, occupation, occupied, occupier, occupies, occupying, preoccupy / preoccupation: preoccupations/ preoccupied: preoccupancy, preoccupiedly/ preoccupy: preoccupation, preoccupied, preoccupies, preoccupying
USAGE EXAMPLES
A decade later, with his country under American occupation, he performs on the street.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
First, Kerry displayed surprising knowledge of what occupation means on the ground.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But Kerry was also right when he said that “the status quo is leading towards one state and perpetual occupation.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 职业，工作; 占有，占领; （土地、房屋、建筑等的）使用
分布：职业(80%)，占有(8%)，消遣(6%)，居住(6%)
→来自occupy,占用，占据，居住。引申词义职业。
职业;占有[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
n.占领,占据;占用;职业,工作He is a writer by occupation.他的职业是作家.
US [ˌɑ:.kjə-] noun
JOB 职业
countable slightly formal
■a person's job 职业；工作
• In the space marked 'occupation' she wrote 'police officer'. 在“职业”一栏里她写了“员警”。
UK [ˌɒk.jʊ'peɪ.ʃən] US [ˌɑ:.kjə-] noun
ACTIVITY 活动
countable slightly formal
■a regular activity or hobby 日常活动；消遣
• It seems to me his favourite occupation is eating. 在我看来，他最喜爱的消遣就是吃。
UK [ˌɒk.jʊ'peɪ.ʃən] US [ˌɑ:.kjə-] noun
CONTROL 控制
uncountable
■when an army or group of people moves into and takes control of a place （军队或一伙人）占领，占据
• the Italian occupation of Ethiopia 义大利对埃塞俄比亚的侵占
work, vocation, occupation, employment, trade, profession, career, job
这组词都有“职业”的意思，其区别是：
work: 指任何种类的工作，也泛指职业。
vocation: 较正式用词，语气庄重，指长期从事，但不一定以此为主计的职业。
occupation: 泛指任何一种职业，既不分什么行业，也不管是脑力还是体力劳动。
employment: 指受雇于他人，领取工资以谋生计，有较固定工作的职业。
trade: 指需要有熟练技巧、技能和体力的职业。
profession: 以前常指要受过高等教育(尤指法律、医学和神学)才能获得的职业，现在一般指为谋生日的职业，尤指从事脑力劳动和受过专门训练，具有某种专业知识的职业。
career: 指经过专门训练，终身愿意从事的职业。
job: 通常指一切有收入，不分脑力与体力运动，不论是否有技艺的长期或临时的职业。
n. [劳经] 职业；占有；消遣；占有期
 - profession, employment, career, calling, pursuit, entertainment

Word: dear
Front: dear
[dɪə(r)] (中高 3337/2167 -K3)
Vocabulary: dear
(once / 21 pages)
nadjadv
If someone or something is dear to you, it means you hold them or it very close to your heart, as in "My country is very dear to me" or "She is a dear friend."
As a written form of address — such as "Dear Mr. So-and-so" — dear is generally a polite but impersonal standard greeting. Dear can sometimes mean expensive, as in "The cost of food is so dear these days," though that's a rather dated usage nowadays. Used about children, baby animals, or other examples of insufferable cuteness, dear can also mean "sweet" or "adorable." In this sense, dear is a favorite word of grandmothers and other doting relations.
WORD FAMILY
dear: dearer, dearly, dearness, dears, endear +/dearness: dearnesses/ endear: endeared, endearing, endearment, endears/ endearing: endearingly/ endearment: endearments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Reagan and his “dear friend, Margaret” agreed on practically everything.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Which is to say that if you’re in the mood for uplift, dear readers, try a forklift.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“The Russian diplomats returning home will spend the New Year Holidays with their relatives and dear ones,” Putin said.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 亲爱的; 敬爱的; 昂贵的; 严厉的
n. 亲爱的人; 宠物
int. 哎
adv. 高价地; 疼爱地; 贵
级别：dearer, dearest
分布：亲爱的(82%)，昂贵的(5%)，亲爱的人(5%)，高价地(3%)，可爱的人(2%)，啊(2%)，宝贵的(1%)
→.来自古英语deore,珍贵的，昂贵的。引申义亲爱的，珍重的。比较汉语成语物以稀为贵。
a.昂贵的;亲爱的;珍贵的int.呵!哎呀!Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear.明年,长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽.
US [dɪr] adjective
LOVED 亲爱的
 ESSENTIAL
■loved or liked very much 亲爱的，心爱的；可爱的
• She was a very dear friend. 她是一位非常亲密的朋友。
• He was very dear to me. 他跟我非常亲近。
• This place is very dear to me - we came here on our honeymoon. 这个地方对我来讲非常亲切——我们曾到这里度过蜜月。
• What a dear (= very attractive) little kitten! 多么可爱的小猫啊！
• My dear Gina - how lovely to see you! 我亲爱的吉娜——见到你真是太好了！
 ESSENTIAL
■used at the beginning of a letter to greet the person you are writing to （用于信的开头作问候语）亲爱的，尊敬的
• Dear Kerry/Mum and Dad/Ms Smith/Sir 亲爱的克里／爸爸妈妈／史密斯女士／尊敬的先生
UK [dɪər] US [dɪr] adjective
EXPENSIVE 昂贵的
■costing too much; expensive 昂贵的，高价的
• The food was good but very dear. 这里的饭菜不错，就是太贵。
UK [dɪər] US [dɪr] adjective
for dear life
■If you do something for dear life, you do it with as much effort as possible, usually to avoid danger 尽全力，竭力
• As the ship began to tilt, we clung on for dear life. 当船开始倾斜的时候，我们竭力抓住船身。
UK [dɪər] US [dɪr] exclamation (also old-fashioned dearie) informal
■used in expressions of anger, disappointment, sadness or surprise 天哪（表示愤怒、失望、伤心、吃惊等）
• Oh dear! I've lost my keys again. 哦，天哪！我又把锁匙弄丢了。
• Dear me , it's already four-thirty and I said I'd be home by five! 天哪，已经四点半了，我说过我五点前要到家的！
• Dearie me , what a mess! 天哪，真是太乱了！
UK [dɪər] US [dɪr] noun
countable usually singular informal
■a kind person 善良的人，和善之人，好人
• Annie's such a dear - she's brought me breakfast in bed every morning this week. 安妮可真是个大好人——这周她每天早上都把早餐送到我的床边。
[as form of address]
■used to address someone you love or are being friendly to, not used between men 亲爱的（不用于男子之间）
• Here's your receipt, dear. 亲爱的，这是你的收据。
• Would you like a drink, dear? 亲爱的，你想喝一杯吗？
• Lovely to see you, my dear. 亲爱的，见到你真是太好了。
expensive, dear, costly
这组词都有“高的，昂贵的”的意思，其区别是：
expensive: 指物品的价格超过了它本身所值，或超过了购买者的支付能力。
dear: 侧重指要价过高，或远高于公道、合理的价格，其反义词是cheap。
costly: 指物品价格高，通常是因物品稀少或珍贵所致。
adj. 亲爱的；尊敬的；昂贵的
 - loving, expensive, rich, costly
int. 哎呀
 - oh, my, ohone
n. 亲爱的人
 - machree

Word: coal
Front: coal
[kəʊl] (中高研四六 3336/1761 -K3)
Vocabulary: coal
(once / 159 pages)
1nv 2nv
Coal is a mineral, a black rock that can be extracted from the earth and burned for fuel. Most of the electricity that's produced in the world is powered by the burning of coal.
Coal may seem like an old-fashioned fuel, making you think of steam locomotives that ran on coal, or coal fires heating homes in the nineteenth century. Some people still burn coal in stoves today, although most coal is burned on a much larger scale, generating electricity for entire towns and cities. You can also use the noun coal to mean a glowing ember in your fireplace or backyard grill. In Old English, it was col, from a Germanic root.
WORD FAMILY
coal: coaled, coaling, coals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Global commodities producers are hoping that China will order big lumps of iron, coal and copper in the new year to send prices higher.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Carbon capture is proving itself, said David Mohler, the deputy assistant secretary for clean coal and carbon management at the federal Energy Department.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was a rare bit of good news for Wyoming’s mining industry, hit hard by a downturn in coal and a recent BLM coal-leasing moratorium.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 煤; 煤块; 煤堆; 木炭
vi. 上煤; 加煤
vt. 给…加煤; 把…烧成炭
时态：coaled, coaling, coals
分布：煤(95%)，加煤(2%)，木炭(1%)，装煤(1%)，烧成炭(1%)
→来自ghel,燃烧，词源同glow.
n.煤,煤块I'm in charge of discharging a large amount of charcoal and coal at the coal mine.我负责在煤矿卸一大堆木炭和煤.
US [koʊl] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a hard, black substance which is dug from the earth in pieces, and can be burnt to produce heat or power, or a single piece of this 煤
• How much coal was mined here? 这里出了多少煤？
• a burning/red hot coal 燃烧的／灼热的煤块
UK [kəʊl] US [koʊl] noun countable or uncountable
carry / take coals to Newcastle UK
■to supply something to a place or person that already has a lot of that particular thing 多此一举；徒劳无功
• Exporting pine to Scandinavia seems a bit like carrying coals to Newcastle. 往斯堪的纳维亚出口松木似乎有点多此一举。
UK [kəʊl] US [koʊl] noun countable or uncountable
haul/drag sb over the coals
■to speak angrily to someone because they have done something you disapprove of 责备，申斥，责骂（某人）
• He was hauled over the coals for coming in late for work. 他因为上班迟到而受到训斥。
vt. 给…加煤；把…烧成炭
 - char
n. [矿物] 煤；煤块；木炭
 - charcoal, xylanthrax

Word: sacred
Front: sacred
[ˈseɪkrɪd] (高研四六托雅宝 3338/4692 -2)
Vocabulary: sacred
(once / 107 pages)
adj
Something sacred is holy, devoted to a religious ceremony, or simply worthy of awe and respect. Jerusalem is a sacred place for many religions, just as Fenway is a sacred place for Red Sox fans.
Sacred is an adjective used to describe a person or thing worthy of worship or declared holy. It usually appears in a religious context, but an object or place set aside for a particular purpose can also be sacred. Sacred spaces and items are intended to be treated with care and respect — even if it's just your shrine to Brad Pitt.
WORD FAMILY
sacred: sacreder, sacredest, sacredly, sacredness+/sacredness: sacrednesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
SHILOH, West Bank — Through eight years of escalating criticism from the world’s most powerful leader, Israeli construction in these sacred, militarily occupied hills never stopped.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Partners for Sacred Places hosted the event and created the report through a grant secured by the Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To be a Ranger is to sense the sacred trust of upholding all that such a name means in this shrine of football.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 宗教的; 神圣的; 受崇敬的，值得崇敬的; 有宗教性质的
分布：神圣的(98%)，受尊重的(2%)
→sacra-,神圣的，-ed,形容词后缀。
神圣的[sacr=holy表示"神圣"]
a.神圣的;宗教的;庄严的My niece sacredly sacrificed a piece of pie to the God.侄女郑重地给神供上一块馅饼.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■considered to be holy and deserving respect, especially because of a connection with a god （尤指因与神有关而）神圣的，值得崇敬的
• sacred relics/temples 圣物／殿
• This area is sacred to the Apaches. 对阿帕契人而言，这一个地区是神圣的。
 ADVANCED
■connected with religion 与宗教有关的，宗教性的
• sacred music/writings 宗教音乐／著作
■considered too important to be changed 不容改变的，不可侵犯的
• His daily routine is absolutely sacred to him. 对他而言，每天的日常安排绝对是不容改变的。
• humorous The cricketers wore blue, not their usual white - is nothing sacred? 板球队员们身穿蓝色队服，不是他们常穿的白色——难道这也是可以改的吗？
divine, holy, sacred
这组词都有“神圣的”的意思，其区别是：
divine: 指来源于神或神有关，侧重神性；在现代英语中指绝妙或非人世所有的事物。
holy: 可与sacred换用，但holy侧重于内含一种神圣的本质，使之值得崇拜，通常具有传统、世袭或固有的性质。
sacred: 指由于是献给上帝或神的事物，因而是神圣的，不容亵渎；也指被普遍视为神圣不可侵犯的东西。
adj. 神的；神圣的；宗教的；庄严的
 - religious, blessed

Word: criminal
Front: criminal
[ˈkrɪmɪnl] (高研四六雅 1953/2063 -K4)
Vocabulary: criminal
(once / 144 pages)
nadj
A criminal is someone who breaks the law. If you're a murderer, thief, or tax cheat, you're a criminal.
When you think of criminals, your first thought might be of someone awful like a murderer. But this word is a lot broader — Anyone who breaks the law is technically a criminal, even if the crime is just not paying a speeding ticket. You can also talk about criminal activities: things that are illegal. Lots of TV shows are about police officers and lawyers trying to catch criminals who are engaged in all kinds of exciting criminal activity.
WORD FAMILY
criminal: criminalise, criminalism, criminality, criminalize, criminally, criminalness, criminals, criminative+/ crime: crimes, criminal, criminate, incriminate /criminalise: criminalisation, decriminalise/criminality: criminalities/criminalize: criminalization, criminalized, criminalizes, criminalizing, decriminalize/criminate: criminated, criminates, criminating, criminatory, recriminate/decriminalise: decriminalisation/decriminalize: decriminalization, decriminalized, decriminalizing/ incriminate: incriminated, incriminates, incriminating, incrimination, incriminatory/incrimination: incriminations, self-incrimination/recriminate: recriminated, recriminates, recriminating, recrimination, recriminative, recriminatory/ recrimination: recriminations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Opposition leaders were muted in their reaction to the announcement of a criminal investigation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Justices of the peace in Nevada hear small civil claims along with criminal misdemeanor trials.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said those concerns are not lost on criminals.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 罪犯，犯人
adj. 刑事的; 犯罪的; 可耻的
分布：罪犯(84%)，犯罪的(12%)，刑事的(3%)，违法的(1%)
→来自crime, 犯罪。
犯罪分子(crime罪行)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
罪犯[crimin=ceime(罪)]
n.罪犯,刑事犯a.犯罪的,刑事的Primarily, the prime criminal's crime has nothing to do with lime and overtime.首犯的犯罪基本上与石灰和加班无关.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who commits a crime 罪犯
• a dangerous/violent criminal 危险的／残暴的罪犯
['krɪm.ɪ.nəl] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■relating to crime 犯罪的；涉及犯罪的
• criminal activity 犯罪活动
• a criminal act/offence 犯罪行为／刑事犯罪
• criminal behaviour 犯罪行为
• a criminal investigation 刑事调查
■very bad or morally wrong 糟糕的；不道德的
• It's criminal to charge so much for a book. 一本书要这么高的价钱，真是太不应该了。
• The way we waste this planet's resources is criminal. 我们这样浪费地球的资源简直就是犯罪。
criminal, guilty
这组词都有“犯罪的”的意思，其区别是：
criminal: 侧重指某种行为是违犯法律的，因而应受到惩罚。
guilty: 主要指某种行为违反道德标准，也可指违犯法律。
n. 罪犯
 - offender, culprit
adj. 刑事的；犯罪的；罪恶的
 - penal, peccant

Word: formula
Front: formula
[ˈfɔ:mjələ] (研四六托雅宝 3340/2600 -K3)
Vocabulary: formula
(once / 290 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A formula is generally a fixed pattern that is used to achieve consistent results. It might be made up of words, numbers, or ideas that work together to define a procedure to be followed for the desired outcome.
Formulas, the patterns we follow in life, are used everywhere. In math or science, a formula might express a numeric or chemical equation; in cooking, a recipe is a formula. Baby formula is made up of the nutrients necessary for maintaining healthy growth, and the right formula for a fuel mixture is critical for a racing car's best performance. Everyone has their favorite formula for success. J. Paul Getty once gave his as "rise early, work hard, strike oil."
WORD FAMILY
formula: formulae, formularise, formularize, formulary, formulas, formulate +/formularise: formularised/formularize: formularized/formulary: formularies/ formulate: formulated, formulates, formulating, formulation, reformulate / formulation: formulations/ reformulate: reformulated, reformulating
USAGE EXAMPLES
Exploitative TV shows that reinforce the misguided formula of cutting calories / increasing exercise do almost everyone - - Personal Trainers included - - a disservice.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
He also appeared to warn the incoming Trump administration against changing the successful formula.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
To critics, it’s a formula for kleptocracy at best and disastrous mistakes at worst.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 公式，准则; 客套话; 方案; 婴儿食品
分布：公式(77%)，配方(20%)，规则(2%)，方程式的(1%)
→来自form, 模式，样式。用于数学和化学名词。
公式;信条(form+ula表名词→形成的东西→公式)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
n.(pl.formulae)公式;规则;分子式;药方The form of the former formula is formally formulated.前一个分子式的形式得到正式表述.
【记】form（n 形状；表格；形式）
【参】formulate（vt 用公式表示；明确简洁系统地表达）
US ['fɔ:r-] noun (plural formulas or formulae)
UK ['fɔ:.mjʊ.lə] US ['fɔ:r-] noun (plural formulas or formulae)
METHOD/RULE 方法／规则
 IMPROVER countable
■a standard or accepted way of doing or making something, the things needed for it, or a mathematical rule expressed in a set of numbers and letters 惯例；配方；处方；公式；方程式；分子式
• We have changed the formula of the washing powder. 我们已经更换了洗衣粉的配方。
• We had to learn chemical formulae at school, but I can only remember H 2 O for water. 我们上学时都得学习化学分子式，但是我现在只记得 H2O 是代表水。
• There's no magic formula for success. 成功没有窍门。
UK ['fɔ:.mjʊ.lə] US ['fɔ:r-] noun (plural formulas or formulae)
BABY'S MILK 婴儿奶
uncountable
■artificial milk which can be given to babies instead of milk from their mother （婴儿）配方奶
n. [数] 公式，准则； [化工] 配方；婴儿食品
 - criterion, expressions

Word: cognitive
Front: cognitive
[ˈkɒgnətɪv] (研六托雅 3344/5220 -1)
Vocabulary: cognitive
(once / 4891 pages)
adj
If it's related to thinking, it's considered cognitive. Anxious parents might defend using flashcards with toddlers as "nurturing their cognitive development."
The adjective, cognitive, comes from the Latin cognoscere "to get to know" and refers to the ability of the brain to think and reason as opposed to feel. A child's cognitive development is the growth in his or her ability to think and solve problems. Many English words that involve knowing and knowledge have cogn- in them such as cognizant "aware of" and recognize "to know someone in the present because you knew them from the past."
WORD FAMILY
cognitive: cognitively, precognitive+/cognizable: cognizably, incognizable/ cognizance: cognizances, recognizance / cognizant: cognizance, cognizantly, incognizant/cognize: cognitive, cognizable, cognizant, cognized, cognizes, cognizing/incognizant: incognizance/ recognizance: recognizances
USAGE EXAMPLES
Indeed, a mainstream strategy in cognitive behavioral therapy involves purposefully articulating thoughts to oneself in order to diminish pernicious habits of mind.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
They also suffer higher mortality rates and increased risk of depression, cognitive decline and illnesses like coronary artery disease.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
They also assessed people’s cognitive abilities through a series of tasks.
Time(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 认知的; 认识的
分布：认知的(55%)，认识的(37%)，有认识力的(8%)
a.认知的,认识能力的Though Jack was emotionally immature, his cognitive development was admirable; he was very advanced intellectually.
【参】cognizance（n 知觉，认识＝knowledge＝awareness）
US ['kɑ:g.nɪ.tˌɪv] specialized
adjective [before noun]
■connected with thinking or conscious mental processes 感知的；认知的；认识力的
• Some of her cognitive functions have been impaired. 她的部分认知能力受到了损害。
• cognitive behaviour/development 认知行为／认知发展
• cognitive therapy/psychology 认知疗法／心理学
adj. 认知的，认识的
 - recognitive, epistemic

Word: collective
Front: collective
[kəˈlektɪv] (研四六托 3342/3132 -3)
Vocabulary: collective
(once / 536 pages)
1adjn 2adj
Collective is a word that describes a group of people acting together. A prom might turn into a smashing success through the collective efforts of the student body.
The word collective indicates a group, and is often used in opposition to the efforts or will of an individual. Your neighbor who is the only one on the block who refuses to mow her law? She's going against the collective. A commune is a type of collective living situation, in which several families might live together and contribute for the benefit of the whole. If you work well with others, then you appreciate how collective efforts can often result in better results.
WORD FAMILY
collective: collectively, collectives, collectivise, collectivism, collectivize+/ collect: collectable, collected, collectible, collecting, collection, collective, collector, collects, recollect / collected: collectedly, self-collected, uncollected/collectible: collectibles, uncollectible/collecting: collectings/ collection: collections/collectivise: collectivisation, collectivised/ collectivism: collectivisms, collectivist, collectivistic/collectivist: collectivists/collectivistic: collectivistically/collectivization: collectivizations/collectivize: collectivization, collectivized, collectivizing/collector: collectors/ recollect: recollected, recollecting, recollection, recollective, recollects/ recollection: recollections
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s not so much frustration,” Heat forward Justise Winslow said, talking about the team’s collective mood.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Women’s national soccer team finally agrees to new collective bargaining agreement when U.S.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite reeling from a collective gut punch, women who were opposed to President-elect Donald Trump channeled their sadness and rage into activism and organization.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 集体的; 共同的; 集合的; 集体主义的
n. [统]集体; [语]集合名词; 集团
分布：集体(85%)，集体的(11%)，共同的(4%)
集体的(collect+ive→集中到一起→集体的)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
n.集体a.集体的,共同的The invention is a collective effort.那项发明是集体努力的成果.
adjective [before noun]
■of or shared by every member of a group of people 集体的；共同的
• a collective decision/effort 共同的决定／努力
• collective responsibility/leadership 共同责任／集体领导
[kə'lek.tɪv] noun countable
■an organization or business which is owned and controlled by the people who work in it 联合组织；企业集团；集体企业
adj. 集体的；共同的；集合的；集体主义的
 - mutual, corporate, common, joint
n. 集团；集合体；集合名词
 - bloc, clan

Word: exact
Front: exact
[ɪgˈzækt] (高研四托宝 3341/3270 -K4)
Vocabulary: exact
(once / 48 pages)
1adj 2v
If something's exact, it's precise and completely accurate — as opposed to a guess, an estimate, or an approximation.
Exact also has the meaning of taking something from someone, often money, and generally only given up with reluctance under the threat of force. The Mob might exact a shakedown from unfortunate businessmen, for example. The word comes from the Latin exactus "exact or accurate," a form of the verb exigere — meaning "to force out or demand," like the Mob demanding its money.
WORD FAMILY
exact: exacted, exacter, exactest, exacting, exactingly, exaction, exactly, exactness, exacts, inexact +/ exacting: unexacting/exaction: exactions/ exactly: exactlys/exactness: exactnesses/ inexact: inexactest, inexactly, inexactness/inexactness: inexactnesses/unexacting: unexactingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Autopsy results are still awaited to determine the exact cause of death of Daniel R.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Dietrich said that when she encounters problems with criminal records, it’s usually in decades-old cases in which the exact details of the outcome weren’t recorded.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Metro did not respond to requests for data on the exact weight of the new trains.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 准确的; 严密的; 精密的，精确的
vt. 要求; 苛求; 迫使; 强求
时态：exacted, exacting, exacts
分布：确切的(96%)，精密严谨的(4%)
→ex-, 向外。-act, 做，驱使，称量，词源同act, examine, exigent. 即称量的，精确要求的。
强求;精确的(ex出+act→[要求]做出来→强求)[act=to do,to drive表示"行动,做"]
a.确切的,正确的,精确的The exact contact with practice has practical impact on me.同实践的密切接触对我有实际的影响.
【记】ex出，act行动－要求做出行动－强求，然后引申为精确的
【参】exaction（n 勒索；苛求）
【反】forgive（vt 原谅；饶恕；宽免债务）；condone（vt 宽恕；赦免）
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■in great detail, or complete, correct or true in every way; precise 精确的；确切的；正确的
• The exact distance is 1.838 metres. 精确距离是1.838公尺。
• The exact time of the accident was 2.43 pm. 事件发生的正确时间是下午两点四十三分。
• "I still owe you £7, don't I?" "Actually, it's £7.30 to be exact." “我还欠你七英镑，是不是？”“实际上，正确地说应该是7.3英镑。”
• The exact location of the factory has yet to be decided. 这工厂的正确位置还未定案。
• Unlike astronomy, astrology cannot be described as an exact science. 占星术与天文学不同，严格来讲，占星术不能称为一门科学。
[ɪg'zækt] verb transitive formal
■to demand and get something, sometimes using force or threats, or to make something necessary 勒索；强要；迫切需要
• to exact revenge on someone 向某人报复
• The blackmailers exacted a total of $100 000 from their victims. 勒索人从受害人那里总共勒索了十万美元。
• Heart surgery exacts tremendous skill and concentration. 心脏外科手术要求施术者技术高超且精神要高度集中。
correct, accurate, exact, true, right, precise
这组词都有“准确的，正确的”的意思，其区别是：
correct: 最常用词，主要指按一定标准或规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或无缺点错误。
accurate: 指通过谨慎的努力达到符合事实或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性，与事实无出入。
exact: 着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比accurate强。
true: 暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件丝毫不差。
right: 使用广泛，可与这些词中的correct换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动等方面的正确。
precise: 侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确无误。
adj. 准确的，精密的；精确的
 - nice, accurate, precise, mathematical, strict
vt. 要求；强求；急需
 - require, desire, call for

Word: uncle
Front: uncle
[ˈʌŋkl] (中高 3345/2301 -K3)
Back: n. 叔叔; 伯父; 舅父; 姑父，姨父
分布：叔(81%)，舅(9%)，伯(5%)，姑父(3%)，姨父(2%)
→缩写自拉丁语avunculus, 叔舅，av-,祖父，词源同atavism,avuncular, -uncul, 小词后缀，词源同homunculus, molecule。即小祖父，引申词义叔叔，舅舅。
n.伯父,叔父,舅父,姑父,姨父Unlike my uncle, I likely like that bike (bicycle).我不象叔叔,我很可能喜欢那辆自行车.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the brother of someone's mother or father, or the husband of someone's aunt 舅父；伯父；叔父；姨父；姑父
• I've got several uncles and aunts. 我有几个叔叔和姑姑。
• We invited my Uncle Steve round. 我们邀请了我的叔叔史蒂夫过来。
• [as form of address] Did you bring me a present, Uncle Jack? 你给我带礼物了吗，杰克叔叔？
n. 叔叔；伯父；伯伯；舅父；姨丈；姑父
 - nuncle, oom

Word: captain
Front: captain
[ˈkæptɪn] (中高研四六 3347/1680 -K4)
Vocabulary: captain
(once / 26 pages)
nv
A captain is the person in charge of a group. The captain of a high school soccer team is usually an elected or appointed leader.
The word captain can describe any leader, but it's traditionally been the name for the person on a boat or ship with the highest rank. The captain of a fishing boat is responsible for making decisions about what route to take and how best to avoid bad weather. When she steers the boat, you can say she captains it. The word comes from the Late Latin capitaneus, "chief," from caput, or "head."
WORD FAMILY
captain: captaincy, captained, captaining, captains, captainship+/captaincy: captaincies/captainship: captainships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Adams, a 56-year-old former police captain, now needs a new publicity photo.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is also understood in the industry that captains will organise evacuation efforts - for which they will probably need to stay on board.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
More amused than chastened, Mills said, “It’s two captains with one boat.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 船长，机长; 领袖，首领; 上尉; （美国警察局的）副巡长
vt. 当首领; 统帅或指挥
时态：captained, captaining, captains
分布：船长(65%)，队长(24%)，指挥(5%)，首领(3%)，率领(3%)
→来自词根cap, 头, 词源同chief, cape.
首领;船长[cap,cipit=head,表示"头"]
船长(capt头+ain)[-ain表名词"…人"]
n.首领,队长;船长;上尉v.做...的首领,指挥After the entertainment the captain obtained an entrance fee.娱乐表演之后,船长获得了一笔入场费.
US [-tən] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the person in charge of a ship or an aircraft, or the leader of a sports team 船长；机长；（运动队）队长
• This is your captain speaking. We expect to be landing at London Heathrow in an hour's time. 我是机长。我们预计一小时后在伦敦希斯洛机场降落。
• It's unusual to have a goalkeeper as (the) captain of a football team. 让守门员当足球队的队长是很少见的。
■an officer's rank in the army or navy, or in the US air force, or in the US police and fire departments （陆军或海军）上校；（美国空军的）上尉；（美国警察局的）副巡长；（美国消防署的）中队长
UK ['kæp.tɪn] US [-tən] verb transitive
■to lead and be the captain of a team, military group, ship or aircraft 担任队长（或船长、机长）；率领；指挥
• He captained the England cricket team for 5 years. 他曾担任英格兰板球队的队长五年。
n. 队长，首领； [水运] 船长；上尉；海军上校
 - leader, chief, boss, officer
vt. 指挥；率领
 - officer, boss, lead

Word: sigh
Front: sigh
[saɪ] (高研四六托雅 3349/3085 -3)
Vocabulary: sigh
(once / 86 pages)
vn
The sound that you make when you exhale loudly to show frustration, boredom, or relief is called a sigh. No matter how much you sigh during your family's annual car trip to the Grand Canyon, your dad won't drive any faster.
Something that sounds like a human sigh is also called a sigh. The breeze might sigh in the still night air, or a screen door might sigh closed. The word sigh comes from the Old English word of the same meaning, sican, which was probably imitative, echoing the sound of a sigh.
WORD FAMILY
sigh: sighed, sighing, sighs
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the “silence and sighs”? The allegedly negative reaction was experienced by precisely one colleague on exactly one call, unsolicited by the Conways.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“When we finally got the diagnosis, it was like a sigh of relief,” Weekes said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
If the person at the other end asked to leave a message, I would sigh heavily, like a useless personal assistant.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 叹气; 悲叹，悲鸣
vt. 叹气地说
n. 叹气，叹气声
时态：sighed, sighing, sighs
分布：叹息(72%)，叹气(26%)，惋惜(2%)
n.叹息,叹息声v.叹息,叹气The sightseer speaks highly of the highway with sigh.观光者叹息着盛赞这条公路.
verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to breathe out slowly and noisily, expressing tiredness, sadness, pleasure, etc. 叹息，叹气
• She sighed deeply and sat down. 她深叹一口气，坐了下来。
• [+ speech] "I wish he was here, " she sighed (= she said with a sigh). “我希望他在这里，”她叹息道。
■If the wind sighs, it makes a long, soft sound as it moves through trees （风穿过树林时）发出呜咽声
• I lay on my back, listening to the sound of the wind sighing in the trees. 我仰躺着，听着风穿过树林发出的呜咽声。
[saɪ] noun countable
■a slow noisy breath 叹息，叹气
• He leaned back in his seat with a sigh. 他向后靠在座位上长出了一口气。
• "Ah, you're here, " she said and heaved/let out/gave a sigh of relief. “啊，你在这里，”她说道，如释重负地松了口气。
vi. 叹息，叹气
 - suspire
n. 叹息，叹气
 - suspiration
vt. 叹息，叹气
 - suspire

Word: attribute
Front: attribute
[əˈtrɪbju:t] (研四六托雅宝 3346/3247 -2)
Vocabulary: attribute
(once / 167 pages)
1nv 2v
An attribute is a quality or characteristic given to a person, group, or some other thing. Your best attribute might be your willingness to help others, like when you stopped traffic so the duck family could cross the street.
Attribute comes from the Latin verb attribuere, which is made up the prefix ad, meaning "to," and tribuere meaning "give or bestow." As a verb, to attribute is to give credit, like if you attribute the A on your test to all that hard studying. In Greek and Roman mythology an attribute will often stand in for a character such as Zeus's lightning bolt or Poseidon's trident.
WORD FAMILY
attribute: attributable, attributed, attributes, attributing, attribution, attributive, reattribute+/ attributable: unattributable/ attribution: attributions/attributive: attributively/reattribute: reattributes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Choice period detail: A story about the boom in skiing attributes the sport’s popularity to innovations in “metal skis and stretch pants.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
It played like an average, unreliable squad that settles for decency, squints when the lights are bright and fails to maximize its best attributes.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Sometimes the voices people hear are not their own, and instead are attributed to a celestial source.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 认为…是; 把…归于; 把…品质归于某人; 认为某事[物]属于某人[物]
时态：attributed, attributing, attributes
分布：属性(95%)，特征(2%)，象征(1%)，标志(1%)，把 ... 归于(1%)
→前缀at-同ad-. tribute, 贡金，给予，词源同tribe, 部落。
归因于n.属性(at加强动作+tribute→[把原因]给出→归因)[tribut=give,表示"给予"]
v.(to)归因于,归属于n.属性,品质,特征Trivial tributes constitute the attribute of constituent's report.琐屑的颂词形成选民的报告的属性.
【参】attribution（n 归因）；distribute（vt 分发）；tribute（n 贡品）
【反】exculpate（v 使无罪）；attribute guilt（归罪）
noun countable /ˈæt.rɪ.bjuːt/
■a quality or characteristic that someone or something has 特性；特质；属性
• Organizational ability is an essential attribute for a good manager. 组织能力是一个出色经理必备的素质。
verb[əˈtrɪb.jʊt/ /-juːt]
  Phrasal Verbs  attribute sth to sb
■to think that someone or something has a particular quality or feature 将（某种特质）归属于（某人）；认为（某人）有（某种特性）
• I wouldn't dream of attributing such a lack of judgment to you. 我做梦也想不到你会如此缺乏判断力。
verb[əˈtrɪb.jʊt/ /-juːt]
  Phrasal Verbs  attribute sth to sb/sth ADVANCED
■to say or think that something is the result or work of something or someone else 把…归因于…；认为…由…产生；认为…是…所为
• The doctors have attributed the cause of the illness to an unknown virus. 医生们认为这种疾病是由一种未知的病毒引起。
• To what do you attribute this delay? 你认为造成这次延误的原因是甚么？
• Most experts have attributed the drawing to Michelangelo. 大多数专家认为这幅画出自米开朗基罗的手笔。
sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge
这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是：
sign: 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。
emblem: 指选定象征一个国家、民族或家庭等的图案或实物。
symbol: 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。
token: 语气庄重，指礼品、纪念物等作为表示友谊、爱情等的象征或标志。
attribute: 指人或物及其地位、属性的象征。
mark: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。
signal: 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
badge: 一般指金属证章或写有姓名的带状标志物。
peculiarity, properity, quality, attribute, feature, characteristic, character, trait
这组词都有“特性、特点、品质”的意思，其区别是：
peculiarity: 指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩。
properity: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人。
quality: 最普通用词，既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征。
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物。
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征。
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征。
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征。
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征。
attribute, ascribe
这两个动词均有“把……归于”之意。
attribute: 指出于相信而把……归于某人或某物，含较多的客观性。
ascribe: 指根据推论或猜想把……归于某人或某物，含主观臆断成分较重。
attribute, owe
attribute: 归因于；
owe: 归功于，用于“某人的好处应归功于”
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
n. 属性；特质
 - particularity, idiosyncracy
vt. 归属；把…归于
 - ascribe to

Word: dare
Front: dare
[deə(r)] (中高研四六 3348/3210 -K3)
Vocabulary: dare
(once / 51 pages)
nv
When you challenge or provoke someone to try something risky, it's a dare. If you accept a dare, you're probably trying to prove how brave you are.
When you challenge your friend to a dare, you dare him. You might, for example, dare your brother to jump off the garage into a pile of leaves. Another way to dare is to actually be brave: "I admire her so much, because she dares to stand up to bullies." The Old English root of dare is durran, "to brave danger, venture, or presume." If you say, "How dare you?" you're expressing outrage or indignation.
WORD FAMILY
dare: dared, dares, daring +/ daring: daringest, daringly, darings
USAGE EXAMPLES
His Achilles heel was confrontation, but all his aggression appears now to be channelled towards simply outmuscling those who dare to mark him.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
“They’re into craft beers, and natural wines; dare I say it, slightly hipster in a good way.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Mr. Flores, an arborist, longs for the open air, but does not dare set foot outside.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 敢; 敢做; 激（某人做某事）; 问（某人）有没有胆量（做某事）
vi. 敢; 敢于; 大胆; 无畏于
aux. 敢，竟敢
n. 激将，挑战
时态：dared, daring, dares
分布：敢(87%)，挑战(7%)，胆敢(3%)，勇于(1%)，胆量(1%)，冒...的风险(1%)
→来自dhers, 勇敢的，有勇气的，词源同endure, firm.
v.敢,胆敢How dare you ask me such a question?你怎敢问我这样的问题?
US [der] verb
BE BRAVE/RUDE 勇敢／鲁莽
 IMPROVER intransitive not continuous
■to be brave enough to do something difficult or dangerous, or to be rude or silly enough to do something that you have no right to do 敢于；胆敢，竟敢
• I was going to ask if his dog was any better, but I didn't dare in case it had died. 我本想问问他的狗好些没有，可是又怕那狗已经死掉了，所以不敢问。
• [+ (to) infinitive] Everyone in the office complains that he smells awful, but nobody dares (to) mention it to him. 办公室里人人都在抱怨，说他身上有股难闻的气味，可是又没有人敢跟他说。
• Do you dare (to) tell him the news? 你敢告诉他这个消息吗？
• [+ infinitive without to] I wouldn't dare have a party in my flat in case the neighbours complained. 我可不敢在公寓里举行派对，以免邻居们不满。
• Dare you tell him the news? 你敢告诉他这个消息吗？
• I daren't/don't dare think how much it's going to cost. 我不敢想像那要花多少钱。
• I'd never dare (to) talk to my mother the way Ben talks to his. 我永远也不敢像宾对他母亲讲话那样跟我母亲说话。
• [+ to infinitive] He was under attack for daring to criticize the Prime Minister. 他因为敢于批评首相而受到攻击。
⇒ See also daresay
UK [deər] US [der] verb
ASK 请求
transitive
■to ask someone to do something which involves risk 向…挑战；问…有没有胆量（做）；（用激将法）激
• Wear the low-cut blouse with your pink shorts - go on, I dare you! 穿上那件低胸衬衫，再配上粉红色短裤——就照这样打扮，你有胆量就穿上试试！
• [+ to infinitive] I dare you to ask him to dance. 我谅你也不敢请他跳舞。
UK [deər] US [der] verb
don't you dare mainly humorous
■used to tell someone angrily not to do something （表示生气）你试试看，看我怎么收拾你
• "I think I'll just walk my dirty shoes over your nice clean floor." "Don't you dare!" “我要穿着脏鞋子从你那洁净的地板上走过去。”“你试试看！”
• Don't you dare go without me! 你试试留下我自己去，看我怎么收拾你！
UK [deər] US [der] verb
How dare she / you , etc.!
■used to express anger about something someone has done （表示气愤）她／你竟敢这样（做）！
• How dare you use my car without asking! 你竟敢问也不问，就用我的车！
• How dare he tell me what to do! 他竟敢对我指手画脚！
UK [deər] US [der] noun countable
■something you do because someone dares you to 在激将法做出的事，应他人挑战而做出的事
• He jumped in the river at twelve o'clock last night UK as/for / US on a dare. 昨晚12点他应别人的挑战，跳进河里去。
risk, hazard, venture, chance, dare
这组词都有“敢于冒险”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指不顾个人安危去干某事，侧重主动承担风险。
hazard: 主要指冒险作出某个选择，隐含碰运气意味。
venture: 指冒风险试一试，或指有礼貌的反抗或反对。
chance: 指碰运气、冒风险试试。
dare: 可与venture换用，但语气较强，着重挑战或违抗。
n. 挑战；挑动
 - challenge, defi
vi. 敢；胆敢
 - make bold to

Word: okay
Front: okay
[ˌəuˈkei] (研四 1642/957 -4)
Back: n. 认可，同意
v. 赞成或同意; 批准
int. 行，用以表达准许或同意之意
adj. 可以，不错
时态：okayed, okaying, okays
分布：可以(45%)，好的(23%)，行(22%)，同意(10%)
a.(okey,OK,O.K.)好,行,不错n.同意That's O.K.那是没问题的..
ADJ
（表示令人满意或可以接受）不错的，可以的
If you say that something is okay, you find it satisfactory or acceptable.
例：...a shooting range where it's OK to use weapons...可以使用武器的射击场
例：Is it okay if I come by myself?...我一个人来行吗？
ADJ
（人）安全的，健康的，无恙的
If you say that someone is okay, you mean that they are safe and well.
例：Check that the baby's okay...看看孩子是否还好。
例：'Don't worry about me,' I said. 'I'll be okay.'“别担心我，”我说，“我不会有事的。”
CONVENTION
（表示同意）好的
You can say 'Okay' to show that you agree to something.
例：'Just tell him Sir Kenneth would like to talk to him.' — 'OK.'...“就跟他说肯尼思爵士想跟他谈谈。”——“好的。”
例：'Shall I give you a ring on Friday?' — 'Yeah okay.'“我星期五给你打电话好吗？”——“好的。”
CONVENTION
（询问对方是否领会或同意）好吗，行吗，明白吗
You can say 'Okay?' to check whether the person you are talking to understands what you have said and accepts it.
例：Add them together, divide by five, and you've got the average. Okay?...把它们相加再除以5就是平均数，明白吗？
例：We'll get together next week, OK?我们下周聚一聚，好吗？
CONVENTION
（表示希望转换话题或做别的事情）好了
You can use okay to indicate that you want to start talking about something else or doing something else.
例：OK. Now, let's talk some business...好了，我们现在言归正传吧。
例：Tim jumped to his feet. 'Okay, let's go.'蒂姆一跃而起，“好了，我们走吧。”
CONVENTION
（不情愿地表示接受对方观点以制止其争辩）得了，行了
You can use okay to stop someone arguing with you by showing that you accept the point they are making, though you do not necessarily regard it as very important.
例：Okay, there is a slight difference...行了，是略有不同。
例：Okay, so I'm forty-two.得了，我就算42岁吧。
VERB
批准；同意；允许
If someone in authority okays something, they officially agree to it or allow it to happen.
例：His doctor wouldn't OK the trip...医生不会同意他去旅行。
例：We are all wondering why the government is suddenly okaying a brand new school on the island.我们都很疑惑为什么政府突然批准在岛上建一所新学校。
adv. 可以；对；很好地
 - well, fine
adj. 可以；对；不错
 - error-free
n. 同意，批准
 - agreement, yes, Ok, confirmation, leave
int. 好；行
 - ok, zowie

Word: homeless
Front: homeless
[ˈhəʊmləs] (3350/5273 -3)
Vocabulary: homeless
(once / 1135 pages)
adjn
If you're homeless, you don't have any place to live — you might be without a roof over your head, or even without a country to call your own. Refugees living in temporary camps because of civil war are homeless.
Homeless refugees aren't really citizens of any land, while other homeless people are in a more temporary bad spot, having lost their homes because of financial trouble, illness, or other bad luck. Sometimes the word homeless is used as a noun for a person in such a predicament, but it's more correct and thoughtful to use the word as an adjective — that way, a homeless person isn't solely defined by not having a home.
WORD FAMILY
homeless: homelessly, homelessness, homelesss+/ home: homed, homeless, homelike, homely, homes, homey, homing, homy/homeliness: homelinesses/ homely: homelier, homeliest, homelily, homeliness/homey: homeyer, homier, homiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Outside of the homeless numbers, 17.3 percent of residents in the District of Columbia live in poverty, according to recent census data.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
California is in the middle of a housing crisis, and L.A. leads the nation in chronically homeless people, with nearly 13,000.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Nehemiah Project started in New York City with no name. It was a mission to feed the homeless,” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 无家可归的; 露宿风餐
分布：无家可归的(100%)
无家可归的(home家)[-less表形容词"无…的,不...的"]
US ['hoʊm-] adjective
■without a home 无家可归的
• Accommodation needs to be found for thousands of homeless families. 数以千计无家可归的家庭需要住所。
UK ['həʊm.ləs] US ['hoʊm-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  homelessRemember: homeless is an adjective. To talk about people who do not have a home, don't say 'homeless', say the homeless or homeless people : The charity provides shelter for the homeless. The charity provides shelter for homeless people.
UK ['həʊm.ləs] US ['hoʊm-] plural noun
the homeless
■people who do not have a home, usually because they are poor （通常因贫穷导致的）无家可归者
adj. 无家可归的
 - displaced, roofless

Word: cool
Front: cool
[ku:l] (中高 1451/2478 -K4)
Vocabulary: cool
(once / 73 pages)
1adjnv 2adjn 3adj 4adj
When the weather is cool, it's not quite cold but not warm either. When people are cool, they're mellow and in control.
Cool has many meanings. When the weather goes from 70 degrees to 50, it cooled off. A winning pool player who starts losing also cools off. Drinking lemonade on a hot day is yet another way to cool off. When you lose your temper, you lose your cool. Hot cookies should cool before you eat them. Something fashionable is cool, but if you're cool to an idea, you're not so sure about it. Any situation that becomes less intense has cooled.
WORD FAMILY
cool: coolant, cooled, cooler, coolest, cooling, coolingly, coolly, coolness, cools, uncool+/coolant: coolants/cooler: coolers/coolness: coolnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
A strong El Niño brought high temperatures early in the year; a follow-up La Niña cooled things back down.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The ambient air is Newark’s, but filtered, ventilated, heated, and cooled.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Crows soared above sandstone walls as we ran our hands along petrified sand dunes and felt cool mystery.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 冷静的; 凉爽的; 一流的; 孤傲冷漠的
vt. & vi. （使）变凉; （使）冷静，使冷却; 变凉，冷却; 平息
n. 凉气，凉快的地方; 凉爽，凉爽的空气
时态：cooled, cooling, cools
分布：凉爽(31%)，冷静(24%)，凉爽的(12%)，凉快(10%)，凉的(7%)，冷静的(5%)，变凉(4%)，冷静下来(4%)，冷静地(2%)，冷漠的(1%)
→来自*gel, 冷，词源同cold, jelly.
a.凉的;冷静的n.凉快ad.冷静地v.使变凉The scholar foolishly took the school cooling pool for swimming pool.学者愚蠢的把学校的冷却池当成游泳池.
adjective
COLD 冷的
 ESSENTIAL
■slightly cold; of a low temperature 凉的，冷的
• cool water 凉水
• cool weather 冷天
 ESSENTIAL
■slightly cold in a pleasant way 凉爽的，凉快的
• It was a lovely cool evening. 那是个凉爽的夜晚。
• How do you manage to look so cool in this hot weather? 这么热的天你怎么看上去会这么凉快？
 IMPROVER
■describes a temperature which is slightly too cold （气温）稍冷的，凉的
• It 's a bit cool in here, isn't it? I think I'll close the window. 这里有点凉，是不是？我想关上窗户。
[ku:l] adjective
CALM 平静的
■calm and not worried or frightened; not influenced by strong feeling of any type 冷静的，沉着的，从容的
• He was very cool and calm about the mishap, and didn't shout or lose his temper. 面对意外事故他十分冷静，既没大喊大叫也没发脾气。
• Stay/Keep cool (= Do not become angry or excited). 保持镇静。
be cool with sth mainly US informal
■to be happy to accept a situation or suggestion 乐于接受（某一情况或建议）
• Yeah, we could leave later - I'm cool with that. 是，我们可以晚点走——我没意见。
[ku:l] adjective
COLOUR 颜色
■describes colours, such as blue or green, that make you feel calm and relaxed （颜色）冷色调的，给人凉爽感觉的
• The bedroom was painted a lovely cool blue. 睡房漆成了清爽的蓝色。
[ku:l] adjective
UNFRIENDLY 不友好的
■unfriendly or not being kind or showing interest in something or someone 不友好的；冷淡的；冷漠的
• She was decidedly cool towards me. 她对我显然很冷淡。
• I got a rather cool reception / welcome this evening. What do you think I've done wrong? 我今晚受到了冷淡的对待。你觉得我做错了甚么？
[ku:l] adjective
FASHIONABLE 时髦的 informal
■fashionable or attractive 时髦的；吸引人的；酷的
• Angie's got some cool new sunglasses. 安吉有副很酷的新太阳眼镜。
• Now I know it won't look very cool, but this hat will keep the sun out of your eyes. 我知道戴上这顶帽子看起来不会很时髦，可是它能遮挡刺眼的阳光。
[ku:l] adjective
(as) cool as a cucumber
■very calm or very calmly, especially when this is surprising （尤指出奇地）镇静，冷静，泰然自若
• She walked in as cool as a cucumber, as if nothing had happened. 她泰然自若地走进来，好像甚么事也没发生过。
[ku:l] adjective
cool customer informal
■someone who stays calm and does not show their emotions, even in a difficult situation 冷静的人，沉着的人，镇静的人
[ku:l] adjective
keep a cool head
■to stay calm in a difficult situation 保持冷静
• I don't know how you manage to keep such a cool head in such a hectic, stressful office! 我不知道在这样紧张忙乱的办公室你是如何做到头脑冷静的！
[ku:l] adjective exclamation informal
 IMPROVER
■excellent; very good 好极了（的），棒极了（的），顶呱呱（的）
• "So how was the concert?" "It was cool!" “音乐会怎么样？”“棒极了！”
• "Do you want to come with us?" "Yeah, cool!" “你想和我们一起去吗？”“噢，太好了！”
[ku:l] noun
COLD 冷的
the cool
only singular
■the pleasant, slightly cold temperature of a place 凉快，凉爽
• He loved the cool of the early morning. 他喜欢清晨的凉意。
• She left the midday sun for the cool of the shade. 她避开正午的阳光走到阴凉处。
[ku:l] noun
CALM 平静的
uncountable informal
■a person's ability to stay calm and not become angry or excited 冷静，沉着，从容
• keep your cool 保持冷静
• He really lost his cool when he heard about what happened. 当了解到发生了甚么事情的时候，他完全失去了冷静。
[ku:l] verb
BECOME COLD 变冷
intransitive or transitive
■to cause something to become slightly colder （使）冷却；（使）变凉；（使）凉爽
• Leave the cake to cool for an hour before cutting it. 把蛋糕冷却一小时后再切。
• He took off his shoes to cool his sweaty feet. 他脱掉鞋晾一晾出汗的脚。
[ku:l] verb
BECOME LESS 冷淡下来
intransitive (also cool off)
■If a feeling cools, it starts to become less strong （感情）冷静下来，平静下来，冷淡下来
• They were desperately in love to begin with, but I think it's starting to cool off now. 一开始他们爱得死去活来，但我觉得现在开始冷淡下来了。
• Their interest in the project seems to be cooling. 他们对该专案的兴趣似乎在下降。
[ku:l] verb
cool it slang
■used to tell someone to become calm, rather than be violent （用于告诉别人）冷静点，沉住气，息怒
• Just cool it everyone, fighting won't solve anything. 大家冷静，打架解决不了任何问题。
[ku:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cool (sb/sth) down/off
■to become less hot, or to make someone or something become less hot （使）冷却下来，（使）降温；（使）凉快下来
• She waited until her coffee had cooled down before taking a sip. 她一直等到咖啡凉下来才饮了一小口。
• We went for a swim to cool off. 我们去游泳好凉快一下。
[ku:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cool (sb) down/off
■to stop feeling angry after an argument, or to stop someone else feeling angry after an argument （使）（某人）冷静下来；（使）（某人）平静下来
• Leave her to cool off and then talk to her. 让她一个人冷静冷静，然后再跟她谈。
cool, icy, cold, chilly, freezing, frosty
这组词都有“冷、凉”的意思，其区别是：
cool: 指既不太热也不太冷。
icy: 多指风暴、风雪和水等冷得使人感到如刺如割。
cold: 最普通用词，强调缺乏温暖，使人不舒服。
chilly: 指使哆嗦的冷。
freezing: 指使人僵直，使东西凝固的冷。
frosty: 指雾气在寒冷物体的表面凝结成薄冰时的严寒结霜的温度。
adj. 凉爽的；冷静的；出色的
 - philosophical, cracking
vt. 使…冷却；使…平静下来
 - still
vi. 变凉；平息
 - subside, blow over
adv. 冷静地
 - calmly, soberly

Word: gallery
Front: gallery
[ˈgæləri] (高研四六托雅 3354/1714 -3)
Vocabulary: gallery
(once / 170 pages)
1n 2n
A gallery is an area of a building that's usually long, narrow, and has a specific function. You might visit an art gallery to check out a row of paintings hung on its walls.
There are a few kinds of galleries, but the first is a part of a house or building that's unusually long and narrow. A gallery also has some sort of purpose: in a theater, a gallery is a place where additional seats are located. A gallery is also somewhere art is shown and sold. Art galleries can be one room of a larger place, a series of rooms, or a whole building devoted to art.
WORD FAMILY
gallery: galleries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Four years ago, Ms. Bower and her husband built a 3,000-square-foot facility to house their workshops and a gallery where they sell their creations.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Intrepid to the galleries of the Brooklyn Museum and to dozens of more traditional spaces.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Stefan Kalmár is a veteran art industry and gallery insider and the new director of the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 画廊，走廊; （教堂，议院等的）边座; 旁听席; 大批观众
分布：画廊(58%)，美术馆(30%)，走廊(10%)，顶层楼座(2%)
→来自拉丁语Galilaea, 现巴勒斯坦地名Galilee，原指位于Galilee的教堂门廊，走廊。
n.长廊,画廊,美术馆I want two tickets for the gallery, please.请给我两张顶楼的戏票.
US [-ɚ-] noun countable
BUILDING 建筑物
 IMPROVER
■a room or building which is used for showing works of art, sometimes so that they can be sold （艺术作品）陈列馆；美术馆；画廊
• the National Portrait Gallery 国家肖像画廊
• a contemporary art gallery 当代艺术展览馆
UK ['gæl.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun countable
RAISED AREA 高出的地方
■a raised area around the sides or at the back of a large room which provides extra space for people to sit or stand, or the highest floor in a theatre that contains the cheapest seats （房屋的）平台，阳台，门廊；（剧场中票价最低的）顶层楼座 Compare the circle at circle ; the stalls at stall
n. 画廊；走廊；旁听席；地道
 - hall, passage, corridor, underground, subway

Word: soccer
Front: soccer
[ˈsɒkə(r)] (高研四六 3353/4895 -3)
Back: n. <美>足球; 〈口〉英式足球
分布：名词(100%)
→soc-,缩写自 association,缩写自 Football Association,足球协会，足球联赛，-er,名词后缀。
n.足球They like playing soccer.他们喜欢踢足球.
US ['sɑ:.kɚ] (UK also football)
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a game played between two teams of eleven people, where each team tries to win by kicking a ball into the other team's goal 英式足球，足球
n. 英式足球，足球
 - association football, center forward

Word: defendant
Front: defendant
[dɪˈfendənt] (六雅宝 3356/1875 -2)
Vocabulary: defendant
(once / 668 pages)
n
In court, the person who gets sued or accused is called a defendant — they have to defend their innocence or reputation.
One thing no one wants to be is a defendant: that means someone sued you, which could cost you a boatload of money. Other defendants are accused of crimes, which is even worse, because you could end up in jail. Turn on any TV show about lawyers, and you'll see some of them defending the defendant, and others trying to convict the defendant. Defendants are definitely on the defensive. Another word for a defendant is a plaintiff.
WORD FAMILY
defendant: co-defendant, defendants+/ defence: defenceless, defences, self-defence/defenceless: defencelessly, defencelessness/ defend: defence, defendable, defendant, defended, defender, defending, defends, defensible, defensive /defendable: undefendable/defender: defenders/ defensible: defensibility, defensibly, indefensible / defensive: defensively, defensiveness, defensives/ indefensible: indefensibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trial is set to begin Feb. 6 in Las Vegas for the first six defendants in that case.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
OWI defendants already face costs of about $10,000 - including fines, fees, attorney costs and insurance increases - for a conviction.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Death penalty experts said it was exceedingly rare for capital defendants to represent themselves after allowing lawyers to handle the initial part of a case.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [法]被告人
adj. [法]被告的; 辩护的
分布：被告(100%)
【记】defend（保护），ant－保护自己－被告；参考：plaintiff（原告）
[dɪ'fen.dənt] legal
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person in a law case who is accused of having done something illegal 被告，被告人 Compare plaintiff
adj. 辩护的；为自己辩护的
 - justificatory, vindicative
n. [法] 被告
 - accused person, indictee

Word: tunnel
Front: tunnel
[ˈtʌnl] (研四六托雅 3355/2770 -K3)
Back: n. 隧道; 地道; 烟道; （动物栖息的）穴
vi. 打通隧道; 挖掘隧道
vt. 在…挖掘隧道; 在…打开通道
时态：tunnelled, tunnelling, tunnels
分布：隧道(87%)，地道(8%)，挖隧道(2%)，洞穴(2%)，挖地道(1%)
→来自古法语 tonel,小桶，来自 tonne,木桶，水桶，词源同 tun.原指一种漏斗形的捕鸟网或烟囱， 后引申词义地道，隧道等。
隧道(tunn管道+el)[-el表名词"人或物"]
n.隧道,山洞The hungry drunk plunged a trunk of lungs into the tunnel under the channel.饥饿的醉汉把一大箱肺投进了水渠下面的隧道.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a long passage under or through the ground, especially one made by people 隧道；地道；坑道
• The train went into the tunnel. 火车驶入隧道。
['tʌn.əl] verb intransitive or transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to dig a tunnel 开凿隧道；挖地道
• The decision has not yet been made whether to tunnel under the river or build a bridge over it. 还没有决定是在河底挖掘隧道还是在河上建桥。
• The alternative is to tunnel a route through the mountain. 另一个办法是挖一条穿山隧道。
• He was trapped in a collapsed building but managed to tunnel his way out. 他被困在倒塌的楼房下，但他想办法挖地道出来了。
n. [交] 隧道；坑道；洞穴通道
 - tube, cuniculus
vt. 挖；在…打开通道；在…挖掘隧道
 - dig

Word: fitness
Front: fitness
[ˈfɪtnəs] (六托雅 3357/4207)
Vocabulary: fitness
(once / 876 pages)
n
Fitness is good physical condition. If you're a fitness nut and you're constantly working out, everybody else at the gym might be eyeing your sculpted muscles with envy and marveling at your stamina and strength.
Fitness can also refer to your being fit, or qualified, for something. If you show up in ragged jeans and a dirty t-shirt to interview for a job in the clean room of a microchip factory, your interviewer might question your fitness for the position. For a ship, fitness is a measure of whether it's seaworthy. In biology, an organism's fitness for a particular environment is its ability to survive and reproduce in those conditions.
WORD FAMILY
fitness: fitnesses+/ fit: fitful, fitly, fitness, fits, fitted, fitter, fittest, fitting, misfit, refit, unfit / fitful: fitfully, fitfulness/fitter: fitters/fitting: fittingly, fittingness, fittings, ill-fitting / misfit: misfits, misfitted, misfitting/refit: refits, refitted, refitting/ unfit: unfitly, unfitness, unfits, unfitted, unfitting/unfitness: unfitnesses/unfitting: unfittingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In an adjacent anteroom, there’s a stationary bike, 15-pound weights, a multipurpose fitness tower and a TRX suspension trainer hanging on the door.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now, at age 58, it's difficult to keep up any fitness routine for more than a few months, due to pain . . . and idleness!
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Among the victims of Sunday’s attack, in Istanbul’s Ortakoy district, were an Iraqi student, a Turkish police officer and two Lebanese fitness trainers.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 健康; 适当，适合; 合情理
分布：健康(75%)，适合(25%)
→来自fit, 合适的，得当的。后用来指身体上适宜的，健康的。
noun uncountable
HEALTH 健康
 IMPROVER
■the condition of being physically strong and healthy 健壮；健康
• I'm trying to improve my fitness by cycling to work. 我每天骑脚踏车上班，想以此来改善健康状况。
['fɪt.nəs] noun uncountable
SUITABLE QUALITY 合适的素质
■suitability 合适；胜任
• His fitness for the new position is not in question. 他胜任那个新职位，这毫无疑问。
• [+ to infinitive] Many people are concerned about her fitness to govern. 由她来统辖是否合适，许多人对此表示担忧。
n. 健康；适当；适合性
 - health, adaptability, relevance, wellness

Word: lap
Front: lap
[læp] (高研四六雅宝 3359/4140 -3)
Vocabulary: lap
(once / 275 pages)
1n 2nv 3vn 4v
Your lap is the top of your thighs when you sit down, where your cat might sit. Lap can also refer to a trip around a racetrack, or to the act of overtaking a competitor by a lap.
Lap is associated with a number of idioms. If something "falls into your lap," you have gotten something without making much effort. For example, maybe you discovered a rare fossil in your yard while looking for your lost baseball. If you sold that fossil for a lot of money, you may find yourself now "sitting in the lap of luxury." That’s a wonderful place to be!
WORD FAMILY
lap: lapful, lapped, lapping, laps+/lapful: lapfuls/lapping: lappings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s amazing,” Elliott said as she watched her mom do laps around the 135-foot mini track inside the physical therapy gym.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We rented a car for our five-day stay and did not need GPS; a map in the lap worked fine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
That’s right: It’s now possible to do laps en plein air, year-round, in the French capital.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 折叠; 包裹，缠绕; 使搭接; 磨亮，磨平
vi. 折叠; 部分重叠; 舔; 包围
n. 膝; 下摆; 一圈跑道; 范围
时态：lapped, lapping, laps
分布：重叠部分(23%)，轻拍(17%)，舐(15%)，领先一圈(15%)，包围(15%)，膝部(9%)，控制范围(3%)，舔食(3%)
→1.来自古英语laeppa,挂布，衣摆，裙摆，词源同label,lapel，后用来指遮膝盖的裙摆，膝盖，大腿。
n.大腿,(跑道的)一圈,一段路程,工作阶段With time elapsing, the flaps collapse up on his clapper's lap.随着时间流逝,袋盖在拍手者的膝上堆叠起来.
noun
LEGS 腿
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■the top surface of the upper part of the legs of a person who is sitting down （坐着时的）大腿部
• Come and sit on my lap and I'll read you a story. 过来坐在我的腿上，我念故事给你听。
[læp] noun
RACING 赛跑
countable
■a complete journey around a race track that is repeated several times during a competition （跑道的）一圈，一周
• He recorded the fastest lap in last weekend's Hungarian Grand Prix. 在上周的匈牙利大奖赛中他创造了最快单圈成绩纪录。
• After a strong start, she was passed by several runners in/on the final/last lap and finished ninth. 她在起跑阶段很有优势，但在最后一圈时被几名选手超出，最终获得了第九名。
lap of honour UK (US victory lap)
■a journey around a track or sports field that is made by a winner of a race or a team that has won a game （赢得比赛胜利后的）绕场庆祝
[læp] noun
in the lap of luxury
■living in very comfortable conditions because you have a lot of money 生活优裕，养尊处优
[læp] noun
in the lap of the gods UK
■describes a situation that cannot be controlled and which depends only on good luck 全靠运气，碰运气，听天由命
• The doctors have done everything possible for him, so his recovery now is in the lap of the gods. 医生已为他尽了全力，能否恢复现在就全靠运气了。
[læp] verb (-pp-)
RACING 赛跑
transitive
■to go past someone in a race who has been round the track one less time than you （在赛跑中）领先一圈（或数圈）
• He finished last after being lapped twice by the leading runners. 他最后一个到达终点，被领先的选手落下了整整两圈。
intransitive
■to make one complete journey around a track 跑完一圈
[læp] verb (-pp-)
DRINK 喝
transitive
■(of an animal) to drink a liquid by taking it in small amounts into the mouth with a lot of short quick movements of the tongue （动物）舔食，舔着喝
[læp] verb (-pp-)
HIT GENTLY 轻打
intransitive or transitive
■(of waves) to hit something gently, producing quiet sounds （波浪）轻轻地拍击，轻轻地敲打
• The water lapped against the side of the pool. 水轻轻地拍打着水池的池壁。
• The waves gently lapped the shore. 波浪轻轻地拍打着海岸。
[læp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lap sth up
■to enjoy something very much 非常喜欢；乐于接受
• We walked around the city, lapping up the atmosphere. 我们在市内漫步，欣喜地欣赏着周围的一切。
• Everyone clapped and cheered and you could see he was lapping it up. 大家都在鼓掌欢呼，可以看出他对此感到非常受用。
n. 一圈；膝盖；下摆；山坳
 - circuit, knee
vt. 使重叠；拍打；包围
 - invest, case, wash
vi. 重叠；轻拍；围住
 - tap, close in on

Word: grave
Front: grave
[ɡreɪv] (研四六雅宝 3358/3630 -K3)
Vocabulary: grave
(once / 50 pages)
1n 2adj 3v 4n
A grave is the place where a body is buried. Usually, a grave is dug in the ground, and a stone with information about the deceased person marks its location.
Grave is used as an adjective, too. It can describe something serious, or of great importance. If a situation is grave, it is serious and sad, like when a loved one is very sick. Grave can also describe causing fear or anxiety. If you are in grave danger, your personal safety is threatened. If you have a grave personality, you are solemn and dignified and don't joke around very much.
WORD FAMILY
grave: graved, gravely, graveness, gravest, graving, gravity +/ gravitate: gravitated, gravitates, gravitating, gravitation, gravitative/gravitation: gravitational, gravitations/gravitational: gravitationally/ gravity: gravitate, gravities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Traditionally a grave disappointment, New Year’s Eve is at least a time to cut loose and escape the suffocating, sprout-scented stranglehold of the family Christmas.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Ten more were found in a mass grave near a town in the area.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
After she died, she was buried with grave goods far in excess of others.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 重大的，重要的; 严重的; [音乐]沉重的; （颜色等）朴素的
adv. 沉重地，庄重地; 极慢地
n. 坟墓，墓穴; 埋葬…的地方; 下场; 死亡
vt. 雕刻; 铭记
时态：graven, graving, graves
分布：坟墓(55%)，严重的(28%)，严肃的(7%)，死亡(6%)，庄重的(2%)，铭记(1%)，雕刻(1%)
→来自ghrebh, 刮，挖，词源同carve, graph. 后该词主要指坟墓。grave 重音符
重大的,庄重的[grav,griev=heavy,表示"重"]
n.坟墓a.严肃的,庄重的On Revenue avenue, the grave traveler jumped the gravestone bravely.在税收大道上,严肃的旅行者勇敢地跳过墓碑.
【反】droll（adj 滑稽的）；giddy（adj 轻率的）读：极低；insignificant（adj 无关紧要的）；flippancy（adj 无礼；轻率）
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a place in the ground where a dead person is buried 坟墓；墓穴；埋葬处
• a mass grave 万人坑
• an unmarked grave 无名墓
• a grave digger 掘墓者
• He visits his mother's grave every Sunday. 他每个星期天都去母亲墓前拜祭。
[greɪv] noun countable
beyond the grave
■after death 死后
• Do you think there's life beyond the grave? 你认为人死后有来生吗？
[greɪv] noun countable
turn in your grave UK (US turn over/spin in your grave)
■If you say that a dead person would turn in their grave, you mean that they would be very angry or upset about something if they knew about it 在九泉之下也不得安宁；气得（或由于不安）在坟墓中辗转反侧；将死人气活
• She'd turn in her grave if she knew what he was spending his inheritance on. 如果得知他是如何挥霍她留下的遗产的，她在九泉之下也不得安宁。
[greɪv] adjective
■seriously bad 严重的；重大的；严峻的
• a grave situation 严峻的形势
solemn, sober, earnest, grave, severe, serious
这组词都有“严肃的”的意思，其区别是：
solemn: 指人表情或场景气氛严肃，侧重威严名印象深刻。
sober: 侧重因控制或抑制自己的感情而表现出的庄重。
earnest: 指严肃，认真，含诚恳和热情意味。
grave: 侧重严肃和尊严，需要认真思考，含令人担忧意味。
severe: 指面孔的严肃，法律的严厉，伤病的严重。着重严厉性，无丝毫温情。
serious: 指具有关键、严肃或严重意义的事情。
tomb, grave, vault
这组词都有“坟墓，墓穴”的意思，其区别是：
tomb: 语气比grave庄重，指有建筑工程的坟墓，可在地上，也可在地下。
grave: 一般的土墓，指埋葬尸体的场所。
vault: 指地下存放尸体或棺材的地方，也指用混凝土预制的墓穴。
adj. 重大的；严肃的；黯淡的
 - important, serious, significant, great, cracking
n. 墓穴，坟墓；死亡
 - death, end
vt. 雕刻；铭记
 - brand, heart, engrave

Word: toe
Front: toe
[təʊ] (研四六托 3360/3995 -K2)
Back: n. 脚趾，脚尖; （鞋，袜的）足尖部; [体]高尔夫球棒的尖端; 轴踵
vt. 用脚尖触; [体]用高尔夫球棒尖端击; 斜钉（钉子）; 动脚尖，脚尖朝（方向）
vi. 动脚尖; 用足尖跳舞
时态：toed, toeing, toes
分布：脚趾(92%)，足尖(5%)，踮着脚尖走(1%)，趾踢(1%)，趾触(1%)
→来自古英语 ta,脚趾，缩写自 Proto-Germanic*taihwo,脚趾，来自 deik,指出，展示，词源 同 digit,手指，数字。
n.脚趾,足尖The poet's toes get out of his shoes. Here heroes are zeros.诗人的脚趾露出了鞋子.在这里英雄无足轻重.
US [toʊ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■any of the five separate parts at the end of the foot 脚趾
• your big toe (= your largest toe) 你的大脚趾
• your little toe (= your smallest toe) 你的小脚趾
• I stubbed (= knocked) my toe on the edge of a bed. 我的脚趾撞到了床沿。
 IMPROVER
■the part of a sock, shoe or other foot covering that goes over the toes （袜、鞋等的）足尖部
UK [təʊ] US [toʊ] noun countable
on your toes
■Someone or something that keeps you on your toes forces you to continue directing all your attention and energy to what you are doing 忙个不停，永不懈怠
• I work with people who are half my age so that keeps me on my toes. 我和只有我年龄一半大的人一起工作，所以一刻也不能松懈。
UK [təʊ] US [toʊ] noun countable
tread/step on sb's toes
■If you tread/step on someone's toes, you say or do something that upsets or annoys them, especially by involving yourself in matters that are their responsibility. （尤指干预他人负责之事而）惹恼，得罪（某人）
UK [təʊ] US [toʊ] verb
toe the line
■to do what you are ordered or expected to do 服从；听从
• Ministers who wouldn't toe the party line were swiftly got rid of. 不愿遵从该政党方针的部长立刻被免职。
n. [解剖] 脚趾；足尖
 - tootsies, pettitoes

Word: container
Front: container
[kənˈteɪnə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3361/4126 -K2)
Vocabulary: container
(once / 1744 pages)
n
A container holds things inside it. Bags, boxes, buckets, and pockets are all containers.
The purpose of a container is to carry, hold, or store something. You might buy nuts at the grocery store, then bring them home and put them in a container, or you could put your leftover pasta in an airtight container and store it in the refrigerator for tomorrow's lunch. The thing all containers have in common is that they contain, or hold, things. Both words are rooted in the Latin continere, "to hold together or enclose."
WORD FAMILY
container: containerful, containerise, containerize, containers+/ contain: contained, container, containing, containment, contains/contained: self-contained/containerize: containerized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wrap fragile ornaments in leftover tissue paper or newspaper, or invest in storage containers like archival ornament boxes from the Container Store.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
The investigation narrowed in on three helium containers within the second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“All these refrigerated containers, and meanwhile people are waiting in food lines each week just to buy a single chicken,” Arteaga said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 容器; 箱，匣; 集装箱，货柜
分布：容器(79%)，集装箱(21%)
n.容器;集装箱It's acertained that the certificate is behind the curtain of the stainless steel container.经查实证书在不锈钢容器的帘子后面.
US [-nɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a hollow object, such as a box or a bottle, which can be used for holding something, especially to carry or store it （尤指用于运输或储存的）容器
• an airtight container 密封容器
• a plastic drinks container 塑胶质地的饮品容器
■specialized
■a very large metal box used for transporting goods 货柜
• a container ship/lorry 货柜轮船／卡车
n. [交] 集装箱； [包装] 容器
 - vessel, pocket

Word: virtue
Front: virtue
[ˈvɜ:tʃu:] (高研四六托 3362/2960 -2)
Vocabulary: virtue
(once / 67 pages)
n
Virtue is the quality of being morally good. If you're writing a screenplay and you want it to be a real tearjerker, make sure your hero is full of virtue.
The word virtue comes from the Latin root vir, for man. At first virtue meant manliness or valor, but over time it settled into the sense of moral excellence. Virtue can also mean excellence in general. One of your virtues might be your generous willingness to help out your friends. The phrase by virtue of means "as a result of" or "by authority of." You will achieve success by virtue of hard work (or by virtue of inside connections).
WORD FAMILY
virtue: virtues, virtuous +/ virtuosity: virtuosities/ virtuous: virtuosity, virtuousest, virtuously, virtuousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sir Keir’s greatest virtue is that he seems to understand this.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
“It’s a fight for what is right and what is wrong. We should never be afraid to stand up for our virtues.”
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Despite their enthusiasm for the sport, the debate over the virtues of tackle football is far from settled, whatever the longstanding tradition has been.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 美德; 德行; 价值; 长处
分布：美德(75%)，优点(11%)，德行(10%)，贞操(4%)
→来自拉丁语vir,男人，词源同virile,引申词义男人应有的品行和美德，具体为7种基本品行：justice,prudence,temperance,fortitude,hope,faith,charity,后来词义通用化也用来指女人的美德，贞洁等。
美德(有男子气概→美德)[vir=man,表示"男人"]
n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力On the anniversary the versatile poet wrote an adverse verse Virtue versus Evil.在周年纪念日上,多用途诗人写信告诉不利的句美德对邪恶.
【记】源于：virtues（n 美德天使：九级天使中的第五级）
US ['vɝ:-] noun
GOOD MORALS 美德
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a good moral quality in a person, or the general quality of goodness in people 美德；高尚品德
• Patience is a virtue. 耐心是一种美德。
Compare vice
UK ['vɜ:.tju:] US ['vɝ:-] noun
ADVANTAGE 优势
countable or uncountable
■(an) advantage or good thing 优点；好处
• It always looks odd to see an actress on TV extolling (= praising) the virtues of washing-up liquid. 看见女演员在电视上吹捧洗涤剂的种种优点总是让人感觉怪怪的。
• Would there be any virtue in taking an earlier train? 乘坐早一班的火车有甚么好处呢？
UK ['vɜ:.tju:] US ['vɝ:-] noun
BECAUSE OF 因为
by virtue of formal
■because of; as a result of 因为；由于；凭借
• She succeeded by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent. 她成功靠的是坚韧不拔，而不是天赋。
UK ['vɜ:.tju:] US ['vɝ:-] noun
make a virtue (out) of sth
■to use something, especially a bad situation, to your advantage 将（尤指坏事）变好事；对…因势利导
• I had a couple of months to spare between jobs so I thought I'd make a virtue of necessity by acquiring a few new skills. 我换工作期间有几个月空闲时间，因此不如趁此机会学一些新技能。
goodness, purity, integrity, morality, virtue
这组词都有“美德”的意思，其区别是：
goodness: 含义最广，侧重固有的仁爱，慷慨等高尚的美德。
purity: 侧重于道德上无缺点。
integrity: 指品格的纯正，有高度是非感的美德。
morality: 强调符合道德标准的行为或用道德准则衡量某事，尤注重男女间的道德品行。
virtue: 一般用词，指符合道德准则的隐恶扬善行为或品行或指一种有意识去做善事的高尚道德。
merit, pefection, virtue
这组词都有“优点，长处”的意思，其区别是：
merit: 指有值得赞扬的优点，但不一定是出类拔萃。
pefection: 指达到了理想或完美的程度。
virtue: 指人或物的优点长处，指人的美德。
n. 美德；优点；贞操；功效
 - asset, excellence, efficiency, morality

Word: abroad
Front: abroad
[əˈbrɔ:d] (中高托 3363/2243 -K3)
Vocabulary: abroad
(once / 136 pages)
advadj
If you study abroad in your junior year of college, you are going to school in another country. Use abroad when you are talking about going to or from a place across an ocean.
Abroad really just means in a different country, but it is almost always used interchangeably with "overseas." You almost never hear an American say, "She lives abroad; she's studying in Canada." You might be eager to take a trip abroad. If so, get your passport ready. They won't let you board a plane going abroad without one.
WORD FAMILY
abroad
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sun spent much of his life not in the thick of action but abroad.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Christian Weiss, who supervises the coin and bank-note collection at the Swiss National Museum, said the Swiss favor cash even when traveling abroad.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Nasser was the second Israeli woman to be killed in a terrorist attack abroad in less than two weeks.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 到国外，在海外; 广为流传地
adj. 往国外的
n. 海外，异国
分布：到国外(42%)，在国外(40%)，广为流传(18%)
→来自古英语on brede. broad, 宽，喻指出门，离家，后指出国。
ad.到国外,在国外;在传播,在流传The news about the broadened breadth is broadcast abroad.宽度加宽的消息被广播到国外.
adverb [after verb]
OTHER COUNTRY 外国　
 ESSENTIAL
■in or to a foreign country or countries 在国外；到国外
• He's currently abroad on business. 目前他在国外出差。
• We always go abroad in the summer. 我们夏天总是到国外去。
[ə'brɔ:d] adverb [after verb]
OUTSIDE 外面
[after verb] literary OR old use
■outside; not at home 在户外的；室外的
• Not a soul was abroad that morning. 那天上午，户外空无一人。
[ə'brɔ:d] adverb [after verb]
MANY PEOPLE 很多人
[after verb] formal
■describes ideas, feelings and opinions that are shared by many people 广为流传的
• There's a rumour abroad that she intends to leave the company. 到处都在传言说她要离开公司。
aboard, broad, abroad, board
aboard: 在船(或飞机，车)上。如：I never went aboard a ship.
broad: 为形容词，宽广的。如：He has very broad shoulders.
abroad: 副词，在国外或海外。如：He often goes abroad.
board: 为动词，上(船，飞机，车)。如：The passengers are boarding the plane now.
n. 海外；异国
 - foreign country

Word: architect
Front: architect
[ˈɑ:kɪtekt] (高研四六托雅宝 3365/2891 -2)
Vocabulary: architect
(once / 397 pages)
n
A person who designs buildings is an architect. If you become an architect, you'll be responsible for drawing the blueprints, planning the work, and sometimes even overseeing the construction of a building.
Frank Lloyd Wright was a famous architect who helped complete over 500 projects in his lifetime, including private homes, skyscrapers, museums, churches, and schools. Architects work on buildings of all types, and the Greek root arkhitektōn literally means “chief builder.” An architect can construct other things too, like the architects who design a video game, or the architect of your misfortune who dumped green slime on your head at a school dance.
WORD FAMILY
architect: architects
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some of the world’s top architects were recruited to design the buildings, of which 50 percent are for public housing.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“This is the stuff architects and archaeologists need.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He said the leaseholder hired an architect and submitted plans to the city.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 建筑师，设计师; 创造者，缔造者; 造物主
分布：建筑师(98%)，创造者(2%)
→前缀arch-, 始，主要，专家。词根tect, 编织，建筑，同textile, 纺织品。
建筑师(archi+tect做→统治(造房)的人→建筑师)[arch,archy=ruler,rule,chief,表示"统治者,统治,主要的"]
建筑师[arch=chief(主要的)]
n.建筑师;设计师;缔造者;创造者The detective detected that the arch was under the marching Arctic architects' protection.侦察察觉拱门受到行进的北极建筑师们的保护.
【记】archi主要的，tect建，做－建筑师
US ['ɑ:r-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person whose job is to design new buildings and make certain that they are built correctly 建筑师
■a person responsible for achieving a particular plan or aim 设计师；创造者；缔造者
• Bevan was the architect of the British National Health Service. 比万是英国国民保健制度的创立者。

Word: dramatically
Front: dramatically
[drə'mætɪklɪ] (托 3364/4280 -K)
Back: adv. 戏剧性地，引人注目地
分布：引人注目地(60%)，戏剧地(40%)
戏剧性地(drama戏剧)[-ally表副词,由al+ly构成,"…地"]
US [-'mætˌ-] adverb
A LOT 很大的
 ADVANCED
■suddenly or obviously 突然地；明显地
• Your life changes dramatically when you have a baby. 有了孩子以后你的生活会骤然发生巨大的变化。
UK [drə'mæt.ɪ.kli] US [-'mætˌ-] adverb
THEATRE 戏剧的
■(as if) acting in a play 戏剧性地；夸张地
• She swept her hair back dramatically. 她夸张地把头发向后一梳。
adv. 戏剧地；引人注目地
 - remarkably, markedly

Word: makeup
Front: makeup
['meɪkʌp] (六托 3366/16476)
Vocabulary: makeup
(once / 2595 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Your makeup is the sum of what makes you who you are, or the sum of what you smear on your face! You could say that your makeup is a combination of your parents' genes. Or, you could wear cosmetic makeup to accentuate those physical traits.
Your makeup is every personality characteristic that, combined, form a unique person — but the makeup you put on your face can be used to disguise your real self a little bit. This kind of makeup is also called cosmetics, and it consists of things like lipstick, mascara, foundation, and so on. This meaning of makeup has been in use since the 1880s, a period when Queen Victoria declared it vulgar, only appropriate for stage actors.
WORD FAMILY
makeup: makeups
USAGE EXAMPLES
The wig designers are students in UNCSA’s first School of Design & Production’s wig and makeup design program.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Add to that the checkered ethnic makeup of the chorus, and the Japanese setting becomes unobtrusive to the point of invisibility.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Several weeks later, they get an email with an estimate of their ethnic makeup, a color-coded map of their past.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 化妆; 补充; 构造; 体格
分布：化妆品(57%)，组成(33%)，补充(4%)，性格(3%)，体格(3%)
N-UNCOUNT
化妆品
Make-up consists of things such as lipstick, eye shadow, and powder which some women put on their faces to make themselves look more attractive or which actors use to change or improve their appearance.
例：Normally she wore little make-up...她一般不怎么化妆。
例：She checked her makeup one last time, and then walked out with a spring in her step.她最后检查了一下妆容，然后步履轻盈地走了出去。
N-UNCOUNT
天性;性格
Some-one's make-up is their nature and the various qualities in their character.
例：There was some fatal flaw in his makeup, and as time went on he lapsed into long silences or became off-hand.他的性格有致命的缺陷，随着时间的推移，他陷入了久久的沉默，或者变得漠然。
N-UNCOUNT
组成成分;构成方式
The make-up of something consists of its different parts and the way these parts are arranged.
例：The ideological make-up of the unions is now radically different from what it had been.协会的思想观念与过去截然不同。
例：...the chemical make-up of the oceans and atmosphere.海洋与大气的化学构造
n. 化妆品；组成；补充；补考
 - recruitment, renewal

Word: inquiry
Front: inquiry
[ɪn'kwaɪərɪ] (研四六托宝 3367/2067 -K3)
Vocabulary: inquiry
(once / 141 pages)
n
When you ask the guy behind the counter if they've got any aspirin, you're making an inquiry. Almost any search for information or knowledge is an inquiry, though an inquiry is often an official search.
Though any question is, technically, an inquiry, that word is usually used to refer to an official or public search for the truth. For instance, after a plane crash, the government launches an inquiry into the cause. Politicians and government officials are often the ones who demand an inquiry when an important question needs to be answered, but a child can do the same thing. If your kid wants to know what's for dinner, she can make an inquiry about it. She can also just — you know — ask.
WORD FAMILY
inquiry: inquiries+/ inquire: inquired, inquirer, inquires, inquiring, inquiry, inquisitive /inquirer: inquirers/inquiring: inquiringly, inquirings, uninquiring/ inquisitive: inquisitively, inquisitiveness, uninquisitive/uninquiring: uninquiringly/uninquisitive: uninquisitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The attorney general’s office did not say what those might be, only that its preliminary inquiry determined that more investigation was needed.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The EpiPen inquiry also revealed potential errors in how the government classifies drugs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Crosscultural variables, in fact, are at the heart of this seriocomic philosophical inquiry into peace and discord.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 调查，审查; 询问，质问，质询，追究; 探究; 打听
分布：调查(67%)，询问(25%)，打听(6%)，查问(2%)
质询(inquire询问)[-y 1.加在名词后变成形容词2表名词,加在形容词或以r结尾的单词后3表名词"人或小东西"常带有戏谑性和爱称]
n.(enquiry)询问,打听,调查I made inquiries about it at the desk.我在柜台询问那件事.
【参】inquire（v 询问）；inquisition（n 调查；审理）
【区】inquisitive（adj 好奇的；好问的）＝prying
US ['ɪŋ.kwɚ.i] noun
QUESTION 问题
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■(the process of asking) a question 询问，打听
• I've been making inquiries about/into the cost of a round-the-world ticket. 我一直在打听环游世界的票价。
• formal Inquiry into the matter is pointless - no one will tell you anything. 打听这件事没有用——没有人会告诉你。
(UK also enquiry) UK [ɪn'kwaɪə.ri] US ['ɪŋ.kwɚ.i] noun
PROCESS 过程
 IMPROVER countable
■an official process to discover the facts about something bad that has happened 调查，查究
• a judicial inquiry 司法调查
• Citizens have demanded a full inquiry into the government's handling of the epidemic. 公众要求全面调查政府对这场传染病的处理是否得当。
inquiry, investigation, research, survey
这些名词均有“调查”之意。
inquiry: 普通常用词，指正式调查，也指一般的打听或查询。
investigation: 一般指有系统的调查以得到希望发现或需要知道的事。
research: 指科学工作者等为揭示自然规律或获取某个领域的新知识而进行长时间的调查研究。
survey: 多指为写书面报告而进行的民意测验或调查。
n. 探究；调查；质询
 - investigation, exploration, probe, research, search

Word: rose
Front: rose
[rəʊz] (中高研四六 23633/2179 -1)
Back: n. 玫瑰; 粉红色; 蔷薇（花）; 粉红色的葡萄酒
adj. 玫瑰花的; 玫瑰色的; 粉红色的; 带有玫瑰香味的
vt. 使成玫瑰色，使（面颊）发红; 使有玫瑰香味
v. 起义（ rise的过去式）; 升起; （数量）增加; 休会
分布：玫瑰(48%)，玫瑰色的(20%)，蔷薇(18%)，玫瑰的(10%)，动词rise的过去式.(4%)
→来自拉丁语 rosa,玫瑰花，来自希腊语 rhodon,玫瑰花，来自古波斯语*wrda,花，来自 wrdos, 蔷薇植物。
n.玫瑰,蔷薇A storm of applause rose from the audience.观众暴雨般地鼓掌.
US [roʊz] verb past simple of
■ rise
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] noun countable
PLANT 植物
 IMPROVER
■a garden plant with thorns on its stems and pleasant-smelling flowers, or a flower from this plant 玫瑰；蔷薇
• a rose bush 蔷薇丛
• She sent him a bunch of red roses. 她送了他一束红玫瑰。
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] noun countable
FOR A WATER CONTAINER 盛水壶的
■a circular object with small holes in it which is put on the end of a watering can (= a container used for pouring water on plants) （洒水壶上的）莲蓬式喷嘴
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] noun countable
coming up roses
■If something is coming up roses, it is happening successfully. 进展顺利；蓬勃发展
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] noun countable
not all roses (also not a bed of roses)
■If a situation is not all roses, there are unpleasant things to deal with as well as the pleasant ones 不尽如人意；并非尽善尽美
• Being in a relationship is not all roses, you know. 你知道，谈恋爱可并非总是柔情蜜意，也有不如意的事。
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] noun countable
put the roses (back) into sb's cheeks informal
■If something puts the roses back into your cheeks, it makes you look healthy, especially after an illness （尤指在病后）使（某人）的脸色恢复红润
• A brisk walk will put the roses back into your cheeks. 快步行走会使你容光焕发。
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] adjective noun uncountable
■(having) a pink colour 粉红色（的）；玫瑰色（的）
• The houses were painted various shades of rose. 房屋被粉刷成了色泽深浅不同的粉红色。
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] adjective noun uncountable
look at/ see sth through rose - coloured / tinted glasses (UK also look at/see sth through rose-coloured/tinted spectacles)
■to see only the pleasant things about a situation and not notice the things that are unpleasant 只看到事物好的方面；过于乐观地看待问题
• She's always looked at life through rose-tinted glasses. 她总是只看到生活顺心如意的一面。
n. [园艺] 玫瑰，蔷薇；玫瑰红
 - rugosa
v. 上升（rise的过去式）；增加；起立
 - advanced, improved

Word: surprisingly
Front: surprisingly
[sə'praɪzɪŋlɪ] (四六 3368/2953 -K)
Vocabulary: surprisingly
(once / 973 pages)
adv
When something happens in a way that amazes you, use the adverb surprisingly, like when you find the kids at your new school to be surprisingly friendly.
If a situation is surprising, it is completely unexpected — and you can say that it happens surprisingly. You might discover that the day is surprisingly warm, and you don't need your furry hat after all; or you may realize that college is surprisingly difficult after you breezed through high school. The French root word is surprise, "a taking unawares," which comes from surprendre, "to overtake." Surprisingly is surprisingly old, dating from the 1600's.
WORD FAMILY
surprising: surprisingly, surprisingness, unsurprising+/surprisal: surprisals/ surprise: surprisal, surprised, surpriser, surprises, surprising/ surprised: surprisedly, unsurprised/surpriser: surprisers/unsurprised: unsurprisedly/unsurprising: unsurprisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Not surprisingly, the supposed connection between greater prosperity and democratic politics failed to materialize.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The food, stingy during wartime, remains surprisingly plain.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
By contrast, my record on local topics was surprisingly good.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 惊人地，出人意外地
分布：惊人地(80%)，意外地(20%)
US [sɚ-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■unexpectedly or in a way that is unusual 意外地，出人意料地
• The restaurant turned out to be surprisingly cheap. 没想到这家餐馆这么便宜。
• Not surprisingly, the jury found them guilty. 不出所料，陪审团判定他们有罪。
adv. 惊人地；出人意外地
 - alarmingly, startlingly

Word: highlight
Front: highlight
[ˈhaɪlaɪt] (研四六托雅 3369/2853 -K3)
Vocabulary: highlight
(once / 853 pages)
nv
If you missed the big game, don't worry — you can still catch the highlights on the news. A highlight is the most important or memorable part of something.
If you don’t have time to listen to your friend’s long, involved story, you might say, "Just give me the highlights." Highlight can also mean "a lightness or a bright area." If someone puts highlights in their hair, they are adding bright streaks to their hair. When used as a verb, highlight means "to emphasize." You may want to highlight the best grades on a report card while downplaying the lesser ones.
WORD FAMILY
highlight: highlighted, highlighter, highlighting, highlights+/highlighter: highlighters
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the highlights of the holiday season for me was attending the “It’s a Wonderful Life” Festival in Seneca Falls, New York.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here are lists of this month’s highlights by two critics for The New York Times.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She’s also showing off some pink highlights in her hair.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （图画或照片的）强光部份; 最重要的事情; 最精彩的部分
vt. 强调，突出; 把…照亮; 标示记号; 为…中最突出的事物
时态：highlighted, highlighting, highlights
分布：强调(69%)，加亮(9%)，加亮区(6%)，使突出(4%)，照亮(4%)，闪光点(2%)，精彩部分(2%)，使 ... 显得重要(2%)，最重要的细节或事件(2%)
→原为绘画术语，即最明亮的部分，后引申词义做标记，强调。
v.使显著,使突出;强调n.最精彩的部分The enlightened man highlighted his mighty insight into the fright.开明的人强调他的强大的对惊悸了解.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to attract attention to or emphasize something important 使引起注意；强调
• The report highlights the need for improved safety. 那份报告强调了加强安全的重要性。
• The spelling mistakes in the text had been highlighted in green. 文本中的拼写错误用已经用绿色标出了。
['haɪ.laɪt] noun
BEST PART 最好的部分
countable
■the best or most exciting, entertaining or interesting part of something 最精彩的部分
• Highlights of the match will be shown after the news. 比赛的精彩部分将在新闻之后播出。
['haɪ.laɪt] noun
HAIR 头发
countable usually plural
■a narrow strip of hair on a person's head which has been made a more pale colour than the surrounding hair 挑染的头发
stress, emphasize, focus, highlight
stress: 重读（某音节）
emphasize: 加强…的语气
focus: 使…集中于一点
highlight: 对…予以特别的注意；将（头发）染成浅色使之有光泽
vt. 突出；强调；使显著；加亮
 - emphasize, stress
n. 最精彩的部分；最重要的事情； [电子] 加亮区
 - first thing

Word: decrease
Front: decrease
[dɪˈkri:s] (高研四六托雅 3370/4237 -K2)
Vocabulary: decrease
(once / 538 pages)
nv
Decrease means to lower or go down. If you are driving above the speed limit, you should decrease your speed or risk getting a ticket. Students always want teachers to decrease the amount of homework.
The opposite of decrease is increase, which means to raise. In science, you often are measuring increases and decreases. Is there a decrease in the time it takes water to boil when you begin with water as a liquid rather than water in its ice-cube form?
WORD FAMILY
decrease: decreased, decreases, decreasing+/decreasing: decreasingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was decreased through use of a positive behavioral plan, designed by a competent psychologist and monitored with data collection.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Ganim noted, however, more than half of Bridgeport’s residential taxpayers saw a decrease in their taxes.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Scientists say that for the first time in years, more elephants are being killed than born, with the population steadily decreasing.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 减少，减小; 减少量
vi. &vt. 减少，减小
时态：decreased, decreasing, decreases
分布：减少(47%)，降低(40%)，减小(13%)
→de-, 向下。-cre, 创造，增加，词源同create, crescent.
减少(de向下+crease增长→向下增加→减少)[cre,creas=grow,make,表示"增长,产生"]
n.减少,减小;减少量v.减少,变少,降低After a decrease, the price of the grease increases increasingly.下跌过一次之后,润滑脂的价格日益上涨.
US [ˈdiː.kriːs]
 IMPROVER
■to become less, or to make something become less （使）减少，（使）下降，（使）降低
• Our share of the market has decreased sharply this year. 今年我们的市场份额急剧下降。
• We have decreased our involvement in children's books. 我们减少了在儿童读物方面的投入。
Opposite increase
noun countable or uncountable /ˈdiː.kriːs/
 IMPROVER
■a reduction 减少；下降；降低
• There has been a steady decrease in the number of visitors. 访客数量逐渐减少。
• I haven't noticed much decrease in interest. 我并未发现人们的兴趣有大幅下降的趋势。
noun countable or uncountable /ˈdiː.kriːs/
  Common Learner Errors  decrease When you are talking about the thing that has decreased, the most usual preposition to use after decrease is in. Don't say 'a decrease of something', say a decrease in something : There has been a 2% decrease in the rate of unemployment. When decrease is followed by an amount, the correct preposition is of : There has been a decrease of 2%.
diminish, dwindle, lessen, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，变少”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: 侧重大小数量和重要性的不断减小，强调减小的部分。
dwindle: 与decrease同义，指逐渐减小，但强调变得越来越少终至全无。
lessen: 普通用词，与decrease近义。指数目、程度、价值、实力等的减少。
decrease: 指逐渐地、不断地减少。
reduce: 普通用词，含义广。指数量、程度的降低或减少。
diminish, decline, alleviate, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，减轻”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: v.指因为不断消耗，在数量方面缓慢减少，也指在素质或者价值的下降。
 • The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.   由于战争石油的供应减少了。
decline: v. (数目、价格、比率)下降；谢绝，婉言推辞；衰退，衰落。
 • Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.   去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。
 • He declined our invitation to dinner.   他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。
alleviate: v.在痛苦方面的减轻，缓和
 • The painkiller alleviated the pain.   止疼药减缓了疼痛。
decrease: v.指数量上的减少；力量或者强度的减弱。
 • The population decreased a lot last year.   去年人口数量急剧下降。
reduce: v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。
 • He reduced the amount of money they could spend.   他缩减了他们的开销。
n. 减少，减小；减少量
 - reduction, loss
vi. 减少，减小
 - to cut down, fall off
vt. 减少，减小
 - shorten, weaken

Word: indication
Front: indication
[ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃn] (研四六 3371/2656 -K)
Vocabulary: indication
(once / 354 pages)
n
An indication is a sign––it indicates, or suggests, some conclusion. The way you blush furiously when a certain someone talks to you is an indication that you have a crush on them.
An indication is like a clue, or a suggestion, but it's not proof. If someone is weaving all over the place when they walk, that could be an indication that they’re drunk. But then again, it could indicate an inner-ear infection that has ruined their balance. The verb, indicate, literally means to point out, by using your index finger. But indications don’t require actual fingers pointing to a cause.
WORD FAMILY
indication: indications, preindication+/ indicate: indicated, indicates, indicating, indication, indicative, indicator, indicatory/ indicative: indicatively, indicatives/ indicator: indicators
USAGE EXAMPLES
There was no indication whether anyone else in the crash was hurt.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
An Old Firm afternoon which started so promisingly for Rangers concluded with the latest indication of Celtic’s domestic supremacy.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
"There are no indications of specific threats to the U.S. Homeland," said a "situational awareness" bulletin issued to U.S.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 指示; 象征; 表明; 标示
分布：迹象(43%)，指示(40%)，表示(17%)
n.指出,指示;表明,暗示There are indications that unemployment will decrease.有失业人数减少的迹象.
noun
SIGN 标示
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a sign that something exists, is true, or is likely to happen 标示；表明；象征
• There are few indications (that) the economy is on an upswing. 没有甚么迹象显示经济正在好转。
• Helen's face gave no indication of what she was thinking. 从海伦的脸上看不出她在想甚么。
[ˌɪn.dɪ'keɪ.ʃən] noun
SUGGESTION 暗示
countable
■a suitable action that is suggested by something 暗示；显示；建议
• The indication from the trade figures is to reduce stock by at least 30%. 贸易数字说明至少应减少30%的存货。
indication, symptom
这组词都有“征兆”的意思，其区别是：
indication: 普通用词，指任何情况或内容的征兆或迹象。
symptom: 通常指作为医学诊断的病征兆。
n. 指示，指出；迹象；象征
 - instruction, symbol, breath, pointing, evidence

Word: rail
Front: rail
[reɪl] (高研四六托雅宝 3373/1961 -K3)
Vocabulary: rail
(once / 186 pages)
1nv 2v 3n
The verb rail means to criticize severely. When you rail against increased taxes at a town meeting, you speak openly and loudly about how wrong the increase is and point out the problems it will cause.
Rail can also mean "to complain." When your mom asks you to vacuum the house, you might rail against this chore by saying that you ALWAYS do the vacuuming, that vacuuming is SO hard, and that you hate the stupid vacuum! Rail can also mean to spread negative information about someone in an abusive way. If your "friends" rail against you to everyone in school, they're spreading nasty rumors about you, and you should find new friends!
WORD FAMILY
rail: railed, railing, rails+/railing: railings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nevertheless, the singer railed against police officers who appear in the background of one of Songz’s videos, unfazed as the artist swears at them.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It was Cuomo, speaking into the intercom from one of the rail cars.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Bank Stadium operator SMG said in a statement that they apparently climbed over a guard rail to access the ridge truss.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 围栏; 轨道，钢轨; 扶手; [动]秧鸡
vi. 责备; 抱怨; 责骂
vt. 将…围起来; 铺铁轨; 坐火车旅行; 用围栏围
时态：railed, railing, rails
分布：栏杆(30%)，铁轨(21%)，抱怨(18%)，扶手(11%)，责骂(11%)，铺铁轨(5%)，以横木围栏(4%)
→来自古法语 reille,柱子，竿，杆，来自拉丁语 regula,直杆，小杆，-ula,小词后缀，来自 regere, 拉直，伸直，词源同 regulate,right.引申词义铁轨。拼写比较 rule,regulate.
n.栏杆,围栏;(pl.)铁路;铁轨;横杆,栏杆The sailor was nailed on the rail for he failed to trail the mail.水手被钉在横木上,因为他未能跟踪邮件.
【记】用rail打你，相当于rail你。
noun
TRAINS 列车
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the system of transport which uses trains, or one of the two metal bars fixed to the ground on which trains travel 铁路交通；铁路交通系统；铁轨
• Environmentalists argue that more goods should be transported by rail. 环保主义者们主张应该充分利用铁路来运输货物。
• A train left/went off the rails and crashed into the bank, killing several passengers. 一列火车出轨后撞到路堤上，造成数名乘客死亡。
[reɪl] noun
BAR 横杆
 ADVANCED countable
■a horizontal bar fixed in position, especially to a wall or to vertical posts, used to close something off, as a support, or to hang things on （尤指固定在墙上或竖杆上的）横杆，栏杆，扶手
• Will spectators please stay behind the rail? 观众们请站在栏杆后面好吗？
• Hold onto the rail so that you don't fall. 抓牢扶手，这样就不会摔倒了。
• The (clothes) rail in her wardrobe was crammed full of dresses. 她大衣橱里面挂满了衣服。
• He folded the towels neatly and hung them on the towel UKrail/ USrack. 他把毛巾整整齐齐叠好，挂在毛巾杆上。
[reɪl] noun
go off the rails informal
■to start behaving in a way that is not generally acceptable, especially dishonestly or illegally 举止怪异；越过道德底线，行为不轨
• He went off the rails in his first year at university. 他刚上大学一年级行为就很出轨。
[reɪl] verb intransitive + prep formal
■to complain angrily 谴责；抱怨
• He railed against/at the injustices of the system. 他强烈谴责该制度的不公正。
[reɪl] verb intransitive + prep formal
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rail sth off
■to close something, especially using railings （尤指用栏杆）把…围起，把…圈住，把…隔开
• Part of the playing field had been railed off for use as a car park. 运动场的一部分被栏杆隔开，用作停车场。
n. [铁路] 铁轨； [建] 扶手；横杆；围栏
 - pen, rider
vi. 抱怨；责骂
 - rate, beef about

Word: anniversary
Front: anniversary
[ˌænɪˈvɜ:səri] (高研六雅 3374/3440 -K3)
Vocabulary: anniversary
(once / 601 pages)
n
An anniversary marks the date on which an event happened — a five-year wedding anniversary occurs exactly five years after a wedding.
When someone refers to "our anniversary," they are typically talking about the day they were married. News organizations regularly recognize the anniversaries of important people's births and deaths, plus anniversaries of significant news events and national tragedies, like Sept. 11 2001 or Dec. 7, 1941. This word comes from Latin; remember that annus means year and you can relate the word to annual. Sometimes the world is used more loosely, like when new couples celebrate their one-month anniversary.
WORD FAMILY
anniversary: anniversaries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The giant CES tech show marks its 50th anniversary this week.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Correction: A previous version of this post misstated CES's anniversary.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
But there should be no formalities in this town, which is hurtling toward the 25th anniversary of its last title in a major pro sport.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 周年纪念日
adj. 周年的; 周年纪念的; 年年的; 每年的
分布：周年纪念(62%)，周年纪念日(38%)
→词根ann, 年。词根verse,转。
周年纪念(anni+vers转＋ary→一年转到一次→周年纪念日)[ann,enn=year,表示"年,一年"]
周年纪念日(fanni年+vers+ary→一年转一次→纪念日)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.周年,周年纪念日On the anniversary the versatile poet wrote an adverse verse Virtue versus Evil.在周年纪念日上,多用途诗人写信告诉不利的句美德对邪恶.
US [-'vɝ:.sɚ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the day on which an important event happened in a previous year 周年纪念；周年纪念日
• We always celebrate our wedding anniversary with dinner in an expensive restaurant. 我们总是去豪华饭店就餐来庆祝我们的结婚纪念日。
• Tomorrow is the thirtieth anniversary of the revolution. 明天是革命30周年纪念日。

Word: couch
Front: couch
[kaʊtʃ] (研六雅 3375/8083 -2)
Vocabulary: couch
(once / 313 pages)
1n 2n 3v
A couch is a sofa — an upholstered piece of furniture that seats more than one person. It's nice to have a couch that's big enough for your whole family to sit on while you watch TV.
The word couch comes from the French word coucher, meaning to lie down. Some types of couches are indeed meant for lying down. A psychiatrist's couch, for example, was designed to make patients feel comfortable when discussing their problems. In language, to couch is to phrase your words in a certain manner. If you don't want to hurt your friend's feelings, you should couch your words carefully when you tell her that her everyone is leaving her party early.
WORD FAMILY
couch: couched, couches, couching
USAGE EXAMPLES
In their first season, they chose Kentucky quarterback Tim Couch.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are sweaters and snacks, a handsome Australian neighbor, and a couch.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In somewhat of a statistical and intellectual improbability, Couch Slouch agrees with both sides.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 长沙发椅，睡椅; （病人受检查时躺的）长榻; 麦芽床; 涂底，涂层
vt. 表达; 使躺卧; 播撒谷物使发芽
vi. 躺卧; 隐蔽，埋伏; 使成堆
时态：couched, couching, couches
分布：长沙发(44%)，睡椅(20%)，长椅(13%)，表达(10%)，躺下(6%)，埋伏(6%)，兽穴(1%)
→来自拉丁词collocare, 安排，布置，放下，词源同allocate。引申义沙发，床。
n.长沙发;(病人躺的)长榻vt.表达The scorched couch is put in the porch of epoch.被烤焦睡椅放在时代门廊内.
【记】读：靠吃。要想靠着吃饭，请买长沙发。
【参】coach（n 四轮大马车；长途汽车；教练）
noun countable
SEAT 座
■a sofa
[kaʊtʃ] noun countable
BED 床
■a type of high bed, especially one in a doctor's office （尤指医生办公室中的）诊察枱，长榻
[kaʊtʃ] verb formal
couch sth in/as sth
■to express something in a particular way 以（某种方式）表达
• [often passive] I don't understand this form - it's all couched in legal terminology. 我看不懂这张表——满篇法律术语。
sofa, couch
这组词都有“沙发”的意思，其区别是：
sofa: 指有扶手和靠背，可供多人坐或一个人睡的长沙发，也泛指沙发。
couch: 指供昼夜坐卧，似床一样的长沙发或睡椅。
n. 睡椅， [家具] 长沙发；床；卧榻
 - bed, chaise lounge
vi. 蹲伏，埋伏；躺着
 - stay down, crouch
vt. 使躺下；表达；弯下
 - put, voice

Word: alliance
Front: alliance
[əˈlaɪəns] (研六托雅 3376/2354 -3)
Vocabulary: alliance
(once / 217 pages)
n
Countries that have an alliance, or agreement, help each other out when in need. That means during times of war, for example, if two countries have an alliance, one will help the other by providing weapons and supplies.
An alliance doesn't just have to be between two countries; you can see alliances formed on a playground, when kids start clustering in groups or dividing themselves into teams to play tag. An alliance is essentially a connection through which a common interest is shared. A marriage is an alliance between two people who decide to share their lives together.
WORD FAMILY
alliance: alliances+/ ally: Allies, alliance, allied, allies, allying, misally/misalliance: misalliances/misally: misalliance, misallied
USAGE EXAMPLES
The lawsuit was brought by the Franciscan Alliance, a religious health care network that operates 14 hospitals in Indiana and Illinois.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A look at the key findings of the Associated Press-Times Square Alliance poll:
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A few months later he created the World Alliance for Clean Technologies.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （国家、政党等的）结盟，同盟，联盟，联合; 联姻; 同盟条约; 同盟者
分布：联盟(89%)，结盟(7%)，联姻(4%)
n.同盟,同盟国;结盟,联姻The alliance enhanced the reliability of the applicable alloy appliances.盟友增强了适用的合金用具的可靠性.
noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a group of countries, political parties or people who have agreed to work together because of shared interests or aims 结盟国家（或团体），同盟国家（或团体）
• a military alliance 军事同盟
• NATO is sometimes called the Atlantic Alliance. 北约有时被称作大西洋同盟。
countable
■an agreement to work with someone else to try to achieve the same thing 联盟，结盟；同盟
• The three smaller parties have forged/formed an alliance against the government. 三个小政党结成反政府联盟。
• Some of us feel that the union is in alliance with management against us. 我们中一些人感到工会和资方联合起来对付我们。
alliance, federation, union, league
这组词都有“联盟、同盟、联合会”的意思，其区别是：
alliance: 普通用词，指对双方均有利的任何联盟。
federation: 泛指用条款固定下来的一切联合，尤指联邦政府。
union: 普通用词，指由若干个体结成的一个统一的整体。强调其永久性。
league: 普通用词，指为了共同的利益而建立的地区性、全国性或国际性的联合组织，也指民间或半官方组织的联盟。
n. 联盟，联合；联姻
 - union, association, league, combined with, combination, unity

Word: hypothesis
Front: hypothesis
[haɪˈpɒθəsɪs] (研六托雅宝 3377/3265 -1)
Vocabulary: hypothesis
(once / 475 pages)
n
In science, a hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation. Outside science, a theory or guess can also be called a hypothesis.
A hypothesis is something more than a wild guess but less than a well-established theory. In science, a hypothesis needs to go through a lot of testing before it gets labeled a theory. In the non-scientific world, the word is used a lot more loosely. A detective might have a hypothesis about a crime, and a mother might have a hypothesis about who spilled juice on the rug. Anyone who uses the word hypothesis is making a guess.
WORD FAMILY
hypothesis: hypothecate, hypotheses, hypothesise, hypothesize, hypothetical +/hypothecate: hypothecated, hypothecating/hypothesise: hypothesised, hypothesising/ hypothesize: hypothesized, hypothesizes, hypothesizing/ hypothetical: hypothetically, hypotheticals
USAGE EXAMPLES
To bolster that idea, he adds, “some creationists also try to mimic the appearance of hypotheses, research, and so forth.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“I believe the Wimp hypothesis will be truly dead when we reach that point,” said McGaugh.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The hypothesis is supported by a new observation: that the thin “skin” of the sun rotates more slowly than layers just beneath.
Science Magazine(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 假设，假说; [逻]前提
分布：假设(55%)，假说(40%)，前提(4%)，猜测(1%)
→hypo-,在下，-thes,放置，词源同thesis,theme,do. 即放在下面的，引申词义假说，假设。
假说,假设(hypo+thesis论文→还不是正式的理论→假说)[hypo-表示"下面,次等"]
假说;前提(hypo下面+thesis→放在下面,还不能作为正式理论→假说)[thesis,thet=setting,表示"放置"]
n.假说,假设,前提This is only a sort of scientific hypothesis which has not been proved by experiments.这仅仅是一个尚未被实验证明的科学假说.
【记】hypo在…下面，thesis（n 论题；论文）－论题的背后－假设
【参】hypothetical[SAT]（adj 假设的；爱猜想的）
US [-'pɑ:.θə-] noun countable (plural hypotheses)
■an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved 假设；假说
• Several hypotheses for global warming have been suggested. 已经提出好几种全球变暖的假设。
supposition, assumption, hypothesis, presumption
这组词都有“假设，假想”的意思，其区别是：
supposition: 可与assumption换用，还可表某种试探性的主观看法或建议。
assumption: 侧重主观推测或主观设想。
hypothesis: 书面用词，指有待作进一步检验或证实的假设。
presumption: 着重指以可能性为依据的假设。
n. 假设
 - tentative

Word: boyfriend
Front: boyfriend
[ˈbɔɪfrend] (3378/4827 -K2)
Vocabulary: boyfriend
(once / 3675 pages)
n
A boyfriend is a male romantic partner. Your cousin might ask if she can bring her boyfriend to the family Thanksgiving dinner this year.
Usually, your boyfriend is a boy or man you're romantically involved with. Your aunt might join a dating site after breaking up with her boyfriend, and your ten year old neighbor might announce she has a boyfriend after a boy leaves a candy bar on her desk. The words boyfriend and girlfriend first appeared in the early 1900s, around the start of modern dating in the US.
WORD FAMILY
boyfriend: boyfriends, ex-boyfriend+/ex-boyfriend: ex-boyfriends
USAGE EXAMPLES
Baby Peter Connelly died in 2007 after months of abuse at the hands of his mother, her boyfriend and his brother.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Even the scene where the family is in the living room, listening to the bedsprings rattle while the 18-year-old sister is upstairs with her boyfriend?
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
She talked at length about how much she liked her daughter’s new boyfriend and how proud she was of her.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 男朋友; 情郎
分布：男朋友(100%)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a man or boy who a person is having a romantic or sexual relationship with 男朋友；（男性）情人
• He's not my boyfriend - we're just good friends! 他不是我的男友——我们只是好朋友！
• Cathy's ex- boyfriend was a really nice guy. 凯茜的前任男友是个非常好的小伙子。
Compare girlfriend
n. 男朋友，情郎
 - swain, inamorato

Word: compose
Front: compose
[kəmˈpəʊz] (研四六托雅宝 3379/3128 -3)
Vocabulary: compose
(once / 51 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To compose is to put something together, like a song, poem, or even yourself. You might want to compose yourself before returning to the party after a good cry.
The word compose began with the Latin ponere, which means "to put, place," referring to placing or arranging any piece of work. It's been in the music business since the 1590s, and it's generally still used to describe the act of writing songs. But you can use it whenever you're pulling something together: you might compose an essay for English class, or notice that the class is composed of all girls.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
compose / comprise
Compose is to make up a whole, and comprise is to contain parts.  Poodles compose the dog class because the class comprises poodles. The parts compose the whole, and the whole comprises the parts. Confused? Everybody else is!
Compose means to make up a whole (it also means to create, but that's not the definition that troubles people). Mention the parts first, then the whole, as in "four rooms compose our small house."The whole can be first if you say composedof, as in "our house is composed of four rooms." Check it out:
Fresh pītal flowers composed the royal throne, Golden blossoms raised the state umbrella. (Vidyapati Thakura)
The nest is composed of dry grass and lined with finer fibres. (Rev. C.A. Johns)
Comprise means made up of, contain, include. When you use comprise, mention the whole thing first, then the parts, as in "the house comprises four rooms." It doesn't need an of after it. (That's the other word.) Here are some examples of the whole comprising the parts:
The stories comprised in this volume deserve to be widely known and appreciated. (Williams Andrews)
"Earth" comprises clay, mud, ochre, marl, and "peculiar earths generally." (Georgius Agricola)
The Penn State police force comprises 46 armed officers. (Slate)
Often comprise shows up in the phrase composed of, but really, comprise does not like of to follow it around. Usage maven Bryan Garner points out that this error is at stage 4 of his language change index ; many are mixing up the words so much that the language is changing, but it hasn't changed yet. Remember that those fluffy poodles compose the dog class because the class comprises eager pups. Woof.
WORD FAMILY
compose: component, composed, composer, composes, composing, composition, compositor, composure, decompose, discompose+/ component: components/ composed: composedly / composer: composers/ composition: compositional, compositions/compositional: compositionally, decompositional/compositor: compositors/ composure: composures/decomposable: undecomposable/ decompose: decomposable, decomposed, decomposes, decomposing, decomposition / decomposition: decompositions/discompose: discomposed, discomposes, discomposing, discomposure/discomposed: discomposedly/discomposure: discomposures
USAGE EXAMPLES
He argued that several thousand years ago, at the time the Iliad was written, our brains were “bicameral,” composed of two distinct chambers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Troop 1532 is composed almost entirely of refugees who hail from far-flung places like Burma, Rwanda and Nepal.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The title track was composed by Billy Harper, who originally released it just over 40 years ago.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 组成，构成; 调解; [印刷]排（字）; 使安定
vt. & vi. 创作（乐曲、诗歌等）; 为…谱曲
vi. 构图，构成
时态：composed, composing, composes
分布：创作(47%)，作曲(27%)，形成(14%)，编排(8%)，使镇静(4%)
→com-, 强调。-pos, 放置，词源同opponent, position. 即放在一起的。
组成;作曲;使镇定(com一起+pose→放到一起→组成)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
v.组成,构成;(of)由...组成;创作(诗歌等)The composer was proposed to decompose his composition into components.作曲家被建议将著作分解成单元.
【记】com一起，pose放－把各个部分放到一起－组成
【参】composition（n 作品）；compost（n 混合涂料，灰泥）composite（adj 混合成的；n 合成物＝compound）
【反】discombobulate（vt 使混乱；使困惑）
US [-'poʊz] verb
PRODUCE ART 创作艺术
intransitive or transitive
■to produce music, poetry or formal writing 作曲；创作（乐曲、诗歌）；着（书）
• Prokofiev started composing at the age of five. 普罗高菲夫五岁就开始作曲了。
• The music was specially composed for the film. 这音乐是专门为该电影创作的。
• a piece of music composed for the flute 为长笛而谱写的乐曲
• He composed this poem for his wife. 他为妻子写了这首诗。
• formal My lawyer is going to compose a letter of complaint. 我的律师要拟写一份投诉状。
UK [kəm'pəʊz] US [-'poʊz] verb
FORM 由…构成
be composed of sth
■to be formed from various things 由…组成，由…构成
• Air is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. 空气主要由氮和氧组成。
• The committee is composed of MPs, doctors, academics and members of the public. 委员会由议员、医生、学者和普通民众组成。
• The audience was composed largely of young people. 观众中大部分都是年轻人。
transitive
■to be the parts that something is made of 组成，构成
• At that time, women composed only 1.6% of the US forces. 那个时期，美军中的女性只占1.6%的比例。
UK [kəm'pəʊz] US [-'poʊz] verb
BECOME CALM 使镇静
compose yourself
■to make yourself calm again after being angry or upset 使自己镇定；使自己平静下来
• She finally stopped crying and composed herself. 她终于停止哭泣，安静了下来。
compose your features/thoughts
■to try to make yourself look or feel calm after being angry or upset 使表情／思绪镇定
• I tried to compose my features into a smile. 我极力使表情平静下来，露出一丝微笑。
• He took a minute or two to compose his thoughts before he replied. 他用一两分钟平静了思绪后才作出回答。
UK [kəm'pəʊz] US [-'poʊz] verb
ARRANGE TEXT 编排文本
transitive specialized
■to arrange words, sentences, pages, etc. in preparation for printing 排版
invent, compose, make, create, design, produce
这组词都有“创造”的意思，其区别是：
invent: 主要用于科技领域，指通过思考、研究或实验制造出新的前所未有、极为有用的东西。
compose: 多指音乐或诗歌、画的创作。
make: 最普通用词，指任何东西的创作或制造。
create: 侧重创造出来的东西以前并不存在，或者指独具特色的创作。
design: 主要指在艺术或技术领域的创作设计，强调构思多于实际制造。
produce: 指产品的生产，或作品创作的完成。
constitute, cover, consist, contain, involve, compose
constitute: 制定，设立，任命
cover: 覆盖，涉及
consist: 在于，存在于
contain: 包含，强调包容关系，既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西
involve: 包含，所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申
compose: 创作（乐曲、诗歌等）
constitute, consist, compose, comprise, include
这组词都有“组成，包含”的意思，其区别是：
constitute: v.构成，组成(整体)。
 • Crime and illegal drugs constitute the city's major problems.   犯罪和非法毒品买卖是这个城市面临的主要问题。
consist: v.组成，构成,由……组成(后接of，常用于主动语态)；(后接in)在于，存在于。
 • The problem consists of two parts.   问题由两部分组成。
 • The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.   这计划的好处就在于简单易行。
compose: v.构成(整体)，组成；由……组成(后接of，常用于被动语态)；创作(作曲、诗歌等)。
 • The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.   委员会主要由教师和学生家长组成。
comprise: v.包含，包括，由……组成(整体)；组成，构成。
 • Our company's product line comprises 2,500 different items.   我们公司的生产线是由2,500个不同的组成部分构成的。
include: v.包括，包含，把……列入。
 • The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.   大会代表中有来自海外的代表。
vt. 构成；写作；使平静；排…的版
 - constitute, form, structure, calm
vi. 组成；作曲；排字
 - write, consist, make up

Word: mess
Front: mess
[mes] (高研四六雅 3381/3437 -K3)
Vocabulary: mess
(once / 345 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
A mess is a generally dirty state, like your bedroom, your hair, or anything else that's untidy. If you make a huge mess when you cook, you probably try to get someone else to do the clean-up.
In addition to describing a jumble of stuff, mess can describe a confused or difficult situation, like the mess your finances are in if you have seven credit cards. When you mess something up, you cause disorder and maybe even wreck something, like a friendship you messed up by gossiping. And you might eat in a mess hall, a cafeteria for members of the armed forces — and it's probably very neat and orderly, not messy.
WORD FAMILY
mess: messed, messes, messing, messy +/ messy: messier, messiest, messily, messiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The court stuck with the basic framework of Virginia, so it’s still pretty messed up, especially in Northern Virginia,” Cannon said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“The streets were just a mess, and traffic was horrendous — it was like L.A.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Seconds later, he re-emerged, holding on to a chaotic mess of flapping flippers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 混乱; 食堂; 肮脏; 困境
vt. 弄脏; 搞砸; 给…供膳
vi. 把事情弄糟; 制造脏乱
时态：messed, messing, messes
分布：混乱(61%)，弄乱(12%)，弄糟(8%)，脏乱(7%)，粪便(5%)，一份食品(3%)，妨碍(3%)，混杂(1%)
→来自古法语mes,一份食物，就餐，来自拉丁语mittere,放置，送出，词源同mission,emit.引申词义吃饭的地方，尤指部队餐厅。后用于指倒剩饭剩菜的地方，猪食等，并最终引申词义肮脏，杂乱等词义。
n.混乱,混杂,脏乱v.弄脏,弄乱,搞糟The late arrival of the train messed up all our plans.火车的误点把我们所有的计划都搞乱了.
noun
DIRT/UNTIDINESS 不整洁
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■Something or someone that is a mess or is in a mess, looks dirty or untidy 肮脏；杂乱；不整洁的人
• He makes a terrible mess when he's cooking. 他做饭时总是把周围弄得乱七八糟。
• Jem's house is always in a mess. 杰姆的房子总是又脏又乱。
• Go and clear up that mess in the kitchen. 去把厨房里乱七八糟的东西清理干净。
• Ian can't stand mess. 伊恩忍受不了凌乱。
• I look a mess - I can't go out like this! 我看上去衣衫不整的——我不能这样子出去！
• My hair's such a mess today! 我的头发今天乱蓬蓬的！
countable
■an animal's solid waste （动物的）粪便
• Fido left another mess on the carpet. 菲多又在地毯上拉屎了。
[mes] noun
PROBLEMS 问题
 IMPROVER only singular
■a situation that is full of problems 困境；混乱局面
• She said that her life was a mess. 她说她的生活一团糟。
• I got myself into a mess by telling a lie. 我因撒了一个谎而闯祸了。
• The company's finances are in a mess. 这家公司的财务状况一团糟。
only singular
■a person whose life is full of problems they cannot deal with 处于困境的人
• After the divorce he was a real mess and drinking too much. 离婚后他潦倒透顶，而且酗酒。
make a mess of sth ADVANCED (also mess sth up)
■to do something badly or spoil something 把…弄糟；搞砸
• I've made a real mess of my exams. 我考试彻底考砸了。
[mes] noun
ROOM 房间
countable (US also mess hall)
■a room or building in which members of the armed forces have their meals or spend their free time （军队的）食堂，交谊厅
• The group captain was having breakfast in the mess hall. 那名空军上校正在大餐厅里吃早餐。
• They spent their evenings in the officers' mess, drinking and playing cards. 他们在军官交谊厅里喝酒、玩纸牌，度过了许多个晚上。
[mes] verb
transitive mainly US (UK mess up) informal
■to make something untidy 把…弄乱
• Don't you dare mess my hair! 看你敢把我的头发弄乱！
intransitive
■to leave solid waste somewhere 排便
• Next door's dog has messed on our steps again! 隔壁家的狗又在我们的台阶上拉屎了！
[mes] verb
(and) no messing UK informal
■said to emphasize that you want something to be done 我说的是真话；不是开玩笑
• I want you both in bed by 9 o'clock, no messing! 我要你们两个九点钟都上床睡觉，不是开玩笑！
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess sb about/around UK
■to treat someone badly 不公正对待（某人），不把（某人）当回事
• I'm tired of being messed around by my bank. 我对银行怠慢的态度感到厌烦了。
• Don't mess me about! 别把我不当回事！
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess about UK
■ mess around
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess around (UK also mess about)
SPEND TIME
 ADVANCED informal
■to spend time doing various things that are not important, without any particular purpose or plan 浪费时间；磨蹭
• They spend their weekends messing around on their boat. 他们在船上消磨周末的时光。
• My brother likes messing around with computers. 我弟弟喜欢玩电脑打发时间。
• He spent the day with friends, just messing about. 他一整天都和朋友一起闲逛。
ACT STUPIDLY
 ADVANCED
■to behave in a stupid or annoying way 胡闹
• Stop messing about and listen to me!. 别胡闹了，听我说！
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess around with sth (UK also mess about with sth) informal
■to use or treat something in a careless or harmful way 瞎弄；摆弄，玩弄
• I don't want him coming in here and messing around with our computers. 我不想他到这里来乱搞我们的电脑。
• Never mess around with scissors. 绝对不能玩剪刀。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess around with sb mainly US informal
■If a married man or woman messes around with someone, they have a sexual relationship with someone who is not their wife or husband. 勾搭（某人），与（某人）有不正当性关系
• She found out that her husband was messing around with his secretary. 她发现丈夫和他的秘书偷情。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mess sth up ADVANCED
■to make something untidy or dirty 把…弄乱；把…弄脏
• Who's messed up the bookshelf? 谁把书架搞乱了？
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mess (sth) up informal ADVANCED
■to spoil or damage something, or to do something wrong or badly 搞砸，弄糟
• I feel I've messed up my chances of becoming a great singer. 我觉得自己已经把成为大歌星的机会毁掉了。
• He says that his divorce has really messed his life up. 他说离婚确实令他的生活变得一团糟。
• You've really messed up this time. 这次你的确把事情搞砸了。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess sb up
CAUSE PROBLEMS
■to cause someone to suffer emotional and mental problems 使（某人）出现精神问题
• Drugs can really mess you up. 毒品真的会让你萎靡不振。
INJURE US slang
■to hit someone repeatedly so that they are badly injured 殴打（某人）
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess with sth/sb informal
■to use or become involved with something or someone dangerous 与（危险人物）有牵连；与（危险的人或事物）扯上关系
• You shouldn't mess with drugs. 你不该沾上毒品。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess with sth mainly US
■to try to change or repair something, but not carefully and usually without success 瞎弄；摆弄
• He was messing with his bike and then he couldn't fit the parts back together. 他胡乱摆弄他的脚踏车，但后来就不能把零件装嵌回去了。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess with sb informal
■to treat someone in a bad, rude or annoying way, or to start an argument with them 打扰（某人），招惹（某人）
• I've warned you already, don't mess with me! 我已警告过你，别来惹我！
chaos, disturbance, disordr, mess, confusion
这些名词均表示事物的混乱状态。
chaos: 着重指令人无能为力或感到绝望的混乱状态。突出没有很好的组织。
disturbance: 主要指社会中政治性的动乱、骚乱；也可指个人或少数人的闹事。
disordr: 正式用词，含义广泛。指事物因失去原有的秩序而造成混乱；也可指社会中的动乱或骚乱。
mess: 语气强，口语中较常用的非正式用词。指既混乱又肮脏，尤指人思想混乱或外表不整洁。
confusion: 指东西搅混在一起，凌乱得难以辨认；也可指思想混乱，以致无法进行正常的思维活动。
n. 混乱；食堂，伙食团；困境；脏乱的东西
 - difficulty, disorder, chaos, confusion, corner
vt. 弄乱，弄脏；毁坏；使就餐
 - destroy, soil, mud, spot, damage
vi. 把事情弄糟；制造脏乱；玩弄
 - play fast and loose, toy with

Word: legend
Front: legend
[ˈledʒənd] (研四六托雅宝 3383/4020 -2)
Vocabulary: legend
(once / 194 pages)
1n 2n
A legend is a larger-than-life story that gets passed down from one generation to the next — like the legends of Beowulf, Robin Hood, or even Big Foot.
Legend comes from the Latin legere, "to read." The Latin word was originally limited to written stories, but in English, legend lost that limitation. Often a legend lives on in the stories that people tell each other. A person can be a legend too. Anne Frank is a legend for keeping a diary of hidden life in war time, and a less famous person, like a long-serving local teacher, can be a legend to neighborhood kids.
WORD FAMILY
legend: legendary, legends+/ legendary: legendarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The intertwining of madness and genius remains an essential part of his posthumous legend, and Lowell himself saw the two as related.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The sheer range of musical expression is astonishing: pastoral reveries, woodland scenes, romantic arias, heroic dramas, historical legends and visions of spiritual strife.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Tales from the stage about two Hollywood legends.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 传说; 传奇人物; 铭文; 图例
分布：传说(53%)，传奇(40%)，图例(7%)
→来自拉丁语legere,读，说，词源同lecture.原指读，讲述宗教圣徒的生平事迹，后词义引申为使徒传说或传奇。现也用于地图图例等词义。
传奇;图例(leg+end→讲出的东西→传奇故事;引申为地图的图例)[lect,leg=speak,read,表示"讲,读"]
n.传说,传奇The mender recommends me to amend the legend agenda.修理工建议劝告我修改传奇议程.
【记】leg腿，end完：腿完蛋了，是因为没有看图例，所以跑路
【反】legendary（adj 传说中的；著名的）－obscure（adj 隐居的）
noun
STORY 故事
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a very old story or set of stories from ancient times, or the stories, not always true, that people tell about a famous event or person 传说，传奇故事；民间故事
• The dance was based on several Hindu legends. 这个舞蹈是根据几个印度传说创作的。
• She is writing a thesis on Irish legend and mythology. 她正在写一篇关于爱尔兰民间故事和神话的论文。
• Legend has it (= People say) that he always wore his boots in bed. 传说他总是穿着靴子上床。
• This match will go into tennis legend (= it will always be remembered). 这场比赛将成为网坛传奇。
['ledʒ.ənd] noun
FAME 名声
 ADVANCED countable
■someone or something very famous and admired, usually because of their ability in a particular area 传奇；传奇人物
• Jazz legend, Ella Fitzgerald, once sang in this bar. 爵士乐坛传奇人物埃拉‧菲茨杰拉德曾经在这个酒吧唱过歌。
['ledʒ.ənd] noun
EXPLANATION 说明
countable formal
■the words written on or next to a picture, map, coin, etc. that explain what it is about or what the symbols on it mean （对图画、地图、硬币等的）说明，图例
['ledʒ.ənd] noun
be a legend in your own lifetime
■to be very famous while you are still alive 在有生之年就已成名
• Garbo was a legend in her own lifetime. 嘉宝在她的有生之年就很有名了。
n. 传奇；说明； [测] 图例；刻印文字
 - explanation, notes, romance, illustration

Word: regulate
Front: regulate
[ˈregjuleɪt] (研四六托雅宝 3384/3890 -2)
Vocabulary: regulate
(once / 103 pages)
v
The on-off spigot regulates the flow of water into your bathtub. When a government regulates an industry, they set standards the industry must follow. To regulate means to impose control.
Regulate shares a root with the word, regular. When the transit authority regulates a train schedule, it makes sure trains arrive on a more regular schedule. The pharmaceutical industry is heavily regulated –– before a drug can be marketed, it must be tested. On a more personal level, if you want to regulate your digestive system, try eating more fiber... or prunes!
WORD FAMILY
regulate: deregulate, regulated, regulates, regulating, regulation, regulator, regulatory +/ deregulate: deregulated, deregulates, deregulating, deregulation /regulated: unregulated /regulating: regulatings, self-regulating/ regulation: regulations/regulator: regulators
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Australia, for example, different agencies regulate drones and counter-drone technologies.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Boyd is replacing commissioner Bob Stump, who was forced by term limits to leave the commission that regulates utilities.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What they seem to be saying is, “regulate us, and American workers will pay.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 调节，调整; 校准; 控制，管理
时态：regulated, regulating, regulates
分布：控制(43%)，管理(28%)，调整(24%)，校准(5%)
→来自 regular,规则的，惯常的，-ate,使。引申词义管理，控制等。
v.管理,控制,管制;调节,校准,调整Regretfully, we can't regulate the irregular liner on the gulf.遗憾的是我们不能调整海湾上不定期的班船.
【记】reg统治，ulate－管制
【区】regularity（n 规律性）因为受了管制
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to control something, especially by making it work in a particular way （尤指使按照某种方式运作而）控制，管理，调节，调整
• You can regulate the temperature in the house by adjusting the thermostat. 你可以透过调节恒温器来控制室温。
• [+ question word] Her mother strictly regulates how much TV she can watch. 她妈妈严格控制她看电视的时间。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
vt. 调节，规定；控制；校准；有系统的管理
 - possess, define, contain, manage, state

Word: adolescent
Front: adolescent
[ˌædəˈlesnt] (高研六托宝 3386/8678 -2)
Vocabulary: adolescent
(once / 1468 pages)
nadj
Adolescent is just a fancy word for teenager — someone who is no longer a child but is not yet an adult. The word can also be used as an adjective. For example, a particular clothing line might be geared toward adolescent girls.
This word refers to all things related to teens — teenagers are adolescent, and the adolescent stage is after puberty and before adulthood. Since adults don't have a high opinion of teenagers, this word is also an insult. Movies full of fart jokes and immature shenanigans are called adolescent. If one adult says to another "You're acting very adolescent" that means "You're acting childish." Adolescent means something close to juvenile, another word that refers to young people and childish people.
WORD FAMILY
adolescent: adolescence, adolescently, adolescents, preadolescent+/adolesce: adolescent, adolescing/ adolescence: adolescences
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the next morning, he was woken up by that recurring train whistle, which is somehow connected to his adolescent trauma.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
For school-age children and adolescents, the academy calls for balancing media with other healthy behaviors.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
As an adolescent she saw the futility of that, after her religion deepened and she donned the Islamic headscarf.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 少年，少女
adj. 青春期的; 青少年的; 未成熟的
分布：青少年(78%)，青少年的(11%)，青春期的(11%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根ol, 成长，同adult. -esce, 起始动词后缀，即成长中的。
n.青少年a.青春期的,青少年的Those innocent adolescents ascending the hill are the tribe's descendants of decent descent.这些爬山的天真青少年是这个部落具有正派血统的后代.
【记】adult成熟的，escent开始…的－开始成熟的－青春期的a，do，lescent＝lesson：还在上课的年龄－青春期的
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a young person who is developing into an adult 青少年
[ˌæd.ə'les.ənt] adjective
■being or relating to an adolescent 青春期的；青少年的
• an adolescent boy 青春期的男孩
• adolescent concerns/traumas/problems 青春期孩子关心的问题／青春期精神创伤／青春期问题
■describes an adult or an adult's behaviour that is silly and like a child's （成年人或其行为）孩子气的，幼稚的
• adolescent humour/behaviour 孩子气的幽默／幼稚的举止
adolescent, youthful, juvenile, young
这组词都有“年轻的，年幼的”的意思，其区别是：
adolescent: 指13至16岁左右处于青春期的人，尚不成熟。
youthful: 褒义或贬义均可用。指具有青年人的外貌或年轻人应具有的品格。
juvenile: 较正式用词，一般12岁以下的少年，着重其生理和智力上的不成熟。
young: 强调年龄小，处于生长的前期。
adolescent, teenager, youth, juvenile
这组词都有“年轻人，青少年”的意思，其区别是：
adolescent: 比teenager正式，侧重年龄。
teenager: 主要指13岁到19岁之间的青少年，强调这个年龄段的人的本身特点。
youth: 现在几乎专指男青年，尤指10多岁到20多一点的男青年，但作为集合名时间男女青年都可指。
juvenile: 指青少年，系法律上的常用词。
adj. 青春期的；未成熟的
 - pubertal, hebetic
n. [人类] 青少年
 - youths, teener

Word: shine
Front: shine
[ʃaɪn] (中高托 3385/3329 -K2)
Vocabulary: shine
(once / 65 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v
To shine is to give off a bright, glowing light. Your porch light shines at night, and if the sky is clear and cloudless, the moon will shine too.
The sun and a light bulb both shine, and things that simply reflect light can be said to shine too, like a diamond ring or clean, glossy hair. In a more figurative way, people shine when they stand out for doing something extremely well: "The lead actress really shines in her role as Lady Macbeth." The Old English root of shine is scinan, which means "shed light, be radiant, or illuminate," and also "be conspicuous."
WORD FAMILY
shine: shined, shiner, shines, shining, shiny, shone+/shiner: shiners/shining: shininger, shiningest, shiningly, shinings/ shiny: shinier, shiniest, shinily, shininess
USAGE EXAMPLES
Let It Shine is filling the BBC One Saturday night slot that was vacated by The Voice UK's move to ITV.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It's 54 degrees and cloudy, but the sun is trying to peak through and shine against the San Gabriel Mountains.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Surely now is the time to let them shine.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 发出光; 反射光，闪耀; 出类拔萃，表现突出; 露出
vt. 照射，把光射后; 〈口〉通过擦拭使…变得有光泽或光亮
n. 光亮，光泽; 好天气; 擦皮鞋; 鬼把戏或诡计
时态：shone, shining, shines
分布：照耀(33%)，发光(26%)，阳光(15%)，光泽(9%)，光辉(7%)，出色(4%)，使发光(3%)，投光于(2%)，喜欢(1%)
→来自古英语 scinan,照耀，照明，发光，来自 Proto-Germanic*skinan,照耀，发光，来自 skai, 照耀，发光，词源同 sheen,shimmer.
v.照耀,发光;擦亮n.光泽,光The submitted submarine on the magic magazine is shining and magnificent.魔术杂志上那艘提交的潜艇闪亮而壮观.
verb (shone or shined, shone or shined)
LIGHT 光线
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to send out or reflect light 照耀；发光；反光
• Is that light shining in your eyes? 那光晃眼吗？
• The sun shone all afternoon. 整个下午阳光灿烂。
• He polished the brass till it shone. 他把黄铜器皿擦得闪闪发光。
shine with sth
■If a person's eyes or face shine with a quality, you can see that quality in them very strongly （眼中或脸上）洋溢着，闪着
• Her eyes shone with delight. 她眼里洋溢着喜悦。
intransitive or transitive
■to point a light in a particular direction 用光照射
• The policeman walked along the street, shining a torch into every car. 员警沿着街走，拿手电筒把每辆车都照了一遍。
transitive
■to make something bright by rubbing it 把…擦亮
• Guy ironed his shirt and shined his shoes for the interview. 为了参加面试，盖伊熨平了衬衫，擦亮了皮鞋。
[ʃaɪn] verb (shone or shined, shone or shined)
ABILITY 能力
intransitive
■to be extremely good at an activity or skill, in an obvious way 表现突出，出众
• She's hopeless at languages, but she shines at/in science. 她在语言方面糟透了，但理科却很出众。
[ʃaɪn] verb (shone or shined, shone or shined)
  Phrasal Verbs  shine out
■If people or things shine out, they are noticeable because they are very good 突出，出众
• The play has a very strong cast, but two actors in particular shine out. 这部戏的演员阵容十分强大，其中有两名尤为突出。
■If a quality shines out of someone, it is strong and easy to see （品质）显而易见
• Her honesty and sincerity positively shine out. 她的诚实和诚恳是显而易见的。
[ʃaɪn] noun [S or U]
■when something is bright from reflected light on its surface 光彩；光泽
• hair with body and shine 有造型又有光泽的头发
• Wax polish gives a lovely shine to wood furniture. 用蜡打磨，可以使木制家俱发亮，非常漂亮。
[ʃaɪn] noun [S or U]
take a shine to sb informal
■to like someone immediately 立刻喜欢上（某人）
• I think he's taken a bit of a shine to you. 我想他立刻有点喜欢上你了。
vi. 照耀；显露；出众
 - develop, break upon
n. 光泽；擦亮；晴天
 - sunshine, reflet
vt. 擦亮；把…的光投向
 - rub up, burnish

Word: norm
Front: norm
[nɔ:m] (研六托雅宝 3387/3718 -2)
Vocabulary: norm
(once / 2755 pages)
n
A statistical average is called the norm. If you live in a town made up mostly of farmers but your trade is basket weaving, then you're outside the norm.
The noun norm is from the Latin word norma, which was a carpenter's square or pattern used in construction to make regular corners. Now we use norm for anything that sets a standard. You can score within the norm on a standardized test, score above the norm on an IQ test, or fall below the norm in acceptable standards of dress if you wear a halter top and cut-off jeans to a formal ball.
WORD FAMILY
norm: norms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now 36 years old, she grew up in a family where office work was the norm, and attended college intending to become a teacher.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Our greatest obligation will be to defend democracy itself, along with republican norms for governing and the openness that free societies require.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Changes to these unwritten norms generated much screaming in the House last year.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 标准; 规范; 准则; （劳动）定额
分布：规范(67%)，标准(33%)
→来自拉丁语norma,木工的方尺，准则，可能来自希腊语gnome,裁决，判断的基准，来自gne,知道，了解，词源同know,gnome,notice.
规范,行为准则[norm=rule,norm,表示"规则,规范"]
n.准则,规范,准则,平均数
US [nɔ:rm] noun countable usually plural
■an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that most people agree with （行为）准则；规范
• Europe's varied cultural, political and ethical norms 欧洲形形色色的文化、政治和道德准则
• accepted social norms 被认可的社会准则
the norm
■a situation or type of behaviour that is expected and considered to be typical 常态，正常行为
• One child per family is fast becoming the norm in some countries. 每个家庭一个孩子在部分国家正迅速普遍起来。
n. 规范，基准； [经管] 定额，分配之工作量
 - criterion, quota

Word: upset
Front: upset
[ʌpˈset] (高研四六托雅 3388/3776 -K3)
Vocabulary: upset
(once / 296 pages)
1vnadj 2vnadj 3vnadj 4vn
To be upset is to be disturbed or very unhappy. You can be upset, and you can also upset someone — but you probably didn’t mean to.
Upset has multiple senses. It generally refers to something that has been knocked over, turned upside down, or disturbed. Just as your coffee cup can be upset — knocked over or disturbed –- so can your emotions –- and your stomach. Upset can also refer to an unexpected victory. You might be so upset by the upset of your favorite team that you upset your table in frustration.
WORD ROUTES
Debunking the Legend of "Upset"
Some stories about word origins recall the old Italian saying, se è non vero, è ben trovato: even if it is not true, it is well invented. One such too-good-to-check story involves the sporting usage of upset, which, it is said, came to be because an unfavored horse named Upset beat the great thoroughbred Man o' War.
It's true that Man o' War did lose the only race of his career to Upset, at Saratoga’s Sanford Memorial Stakes in 1919. And it was truly an upset, though Man o' War lost the race chiefly due to a mix-up at the start of it, when the horses were not lined up properly. (There were no starting gates in horse-racing back then.) But as I explain in my "Word on the Street" column for The Wall Street Journal, Upset didn't beget upset to refer to the defeat of a heavily favored competitor.
The story that Upset was responsible for the use of upset in sports was, for a time, a plausible one. When the sporting sense was added to the Oxford English Dictionary's entry for the noun upset in 1993, the first citation given came from 1920, in an article about a Canadian indoor tennis championship. One might conjecture that the Sanford race the year before really was the reason that upset was being used for tennis (just as it was used to describe all the upsets at Wimbledon this year).
But in the time since the OED editors worked on that entry, the story of upset has been greatly filled out, as we can follow the trail of the word on sports pages in digitized newspaper databases. In February 2002, in a post on the Usenet newsgroup alt.usage.english, I surveyed New York Times articles that used the word upset, and it was clear that it was already in use in horse-racing and other sports like baseball before the famous 1919 race.
Later in 2002, the New York University librarian George A. Thompson looked into the matter more comprehensively in a post on the American Dialect Society mailing list. Thompson found unequivocal use of upset as a noun in horse-racing as early as 1877. In that year, The New York Times reported that a program at New Jersey's Monmouth Park racetrack "indicates a victory for the favorite in each of the four events, but racing is so uncertain that there may be a startling upset."
For my Wall Street Journal column, I kept looking into the early history of upset in sporting journals, and I found that the use of the verb to mean "defeat unexpectedly" goes back another couple of decades. Here are a few examples:
At the York August meeting, there were only four runners for the Chesterfield Handicap of 208 sovs., one mile, and the favorite, Ellermire, 5 yrs., 7st. 121b., was upset by the Dipthong colt, 3 yrs. 6st. 2lb. —Spirit of the Times, Sept. 5 1857, p. 355
Throughout the day the fielders had the best of it, as only two favorites won, while many which were heavily backed were upset. —Turf, Field, and Farm, Sept. 7, 1867, p. 146
In nearly every race the favorite was upset. —Turf, Field, and Farm, Aug. 7, 1868, p. 515
(It's notable that the horse doing the upsetting in the 1857 citation was named Dipthong, suggesting a long history for the misspelled version of diphthong noted here by Neal Whitman for its often pejorative use.)
Looking for these early uses of upset, it's important to distinguish the novel sense from meanings that were already circulating in the nineteenth century. The original, literal meaning of upset was "to topple" (as a verb) or "an act of toppling" (as a noun). So a horse could be upset if it fell over and didn't finish the race. But in the examples above, the upsets do not appear to have been achieved by a horse being literally toppled.
There were also more figurative uses of upset floating around, relating to things being thrown into disarray. If a horse won a race when he wasn't expected to, one could say that he upset expectations, or upset the calculations of the oddsmakers. Both the literal and figurative meanings were likely at play when upset was extended to usage for unexpected defeats.
There are still some unanswered questions in the upset story. First, why was Upset so called in the first place? Was it just a matter of wishful thinking? Was it a kind of onomastic determinism, with Upset serving as an aptonym like the sprinter Usain Bolt or the writer Francine Prose?
I'm partial to the theory floated by Dorothy Ours, author of Man o' War: A Legend Like Lightning. Ours notes that Upset's mother was the foal Pankhurst (Emmeline Pankhurst was famous British activist for women's suffrage) and Pankhurst's father was Voter. So it would make sense if Upset was honoring this naming legacy with a political meaning of upset rather than a sporting one. At the very least, the word worked as a kind of double entendre by the time the horse was named in 1917.
Another question that remains is how the etymological legend of Upset spread. Contemporary descriptions of the 1919 race, as well as later descriptions from the '20s onwards, simply noted that Upset was "aptly" or "appropriately" named. Only later was the name Upset built into an origin story. A commenter on Joe Posnanski's blog remembers it from a question in the original Trivial Pursuit game in the 1980s. Regardless, the legend became firmly entrenched in the '90s and '00s.
I did find a weaker version of the legend in a 1962 column by Washington Post sports columnist Bob Addie: "The term 'upset' in sports gained considerable stature back in 1919 when a horse actually named Upset beat the wonder horse, Man o' War." That may in fact be true: certainly upset gained traction in sports reporting starting in the '20s, and Upset may have had something to do with that. So let's give some credit to the scrappy colt, even if he didn't achieve full-fledged eponym status.
Ripley's Believe It or Not, Aug. 19, 1947
For more on upset, check out my interview on the NPR show "Here and Now."
WORD FAMILY
upset: upsets, upsetted, upsetter, upsetting+/upsetter: upsetters/upsetting: upsettingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Donald Trump defeats Hillary Clinton in the biggest upset in US history.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Tell him you were upset your children were prevented from meeting their cousin and ask him to forgive you for your pettiness.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Happily, if any were upset by it, none said so to me.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 打翻，弄翻; 打乱，打搅
vt. 打乱，搅乱; 推翻，弄翻; 使心烦意乱; 使翻倒
n. 翻倒，颠覆; 心烦意乱; 混乱
adj. 难过的; 失望的; 沮丧的; （肠胃）不舒服的
时态：upset, upsetting, upsets
分布：打乱(31%)，颠覆(10%)，不安的(10%)，翻倒(10%)，混乱(10%)，推翻(9%)，心烦的(9%)，不适的(4%)，苦恼的(4%)，使心烦(3%)
→原义为set up,固定。现词义实际上是overset的部分词义转移给upset。
打翻a不安心的(up向上+set→[把底]向上放→打翻)[set=fix,表示"安置好"]
v.使...心烦意乱;打翻,推翻a.难过的;不安的The upset supplement supplier went up with the puppet to the upper room for supper.心烦意乱的增刊供给者与傀儡一起到上面的房间吃晚餐.
【记】up上，set放置：上下倒置－颠覆
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
WORRY 烦忧
 ESSENTIAL
■to make someone worried, unhappy or angry 使心烦意乱；使难过；使生气
• It still upsets him when he thinks about the accident. 一想起那次事故他仍很恼火。
• [R] Don't upset your self by thinking about what might have been. 别再去想原本可能会怎样了，何必自寻烦恼。
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
CHANGE 变化
■to change the usual or expected state or order of something, especially in a way which stops it from happening or working 打乱；搅乱
• Any mechanical problems would upset our plans of driving across the desert. 哪怕是很小的机械故障都有可能搅乱我们驾车穿越沙漠的计划。
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
KNOCK 撞
■to push or knock something out of its usual position, usually by accident, especially causing it to fall 推；撞；（尤指）打翻，碰倒
• Our dog upset the picnic table, spilling food everywhere. 狗撞翻了野餐桌，把我们的食物弄得到处都是。
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
ILLNESS 疾病
■to make someone feel slightly ill 使不适
• He can't eat grapes - they upset him/his stomach. 他不能吃葡萄——他的胃受不了。
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
upset the apple cart
■to cause trouble, especially by spoiling someone's plans 制造麻烦；（尤指）打乱计划
adjective]ʌpˈset/
WORRIED 烦忧
 IMPROVER [after verb]
■worried, unhappy or angry 使心烦意乱；使难过；使生气
• Don't get upset about the dress - there's only a little stain on it. 不要为这件衣服难过了——上面只有一个小污点而已。
• [+ to infinitive] She was very upset to hear that the holiday had been cancelled. 听说假期取消了，她很沮丧。
• [+ that] He was very upset that you didn't reply to his letters. 你没给他回信，他很失望。
adjective]ʌpˈset/
ILL 疾病 informal
■If you have an upset stomach you feel slightly ill, especially because of something you have eaten or drunk 形容肚子不舒服（尤其因为吃喝的东西引起的不适）
• I've got an upset stomach/tummy - serves me right for eating so much. 我肚子不舒服——我这是自作自受，谁让自己吃得太多。
noun]ˈʌp.set/
CHANGE 改变
uncountable
■confusion and problems 混乱；麻烦
• How much upset will the new monitoring procedures cause? 新的监控程式将会带来多大的混乱?
countable
■when someone beats the team or player that was expected to win 爆冷门
• It would be quite an upset if the favourite didn't win. 如果这个夺标大热门没有获胜，那就真是爆冷门。
noun]ˈʌp.set/
ILLNESS 疾病
countable informal
■a slight illness of the stomach 肠胃不适
• Melanie's got a stomach/tummy upset so she won't be going to school today. 梅兰妮肚子不舒服，所以今天不去上学了。
upset, perturb, agitate, disturb
这组词都有“使不安，使心烦意乱”的意思，其区别是：
upset: 最普通，最通俗用词，侧重失去精神上的平静，心理上完全丧失平衡。
perturb: 书面语用词，指使人焦急烦恼，扰得心情不安。
agitate: 侧重指内心的焦虑，难于控制，表露于外。
disturb: 指因某人的行动、扰乱、妨碍安静等而使人不得安宁。
update, upgrade, upholder, upset
update: 更新；
upgrade: 升级，提升；
upholder: 抬高，举起，支持，鼓励，赞同，拥护；
upset: 推翻，颠覆，使不安
vt. 使心烦；颠覆；扰乱
 - disorder, subvert
vi. 翻倒
 - tip, keel over
adj. 心烦的；混乱的；弄翻的
 - chaotic, troubled, confused
n. 混乱；翻倒
 - disorder, chaos, confusion, turmoil, involvement

Word: remark
Front: remark
[rɪˈmɑ:k] (高研四六托雅 3389/2581 -K3)
Vocabulary: remark
(once / 30 pages)
vn
"If you see something, say something" might translate into, "If you remark something, make a remark." Remark means to notice, and it also means to comment, as in, "Keep your obnoxious remarks to yourself."
While walking in the woods, you might remark the contrast between the quiet of the woods and the noises of the city. You might make a remark about how loud it is in the city. "It's loud here too," your walking companion might remark. "Listen to all the birds and squirrels."
WORD FAMILY
remark: remarkable, remarked, remarking, remarks+/ remarkable: remarkablest, remarkably, unremarkable/remarked: unremarked/unremarkable: unremarkably
USAGE EXAMPLES
There was no immediate comment from either North or South Korea on Mr. Trump’s latest remarks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Obama said in the email that he was “just beginning to write my remarks.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At worst, Pickens’ remarks “reflect a non-racial personality conflict and amount to discourtesy, rudeness or lack of sensitivity,” they wrote in recent court filings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 注意，观察; 话语; 评论，谈论，
vt. & vi. 评论; 觉察
时态：remarked, remarking, remarks
分布：评论(57%)，注意(28%)，注意到(8%)，备注(7%)
→re-,表强调，mark,作标记。引申词义评论，谈论。
评论;意见(re再+mark→再做记号→评点,评论)[mark=sign,表示"记号,符号"]
n.(about,on)评语,意见v.(on)评论;注意到The shark's remark on the marble mark in the market is remarkable.骗子关于市场上大理石标记的评论值得关注.
US [-'mɑ:rk] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give a spoken statement of an opinion or thought 说起；评论说；谈论
• [+ (that)] Dr Johnson once remarked (that) "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life." 约翰逊博士曾说道，“当一个人厌倦了伦敦时，他也就厌倦了人生。”
• [+ that] He remarked that she was looking thin. 他说她看上去很瘦。
UK [rɪ'mɑ:k] US [-'mɑ:rk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  remark on sth
■to notice something and make a remark about it 谈论，评论（觉察到的事）
• All his friends remarked on the change in him since his marriage. 他所有的朋友都说起他结婚后的变化。
UK [rɪ'mɑ:k] US [-'mɑ:rk] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■something that you say, giving your opinion about something or stating a fact 言辞；话语；谈论；评论
• Her remarks on the employment question led to a heated discussion. 她对就业问题的评论引发了热烈的讨论。
• The children made rude remarks about the old man. 孩子们粗言恶语地谈论那个老人。
attend, remark, mind, notice, note
这组词都有“注意”的意思，其区别是：
attend: 一般用词，侧重专心于某事。
remark: 一般指经过思维活动而注意到。
mind: 指用心地去观察，了解某人或某物以达到某一目的。常用于命令句中。
notice: 指对所见所闻所感的人或事作出的反应，侧重结果。
note: 语气比notice强，指不仅注意到，而且记录下来，侧重注意的认真与仔细。
n. 注意；言辞
 - regard, notice, publicity
vt. 评论；觉察
 - observe on, to comment on
vi. 谈论
 - talk of, discourse

Word: resign
Front: resign
[rɪˈzaɪn] (高研四六雅 3390/2549 -3)
Vocabulary: resign
(once / 138 pages)
1v 2v
To resign is to quit or retire from a position. You can also resign yourself to something inevitable, like death — meaning you just accept that it's going to happen.
When people resign, they're leaving something, like a job or political office. Congressmen resign after a scandal. Coaches resign after a really terrible season. Regular folks simply resign when they're ready to go. In those cases, resign is a nicer way of saying quit. Being resigned is another sense of this word — it's a type of acceptance. If your team is losing 80-20, you might as well resign yourself to losing. That just means you aren't in denial.
WORD FAMILY
resign: resignation, resigned, resignedly, resigning, resigns+/ resignation: resignations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Richard Nixon, so sure-footed in foreign policy, was forced to resign.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Ultimately, he resigned, which was the right decision.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He resigned on Saturday, a day before his arrest.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 辞职; 放弃; 屈从; 勉强接受
时态：resigned, resigning, resigns
分布：辞职(91%)，放弃(5%)，听任(3%)，顺从(1%)
→来自拉丁语 resignare,取消，放弃，投降，解除，来自 re-,相反，signare,作记号，作标记，词 源同 sign.比喻用法，引申诸相关词义。
辞职;放弃(re再+sign→再做记号→再签字→[任职签一次],辞职签一次)[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
v.辞去,辞职,使听从(于),使顺从The resigned designer is designated to an assignment of reigning the foreigners.辞职的设计者被指派了一个去统治外国人的任务.
【记】re再，sign签名：再次签名－辞职
【参】designate（v 指明；任命）；consign（v 托运；委托）
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give up a job or position by telling your employer that you are leaving 辞职；辞去（职务）；放弃（工作）
• He resigned from the company in order to take a more challenging job. 他从这家公司辞职以便能够从事更有挑战性的工作。
• She resigned as director. 她辞去了董事职务。
• She resigned the directorship. 她辞去了董事职务。
■In the game of chess , you resign when you cannot see any way to avoid being beaten 放弃，投子认输（在国际象棋中，当看到没有任何方法避免被击败时，投子认输之举）
• Timman resigned a hopeless position. 迪曼放弃了一个无望的布局。
• After she had taken my rook, there was nothing I could really do except resign. 她吃了我的车后，我确实没有办法了，只好投子认输。
[rɪ'zaɪn] verb intransitive or transitive
be resigned to sth
■If you are resigned to something unpleasant, you calmly accept that it will happen 只好接受；对…听天由命；安于…
• She seems resigned to losing the race. 对于输掉比赛，她好像是认了。
[rɪ'zaɪn] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] resign yourself to sth
■to make yourself accept something that you do not like because you cannot change it 听任；顺从；不得不接受
• [+ -ing verb] He resigned himself to living alone. 他只好安于孤独的生活。
vt. 辞职；放弃；委托；使听从
 - yield, desert, refer, quit
vi. 辞职
 - step down, quit